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Liechtenstein	Is it a winter sports resort?	Yes	data/set2/a1	Liechtenstein The Principality of Liechtenstein ( ( , ( ) is a tiny, doubly landlocked alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland to its west and by Austria to its east. Mountainous, it is a winter sports resort, although it is perhaps best known as a tax haven. Despite this, it is not heavily urbanized. Many cultivated fields and small farms characterize its landscape both in the north (Unterland) and in the south (Oberland). It is the smallest German-speaking country in the world. At one time, the territory of Liechtenstein formed a part of the ancient Roman province of Raetia. For centuries this territory, geographically removed from European strategic interests, had little impact on the tide of European history. Prior to the reign of its current dynasty, the region was enfeoffed to a line of the counts of Hohenems. The Liechtenstein dynasty, from which the principality takes its name (rather than vice-versa), comes from Castle Liechtenstein in faraway Lower Austria, which the family possessed from at least 1140 to the thirteenth century, and from 1807 onward. Through the centuries, the dynasty acquired vast swathes of land, predominantly in Moravia, Lower Austria, Silesia, and Styria, though in all cases, these territories were held in fief under other more senior feudal lords, particularly under various lines of the Habsburg family, to whom several Liechtenstein princes served as close advisors. Thus, and without any territory held directly under the Imperial throne, the Liechtenstein dynasty was unable to meet a primary requirement to qualify for a seat in the Imperial diet, the Reichstag. The family yearned greatly for the added power which a seat in the Imperial government would garner, and therefore, searched for lands to acquire which would be unmittelbar or held without any feudal personage other than the Holy Roman Emperor himself having rights on the land. After some time, the family was able to arrange the purchase of the minuscule Herrschaft ("Lordship") of Schellenberg and countship of Vaduz (in 1699 and 1712 respectively) from the Hohenems. Tiny Schellenberg and Vaduz possessed exactly the political status required, no feudal lord other than their comital sovereign and the suzerain Emperor. Thereby, on January 23, 1719, after purchase had been duly made, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, decreed Vaduz and Schellenberg were united, and raised to the dignity of FÃ¼rstentum (principality) with the name "Liechtenstein" in honor of "[his] true servant, Anton Florian of Liechtenstein". It is on this date that Liechtenstein became a sovereign member state of the Holy Roman Empire. As a testament to the pure political expediency of the purchases, the Princes of Liechtenstein did not set foot in their new principality for over 120 years. Schloss Vaduz, overlooking the capital, is still home to the prince of Liechtenstein In 1806, most of the Holy Roman Empire was invaded by Napoleon I of the First French Empire. This event had broad consequences for Liechtenstein: imperial, legal and political mechanisms broke down, while Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated the imperial throne and the Empire itself dissolved. As a result, Liechtenstein ceased to have any obligations to any feudal lord beyond its borders. Modern publications generally (although incorrectly) attribute Liechtenstein's sovereignty to these events. In reality, its prince merely became suzerain, as well as remaining sovereign lord. From July 25 1806 when the Confederation of the Rhine was founded, the prince of Liechtenstein was a member, in fact a vassal of its hegemon, styled protector, French Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte, until the dissolution of the Confederation on October 19 1813. Soon afterward, Liechtenstein joined the German Confederation (June 20 1815 â August 24 1866, which was presided over by the Emperor of Austria). Then, in 1818, Johann I granted a constitution, although it was limited in its nature. 1818 also saw the first visit of a member of the house of Liechtenstein, Prince Alois, however, the first visit by a sovereign prince would not occur until 1842. Liechtenstein also had many advances in the nineteenth century, as in 1836, the first factory was opened, making ceramics. In 1861, the Savings and Loans Bank was founded, as was the first cotton-weaving mill. Two bridges over the Rhine were built in 1868, and in 1872 a railway line across Liechtenstein was constructed. When the Austro-Prussian War broke out in 1866 new pressure was placed on Liechtenstein as, when peace was declared, Prussia accused Liechtenstein of being the cause of the war through a miscount of the votes for war with Prussia. This led to Liechtenstein refusing to sign a peace treaty with Prussia and remained at war although no actual conflict ever occurred. This was one of the arguments that were suggested to justify a possible invasion of Liechtenstein in the late 1930s. Until the end of World War I, Liechtenstein first was closely tied to the Austrian Empire and later, to Austria-Hungary; however, the economic devastation caused by WWI forced the country to conclude a customs and monetary union with its other neighbor, Switzerland. (Their Army had been disbanded in 1868, out of financial considerations.) At the time of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it was argued that Liechtenstein as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire (supposedly still incarnated in Liechtensteiner eyes at an abstract level in the person of the then-dethroned Austro-Hungarian Emperor, despite its formal dissolution in 1806) was no longer bound to Austria, then emerging as an independent state, which did not consider itself as the legal successor to the Empire. Liechtenstein is thus the last independent state in Europe which can claim an element of continuity from the Holy Roman Empire. The Prince of Liechtenstein owns vineyards in Vaduz (in the foreground) In the spring of 1938, just after the annexation of Austria into Greater Germany, eighty-four year-old Prince Franz I abdicated, naming his thirty-one year-old third cousin, Prince Franz Joseph, as his successor. While Prince Franz I claimed that old age was his reason for abdicating, it is believed that he had no desire to be on the throne if Germany gobbled up its new neighbor, Liechtenstein. His wife, whom he married in 1929, was a wealthy Jewish woman from Vienna, and local Liechtenstein Nazis had already singled her out as their anti-Semitic "problem". Although Liechtenstein had no official Nazi party, a Nazi sympathy movement had been simmering for years within its National Union party. During World War II, Liechtenstein remained neutral, while family treasures within the war zone were brought to Liechtenstein (and London) for safekeeping. At the close of the conflict, Czechoslovakia and Poland, acting to seize what they considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia â the princes of Liechtenstein lived in Vienna until the Anschluss of 1938. The expropriations (subject to modern legal dispute at the World Court) included over 1,600 square kilometres (600 mi.Â²) of agricultural and forest land, also including several family castles and palaces. Citizens of Liechtenstein were also forbidden from entering Czechoslovakia during the Cold War. Liechtenstein gave asylum to approximately five hundred soldiers of the First Russian National Army (a collaborationist Russian force within the German Wehrmacht) at the close of World War II; this is commemorated by a monument at the border town of Hinterschellenberg which is marked on the country's tourist map. The act of granting asylum was no small matter as the country was poor and had difficulty feeding and caring for such a large group of refugees. Eventually, Argentina agreed to permanently resettle the asylum seekers. In contrast, the British repatriated the Russians who fought on the side of Germany to the USSR, and they all perished in the GULAG. In dire financial straits following the war, the Liechtenstein dynasty often resorted to selling family artistic treasures, including for instance the priceless portrait "Ginevra de' Benci" by Leonardo da Vinci, which was purchased by the National Gallery of Art of the United States in 1967. Liechtenstein prospered, however, during the decades following, as its economy modernized with the advantage of low corporate tax rates which drew many companies to the country. The Prince of Liechtenstein is the world's sixth wealthiest with an estimated wealth of $4 billion. The country's population enjoys one of the world's highest standards of living. The Government building in Vaduz Liechtenstein's current constitution was adopted in October 1921. It established in Liechtenstein a constitutional monarchy ruled by the reigning prince of the Princely House of Liechtenstein. It also established a parliamentary system, although the reigning prince retained substantial political authority. The reigning prince of the Princely House of Liechtenstein is the head of state and, as such, represents Liechtenstein in its international relations (although Switzerland has taken responsibility for much of Liechtenstein's diplomatic relations). The prince may veto laws adopted by the parliament. The prince can call referendums, propose new legislation, and dissolve the parliament, although dissolution of parliament may be subjected to a referendum. Executive authority is vested in a collegial government (government) comprising the head of government (prime minister) and four government councilors (ministers). The head of government and the other ministers are appointed by the prince upon the proposal and concurrence of the parliament, thus reflecting the partisan balance of the parliament. The constitution stipulates that at least two members of the government be chosen from each of the two regions. The members of the government are collectively and individually responsible to the parliament; the parliament may ask the prince to remove an individual minister or the entire government. Legislative authority is vested in the unicameral "Landtag" (parliament) made up of 25 members elected for maximum four-year terms according to a proportional representation formula. Fifteen members are elected from the "Oberland" (Upper Country or region) and ten members are elected from the "Unterland" (Lower Country or region). Parties must receive at least eight percent of the national vote to win seats in the parliament. The parliament proposes and approves a government, which is formally appointed by the prince. The parliament may also pass votes of no confidence against the entire government or against individual members. Additionally, the parliament elects from among its members a "Landesausschuss" (National Committee) made up of the president of the parliament and four additional members. The National Committee is charged with performing parliamentary oversight functions. The parliament can call for referendums on proposed legislation. The parliament shares the authority to propose new legislation with the prince and with the requisite number of citizens required for an initiative referendum. Judicial authority is vested in the Regional Court at Vaduz, the Princely High Court of Appeal at Vaduz, the Princely Supreme Court, the Administrative Court, and the State Court. The State Court rules on the conformity of laws with the constitution. The State Court has five members elected by the parliament. Note: In March 2003 the results of a national referendum showed that nearly two-thirds of Liechtenstein's electorate agreed to vote in support of Hans-Adam II's proposal of a renewed constitution which replaced the version of 1921. The implications of the referendum, the actual changes to the governance of Liechtenstein, and the repercussions of the vote in the wider context of Europe, are yet unknown. On July 1, 2007, the Liechtenstein Ruling Prince, H.S.H Hans-Adam II, and Liechtenstein Prime Minister, Otmar Hasler, appointed Dr. Bruce S. Allen and Mr. Leodis C. Matthews, ESQ., both in the United States of America, as the first two Honorary Consuls in history for the Principality of Liechtenstein. The principality of Liechtenstein is divided into 11 municipalities called gemeinden (singular gemeinde). The gemeinden mostly consist only of a single town. Five of them fall within the electoral district Unterland (the lower county), and the remainder within Oberland (the upper county). Satellite image faintly delineating Liechtenstein - enlarge to full page for clarity Liechtenstein is situated in the Upper Rhine valley of the European Alps. The entire western border of Liechtenstein is formed by the river. Measured north to south, the country is only about fifteen miles (24 km) long. In its eastern portion, Liechtenstein rises to higher altitudes; its highest point, the Grauspitz, reaches 2,599 metres (8,527 ). Despite its alpine location, prevailing southerly winds make the climate of Liechtenstein comparatively mild. In winter, the mountain slopes are well suited to winter sports. New surveys of the country's borders in 2006 have set its area at 160.475 square kilometres, with borders of 77.9 km. "Tiny Liechtenstein gets a little bigger," December 29, 2006 Thus, Liechtenstein discovered in 2006 that its borders are 1.9 km (1.2 miles) longer than previously thought as more modern measuring methods have been introduced and they measure more accurately the borders in mountainous regions. Liechtenstein redraws Europe map, BBC News, December 28 2006 Liechtenstein is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the worldâbeing a landlocked country wholly surrounded by other landlocked countriesâthe other is Uzbekistan. It is the only country with a predominantly German-speaking population that does not share a border with the Federal Republic of Germany. Liechtenstein is the sixth-smallest independent nation in the world, by land area. The five independent countries smaller than Liechtenstein are Vatican City, Monaco, Nauru, Tuvalu, and San Marino. See List of countries and outlying territories by total area. Looking northward at Vaduz city-centre City-centre with Kunstmuseum (Liechtenstein Art Museum) Despite its small geographic area and limited natural resources, Liechtenstein currently is one of the few countries in the world with more registered companies than citizens; it has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free-enterprise economy, and boasts a financial service sector as well as a living standard which compares favourably to those of the urban areas of Liechtenstein's large European neighbours. Advantageously low business taxesâthe maximum tax rate is 18%âas well as easy Rules of Incorporation have induced about 73,700 holding (or so-called 'letter box') companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such processes provide about 30% of Liechtenstein's state revenue. Liechtenstein also generates revenue from the establishment of stiftungs or foundations, which are financial entities created to increase the privacy of nonresident foreigners' financial holdings. The foundation is registered in the name of a Liechtensteiner, often a lawyer. Recently, Liechtenstein has shown strong determination to prosecute any international money-laundering and worked to promote the country's image as a legitimate financing center. Liechtenstein participates in a customs union with Switzerland and employs the Swiss franc as national currency. The country imports more than 90% of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Union) since May 1995 . The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe. Since 2002, Liechtenstein's rate of unemployment has doubled, although it stood at only 2.2% in the third quarter of 2004. Currently, there is only one hospital in Liechtenstein, the Liechtensteinisches Landesspital in Vaduz. The GDP (PPP) is $1.786 billion CIA World Factbook ( link) and $25,000 per person. Liechtenstein's most recognizable international company and largest employer is Hilti, a manufacturer of concrete fastening systems. Liechtenstein also is the home of the Curta calculator. Liechtensteiners have an average life expectancy at birth of 79.68 years (76.1 years for males; 83.28 years for females). The infant mortality rate is 4.64 deaths per 1,000 live births, according to recent estimates. An estimated 100 percent of the population, age 10 and older, can read and write. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Liechtenstein's education as the 10th best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average. A woman wearing the traditional Liechtenstein Tracht. Liechtenstein is the fourth smallest country of Europe, after the Vatican City, Monaco, and San Marino. Its population is primarily ethnic Alemannic, although its resident population is approximately one third foreign-born, primarily German speakers from the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, and the Swiss Confederation, other Swiss, Italians, and Turks. Foreign-born people make up two-thirds of the country's workforce. Nationals are referred to by the plural: Liechtensteiners. The official language is German; most speak Alemannic, a dialect of German that is highly divergent from Standard German (see Middle High German), but closely related to those dialects spoken in neighbouring regions. In Triesenberg a quite distinct dialect, promoted by the municipality, is spoken. According to the 2000 census, 87.9% of the population is Christian, of which 76% adhere to the Roman Catholic faith, while about 7% are Protestant. The religious affiliation for most of the remainder is Islam - 4.8%, undeclared - 4.1% and no religion - 2.8% . Road: There are about 250 kilometres (155 mi) of paved roadway within Liechtenstein. Rail: 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) of railway connect Austria and Switzerland through Liechtenstein. The country's railways are administered by the Austrian Federal Railways as part of the route between Feldkirch, Austria, and Buchs SG, Switzerland. Four stations in Liechtenstein, namely Schaan-Vaduz, Forst Hilti, Nendeln, and Schaanwald, are served by an irregularly stopping train service running between Feldkirch and Buchs. While EuroCity and other long distance international trains also make use of the route, these do not call at Liechtenstein stations. Bus: The Liechtenstein Bus is a subsidiary of the Swiss Postbus system, but separately run, and connects to the Swiss bus network at Buchs SG and at Sargans as well as the Austrian city of Feldkirch. Bike: There are 90 kilometres (56 miles) of marked bicycle paths in the country. Air: There is no airport in Liechtenstein (the nearest large airport is ZÃ¼rich Airport). There is a small heliport at Balzers in Liechtenstein available for charter helicopter flights. The Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein is the museum of modern and contemporary art in Vaduz and the national gallery of the Principality of Liechtenstein. As a result of its small size Liechtenstein has been strongly affected by external cultural influences, most notably those originating in the southern German-speaking areas of Europe, including Austria, Bavaria, Switzerland, and Tyrol. The Historical Society of the Principality of Liechtenstein plays a role in preserving the culture and history of the country. The largest museum is the Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, an international museum of modern and contemporary art with an important internationl art collection. The building by the Swiss architects Morger, Degelo and Kerez is a landmark in Vaduz. It was completed in November 2000 and forms a âblack boxâ of tinted concrete and black basalt stone. The museum collection is also the national art collection of Liechtenstein. The other important museum is the Liechtenstein National Museum (Liechtensteinisches Landesmuseum) showing permanent exhibition on the cultural and natural history of Liechtenstein as well as special exhibitions. There are also a Stamp and a Ski Museum. The most famous historical sites are Vaduz Castle, Gutenberg Castle, the Red House and the ruins of Schellenberg. Music and theatre are an important part of the culture. There are numerous music organisations such as the Liechtenstein Musical Company, the annual Guitar Days and the International Josef Gabriel Rheinberger Society; and two main theatres. The Private Art Collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein, one of the world's leading private art collections, is shown at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna. Liechtenstein football teams play in the Swiss football leagues. The Liechtenstein Cup allows access to one Liechtenstein team each year in the UEFA Cup; FC Vaduz, a team playing in the Swiss Challenge League (i.e. the second level of Swiss football) is the most successful team in the Cup, and scored their greatest success in the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1996 when they defeated the Latvian team FC Universitate Riga by 1â1 and 4â2, to go on to a lucrative fixture against Paris St Germain, which they lost 0â4 and 0â3. The Liechtenstein national football team has traditionally been regarded as an easy target for any team drawn against them, a fact that served as the basis for a book about Liechtenstein's unsuccessful qualifying campaign for the 2002 World Cup by British author, Charlie Connelly. In one surprising week during autumn 2004, however, the team, headed by Patrick Nikodem, managed a 2â2 draw with Portugal, which only a few months earlier had been the losing finalists in the European Championships. Four days later, the Liechtenstein team travelled to Luxembourg where they defeated the home team by 4 goals to 0 in a 2006 World Cup qualifying match. They are still considered by many to be an easier touch than most, however, they have been steadily improving over the last few years, and are now considered the best of the European "minnows". In the qualification stage of the European Championship 2008, Liechtenstein beat Latvia 1-0, score which prompted the resignation of the Latvian coach. They went on to beat Iceland 3-0 (October 17, 2007), which is considered one of the most dramatic losses of the Icelandic national soccer team. As an alpine country, the main opportunity for Liechtensteiners to excel is in winter sports such as downhill skiing: Hanni Wenzel won two gold medals in the 1980 Winter Olympics. With nine medals overall (all in alpine skiing), Liechtenstein has won more Olympic medals per capita than any other nation . The country's single ski area is Malbun. Vaduz, Liechtenstein, is considering a bid for either the 2018 Winter Olympics or 2022 Winter Olympics . Liechtenstein is one of the few countries in the world to have no army; defense is the responsibility of Switzerland. In June 2003 the state tourism agency decided to give a boost to the country's tourism by offering to rent out the country to businesses and other organizations for conference hosting, weddings, or other such events. The company will be given keys to the capital city and be offered team-building/tourist activities and attractions, such as wine-tasting, tobogganing, and full access to one of the country's royal castles. Karl Schwarzler, along with the entire nation of Liechenstein, was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Economics in 2003 for this unique enterprise. /ref> List of Liechtensteiners European microstates Liechtenstein â A Modern History by David Beattie, CMG, London, 2004, ISBN 1-85043-459-X www.liechtenstein.li - Official site by the Principality of Liechtenstein * Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein - The national Gallery of Liechtenstein * Hochschule Liechtenstein - University of Applied Sciences Liechtenstein * History of Liechtenstein: Primary documents * * Photos of Liechtenstein * "Arukikata" Liechtenstein, Travellers guide written in Japanese/English * Russian Portal about Principality of Liechtenstein * Harry's Mountain Walks in Liechtenstein The only English language guide to routes up and among Liechtensteins fabulous Alpine peaks; also available in German. *Sarah Lyall, "For Rent: One Principality. Prince Not Included." New York Times, March 25 2003 Related Wikipedia Articles Europe Oben am jungen Rhein German language Vaduz Schaan Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy Prince of Liechtenstein Prince of Liechtenstein Head of Government of Liechtenstein Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein Prince Alois of Liechtenstein Otmar Hasler Independence principality Treaty of Pressburg 1806 Swiss franc Central European Time Central European Summer Time .li Landlocked country#Doubly landlocked alpine country Western Europe Switzerland Austria winter sport tax haven German language Roman Empire Raetia dynasty fief Hohenems Princely_Family_of_Liechtenstein Castle_Liechtenstein Silesia Styria (duchy) fief Habsburg Reichstag (institution) Holy Roman Emperor Schellenberg Vaduz count Suzerainty January 23 1719 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor principality Anton Florian of Liechtenstein Holy Roman Empire Schloss Vaduz Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein Holy Roman Empire Napoleon I of France First French Empire Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor suzerainty 25 July 1806 Confederation of the Rhine 19 October 1813 German Confederation 20 June 1815 24 August 1866 Emperor of Austria Johann_I_Josef%2C_Prince_of_Liechtenstein Austro-Prussian War Prussia World War I Austrian Empire Austria-Hungary Switzerland Austro-Hungarian Empire Franz_I_of_Liechtenstein Franz_Joseph_II%2C_Prince_of_Liechtenstein World War II London Czechoslovakia Poland Bohemia Moravia Silesia Vienna Anschluss World Court square mile Cold War First Russian National Army Wehrmacht Russian Monument Liechtenstein Hinterschellenberg tourist Operation Keelhaul GULAG Ginevra de' Benci Leonardo da Vinci National Gallery of Art United States Prince of Liechtenstein United States dollar Hans-Adam II Otmar Hasler Bruce S. Allen Leodis C. Matthews United States of America Consuls Principality of Liechtenstein Rhine Alps Grauspitz surveying BBC News 28 December 2006 landlocked country#Doubly landlocked Uzbekistan Federal Republic of Germany Vatican City Monaco Nauru Tuvalu San Marino List of countries and outlying territories by total area Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein Rules of Incorporation customs union Switzerland Swiss franc European Economic Area European Free Trade Association European Union Vaduz CIA World Factbook Hilti Curta Programme for International Student Assessment OECD Tracht Vatican City Monaco San Marino Alamanni German language Federal Republic of Germany Austria Switzerland Switzerland Italians Turkish people German language Alemannic German dialect Standard German Middle High German Triesenberg Christian Roman Catholic Protestant Islam no religion mile Rail transport in Liechtenstein ÃBB Feldkirch, Vorarlberg Austria Buchs SG Switzerland EuroCity Sargans Feldkirch ZÃ¼rich Airport heliport Balzers Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein Austria Bavaria Switzerland Tyrol Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Museum Football (soccer) UEFA Cup FC Vaduz Latvia FC Universitate Riga Paris St Germain Liechtenstein national football team Football World Cup 2006 Charlie Connelly Portugal national football team 2004 European Football Championship Luxembourg national football team Football World Cup 2006 Alps downhill skiing Hanni Wenzel Olympic Winter Games Malbun Vaduz 2018 Winter Olympics 2022 Winter Olympics Vaduz toboggan Ig Nobel Prize List of Liechtensteiners European microstates Order of St Michael and St George New York Times 25 March 2003
Liechtenstein	Is it the smallest german-speaking country in the world?	Yes	data/set2/a1	Liechtenstein The Principality of Liechtenstein ( ( , ( ) is a tiny, doubly landlocked alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland to its west and by Austria to its east. Mountainous, it is a winter sports resort, although it is perhaps best known as a tax haven. Despite this, it is not heavily urbanized. Many cultivated fields and small farms characterize its landscape both in the north (Unterland) and in the south (Oberland). It is the smallest German-speaking country in the world. At one time, the territory of Liechtenstein formed a part of the ancient Roman province of Raetia. For centuries this territory, geographically removed from European strategic interests, had little impact on the tide of European history. Prior to the reign of its current dynasty, the region was enfeoffed to a line of the counts of Hohenems. The Liechtenstein dynasty, from which the principality takes its name (rather than vice-versa), comes from Castle Liechtenstein in faraway Lower Austria, which the family possessed from at least 1140 to the thirteenth century, and from 1807 onward. Through the centuries, the dynasty acquired vast swathes of land, predominantly in Moravia, Lower Austria, Silesia, and Styria, though in all cases, these territories were held in fief under other more senior feudal lords, particularly under various lines of the Habsburg family, to whom several Liechtenstein princes served as close advisors. Thus, and without any territory held directly under the Imperial throne, the Liechtenstein dynasty was unable to meet a primary requirement to qualify for a seat in the Imperial diet, the Reichstag. The family yearned greatly for the added power which a seat in the Imperial government would garner, and therefore, searched for lands to acquire which would be unmittelbar or held without any feudal personage other than the Holy Roman Emperor himself having rights on the land. After some time, the family was able to arrange the purchase of the minuscule Herrschaft ("Lordship") of Schellenberg and countship of Vaduz (in 1699 and 1712 respectively) from the Hohenems. Tiny Schellenberg and Vaduz possessed exactly the political status required, no feudal lord other than their comital sovereign and the suzerain Emperor. Thereby, on January 23, 1719, after purchase had been duly made, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, decreed Vaduz and Schellenberg were united, and raised to the dignity of FÃ¼rstentum (principality) with the name "Liechtenstein" in honor of "[his] true servant, Anton Florian of Liechtenstein". It is on this date that Liechtenstein became a sovereign member state of the Holy Roman Empire. As a testament to the pure political expediency of the purchases, the Princes of Liechtenstein did not set foot in their new principality for over 120 years. Schloss Vaduz, overlooking the capital, is still home to the prince of Liechtenstein In 1806, most of the Holy Roman Empire was invaded by Napoleon I of the First French Empire. This event had broad consequences for Liechtenstein: imperial, legal and political mechanisms broke down, while Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated the imperial throne and the Empire itself dissolved. As a result, Liechtenstein ceased to have any obligations to any feudal lord beyond its borders. Modern publications generally (although incorrectly) attribute Liechtenstein's sovereignty to these events. In reality, its prince merely became suzerain, as well as remaining sovereign lord. From July 25 1806 when the Confederation of the Rhine was founded, the prince of Liechtenstein was a member, in fact a vassal of its hegemon, styled protector, French Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte, until the dissolution of the Confederation on October 19 1813. Soon afterward, Liechtenstein joined the German Confederation (June 20 1815 â August 24 1866, which was presided over by the Emperor of Austria). Then, in 1818, Johann I granted a constitution, although it was limited in its nature. 1818 also saw the first visit of a member of the house of Liechtenstein, Prince Alois, however, the first visit by a sovereign prince would not occur until 1842. Liechtenstein also had many advances in the nineteenth century, as in 1836, the first factory was opened, making ceramics. In 1861, the Savings and Loans Bank was founded, as was the first cotton-weaving mill. Two bridges over the Rhine were built in 1868, and in 1872 a railway line across Liechtenstein was constructed. When the Austro-Prussian War broke out in 1866 new pressure was placed on Liechtenstein as, when peace was declared, Prussia accused Liechtenstein of being the cause of the war through a miscount of the votes for war with Prussia. This led to Liechtenstein refusing to sign a peace treaty with Prussia and remained at war although no actual conflict ever occurred. This was one of the arguments that were suggested to justify a possible invasion of Liechtenstein in the late 1930s. Until the end of World War I, Liechtenstein first was closely tied to the Austrian Empire and later, to Austria-Hungary; however, the economic devastation caused by WWI forced the country to conclude a customs and monetary union with its other neighbor, Switzerland. (Their Army had been disbanded in 1868, out of financial considerations.) At the time of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it was argued that Liechtenstein as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire (supposedly still incarnated in Liechtensteiner eyes at an abstract level in the person of the then-dethroned Austro-Hungarian Emperor, despite its formal dissolution in 1806) was no longer bound to Austria, then emerging as an independent state, which did not consider itself as the legal successor to the Empire. Liechtenstein is thus the last independent state in Europe which can claim an element of continuity from the Holy Roman Empire. The Prince of Liechtenstein owns vineyards in Vaduz (in the foreground) In the spring of 1938, just after the annexation of Austria into Greater Germany, eighty-four year-old Prince Franz I abdicated, naming his thirty-one year-old third cousin, Prince Franz Joseph, as his successor. While Prince Franz I claimed that old age was his reason for abdicating, it is believed that he had no desire to be on the throne if Germany gobbled up its new neighbor, Liechtenstein. His wife, whom he married in 1929, was a wealthy Jewish woman from Vienna, and local Liechtenstein Nazis had already singled her out as their anti-Semitic "problem". Although Liechtenstein had no official Nazi party, a Nazi sympathy movement had been simmering for years within its National Union party. During World War II, Liechtenstein remained neutral, while family treasures within the war zone were brought to Liechtenstein (and London) for safekeeping. At the close of the conflict, Czechoslovakia and Poland, acting to seize what they considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia â the princes of Liechtenstein lived in Vienna until the Anschluss of 1938. The expropriations (subject to modern legal dispute at the World Court) included over 1,600 square kilometres (600 mi.Â²) of agricultural and forest land, also including several family castles and palaces. Citizens of Liechtenstein were also forbidden from entering Czechoslovakia during the Cold War. Liechtenstein gave asylum to approximately five hundred soldiers of the First Russian National Army (a collaborationist Russian force within the German Wehrmacht) at the close of World War II; this is commemorated by a monument at the border town of Hinterschellenberg which is marked on the country's tourist map. The act of granting asylum was no small matter as the country was poor and had difficulty feeding and caring for such a large group of refugees. Eventually, Argentina agreed to permanently resettle the asylum seekers. In contrast, the British repatriated the Russians who fought on the side of Germany to the USSR, and they all perished in the GULAG. In dire financial straits following the war, the Liechtenstein dynasty often resorted to selling family artistic treasures, including for instance the priceless portrait "Ginevra de' Benci" by Leonardo da Vinci, which was purchased by the National Gallery of Art of the United States in 1967. Liechtenstein prospered, however, during the decades following, as its economy modernized with the advantage of low corporate tax rates which drew many companies to the country. The Prince of Liechtenstein is the world's sixth wealthiest with an estimated wealth of $4 billion. The country's population enjoys one of the world's highest standards of living. The Government building in Vaduz Liechtenstein's current constitution was adopted in October 1921. It established in Liechtenstein a constitutional monarchy ruled by the reigning prince of the Princely House of Liechtenstein. It also established a parliamentary system, although the reigning prince retained substantial political authority. The reigning prince of the Princely House of Liechtenstein is the head of state and, as such, represents Liechtenstein in its international relations (although Switzerland has taken responsibility for much of Liechtenstein's diplomatic relations). The prince may veto laws adopted by the parliament. The prince can call referendums, propose new legislation, and dissolve the parliament, although dissolution of parliament may be subjected to a referendum. Executive authority is vested in a collegial government (government) comprising the head of government (prime minister) and four government councilors (ministers). The head of government and the other ministers are appointed by the prince upon the proposal and concurrence of the parliament, thus reflecting the partisan balance of the parliament. The constitution stipulates that at least two members of the government be chosen from each of the two regions. The members of the government are collectively and individually responsible to the parliament; the parliament may ask the prince to remove an individual minister or the entire government. Legislative authority is vested in the unicameral "Landtag" (parliament) made up of 25 members elected for maximum four-year terms according to a proportional representation formula. Fifteen members are elected from the "Oberland" (Upper Country or region) and ten members are elected from the "Unterland" (Lower Country or region). Parties must receive at least eight percent of the national vote to win seats in the parliament. The parliament proposes and approves a government, which is formally appointed by the prince. The parliament may also pass votes of no confidence against the entire government or against individual members. Additionally, the parliament elects from among its members a "Landesausschuss" (National Committee) made up of the president of the parliament and four additional members. The National Committee is charged with performing parliamentary oversight functions. The parliament can call for referendums on proposed legislation. The parliament shares the authority to propose new legislation with the prince and with the requisite number of citizens required for an initiative referendum. Judicial authority is vested in the Regional Court at Vaduz, the Princely High Court of Appeal at Vaduz, the Princely Supreme Court, the Administrative Court, and the State Court. The State Court rules on the conformity of laws with the constitution. The State Court has five members elected by the parliament. Note: In March 2003 the results of a national referendum showed that nearly two-thirds of Liechtenstein's electorate agreed to vote in support of Hans-Adam II's proposal of a renewed constitution which replaced the version of 1921. The implications of the referendum, the actual changes to the governance of Liechtenstein, and the repercussions of the vote in the wider context of Europe, are yet unknown. On July 1, 2007, the Liechtenstein Ruling Prince, H.S.H Hans-Adam II, and Liechtenstein Prime Minister, Otmar Hasler, appointed Dr. Bruce S. Allen and Mr. Leodis C. Matthews, ESQ., both in the United States of America, as the first two Honorary Consuls in history for the Principality of Liechtenstein. The principality of Liechtenstein is divided into 11 municipalities called gemeinden (singular gemeinde). The gemeinden mostly consist only of a single town. Five of them fall within the electoral district Unterland (the lower county), and the remainder within Oberland (the upper county). Satellite image faintly delineating Liechtenstein - enlarge to full page for clarity Liechtenstein is situated in the Upper Rhine valley of the European Alps. The entire western border of Liechtenstein is formed by the river. Measured north to south, the country is only about fifteen miles (24 km) long. In its eastern portion, Liechtenstein rises to higher altitudes; its highest point, the Grauspitz, reaches 2,599 metres (8,527 ). Despite its alpine location, prevailing southerly winds make the climate of Liechtenstein comparatively mild. In winter, the mountain slopes are well suited to winter sports. New surveys of the country's borders in 2006 have set its area at 160.475 square kilometres, with borders of 77.9 km. "Tiny Liechtenstein gets a little bigger," December 29, 2006 Thus, Liechtenstein discovered in 2006 that its borders are 1.9 km (1.2 miles) longer than previously thought as more modern measuring methods have been introduced and they measure more accurately the borders in mountainous regions. Liechtenstein redraws Europe map, BBC News, December 28 2006 Liechtenstein is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the worldâbeing a landlocked country wholly surrounded by other landlocked countriesâthe other is Uzbekistan. It is the only country with a predominantly German-speaking population that does not share a border with the Federal Republic of Germany. Liechtenstein is the sixth-smallest independent nation in the world, by land area. The five independent countries smaller than Liechtenstein are Vatican City, Monaco, Nauru, Tuvalu, and San Marino. See List of countries and outlying territories by total area. Looking northward at Vaduz city-centre City-centre with Kunstmuseum (Liechtenstein Art Museum) Despite its small geographic area and limited natural resources, Liechtenstein currently is one of the few countries in the world with more registered companies than citizens; it has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free-enterprise economy, and boasts a financial service sector as well as a living standard which compares favourably to those of the urban areas of Liechtenstein's large European neighbours. Advantageously low business taxesâthe maximum tax rate is 18%âas well as easy Rules of Incorporation have induced about 73,700 holding (or so-called 'letter box') companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such processes provide about 30% of Liechtenstein's state revenue. Liechtenstein also generates revenue from the establishment of stiftungs or foundations, which are financial entities created to increase the privacy of nonresident foreigners' financial holdings. The foundation is registered in the name of a Liechtensteiner, often a lawyer. Recently, Liechtenstein has shown strong determination to prosecute any international money-laundering and worked to promote the country's image as a legitimate financing center. Liechtenstein participates in a customs union with Switzerland and employs the Swiss franc as national currency. The country imports more than 90% of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Union) since May 1995 . The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe. Since 2002, Liechtenstein's rate of unemployment has doubled, although it stood at only 2.2% in the third quarter of 2004. Currently, there is only one hospital in Liechtenstein, the Liechtensteinisches Landesspital in Vaduz. The GDP (PPP) is $1.786 billion CIA World Factbook ( link) and $25,000 per person. Liechtenstein's most recognizable international company and largest employer is Hilti, a manufacturer of concrete fastening systems. Liechtenstein also is the home of the Curta calculator. Liechtensteiners have an average life expectancy at birth of 79.68 years (76.1 years for males; 83.28 years for females). The infant mortality rate is 4.64 deaths per 1,000 live births, according to recent estimates. An estimated 100 percent of the population, age 10 and older, can read and write. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Liechtenstein's education as the 10th best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average. A woman wearing the traditional Liechtenstein Tracht. Liechtenstein is the fourth smallest country of Europe, after the Vatican City, Monaco, and San Marino. Its population is primarily ethnic Alemannic, although its resident population is approximately one third foreign-born, primarily German speakers from the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, and the Swiss Confederation, other Swiss, Italians, and Turks. Foreign-born people make up two-thirds of the country's workforce. Nationals are referred to by the plural: Liechtensteiners. The official language is German; most speak Alemannic, a dialect of German that is highly divergent from Standard German (see Middle High German), but closely related to those dialects spoken in neighbouring regions. In Triesenberg a quite distinct dialect, promoted by the municipality, is spoken. According to the 2000 census, 87.9% of the population is Christian, of which 76% adhere to the Roman Catholic faith, while about 7% are Protestant. The religious affiliation for most of the remainder is Islam - 4.8%, undeclared - 4.1% and no religion - 2.8% . Road: There are about 250 kilometres (155 mi) of paved roadway within Liechtenstein. Rail: 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) of railway connect Austria and Switzerland through Liechtenstein. The country's railways are administered by the Austrian Federal Railways as part of the route between Feldkirch, Austria, and Buchs SG, Switzerland. Four stations in Liechtenstein, namely Schaan-Vaduz, Forst Hilti, Nendeln, and Schaanwald, are served by an irregularly stopping train service running between Feldkirch and Buchs. While EuroCity and other long distance international trains also make use of the route, these do not call at Liechtenstein stations. Bus: The Liechtenstein Bus is a subsidiary of the Swiss Postbus system, but separately run, and connects to the Swiss bus network at Buchs SG and at Sargans as well as the Austrian city of Feldkirch. Bike: There are 90 kilometres (56 miles) of marked bicycle paths in the country. Air: There is no airport in Liechtenstein (the nearest large airport is ZÃ¼rich Airport). There is a small heliport at Balzers in Liechtenstein available for charter helicopter flights. The Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein is the museum of modern and contemporary art in Vaduz and the national gallery of the Principality of Liechtenstein. As a result of its small size Liechtenstein has been strongly affected by external cultural influences, most notably those originating in the southern German-speaking areas of Europe, including Austria, Bavaria, Switzerland, and Tyrol. The Historical Society of the Principality of Liechtenstein plays a role in preserving the culture and history of the country. The largest museum is the Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, an international museum of modern and contemporary art with an important internationl art collection. The building by the Swiss architects Morger, Degelo and Kerez is a landmark in Vaduz. It was completed in November 2000 and forms a âblack boxâ of tinted concrete and black basalt stone. The museum collection is also the national art collection of Liechtenstein. The other important museum is the Liechtenstein National Museum (Liechtensteinisches Landesmuseum) showing permanent exhibition on the cultural and natural history of Liechtenstein as well as special exhibitions. There are also a Stamp and a Ski Museum. The most famous historical sites are Vaduz Castle, Gutenberg Castle, the Red House and the ruins of Schellenberg. Music and theatre are an important part of the culture. There are numerous music organisations such as the Liechtenstein Musical Company, the annual Guitar Days and the International Josef Gabriel Rheinberger Society; and two main theatres. The Private Art Collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein, one of the world's leading private art collections, is shown at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna. Liechtenstein football teams play in the Swiss football leagues. The Liechtenstein Cup allows access to one Liechtenstein team each year in the UEFA Cup; FC Vaduz, a team playing in the Swiss Challenge League (i.e. the second level of Swiss football) is the most successful team in the Cup, and scored their greatest success in the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1996 when they defeated the Latvian team FC Universitate Riga by 1â1 and 4â2, to go on to a lucrative fixture against Paris St Germain, which they lost 0â4 and 0â3. The Liechtenstein national football team has traditionally been regarded as an easy target for any team drawn against them, a fact that served as the basis for a book about Liechtenstein's unsuccessful qualifying campaign for the 2002 World Cup by British author, Charlie Connelly. In one surprising week during autumn 2004, however, the team, headed by Patrick Nikodem, managed a 2â2 draw with Portugal, which only a few months earlier had been the losing finalists in the European Championships. Four days later, the Liechtenstein team travelled to Luxembourg where they defeated the home team by 4 goals to 0 in a 2006 World Cup qualifying match. They are still considered by many to be an easier touch than most, however, they have been steadily improving over the last few years, and are now considered the best of the European "minnows". In the qualification stage of the European Championship 2008, Liechtenstein beat Latvia 1-0, score which prompted the resignation of the Latvian coach. They went on to beat Iceland 3-0 (October 17, 2007), which is considered one of the most dramatic losses of the Icelandic national soccer team. As an alpine country, the main opportunity for Liechtensteiners to excel is in winter sports such as downhill skiing: Hanni Wenzel won two gold medals in the 1980 Winter Olympics. With nine medals overall (all in alpine skiing), Liechtenstein has won more Olympic medals per capita than any other nation . The country's single ski area is Malbun. Vaduz, Liechtenstein, is considering a bid for either the 2018 Winter Olympics or 2022 Winter Olympics . Liechtenstein is one of the few countries in the world to have no army; defense is the responsibility of Switzerland. In June 2003 the state tourism agency decided to give a boost to the country's tourism by offering to rent out the country to businesses and other organizations for conference hosting, weddings, or other such events. The company will be given keys to the capital city and be offered team-building/tourist activities and attractions, such as wine-tasting, tobogganing, and full access to one of the country's royal castles. Karl Schwarzler, along with the entire nation of Liechenstein, was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Economics in 2003 for this unique enterprise. /ref> List of Liechtensteiners European microstates Liechtenstein â A Modern History by David Beattie, CMG, London, 2004, ISBN 1-85043-459-X www.liechtenstein.li - Official site by the Principality of Liechtenstein * Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein - The national Gallery of Liechtenstein * Hochschule Liechtenstein - University of Applied Sciences Liechtenstein * History of Liechtenstein: Primary documents * * Photos of Liechtenstein * "Arukikata" Liechtenstein, Travellers guide written in Japanese/English * Russian Portal about Principality of Liechtenstein * Harry's Mountain Walks in Liechtenstein The only English language guide to routes up and among Liechtensteins fabulous Alpine peaks; also available in German. *Sarah Lyall, "For Rent: One Principality. Prince Not Included." New York Times, March 25 2003 Related Wikipedia Articles Europe Oben am jungen Rhein German language Vaduz Schaan Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy Prince of Liechtenstein Prince of Liechtenstein Head of Government of Liechtenstein Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein Prince Alois of Liechtenstein Otmar Hasler Independence principality Treaty of Pressburg 1806 Swiss franc Central European Time Central European Summer Time .li Landlocked country#Doubly landlocked alpine country Western Europe Switzerland Austria winter sport tax haven German language Roman Empire Raetia dynasty fief Hohenems Princely_Family_of_Liechtenstein Castle_Liechtenstein Silesia Styria (duchy) fief Habsburg Reichstag (institution) Holy Roman Emperor Schellenberg Vaduz count Suzerainty January 23 1719 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor principality Anton Florian of Liechtenstein Holy Roman Empire Schloss Vaduz Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein Holy Roman Empire Napoleon I of France First French Empire Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor suzerainty 25 July 1806 Confederation of the Rhine 19 October 1813 German Confederation 20 June 1815 24 August 1866 Emperor of Austria Johann_I_Josef%2C_Prince_of_Liechtenstein Austro-Prussian War Prussia World War I Austrian Empire Austria-Hungary Switzerland Austro-Hungarian Empire Franz_I_of_Liechtenstein Franz_Joseph_II%2C_Prince_of_Liechtenstein World War II London Czechoslovakia Poland Bohemia Moravia Silesia Vienna Anschluss World Court square mile Cold War First Russian National Army Wehrmacht Russian Monument Liechtenstein Hinterschellenberg tourist Operation Keelhaul GULAG Ginevra de' Benci Leonardo da Vinci National Gallery of Art United States Prince of Liechtenstein United States dollar Hans-Adam II Otmar Hasler Bruce S. Allen Leodis C. Matthews United States of America Consuls Principality of Liechtenstein Rhine Alps Grauspitz surveying BBC News 28 December 2006 landlocked country#Doubly landlocked Uzbekistan Federal Republic of Germany Vatican City Monaco Nauru Tuvalu San Marino List of countries and outlying territories by total area Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein Rules of Incorporation customs union Switzerland Swiss franc European Economic Area European Free Trade Association European Union Vaduz CIA World Factbook Hilti Curta Programme for International Student Assessment OECD Tracht Vatican City Monaco San Marino Alamanni German language Federal Republic of Germany Austria Switzerland Switzerland Italians Turkish people German language Alemannic German dialect Standard German Middle High German Triesenberg Christian Roman Catholic Protestant Islam no religion mile Rail transport in Liechtenstein ÃBB Feldkirch, Vorarlberg Austria Buchs SG Switzerland EuroCity Sargans Feldkirch ZÃ¼rich Airport heliport Balzers Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein Austria Bavaria Switzerland Tyrol Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Museum Football (soccer) UEFA Cup FC Vaduz Latvia FC Universitate Riga Paris St Germain Liechtenstein national football team Football World Cup 2006 Charlie Connelly Portugal national football team 2004 European Football Championship Luxembourg national football team Football World Cup 2006 Alps downhill skiing Hanni Wenzel Olympic Winter Games Malbun Vaduz 2018 Winter Olympics 2022 Winter Olympics Vaduz toboggan Ig Nobel Prize List of Liechtensteiners European microstates Order of St Michael and St George New York Times 25 March 2003
Liechtenstein	What happened in moravia , lower austria , silesia , and styria , though in all cases , these territories were held in fief under other more senior feudal lords?	The Liechtenstein Dynasty acquired vast swaths of land	data/set2/a1	Liechtenstein The Principality of Liechtenstein ( ( , ( ) is a tiny, doubly landlocked alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland to its west and by Austria to its east. Mountainous, it is a winter sports resort, although it is perhaps best known as a tax haven. Despite this, it is not heavily urbanized. Many cultivated fields and small farms characterize its landscape both in the north (Unterland) and in the south (Oberland). It is the smallest German-speaking country in the world. At one time, the territory of Liechtenstein formed a part of the ancient Roman province of Raetia. For centuries this territory, geographically removed from European strategic interests, had little impact on the tide of European history. Prior to the reign of its current dynasty, the region was enfeoffed to a line of the counts of Hohenems. The Liechtenstein dynasty, from which the principality takes its name (rather than vice-versa), comes from Castle Liechtenstein in faraway Lower Austria, which the family possessed from at least 1140 to the thirteenth century, and from 1807 onward. Through the centuries, the dynasty acquired vast swathes of land, predominantly in Moravia, Lower Austria, Silesia, and Styria, though in all cases, these territories were held in fief under other more senior feudal lords, particularly under various lines of the Habsburg family, to whom several Liechtenstein princes served as close advisors. Thus, and without any territory held directly under the Imperial throne, the Liechtenstein dynasty was unable to meet a primary requirement to qualify for a seat in the Imperial diet, the Reichstag. The family yearned greatly for the added power which a seat in the Imperial government would garner, and therefore, searched for lands to acquire which would be unmittelbar or held without any feudal personage other than the Holy Roman Emperor himself having rights on the land. After some time, the family was able to arrange the purchase of the minuscule Herrschaft ("Lordship") of Schellenberg and countship of Vaduz (in 1699 and 1712 respectively) from the Hohenems. Tiny Schellenberg and Vaduz possessed exactly the political status required, no feudal lord other than their comital sovereign and the suzerain Emperor. Thereby, on January 23, 1719, after purchase had been duly made, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, decreed Vaduz and Schellenberg were united, and raised to the dignity of FÃ¼rstentum (principality) with the name "Liechtenstein" in honor of "[his] true servant, Anton Florian of Liechtenstein". It is on this date that Liechtenstein became a sovereign member state of the Holy Roman Empire. As a testament to the pure political expediency of the purchases, the Princes of Liechtenstein did not set foot in their new principality for over 120 years. Schloss Vaduz, overlooking the capital, is still home to the prince of Liechtenstein In 1806, most of the Holy Roman Empire was invaded by Napoleon I of the First French Empire. This event had broad consequences for Liechtenstein: imperial, legal and political mechanisms broke down, while Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated the imperial throne and the Empire itself dissolved. As a result, Liechtenstein ceased to have any obligations to any feudal lord beyond its borders. Modern publications generally (although incorrectly) attribute Liechtenstein's sovereignty to these events. In reality, its prince merely became suzerain, as well as remaining sovereign lord. From July 25 1806 when the Confederation of the Rhine was founded, the prince of Liechtenstein was a member, in fact a vassal of its hegemon, styled protector, French Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte, until the dissolution of the Confederation on October 19 1813. Soon afterward, Liechtenstein joined the German Confederation (June 20 1815 â August 24 1866, which was presided over by the Emperor of Austria). Then, in 1818, Johann I granted a constitution, although it was limited in its nature. 1818 also saw the first visit of a member of the house of Liechtenstein, Prince Alois, however, the first visit by a sovereign prince would not occur until 1842. Liechtenstein also had many advances in the nineteenth century, as in 1836, the first factory was opened, making ceramics. In 1861, the Savings and Loans Bank was founded, as was the first cotton-weaving mill. Two bridges over the Rhine were built in 1868, and in 1872 a railway line across Liechtenstein was constructed. When the Austro-Prussian War broke out in 1866 new pressure was placed on Liechtenstein as, when peace was declared, Prussia accused Liechtenstein of being the cause of the war through a miscount of the votes for war with Prussia. This led to Liechtenstein refusing to sign a peace treaty with Prussia and remained at war although no actual conflict ever occurred. This was one of the arguments that were suggested to justify a possible invasion of Liechtenstein in the late 1930s. Until the end of World War I, Liechtenstein first was closely tied to the Austrian Empire and later, to Austria-Hungary; however, the economic devastation caused by WWI forced the country to conclude a customs and monetary union with its other neighbor, Switzerland. (Their Army had been disbanded in 1868, out of financial considerations.) At the time of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it was argued that Liechtenstein as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire (supposedly still incarnated in Liechtensteiner eyes at an abstract level in the person of the then-dethroned Austro-Hungarian Emperor, despite its formal dissolution in 1806) was no longer bound to Austria, then emerging as an independent state, which did not consider itself as the legal successor to the Empire. Liechtenstein is thus the last independent state in Europe which can claim an element of continuity from the Holy Roman Empire. The Prince of Liechtenstein owns vineyards in Vaduz (in the foreground) In the spring of 1938, just after the annexation of Austria into Greater Germany, eighty-four year-old Prince Franz I abdicated, naming his thirty-one year-old third cousin, Prince Franz Joseph, as his successor. While Prince Franz I claimed that old age was his reason for abdicating, it is believed that he had no desire to be on the throne if Germany gobbled up its new neighbor, Liechtenstein. His wife, whom he married in 1929, was a wealthy Jewish woman from Vienna, and local Liechtenstein Nazis had already singled her out as their anti-Semitic "problem". Although Liechtenstein had no official Nazi party, a Nazi sympathy movement had been simmering for years within its National Union party. During World War II, Liechtenstein remained neutral, while family treasures within the war zone were brought to Liechtenstein (and London) for safekeeping. At the close of the conflict, Czechoslovakia and Poland, acting to seize what they considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia â the princes of Liechtenstein lived in Vienna until the Anschluss of 1938. The expropriations (subject to modern legal dispute at the World Court) included over 1,600 square kilometres (600 mi.Â²) of agricultural and forest land, also including several family castles and palaces. Citizens of Liechtenstein were also forbidden from entering Czechoslovakia during the Cold War. Liechtenstein gave asylum to approximately five hundred soldiers of the First Russian National Army (a collaborationist Russian force within the German Wehrmacht) at the close of World War II; this is commemorated by a monument at the border town of Hinterschellenberg which is marked on the country's tourist map. The act of granting asylum was no small matter as the country was poor and had difficulty feeding and caring for such a large group of refugees. Eventually, Argentina agreed to permanently resettle the asylum seekers. In contrast, the British repatriated the Russians who fought on the side of Germany to the USSR, and they all perished in the GULAG. In dire financial straits following the war, the Liechtenstein dynasty often resorted to selling family artistic treasures, including for instance the priceless portrait "Ginevra de' Benci" by Leonardo da Vinci, which was purchased by the National Gallery of Art of the United States in 1967. Liechtenstein prospered, however, during the decades following, as its economy modernized with the advantage of low corporate tax rates which drew many companies to the country. The Prince of Liechtenstein is the world's sixth wealthiest with an estimated wealth of $4 billion. The country's population enjoys one of the world's highest standards of living. The Government building in Vaduz Liechtenstein's current constitution was adopted in October 1921. It established in Liechtenstein a constitutional monarchy ruled by the reigning prince of the Princely House of Liechtenstein. It also established a parliamentary system, although the reigning prince retained substantial political authority. The reigning prince of the Princely House of Liechtenstein is the head of state and, as such, represents Liechtenstein in its international relations (although Switzerland has taken responsibility for much of Liechtenstein's diplomatic relations). The prince may veto laws adopted by the parliament. The prince can call referendums, propose new legislation, and dissolve the parliament, although dissolution of parliament may be subjected to a referendum. Executive authority is vested in a collegial government (government) comprising the head of government (prime minister) and four government councilors (ministers). The head of government and the other ministers are appointed by the prince upon the proposal and concurrence of the parliament, thus reflecting the partisan balance of the parliament. The constitution stipulates that at least two members of the government be chosen from each of the two regions. The members of the government are collectively and individually responsible to the parliament; the parliament may ask the prince to remove an individual minister or the entire government. Legislative authority is vested in the unicameral "Landtag" (parliament) made up of 25 members elected for maximum four-year terms according to a proportional representation formula. Fifteen members are elected from the "Oberland" (Upper Country or region) and ten members are elected from the "Unterland" (Lower Country or region). Parties must receive at least eight percent of the national vote to win seats in the parliament. The parliament proposes and approves a government, which is formally appointed by the prince. The parliament may also pass votes of no confidence against the entire government or against individual members. Additionally, the parliament elects from among its members a "Landesausschuss" (National Committee) made up of the president of the parliament and four additional members. The National Committee is charged with performing parliamentary oversight functions. The parliament can call for referendums on proposed legislation. The parliament shares the authority to propose new legislation with the prince and with the requisite number of citizens required for an initiative referendum. Judicial authority is vested in the Regional Court at Vaduz, the Princely High Court of Appeal at Vaduz, the Princely Supreme Court, the Administrative Court, and the State Court. The State Court rules on the conformity of laws with the constitution. The State Court has five members elected by the parliament. Note: In March 2003 the results of a national referendum showed that nearly two-thirds of Liechtenstein's electorate agreed to vote in support of Hans-Adam II's proposal of a renewed constitution which replaced the version of 1921. The implications of the referendum, the actual changes to the governance of Liechtenstein, and the repercussions of the vote in the wider context of Europe, are yet unknown. On July 1, 2007, the Liechtenstein Ruling Prince, H.S.H Hans-Adam II, and Liechtenstein Prime Minister, Otmar Hasler, appointed Dr. Bruce S. Allen and Mr. Leodis C. Matthews, ESQ., both in the United States of America, as the first two Honorary Consuls in history for the Principality of Liechtenstein. The principality of Liechtenstein is divided into 11 municipalities called gemeinden (singular gemeinde). The gemeinden mostly consist only of a single town. Five of them fall within the electoral district Unterland (the lower county), and the remainder within Oberland (the upper county). Satellite image faintly delineating Liechtenstein - enlarge to full page for clarity Liechtenstein is situated in the Upper Rhine valley of the European Alps. The entire western border of Liechtenstein is formed by the river. Measured north to south, the country is only about fifteen miles (24 km) long. In its eastern portion, Liechtenstein rises to higher altitudes; its highest point, the Grauspitz, reaches 2,599 metres (8,527 ). Despite its alpine location, prevailing southerly winds make the climate of Liechtenstein comparatively mild. In winter, the mountain slopes are well suited to winter sports. New surveys of the country's borders in 2006 have set its area at 160.475 square kilometres, with borders of 77.9 km. "Tiny Liechtenstein gets a little bigger," December 29, 2006 Thus, Liechtenstein discovered in 2006 that its borders are 1.9 km (1.2 miles) longer than previously thought as more modern measuring methods have been introduced and they measure more accurately the borders in mountainous regions. Liechtenstein redraws Europe map, BBC News, December 28 2006 Liechtenstein is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the worldâbeing a landlocked country wholly surrounded by other landlocked countriesâthe other is Uzbekistan. It is the only country with a predominantly German-speaking population that does not share a border with the Federal Republic of Germany. Liechtenstein is the sixth-smallest independent nation in the world, by land area. The five independent countries smaller than Liechtenstein are Vatican City, Monaco, Nauru, Tuvalu, and San Marino. See List of countries and outlying territories by total area. Looking northward at Vaduz city-centre City-centre with Kunstmuseum (Liechtenstein Art Museum) Despite its small geographic area and limited natural resources, Liechtenstein currently is one of the few countries in the world with more registered companies than citizens; it has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free-enterprise economy, and boasts a financial service sector as well as a living standard which compares favourably to those of the urban areas of Liechtenstein's large European neighbours. Advantageously low business taxesâthe maximum tax rate is 18%âas well as easy Rules of Incorporation have induced about 73,700 holding (or so-called 'letter box') companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such processes provide about 30% of Liechtenstein's state revenue. Liechtenstein also generates revenue from the establishment of stiftungs or foundations, which are financial entities created to increase the privacy of nonresident foreigners' financial holdings. The foundation is registered in the name of a Liechtensteiner, often a lawyer. Recently, Liechtenstein has shown strong determination to prosecute any international money-laundering and worked to promote the country's image as a legitimate financing center. Liechtenstein participates in a customs union with Switzerland and employs the Swiss franc as national currency. The country imports more than 90% of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Union) since May 1995 . The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe. Since 2002, Liechtenstein's rate of unemployment has doubled, although it stood at only 2.2% in the third quarter of 2004. Currently, there is only one hospital in Liechtenstein, the Liechtensteinisches Landesspital in Vaduz. The GDP (PPP) is $1.786 billion CIA World Factbook ( link) and $25,000 per person. Liechtenstein's most recognizable international company and largest employer is Hilti, a manufacturer of concrete fastening systems. Liechtenstein also is the home of the Curta calculator. Liechtensteiners have an average life expectancy at birth of 79.68 years (76.1 years for males; 83.28 years for females). The infant mortality rate is 4.64 deaths per 1,000 live births, according to recent estimates. An estimated 100 percent of the population, age 10 and older, can read and write. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Liechtenstein's education as the 10th best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average. A woman wearing the traditional Liechtenstein Tracht. Liechtenstein is the fourth smallest country of Europe, after the Vatican City, Monaco, and San Marino. Its population is primarily ethnic Alemannic, although its resident population is approximately one third foreign-born, primarily German speakers from the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, and the Swiss Confederation, other Swiss, Italians, and Turks. Foreign-born people make up two-thirds of the country's workforce. Nationals are referred to by the plural: Liechtensteiners. The official language is German; most speak Alemannic, a dialect of German that is highly divergent from Standard German (see Middle High German), but closely related to those dialects spoken in neighbouring regions. In Triesenberg a quite distinct dialect, promoted by the municipality, is spoken. According to the 2000 census, 87.9% of the population is Christian, of which 76% adhere to the Roman Catholic faith, while about 7% are Protestant. The religious affiliation for most of the remainder is Islam - 4.8%, undeclared - 4.1% and no religion - 2.8% . Road: There are about 250 kilometres (155 mi) of paved roadway within Liechtenstein. Rail: 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) of railway connect Austria and Switzerland through Liechtenstein. The country's railways are administered by the Austrian Federal Railways as part of the route between Feldkirch, Austria, and Buchs SG, Switzerland. Four stations in Liechtenstein, namely Schaan-Vaduz, Forst Hilti, Nendeln, and Schaanwald, are served by an irregularly stopping train service running between Feldkirch and Buchs. While EuroCity and other long distance international trains also make use of the route, these do not call at Liechtenstein stations. Bus: The Liechtenstein Bus is a subsidiary of the Swiss Postbus system, but separately run, and connects to the Swiss bus network at Buchs SG and at Sargans as well as the Austrian city of Feldkirch. Bike: There are 90 kilometres (56 miles) of marked bicycle paths in the country. Air: There is no airport in Liechtenstein (the nearest large airport is ZÃ¼rich Airport). There is a small heliport at Balzers in Liechtenstein available for charter helicopter flights. The Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein is the museum of modern and contemporary art in Vaduz and the national gallery of the Principality of Liechtenstein. As a result of its small size Liechtenstein has been strongly affected by external cultural influences, most notably those originating in the southern German-speaking areas of Europe, including Austria, Bavaria, Switzerland, and Tyrol. The Historical Society of the Principality of Liechtenstein plays a role in preserving the culture and history of the country. The largest museum is the Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, an international museum of modern and contemporary art with an important internationl art collection. The building by the Swiss architects Morger, Degelo and Kerez is a landmark in Vaduz. It was completed in November 2000 and forms a âblack boxâ of tinted concrete and black basalt stone. The museum collection is also the national art collection of Liechtenstein. The other important museum is the Liechtenstein National Museum (Liechtensteinisches Landesmuseum) showing permanent exhibition on the cultural and natural history of Liechtenstein as well as special exhibitions. There are also a Stamp and a Ski Museum. The most famous historical sites are Vaduz Castle, Gutenberg Castle, the Red House and the ruins of Schellenberg. Music and theatre are an important part of the culture. There are numerous music organisations such as the Liechtenstein Musical Company, the annual Guitar Days and the International Josef Gabriel Rheinberger Society; and two main theatres. The Private Art Collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein, one of the world's leading private art collections, is shown at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna. Liechtenstein football teams play in the Swiss football leagues. The Liechtenstein Cup allows access to one Liechtenstein team each year in the UEFA Cup; FC Vaduz, a team playing in the Swiss Challenge League (i.e. the second level of Swiss football) is the most successful team in the Cup, and scored their greatest success in the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1996 when they defeated the Latvian team FC Universitate Riga by 1â1 and 4â2, to go on to a lucrative fixture against Paris St Germain, which they lost 0â4 and 0â3. The Liechtenstein national football team has traditionally been regarded as an easy target for any team drawn against them, a fact that served as the basis for a book about Liechtenstein's unsuccessful qualifying campaign for the 2002 World Cup by British author, Charlie Connelly. In one surprising week during autumn 2004, however, the team, headed by Patrick Nikodem, managed a 2â2 draw with Portugal, which only a few months earlier had been the losing finalists in the European Championships. Four days later, the Liechtenstein team travelled to Luxembourg where they defeated the home team by 4 goals to 0 in a 2006 World Cup qualifying match. They are still considered by many to be an easier touch than most, however, they have been steadily improving over the last few years, and are now considered the best of the European "minnows". In the qualification stage of the European Championship 2008, Liechtenstein beat Latvia 1-0, score which prompted the resignation of the Latvian coach. They went on to beat Iceland 3-0 (October 17, 2007), which is considered one of the most dramatic losses of the Icelandic national soccer team. As an alpine country, the main opportunity for Liechtensteiners to excel is in winter sports such as downhill skiing: Hanni Wenzel won two gold medals in the 1980 Winter Olympics. With nine medals overall (all in alpine skiing), Liechtenstein has won more Olympic medals per capita than any other nation . The country's single ski area is Malbun. Vaduz, Liechtenstein, is considering a bid for either the 2018 Winter Olympics or 2022 Winter Olympics . Liechtenstein is one of the few countries in the world to have no army; defense is the responsibility of Switzerland. In June 2003 the state tourism agency decided to give a boost to the country's tourism by offering to rent out the country to businesses and other organizations for conference hosting, weddings, or other such events. The company will be given keys to the capital city and be offered team-building/tourist activities and attractions, such as wine-tasting, tobogganing, and full access to one of the country's royal castles. Karl Schwarzler, along with the entire nation of Liechenstein, was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Economics in 2003 for this unique enterprise. /ref> List of Liechtensteiners European microstates Liechtenstein â A Modern History by David Beattie, CMG, London, 2004, ISBN 1-85043-459-X www.liechtenstein.li - Official site by the Principality of Liechtenstein * Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein - The national Gallery of Liechtenstein * Hochschule Liechtenstein - University of Applied Sciences Liechtenstein * History of Liechtenstein: Primary documents * * Photos of Liechtenstein * "Arukikata" Liechtenstein, Travellers guide written in Japanese/English * Russian Portal about Principality of Liechtenstein * Harry's Mountain Walks in Liechtenstein The only English language guide to routes up and among Liechtensteins fabulous Alpine peaks; also available in German. *Sarah Lyall, "For Rent: One Principality. Prince Not Included." New York Times, March 25 2003 Related Wikipedia Articles Europe Oben am jungen Rhein German language Vaduz Schaan Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy Prince of Liechtenstein Prince of Liechtenstein Head of Government of Liechtenstein Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein Prince Alois of Liechtenstein Otmar Hasler Independence principality Treaty of Pressburg 1806 Swiss franc Central European Time Central European Summer Time .li Landlocked country#Doubly landlocked alpine country Western Europe Switzerland Austria winter sport tax haven German language Roman Empire Raetia dynasty fief Hohenems Princely_Family_of_Liechtenstein Castle_Liechtenstein Silesia Styria (duchy) fief Habsburg Reichstag (institution) Holy Roman Emperor Schellenberg Vaduz count Suzerainty January 23 1719 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor principality Anton Florian of Liechtenstein Holy Roman Empire Schloss Vaduz Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein Holy Roman Empire Napoleon I of France First French Empire Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor suzerainty 25 July 1806 Confederation of the Rhine 19 October 1813 German Confederation 20 June 1815 24 August 1866 Emperor of Austria Johann_I_Josef%2C_Prince_of_Liechtenstein Austro-Prussian War Prussia World War I Austrian Empire Austria-Hungary Switzerland Austro-Hungarian Empire Franz_I_of_Liechtenstein Franz_Joseph_II%2C_Prince_of_Liechtenstein World War II London Czechoslovakia Poland Bohemia Moravia Silesia Vienna Anschluss World Court square mile Cold War First Russian National Army Wehrmacht Russian Monument Liechtenstein Hinterschellenberg tourist Operation Keelhaul GULAG Ginevra de' Benci Leonardo da Vinci National Gallery of Art United States Prince of Liechtenstein United States dollar Hans-Adam II Otmar Hasler Bruce S. Allen Leodis C. Matthews United States of America Consuls Principality of Liechtenstein Rhine Alps Grauspitz surveying BBC News 28 December 2006 landlocked country#Doubly landlocked Uzbekistan Federal Republic of Germany Vatican City Monaco Nauru Tuvalu San Marino List of countries and outlying territories by total area Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein Rules of Incorporation customs union Switzerland Swiss franc European Economic Area European Free Trade Association European Union Vaduz CIA World Factbook Hilti Curta Programme for International Student Assessment OECD Tracht Vatican City Monaco San Marino Alamanni German language Federal Republic of Germany Austria Switzerland Switzerland Italians Turkish people German language Alemannic German dialect Standard German Middle High German Triesenberg Christian Roman Catholic Protestant Islam no religion mile Rail transport in Liechtenstein ÃBB Feldkirch, Vorarlberg Austria Buchs SG Switzerland EuroCity Sargans Feldkirch ZÃ¼rich Airport heliport Balzers Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein Austria Bavaria Switzerland Tyrol Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Museum Football (soccer) UEFA Cup FC Vaduz Latvia FC Universitate Riga Paris St Germain Liechtenstein national football team Football World Cup 2006 Charlie Connelly Portugal national football team 2004 European Football Championship Luxembourg national football team Football World Cup 2006 Alps downhill skiing Hanni Wenzel Olympic Winter Games Malbun Vaduz 2018 Winter Olympics 2022 Winter Olympics Vaduz toboggan Ig Nobel Prize List of Liechtensteiners European microstates Order of St Michael and St George New York Times 25 March 2003
Millard_Fillmore	Did Webster write, "I can now sleep of nights"?	Yes.	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did Webster write, "I can now sleep of nights"?	Yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution) another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency?	Yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution) another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency?	Yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did he die at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke?	Yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did he die at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke?	yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Who got Seward elected to the senate?	Weed	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Who got Seward elected to the senate?	Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Where was Commodore Matthew C. Perry sent to open Japan to Western trade?	Japan	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Where was Commodore Matthew C. Perry sent to open Japan to Western trade?	Commodore Matthew C. Perry send to Japan	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	What is The Remarkable Millard Fillmore?	A fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life.	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	What is The Remarkable Millard Fillmore?	In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did Fillmore form a law partnership before or after he founded the private University of Buffalo?	Before.	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did Fillmore form a law partnership before or after he founded the private University of Buffalo?	Law partnership founded before University of Buffalo	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did Fillmore run for President a second time?	Yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did Fillmore run for President a second time?	I don't know (semantic ambiguity)	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	How long after the death of his first wife did Fillmore marry Caroline McIntosh?	where is the death date of his first wife?	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was Millard Fillmore the thirteenth President of the United States?	yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was Millard Fillmore the thirteenth President of the United States?	yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was Millard Fillmore the thirteenth President of the United States?	null	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was Millard Fillmore born on January 7, 1800?	yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was Millard Fillmore born on January 7, 1800?	yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was Millard Fillmore born on January 7, 1800?	null	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did Millard Fillmore die on March 8, 1974?	no	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did Millard Fillmore die on March 8, 1974?	no	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did Millard Fillmore die on March 8, 1974?	null	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Where was Millard Fillmore born?	in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Where was Millard Fillmore born?	in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Where was Millard Fillmore born?	null	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	To whom was Millard Fillmore born to?	to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	To whom was Millard Fillmore born to?	to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	To whom was Millard Fillmore born to?	null	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Who did Millard Fillmore fall in love with?	He fell in love with Abigail Powers	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Who did Millard Fillmore fall in love with?	Abigail Powers	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Who did Millard Fillmore fall in love with?	null	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	What did Taylor and Fillmore disagree upon?	slavory issues	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	What did Taylor and Fillmore disagree upon?	Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	What did Taylor and Fillmore disagree upon?	null	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	How did Fillmore ascend to the presidency?	upon the death of the sitting president, Taylor	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	How did Fillmore ascend to the presidency?	Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850.	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	How did Fillmore ascend to the presidency?	null	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	How did the supporters of Henry Clay feel about Fillmore in 1848?	they were ok with him	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	How did the supporters of Henry Clay feel about Fillmore in 1848?	angry	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	How did the supporters of Henry Clay feel about Fillmore in 1848?	null	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Who was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade?	millard fillmore	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	He founded the private university of buffalo on what date?	1846	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Who or what fell in love with abigail powers?	millard fillmore	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was Fillmore one of the founders of the University of Buffalo?	yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was Another primary objective of Fillmore to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate?	yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was Fillmore the second Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President?	no	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Is Fillmore the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant ?	yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Is the comic strip Mallard Fillmore named after the president ?	yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Was Fillmore the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president ?	yes	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	Did Fillmore not turn down the honor , explaining that he had neither the `` literary nor scientific attainment '' to justify the degree ?	no	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Millard_Fillmore	What happened in a log cabin in summerhill , new york?	Fillmore was born	data/set3/a3	Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to assume the Presidency upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected President; after serving out Taylor's term, he failed to gain the nomination for the Presidency of the Whigs in the 1852 presidential election, and, four years later, in the 1856 presidential election, he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party and Whig candidate. Fillmore was born in a log cabin in Summerhill, New York, to Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, as the second of nine children and the eldest son. Though a Unitarian in later life, Fillmore was descended from Scottish Presbyterians on his father's side and English dissenters on his mother's. He was first apprenticed to a fuller to learn the cloth-making trade. He also served as a home guard in the New York militia for some time. He struggled to obtain an education under frontier conditions, attending New Hope Academy for six months. He fell in love with Abigail Powers, whom he later married on February 26, 1826. The couple had two children, Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore. Later, Fillmore bought out his apprenticeship and moved to Buffalo, New York, to continue his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began his law practice in East Aurora. In 1834, he formed a law partnership, Fillmore and Hall (becoming Fillmore, Hall and Haven in 1836), with his good friend Nathan K. Hall (who would later serve in his cabinet as Postmaster General). It would become one of western New York's most prestigious firms. In 1846, he founded the private University of Buffalo, which today is the public State University of New York at Buffalo (UB, University at Buffalo), the largest school in the New York state university system. Engraving of Millard FillmoreIn 1828, Fillmore was elected to the New York State Assembly on the Anti-Masonic ticket, serving for one term, from 1829 to 1831. He was later elected as a Whig (having followed his mentor Thurlow Weed into the party) to the 23rd Congress in 1832, serving from 1833 to 1835. He was re-elected in 1836 to the 25th Congress, to the 26th and to the 27th Congresses and serving from in total from 1833 to 1843, declining to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1842. In Congress, he opposed the entrance of Texas as a slave territory. He came in second place in the bid for Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1841. He served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1841 to 1843 and was an author of the Tariff of 1842, as well as two other bills that President John Tyler vetoed. After leaving Congress, Fillmore was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1844. He served as New York State Comptroller from 1847 to 1849. As state comptroller, he revised New York's banking system, making it a model for the future National Banking System. At the Whig national convention in 1848, the nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor for president angered the supporters of Henry Clay as well as the opponents of slavery extension into the territory gained by the U.S.-Mexican War. A group of practical Whig politicians nominated Fillmore for vice president, believing that he would heal party wounds and help the ticket carry New York state. Taylor/Fillmore campaign posterHaving worked his way up through the Whig Party in New York, Fillmore was selected as Taylor's running mate. (It was thought that the obscure, self-made candidate from New York would complement Taylor, a slave-holding military man from the south.) Fillmore was also selected in part to block New York state machine boss Thurlow Weed from receiving the vice presidential nomination (and his front man William H. Seward from receiving a position in Taylor's cabinet). Weed ultimately got Seward elected to the senate. This competition between Seward and Fillmore led to Seward's becoming a more vocal part of cabinet meetings and having more of a voice than Fillmore in advising the administration. The battle would continue even after Taylor's death. Taylor and Fillmore disagreed on the slavery issue in the new western territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Taylor wanted the new states to be free states, while Fillmore supported slavery in those states as a means of appeasing the South. In his own words: "God knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil ... and we must endure it and give it such protection as is guaranteed by the Constitution." Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of 1850. During one debate, Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Fillmore made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before President Taylor's death, Fillmore suggested to the president that, should there be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would vote in favor of the North. Official White House portrait of Millard FillmoreFillmore ascended to the presidency upon the sudden and unexpected death of President Taylor in July 1850. The change in leadership also signaled an abrupt political shift in the administration, as Fillmore removed Taylor's entire cabinet, replacing them with individuals known to be favorable to the Compromise efforts. Fillmore signaled this shift by appointing Daniel Webster as his Secretary of State. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate. Henry Clay's proposed bill to admit California to the Union still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery without any progress toward settling the major issues (the South continued to threaten secession). Fillmore recognized that Clay's plan was the best way to end the sectional crisis (California free state, harsher fugitive slave law, abolish slave trade in DC). Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, passing leadership to Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced his support of the Compromise of 1850. On August 6, 1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This helped shift a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the Wilmot Proviso-âthe stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery. Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure gave impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented five separate bills to the Senate: Admit California as a free state. Settle the Texas boundary and compensate the state for lost lands. Grant territorial status to New Mexico. Place federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking escapeesâthe Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Each measure obtained a majority, and, by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law. Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights." Portrait of Millard FillmoreWhigs on both sides refused to accept the finality of Fillmore's law (which led to more party division, and a loss of numerous elections), which forced Northern Whigs to say "God Save us from Whig Vice Presidents." Fillmore's greatest difficulty with the fugitive slave law was how to enforce it without seeming to show favor towards Southern Whigs. His solution was to appease both northern and southern Whigs by calling for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law in the North, and enforcing in the South a law forbidding involvement in Cuba (for the sole purpose of adding it as a slave state). Another issue that presented itself during Fillmore's presidency was the arrival of Louis Kossuth (exiled leader of a failed Hungarian revolution). Kossuth wanted the United States to abandon its non-intervention policies when it came to European affairs and recognize Hungaryâs independence. The problem came with the enormous support Kossuth received from German-American immigrants to the United States (who were essential in the re-election of both Whigs and Democrats). Fillmore refused to change American policy, and decided to remain neutral despite the political implications that neutrality would produce. Another important legacy of Fillmore's administration was the sending of Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade, though Perry did not reach Japan until Franklin Pierce had replaced Fillmore as president. Fillmore appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Benjamin Robbins Curtis - 1851 * California September 9, 1850 Some northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852. Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce. Because the Whig party was so deeply divided, and the two leading candidates for the Whig party (Webster and Fillmore) refused to combine to secure the nomination, Winfield Scott received it. Because both the north and the south refused to unite behind Scott, he won only 4 of 31 states, and lost the election to Franklin Pierce. After Fillmore's defeat the Whig party continued its downward spiral with further party division coming at the hands of the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the emergence of the Know Nothing party. Statue of Fillmore outside City Hall in downtown Buffalo, New York. Fillmore was one of the founders of the University of Buffalo. The school was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature on May 11, 1846, and at first was only a medical school. Fillmore was the first Chancellor, a position he maintained while both Vice President and President. Upon completing his presidency, Fillmore returned to Buffalo, where he continued to serve as chancellor. After the death of his daughter Mary, Fillmore went abroad. While touring Europe in 1855, Fillmore was offered an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Oxford. Fillmore turned down the honor, explaining that he had neither the "literary nor scientific attainment" to justify the degree. He is also quoted as having explained that he "lacked the benefit of a classical education" and could not, therefore, understand the Latin text of the diploma, then joking that he believed "no man should accept a degree he cannot read." Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster.By 1856, Fillmore's Whig Party had ceased to exist, having fallen apart due to dissension over the slavery issue, and especially the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Fillmore refused to join the new Republican Party, where many former Whigs, including Abraham Lincoln, had found refuge. Instead, Fillmore joined the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party, the political organ of the Know-Nothing movement. He ran in the election of 1856 as the party's candidate, attempting to win a non-consecutive second term as President (a feat accomplished only once in American politics, by Grover Cleveland). His running mate was Andrew Jackson Donelson, nephew of former president Andrew Jackson. Fillmore and Donelson finished third, carrying only the state of Maryland and its eight electoral votes; but he won 21.6% of the popular vote, one of the best showings ever by a Presidential third-party candidate. On February 10, 1858, after the death of his first wife, Fillmore married Caroline McIntosh, a wealthy widow. Their combined wealth allowed them to purchase a big house in Buffalo, New York. The house became the center of hospitality for visitors, until her health began to decline in the 1860s. Throughout the Civil War, Fillmore opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He commanded the Union Continentals, a corps of home guards of males over the age of 45 from the Upstate New York area, during the Civil War. He died at 11:10 p.m. on March 8, 1874, of the after-effects of a stroke. His last words were alleged to be, upon being fed some soup, "the nourishment is palatable." On January 7 each year, a ceremony is held at his grave site in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo. Fillmore Glen State Park, New York Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Fillmore Avenue, on the East Side of Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Buffalo Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville, New York Fillmore Street, in downtown San Francisco, California Fillmore Street, in downtown Amarillo, Texas Fillmore Street, in downtown Phoenix, Arizona In an article in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s appears the phrase: "Who in heck was Millard Fillmore anyhow?" The 80s sitcom Head of the Class took place at the fictional "Millard Fillmore High School". ESPN anchor Neil Everett often makes references to Millard Fillmore while hosting Sportscenter. The comic strip Mallard Fillmore is named after the president. In 2007, George Pendle wrote The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, a fake biography based on real events that happened in Fillmore's life. Pendle mixes such imagined events as Fillmore fighting at the Battle of the Alamo with equally improbable, but actually true events, such as the fact that Fillmore's great-grandfather, John Fillmore, was abducted by pirates, organized a mutiny aboard the pirate ship, and killed the pirate captain, before sailing the ship back into Boston harbor. In one episode in American Dragon, the statue of Millard Fillmore was shown to the parents in a parent-teacher meeting by Professor Rokwood. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny (in a partially delirious state) speaks to a statue of Millard Filmore. In his book Dave Barry Slept Here, Dave Barry lists the most notable achievement of the Fillmore administration as "The Earth did not crash into the Sun." Millard Fillmore postage stamp The myth that Millard Fillmore installed the White House's first bathtub was started by H. L. Mencken in a joke column published on December 28, 1917 in the New York Evening Mail. (See Bathtub hoax) In 1855, Fillmore, who had no classical education, refused an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University claiming that he would not accept a degree he could not read. It should be noted that most university diplomas were inscribed in Latin in those days. Queen Victoria said that Millard Fillmore was the handsomest man she'd ever seen. Fillmore, a bookworm, found the White House devoid of books and initiated the White House library. As of 2007, Millard Fillmore remains the last U.S. president who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican (although Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 running on the National Union Party ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate). Fillmore was the first U.S. President born after the death of a former president, as he was born three weeks after George Washington's death on December 14, 1799. Fillmore is the first of two presidents to have been an indentured servant. He was a clothmaker. United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore (Whig) - 1,361,393 (47.3%) and 163 electoral votes (16 states carried) * Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler (Democrats) - 1,223,460 (42.5%) and 127 electoral votes (15 states carried) * Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Free Soil) - 291,501 (10.1%) and 0 electoral votes United States presidential election, 1856 * James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge (Democrats) - 1,836,072 (45.3%) and 174 electoral votes (19 states carried) * John C. Fremont/William L. Dayton (Republicans) - 1,342,345 (33.1%) and 114 electoral votes (11 states carried) * Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson (Know-Nothing/Whig) - 873,053 (21.6%) and 8 electoral votes (1 state carried) * Holt, Michael F. "Millard Fillmoreâ. The American Presidency. Ed.Alan Brinkley,Davis Dyer.2004.145-151. Deusen, Van Glydon. "The American Presidency". Encyclopedia Americana. Accessed 9, May 2007. * U.S. presidential election, 1848 * U.S. presidential election, 1856 * William Gannaway Brownlow * Extensive essay on Millard Fillmore and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * First State of the Union Address * Second State of the Union Address * Third State of the Union Address * White House Biography * Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos * * Millard Fillmore Internet Obituary * Millard Fillmore House, Buffalo, NY * Millard and Abigail Fillmore House, East Aurora, NY * Millard Fillmore at Encyclopedia American: The American Presidency Related Wikipedia Articles President of the United States July 9 1850 March 4 1853 Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Summerhill, New York Buffalo, New York Abigail Fillmore Caroline Fillmore Lawyer Anti-Masonic Party Whig Party (United States) Know-Nothing Unitarian Vice President of the United States March 4 1849 July 9 1850 Zachary Taylor George M. Dallas William R. King January 7 1800 March 8 1874 President of the United States Whig Party (United States) Vice President of the United States Zachary Taylor gastroenteritis Whig Party (United States) U.S. presidential election, 1852 United States presidential election, 1856 Know Nothing log cabin Summerhill, New York Unitarian Chicago Scottish people Presbyterian Fuller (cloth-making) New York Guard New Hope Academy Abigail Fillmore February 26 1826 Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Buffalo, New York bar (law) 1823 Aurora, Erie County, New York 1834 Nathan K. Hall United States Postmaster General New York State University of New York at Buffalo 1828 New York State Assembly Anti-Masonic Party 1829 1831 Whig Party (United States) Thurlow Weed Twenty-third United States Congress 1832 1833 1835 1836 Twenty-fifth United States Congress Twenty-sixth United States Congress Twenty-seventh United States Congress 1843 1842 Texas Slave state Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 1841 United States House Committee on Ways and Means 1841 1843 Tariff of 1842 President of the United States John Tyler Whig Party (United States) Governor of New York 1844 New York State Comptroller 1847 1849 Zachary Taylor Henry Clay U.S.-Mexican War running mate New York Thurlow Weed William H. Seward slavery Mexico Mexican-American War Compromise of 1850 Henry S. Foote Mississippi Thomas Hart Benton (senator) Missouri Daniel Webster Democratic Party (United States) California Stephen A. Douglas August 6 1850 Texas New Mexico Wilmot Proviso Fugitive Slave Act Washington, D.C. September 20 Louis Kossuth Hungary Commodore (USN) Matthew Perry (naval officer) Japan Franklin Pierce Daniel Webster Edward Everett Charles Magill Conrad Thomas Corwin John J. Crittenden Nathan K. Hall Samuel Dickinson Hubbard William A. Graham John P. Kennedy Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Robbins Curtis California Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Winfield Scott Buffalo, New York University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Chancellor (education) Mary Abigail Fillmore Europe Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law University of Oxford Latin diploma Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln American Party Know-Nothing movement United States presidential election, 1856 Grover Cleveland Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson February 10 1858 Caroline Fillmore American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction Andrew Johnson militia Upstate New York March 8 1874 stroke January 7 Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Fillmore Glen State Park Fillmore County, Minnesota Fillmore County, Nebraska Fillmore, Utah Millard County, Utah Fillmore, California Buffalo, New York Williamsville, New York San Francisco, California Amarillo, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Mad Magazine Head of the Class ESPN Neil Everett Sportscenter Mallard Fillmore George Pendle Battle of the Alamo American Dragon Johnny Bravo Dave Barry White House bathtub H. L. Mencken December 28 1917 New York Evening Mail Bathtub hoax 1855 classical education Honorary doctorate Doctor of Civil Law Oxford University White House As of 2007 Democratic Party (United States) Republican Party (United States) Abraham Lincoln National Union Party (United States) Andrew Johnson George Washington December 14 1799 indentured servant Fulling United States presidential election, 1848 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge John C. Fremont William L. Dayton Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson U.S. presidential election, 1848 U.S. presidential election, 1856 William Gannaway Brownlow John Winston Jones United States House Committee on Ways and Means#Chairpersons James Iver McKay Azariah Cutting Flagg New York State Comptroller Washington Hunt George M. Dallas Vice President of the United States William R. King Zachary Taylor President of the United States Franklin Pierce New York's 32nd congressional district Thomas C. Love Thomas C. Love New York's 32nd congressional district William A. Moseley Theodore Frelinghuysen United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1848 William A. Graham Winfield Scott United States Whig Party#Candidates U.S. presidential election, 1856 John Bell (Tennessee politician) Know-Nothing movement U.S. presidential election, 1856 James Buchanan Oldest living United States president Andrew Johnson
Nikola_Tesla	Who was born precisely at midnight during an electrical storm , to a Serbian family in the village of Smiljan near GospiÄ , in the Lika region of the Croatian Krajina in Military Frontier ( part of the Austrian Empire ) , in the present-day Croatia . ?	Nikola Tesla	data/set4/a3	Nikola_Tesla Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð° Ð¢ÐµÑÐ»Ð°) (July 10 1856 7 January 1943) was an inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer. Born in Smiljan, Croatian Krajina, Military Frontier, he was an ethnic Serb subject of the Austrian Empire and later became an American citizen. Tesla is best known for his many revolutionary contributions to the discipline of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power (AC) systems, including the polyphase power distribution systems and the AC motor, with which he helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution. Contemporary biographers of Tesla have deemed him "the man who invented the twentieth century" Title of a biography by Robert Lomas (seen) and "the patron saint of modern electricity." Seifer, "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla," book synopsis After his demonstration of wireless communication (radio) in 1893 and after being the victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as America's greatest electrical engineer. /ref> Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. During this period, in the United States, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture, Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla's Science of Energy by Thomas Valone but due to his eccentric personality and unbelievable and sometimes bizarre claims about possible scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimately ostracized and regarded as a mad scientist. Childress, David Hatcher, (ed.) "The Tesla Papers: Nikola Tesla on Free Energy & Wireless Transmission of Power". Adventures Unlimited Press, 2000. ISBN Lomas, Robert, " The essay," Spark of genius. Independent Magazine, August 21 1999. Never having put much focus on his finances, Tesla died impoverished at the age of 86. The SI unit measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field B\, ), the tesla, was named in his honour (at the ConfÃ©rence GÃ©nÃ©rale des Poids et Mesures, Paris, 1960). Aside from his work on electromagnetism and engineering, Tesla is said to have contributed in varying degrees to the establishment of robotics, remote control, radar and computer science, and to the expansion of ballistics, nuclear physics Cheney, Margaret, "Tesla: Man Out of Time", 1979. ISBN 0743215362. Front cover flap , and theoretical physics. In 1943, the Supreme Court of the United States credited him as being the inventor of the radio. Many of his achievements have been used, with some controversy, to support various pseudosciences, UFO theories, and early new age occultism. Tesla is honoured in both Serbia and Croatia, as well as his adopted home, the United States. According to legend, Tesla was born precisely at midnight during an electrical storm, to a Serbian family in the village of Smiljan near GospiÄ, in the Lika region of the Croatian Krajina in Military Frontier (part of the Austrian Empire), in the present-day Croatia. Dommermuth-Costa, Carol, Nikola Tesla: A Spark of Genius, pp. 11-12. 1994. ISBN Nikola Tesla's birth house and statue in Smiljan His baptism certificate reports that he was born on June 28 (N.S. July 10) , 1856, and christened by the Serbian Orthodox priest Toma OklobdÅ¾ija. His father was Rev. Milutin Tesla, a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church Metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci. Milutin was born on 19 February 1819 in the village of Meduc, county Medak in Lika, Austrian Empire, as son of Nikola Tesla (b. 1789 in the military frontier, settled after his service in the Napoleonic Wars in Gospic in 1815) and Ana KaliniÄ, from the famous frontier Kalinic family. Tesla's family asserted its last name as such in Lika. His paternal origin is thought to be of the DraganiÄ family from the Tara valley area below the geographical entity known as Old Vlach, from one of the local Serb clans; however genealogical research shows that Nikola is from the Herzegovinian noble KomnenoviÄ (modern-day Old Herzegovina in Montenegro), from its OrloviÄ subgroup that traces its origin from the semi-mythic Pavle Orlovic that bore Prince Lazar's banner at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. His mother was Äuka MandiÄ, herself a daughter of a Serbian Orthodox Church priest. She came from a family domiciled in Lika and Banija, but with deeper origins to Kosovo. She was talented in making home craft tools. She memorized many Serbian epic poems, but never learned to read. Seifer, "Wizard" p 7 His godfather, Jovan Drenovac, was a captain in the army protecting the Military Frontier. Nikola was one of five children, having one brother (Dane, who was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five) and three sisters (Milka, Angelina and Marica). Margaret Cheney, Robert Uth, and Jim Glenn, "Tesla, Master of Lightning". Barnes & Noble Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0760710058. His family moved to GospiÄ in 1862. Tesla went to school in Karlovac. He finished a four year term in the span of three years. Walker, E. H. (1900). Leaders of the 19th century with some noted characters of earlier times, their efforts and achievements in advancing human progress vividly portrayed for the guidance of present and future generations. Chicago: A.B. Kuhlman Co., Page 474. Tesla then studied electrical engineering at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz (1875). While there, he studied the uses of alternating current. Some sources say he received Baccalaureate degrees from the university at Graz. " The Book of New York: Forty Years' Recollections of the American Metropolis" says he matriculated 4 degrees (physics, mathematics, mechanical engineering and electrical engineering) However, the university says that he did not receive a degree and did not continue beyond the first semester of his third year, during which he stopped attending lectures. Nikola Tesla: the European Years, D. Mrkich Others have stated that he was discharged without a degree for nonpayment of his tuition for the first semester of his junior year. According to a college roommate, he did not graduate. . Cited in Seifer, Marc, The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, 1996 In December 1878 he left Graz and broke all relations with his family. His friends thought that he had drowned in Mura. He went to Maribor, Slovenia, where he was first employed as an assistant engineer for a year. He suffered a nervous breakdown during this time. Tesla was later persuaded by his father to attend the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, which he attended for the summer term of 1880. However after his father died he left the university, having completed only one term. Nikola Tesla as a young man Tesla engaged in reading many works, memorizing complete books. He had a photographic memory. Tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his early life, Tesla was stricken with illness time and time again. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by hallucinations. Much of the time the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across; just by hearing the name of an item, he would involuntarily envision it in realistic detail. Modern-day synesthetes report similar symptoms. Tesla would visualise an invention in his brain in precise form before moving to the construction stage; a technique sometimes known as picture thinking. Tesla also often had flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life; this began to happen during childhood. In 1881, he moved to Budapest, Hungary, to work under Tivadar PuskÃ¡s in a telegraph company, James Grant Wilson, John Fiske, Appleton's CyclopÃ¦dia of American Biography. Page 261. the National Telephone Company. There, he met NebojÅ¡a PetroviÄ, a young inventor from Austria. Although their encounter was brief, they did work on a project together using twin turbines to create continual power. On the opening of the telephone exchange in Budapest, 1881, Tesla became the chief electrician to the company, and was later engineer for the country's first telephone system. He also developed a device that, according to some, was a telephone repeater or amplifier, but according to others could have been the first loudspeaker. " Did Tesla really invent the loudspeaker?". Twenty First Century Books, Breckenridge, CO. In 1882 he moved to Paris, France, to work as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company, designing improvements to electric equipment. In the same year, Tesla conceived the induction motor and began developing various devices that use rotating magnetic fields (for which he received patents in 1888). Soon thereafter, Tesla hastened from Paris to his mother's side as she lay dying, arriving hours before her death in April, 1892. Seifer, "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla" - page 94 Her last words to him were, "You've arrived, NidÅ¾o, my pride." After her death, Tesla fell ill. He spent two to three weeks recuperating in GospiÄ and the village of Tomingaj near GraÄac, the birthplace of his mother. On June 6, 1884, Tesla first arrived in the US in New York City. "Master of Lightning" by Public Broadcasting Service. Website He had little besides a letter of recommendation from Charles Batchelor, his manager in his previous job. In the letter of recommendation to Thomas Edison, Charles Batchelor wrote, "I know two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man." Edison hired Tesla to work for his company Edison Machine Works. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was offered the task of a complete redesign of the Edison company's direct current generators. During his employment, Edison offered Tesla $50,000 (equivalent to about $1 million in 2006, adjusted for inflation) Adjusting the reported given amount of money for inflation', the $50,000 in 1885 would equal $1,082,008.74 in 2006 if he redesigned Edison's inefficient motor and generators, an improvement in both service and economy. Tesla said he worked night and day to redesign them and gave the Edison company several profitable new patents in the process. During the year of 1885, when Tesla inquired about the payment on the work, Edison replied to him, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor," and reneged on his promise. Clifford A. Pickover, Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives of Eccentric Scientists and Madmen. HarperCollins, 1999. 352 pages. Page 14. ISBN 0688168949 "My Inventions" by Nikola Tesla, printed in Electrical Experimenter Feb-June, 1919. Reprinted, edited by Ben Johnson, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1982. ISBN Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week. At Tesla's salary of $18 per week, the bonus would have amounted to over 53 years pay, and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company. Jonnes,"Empire of light" p110 Tesla eventually found himself digging ditches for a short period of time â ironically for the Edison company. Edison had also never wanted to hear about Tesla's AC polyphase designs, believing that DC electricity was the future. Tesla focused intently on his AC polyphase system, even while digging ditches. In 1886, Tesla formed his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The initial financial investors disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company. Tesla worked in New York as a common laborer from 1886 to 1887 to feed himself and raise capital for his next project. In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternating current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the principles of his Tesla coil and began working with George Westinghouse at Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over large distances. In April of 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called X-rays using his own single node vacuum tubes (similar to his patent ). This device differed from other early X-ray tubes in that they had no target electrode. The modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung (or braking radiation). We now know that this device operated by emitting electrons from the single electrode through a combination of field emission and thermionic emission. Once liberated, electrons are strongly repelled by the high electric field near the electrode during negative voltage peaks from the oscillating HV output of the Tesla Coil, generating X-rays as they collide with the glass envelope. He also used Geissler tubes. By 1892, Tesla became aware of what Wilhelm RÃ¶ntgen later identified as effects of X-rays. In the early research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays. Tesla held that, with his circuits, the "instrument will [... enable one to] generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus." N. Tesla, "High frequency oscillators for electro-therapeutic and other purposes". Proceedings of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association, American Electro-Therapeutic Association. Page 25. He also commented on the hazards of working with his circuit and single node X-ray producing devices. Of his many notes in the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. One of the options for the cause, which is not in conformity with current facts, was that the ozone generated rather than the radiation was responsible. He early on stated, Tesla later stated, Tesla continued research in the field and, later, observed an assistant severely "burnt" by X-rays in his lab. He performed several experiments prior to Roentgen's discovery (including photographing the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Roentgen) but didn't make his findings widely known; much of his research was lost in the 5th Avenue lab fire of March 1895. A "world system" for "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon the electrical conductivity was proposed in which transmission in various natural mediums with current that passes between the two point are used to power devices. In a practical wireless energy transmission system using this principle, a high-power ultraviolet beam might be used to form a vertical ionized channel in the air directly above the transmitter-receiver stations. The same concept is used in virtual lightning rods, the electrolaser electroshock weapon, A Survey of Laser Lightning Rod Techniques - Barnes, Arnold A., Jr. ; Berthel, Robert O. and has been proposed for disabling vehicles. Frequently Asked Questions - HSV Technologies Vehicle Disabling Weapon by Peter A. Schlesinger, President, HSV Technologies, Inc. - NDIA Non-Lethal Defense IV 20-22 Mar 2000 Tesla demonstrated "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891. The Tesla effect (named in honor of Tesla) is the archaic term for an application of this type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement of energy through space and matter; not just the production of voltage across a conductor). Norrie, H. S., "Induction Coils: How to make, use, and repair them". Norman H. Schneider, 1907, New York. 4th edition. Wireless transmission of power and energy demonstration during his high frequency and potential lecture of 1891. On July 30, 1891, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States at the age of 35. Tesla established his 35 South Fifth Avenue laboratory in New York during this same year. Later, Tesla would establish his Houston Street laboratory in New York at 46 E. Houston Street. There, at one point while conducting mechanical resonance experiments with electro-mechanical oscillators he generated a resonance of several surrounding buildings, but ironically due to the frequencies involved, not his own building, causing complaints to the police. As the speed grew he hit the resonant frequency of his own building and belatedly realizing the danger he was forced to apply a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment, just as the astonished police arrived. O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" pp162-164 He also lit vacuum tubes wirelessly at both of the New York locations, providing evidence for the potential of wireless power transmission. Krumme, Katherine, Mark Twain and Nikola Tesla: Thunder and Lightning. December 4, 2000 (PDF) Some of Tesla's closest friends were artists. He befriended Century Magazine editor Robert Underwood Johnson, who adapted several Serbian poems of Jovan JovanoviÄ Zmaj (which Tesla translated). Also during this time, Tesla was influenced by the Vedic philosophy teachings of the Swami Vivekananda. Grotz, Toby, " The Influence of Vedic Philosophy on Nikola Tesla's Understanding of Free Energy". Nikola Tesla's AC dynamo used to generate AC which is used to transport electricity across great distances. It is contained in . When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. He continued research of the system and rotating magnetic field principles. Tesla served, from 1892 to 1894, as the vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE. From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, building the first radio transmitter. In St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla made a demonstration related to radio communication in 1893. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail its principles. Tesla's demonstrations were written about widely through various media outlets. Tesla also investigated harvesting energy that is present throughout space. He believed that it was just merely a question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature, stating: At the 1893 World's Fair, the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, an international exposition was held which for the first time devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was an historic event as Tesla and George Westinghouse introduced visitors to AC power by using it to illuminate the Exposition. On display were Tesla's fluorescent lamps and single node bulbs. Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field and induction motor by demonstrating how to make an egg made of copper stand on end in his demonstration of the device he constructed known as the "Egg of Columbus". Also in the late 1880s, Tesla and Edison became adversaries in part due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over the more efficient alternating current advocated by Tesla and Westinghouse. Until Tesla invented the induction motor, AC's advantages for long distance high voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. As a result of the "War of Currents," Edison and Westinghouse went nearly bankrupt, so in 1897, Tesla released Westinghouse from contract, providing Westinghouse a break from Tesla's patent royalties. Also in 1897, Tesla researched radiation which led to setting up the basic formulation of cosmic rays. Waser, AndrÃ©, "Nikola Teslaâs Radiations and the Cosmic Rays". When Tesla was forty-one years old, he filed the first basic radio patent ( ). A year later, he demonstrated a radio controlled boat to the US military, believing that the military would want things such as radio controlled torpedoes. Tesla had developed the "Art of Telautomatics", a form of robotics, as well as the technology of remote control. Tesla, Nikola, " My Inventions", Electrical Experimenter magazine, Feb, June, and Oct, 1919. ISBN (teslaplay.comversion; also the version at rastko.org) In 1898, a radio-controlled boat was demonstrated to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. These devices had an innovative coherer and a series of logic gates. Tesla called his boat a "teleautomaton" and said of it, "You see there the first of a race of robots, mechanical men which will do the laborious work of the human race." Jonnes, Jill. Empires of Light ISBN 0-375-75884-4. Page 355, referencing O'Neill, John J., Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla (New York: David McKay, 1944), p.167. Radio remote control remained a novelty until the 1960s. In the same year, Tesla devised an "electric igniter" or spark plug for Internal combustion gasoline engines. He gained , "Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines", on this mechanical ignition system. Tesla lived in the former Gerlach Hotel, renamed The Radio Wave building, at 49 W 27th St. (between Broadway and Sixth Avenue), Lower Manhattan, before the end of the century where he conducted the radio wave experiments. A commemorative plaque was placed on the building in 1977 to honor his work. In 1899, Tesla decided to move and began research in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments. Upon his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy experiments transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris. Tesla's diary contains explanations of his experiments concerning the ionosphere and the ground's telluric currents via transverse waves and longitudinal waves. Tesla, Nikola, "The True Wireless". Electrical Experimenter, May 1919. ( also at pbs.org) At his lab, Tesla proved that the earth was a conductor, and he produced artificial lightning (with discharges consisting of millions of volts, and up to 135 feet long). Gillispie, Charles Coulston, "Dictionary of Scientific Biography"; Tesla, Nikola. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. ISBN Tesla also investigated atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals via his receivers. Reproductions of Tesla's receivers and coherer circuits show an unpredicted level of complexity (e.g., distributed high-Q helical resonators, radio frequency feedback, crude heterodyne effects, and regeneration techniques). Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, "Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors". 1994. Tesla stated that he observed stationary waves during this time. Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, "Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves". 1994. Tesla researched ways to transmit power and energy wirelessly over long distances (via transverse waves, to a lesser extent, and, more readily, longitudinal waves). He transmitted extremely low frequencies through the ground as well as between the earth's surface and the Kennelly-Heaviside layer. He received patents on wireless transceivers that developed standing waves by this method. In his experiments, he made mathematical calculations and computations based on his experiments and discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 Hertz (Hz). In the 1950s, researchers confirmed that the resonant frequency of the Earth's ionospheric cavity was in this range (later named the Schumann resonance). In the Colorado Springs lab, Tesla observed unusual signals that he later thought may have been evidence of extraterrestrial radio communications coming from Venus or Mars. Tesla, Nikola, " Talking with Planets". Collier's Weekly, February 19, 1901. (EarlyRadioHistory.us) He noticed repetitive signals from his receiver which were substantially different from the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the signals appeared in groups of one, two, three, and four clicks together. Tesla had mentioned before this event and many times after that he thought his inventions could be used to talk with other planets. There have even been claims that he invented a "Teslascope" for just such a purpose. It is debatable what type of signals Tesla received or whether he picked up anything at all. Research has suggested that Tesla may have had a misunderstanding of the new technology he was working with, or that the signals Tesla observed may have simply been an observation of a non-terrestrial natural radio source such as the Jovian plasma torus signals. Tesla left Colorado Springs on January 7, 1900. The lab was torn down and its contents sold to pay debts. The Colorado experiments prepared Tesla for his next project, the establishment of a wireless power transmission facility that would be known as Wardenclyffe. Tesla was granted for the means of increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations. The United States Patent Office classification system currently assigns this patent to the primary Class 178/43 ("telegraphy/space induction"), although the other applicable classes include 505/825 ("low temperature superconductivity-related apparatus"). In 1900, with $150,000 (51% from J. Pierpont Morgan), Tesla began planning the Wardenclyffe Tower facility. In June 1902, Tesla's lab operations were moved to Wardenclyffe from Houston Street. The tower was finally dismantled for scrap during World War I. Newspapers of the time labeled Wardenclyffe "Tesla's million-dollar folly." In 1904, the US Patent Office reversed its decision and awarded Guglielmo Marconi the patent for radio, and Tesla began his fight to re-acquire the radio patent. On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 hp (150 kW) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. During 1910 1911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100 5000 hp. Since the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Marconi for radio in 1909, Thomas Edison and Tesla were mentioned as potential laureates to share the Nobel Prize of 1915 in a press dispatch, leading to one of several Nobel Prize controversies. Some sources have claimed that due to their animosity toward each other neither was given the award, despite their enormous scientific contributions, and that each sought to minimize the other one's achievements and right to win the award, that both refused to ever accept the award if the other received it first, and that both rejected any possibility of sharing it. O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" pp228-229 In the following events after the rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize (although Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915, and Tesla did receive one bid out of 38 in 1937). Seifer, "Wizard" pp378-380 Earlier, Tesla alone was rumored to have been nominated for the Nobel Prize of 1912. The rumored nomination was primarily for his experiments with tuned circuits using high-voltage high-frequency resonant transformers. In 1915, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Marconi attempting, unsuccessfully, to obtain a court injunction against the claims of Marconi. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla built the Telefunken Wireless Station in Sayville, Long Island. Some of what he wanted to achieve at Wardenclyffe was accomplished with the Telefunken Wireless. In 1917, the facility was seized and torn down by the Marines, because it was suspected that it could be used by German spies. Prior to World War I, Tesla looked overseas for investors to fund his research. When the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his European patents. After the war ended, Tesla made predictions regarding the relevant issues of the post-World War I environment, in a printed article (December 20, 1914). Tesla believed that the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times and issues. Tesla started to exhibit pronounced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the years following. He became obsessed with the number three; he often felt compelled to walk around a block three times before entering a building, demanded a stack of three folded, cloth napkins beside his plate at every meal, etc. The nature of OCD was little understood at the time and no treatments were available, so his symptoms were considered by some to be evidence of partial insanity, and this undoubtedly hurt what was left of his reputation. At this time, he was staying at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, renting in an arrangement for deferred payments. Eventually, the Wardenclyffe deed was turned over to George Boldt, proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria to pay a $20,000 debt. In 1917, around the time that the Wardenclyffe Tower was demolished by Boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset, Tesla received AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal. Tesla, in August 1917, first established principles regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive RADAR units. Page, R.M., "The Early History of RADAR", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 50, Number 5, May, 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue). In 1934, Ãmile Girardeau, working with the first French RADAR systems, stated he was building RADAR systems "conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla". By the twenties, Tesla was reportedly negotiating with the United Kingdom government about a ray system. Tesla had also stated that efforts had been made to steal the so called "death ray". It is suggested that the removal of the Chamberlain government ended negotiations. On Tesla's seventy-fifth birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption noted his contribution to electrical power generation. Tesla received his last patent in 1928 for an apparatus for aerial transportation which was the first instance of VTOL aircraft. In 1934, Tesla wrote to consul JankoviÄ of his homeland. The letter contained the message of gratitude to Mihajlo Pupin who initiated a donation scheme by which American companies could support Tesla. Tesla refused the assistance, and chose to live by a modest pension received from Yugoslavia and to continue researching. In 1936, Tesla stated "I'm equally proud of my Serbian origin and my Croatian homeland." Tesla's response to Vlatko MaÄek in 1936 When he was eighty-one, Tesla stated he had completed a dynamic theory of gravity. He stated that it was "worked out in all details" and that he hoped to soon give it to the world. Prepared Statement by Nikola Tesla downloadable from www.tesla.hu The theory was never published. At the time of his announcement, it was considered by the scientific establishment to exceed the bounds of reason. Some believe that Tesla never fully developed the Unified Field Theory. The bulk of the theory was developed between 1892 and 1894, during the period that he was conducting experiments with high frequency and high potential electromagnetism and patenting devices for their utilization. It was completed, according to Tesla, by the end of the 1930s. Tesla's theory explained gravity using electrodynamics consisting of transverse waves (to a lesser extent) and longitudinal waves (for the majority). Reminiscent of Mach's principle, Tesla stated in 1925 that: Nikola Tesla, with Rudjer Boscovich's book Theoria Philosophiae Naturalis, sits in front of the spiral coil of his high-frequency transformer at East Houston Street, New York. Tesla was critical of Einstein's relativity work, calling it: Tesla also argued: Tesla, also believed that much of Albert Einstein's relativity theory had already been proposed by RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ, stating in an unpublished interview: Later in life, Tesla made some remarkable claims concerning a "teleforce" weapon. "Tesla's Ray". Time, July 23, 1934. The press called it a "peace ray" or death ray. "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934. "Tesla Invents Peace Ray". New York Sun, July 10, 1934. In total, the components and methods included: "Death-Ray Machine Described", New York Sun, July 11, 1934. "A Machine to End War". Feb. 1935. # An apparatus for producing manifestations of energy in free air instead of in a high vacuum as in the past. This, according to Tesla in 1934, was accomplished. # A mechanism for generating tremendous electrical force. This, according to Tesla, was also accomplished. # A means of intensifying and amplifying the force developed by the second mechanism. # A new method for producing a tremendous electrical repelling force. This would be the projector, or gun, of the invention. Tesla worked on plans for a directed-energy weapon between the early 1900s till the time of his death. In 1937, Tesla composed a treatise entitled "The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media" concerning charged particle beams. Seifer, Marc J., "Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla". ISBN (HC) pg. 454 Tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a "superweapon that would put an end to all war". This treatise of the particle beam is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. It described an open ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allowed particles to exit, a method of charging particles to millions of volts, and a method of creating and directing nondispersive particle streams (through electrostatic repulsion). Seifer, "Wizard" pg. 454 Records of his indicate that it was based on a narrow stream of atomic clusters of liquid mercury or tungsten accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying transformer). Tesla gave the following description concerning the particle gun's operation: The weapon could be used against ground based infantry or for antiaircraft purposes. "'Death Ray' for Planes". New York Times, September 22, 1940. Tesla tried to interest the US War Department in the device. "Aerial Defense 'Death-Beam' Offered to U. S. By Tesla" July 12, 1940 He also offered this invention to European countries. O'Neill, John J., " Tesla Tries To Prevent World War II". (unpublished Chapter 34 of Prodigal Genius) (PBS) None of the governments purchased a contract to build the device. He was unable to act on his plans. Velox, Particle beam weapon. everything2.com Tesla began to theorize about electricity and magnetism's power to warp, or rather change, space and time and the procedure by which man could forcibly control this power. Near the end of his life, Tesla was fascinated with the idea of light as both a particle and a wave, a fundamental proposition already incorporated into quantum physics. This field of inquiry led to the idea of creating a "wall of light" by manipulating electromagnetic waves in a certain pattern. This mysterious wall of light would enable time, space, gravity and matter to be altered at will, and engendered an array of Tesla proposals that seem to leap straight out of science fiction, including anti-gravity airships, teleportation, and time travel. The single strangest invention Tesla ever proposed was probably the "thought photography" machine. He reasoned that a thought formed in the mind created a corresponding image in the retina, and the electrical data of this neural transmission could be read and recorded in a machine. The stored information could then be processed through an artificial optic nerve and played back as visual patterns on a viewscreen. Another of Tesla's theorized inventions is commonly referred to as Tesla's Flying Machine, which appears to resemble an ion-propelled aircraft. Tesla claimed that one of his life goals was to create a flying machine that would run without the use of an airplane engine, wings, ailerons, propellers, or an onboard fuel source. Initially, Tesla pondered about the idea of a flying craft that would fly using an electric motor powered by grounded base stations. As time progressed, Tesla suggested that perhaps such an aircraft could be run entirely electro-mechanically. The theorized appearance would typically take the form of a cigar or saucer. Bust of Tesla by Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ, 1952, in Zagreb, Croatia Tesla died of heart failure alone in the New Yorker Hotel, some time between the evening of January 5 and the morning of January 8, 1943, at the age of 86. Despite selling his AC electricity patents, Tesla was destitute and died with significant debts. Later that year the US Supreme Court upheld Tesla's patent number in effect recognizing him as the inventor of radio. Immediately after Tesla's death became known, the Federal Bureau of Investigation instructed the government's Alien Property Custodian office to take possession of his papers and property, despite his US citizenship. His safe at the hotel was also opened. At the time of his death, Tesla had been continuing work on the teleforce weapon, or death ray, that he had unsuccessfully marketed to the US War Department. It appears that his proposed death ray was related to his research into ball lightning and plasma and was imagined as a particle beam weapon. The US government did not find a prototype of the device in the safe. After the FBI was contacted by the War Department, his papers were declared to be top secret. The so-called "peace ray" constitutes a part of some conspiracy theories as a means of destruction. The personal effects were seized on the advice of presidential advisers, and J. Edgar Hoover declared the case "most secret", because of the nature of Tesla's inventions and patents. Hoover, John Edgar, et al., FOIA FBI files, 1943. One document states that "[he] is reported to have some 80 trunks in different places containing transcripts and plans having to do with his experiments [...]". Charlotte Muzar reported that there were several "missing" papers and property. Statue of Nikola Tesla in Niagara Falls State Park on Goat Island, New York; There is another statue with Tesla standing in Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls. Tesla's family and the Yugoslav embassy struggled with the American authorities to gain these items after his death due to the potential significance of some of his research. Eventually, his nephew, Sava KosanoviÄ, got possession of some of his personal effects which are now housed in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Serbia. Nikola Tesla Museum Tesla's funeral took place on January 12, 1943, at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan, New York City. After the funeral, his body was cremated. His ashes were taken to Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1957. The urn was placed in the Nikola Tesla Museum, where it resides to this day. Tesla did not like to pose for portraits. He did it only once for princess Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy (1863-1923). The portrait survived in the collection of Ludwig Nissen, Brooklyn, see: Klaus Lengsfeld: Sammlung Ludwig Nissen : Husum 1855 - 1924 New York; Dokumentation d. Kunstsammlung Ludwig Nissens anlÃ¤ssl. d. Ausstellung zu seinem 125. Geburtstag im Nissenhaus zu Husum, 1980, 169 S. (= Schriften des Nordfriesischen Museums Ludwig-Nissen-Haus, Nr. 16) His wish was to have a sculpture made by his close friend Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ, who was at that time in United States, but he died before getting a chance to see it. MeÅ¡troviÄ made a bronze bust (1952) that is held in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade and a statue (1955/56) placed at the RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Institute in Zagreb. This statue was moved to Nikola Tesla Street in Zagreb's city centre on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth, with the RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Institute to receive a duplicate. In 1976, a bronze statue of Tesla was placed at Niagara Falls, New York. A similar statue was also erected in his hometown of GospiÄ in 1986. The SI unit tesla (T) for measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field B\, ) was named in Teslaâs honour at the ConfÃ©rence GÃ©nÃ©rale des Poids et Mesures, Paris in 1960. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) of which Tesla had been vice president also created an award in recognition of Tesla. Called the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award, it is given to individuals or a team that has made outstanding contributions to the generation or utilization of electric power, and is considered the most prestigious award in the area of electric power. IEEE, " IEEE Nikola Tesla Award. April 01, 2005. The Tesla crater on the far side of the Moon and the minor planet 2244 Tesla are also named after him. [[Image:100RSD front.jpg\|thumb\|left\|200px\|100 Serbian dinar banknote obverse. Photo courtesy of National Bank of Serbia. National Bank of Serbia ]] 100 Serbian dinars banknote reverse. Note the drawing of the electric motor. Tesla has received many recognitions within Serbia. He is featured on the current 100 Serbian dinar note (see left). The largest power plant complex in Serbia, the TPP Nikola Tesla is named in his honour. On July 10, 2006 the biggest airport in Serbia (Belgrade) was renamed Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport in honor of Teslaâs 150th birthday. An electric car company, Tesla Motors, named their company in tribute to Nikola Tesla. Their website states: The namesake of our Tesla Roadster is the genius Nikola Tesla [...] Weâre confident that if he were alive today, Nikola Tesla would look over our car and nod his head with both understanding and approval. Why the Name "Tesla"?, Tesla Motors, Inc., 2006 The Croatian subsidiary of Ericsson is also named 'Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d'. ('Nikola Tesla' was a phone hardware company in Zagreb before Ericsson bought it in the 1990s) in honour of Nikola Tesla's pioneering work in wireless communication. The year 2006 was celebrated by UNESCO as the 150th anniversary of the birth of Nikola Tesla, scientist (1856-1943), as well as being proclaimed by the governments of Croatia and Serbia to be the Year of Tesla. On this anniversary, July 10 2006, the renovated village of Smiljan (which had been demolished during the wars of the 1990s) was opened to the public along with Tesla's house (as a memorial museum) and a new multimedia center dedicated to the life and work of Nikola Tesla. The parochial church of St. Peter and Paul, where Tesla's father had held services, was renovated as well. The museum and multimedia center are filled with replicas of Tesla's work. The museum has collected almost all of the papers ever published by, and about, Nikola Tesla; most of these provided by Ljubo Vujovic from the Tesla Memorial Society. in New York. Alongside Tesla's house, a monument created by sculptor Mile Blazevic has been erected. In the nearby city of GospiÄ, on the same date as the reopening of the renovated village and museums, a higher education school named Nikola Tesla was opened, and a replica of the statue of Tesla made by Frano Krsinic (the original is in Belgrade) was presented. In the years after, many of his innovations, theories and claims have been used, at times unsuitably and with some controversy, to support various fringe theories that are regarded as unscientific. Most of Tesla's own work conformed with the principles and methods accepted by science, but his extravagant personality and sometimes unrealistic claims, combined with his unquestionable genius, have made him a popular figure among fringe theorists and believers in conspiracies about 'hidden knowledge'. Some conspiracy theorists even in his time believed that he was actually an angelic being from Venus sent to Earth to reveal scientific knowledge to humanity. Tesla was fluent in many languages. Along with Serbo-Croatian, he also spoke seven other foreign languages: Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin. Tesla may have suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder, Kerryr.net and had many unusual quirks and phobias. He did things in threes, and was adamant about staying in a hotel room with a number divisible by three. Tesla was also noted to be physically revolted by jewelry, notably pearl earrings. He was fastidious about cleanliness and hygiene, and was by all accounts germaphobic. He greatly disliked touching round objects and human hair other than his own. Tesla was obsessed with pigeons, ordering special seeds for the pigeons he fed in Central Park and even bringing some into his hotel room with him. Tesla was an animal-lover, often reflecting contentedly about a childhood cat, "The Magnificent Macak". Tesla never married. He was celibate and claimed that his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities. Nonetheless there have been numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love with him. Tesla, though polite, behaved rather ambivalently to these women in the romantic sense. Tesla was prone to alienating himself and was generally soft-spoken. However, when he did engage in a social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of him. Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force..." His loyal secretary, Dorothy Skerrit, wrote "his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul." Tesla's friend Hawthorne wrote that, "seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink." Nevertheless, Tesla displayed the occasional cruel streak; he openly expressed his disgust for overweight people, once firing a secretary because of her weight. He was quick to criticize others' clothing as well, demanding a subordinate to go home and change her dress on several occasions. Tesla was widely known for his great showmanship, presenting his innovations and demonstrations to the public as an artform, almost like a magician. This seems to conflict with his observed reclusiveness; Tesla was a complicated figure. He refused to hold conventions without his Tesla coil blasting electricity throughout the room, despite the audience often being terrified, though he assured them everything was perfectly safe. Mark Twain in Nikola Tesla's lab, spring 1894 In middle age, Nikola Tesla became very close friends with Mark Twain. They spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere. Tesla remained bitter in the aftermath of his incident with Edison. The day after Edison died the New York Times contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla, who was quoted as saying, Shortly before Edison died, he said that his biggest mistake he had made was in trying to develop directed current, rather than the vastly superior alternating current system that Tesla had put within his grasp. Tesla was good friends with Robert Underwood Johnson. He had amicable relations with Francis Marion Crawford, Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey. Tesla made his first million at the age of forty, but gave away nearly all his royalties on future innovations. Tesla was rather financially inept, but he was almost entirely unconcerned with material wealth. He ripped up a Westinghouse contract that would have made him the world's first billionaire, in part because of the implications it would have on his future vision of free power, and in part because it would run Westinghouse out of business, and Tesla had no desire to deal with the creditors. Tesla lived the last ten years of his life in a two-room suite on the 33rd floor of the Hotel New Yorker, room 3327. There, near the end of his life, when Tesla was slipping into what many consider an altered state of mind, he would claim to be visited by a specific white pigeon daily. Several biographers note that Tesla viewed the death of the pigeon as a "final blow" to himself and his work. Tesla believed that war could not be avoided until the cause for its recurrence was removed, but was opposed to wars in general. Secor, H. Winfield, " Tesla's views on Electricity and the War", Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4, August, 1917. He sought to reduce distance, such as in communication for better understanding, transportation, and transmission of energy, as a means to ensure friendly international relations. " Giant Eye to See Round the World" Albany Telegram, February 25, 1923 (doc). Like many of his era, Tesla, a life-long bachelor, became a proponent of a self-imposed selective breeding version of eugenics. In a 1937 interview, he stated, In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees". He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future. Kennedy, John B., " When woman is boss, An interview with Nikola Tesla". Colliers, January 30, 1926. In his later years Tesla became a vegetarian. In an article for Century Illustrated Magazine he wrote: "It is certainly preferable to raise vegetables, and I think, therefore, that vegetarianism is a commendable departure from the established barbarous habit." Tesla argued that it is wrong to eat uneconomic meat when large numbers of people are starving; he also believed that plant food was "superior to it [meat] in regard to both mechanical and mental performance." He also argued that animal slaughter was "wanton and cruel". Nikola Tesla, " The Problem of Increasing Human Energy". Century Illustrated Magazine, June 1900. In his final years he suffered from extreme sensitivity to light, sound and other influences. O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" (extract at Electrosensitivity.org - Q&A) A monument to Tesla was established at Niagara Falls, New York, USA. The monument was officially unveiled on Sunday, July 9, 2006 on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth. The Monument was sponsored by St. George Serbian Church, Niagara Falls, and designed by Les Drysdale of Hamilton, Ontario. Mr. Drysdale's design was the winning design from an international competition. Another monument to Tesla, featuring him standing on a portion of an alternator, was established at Queen Victoria Park in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. A number of live theatrical plays based on Tesla's life have been produced and staged worldwide. The Canadian theatrical company Electric Company Theatre took its stage production Brilliant! The Blinding Enlightenment of Nikola Tesla on tour first starting in 1996. In August 2007, their production was again listed on their current performance schedule. The Austin, Texas based theatrical collective Rude Mechanicals created and then produced Kirk Lynn's Requiem For Tesla in January/Feb of 2001, and then presented again at the Fresh Terrain Festival in February 2003 * List of Tesla patents * Nikola Tesla in popular culture * Teslascope --> * Margaret Cheney, Robert Uth, and Jim Glenn, "Tesla, Master of Lightning", published by Barnes & Noble, 1999. ISBN 0760710058. * Germano, Frank, " Dr. Nikola Tesla". Frank. Germano.com. * Lomas, Robert, " The Man who Invented the Twentieth Century". Lecture to South Western Branch of Instititute of Physics. * Martin, Thomas Commerford, "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla", New York: The Electrical Engineer, 1894 (3rd Ed); reprinted by Barnes & Noble, 1995 ISBN-X * O'Neill, John J., " Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola", 1944. ISBN (Tesla reportedly said of this biographer "You understand me better than any man alive"; also the version at uncletaz.com with other items at uncletaz's site) * Penner, John R.H. The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla, corrupted version of My Inventions. * Pratt, H., "Nikola Tesla 1856 1943", Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 44, September, 1956. * " Nikola Tesla". IEEE History Center, 2005. * Seifer, Marc J. "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla; Biography of a Genius", Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN * Weisstein, Eric W., " Tesla, Nikola (1856 1943)". Eric Weisstein's World of Science. * "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature", Moon Nomenclature: Crater. USGS, Astrogeology Research Program. * Dimitrijevic, Milan S., "Belgrade Astronomical Observatory Historical Review". Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade,), 162 170. Also, "Srpski asteroidi, Tesla". Astronomski magazine. * Hoover, John Edgar, et al., FOIA FBI files, 1943. * Pratt, H., "Nikola Tesla 1856 1943", Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 44, September, 1956. * W.C. Wysock, J.F. Corum, J.M. Hardesty and K.L. Corum, " Who Was The Real Dr. Nikola Tesla? (A Look At His Professional Credentials)". Antenna Measurement Techniques Association, posterpaper, October 22 25, 2001 (PDF) * Roguin, Ariel, "Historical Note: Nikola Tesla: The man behind the magnetic field unit". J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:369 374. Â© 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. * Sellon, J. L., "The impact of Nikola Tesla on the cement industry". Behrent Eng. Co., Wheat Ridge, CO. Cement Industry Technical Conference. 1997. XXXIX Conference Record., 1997 IEEE/PC. Page(s) 125 133. ISBN * Valentinuzzi, M.E., "Nikola Tesla: why was he so much resisted and forgotten?" Inst. de Bioingenieria, Univ. Nacional de Tucuman; Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE. July/August 1998, 17:4, p 74 75. ISSN * Waser, AndrÃ©, " Nikola Teslaâs Radiations and the Cosmic Rays". (PDF) * Secor, H. Winfield, "Tesla's views on Electricity and the War", Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4, August, 1917. * Florey, Glen, "Tesla and the Military". Engineering 24, December 5, 2000. * Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, "Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves". 1994. * Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, "Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors". 1994. * Meyl, Konstantin, H. Weidner, E. Zentgraf, T. Senkel, T. Junker, and P. Winkels, "Experiments to proof the evidence of scalar waves Tests with a Tesla reproduction". Institut fÃ¼r Gravitationsforschung (IGF), Am Heerbach 5, D-63857 Waldaschaff. * Anderson, L. I., "John Stone Stone on Nikola Teslaâs Priority in Radio and Continuous Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus". The Antique Wireless Association Review, Vol. 1, 1986, pp. 18 41. * Anderson, L. I., "Priority in Invention of Radio, Tesla v. Marconi". Antique Wireless Association monograph, March 1980. * Marincic, A., and D. Budimir, "Tesla's contribution to radiowave propagation". Dept. of Electron. Eng., Belgrade Univ. (5th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Service, 2001. TELSIKS 2001. pg., 327 331 vol.1) ISBN-X * Page, R.M., "The Early History of Radar", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 50, Number 5, May, 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue). * C Mackechnie Jarvis "Nikola Tesla and the induction motor". 1970 Phys. Educ. 5 280 287. * " Giant Eye to See Round the World" (DOC) * Nichelson, Oliver, " Nikola Tesla's Latter Energy Generation Designs", A description of Tesla's energy generator that "would not consume fuel." 26th IECEC Proceedings, 1991, Boston, MA (American Nuclear Society) Vol. 4, pp 433-438. * Nichelson, Oliver, " The Thermodynamics of Tesla's Fuelless Electrical generator". A theory of the physics of Tesla's new energy generator. (American Chemical Society, 1993. 2722-5/93/0028-63) * Toby Grotz, " The Influence of Vedic Philosophy on Nikola Tesla's Understanding of Free Energy". --> 222px A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 1888. Selected Tesla Writings, Written by Tesla and others,. * Light Without Heat, The Manufacturer and Builder, January 1892, Vol. 24 * Biography - Nikola Tesla, The Century Magazine, November 1893, Vol. 47 * Tesla's Oscillator and Other Inventions, The Century Magazine, November 1894, Vol. 49 * The New Telegraphy. Recent Experiments in Telegraphy wih Sparks, The Century Magazine, November 1897, Vol. 55 * Anderson, Leland I., "Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856 1943)", 2d enl. ed., Minneapolis, Tesla Society. 1956. LCCN /L * Cheney, Margaret, "", 1979. ISBN 0743215362. * Childress, David H., "The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla," 1993. ISBN * Glenn, Jim, "The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla," 1994. ISBN * Jonnes, Jill "". New York: Random House, 2003. ISBN * Martin, Thomas C., "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla," 1894 . ISBN-X * O'Neill, John Jacob,"Prodigal Genius," 1944. Paperback reprint 1994, ISBN 978-0914732334. (ed. Prodigal Genius is available online) * Lomas, Robert,"," 1999. ISBN * Ratzlaff, John and Lee Anderson, "Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography", Ragusan Press, Palo Alto, California, 1979, 237 pages. Extensive listing of articles about and by Nikola Tesla. * Seifer, Marc J., "Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla," 1998. ISBN (HC), ISBN (SC) * Tesla, Nikola, "Colorado Springs Notes, 1899 1900", ISBN-X * Tesla, Nikola, "My Inventions" Parts I through V published in the Electrical Experimenter monthly magazine from February through June, 1919. Part VI published October, 1919. Reprint edition with introductory notes by Ben Johnson, New York: Barnes and Noble,1982, ISBN; also online at " My Inventions", 1919. ISBN * Valone, Thomas, "," 2002. ISBN * Caparica, A.J., "The Adventurers" features Nikola Tesla as a main protagonist. 2007. ISBN * Carlson, W. Bernard, "Inventor of dreams". Scientific American, March 2005 v292 i3 p78(7). * Jatras, Stella L., "The genius of Nikola Tesla". The New American, July 28, 2003 v19 i15 p9(1) * Rybak, James P., "Nikola Tesla: Scientific Savant". Popular Electronics, 1042170X, Nov99, Vol. 16, Issue 11. * Lawren, B., "Rediscovering Tesla". Omni, Mar88, Vol. 10 Issue 6. * There are at least two films describing Tesla's life. In the first, filmed in 1977, arranged for TV, Tesla was portrayed by Rade Å erbedÅ¾ija. In 1980, Orson Welles produced a Yugoslav film named Tajna Nikole Tesle (The Secret of Nikola Tesla), in which Welles himself played the part of Tesla's patron, J.P. Morgan. Film was directed by Krsto PapiÄ, and Nikola Tesla was portrayed by Petar BoÅ¾oviÄ. * " Tesla: Master of Lightning". 1999. ISBN (Book) ISBN (PBS Video) * Lost Lightning: The Missing Secrets of Nikola Tesla (at Google Video) - Phenomenon: the Lost Archives documentary about Tesla's designs for free energy and defensive weapons systems. * David Bowie portrayed Tesla in the 2006 film "The Prestige". Tesla's time in Colorado Springs was the focus of the scenes in the film. * Tesla Resource Surrounding the PBS "Master of Lightning" documentary * The Nikola Tesla museum * Nikola Tesla 150 * Tesla Forum of Western Australia Inc. * World of Scientific Biography: Nikola Tesla, by Wolfsram Research * Nikola Tesla Page * Tesla's grand-nephew William H. Terbo's site * Nikola Tesla, Forgotten American Scientist * The Tesla Wardenclyffe Project. Shoreham, New York. Aims to reuse Wardenclyffe Tower * Nikola Tesla's Father - Milutin Tesla * Tesla - The European Years * Tesla's Case File at The Franklin Institute containing information about his 1894 Franklin Award for research in high-frequency phenomena * Tesla's 'Death-Ray' and the Egg of Columbus, from American Antigravity. * Dr. James Corum's Tesla Engineering Papers, from Arcs 'N Sparks. * Fred Walters' hand-scanned Tesla patents (PDFs) * Jim Bieberich's The Complete Nikola Tesla U.S. Patent Collection * Online archive of many of Tesla's writings, articles and published papers * Seifer, Marc J., and Michael Behar, Electric Mind, Wired Magazine, October 1998. * Palmer, Stephen E., " Wardenclyffe: Nikola Tesla's Dream For Free Energy And The Conspiracy Which Destroyed It". * * Nikola Tesla on various Yugoslavian and Serbian banknotes. * Nikola Tesla's FBI file in pdf * Kenneth M. Swezey Papers, 1891 1982, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, archival resources. Related Wikipedia Articles July 10 1931 Smiljan GospiÄ Military Frontier Austrian Empire Lika-Senj County Croatia New York City New York United States Austrian Empire Austria-Hungary France United States Serbs Physics mechanical engineering electrical engineering Invention alternating current induction motor rotating magnetic field wireless technology Edison Medal Elliott Cresson Gold Medal John Scott Medal Serbian Cyrillic alphabet 10 July 1856 7 January 1943 inventor physicist mechanical engineer electrical engineer Smiljan Croatian Krajina Military Frontier Serb Austrian Empire American citizen electricity and magnetism List of Tesla patents alternating current electric power polyphase system power distribution Electric motor#AC motors Second Industrial Revolution patron saint Radio radio War of Currents history popular culture mad scientist 21 August 1999 SI magnetic flux density magnetic magnetic field Tesla (unit) Paris electromagnetism robotics remote control radar computer science ballistics nuclear physics theoretical physics Supreme Court of the United States invention of radio controversy pseudoscience unidentified flying object new age occult Serbia Croatia United States electrical storm Smiljan GospiÄ Lika Croatian Krajina Military Frontier Austrian Empire Croatia Smiljan baptism June 28 Old Style and New Style dates infant baptism Serbian Orthodox Church Serbian Orthodox Church Sremski Karlovci Napoleonic Wars Tara River (Montenegro) Old Vlach Serb clans KomnenoviÄ Old Herzegovina OrloviÄ Battle of Kosovo Serbian Orthodox Church Banija Kosovo Serbian epic poetry Military Frontier Equestrianism GospiÄ Karlovac electrical engineering Graz University of Technology Graz October 22 2001 matriculate Eleventh grade May 16 2006 August 27 1931 Mura Maribor Slovenia nervous breakdown Charles University in Prague Prague photographic memory Simon and Schuster synesthesia picture thinking Budapest Hungary Tivadar PuskÃ¡s Telegraphy Telephone company telephone telephone repeater amplifier loudspeaker 21st century Paris France induction motor rotating magnetic field GraÄac June 6 1884 New York City Public Broadcasting Service Charles Batchelor Thomas Edison direct current electrical generator New York Times October 19 1931 rotating magnetic field Induction motor alternator Tesla coil magnifying transmitter oscillation Alternating current Electric power transmission power transmission System wireless telecommunication prior art invention of radio electronic oscillator Robot logic gate Electrotherapy Wireless energy transfer electrostatic Tesla principle Bifilar coil Telegeodynamics commutator (electric) Tesla turbine X-ray bremsstrahlung ion gas Electric field gradient charged particle beam Arc light superconductivity Voltage Electronic circuit voltage lightning VTOL Dynamic theory of gravity electric vehicles Polyphase system Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing investor New York brush (electric) induction motor Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Tesla coil George Westinghouse Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania X-ray vacuum tube bremsstrahlung electron field emission thermionic emission electric field Geissler tube Wilhelm RÃ¶ntgen Roentgen ray ozone Nitrous acid 30 November 1895 transverse wave longitudinal wave waves in plasma force-free magnetic field Wilhelm Conrad RÃ¶ntgen photograph lightning rod electrolaser electroshock weapon Tesla effect Wireless energy transfer July 30 1891 Naturalization Fifth Avenue (Manhattan) Houston Street mechanical resonance Resonance Sledgehammer December 4 2000 Portable Document Format The Century Magazine Robert Underwood Johnson Jovan Jovanovic Zmaj Vedanta Swami Vivekananda dynamo electricity American Institute of Electrical Engineers Institute of Radio Engineers Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers high frequency volt skin effect Electrical conductor gas discharge Electrical energy transmitter St. Louis, Missouri Missouri radio Franklin Institute Philadelphia Pennsylvania National Electric Light Association Cosmic background radiation World's Fair World's Columbian Exposition Chicago George Westinghouse AC power fluorescent lamp induction motor copper Egg of Columbus electric power high voltage War of Currents bankrupt royalties Particle radiation cosmic ray radio radio control torpedo Telautomatics robotics radio-controlled boat Madison Square Garden coherer logic gate robot spark plug Internal combustion engine gasoline ignition system Lower Manhattan commemorative plaque Magnifying Transmitter multiple exposure Colorado Springs, Colorado wireless telegraphy Pikes Peak ionosphere telluric current transverse wave longitudinal wave Electrical conductor lightning atmospheric electricity Distributed element model Q factor Helix cavity resonator radio frequency feedback heterodyne Regenerative circuit stationary wave Wireless energy transfer Kennelly-Heaviside layer Schumann resonance Extraterrestrial life Venus Mars Teslascope#Talking with planets Teslascope Avon (publishers) Jupiter Jupiter's magnetosphere Colorado Springs January 7 1900 wireless power transmission United States Patent Office J. Pierpont Morgan Wardenclyffe Tower World War I Patent office Guglielmo Marconi horsepower tesla turbine Nobel Prize in Physics Guglielmo Marconi Thomas Edison Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize controversies Nobel Prize in Physics Telefunken Marines World War I European Patent Convention December 20 1914 League of Nations obsessive-compulsive disorder insanity Waldorf-Astoria Hotel George Boldt real estate American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal RADAR Ãmile Girardeau 1920 United Kingdom Neville Chamberlain Time magazine Electricity generation Aviation Vertical take-off and landing aircraft Mihajlo Pupin publish Unified Field Theory high frequency potential electrodynamics transverse wave longitudinal wave Mach's principle Rudjer Boscovich July 11 1935 New York Herald Tribune September 11 1932 Albert Einstein Theory of relativity RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ April 6 1897 teleforce death ray Vacuum directed-energy weapon charged particle beam superweapon particle beam Nikola Tesla Museum Belgrade electrostatic Superatom Mercury (element) tungsten Magnifying transmitter Charged particle beam United States Department of Defense space time Elementary particle wave quantum physics Electromagnetic radiation science fiction anti-gravity teleportation time travel optic nerve Tesla's Flying Machine ionocraft ailerons propellers Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ Zagreb Croatia heart failure New Yorker Hotel January 5 January 8 1943 New York Times January 8 1943 Supreme Court of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation Alien Property Custodian United States nationality law teleforce ball lightning Plasma (physics) particle beam weapon Classified information conspiracy theories J. Edgar Hoover Charlotte Muzar Niagara Falls State Park Goat Island (New York) Queen Victoria Park Niagara Falls Nikola Tesla Museum Belgrade Serbia January 12 1943 Cathedral of Saint John the Divine Manhattan New York City Belgrade SFRJ Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ Belgrade RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Zagreb RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Institute Bronze sculpture Niagara Falls, New York SI tesla (unit) magnetic flux density magnetic magnetic field Paris Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers electric power Tesla (crater) Moon minor planet 2244 Tesla National Bank of Serbia Serbian dinar Power station TPP Nikola Tesla July 10 2006 Belgrade Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport Battery electric vehicle Tesla Motors Tesla Roadster Tesla Motors Ericsson Ericsson Nikola Tesla Zagreb UNESCO Croatia Serbia July 10 2006 Parish church Mile Blazevic higher education Frano Krsinic Belgrade Occult Science Serbo-Croatian Czech language English language French language German language Hungarian language Italian language Latin obsessive-compulsive disorder germaphobe Hair Central Park celibacy chastity NNDB Romantic love connoisseur Food Mark Twain middle age Mark Twain New York Times Robert Underwood Johnson Francis Marion Crawford Stanford White Wealth Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886) Hotel New Yorker Mental health war international relations selective breeding eugenics gender equality Collier's Weekly vegetarian Century Illustrated Magazine vegetarianism Century Illustrated Magazine Niagara Falls Hamilton, Ontario Queen Victoria Park Ontario, Canada August 2007 Rude Mechanicals (a.k.a. Rude Mechs) 2001 2003 List of Tesla patents Nikola Tesla in popular culture Teslascope December 5 2000 Leland Anderson Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856&ndash;1943) The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla Thomas Commerford Martin The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla John Jacob O'Neill Prodigal Genius Robert Lomas Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla Colorado Springs Notes, 1899&ndash;1900 My Inventions The Adventurers Scientific American The New American July 28 2003 Popular Electronics Omni (magazine) Rade Serbedzija Orson Welles Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia J.P. Morgan Krsto PapiÄ Petar BoÅ¾oviÄ David Bowie The Prestige (film) Wardenclyffe Tower Wired (magazine) National Museum of American History Serbs United States inventor physicist mechanical engineer electrical engineer 10 July 1856 Smiljan Austrian Empire 7 January 1943 New York City
Nikola_Tesla	Are there at least two films describing Tesla 's life ?	Yes.	data/set4/a3	Nikola_Tesla Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð° Ð¢ÐµÑÐ»Ð°) (July 10 1856 7 January 1943) was an inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer. Born in Smiljan, Croatian Krajina, Military Frontier, he was an ethnic Serb subject of the Austrian Empire and later became an American citizen. Tesla is best known for his many revolutionary contributions to the discipline of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power (AC) systems, including the polyphase power distribution systems and the AC motor, with which he helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution. Contemporary biographers of Tesla have deemed him "the man who invented the twentieth century" Title of a biography by Robert Lomas (seen) and "the patron saint of modern electricity." Seifer, "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla," book synopsis After his demonstration of wireless communication (radio) in 1893 and after being the victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as America's greatest electrical engineer. /ref> Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. During this period, in the United States, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture, Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla's Science of Energy by Thomas Valone but due to his eccentric personality and unbelievable and sometimes bizarre claims about possible scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimately ostracized and regarded as a mad scientist. Childress, David Hatcher, (ed.) "The Tesla Papers: Nikola Tesla on Free Energy & Wireless Transmission of Power". Adventures Unlimited Press, 2000. ISBN Lomas, Robert, " The essay," Spark of genius. Independent Magazine, August 21 1999. Never having put much focus on his finances, Tesla died impoverished at the age of 86. The SI unit measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field B\, ), the tesla, was named in his honour (at the ConfÃ©rence GÃ©nÃ©rale des Poids et Mesures, Paris, 1960). Aside from his work on electromagnetism and engineering, Tesla is said to have contributed in varying degrees to the establishment of robotics, remote control, radar and computer science, and to the expansion of ballistics, nuclear physics Cheney, Margaret, "Tesla: Man Out of Time", 1979. ISBN 0743215362. Front cover flap , and theoretical physics. In 1943, the Supreme Court of the United States credited him as being the inventor of the radio. Many of his achievements have been used, with some controversy, to support various pseudosciences, UFO theories, and early new age occultism. Tesla is honoured in both Serbia and Croatia, as well as his adopted home, the United States. According to legend, Tesla was born precisely at midnight during an electrical storm, to a Serbian family in the village of Smiljan near GospiÄ, in the Lika region of the Croatian Krajina in Military Frontier (part of the Austrian Empire), in the present-day Croatia. Dommermuth-Costa, Carol, Nikola Tesla: A Spark of Genius, pp. 11-12. 1994. ISBN Nikola Tesla's birth house and statue in Smiljan His baptism certificate reports that he was born on June 28 (N.S. July 10) , 1856, and christened by the Serbian Orthodox priest Toma OklobdÅ¾ija. His father was Rev. Milutin Tesla, a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church Metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci. Milutin was born on 19 February 1819 in the village of Meduc, county Medak in Lika, Austrian Empire, as son of Nikola Tesla (b. 1789 in the military frontier, settled after his service in the Napoleonic Wars in Gospic in 1815) and Ana KaliniÄ, from the famous frontier Kalinic family. Tesla's family asserted its last name as such in Lika. His paternal origin is thought to be of the DraganiÄ family from the Tara valley area below the geographical entity known as Old Vlach, from one of the local Serb clans; however genealogical research shows that Nikola is from the Herzegovinian noble KomnenoviÄ (modern-day Old Herzegovina in Montenegro), from its OrloviÄ subgroup that traces its origin from the semi-mythic Pavle Orlovic that bore Prince Lazar's banner at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. His mother was Äuka MandiÄ, herself a daughter of a Serbian Orthodox Church priest. She came from a family domiciled in Lika and Banija, but with deeper origins to Kosovo. She was talented in making home craft tools. She memorized many Serbian epic poems, but never learned to read. Seifer, "Wizard" p 7 His godfather, Jovan Drenovac, was a captain in the army protecting the Military Frontier. Nikola was one of five children, having one brother (Dane, who was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five) and three sisters (Milka, Angelina and Marica). Margaret Cheney, Robert Uth, and Jim Glenn, "Tesla, Master of Lightning". Barnes & Noble Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0760710058. His family moved to GospiÄ in 1862. Tesla went to school in Karlovac. He finished a four year term in the span of three years. Walker, E. H. (1900). Leaders of the 19th century with some noted characters of earlier times, their efforts and achievements in advancing human progress vividly portrayed for the guidance of present and future generations. Chicago: A.B. Kuhlman Co., Page 474. Tesla then studied electrical engineering at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz (1875). While there, he studied the uses of alternating current. Some sources say he received Baccalaureate degrees from the university at Graz. " The Book of New York: Forty Years' Recollections of the American Metropolis" says he matriculated 4 degrees (physics, mathematics, mechanical engineering and electrical engineering) However, the university says that he did not receive a degree and did not continue beyond the first semester of his third year, during which he stopped attending lectures. Nikola Tesla: the European Years, D. Mrkich Others have stated that he was discharged without a degree for nonpayment of his tuition for the first semester of his junior year. According to a college roommate, he did not graduate. . Cited in Seifer, Marc, The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, 1996 In December 1878 he left Graz and broke all relations with his family. His friends thought that he had drowned in Mura. He went to Maribor, Slovenia, where he was first employed as an assistant engineer for a year. He suffered a nervous breakdown during this time. Tesla was later persuaded by his father to attend the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, which he attended for the summer term of 1880. However after his father died he left the university, having completed only one term. Nikola Tesla as a young man Tesla engaged in reading many works, memorizing complete books. He had a photographic memory. Tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his early life, Tesla was stricken with illness time and time again. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by hallucinations. Much of the time the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across; just by hearing the name of an item, he would involuntarily envision it in realistic detail. Modern-day synesthetes report similar symptoms. Tesla would visualise an invention in his brain in precise form before moving to the construction stage; a technique sometimes known as picture thinking. Tesla also often had flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life; this began to happen during childhood. In 1881, he moved to Budapest, Hungary, to work under Tivadar PuskÃ¡s in a telegraph company, James Grant Wilson, John Fiske, Appleton's CyclopÃ¦dia of American Biography. Page 261. the National Telephone Company. There, he met NebojÅ¡a PetroviÄ, a young inventor from Austria. Although their encounter was brief, they did work on a project together using twin turbines to create continual power. On the opening of the telephone exchange in Budapest, 1881, Tesla became the chief electrician to the company, and was later engineer for the country's first telephone system. He also developed a device that, according to some, was a telephone repeater or amplifier, but according to others could have been the first loudspeaker. " Did Tesla really invent the loudspeaker?". Twenty First Century Books, Breckenridge, CO. In 1882 he moved to Paris, France, to work as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company, designing improvements to electric equipment. In the same year, Tesla conceived the induction motor and began developing various devices that use rotating magnetic fields (for which he received patents in 1888). Soon thereafter, Tesla hastened from Paris to his mother's side as she lay dying, arriving hours before her death in April, 1892. Seifer, "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla" - page 94 Her last words to him were, "You've arrived, NidÅ¾o, my pride." After her death, Tesla fell ill. He spent two to three weeks recuperating in GospiÄ and the village of Tomingaj near GraÄac, the birthplace of his mother. On June 6, 1884, Tesla first arrived in the US in New York City. "Master of Lightning" by Public Broadcasting Service. Website He had little besides a letter of recommendation from Charles Batchelor, his manager in his previous job. In the letter of recommendation to Thomas Edison, Charles Batchelor wrote, "I know two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man." Edison hired Tesla to work for his company Edison Machine Works. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was offered the task of a complete redesign of the Edison company's direct current generators. During his employment, Edison offered Tesla $50,000 (equivalent to about $1 million in 2006, adjusted for inflation) Adjusting the reported given amount of money for inflation', the $50,000 in 1885 would equal $1,082,008.74 in 2006 if he redesigned Edison's inefficient motor and generators, an improvement in both service and economy. Tesla said he worked night and day to redesign them and gave the Edison company several profitable new patents in the process. During the year of 1885, when Tesla inquired about the payment on the work, Edison replied to him, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor," and reneged on his promise. Clifford A. Pickover, Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives of Eccentric Scientists and Madmen. HarperCollins, 1999. 352 pages. Page 14. ISBN 0688168949 "My Inventions" by Nikola Tesla, printed in Electrical Experimenter Feb-June, 1919. Reprinted, edited by Ben Johnson, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1982. ISBN Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week. At Tesla's salary of $18 per week, the bonus would have amounted to over 53 years pay, and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company. Jonnes,"Empire of light" p110 Tesla eventually found himself digging ditches for a short period of time â ironically for the Edison company. Edison had also never wanted to hear about Tesla's AC polyphase designs, believing that DC electricity was the future. Tesla focused intently on his AC polyphase system, even while digging ditches. In 1886, Tesla formed his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The initial financial investors disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company. Tesla worked in New York as a common laborer from 1886 to 1887 to feed himself and raise capital for his next project. In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternating current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the principles of his Tesla coil and began working with George Westinghouse at Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over large distances. In April of 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called X-rays using his own single node vacuum tubes (similar to his patent ). This device differed from other early X-ray tubes in that they had no target electrode. The modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung (or braking radiation). We now know that this device operated by emitting electrons from the single electrode through a combination of field emission and thermionic emission. Once liberated, electrons are strongly repelled by the high electric field near the electrode during negative voltage peaks from the oscillating HV output of the Tesla Coil, generating X-rays as they collide with the glass envelope. He also used Geissler tubes. By 1892, Tesla became aware of what Wilhelm RÃ¶ntgen later identified as effects of X-rays. In the early research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays. Tesla held that, with his circuits, the "instrument will [... enable one to] generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus." N. Tesla, "High frequency oscillators for electro-therapeutic and other purposes". Proceedings of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association, American Electro-Therapeutic Association. Page 25. He also commented on the hazards of working with his circuit and single node X-ray producing devices. Of his many notes in the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. One of the options for the cause, which is not in conformity with current facts, was that the ozone generated rather than the radiation was responsible. He early on stated, Tesla later stated, Tesla continued research in the field and, later, observed an assistant severely "burnt" by X-rays in his lab. He performed several experiments prior to Roentgen's discovery (including photographing the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Roentgen) but didn't make his findings widely known; much of his research was lost in the 5th Avenue lab fire of March 1895. A "world system" for "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon the electrical conductivity was proposed in which transmission in various natural mediums with current that passes between the two point are used to power devices. In a practical wireless energy transmission system using this principle, a high-power ultraviolet beam might be used to form a vertical ionized channel in the air directly above the transmitter-receiver stations. The same concept is used in virtual lightning rods, the electrolaser electroshock weapon, A Survey of Laser Lightning Rod Techniques - Barnes, Arnold A., Jr. ; Berthel, Robert O. and has been proposed for disabling vehicles. Frequently Asked Questions - HSV Technologies Vehicle Disabling Weapon by Peter A. Schlesinger, President, HSV Technologies, Inc. - NDIA Non-Lethal Defense IV 20-22 Mar 2000 Tesla demonstrated "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891. The Tesla effect (named in honor of Tesla) is the archaic term for an application of this type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement of energy through space and matter; not just the production of voltage across a conductor). Norrie, H. S., "Induction Coils: How to make, use, and repair them". Norman H. Schneider, 1907, New York. 4th edition. Wireless transmission of power and energy demonstration during his high frequency and potential lecture of 1891. On July 30, 1891, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States at the age of 35. Tesla established his 35 South Fifth Avenue laboratory in New York during this same year. Later, Tesla would establish his Houston Street laboratory in New York at 46 E. Houston Street. There, at one point while conducting mechanical resonance experiments with electro-mechanical oscillators he generated a resonance of several surrounding buildings, but ironically due to the frequencies involved, not his own building, causing complaints to the police. As the speed grew he hit the resonant frequency of his own building and belatedly realizing the danger he was forced to apply a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment, just as the astonished police arrived. O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" pp162-164 He also lit vacuum tubes wirelessly at both of the New York locations, providing evidence for the potential of wireless power transmission. Krumme, Katherine, Mark Twain and Nikola Tesla: Thunder and Lightning. December 4, 2000 (PDF) Some of Tesla's closest friends were artists. He befriended Century Magazine editor Robert Underwood Johnson, who adapted several Serbian poems of Jovan JovanoviÄ Zmaj (which Tesla translated). Also during this time, Tesla was influenced by the Vedic philosophy teachings of the Swami Vivekananda. Grotz, Toby, " The Influence of Vedic Philosophy on Nikola Tesla's Understanding of Free Energy". Nikola Tesla's AC dynamo used to generate AC which is used to transport electricity across great distances. It is contained in . When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. He continued research of the system and rotating magnetic field principles. Tesla served, from 1892 to 1894, as the vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE. From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, building the first radio transmitter. In St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla made a demonstration related to radio communication in 1893. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail its principles. Tesla's demonstrations were written about widely through various media outlets. Tesla also investigated harvesting energy that is present throughout space. He believed that it was just merely a question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature, stating: At the 1893 World's Fair, the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, an international exposition was held which for the first time devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was an historic event as Tesla and George Westinghouse introduced visitors to AC power by using it to illuminate the Exposition. On display were Tesla's fluorescent lamps and single node bulbs. Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field and induction motor by demonstrating how to make an egg made of copper stand on end in his demonstration of the device he constructed known as the "Egg of Columbus". Also in the late 1880s, Tesla and Edison became adversaries in part due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over the more efficient alternating current advocated by Tesla and Westinghouse. Until Tesla invented the induction motor, AC's advantages for long distance high voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. As a result of the "War of Currents," Edison and Westinghouse went nearly bankrupt, so in 1897, Tesla released Westinghouse from contract, providing Westinghouse a break from Tesla's patent royalties. Also in 1897, Tesla researched radiation which led to setting up the basic formulation of cosmic rays. Waser, AndrÃ©, "Nikola Teslaâs Radiations and the Cosmic Rays". When Tesla was forty-one years old, he filed the first basic radio patent ( ). A year later, he demonstrated a radio controlled boat to the US military, believing that the military would want things such as radio controlled torpedoes. Tesla had developed the "Art of Telautomatics", a form of robotics, as well as the technology of remote control. Tesla, Nikola, " My Inventions", Electrical Experimenter magazine, Feb, June, and Oct, 1919. ISBN (teslaplay.comversion; also the version at rastko.org) In 1898, a radio-controlled boat was demonstrated to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. These devices had an innovative coherer and a series of logic gates. Tesla called his boat a "teleautomaton" and said of it, "You see there the first of a race of robots, mechanical men which will do the laborious work of the human race." Jonnes, Jill. Empires of Light ISBN 0-375-75884-4. Page 355, referencing O'Neill, John J., Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla (New York: David McKay, 1944), p.167. Radio remote control remained a novelty until the 1960s. In the same year, Tesla devised an "electric igniter" or spark plug for Internal combustion gasoline engines. He gained , "Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines", on this mechanical ignition system. Tesla lived in the former Gerlach Hotel, renamed The Radio Wave building, at 49 W 27th St. (between Broadway and Sixth Avenue), Lower Manhattan, before the end of the century where he conducted the radio wave experiments. A commemorative plaque was placed on the building in 1977 to honor his work. In 1899, Tesla decided to move and began research in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments. Upon his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy experiments transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris. Tesla's diary contains explanations of his experiments concerning the ionosphere and the ground's telluric currents via transverse waves and longitudinal waves. Tesla, Nikola, "The True Wireless". Electrical Experimenter, May 1919. ( also at pbs.org) At his lab, Tesla proved that the earth was a conductor, and he produced artificial lightning (with discharges consisting of millions of volts, and up to 135 feet long). Gillispie, Charles Coulston, "Dictionary of Scientific Biography"; Tesla, Nikola. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. ISBN Tesla also investigated atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals via his receivers. Reproductions of Tesla's receivers and coherer circuits show an unpredicted level of complexity (e.g., distributed high-Q helical resonators, radio frequency feedback, crude heterodyne effects, and regeneration techniques). Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, "Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors". 1994. Tesla stated that he observed stationary waves during this time. Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, "Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves". 1994. Tesla researched ways to transmit power and energy wirelessly over long distances (via transverse waves, to a lesser extent, and, more readily, longitudinal waves). He transmitted extremely low frequencies through the ground as well as between the earth's surface and the Kennelly-Heaviside layer. He received patents on wireless transceivers that developed standing waves by this method. In his experiments, he made mathematical calculations and computations based on his experiments and discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 Hertz (Hz). In the 1950s, researchers confirmed that the resonant frequency of the Earth's ionospheric cavity was in this range (later named the Schumann resonance). In the Colorado Springs lab, Tesla observed unusual signals that he later thought may have been evidence of extraterrestrial radio communications coming from Venus or Mars. Tesla, Nikola, " Talking with Planets". Collier's Weekly, February 19, 1901. (EarlyRadioHistory.us) He noticed repetitive signals from his receiver which were substantially different from the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the signals appeared in groups of one, two, three, and four clicks together. Tesla had mentioned before this event and many times after that he thought his inventions could be used to talk with other planets. There have even been claims that he invented a "Teslascope" for just such a purpose. It is debatable what type of signals Tesla received or whether he picked up anything at all. Research has suggested that Tesla may have had a misunderstanding of the new technology he was working with, or that the signals Tesla observed may have simply been an observation of a non-terrestrial natural radio source such as the Jovian plasma torus signals. Tesla left Colorado Springs on January 7, 1900. The lab was torn down and its contents sold to pay debts. The Colorado experiments prepared Tesla for his next project, the establishment of a wireless power transmission facility that would be known as Wardenclyffe. Tesla was granted for the means of increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations. The United States Patent Office classification system currently assigns this patent to the primary Class 178/43 ("telegraphy/space induction"), although the other applicable classes include 505/825 ("low temperature superconductivity-related apparatus"). In 1900, with $150,000 (51% from J. Pierpont Morgan), Tesla began planning the Wardenclyffe Tower facility. In June 1902, Tesla's lab operations were moved to Wardenclyffe from Houston Street. The tower was finally dismantled for scrap during World War I. Newspapers of the time labeled Wardenclyffe "Tesla's million-dollar folly." In 1904, the US Patent Office reversed its decision and awarded Guglielmo Marconi the patent for radio, and Tesla began his fight to re-acquire the radio patent. On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 hp (150 kW) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. During 1910 1911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100 5000 hp. Since the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Marconi for radio in 1909, Thomas Edison and Tesla were mentioned as potential laureates to share the Nobel Prize of 1915 in a press dispatch, leading to one of several Nobel Prize controversies. Some sources have claimed that due to their animosity toward each other neither was given the award, despite their enormous scientific contributions, and that each sought to minimize the other one's achievements and right to win the award, that both refused to ever accept the award if the other received it first, and that both rejected any possibility of sharing it. O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" pp228-229 In the following events after the rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize (although Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915, and Tesla did receive one bid out of 38 in 1937). Seifer, "Wizard" pp378-380 Earlier, Tesla alone was rumored to have been nominated for the Nobel Prize of 1912. The rumored nomination was primarily for his experiments with tuned circuits using high-voltage high-frequency resonant transformers. In 1915, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Marconi attempting, unsuccessfully, to obtain a court injunction against the claims of Marconi. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla built the Telefunken Wireless Station in Sayville, Long Island. Some of what he wanted to achieve at Wardenclyffe was accomplished with the Telefunken Wireless. In 1917, the facility was seized and torn down by the Marines, because it was suspected that it could be used by German spies. Prior to World War I, Tesla looked overseas for investors to fund his research. When the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his European patents. After the war ended, Tesla made predictions regarding the relevant issues of the post-World War I environment, in a printed article (December 20, 1914). Tesla believed that the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times and issues. Tesla started to exhibit pronounced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the years following. He became obsessed with the number three; he often felt compelled to walk around a block three times before entering a building, demanded a stack of three folded, cloth napkins beside his plate at every meal, etc. The nature of OCD was little understood at the time and no treatments were available, so his symptoms were considered by some to be evidence of partial insanity, and this undoubtedly hurt what was left of his reputation. At this time, he was staying at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, renting in an arrangement for deferred payments. Eventually, the Wardenclyffe deed was turned over to George Boldt, proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria to pay a $20,000 debt. In 1917, around the time that the Wardenclyffe Tower was demolished by Boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset, Tesla received AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal. Tesla, in August 1917, first established principles regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive RADAR units. Page, R.M., "The Early History of RADAR", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 50, Number 5, May, 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue). In 1934, Ãmile Girardeau, working with the first French RADAR systems, stated he was building RADAR systems "conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla". By the twenties, Tesla was reportedly negotiating with the United Kingdom government about a ray system. Tesla had also stated that efforts had been made to steal the so called "death ray". It is suggested that the removal of the Chamberlain government ended negotiations. On Tesla's seventy-fifth birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption noted his contribution to electrical power generation. Tesla received his last patent in 1928 for an apparatus for aerial transportation which was the first instance of VTOL aircraft. In 1934, Tesla wrote to consul JankoviÄ of his homeland. The letter contained the message of gratitude to Mihajlo Pupin who initiated a donation scheme by which American companies could support Tesla. Tesla refused the assistance, and chose to live by a modest pension received from Yugoslavia and to continue researching. In 1936, Tesla stated "I'm equally proud of my Serbian origin and my Croatian homeland." Tesla's response to Vlatko MaÄek in 1936 When he was eighty-one, Tesla stated he had completed a dynamic theory of gravity. He stated that it was "worked out in all details" and that he hoped to soon give it to the world. Prepared Statement by Nikola Tesla downloadable from www.tesla.hu The theory was never published. At the time of his announcement, it was considered by the scientific establishment to exceed the bounds of reason. Some believe that Tesla never fully developed the Unified Field Theory. The bulk of the theory was developed between 1892 and 1894, during the period that he was conducting experiments with high frequency and high potential electromagnetism and patenting devices for their utilization. It was completed, according to Tesla, by the end of the 1930s. Tesla's theory explained gravity using electrodynamics consisting of transverse waves (to a lesser extent) and longitudinal waves (for the majority). Reminiscent of Mach's principle, Tesla stated in 1925 that: Nikola Tesla, with Rudjer Boscovich's book Theoria Philosophiae Naturalis, sits in front of the spiral coil of his high-frequency transformer at East Houston Street, New York. Tesla was critical of Einstein's relativity work, calling it: Tesla also argued: Tesla, also believed that much of Albert Einstein's relativity theory had already been proposed by RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ, stating in an unpublished interview: Later in life, Tesla made some remarkable claims concerning a "teleforce" weapon. "Tesla's Ray". Time, July 23, 1934. The press called it a "peace ray" or death ray. "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934. "Tesla Invents Peace Ray". New York Sun, July 10, 1934. In total, the components and methods included: "Death-Ray Machine Described", New York Sun, July 11, 1934. "A Machine to End War". Feb. 1935. # An apparatus for producing manifestations of energy in free air instead of in a high vacuum as in the past. This, according to Tesla in 1934, was accomplished. # A mechanism for generating tremendous electrical force. This, according to Tesla, was also accomplished. # A means of intensifying and amplifying the force developed by the second mechanism. # A new method for producing a tremendous electrical repelling force. This would be the projector, or gun, of the invention. Tesla worked on plans for a directed-energy weapon between the early 1900s till the time of his death. In 1937, Tesla composed a treatise entitled "The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media" concerning charged particle beams. Seifer, Marc J., "Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla". ISBN (HC) pg. 454 Tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a "superweapon that would put an end to all war". This treatise of the particle beam is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. It described an open ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allowed particles to exit, a method of charging particles to millions of volts, and a method of creating and directing nondispersive particle streams (through electrostatic repulsion). Seifer, "Wizard" pg. 454 Records of his indicate that it was based on a narrow stream of atomic clusters of liquid mercury or tungsten accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying transformer). Tesla gave the following description concerning the particle gun's operation: The weapon could be used against ground based infantry or for antiaircraft purposes. "'Death Ray' for Planes". New York Times, September 22, 1940. Tesla tried to interest the US War Department in the device. "Aerial Defense 'Death-Beam' Offered to U. S. By Tesla" July 12, 1940 He also offered this invention to European countries. O'Neill, John J., " Tesla Tries To Prevent World War II". (unpublished Chapter 34 of Prodigal Genius) (PBS) None of the governments purchased a contract to build the device. He was unable to act on his plans. Velox, Particle beam weapon. everything2.com Tesla began to theorize about electricity and magnetism's power to warp, or rather change, space and time and the procedure by which man could forcibly control this power. Near the end of his life, Tesla was fascinated with the idea of light as both a particle and a wave, a fundamental proposition already incorporated into quantum physics. This field of inquiry led to the idea of creating a "wall of light" by manipulating electromagnetic waves in a certain pattern. This mysterious wall of light would enable time, space, gravity and matter to be altered at will, and engendered an array of Tesla proposals that seem to leap straight out of science fiction, including anti-gravity airships, teleportation, and time travel. The single strangest invention Tesla ever proposed was probably the "thought photography" machine. He reasoned that a thought formed in the mind created a corresponding image in the retina, and the electrical data of this neural transmission could be read and recorded in a machine. The stored information could then be processed through an artificial optic nerve and played back as visual patterns on a viewscreen. Another of Tesla's theorized inventions is commonly referred to as Tesla's Flying Machine, which appears to resemble an ion-propelled aircraft. Tesla claimed that one of his life goals was to create a flying machine that would run without the use of an airplane engine, wings, ailerons, propellers, or an onboard fuel source. Initially, Tesla pondered about the idea of a flying craft that would fly using an electric motor powered by grounded base stations. As time progressed, Tesla suggested that perhaps such an aircraft could be run entirely electro-mechanically. The theorized appearance would typically take the form of a cigar or saucer. Bust of Tesla by Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ, 1952, in Zagreb, Croatia Tesla died of heart failure alone in the New Yorker Hotel, some time between the evening of January 5 and the morning of January 8, 1943, at the age of 86. Despite selling his AC electricity patents, Tesla was destitute and died with significant debts. Later that year the US Supreme Court upheld Tesla's patent number in effect recognizing him as the inventor of radio. Immediately after Tesla's death became known, the Federal Bureau of Investigation instructed the government's Alien Property Custodian office to take possession of his papers and property, despite his US citizenship. His safe at the hotel was also opened. At the time of his death, Tesla had been continuing work on the teleforce weapon, or death ray, that he had unsuccessfully marketed to the US War Department. It appears that his proposed death ray was related to his research into ball lightning and plasma and was imagined as a particle beam weapon. The US government did not find a prototype of the device in the safe. After the FBI was contacted by the War Department, his papers were declared to be top secret. The so-called "peace ray" constitutes a part of some conspiracy theories as a means of destruction. The personal effects were seized on the advice of presidential advisers, and J. Edgar Hoover declared the case "most secret", because of the nature of Tesla's inventions and patents. Hoover, John Edgar, et al., FOIA FBI files, 1943. One document states that "[he] is reported to have some 80 trunks in different places containing transcripts and plans having to do with his experiments [...]". Charlotte Muzar reported that there were several "missing" papers and property. Statue of Nikola Tesla in Niagara Falls State Park on Goat Island, New York; There is another statue with Tesla standing in Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls. Tesla's family and the Yugoslav embassy struggled with the American authorities to gain these items after his death due to the potential significance of some of his research. Eventually, his nephew, Sava KosanoviÄ, got possession of some of his personal effects which are now housed in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Serbia. Nikola Tesla Museum Tesla's funeral took place on January 12, 1943, at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan, New York City. After the funeral, his body was cremated. His ashes were taken to Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1957. The urn was placed in the Nikola Tesla Museum, where it resides to this day. Tesla did not like to pose for portraits. He did it only once for princess Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy (1863-1923). The portrait survived in the collection of Ludwig Nissen, Brooklyn, see: Klaus Lengsfeld: Sammlung Ludwig Nissen : Husum 1855 - 1924 New York; Dokumentation d. Kunstsammlung Ludwig Nissens anlÃ¤ssl. d. Ausstellung zu seinem 125. Geburtstag im Nissenhaus zu Husum, 1980, 169 S. (= Schriften des Nordfriesischen Museums Ludwig-Nissen-Haus, Nr. 16) His wish was to have a sculpture made by his close friend Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ, who was at that time in United States, but he died before getting a chance to see it. MeÅ¡troviÄ made a bronze bust (1952) that is held in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade and a statue (1955/56) placed at the RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Institute in Zagreb. This statue was moved to Nikola Tesla Street in Zagreb's city centre on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth, with the RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Institute to receive a duplicate. In 1976, a bronze statue of Tesla was placed at Niagara Falls, New York. A similar statue was also erected in his hometown of GospiÄ in 1986. The SI unit tesla (T) for measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field B\, ) was named in Teslaâs honour at the ConfÃ©rence GÃ©nÃ©rale des Poids et Mesures, Paris in 1960. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) of which Tesla had been vice president also created an award in recognition of Tesla. Called the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award, it is given to individuals or a team that has made outstanding contributions to the generation or utilization of electric power, and is considered the most prestigious award in the area of electric power. IEEE, " IEEE Nikola Tesla Award. April 01, 2005. The Tesla crater on the far side of the Moon and the minor planet 2244 Tesla are also named after him. [[Image:100RSD front.jpg\|thumb\|left\|200px\|100 Serbian dinar banknote obverse. Photo courtesy of National Bank of Serbia. National Bank of Serbia ]] 100 Serbian dinars banknote reverse. Note the drawing of the electric motor. Tesla has received many recognitions within Serbia. He is featured on the current 100 Serbian dinar note (see left). The largest power plant complex in Serbia, the TPP Nikola Tesla is named in his honour. On July 10, 2006 the biggest airport in Serbia (Belgrade) was renamed Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport in honor of Teslaâs 150th birthday. An electric car company, Tesla Motors, named their company in tribute to Nikola Tesla. Their website states: The namesake of our Tesla Roadster is the genius Nikola Tesla [...] Weâre confident that if he were alive today, Nikola Tesla would look over our car and nod his head with both understanding and approval. Why the Name "Tesla"?, Tesla Motors, Inc., 2006 The Croatian subsidiary of Ericsson is also named 'Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d'. ('Nikola Tesla' was a phone hardware company in Zagreb before Ericsson bought it in the 1990s) in honour of Nikola Tesla's pioneering work in wireless communication. The year 2006 was celebrated by UNESCO as the 150th anniversary of the birth of Nikola Tesla, scientist (1856-1943), as well as being proclaimed by the governments of Croatia and Serbia to be the Year of Tesla. On this anniversary, July 10 2006, the renovated village of Smiljan (which had been demolished during the wars of the 1990s) was opened to the public along with Tesla's house (as a memorial museum) and a new multimedia center dedicated to the life and work of Nikola Tesla. The parochial church of St. Peter and Paul, where Tesla's father had held services, was renovated as well. The museum and multimedia center are filled with replicas of Tesla's work. The museum has collected almost all of the papers ever published by, and about, Nikola Tesla; most of these provided by Ljubo Vujovic from the Tesla Memorial Society. in New York. Alongside Tesla's house, a monument created by sculptor Mile Blazevic has been erected. In the nearby city of GospiÄ, on the same date as the reopening of the renovated village and museums, a higher education school named Nikola Tesla was opened, and a replica of the statue of Tesla made by Frano Krsinic (the original is in Belgrade) was presented. In the years after, many of his innovations, theories and claims have been used, at times unsuitably and with some controversy, to support various fringe theories that are regarded as unscientific. Most of Tesla's own work conformed with the principles and methods accepted by science, but his extravagant personality and sometimes unrealistic claims, combined with his unquestionable genius, have made him a popular figure among fringe theorists and believers in conspiracies about 'hidden knowledge'. Some conspiracy theorists even in his time believed that he was actually an angelic being from Venus sent to Earth to reveal scientific knowledge to humanity. Tesla was fluent in many languages. Along with Serbo-Croatian, he also spoke seven other foreign languages: Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin. Tesla may have suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder, Kerryr.net and had many unusual quirks and phobias. He did things in threes, and was adamant about staying in a hotel room with a number divisible by three. Tesla was also noted to be physically revolted by jewelry, notably pearl earrings. He was fastidious about cleanliness and hygiene, and was by all accounts germaphobic. He greatly disliked touching round objects and human hair other than his own. Tesla was obsessed with pigeons, ordering special seeds for the pigeons he fed in Central Park and even bringing some into his hotel room with him. Tesla was an animal-lover, often reflecting contentedly about a childhood cat, "The Magnificent Macak". Tesla never married. He was celibate and claimed that his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities. Nonetheless there have been numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love with him. Tesla, though polite, behaved rather ambivalently to these women in the romantic sense. Tesla was prone to alienating himself and was generally soft-spoken. However, when he did engage in a social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of him. Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force..." His loyal secretary, Dorothy Skerrit, wrote "his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul." Tesla's friend Hawthorne wrote that, "seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink." Nevertheless, Tesla displayed the occasional cruel streak; he openly expressed his disgust for overweight people, once firing a secretary because of her weight. He was quick to criticize others' clothing as well, demanding a subordinate to go home and change her dress on several occasions. Tesla was widely known for his great showmanship, presenting his innovations and demonstrations to the public as an artform, almost like a magician. This seems to conflict with his observed reclusiveness; Tesla was a complicated figure. He refused to hold conventions without his Tesla coil blasting electricity throughout the room, despite the audience often being terrified, though he assured them everything was perfectly safe. Mark Twain in Nikola Tesla's lab, spring 1894 In middle age, Nikola Tesla became very close friends with Mark Twain. They spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere. Tesla remained bitter in the aftermath of his incident with Edison. The day after Edison died the New York Times contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla, who was quoted as saying, Shortly before Edison died, he said that his biggest mistake he had made was in trying to develop directed current, rather than the vastly superior alternating current system that Tesla had put within his grasp. Tesla was good friends with Robert Underwood Johnson. He had amicable relations with Francis Marion Crawford, Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey. Tesla made his first million at the age of forty, but gave away nearly all his royalties on future innovations. Tesla was rather financially inept, but he was almost entirely unconcerned with material wealth. He ripped up a Westinghouse contract that would have made him the world's first billionaire, in part because of the implications it would have on his future vision of free power, and in part because it would run Westinghouse out of business, and Tesla had no desire to deal with the creditors. Tesla lived the last ten years of his life in a two-room suite on the 33rd floor of the Hotel New Yorker, room 3327. There, near the end of his life, when Tesla was slipping into what many consider an altered state of mind, he would claim to be visited by a specific white pigeon daily. Several biographers note that Tesla viewed the death of the pigeon as a "final blow" to himself and his work. Tesla believed that war could not be avoided until the cause for its recurrence was removed, but was opposed to wars in general. Secor, H. Winfield, " Tesla's views on Electricity and the War", Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4, August, 1917. He sought to reduce distance, such as in communication for better understanding, transportation, and transmission of energy, as a means to ensure friendly international relations. " Giant Eye to See Round the World" Albany Telegram, February 25, 1923 (doc). Like many of his era, Tesla, a life-long bachelor, became a proponent of a self-imposed selective breeding version of eugenics. In a 1937 interview, he stated, In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees". He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future. Kennedy, John B., " When woman is boss, An interview with Nikola Tesla". Colliers, January 30, 1926. In his later years Tesla became a vegetarian. In an article for Century Illustrated Magazine he wrote: "It is certainly preferable to raise vegetables, and I think, therefore, that vegetarianism is a commendable departure from the established barbarous habit." Tesla argued that it is wrong to eat uneconomic meat when large numbers of people are starving; he also believed that plant food was "superior to it [meat] in regard to both mechanical and mental performance." He also argued that animal slaughter was "wanton and cruel". Nikola Tesla, " The Problem of Increasing Human Energy". Century Illustrated Magazine, June 1900. In his final years he suffered from extreme sensitivity to light, sound and other influences. O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" (extract at Electrosensitivity.org - Q&A) A monument to Tesla was established at Niagara Falls, New York, USA. The monument was officially unveiled on Sunday, July 9, 2006 on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth. The Monument was sponsored by St. George Serbian Church, Niagara Falls, and designed by Les Drysdale of Hamilton, Ontario. Mr. Drysdale's design was the winning design from an international competition. Another monument to Tesla, featuring him standing on a portion of an alternator, was established at Queen Victoria Park in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. A number of live theatrical plays based on Tesla's life have been produced and staged worldwide. The Canadian theatrical company Electric Company Theatre took its stage production Brilliant! The Blinding Enlightenment of Nikola Tesla on tour first starting in 1996. In August 2007, their production was again listed on their current performance schedule. The Austin, Texas based theatrical collective Rude Mechanicals created and then produced Kirk Lynn's Requiem For Tesla in January/Feb of 2001, and then presented again at the Fresh Terrain Festival in February 2003 * List of Tesla patents * Nikola Tesla in popular culture * Teslascope --> * Margaret Cheney, Robert Uth, and Jim Glenn, "Tesla, Master of Lightning", published by Barnes & Noble, 1999. ISBN 0760710058. * Germano, Frank, " Dr. Nikola Tesla". Frank. Germano.com. * Lomas, Robert, " The Man who Invented the Twentieth Century". Lecture to South Western Branch of Instititute of Physics. * Martin, Thomas Commerford, "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla", New York: The Electrical Engineer, 1894 (3rd Ed); reprinted by Barnes & Noble, 1995 ISBN-X * O'Neill, John J., " Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola", 1944. ISBN (Tesla reportedly said of this biographer "You understand me better than any man alive"; also the version at uncletaz.com with other items at uncletaz's site) * Penner, John R.H. The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla, corrupted version of My Inventions. * Pratt, H., "Nikola Tesla 1856 1943", Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 44, September, 1956. * " Nikola Tesla". IEEE History Center, 2005. * Seifer, Marc J. "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla; Biography of a Genius", Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN * Weisstein, Eric W., " Tesla, Nikola (1856 1943)". Eric Weisstein's World of Science. * "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature", Moon Nomenclature: Crater. USGS, Astrogeology Research Program. * Dimitrijevic, Milan S., "Belgrade Astronomical Observatory Historical Review". Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade,), 162 170. Also, "Srpski asteroidi, Tesla". Astronomski magazine. * Hoover, John Edgar, et al., FOIA FBI files, 1943. * Pratt, H., "Nikola Tesla 1856 1943", Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 44, September, 1956. * W.C. Wysock, J.F. Corum, J.M. Hardesty and K.L. Corum, " Who Was The Real Dr. Nikola Tesla? (A Look At His Professional Credentials)". Antenna Measurement Techniques Association, posterpaper, October 22 25, 2001 (PDF) * Roguin, Ariel, "Historical Note: Nikola Tesla: The man behind the magnetic field unit". J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:369 374. Â© 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. * Sellon, J. L., "The impact of Nikola Tesla on the cement industry". Behrent Eng. Co., Wheat Ridge, CO. Cement Industry Technical Conference. 1997. XXXIX Conference Record., 1997 IEEE/PC. Page(s) 125 133. ISBN * Valentinuzzi, M.E., "Nikola Tesla: why was he so much resisted and forgotten?" Inst. de Bioingenieria, Univ. Nacional de Tucuman; Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE. July/August 1998, 17:4, p 74 75. ISSN * Waser, AndrÃ©, " Nikola Teslaâs Radiations and the Cosmic Rays". (PDF) * Secor, H. Winfield, "Tesla's views on Electricity and the War", Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4, August, 1917. * Florey, Glen, "Tesla and the Military". Engineering 24, December 5, 2000. * Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, "Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves". 1994. * Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, "Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors". 1994. * Meyl, Konstantin, H. Weidner, E. Zentgraf, T. Senkel, T. Junker, and P. Winkels, "Experiments to proof the evidence of scalar waves Tests with a Tesla reproduction". Institut fÃ¼r Gravitationsforschung (IGF), Am Heerbach 5, D-63857 Waldaschaff. * Anderson, L. I., "John Stone Stone on Nikola Teslaâs Priority in Radio and Continuous Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus". The Antique Wireless Association Review, Vol. 1, 1986, pp. 18 41. * Anderson, L. I., "Priority in Invention of Radio, Tesla v. Marconi". Antique Wireless Association monograph, March 1980. * Marincic, A., and D. Budimir, "Tesla's contribution to radiowave propagation". Dept. of Electron. Eng., Belgrade Univ. (5th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Service, 2001. TELSIKS 2001. pg., 327 331 vol.1) ISBN-X * Page, R.M., "The Early History of Radar", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 50, Number 5, May, 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue). * C Mackechnie Jarvis "Nikola Tesla and the induction motor". 1970 Phys. Educ. 5 280 287. * " Giant Eye to See Round the World" (DOC) * Nichelson, Oliver, " Nikola Tesla's Latter Energy Generation Designs", A description of Tesla's energy generator that "would not consume fuel." 26th IECEC Proceedings, 1991, Boston, MA (American Nuclear Society) Vol. 4, pp 433-438. * Nichelson, Oliver, " The Thermodynamics of Tesla's Fuelless Electrical generator". A theory of the physics of Tesla's new energy generator. (American Chemical Society, 1993. 2722-5/93/0028-63) * Toby Grotz, " The Influence of Vedic Philosophy on Nikola Tesla's Understanding of Free Energy". --> 222px A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 1888. Selected Tesla Writings, Written by Tesla and others,. * Light Without Heat, The Manufacturer and Builder, January 1892, Vol. 24 * Biography - Nikola Tesla, The Century Magazine, November 1893, Vol. 47 * Tesla's Oscillator and Other Inventions, The Century Magazine, November 1894, Vol. 49 * The New Telegraphy. Recent Experiments in Telegraphy wih Sparks, The Century Magazine, November 1897, Vol. 55 * Anderson, Leland I., "Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856 1943)", 2d enl. ed., Minneapolis, Tesla Society. 1956. LCCN /L * Cheney, Margaret, "", 1979. ISBN 0743215362. * Childress, David H., "The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla," 1993. ISBN * Glenn, Jim, "The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla," 1994. ISBN * Jonnes, Jill "". New York: Random House, 2003. ISBN * Martin, Thomas C., "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla," 1894 . ISBN-X * O'Neill, John Jacob,"Prodigal Genius," 1944. Paperback reprint 1994, ISBN 978-0914732334. (ed. Prodigal Genius is available online) * Lomas, Robert,"," 1999. ISBN * Ratzlaff, John and Lee Anderson, "Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography", Ragusan Press, Palo Alto, California, 1979, 237 pages. Extensive listing of articles about and by Nikola Tesla. * Seifer, Marc J., "Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla," 1998. ISBN (HC), ISBN (SC) * Tesla, Nikola, "Colorado Springs Notes, 1899 1900", ISBN-X * Tesla, Nikola, "My Inventions" Parts I through V published in the Electrical Experimenter monthly magazine from February through June, 1919. Part VI published October, 1919. Reprint edition with introductory notes by Ben Johnson, New York: Barnes and Noble,1982, ISBN; also online at " My Inventions", 1919. ISBN * Valone, Thomas, "," 2002. ISBN * Caparica, A.J., "The Adventurers" features Nikola Tesla as a main protagonist. 2007. ISBN * Carlson, W. Bernard, "Inventor of dreams". Scientific American, March 2005 v292 i3 p78(7). * Jatras, Stella L., "The genius of Nikola Tesla". The New American, July 28, 2003 v19 i15 p9(1) * Rybak, James P., "Nikola Tesla: Scientific Savant". Popular Electronics, 1042170X, Nov99, Vol. 16, Issue 11. * Lawren, B., "Rediscovering Tesla". Omni, Mar88, Vol. 10 Issue 6. * There are at least two films describing Tesla's life. In the first, filmed in 1977, arranged for TV, Tesla was portrayed by Rade Å erbedÅ¾ija. In 1980, Orson Welles produced a Yugoslav film named Tajna Nikole Tesle (The Secret of Nikola Tesla), in which Welles himself played the part of Tesla's patron, J.P. Morgan. Film was directed by Krsto PapiÄ, and Nikola Tesla was portrayed by Petar BoÅ¾oviÄ. * " Tesla: Master of Lightning". 1999. ISBN (Book) ISBN (PBS Video) * Lost Lightning: The Missing Secrets of Nikola Tesla (at Google Video) - Phenomenon: the Lost Archives documentary about Tesla's designs for free energy and defensive weapons systems. * David Bowie portrayed Tesla in the 2006 film "The Prestige". Tesla's time in Colorado Springs was the focus of the scenes in the film. * Tesla Resource Surrounding the PBS "Master of Lightning" documentary * The Nikola Tesla museum * Nikola Tesla 150 * Tesla Forum of Western Australia Inc. * World of Scientific Biography: Nikola Tesla, by Wolfsram Research * Nikola Tesla Page * Tesla's grand-nephew William H. Terbo's site * Nikola Tesla, Forgotten American Scientist * The Tesla Wardenclyffe Project. Shoreham, New York. Aims to reuse Wardenclyffe Tower * Nikola Tesla's Father - Milutin Tesla * Tesla - The European Years * Tesla's Case File at The Franklin Institute containing information about his 1894 Franklin Award for research in high-frequency phenomena * Tesla's 'Death-Ray' and the Egg of Columbus, from American Antigravity. * Dr. James Corum's Tesla Engineering Papers, from Arcs 'N Sparks. * Fred Walters' hand-scanned Tesla patents (PDFs) * Jim Bieberich's The Complete Nikola Tesla U.S. Patent Collection * Online archive of many of Tesla's writings, articles and published papers * Seifer, Marc J., and Michael Behar, Electric Mind, Wired Magazine, October 1998. * Palmer, Stephen E., " Wardenclyffe: Nikola Tesla's Dream For Free Energy And The Conspiracy Which Destroyed It". * * Nikola Tesla on various Yugoslavian and Serbian banknotes. * Nikola Tesla's FBI file in pdf * Kenneth M. Swezey Papers, 1891 1982, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, archival resources. Related Wikipedia Articles July 10 1931 Smiljan GospiÄ Military Frontier Austrian Empire Lika-Senj County Croatia New York City New York United States Austrian Empire Austria-Hungary France United States Serbs Physics mechanical engineering electrical engineering Invention alternating current induction motor rotating magnetic field wireless technology Edison Medal Elliott Cresson Gold Medal John Scott Medal Serbian Cyrillic alphabet 10 July 1856 7 January 1943 inventor physicist mechanical engineer electrical engineer Smiljan Croatian Krajina Military Frontier Serb Austrian Empire American citizen electricity and magnetism List of Tesla patents alternating current electric power polyphase system power distribution Electric motor#AC motors Second Industrial Revolution patron saint Radio radio War of Currents history popular culture mad scientist 21 August 1999 SI magnetic flux density magnetic magnetic field Tesla (unit) Paris electromagnetism robotics remote control radar computer 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telephone repeater amplifier loudspeaker 21st century Paris France induction motor rotating magnetic field GraÄac June 6 1884 New York City Public Broadcasting Service Charles Batchelor Thomas Edison direct current electrical generator New York Times October 19 1931 rotating magnetic field Induction motor alternator Tesla coil magnifying transmitter oscillation Alternating current Electric power transmission power transmission System wireless telecommunication prior art invention of radio electronic oscillator Robot logic gate Electrotherapy Wireless energy transfer electrostatic Tesla principle Bifilar coil Telegeodynamics commutator (electric) Tesla turbine X-ray bremsstrahlung ion gas Electric field gradient charged particle beam Arc light superconductivity Voltage Electronic circuit voltage lightning VTOL Dynamic theory of gravity electric vehicles Polyphase system Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing investor New York brush (electric) induction motor Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Tesla coil George Westinghouse Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania X-ray vacuum tube bremsstrahlung electron field emission thermionic emission electric field Geissler tube Wilhelm RÃ¶ntgen Roentgen ray ozone Nitrous acid 30 November 1895 transverse wave longitudinal wave waves in plasma force-free magnetic field Wilhelm Conrad RÃ¶ntgen photograph lightning rod electrolaser electroshock weapon Tesla effect Wireless energy transfer July 30 1891 Naturalization Fifth Avenue (Manhattan) Houston Street mechanical resonance Resonance Sledgehammer December 4 2000 Portable Document Format The Century Magazine Robert Underwood Johnson Jovan Jovanovic Zmaj Vedanta Swami Vivekananda dynamo electricity American Institute of Electrical Engineers Institute of Radio Engineers Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers high frequency volt skin effect Electrical conductor gas discharge Electrical energy transmitter St. Louis, Missouri Missouri radio Franklin Institute Philadelphia Pennsylvania National Electric Light Association Cosmic background radiation World's Fair World's Columbian Exposition Chicago George Westinghouse AC power fluorescent lamp induction motor copper Egg of Columbus electric power high voltage War of Currents bankrupt royalties Particle radiation cosmic ray radio radio control torpedo Telautomatics robotics radio-controlled boat Madison Square Garden coherer logic gate robot spark plug Internal combustion engine gasoline ignition system Lower Manhattan commemorative plaque Magnifying Transmitter multiple exposure Colorado Springs, Colorado wireless telegraphy Pikes Peak ionosphere telluric current transverse wave longitudinal wave Electrical conductor lightning atmospheric electricity Distributed element model Q factor Helix cavity resonator radio frequency feedback heterodyne Regenerative circuit stationary wave Wireless energy transfer Kennelly-Heaviside layer Schumann resonance Extraterrestrial life Venus Mars Teslascope#Talking with planets Teslascope Avon (publishers) Jupiter Jupiter's magnetosphere Colorado Springs January 7 1900 wireless power transmission United States Patent Office J. Pierpont Morgan Wardenclyffe Tower World War I Patent office Guglielmo Marconi horsepower tesla turbine Nobel Prize in Physics Guglielmo Marconi Thomas Edison Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize controversies Nobel Prize in Physics Telefunken Marines World War I European Patent Convention December 20 1914 League of Nations obsessive-compulsive disorder insanity Waldorf-Astoria Hotel George Boldt real estate American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal RADAR Ãmile Girardeau 1920 United Kingdom Neville Chamberlain Time magazine Electricity generation Aviation Vertical take-off and landing aircraft Mihajlo Pupin publish Unified Field Theory high frequency potential electrodynamics transverse wave longitudinal wave Mach's principle Rudjer Boscovich July 11 1935 New York Herald Tribune September 11 1932 Albert Einstein Theory of relativity RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ April 6 1897 teleforce death ray Vacuum directed-energy weapon charged particle beam superweapon particle beam Nikola Tesla Museum Belgrade electrostatic Superatom Mercury (element) tungsten Magnifying transmitter Charged particle beam United States Department of Defense space time Elementary particle wave quantum physics Electromagnetic radiation science fiction anti-gravity teleportation time travel optic nerve Tesla's Flying Machine ionocraft ailerons propellers Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ Zagreb Croatia heart failure New Yorker Hotel January 5 January 8 1943 New York Times January 8 1943 Supreme Court of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation Alien Property Custodian United States nationality law teleforce ball lightning Plasma (physics) particle beam weapon Classified information conspiracy theories J. Edgar Hoover Charlotte Muzar Niagara Falls State Park Goat Island (New York) Queen Victoria Park Niagara Falls Nikola Tesla Museum Belgrade Serbia January 12 1943 Cathedral of Saint John the Divine Manhattan New York City Belgrade SFRJ Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ Belgrade RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Zagreb RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Institute Bronze sculpture Niagara Falls, New York SI tesla (unit) magnetic flux density magnetic magnetic field Paris Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers electric power Tesla (crater) Moon minor planet 2244 Tesla National Bank of Serbia Serbian dinar Power station TPP Nikola Tesla July 10 2006 Belgrade Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport Battery electric vehicle Tesla Motors Tesla Roadster Tesla Motors Ericsson Ericsson Nikola Tesla Zagreb UNESCO Croatia Serbia July 10 2006 Parish church Mile Blazevic higher education Frano Krsinic Belgrade Occult Science Serbo-Croatian Czech language English language French language German language Hungarian language Italian language Latin obsessive-compulsive disorder germaphobe Hair Central Park celibacy chastity NNDB Romantic love connoisseur Food Mark Twain middle age Mark Twain New York Times Robert Underwood Johnson Francis Marion Crawford Stanford White Wealth Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886) Hotel New Yorker Mental health war international relations selective breeding eugenics gender equality Collier's Weekly vegetarian Century Illustrated Magazine vegetarianism Century Illustrated Magazine Niagara Falls Hamilton, Ontario Queen Victoria Park Ontario, Canada August 2007 Rude Mechanicals (a.k.a. Rude Mechs) 2001 2003 List of Tesla patents Nikola Tesla in popular culture Teslascope December 5 2000 Leland Anderson Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856&ndash;1943) The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla Thomas Commerford Martin The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla John Jacob O'Neill Prodigal Genius Robert Lomas Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla Colorado Springs Notes, 1899&ndash;1900 My Inventions The Adventurers Scientific American The New American July 28 2003 Popular Electronics Omni (magazine) Rade Serbedzija Orson Welles Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia J.P. Morgan Krsto PapiÄ Petar BoÅ¾oviÄ David Bowie The Prestige (film) Wardenclyffe Tower Wired (magazine) National Museum of American History Serbs United States inventor physicist mechanical engineer electrical engineer 10 July 1856 Smiljan Austrian Empire 7 January 1943 New York City
Nikola_Tesla	Have a number of live theatrical plays based on Tesla 's life been produced and staged worldwide ?	yes.	data/set4/a3	Nikola_Tesla Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð° Ð¢ÐµÑÐ»Ð°) (July 10 1856 7 January 1943) was an inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer. Born in Smiljan, Croatian Krajina, Military Frontier, he was an ethnic Serb subject of the Austrian Empire and later became an American citizen. Tesla is best known for his many revolutionary contributions to the discipline of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power (AC) systems, including the polyphase power distribution systems and the AC motor, with which he helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution. Contemporary biographers of Tesla have deemed him "the man who invented the twentieth century" Title of a biography by Robert Lomas (seen) and "the patron saint of modern electricity." Seifer, "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla," book synopsis After his demonstration of wireless communication (radio) in 1893 and after being the victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as America's greatest electrical engineer. /ref> Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. During this period, in the United States, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture, Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla's Science of Energy by Thomas Valone but due to his eccentric personality and unbelievable and sometimes bizarre claims about possible scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimately ostracized and regarded as a mad scientist. Childress, David Hatcher, (ed.) "The Tesla Papers: Nikola Tesla on Free Energy & Wireless Transmission of Power". Adventures Unlimited Press, 2000. ISBN Lomas, Robert, " The essay," Spark of genius. Independent Magazine, August 21 1999. Never having put much focus on his finances, Tesla died impoverished at the age of 86. The SI unit measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field B\, ), the tesla, was named in his honour (at the ConfÃ©rence GÃ©nÃ©rale des Poids et Mesures, Paris, 1960). Aside from his work on electromagnetism and engineering, Tesla is said to have contributed in varying degrees to the establishment of robotics, remote control, radar and computer science, and to the expansion of ballistics, nuclear physics Cheney, Margaret, "Tesla: Man Out of Time", 1979. ISBN 0743215362. Front cover flap , and theoretical physics. In 1943, the Supreme Court of the United States credited him as being the inventor of the radio. Many of his achievements have been used, with some controversy, to support various pseudosciences, UFO theories, and early new age occultism. Tesla is honoured in both Serbia and Croatia, as well as his adopted home, the United States. According to legend, Tesla was born precisely at midnight during an electrical storm, to a Serbian family in the village of Smiljan near GospiÄ, in the Lika region of the Croatian Krajina in Military Frontier (part of the Austrian Empire), in the present-day Croatia. Dommermuth-Costa, Carol, Nikola Tesla: A Spark of Genius, pp. 11-12. 1994. ISBN Nikola Tesla's birth house and statue in Smiljan His baptism certificate reports that he was born on June 28 (N.S. July 10) , 1856, and christened by the Serbian Orthodox priest Toma OklobdÅ¾ija. His father was Rev. Milutin Tesla, a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church Metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci. Milutin was born on 19 February 1819 in the village of Meduc, county Medak in Lika, Austrian Empire, as son of Nikola Tesla (b. 1789 in the military frontier, settled after his service in the Napoleonic Wars in Gospic in 1815) and Ana KaliniÄ, from the famous frontier Kalinic family. Tesla's family asserted its last name as such in Lika. His paternal origin is thought to be of the DraganiÄ family from the Tara valley area below the geographical entity known as Old Vlach, from one of the local Serb clans; however genealogical research shows that Nikola is from the Herzegovinian noble KomnenoviÄ (modern-day Old Herzegovina in Montenegro), from its OrloviÄ subgroup that traces its origin from the semi-mythic Pavle Orlovic that bore Prince Lazar's banner at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. His mother was Äuka MandiÄ, herself a daughter of a Serbian Orthodox Church priest. She came from a family domiciled in Lika and Banija, but with deeper origins to Kosovo. She was talented in making home craft tools. She memorized many Serbian epic poems, but never learned to read. Seifer, "Wizard" p 7 His godfather, Jovan Drenovac, was a captain in the army protecting the Military Frontier. Nikola was one of five children, having one brother (Dane, who was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five) and three sisters (Milka, Angelina and Marica). Margaret Cheney, Robert Uth, and Jim Glenn, "Tesla, Master of Lightning". Barnes & Noble Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0760710058. His family moved to GospiÄ in 1862. Tesla went to school in Karlovac. He finished a four year term in the span of three years. Walker, E. H. (1900). Leaders of the 19th century with some noted characters of earlier times, their efforts and achievements in advancing human progress vividly portrayed for the guidance of present and future generations. Chicago: A.B. Kuhlman Co., Page 474. Tesla then studied electrical engineering at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz (1875). While there, he studied the uses of alternating current. Some sources say he received Baccalaureate degrees from the university at Graz. " The Book of New York: Forty Years' Recollections of the American Metropolis" says he matriculated 4 degrees (physics, mathematics, mechanical engineering and electrical engineering) However, the university says that he did not receive a degree and did not continue beyond the first semester of his third year, during which he stopped attending lectures. Nikola Tesla: the European Years, D. Mrkich Others have stated that he was discharged without a degree for nonpayment of his tuition for the first semester of his junior year. According to a college roommate, he did not graduate. . Cited in Seifer, Marc, The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, 1996 In December 1878 he left Graz and broke all relations with his family. His friends thought that he had drowned in Mura. He went to Maribor, Slovenia, where he was first employed as an assistant engineer for a year. He suffered a nervous breakdown during this time. Tesla was later persuaded by his father to attend the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, which he attended for the summer term of 1880. However after his father died he left the university, having completed only one term. Nikola Tesla as a young man Tesla engaged in reading many works, memorizing complete books. He had a photographic memory. Tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his early life, Tesla was stricken with illness time and time again. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by hallucinations. Much of the time the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across; just by hearing the name of an item, he would involuntarily envision it in realistic detail. Modern-day synesthetes report similar symptoms. Tesla would visualise an invention in his brain in precise form before moving to the construction stage; a technique sometimes known as picture thinking. Tesla also often had flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life; this began to happen during childhood. In 1881, he moved to Budapest, Hungary, to work under Tivadar PuskÃ¡s in a telegraph company, James Grant Wilson, John Fiske, Appleton's CyclopÃ¦dia of American Biography. Page 261. the National Telephone Company. There, he met NebojÅ¡a PetroviÄ, a young inventor from Austria. Although their encounter was brief, they did work on a project together using twin turbines to create continual power. On the opening of the telephone exchange in Budapest, 1881, Tesla became the chief electrician to the company, and was later engineer for the country's first telephone system. He also developed a device that, according to some, was a telephone repeater or amplifier, but according to others could have been the first loudspeaker. " Did Tesla really invent the loudspeaker?". Twenty First Century Books, Breckenridge, CO. In 1882 he moved to Paris, France, to work as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company, designing improvements to electric equipment. In the same year, Tesla conceived the induction motor and began developing various devices that use rotating magnetic fields (for which he received patents in 1888). Soon thereafter, Tesla hastened from Paris to his mother's side as she lay dying, arriving hours before her death in April, 1892. Seifer, "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla" - page 94 Her last words to him were, "You've arrived, NidÅ¾o, my pride." After her death, Tesla fell ill. He spent two to three weeks recuperating in GospiÄ and the village of Tomingaj near GraÄac, the birthplace of his mother. On June 6, 1884, Tesla first arrived in the US in New York City. "Master of Lightning" by Public Broadcasting Service. Website He had little besides a letter of recommendation from Charles Batchelor, his manager in his previous job. In the letter of recommendation to Thomas Edison, Charles Batchelor wrote, "I know two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man." Edison hired Tesla to work for his company Edison Machine Works. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was offered the task of a complete redesign of the Edison company's direct current generators. During his employment, Edison offered Tesla $50,000 (equivalent to about $1 million in 2006, adjusted for inflation) Adjusting the reported given amount of money for inflation', the $50,000 in 1885 would equal $1,082,008.74 in 2006 if he redesigned Edison's inefficient motor and generators, an improvement in both service and economy. Tesla said he worked night and day to redesign them and gave the Edison company several profitable new patents in the process. During the year of 1885, when Tesla inquired about the payment on the work, Edison replied to him, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor," and reneged on his promise. Clifford A. Pickover, Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives of Eccentric Scientists and Madmen. HarperCollins, 1999. 352 pages. Page 14. ISBN 0688168949 "My Inventions" by Nikola Tesla, printed in Electrical Experimenter Feb-June, 1919. Reprinted, edited by Ben Johnson, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1982. ISBN Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week. At Tesla's salary of $18 per week, the bonus would have amounted to over 53 years pay, and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company. Jonnes,"Empire of light" p110 Tesla eventually found himself digging ditches for a short period of time â ironically for the Edison company. Edison had also never wanted to hear about Tesla's AC polyphase designs, believing that DC electricity was the future. Tesla focused intently on his AC polyphase system, even while digging ditches. In 1886, Tesla formed his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The initial financial investors disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company. Tesla worked in New York as a common laborer from 1886 to 1887 to feed himself and raise capital for his next project. In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternating current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the principles of his Tesla coil and began working with George Westinghouse at Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over large distances. In April of 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called X-rays using his own single node vacuum tubes (similar to his patent ). This device differed from other early X-ray tubes in that they had no target electrode. The modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung (or braking radiation). We now know that this device operated by emitting electrons from the single electrode through a combination of field emission and thermionic emission. Once liberated, electrons are strongly repelled by the high electric field near the electrode during negative voltage peaks from the oscillating HV output of the Tesla Coil, generating X-rays as they collide with the glass envelope. He also used Geissler tubes. By 1892, Tesla became aware of what Wilhelm RÃ¶ntgen later identified as effects of X-rays. In the early research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays. Tesla held that, with his circuits, the "instrument will [... enable one to] generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus." N. Tesla, "High frequency oscillators for electro-therapeutic and other purposes". Proceedings of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association, American Electro-Therapeutic Association. Page 25. He also commented on the hazards of working with his circuit and single node X-ray producing devices. Of his many notes in the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. One of the options for the cause, which is not in conformity with current facts, was that the ozone generated rather than the radiation was responsible. He early on stated, Tesla later stated, Tesla continued research in the field and, later, observed an assistant severely "burnt" by X-rays in his lab. He performed several experiments prior to Roentgen's discovery (including photographing the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Roentgen) but didn't make his findings widely known; much of his research was lost in the 5th Avenue lab fire of March 1895. A "world system" for "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon the electrical conductivity was proposed in which transmission in various natural mediums with current that passes between the two point are used to power devices. In a practical wireless energy transmission system using this principle, a high-power ultraviolet beam might be used to form a vertical ionized channel in the air directly above the transmitter-receiver stations. The same concept is used in virtual lightning rods, the electrolaser electroshock weapon, A Survey of Laser Lightning Rod Techniques - Barnes, Arnold A., Jr. ; Berthel, Robert O. and has been proposed for disabling vehicles. Frequently Asked Questions - HSV Technologies Vehicle Disabling Weapon by Peter A. Schlesinger, President, HSV Technologies, Inc. - NDIA Non-Lethal Defense IV 20-22 Mar 2000 Tesla demonstrated "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891. The Tesla effect (named in honor of Tesla) is the archaic term for an application of this type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement of energy through space and matter; not just the production of voltage across a conductor). Norrie, H. S., "Induction Coils: How to make, use, and repair them". Norman H. Schneider, 1907, New York. 4th edition. Wireless transmission of power and energy demonstration during his high frequency and potential lecture of 1891. On July 30, 1891, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States at the age of 35. Tesla established his 35 South Fifth Avenue laboratory in New York during this same year. Later, Tesla would establish his Houston Street laboratory in New York at 46 E. Houston Street. There, at one point while conducting mechanical resonance experiments with electro-mechanical oscillators he generated a resonance of several surrounding buildings, but ironically due to the frequencies involved, not his own building, causing complaints to the police. As the speed grew he hit the resonant frequency of his own building and belatedly realizing the danger he was forced to apply a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment, just as the astonished police arrived. O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" pp162-164 He also lit vacuum tubes wirelessly at both of the New York locations, providing evidence for the potential of wireless power transmission. Krumme, Katherine, Mark Twain and Nikola Tesla: Thunder and Lightning. December 4, 2000 (PDF) Some of Tesla's closest friends were artists. He befriended Century Magazine editor Robert Underwood Johnson, who adapted several Serbian poems of Jovan JovanoviÄ Zmaj (which Tesla translated). Also during this time, Tesla was influenced by the Vedic philosophy teachings of the Swami Vivekananda. Grotz, Toby, " The Influence of Vedic Philosophy on Nikola Tesla's Understanding of Free Energy". Nikola Tesla's AC dynamo used to generate AC which is used to transport electricity across great distances. It is contained in . When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. He continued research of the system and rotating magnetic field principles. Tesla served, from 1892 to 1894, as the vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE. From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, building the first radio transmitter. In St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla made a demonstration related to radio communication in 1893. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail its principles. Tesla's demonstrations were written about widely through various media outlets. Tesla also investigated harvesting energy that is present throughout space. He believed that it was just merely a question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature, stating: At the 1893 World's Fair, the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, an international exposition was held which for the first time devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was an historic event as Tesla and George Westinghouse introduced visitors to AC power by using it to illuminate the Exposition. On display were Tesla's fluorescent lamps and single node bulbs. Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field and induction motor by demonstrating how to make an egg made of copper stand on end in his demonstration of the device he constructed known as the "Egg of Columbus". Also in the late 1880s, Tesla and Edison became adversaries in part due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over the more efficient alternating current advocated by Tesla and Westinghouse. Until Tesla invented the induction motor, AC's advantages for long distance high voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. As a result of the "War of Currents," Edison and Westinghouse went nearly bankrupt, so in 1897, Tesla released Westinghouse from contract, providing Westinghouse a break from Tesla's patent royalties. Also in 1897, Tesla researched radiation which led to setting up the basic formulation of cosmic rays. Waser, AndrÃ©, "Nikola Teslaâs Radiations and the Cosmic Rays". When Tesla was forty-one years old, he filed the first basic radio patent ( ). A year later, he demonstrated a radio controlled boat to the US military, believing that the military would want things such as radio controlled torpedoes. Tesla had developed the "Art of Telautomatics", a form of robotics, as well as the technology of remote control. Tesla, Nikola, " My Inventions", Electrical Experimenter magazine, Feb, June, and Oct, 1919. ISBN (teslaplay.comversion; also the version at rastko.org) In 1898, a radio-controlled boat was demonstrated to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. These devices had an innovative coherer and a series of logic gates. Tesla called his boat a "teleautomaton" and said of it, "You see there the first of a race of robots, mechanical men which will do the laborious work of the human race." Jonnes, Jill. Empires of Light ISBN 0-375-75884-4. Page 355, referencing O'Neill, John J., Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla (New York: David McKay, 1944), p.167. Radio remote control remained a novelty until the 1960s. In the same year, Tesla devised an "electric igniter" or spark plug for Internal combustion gasoline engines. He gained , "Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines", on this mechanical ignition system. Tesla lived in the former Gerlach Hotel, renamed The Radio Wave building, at 49 W 27th St. (between Broadway and Sixth Avenue), Lower Manhattan, before the end of the century where he conducted the radio wave experiments. A commemorative plaque was placed on the building in 1977 to honor his work. In 1899, Tesla decided to move and began research in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments. Upon his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy experiments transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris. Tesla's diary contains explanations of his experiments concerning the ionosphere and the ground's telluric currents via transverse waves and longitudinal waves. Tesla, Nikola, "The True Wireless". Electrical Experimenter, May 1919. ( also at pbs.org) At his lab, Tesla proved that the earth was a conductor, and he produced artificial lightning (with discharges consisting of millions of volts, and up to 135 feet long). Gillispie, Charles Coulston, "Dictionary of Scientific Biography"; Tesla, Nikola. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. ISBN Tesla also investigated atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals via his receivers. Reproductions of Tesla's receivers and coherer circuits show an unpredicted level of complexity (e.g., distributed high-Q helical resonators, radio frequency feedback, crude heterodyne effects, and regeneration techniques). Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, "Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors". 1994. Tesla stated that he observed stationary waves during this time. Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, "Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves". 1994. Tesla researched ways to transmit power and energy wirelessly over long distances (via transverse waves, to a lesser extent, and, more readily, longitudinal waves). He transmitted extremely low frequencies through the ground as well as between the earth's surface and the Kennelly-Heaviside layer. He received patents on wireless transceivers that developed standing waves by this method. In his experiments, he made mathematical calculations and computations based on his experiments and discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 Hertz (Hz). In the 1950s, researchers confirmed that the resonant frequency of the Earth's ionospheric cavity was in this range (later named the Schumann resonance). In the Colorado Springs lab, Tesla observed unusual signals that he later thought may have been evidence of extraterrestrial radio communications coming from Venus or Mars. Tesla, Nikola, " Talking with Planets". Collier's Weekly, February 19, 1901. (EarlyRadioHistory.us) He noticed repetitive signals from his receiver which were substantially different from the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the signals appeared in groups of one, two, three, and four clicks together. Tesla had mentioned before this event and many times after that he thought his inventions could be used to talk with other planets. There have even been claims that he invented a "Teslascope" for just such a purpose. It is debatable what type of signals Tesla received or whether he picked up anything at all. Research has suggested that Tesla may have had a misunderstanding of the new technology he was working with, or that the signals Tesla observed may have simply been an observation of a non-terrestrial natural radio source such as the Jovian plasma torus signals. Tesla left Colorado Springs on January 7, 1900. The lab was torn down and its contents sold to pay debts. The Colorado experiments prepared Tesla for his next project, the establishment of a wireless power transmission facility that would be known as Wardenclyffe. Tesla was granted for the means of increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations. The United States Patent Office classification system currently assigns this patent to the primary Class 178/43 ("telegraphy/space induction"), although the other applicable classes include 505/825 ("low temperature superconductivity-related apparatus"). In 1900, with $150,000 (51% from J. Pierpont Morgan), Tesla began planning the Wardenclyffe Tower facility. In June 1902, Tesla's lab operations were moved to Wardenclyffe from Houston Street. The tower was finally dismantled for scrap during World War I. Newspapers of the time labeled Wardenclyffe "Tesla's million-dollar folly." In 1904, the US Patent Office reversed its decision and awarded Guglielmo Marconi the patent for radio, and Tesla began his fight to re-acquire the radio patent. On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 hp (150 kW) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. During 1910 1911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100 5000 hp. Since the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Marconi for radio in 1909, Thomas Edison and Tesla were mentioned as potential laureates to share the Nobel Prize of 1915 in a press dispatch, leading to one of several Nobel Prize controversies. Some sources have claimed that due to their animosity toward each other neither was given the award, despite their enormous scientific contributions, and that each sought to minimize the other one's achievements and right to win the award, that both refused to ever accept the award if the other received it first, and that both rejected any possibility of sharing it. O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" pp228-229 In the following events after the rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize (although Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915, and Tesla did receive one bid out of 38 in 1937). Seifer, "Wizard" pp378-380 Earlier, Tesla alone was rumored to have been nominated for the Nobel Prize of 1912. The rumored nomination was primarily for his experiments with tuned circuits using high-voltage high-frequency resonant transformers. In 1915, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Marconi attempting, unsuccessfully, to obtain a court injunction against the claims of Marconi. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla built the Telefunken Wireless Station in Sayville, Long Island. Some of what he wanted to achieve at Wardenclyffe was accomplished with the Telefunken Wireless. In 1917, the facility was seized and torn down by the Marines, because it was suspected that it could be used by German spies. Prior to World War I, Tesla looked overseas for investors to fund his research. When the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his European patents. After the war ended, Tesla made predictions regarding the relevant issues of the post-World War I environment, in a printed article (December 20, 1914). Tesla believed that the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times and issues. Tesla started to exhibit pronounced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the years following. He became obsessed with the number three; he often felt compelled to walk around a block three times before entering a building, demanded a stack of three folded, cloth napkins beside his plate at every meal, etc. The nature of OCD was little understood at the time and no treatments were available, so his symptoms were considered by some to be evidence of partial insanity, and this undoubtedly hurt what was left of his reputation. At this time, he was staying at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, renting in an arrangement for deferred payments. Eventually, the Wardenclyffe deed was turned over to George Boldt, proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria to pay a $20,000 debt. In 1917, around the time that the Wardenclyffe Tower was demolished by Boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset, Tesla received AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal. Tesla, in August 1917, first established principles regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive RADAR units. Page, R.M., "The Early History of RADAR", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 50, Number 5, May, 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue). In 1934, Ãmile Girardeau, working with the first French RADAR systems, stated he was building RADAR systems "conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla". By the twenties, Tesla was reportedly negotiating with the United Kingdom government about a ray system. Tesla had also stated that efforts had been made to steal the so called "death ray". It is suggested that the removal of the Chamberlain government ended negotiations. On Tesla's seventy-fifth birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption noted his contribution to electrical power generation. Tesla received his last patent in 1928 for an apparatus for aerial transportation which was the first instance of VTOL aircraft. In 1934, Tesla wrote to consul JankoviÄ of his homeland. The letter contained the message of gratitude to Mihajlo Pupin who initiated a donation scheme by which American companies could support Tesla. Tesla refused the assistance, and chose to live by a modest pension received from Yugoslavia and to continue researching. In 1936, Tesla stated "I'm equally proud of my Serbian origin and my Croatian homeland." Tesla's response to Vlatko MaÄek in 1936 When he was eighty-one, Tesla stated he had completed a dynamic theory of gravity. He stated that it was "worked out in all details" and that he hoped to soon give it to the world. Prepared Statement by Nikola Tesla downloadable from www.tesla.hu The theory was never published. At the time of his announcement, it was considered by the scientific establishment to exceed the bounds of reason. Some believe that Tesla never fully developed the Unified Field Theory. The bulk of the theory was developed between 1892 and 1894, during the period that he was conducting experiments with high frequency and high potential electromagnetism and patenting devices for their utilization. It was completed, according to Tesla, by the end of the 1930s. Tesla's theory explained gravity using electrodynamics consisting of transverse waves (to a lesser extent) and longitudinal waves (for the majority). Reminiscent of Mach's principle, Tesla stated in 1925 that: Nikola Tesla, with Rudjer Boscovich's book Theoria Philosophiae Naturalis, sits in front of the spiral coil of his high-frequency transformer at East Houston Street, New York. Tesla was critical of Einstein's relativity work, calling it: Tesla also argued: Tesla, also believed that much of Albert Einstein's relativity theory had already been proposed by RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ, stating in an unpublished interview: Later in life, Tesla made some remarkable claims concerning a "teleforce" weapon. "Tesla's Ray". Time, July 23, 1934. The press called it a "peace ray" or death ray. "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934. "Tesla Invents Peace Ray". New York Sun, July 10, 1934. In total, the components and methods included: "Death-Ray Machine Described", New York Sun, July 11, 1934. "A Machine to End War". Feb. 1935. # An apparatus for producing manifestations of energy in free air instead of in a high vacuum as in the past. This, according to Tesla in 1934, was accomplished. # A mechanism for generating tremendous electrical force. This, according to Tesla, was also accomplished. # A means of intensifying and amplifying the force developed by the second mechanism. # A new method for producing a tremendous electrical repelling force. This would be the projector, or gun, of the invention. Tesla worked on plans for a directed-energy weapon between the early 1900s till the time of his death. In 1937, Tesla composed a treatise entitled "The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media" concerning charged particle beams. Seifer, Marc J., "Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla". ISBN (HC) pg. 454 Tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a "superweapon that would put an end to all war". This treatise of the particle beam is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. It described an open ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allowed particles to exit, a method of charging particles to millions of volts, and a method of creating and directing nondispersive particle streams (through electrostatic repulsion). Seifer, "Wizard" pg. 454 Records of his indicate that it was based on a narrow stream of atomic clusters of liquid mercury or tungsten accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying transformer). Tesla gave the following description concerning the particle gun's operation: The weapon could be used against ground based infantry or for antiaircraft purposes. "'Death Ray' for Planes". New York Times, September 22, 1940. Tesla tried to interest the US War Department in the device. "Aerial Defense 'Death-Beam' Offered to U. S. By Tesla" July 12, 1940 He also offered this invention to European countries. O'Neill, John J., " Tesla Tries To Prevent World War II". (unpublished Chapter 34 of Prodigal Genius) (PBS) None of the governments purchased a contract to build the device. He was unable to act on his plans. Velox, Particle beam weapon. everything2.com Tesla began to theorize about electricity and magnetism's power to warp, or rather change, space and time and the procedure by which man could forcibly control this power. Near the end of his life, Tesla was fascinated with the idea of light as both a particle and a wave, a fundamental proposition already incorporated into quantum physics. This field of inquiry led to the idea of creating a "wall of light" by manipulating electromagnetic waves in a certain pattern. This mysterious wall of light would enable time, space, gravity and matter to be altered at will, and engendered an array of Tesla proposals that seem to leap straight out of science fiction, including anti-gravity airships, teleportation, and time travel. The single strangest invention Tesla ever proposed was probably the "thought photography" machine. He reasoned that a thought formed in the mind created a corresponding image in the retina, and the electrical data of this neural transmission could be read and recorded in a machine. The stored information could then be processed through an artificial optic nerve and played back as visual patterns on a viewscreen. Another of Tesla's theorized inventions is commonly referred to as Tesla's Flying Machine, which appears to resemble an ion-propelled aircraft. Tesla claimed that one of his life goals was to create a flying machine that would run without the use of an airplane engine, wings, ailerons, propellers, or an onboard fuel source. Initially, Tesla pondered about the idea of a flying craft that would fly using an electric motor powered by grounded base stations. As time progressed, Tesla suggested that perhaps such an aircraft could be run entirely electro-mechanically. The theorized appearance would typically take the form of a cigar or saucer. Bust of Tesla by Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ, 1952, in Zagreb, Croatia Tesla died of heart failure alone in the New Yorker Hotel, some time between the evening of January 5 and the morning of January 8, 1943, at the age of 86. Despite selling his AC electricity patents, Tesla was destitute and died with significant debts. Later that year the US Supreme Court upheld Tesla's patent number in effect recognizing him as the inventor of radio. Immediately after Tesla's death became known, the Federal Bureau of Investigation instructed the government's Alien Property Custodian office to take possession of his papers and property, despite his US citizenship. His safe at the hotel was also opened. At the time of his death, Tesla had been continuing work on the teleforce weapon, or death ray, that he had unsuccessfully marketed to the US War Department. It appears that his proposed death ray was related to his research into ball lightning and plasma and was imagined as a particle beam weapon. The US government did not find a prototype of the device in the safe. After the FBI was contacted by the War Department, his papers were declared to be top secret. The so-called "peace ray" constitutes a part of some conspiracy theories as a means of destruction. The personal effects were seized on the advice of presidential advisers, and J. Edgar Hoover declared the case "most secret", because of the nature of Tesla's inventions and patents. Hoover, John Edgar, et al., FOIA FBI files, 1943. One document states that "[he] is reported to have some 80 trunks in different places containing transcripts and plans having to do with his experiments [...]". Charlotte Muzar reported that there were several "missing" papers and property. Statue of Nikola Tesla in Niagara Falls State Park on Goat Island, New York; There is another statue with Tesla standing in Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls. Tesla's family and the Yugoslav embassy struggled with the American authorities to gain these items after his death due to the potential significance of some of his research. Eventually, his nephew, Sava KosanoviÄ, got possession of some of his personal effects which are now housed in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Serbia. Nikola Tesla Museum Tesla's funeral took place on January 12, 1943, at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan, New York City. After the funeral, his body was cremated. His ashes were taken to Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1957. The urn was placed in the Nikola Tesla Museum, where it resides to this day. Tesla did not like to pose for portraits. He did it only once for princess Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy (1863-1923). The portrait survived in the collection of Ludwig Nissen, Brooklyn, see: Klaus Lengsfeld: Sammlung Ludwig Nissen : Husum 1855 - 1924 New York; Dokumentation d. Kunstsammlung Ludwig Nissens anlÃ¤ssl. d. Ausstellung zu seinem 125. Geburtstag im Nissenhaus zu Husum, 1980, 169 S. (= Schriften des Nordfriesischen Museums Ludwig-Nissen-Haus, Nr. 16) His wish was to have a sculpture made by his close friend Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ, who was at that time in United States, but he died before getting a chance to see it. MeÅ¡troviÄ made a bronze bust (1952) that is held in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade and a statue (1955/56) placed at the RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Institute in Zagreb. This statue was moved to Nikola Tesla Street in Zagreb's city centre on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth, with the RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Institute to receive a duplicate. In 1976, a bronze statue of Tesla was placed at Niagara Falls, New York. A similar statue was also erected in his hometown of GospiÄ in 1986. The SI unit tesla (T) for measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field B\, ) was named in Teslaâs honour at the ConfÃ©rence GÃ©nÃ©rale des Poids et Mesures, Paris in 1960. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) of which Tesla had been vice president also created an award in recognition of Tesla. Called the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award, it is given to individuals or a team that has made outstanding contributions to the generation or utilization of electric power, and is considered the most prestigious award in the area of electric power. IEEE, " IEEE Nikola Tesla Award. April 01, 2005. The Tesla crater on the far side of the Moon and the minor planet 2244 Tesla are also named after him. [[Image:100RSD front.jpg\|thumb\|left\|200px\|100 Serbian dinar banknote obverse. Photo courtesy of National Bank of Serbia. National Bank of Serbia ]] 100 Serbian dinars banknote reverse. Note the drawing of the electric motor. Tesla has received many recognitions within Serbia. He is featured on the current 100 Serbian dinar note (see left). The largest power plant complex in Serbia, the TPP Nikola Tesla is named in his honour. On July 10, 2006 the biggest airport in Serbia (Belgrade) was renamed Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport in honor of Teslaâs 150th birthday. An electric car company, Tesla Motors, named their company in tribute to Nikola Tesla. Their website states: The namesake of our Tesla Roadster is the genius Nikola Tesla [...] Weâre confident that if he were alive today, Nikola Tesla would look over our car and nod his head with both understanding and approval. Why the Name "Tesla"?, Tesla Motors, Inc., 2006 The Croatian subsidiary of Ericsson is also named 'Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d'. ('Nikola Tesla' was a phone hardware company in Zagreb before Ericsson bought it in the 1990s) in honour of Nikola Tesla's pioneering work in wireless communication. The year 2006 was celebrated by UNESCO as the 150th anniversary of the birth of Nikola Tesla, scientist (1856-1943), as well as being proclaimed by the governments of Croatia and Serbia to be the Year of Tesla. On this anniversary, July 10 2006, the renovated village of Smiljan (which had been demolished during the wars of the 1990s) was opened to the public along with Tesla's house (as a memorial museum) and a new multimedia center dedicated to the life and work of Nikola Tesla. The parochial church of St. Peter and Paul, where Tesla's father had held services, was renovated as well. The museum and multimedia center are filled with replicas of Tesla's work. The museum has collected almost all of the papers ever published by, and about, Nikola Tesla; most of these provided by Ljubo Vujovic from the Tesla Memorial Society. in New York. Alongside Tesla's house, a monument created by sculptor Mile Blazevic has been erected. In the nearby city of GospiÄ, on the same date as the reopening of the renovated village and museums, a higher education school named Nikola Tesla was opened, and a replica of the statue of Tesla made by Frano Krsinic (the original is in Belgrade) was presented. In the years after, many of his innovations, theories and claims have been used, at times unsuitably and with some controversy, to support various fringe theories that are regarded as unscientific. Most of Tesla's own work conformed with the principles and methods accepted by science, but his extravagant personality and sometimes unrealistic claims, combined with his unquestionable genius, have made him a popular figure among fringe theorists and believers in conspiracies about 'hidden knowledge'. Some conspiracy theorists even in his time believed that he was actually an angelic being from Venus sent to Earth to reveal scientific knowledge to humanity. Tesla was fluent in many languages. Along with Serbo-Croatian, he also spoke seven other foreign languages: Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin. Tesla may have suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder, Kerryr.net and had many unusual quirks and phobias. He did things in threes, and was adamant about staying in a hotel room with a number divisible by three. Tesla was also noted to be physically revolted by jewelry, notably pearl earrings. He was fastidious about cleanliness and hygiene, and was by all accounts germaphobic. He greatly disliked touching round objects and human hair other than his own. Tesla was obsessed with pigeons, ordering special seeds for the pigeons he fed in Central Park and even bringing some into his hotel room with him. Tesla was an animal-lover, often reflecting contentedly about a childhood cat, "The Magnificent Macak". Tesla never married. He was celibate and claimed that his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities. Nonetheless there have been numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love with him. Tesla, though polite, behaved rather ambivalently to these women in the romantic sense. Tesla was prone to alienating himself and was generally soft-spoken. However, when he did engage in a social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of him. Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force..." His loyal secretary, Dorothy Skerrit, wrote "his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul." Tesla's friend Hawthorne wrote that, "seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink." Nevertheless, Tesla displayed the occasional cruel streak; he openly expressed his disgust for overweight people, once firing a secretary because of her weight. He was quick to criticize others' clothing as well, demanding a subordinate to go home and change her dress on several occasions. Tesla was widely known for his great showmanship, presenting his innovations and demonstrations to the public as an artform, almost like a magician. This seems to conflict with his observed reclusiveness; Tesla was a complicated figure. He refused to hold conventions without his Tesla coil blasting electricity throughout the room, despite the audience often being terrified, though he assured them everything was perfectly safe. Mark Twain in Nikola Tesla's lab, spring 1894 In middle age, Nikola Tesla became very close friends with Mark Twain. They spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere. Tesla remained bitter in the aftermath of his incident with Edison. The day after Edison died the New York Times contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla, who was quoted as saying, Shortly before Edison died, he said that his biggest mistake he had made was in trying to develop directed current, rather than the vastly superior alternating current system that Tesla had put within his grasp. Tesla was good friends with Robert Underwood Johnson. He had amicable relations with Francis Marion Crawford, Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey. Tesla made his first million at the age of forty, but gave away nearly all his royalties on future innovations. Tesla was rather financially inept, but he was almost entirely unconcerned with material wealth. He ripped up a Westinghouse contract that would have made him the world's first billionaire, in part because of the implications it would have on his future vision of free power, and in part because it would run Westinghouse out of business, and Tesla had no desire to deal with the creditors. Tesla lived the last ten years of his life in a two-room suite on the 33rd floor of the Hotel New Yorker, room 3327. There, near the end of his life, when Tesla was slipping into what many consider an altered state of mind, he would claim to be visited by a specific white pigeon daily. Several biographers note that Tesla viewed the death of the pigeon as a "final blow" to himself and his work. Tesla believed that war could not be avoided until the cause for its recurrence was removed, but was opposed to wars in general. Secor, H. Winfield, " Tesla's views on Electricity and the War", Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4, August, 1917. He sought to reduce distance, such as in communication for better understanding, transportation, and transmission of energy, as a means to ensure friendly international relations. " Giant Eye to See Round the World" Albany Telegram, February 25, 1923 (doc). Like many of his era, Tesla, a life-long bachelor, became a proponent of a self-imposed selective breeding version of eugenics. In a 1937 interview, he stated, In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees". He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future. Kennedy, John B., " When woman is boss, An interview with Nikola Tesla". Colliers, January 30, 1926. In his later years Tesla became a vegetarian. In an article for Century Illustrated Magazine he wrote: "It is certainly preferable to raise vegetables, and I think, therefore, that vegetarianism is a commendable departure from the established barbarous habit." Tesla argued that it is wrong to eat uneconomic meat when large numbers of people are starving; he also believed that plant food was "superior to it [meat] in regard to both mechanical and mental performance." He also argued that animal slaughter was "wanton and cruel". Nikola Tesla, " The Problem of Increasing Human Energy". Century Illustrated Magazine, June 1900. In his final years he suffered from extreme sensitivity to light, sound and other influences. O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" (extract at Electrosensitivity.org - Q&A) A monument to Tesla was established at Niagara Falls, New York, USA. The monument was officially unveiled on Sunday, July 9, 2006 on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth. The Monument was sponsored by St. George Serbian Church, Niagara Falls, and designed by Les Drysdale of Hamilton, Ontario. Mr. Drysdale's design was the winning design from an international competition. Another monument to Tesla, featuring him standing on a portion of an alternator, was established at Queen Victoria Park in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. A number of live theatrical plays based on Tesla's life have been produced and staged worldwide. The Canadian theatrical company Electric Company Theatre took its stage production Brilliant! The Blinding Enlightenment of Nikola Tesla on tour first starting in 1996. In August 2007, their production was again listed on their current performance schedule. The Austin, Texas based theatrical collective Rude Mechanicals created and then produced Kirk Lynn's Requiem For Tesla in January/Feb of 2001, and then presented again at the Fresh Terrain Festival in February 2003 * List of Tesla patents * Nikola Tesla in popular culture * Teslascope --> * Margaret Cheney, Robert Uth, and Jim Glenn, "Tesla, Master of Lightning", published by Barnes & Noble, 1999. ISBN 0760710058. * Germano, Frank, " Dr. Nikola Tesla". Frank. Germano.com. * Lomas, Robert, " The Man who Invented the Twentieth Century". Lecture to South Western Branch of Instititute of Physics. * Martin, Thomas Commerford, "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla", New York: The Electrical Engineer, 1894 (3rd Ed); reprinted by Barnes & Noble, 1995 ISBN-X * O'Neill, John J., " Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola", 1944. ISBN (Tesla reportedly said of this biographer "You understand me better than any man alive"; also the version at uncletaz.com with other items at uncletaz's site) * Penner, John R.H. The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla, corrupted version of My Inventions. * Pratt, H., "Nikola Tesla 1856 1943", Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 44, September, 1956. * " Nikola Tesla". IEEE History Center, 2005. * Seifer, Marc J. "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla; Biography of a Genius", Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN * Weisstein, Eric W., " Tesla, Nikola (1856 1943)". Eric Weisstein's World of Science. * "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature", Moon Nomenclature: Crater. USGS, Astrogeology Research Program. * Dimitrijevic, Milan S., "Belgrade Astronomical Observatory Historical Review". Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade,), 162 170. Also, "Srpski asteroidi, Tesla". Astronomski magazine. * Hoover, John Edgar, et al., FOIA FBI files, 1943. * Pratt, H., "Nikola Tesla 1856 1943", Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 44, September, 1956. * W.C. Wysock, J.F. Corum, J.M. Hardesty and K.L. Corum, " Who Was The Real Dr. Nikola Tesla? (A Look At His Professional Credentials)". Antenna Measurement Techniques Association, posterpaper, October 22 25, 2001 (PDF) * Roguin, Ariel, "Historical Note: Nikola Tesla: The man behind the magnetic field unit". J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:369 374. Â© 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. * Sellon, J. L., "The impact of Nikola Tesla on the cement industry". Behrent Eng. Co., Wheat Ridge, CO. Cement Industry Technical Conference. 1997. XXXIX Conference Record., 1997 IEEE/PC. Page(s) 125 133. ISBN * Valentinuzzi, M.E., "Nikola Tesla: why was he so much resisted and forgotten?" Inst. de Bioingenieria, Univ. Nacional de Tucuman; Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE. July/August 1998, 17:4, p 74 75. ISSN * Waser, AndrÃ©, " Nikola Teslaâs Radiations and the Cosmic Rays". (PDF) * Secor, H. Winfield, "Tesla's views on Electricity and the War", Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4, August, 1917. * Florey, Glen, "Tesla and the Military". Engineering 24, December 5, 2000. * Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, "Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves". 1994. * Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, "Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors". 1994. * Meyl, Konstantin, H. Weidner, E. Zentgraf, T. Senkel, T. Junker, and P. Winkels, "Experiments to proof the evidence of scalar waves Tests with a Tesla reproduction". Institut fÃ¼r Gravitationsforschung (IGF), Am Heerbach 5, D-63857 Waldaschaff. * Anderson, L. I., "John Stone Stone on Nikola Teslaâs Priority in Radio and Continuous Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus". The Antique Wireless Association Review, Vol. 1, 1986, pp. 18 41. * Anderson, L. I., "Priority in Invention of Radio, Tesla v. Marconi". Antique Wireless Association monograph, March 1980. * Marincic, A., and D. Budimir, "Tesla's contribution to radiowave propagation". Dept. of Electron. Eng., Belgrade Univ. (5th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Service, 2001. TELSIKS 2001. pg., 327 331 vol.1) ISBN-X * Page, R.M., "The Early History of Radar", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 50, Number 5, May, 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue). * C Mackechnie Jarvis "Nikola Tesla and the induction motor". 1970 Phys. Educ. 5 280 287. * " Giant Eye to See Round the World" (DOC) * Nichelson, Oliver, " Nikola Tesla's Latter Energy Generation Designs", A description of Tesla's energy generator that "would not consume fuel." 26th IECEC Proceedings, 1991, Boston, MA (American Nuclear Society) Vol. 4, pp 433-438. * Nichelson, Oliver, " The Thermodynamics of Tesla's Fuelless Electrical generator". A theory of the physics of Tesla's new energy generator. (American Chemical Society, 1993. 2722-5/93/0028-63) * Toby Grotz, " The Influence of Vedic Philosophy on Nikola Tesla's Understanding of Free Energy". --> 222px A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 1888. Selected Tesla Writings, Written by Tesla and others,. * Light Without Heat, The Manufacturer and Builder, January 1892, Vol. 24 * Biography - Nikola Tesla, The Century Magazine, November 1893, Vol. 47 * Tesla's Oscillator and Other Inventions, The Century Magazine, November 1894, Vol. 49 * The New Telegraphy. Recent Experiments in Telegraphy wih Sparks, The Century Magazine, November 1897, Vol. 55 * Anderson, Leland I., "Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856 1943)", 2d enl. ed., Minneapolis, Tesla Society. 1956. LCCN /L * Cheney, Margaret, "", 1979. ISBN 0743215362. * Childress, David H., "The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla," 1993. ISBN * Glenn, Jim, "The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla," 1994. ISBN * Jonnes, Jill "". New York: Random House, 2003. ISBN * Martin, Thomas C., "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla," 1894 . ISBN-X * O'Neill, John Jacob,"Prodigal Genius," 1944. Paperback reprint 1994, ISBN 978-0914732334. (ed. Prodigal Genius is available online) * Lomas, Robert,"," 1999. ISBN * Ratzlaff, John and Lee Anderson, "Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography", Ragusan Press, Palo Alto, California, 1979, 237 pages. Extensive listing of articles about and by Nikola Tesla. * Seifer, Marc J., "Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla," 1998. ISBN (HC), ISBN (SC) * Tesla, Nikola, "Colorado Springs Notes, 1899 1900", ISBN-X * Tesla, Nikola, "My Inventions" Parts I through V published in the Electrical Experimenter monthly magazine from February through June, 1919. Part VI published October, 1919. Reprint edition with introductory notes by Ben Johnson, New York: Barnes and Noble,1982, ISBN; also online at " My Inventions", 1919. ISBN * Valone, Thomas, "," 2002. ISBN * Caparica, A.J., "The Adventurers" features Nikola Tesla as a main protagonist. 2007. ISBN * Carlson, W. Bernard, "Inventor of dreams". Scientific American, March 2005 v292 i3 p78(7). * Jatras, Stella L., "The genius of Nikola Tesla". The New American, July 28, 2003 v19 i15 p9(1) * Rybak, James P., "Nikola Tesla: Scientific Savant". Popular Electronics, 1042170X, Nov99, Vol. 16, Issue 11. * Lawren, B., "Rediscovering Tesla". Omni, Mar88, Vol. 10 Issue 6. * There are at least two films describing Tesla's life. In the first, filmed in 1977, arranged for TV, Tesla was portrayed by Rade Å erbedÅ¾ija. In 1980, Orson Welles produced a Yugoslav film named Tajna Nikole Tesle (The Secret of Nikola Tesla), in which Welles himself played the part of Tesla's patron, J.P. Morgan. Film was directed by Krsto PapiÄ, and Nikola Tesla was portrayed by Petar BoÅ¾oviÄ. * " Tesla: Master of Lightning". 1999. ISBN (Book) ISBN (PBS Video) * Lost Lightning: The Missing Secrets of Nikola Tesla (at Google Video) - Phenomenon: the Lost Archives documentary about Tesla's designs for free energy and defensive weapons systems. * David Bowie portrayed Tesla in the 2006 film "The Prestige". Tesla's time in Colorado Springs was the focus of the scenes in the film. * Tesla Resource Surrounding the PBS "Master of Lightning" documentary * The Nikola Tesla museum * Nikola Tesla 150 * Tesla Forum of Western Australia Inc. * World of Scientific Biography: Nikola Tesla, by Wolfsram Research * Nikola Tesla Page * Tesla's grand-nephew William H. Terbo's site * Nikola Tesla, Forgotten American Scientist * The Tesla Wardenclyffe Project. Shoreham, New York. Aims to reuse Wardenclyffe Tower * Nikola Tesla's Father - Milutin Tesla * Tesla - The European Years * Tesla's Case File at The Franklin Institute containing information about his 1894 Franklin Award for research in high-frequency phenomena * Tesla's 'Death-Ray' and the Egg of Columbus, from American Antigravity. * Dr. James Corum's Tesla Engineering Papers, from Arcs 'N Sparks. * Fred Walters' hand-scanned Tesla patents (PDFs) * Jim Bieberich's The Complete Nikola Tesla U.S. Patent Collection * Online archive of many of Tesla's writings, articles and published papers * Seifer, Marc J., and Michael Behar, Electric Mind, Wired Magazine, October 1998. * Palmer, Stephen E., " Wardenclyffe: Nikola Tesla's Dream For Free Energy And The Conspiracy Which Destroyed It". * * Nikola Tesla on various Yugoslavian and Serbian banknotes. * Nikola Tesla's FBI file in pdf * Kenneth M. Swezey Papers, 1891 1982, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, archival resources. Related Wikipedia Articles July 10 1931 Smiljan GospiÄ Military Frontier Austrian Empire Lika-Senj County Croatia New York City New York United States Austrian Empire Austria-Hungary France United States Serbs Physics mechanical engineering electrical engineering Invention alternating current induction motor rotating magnetic field wireless technology Edison Medal Elliott Cresson Gold Medal John Scott Medal Serbian Cyrillic alphabet 10 July 1856 7 January 1943 inventor physicist mechanical engineer electrical engineer Smiljan Croatian Krajina Military Frontier Serb Austrian Empire American citizen electricity and magnetism List of Tesla patents alternating current electric power polyphase system power distribution Electric motor#AC motors Second Industrial Revolution patron saint Radio radio War of Currents history popular culture mad scientist 21 August 1999 SI magnetic flux density magnetic magnetic field Tesla (unit) Paris electromagnetism robotics remote control radar computer science ballistics nuclear physics theoretical physics Supreme Court of the United States invention of radio controversy pseudoscience unidentified flying object new age occult Serbia Croatia United States electrical storm Smiljan GospiÄ Lika Croatian Krajina Military Frontier Austrian Empire Croatia Smiljan baptism June 28 Old Style and New Style dates infant baptism Serbian Orthodox Church Serbian Orthodox Church Sremski Karlovci Napoleonic Wars Tara River (Montenegro) Old Vlach Serb clans KomnenoviÄ Old Herzegovina OrloviÄ Battle of Kosovo Serbian Orthodox Church Banija Kosovo Serbian epic poetry Military Frontier Equestrianism GospiÄ Karlovac electrical engineering Graz University of Technology Graz October 22 2001 matriculate Eleventh grade May 16 2006 August 27 1931 Mura Maribor Slovenia nervous breakdown Charles University in Prague Prague photographic memory Simon and Schuster synesthesia picture thinking Budapest Hungary Tivadar PuskÃ¡s Telegraphy Telephone company telephone telephone repeater amplifier loudspeaker 21st century Paris France induction motor rotating magnetic field GraÄac June 6 1884 New York City Public Broadcasting Service Charles Batchelor Thomas Edison direct current electrical generator New York Times October 19 1931 rotating magnetic field Induction motor alternator Tesla coil magnifying transmitter oscillation Alternating current Electric power transmission power transmission System wireless telecommunication prior art invention of radio electronic oscillator Robot logic gate Electrotherapy Wireless energy transfer electrostatic Tesla principle Bifilar coil Telegeodynamics commutator (electric) Tesla turbine X-ray bremsstrahlung ion gas Electric field gradient charged particle beam Arc light superconductivity Voltage Electronic circuit voltage lightning VTOL Dynamic theory of gravity electric vehicles Polyphase system Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing investor New York brush (electric) induction motor Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Tesla coil George Westinghouse Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania X-ray vacuum tube bremsstrahlung electron field emission thermionic emission electric field Geissler tube Wilhelm RÃ¶ntgen Roentgen ray ozone Nitrous acid 30 November 1895 transverse wave longitudinal wave waves in plasma force-free magnetic field Wilhelm Conrad RÃ¶ntgen photograph lightning rod electrolaser electroshock weapon Tesla effect Wireless energy transfer July 30 1891 Naturalization Fifth Avenue (Manhattan) Houston Street mechanical resonance Resonance Sledgehammer December 4 2000 Portable Document Format The Century Magazine Robert Underwood Johnson Jovan Jovanovic Zmaj Vedanta Swami Vivekananda dynamo electricity American Institute of Electrical Engineers Institute of Radio Engineers Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers high frequency volt skin effect Electrical conductor gas discharge Electrical energy transmitter St. Louis, Missouri Missouri radio Franklin Institute Philadelphia Pennsylvania National Electric Light Association Cosmic background radiation World's Fair World's Columbian Exposition Chicago George Westinghouse AC power fluorescent lamp induction motor copper Egg of Columbus electric power high voltage War of Currents bankrupt royalties Particle radiation cosmic ray radio radio control torpedo Telautomatics robotics radio-controlled boat Madison Square Garden coherer logic gate robot spark plug Internal combustion engine gasoline ignition system Lower Manhattan commemorative plaque Magnifying Transmitter multiple exposure Colorado Springs, Colorado wireless telegraphy Pikes Peak ionosphere telluric current transverse wave longitudinal wave Electrical conductor lightning atmospheric electricity Distributed element model Q factor Helix cavity resonator radio frequency feedback heterodyne Regenerative circuit stationary wave Wireless energy transfer Kennelly-Heaviside layer Schumann resonance Extraterrestrial life Venus Mars Teslascope#Talking with planets Teslascope Avon (publishers) Jupiter Jupiter's magnetosphere Colorado Springs January 7 1900 wireless power transmission United States Patent Office J. Pierpont Morgan Wardenclyffe Tower World War I Patent office Guglielmo Marconi horsepower tesla turbine Nobel Prize in Physics Guglielmo Marconi Thomas Edison Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize controversies Nobel Prize in Physics Telefunken Marines World War I European Patent Convention December 20 1914 League of Nations obsessive-compulsive disorder insanity Waldorf-Astoria Hotel George Boldt real estate American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal RADAR Ãmile Girardeau 1920 United Kingdom Neville Chamberlain Time magazine Electricity generation Aviation Vertical take-off and landing aircraft Mihajlo Pupin publish Unified Field Theory high frequency potential electrodynamics transverse wave longitudinal wave Mach's principle Rudjer Boscovich July 11 1935 New York Herald Tribune September 11 1932 Albert Einstein Theory of relativity RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ April 6 1897 teleforce death ray Vacuum directed-energy weapon charged particle beam superweapon particle beam Nikola Tesla Museum Belgrade electrostatic Superatom Mercury (element) tungsten Magnifying transmitter Charged particle beam United States Department of Defense space time Elementary particle wave quantum physics Electromagnetic radiation science fiction anti-gravity teleportation time travel optic nerve Tesla's Flying Machine ionocraft ailerons propellers Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ Zagreb Croatia heart failure New Yorker Hotel January 5 January 8 1943 New York Times January 8 1943 Supreme Court of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation Alien Property Custodian United States nationality law teleforce ball lightning Plasma (physics) particle beam weapon Classified information conspiracy theories J. Edgar Hoover Charlotte Muzar Niagara Falls State Park Goat Island (New York) Queen Victoria Park Niagara Falls Nikola Tesla Museum Belgrade Serbia January 12 1943 Cathedral of Saint John the Divine Manhattan New York City Belgrade SFRJ Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy Ivan MeÅ¡troviÄ Belgrade RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Zagreb RuÄer BoÅ¡koviÄ Institute Bronze sculpture Niagara Falls, New York SI tesla (unit) magnetic flux density magnetic magnetic field Paris Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers electric power Tesla (crater) Moon minor planet 2244 Tesla National Bank of Serbia Serbian dinar Power station TPP Nikola Tesla July 10 2006 Belgrade Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport Battery electric vehicle Tesla Motors Tesla Roadster Tesla Motors Ericsson Ericsson Nikola Tesla Zagreb UNESCO Croatia Serbia July 10 2006 Parish church Mile Blazevic higher education Frano Krsinic Belgrade Occult Science Serbo-Croatian Czech language English language French language German language Hungarian language Italian language Latin obsessive-compulsive disorder germaphobe Hair Central Park celibacy chastity NNDB Romantic love connoisseur Food Mark Twain middle age Mark Twain New York Times Robert Underwood Johnson Francis Marion Crawford Stanford White Wealth Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886) Hotel New Yorker Mental health war international relations selective breeding eugenics gender equality Collier's Weekly vegetarian Century Illustrated Magazine vegetarianism Century Illustrated Magazine Niagara Falls Hamilton, Ontario Queen Victoria Park Ontario, Canada August 2007 Rude Mechanicals (a.k.a. Rude Mechs) 2001 2003 List of Tesla patents Nikola Tesla in popular culture Teslascope December 5 2000 Leland Anderson Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856&ndash;1943) The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla Thomas Commerford Martin The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla John Jacob O'Neill Prodigal Genius Robert Lomas Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla Colorado Springs Notes, 1899&ndash;1900 My Inventions The Adventurers Scientific American The New American July 28 2003 Popular Electronics Omni (magazine) Rade Serbedzija Orson Welles Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia J.P. Morgan Krsto PapiÄ Petar BoÅ¾oviÄ David Bowie The Prestige (film) Wardenclyffe Tower Wired (magazine) National Museum of American History Serbs United States inventor physicist mechanical engineer electrical engineer 10 July 1856 Smiljan Austrian Empire 7 January 1943 New York City
otter	Do sea otters have long muscular tails?	no	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Do sea otters have long muscular tails?	No	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Can otters survive in cold water?	yes	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Can otters survive in cold water?	Yes	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Does the giant otter inhabit South Africa?	no	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Does the giant otter inhabit South Africa?	No	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	How many species of otter are there?	13	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	How many species of otter are there?	13	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	What do river otters eat?	a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	What do river otters eat?	a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	How much do sea otters weigh?	30 kg (about 65 pounds)	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	How much do sea otters weigh?	30 kg (about 65 pounds)	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	How do sea otters insulate themselves?	a layer of air trapped in their fur(!)	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	How do sea otters insulate themselves?	As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Why are sea otters nearly extinct?	They've been hunted for their fur	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Why are sea otters nearly extinct?	Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	What is one of the challenges of re-establishing a population of Eurasian otters in the UK?	roadkill deaths	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	What is one of the challenges of re-establishing a population of Eurasian otters in the UK?	Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Is otter a kind of mammal?	yes	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Is otter a kind of mammal?	Yes.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	How many species and genera does otter have?	13 species and 7 genera	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	How many species and genera does otter have?	13 species in 7 genera.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Do otters live in water?	yes	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Do otters live in water?	Yes.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	What do river otters eat?	River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	What do river otters eat?	River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Where do sea otters live?	Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Where do sea otters live?	The sea otter lives actually in the sea.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Where does the word "otter" derive from?	The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Where does the word "otter" derive from?	The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter".	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Does otter give birth or lay egg?	give birth	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	What drives sea otter almost to extinction?	Humans hunted them almost to extinction.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	What drives sea otter almost to extinction?	Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Why otters are considered as totem animals?	The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19.	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Do sea otters live along the Pacific coast?	Yes	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Do sea otters live along the Pacific coast?	Yes	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Are otters totem animals?	Yes	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Are otters herbivores?	No	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter
otter	Are otters herbivores?	No	data/set1/a7	otter Otters are amphibious (or in one case aquatic) carnivorous mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others. With 13 species in 7 genera, otters have an almost worldwide distribution. An otter's den is called a holt. Male otters are dog-otters, females are bitches and babies are cubs or pups. The collective noun romp is sometimes used for a group of otters, being descriptive of their often playful nature. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all but the sea otter have long muscular tails. They have a very soft underfur which is protected by their outer layer of long guard hair. This traps a layer of air, and keeps them dry and warm under water. Otters do not depend on their specialized fur alone for survival in the cold waters where many live: they also have very high metabolic rates. For example Eurasian otters must eat 15% of their body-weight a day, and sea otters, 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as 10Â°C an otter needs to catch 100 g of fish per hour to survive. Most species hunt for 3 to 5 hours a day, and nursing mothers up to 8 hours a day. Most otters have fish as the primary item in their diet, supplemented by frogs, crayfish and crabs. Some are expert at opening shellfish, and others will take any available small mammals or birds. This prey-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Otters are very active, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the sea. Most species live beside water, entering it mainly to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to avoid their fur becoming waterlogged. The sea otter lives actually in the sea. Otters are playful animals, for example sliding repeatedly down snowy slopes, apparently from sheer enjoyment. Different species vary in their social structure, with some being largely solitary, while others live in groups in a few species these groups may be fairly large. The following are short descriptions of a selection of species (see below for full list) The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) became one of the major animals hunted and trapped for fur in North America after European contact. As one of the most playful, curious, and active species of otter, they have become a popular exhibit in zoos and aquaria, but unwelcome on agricultural land because they alter river banks for access, sliding, and defense . River otters eat a variety of fish and shellfish, as well as small land mammals and birds. They grow to 1 m (3 to 4 feet) in length and weigh from 5 to 15 kg (10 to 30 pounds). In some areas this is a protected species, and some places have otter sanctuaries, which help ill and injured otters to recover. A sea otter in Morro Bay, California Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait and Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. Sea otters have some 200,000 hairs per square cm of skin, a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins ), frequently using rocks as crude tools to smash open shells. They grow to 1 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 feet) in length and weigh 30 kg (about 65 pounds). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from remnant populations in California and Alaska. Unlike most marine mammals such as (seals or whales), sea otters do not have a layer of insulating blubber. As with other species of otter, they rely on a layer of air trapped in their fur, which they keep topped up by blowing into the fur from their mouths. They spend most of their time in the water, whereas other otters spend much of their time on land. This sub-species (Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli) of the smooth-coated otter was the subject of the book Ring of Bright Water by the British naturalist Gavin Maxwell, and is named after him. It is native to the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh of Iraq, but it has been suggested that it may have become extinct as a result of the large-scale drainage that has taken place in the region since the 1960s . Eurasian otter This species (Lutra lutra) inhabits Europe, and its range also extends across most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles they occurred commonly as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and as a result of habitat-loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels attained a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly, and by 1999 estimated numbers indicated a recovery to under 1000 animals . The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas that they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment. The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) inhabits South America, especially the Amazon river basin, but is becoming increasingly rare due to poaching, habitat loss, and the use of mercury and other toxins in illegal alluvial gold mining. This gregarious animal grows to a length of up to 1.8 metres (6 feet), and is more aquatic than most other otters. The word "otter" derives from the Old English word otr, otor or oter. This and cognate words in other Indo-European languages ultimately stem from a root which also gave rise to the English words "water", "wet" and "winter". Norse mythology tells of the dwarf Ãtr habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of Otter's Ransom is the starting point of the Volsunga saga. In some Native American cultures, otters are considered totem animals. The time of year associated with this is also associated with the Aquarius sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun passes January 20-February 19. An otter in Southwold, Suffolk, England Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Lutra bravardi Lutra libyca Lutra palaeindica Lutra simplicidens Genus Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Genus Lontra Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Congo clawless otter (Aonyx congicus) Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Image:Amblonyx_cinereus.jpg\| Oriental small-clawed otter Image:giantotter.jpg\|Giant otter Image:Lutra_longicaudis.jpg\|Long-tailed otter in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Image:Otters.jpg\|otters at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia See for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the and tags, and the template below. --> } Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, & C.H. BÃ©rubÃ© (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:258â265. * The Somerset Otter Group * The Otter Trust * International Otter Survival Fund * Otternet * North American River Otter Related Wikipedia Articles Northern river otter Animal Chordata Mammal Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura amphibious aquatic animal carnivore mammal Rank (zoology) Family (biology) Mustelidae weasel polecat badger species genus holt collective noun sea otter metabolic rate Eurasian otter sea otter fish frog crayfish crab shellfish sea otter #List of species fur bird foot (length) pound (mass) Morro Bay Pacific Bering Strait Kamchatka Peninsula hair skin invertebrate clam abalone sea urchin tool Animal shell California Alaska Pinniped whale blubber smooth-coated otter Ring of Bright Water Gavin Maxwell Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq Asia North Africa British Isles chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Habitat (ecology) pollution Scotland Ireland animals Biodiversity Action Plan Roadkill giant otter Old English language Indo-European languages root (linguistics) Norse mythology Norse dwarves Ãtr Volsunga saga totem animals Aquarius (astrology) Zodiac Southwold Suffolk England Lutra Eurasian otter Hairy-nosed otter Hydrictis Speckle-throated otter Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter Lontra Northern river otter Southern river otter Neotropical river otter Marine otter Pteronura Giant otter Aonyx African clawless otter Congo clawless otter Oriental small-clawed otter Enhydra Sea otter

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