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The chief uses of a hunting whip are to help the rider to manipulate gates, and to be cracked; the former being much more necessary to a horsewoman than the latter. The crop should therefore be of a serviceable length. It is the very silly fashion at present to have hunting whips that are less than two feet long. Many ...
The entirely wrong system of handling, feeding, and leading horses almost always on the near side, teaches them to turn much more easily as a rule to that side, which is a lady's weak side, than to the right. Consequently, when they "run out" at a fence, they almost invariably swerve to the left. In such a case, a man ...
A horse which is held by a groom for a lady to mount, will generally start off at a walk without any given signal to do so, when the servant leaves his head, unless his rider desires him to remain at the halt, when she would give him a command, by saying "whoa!"; and when she wants him to proceed on his journey, she sh...
As an ounce of practice is worth a ton of theory, the instructor should first of all show her pupil how the trot is correctly executed, either without a skirt or with one pinned back, so that the position of her legs may be seen. She should try to make her practical demonstrations perfectly clear, and should encourage ...
A lady learning to trot will require to do her hair up securely with plenty of hair-pins, pay attention to the fit of her hat, and see that it is provided with elastic an inch wide (p. 114), because she will find her head jerked about a good deal during her first lessons. The trot should be properly studied in a school...
She should sit firmly into her saddle, should lower her hands (Fig. 98) more than in the trot, and should fix the speed at which she wishes her horse to proceed, while keeping an easier feeling on his mouth than when trotting. She should indulge in no snatches at the reins, but should always preserve one fixed length o...
An experienced hunting man remarked to me that a large number of ladies who hunt, fail in ability to make their horses gallop, which is a pace never taught by riding masters. The gallop is not only necessary to acquire, especially by a lady who intends to hunt, but it improves the strength of seat more than any other g...
If her small brother possesses a rocking-horse, she should mount it and rock herself on it, if she does not entirely understand what is meant by "the play of the hip joints." If she rides over her first fence incorrectly, she should not be allowed to do so a second time without being put right. It would, therefore, be ...
It is necessary for a lady who intends to hunt, to obtain as much practice as possible over the various kinds of fences which she may have to negotiate when hunting, before she appears in the field. Although ladies living in the country may have an opportunity of obtaining practice over natural fences of gradually incr...
A lady who has gone through the hard drudgery of learning to sit well, will be repaid for her efforts on finding herself able to ride with ease over natural fences. Her companion should select the obstacles, and give a lead, but the pupil should not send her horse at a fence until she has seen her pilot safely landed a...
A lady should always ride slowly round a corner, and keep a good look out in front of her. Many things may happen during the course of a ride to try the nerve of both horse and rider, but if anything should startle a horse, his rider should keep her head cool, sit tight, and do her best to pull him up. She will have do...
The lesson should be commenced by the driver starting the horse into a steady walk, on a circle to the right, as that will be easier than going to the left. After a few circles, and when the rider has acquired some confidence, the driver may give her the "caution" that he is going to turn the horse, which he does by tu...
In _riding up to a fence_ the lady should in no way alter her position, but should merely grip the crutches firmly, while keeping her body perfectly lissom, with her head and shoulders slightly back. Many persons have a notion that the proper way to sit over all jumps is to bend forward when the animal is rising, and t...
I think the best treatment for a lady suffering from loss of nerve is, first of all, to attend to her health, which will probably be out of order; then get a steady horse or pony and ride him quietly for a time, and the chances are that the good nerve will all come back again. It grieves people who have been unable, fr...
Fig. 121, which was very kindly taken from the top of Yelvertoft Church for this book by the Rector of that nice parish, gives a good idea of the country over which we hunt in Northamptonshire. In that county, the grass fields are smaller and the country more wooded than in Leicestershire, which has the inestimable adv...
Although the hunting field is nowadays graced by the presence of many good horsewomen who ride well to hounds and are capable of taking care of themselves and their mounts, it is only within about the last seventy years that ladies have ridden across country. Mr. Elliott in his book _Fifty years of Fox-hunting_ tells u...
In justice to my sex it must be allowed that they do not holloa on viewing a fox, a fault that is often committed by men, especially in the Provinces. Colonel Alderson quoting from an old pamphlet on hunting which was reprinted in 1880 by Messrs. William Pollard and Co., Exeter, says: "Gentlemen, keep your mouths shut ...
Another admonition which should receive the serious attention of the hunting tyro comes from Whyte Melville, who says: "Now I hope I am not going to express a sentiment that will offend their prejudices and cause young women to consider me an old one, but I do consider that in these days ladies who go out hunting ride ...
When hounds move off to covert, a lady should be sufficiently watchful to secure a good place in the procession, as it sometimes happens that a field is kept waiting in a road or lane while a covert is being drawn, and, if she be at the tail end of it, she will get a bad start. In taking up her position she should, of ...
If most horses dislike jumping, it is certain that they love hunting and will exert every effort to keep in touch with hounds. Those who doubt this should ride a young horse, and note how anxious he is to try and keep with hounds and how, with the fearlessness of ignorance he would charge any fence and probably kill bo...
In going through woodland country, a lady should be careful to lower her head in passing under trees and to ride slowly. It is essential for her to decide at once the direction which she intends to take, to keep her horse well collected, and not allow him to deviate from it by going the wrong side of a tree or opening,...
"And what do the field think of it? They hate and abominate it, each and every one of them. They neither sympathise with the feeling that prompts the act, nor hold with the expediency of its commission. To them it represents no pleasure, and certainly coincides with none of their notions of sport. They would find much ...
It is essential for a lady who intends to hunt, to be able to ride a fast gallop without becoming "blown." Some hunting ladies do preparatory work cubbing or with the Devon and Somerset Staghounds. Those who are obliged to forego these pleasant methods of "getting fit," would do well to get into fairly good condition b...
Some farmers appear to use wire in an unnecessary manner. For instance, placing it on the top of a gate (Fig. 140) seems to have no _raison d'etre_, except to hurt unfortunate hunters which in breasting such a gate to push it open, are apt to get badly pricked and run suddenly back to avoid it, with the possible result...
Also, on pasture land we have need to temper valour with discretion, and especially after Christmas, when ewes and cows are heavy with young, and are not in a fit state to safely endure the dual evil of fright and violent exercise. Later on, when lambs have appeared, it is cruel to gallop so near these mothers and thei...
Although the subject of falling is not a pleasant one to discuss, still we cannot ignore it, for even the best horsewoman occasionally gets hurt by her horse falling with her. Accidents sometimes occur over the most trivial obstacles, and when least expected; and are not confined to jumping, for some of the worst falls...
I now turn to the pleasant subject of riding and hunting abroad, with special reference to India, where almost all our fellow countrymen and women ride and own horses. Even in lonely up-country stations which contain only a few white residents, gymkhanas are often got up by officers who train and ride their own horses ...
On off days, during the cold weather in Calcutta, Mr. Milton, who was a dealer and owner of large livery stables, used to invite the riding community to hunt jackals with his "bobbery pack." The meet took place at the stables before daylight, and the "hounds" were carried to covert in a sort of water-cart. They were a ...
That evening when I was recounting my adventures at dinner, Count Carlo Sanminiatelli, who was staying at the same hotel, asked me in French if I was fond of riding. On hearing my reply, he at once placed at my disposal nearly three hundred remounts which were to be shipped later on to Massowah. These horses belonged t...
Mr. Otho Paget's advice as to prize giving and a sumptuous lunch hardly, I think, meets the requirements of the case. We can dismiss the lunch, as very few of my sex care for "smart and festive" feeding, and as far as the prizes go for their trouble and expense with the animals, what is the use of judging puppies six m...
For ladies who attend personally to the wants of their canine friends, Messrs. D. H. Evans, of Oxford Street, have registered a kennel coat, which I think will fill a want. They have adopted my suggestions respecting its make and shape, and have made it in mud-coloured washing material, as that tint looks less unsightl...
A young dog who has had his necessary exercise, will prefer to sleep than to get into mischief; but if kept idle, he will naturally seek some means of working off his pent-up energy. It is as cruel to punish a young animal for gnawing and biting inanimate objects, as it is to strike a teething infant who is similarly p...
A great deal has been said and written about bad-tempered horses, but hardly enough anent the riders who make them sulky or irritable. Jorrocks' remark that "the less a man knows about an 'oss, the more he expects" is perfectly true; for such persons seem to regard horses as machines, and are ever ready to slash them w...
There have been many funny books written about horsemanship! In a very incompetent book on this subject, the author states: "In riding, if a horse does not nag himself properly, take short hold of the reins with your left hand, lean back in the saddle, with a light whip or stick give him three or four strokes right and...
It is not the custom in this country to hunt or hack stallions, which are often led out for exercise with two men hanging on to their heads, both armed with stout sticks. Magic, a grey Arab entire, which we brought home from India and sold to Colonel Walker, of Gateacre, who won several pony races with him, carried me ...
A large number of men's saddles have recently been purchased in London for the use of American ladies who desire to adopt cross-saddle riding. They intend wearing frock coats and breeches made exactly like men's hunting breeches, and top boots; but as the frock coats are tight-fitting and follow the contour of the figu...
I have called this habit or trick of becoming violently startled without adequate cause a vice, because in old horses who frequently shy with the object of unseating a rider thus suddenly taken unawares, it certainly is a very bad vice, and one for which the only cure is good horsemanship--that is to say, a seat suffic...
If a curb be used, care should be taken that its mouthpiece is not placed too high up in the mouth; that the chain is not too tight, in which case it would hurt the jaw; and that the mouthpiece of the snaffle does not press against the corners of the mouth. If there is nothing hurting the animal's mouth, he should be r...
There is nothing like plenty of regular work for taking the nonsense out of pulling horses. Mr. Caton, a well-known American trainer of match trotters, whom I met in St. Petersburg, told me that he always sent his bad pullers to do a week or two's work in one of the city tram-cars, for they always came back with a good...
To jump or not to jump, that is the question with which determined refusers have "stumped" some of the very best cross country riders. I am reminded of an instance which occurred in India, when a fine horsewoman, seeing a friend unable to make his mount jump in a paper-chase, which is nearly akin to a steeple-chase, ro...
Horses are frequently rendered refusers by being repeatedly jumped over the same fence, until they get so disgusted with the performance that they will have no more of it. Spurs and whip then come into play and make matters worse. Even if the animal jumps the fence after a good deal of unnecessary fighting, the memory ...
As I used to do the rough-riding for my husband on his horse-breaking tours in various countries, I have had to sit a good many buck-jumpers, and, am thankful to say, I never got thrown, because, from what I have seen of men being catapulted and placed on the flat of their backs on the ground, this kind of fall must be...
Rearing is the worst of all vices in a horse which has to carry a side-saddle, because a lady, by reason of her side position and her inability to lower her hands to the same extent as a man, is utterly powerless on a rearer. I have seen men slip off over the animal's tail, when he was standing on his hind legs, but th...
The _chin-groove_ (_F_) is the depression at the back of the lower jaw, and just above the fulness of the lower lip, which, in this case, assumes the appearance of a chin.The _angles of the lower jaw_ (_G_) are the bony angles between which the upper end of the wind-pipe lies.The _withers_ (4) are the bony ridge which ...
Bridle, adjustment of, 86.Bridles, 70.Bridoon, 75.Brisket, 469.Brooks, 335, 338.Brow-band, 74.Brutality, 414-417.Buck-jumping, 457.Bullfinch, 248."Bumpy shoulders," 100.Burnaby's Butterfly, Miss, 8, 9.Butter, 362.Butterfly, Miss Burnaby's, 8, 9.Buttock, point of the, 471.Calcutta, 12, 167, 333, 382, 386, 456, 464.Camel...
" , Leicestershire, 8-16.Hunting, 395, 399." abroad, 381." ties, 122." whips, 312, 313." women, 4, 5._Illustrated Horse-Breaking_, 234, 417.India, 92, 381, 382, 432, 449." -rubber mouth-piece cover, 77.Ireland, 307, 394, 450.Italian remounts, 390.Jackeroo, Miss Neil's, 11.Jackets for hot countries, 1...
"Scrutator," 343, 354, 379.Seats of side-saddles, 32, 55.Seat, the, 145." , theory of the, 145-156.Second horseman, 323." horses, 347.Shanghai, 231, 388.Sheep, 368.Shires, 8, 12, 91, 176, 179, 248, 249, 250, 269, 270, 357.Shoulder, point of the, 468.Shouldering, 441.Shoulders, 468.Shying, 229, 432, 433-436.Side-saddl...
=THE HORSEWOMAN.= A Practical Guide to Side-Saddle Riding. By MRS. HAYES. Edited by CAPT. M. H. HAYES. Second Edition, re-written, enlarged, and with about 150 new and original Photographic Illustrations added. 1 vol., demy 8vo. 12s. net."This is the first occasion on which a practical horseman and a pra...
Breast-plate / Breastplate buck-jumpers / buckjumpers cavesson / cavasson cheek pieces / cheek-pieces / cheekpieces cross-saddle / cross saddle cross-country / 'cross-country / cross country / 'cross country cub-hunting / cub hunting fore-hand / forehand fore-leg / foreleg / fore leg Fox-hunting / Fox...
Produced by Geetu Melwani, Stephen Hope, Emmy, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file made using scans of public domain works at the University of Georgia.)[Illustration: Book Spine: SUFFRAGE COOK BOOK][Illustration]THESUFFRAGECOOK BOOKCOMPILED BYMRS. L. O. KLEBERPITTSBURGHTHE E...
Mrs. John O. Miller Pittsburgh, Pa. Dr. Anna Howard Shaw New York, N. Y. Lady Constance Lytton London, England Jane Addams Chicago, Ill. Governor Hiram W. Johnson San Francisco, Cal. Mrs. Henry Villard New York, N. Y. Mrs. F. L. T...
Fine Bread 100 Excellent Nut Bread 101 Virginia Butter Bread 102 Bran Bread 102 Dr. Wylies' Recipes 103 Dr. Wylies' Recipes ...
Put spinach in double boiler with the butter and water. Let simmer slowly until all the juice has been extracted from the spinach.Fry the onion and add. Now thicken with the flour blended with the water and strain. Add the milk very hot. Do not place on the fire after the milk has been added.Half cream instead of milk ...
Moreover, a recourse to war as a means of righting wrongs is full of peril to the whole human race. Not only are bodies killed, but the ideals which alone make life worth living are for the time being lost to sight. In place of those finer attributes of our nature--comp...
The only way in the world to serve a canvas-back or a mallard, or a sprig, or even the toothsome teal, is as follows: The plucked bird should be stuffed with a tight handful of plain raw celery and, in a piping oven, roasted variously 8, 9, 10, or even 11 minutes, according to size of bird and heat of oven. The blood-r...
Make little punctures in dough to allow the steam to escape.Tell me what you eat, and I'll tell you what you are.--Brillat Savarin.Anti's Favorite Hash(Unless you wear dark glasses you cannot make a success of Anti's Favorite Hash.)1 lb. truth thoroughly mangled 1 generous handful of injustice. ...
Potato soup, cream of pea, corn or asparagus and bean soup may be made after the ordinary recipes, omitting the butter and flour and adding four tablespoons of peanut meal.Nut TurkeyNut turkey for Thanksgiving instead of the national bird, made by mixing one quart of sifted dry bread crumbs with one pint of chopped Eng...
5 large tomatoes 1 tablespoon minced green (sweet) peppers minced onion 3 or 4 pork sausages 2 cups bread crumbs 1 teaspoon or tablespoon of minced parsley salt and pepper 1 tablespoon melted butterBoil the sausages ten minutes, then skin and chop fi...
The white sauce may also be flavored with cheese.Rice With NutsPrepare rice as above, and mingle with white sauce; add half a cup of chopped nuts--pecans or hickory nuts preferred; sprinkle a few chopped nuts over surface, and brown in quick oven.MRS. SAMUEL SEMPLE, President, State Federation of Pe...
Put in double boiler 2 cups of milk and 1/2 cup of cream. When this reaches boiling point salt to taste. While stirring constantly sift in 1/2 cup of white corn meal (this is best). Boil 5 minutes still stirring, then add 1 tablespoon of butter and from 2 to 5 well beaten eggs (beaten separately) 1 for each person is a...
1 cup sugar 1 cup molasses 2 1/2 cups flour 3/4 cups lard and butter 2 eggs 1 dessert spoon soda dissolved in cup cold water 1 teaspoon ginger 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon cinnamonBake in slow oven and leave in pan until cold.Cream Gingerbr...
Beat the eggs until light--not stiff; sift sugar 7 times, add to eggs, beating as little as possible. Sift flour 9 times, using only the cupful, discarding the extra flour; then put in the flour the cream of tartar; add this to the eggs and sugar; now the vanilla. Put in angel cake pan with feet. Put in oven with very ...
1 Cup Butter 1 tablespoon Lard 2 cups Sugar 1 cup Sweet Milk 3 Eggs 2 teaspoons Baking Powder 1 teaspoon Vanilla 1 Quart Flour[Illustration: (Handwritten note:)"We bear and rear and agonize. Well, if we are fit for that, we are fit to have a voice in...
1 cup butter 4 eggs 1 lemon--juice and rind 4 cups sugar 4 teaspoons baking powder 1 pound package grated cocoanutCream sugar with butter. Add the yolks of the 4 eggs and beat well. Add juice and rind of lemon. Then flour, into which has been sifted the baking powder. S...
Woman suffrage produces no wrong or injury to society, but it does engender a higher spirit of civic righteousness and places political and public affairs on a more elevated plane of morality and responsibility.M. ALEXANDER, Governo...
Arrange either fresh or cooked pears on lettuce leaves, and pour over pears sweet cream dressing. Over this grate cocoanut and on top place cherries.Potato Salad1/4 Peck of very small potatoes 1/2 Portion Small Onion 1 Small Bunch Celery 2 Tablespoons of Sugar 4 Tablespoons Olive...
Make this carefully into a smooth and well blended mayonnaise. It will take fully 1/2 hour, but the success of the dressing depends upon the mayonnaise. Now stir in slowly 1/2 bottle chili sauce until well mixed with the mayonnaise. Then chop together very fine 1 bunch of chives, 3 hard boiled eggs, 2 pimentos, 1/2 gre...
To 1 pint of milk add 1/2 pint of cream. Scald. Have ready 1 egg, well beaten, 1 scant cup of granulated sugar, and one level tablespoon of cornstarch.Add this mixture to the milk and cream as soon as they come to a boil. Stir and set aside to cool. When cold, add 1 teaspoon of vanilla and freeze.Stewed ApplesCut apple...
Chop up a pound of figs, add to the tomatoes, cover with vinegar and boil twenty minutes; add 1 pound of seeded raisins, 1 cup of vinegar, 4 cups of sugar, 20 cloves and a few sticks of cinnamon tied in a cheese cloth bag, and cook together slowly for 3/4 of an hour.LUCRETIA L. BLANKENBURG.[Illustration]Lemon Butter6 e...
Mix well and allow it to boil slowly. Skim but do not stir. Boil until a little hardens in water. Then add the vanilla and vinegar.Now pour into buttered tins and when the edges harden, draw lightly to the center. When cool pull until light. When doing so flour the hands lightly.Creole BallsChop half a cupful each of a...
Beat white and yolk of egg separately, very light; blend the two. Add the sugar dissolved in the rum. Heat the milk luke warm, stir into the egg mixture, and add quickly the tablet dissolved in cold water. Pour into small warm glasses, and sprinkle grated nutmeg over the top. Stand in warm room undisturbed until firm, ...
NOTE.--Cream or milk and salt may be added, or lemon juice and sugar. Barley water is an astringent or demulcent drink used to reduce laxative condition.Rice Water, 100 Calories[8]2 tablespoons rice 3 cups cold water Salt MilkWash the rice; add cold water and soak thirty minutes, heat grad...
Before adding the lye to the strained grease, add 1 large cupful of borax. Stir lye into kettle containing grease and stir constantly until very thick. Pour into a pan, score; in 10 or 12 hours turn out of pan and let dry. A little perfume may be added if you wish. Lamb drippings makes the finest soap.* * *...
[This text uses utf-8 (unicode) file encoding. If the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader's "character set" or "file encoding" is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a last resort, use the latin-1 version of the file instea...
Section (B.) 17 11 Temple of Karnak.Plan (L.) 18 12 Central Portion of Hypostyle Hall at Karnak (from model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 20 13 Great Temple of Ipsamboul 21 14 Edfou.Front of Hypostyle Hal...
Maclou, Rouen 208 126 French Gothic Capitals (A.) 210 127 House of Jacques Cœur, Bourges (L.) 215 128 Plan of Salisbury Cathedral (Bn.) 219 129 Ribbed Vaulting, Choir of Exeter Cathedral 221 130 Lierne Vaulti...
Lübke, _Geschichte der Architektur_; Leipzig.--_History of Art_, tr. and rev. by R. Sturgis; New York.Perry, _Chronology of Mediæval and Renaissance Architecture_; London.Reynaud, _Traité d'architecture_; Paris.Rosengarten, _Handbook of Architectural Styles_; London and New York.Simpson, _A History of Architectural Dev...
In Eastern lands three great schools of architecture have grown up contemporaneously with the above phases of Western art; one under the influence of Mohammedan civilization, another in the Brahman and Buddhist architecture of India, and the third in China and Japan. The first of these is the richest and most important...
+MONUMENTS+: The most celebrated in England are at Avebury, an avenue, large and small circles, barrows, and the great tumuli of Bartlow and Silbury "Hills;" at Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain, great megalithic circles and many barrows; "Sarsen stones" at Ashdown; tumuli, dolmens, chambers, and circles in Derbys...
+OTHER MONUMENTS.+ Two other monuments of the Ancient Empire also claim attention: the +Sphinx+ and the adjacent so-called "+Sphinx temple+" at Ghizeh. The first of these, a huge sculpture carved from the rock, represents Harmachis in the form of a human-headed lion. It is ordinarily partly buried in the sand; is 70 fe...
While the tomb of the private citizen was complete in itself, containing the Ka-statues and often the chapel, as well as the mummy, the royal tomb demanded something more elaborate in scale and arrangement. In some cases external structures of temple-form took the place of the underground chapel and serdab. The royal e...
+TEMPLES OF KARNAK.+ Of these various temples that of +Amen-Ra+ is incomparably the largest and most imposing. Its construction extended through the whole duration of the New Empire, of whose architecture it is a splendid _résumé_ (Fig. 11). Its extreme length is 1,215 feet, and its greatest width 376 feet. The sanctua...
+CAPITALS.+ The five chief types of capital were: a, the plain lotus bud, as at Karnak (Great Hall); b, the clustered lotus bud (Beni-Hassan, Karnak, Luxor, Gournah, etc.); c, the _campaniform_ or inverted bell (central aisles at Karnak, Luxor, the Ramesseum); d, the palm-capital, frequent in the later temples; and e, ...
+GENERAL CHARACTER OF MONUMENTS.+ Recent excavations at Nippur (Niffer), the sacred city of Chaldæa, have uncovered ruins older than the Pyramids. Though of slight importance architecturally, they reveal the early knowledge of the arch and the possession of an advanced culture. The poverty of the building materials of ...
The purely conventional ornaments mentioned above--the rosette, guilloche, and lotus-flower, and probably also the palmette, were derived from Egyptian originals. They were treated, however, in a quite new spirit and adapted to the special materials and uses of their environment. Thus the form of the palmette, even if ...
In Lycia, however, there arose a system of tomb-design which came near creating a new architectural style, and which doubtless influenced both Persia and the Ionian colonies. The tombs were mostly cut in the rock, though a few are free-standing monolithic monuments, resembling sarcophagi or small shrines mounted on a h...
+GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.+ Greek art marks the beginning of European civilization. The Hellenic race gathered up influences and suggestions from both Asia and Africa and fused them with others, whose sources are unknown, into an art intensely national and original, which was to influence the arts of many races and natio...
+THE DORIC.+ The column of the Doric order (Figs. 26, 27) consists of a tapering shaft rising directly from the stylobate or platform and surmounted by a capital of great simplicity and beauty. The shaft is fluted with sixteen to twenty shallow channellings of segmental or elliptical section, meeting in sharp edges or ...
+ORIGIN OF THE IONIC ORDER.+ The origin of the Ionic order has given rise to almost as much controversy as that of the Doric. Its different elements were apparently derived from various sources. The Lycian tombs may have contributed the denticular cornice and perhaps also the general form of the column and capital. In ...
[Illustration: FIG. 32.--CARVED ANTHEMION ORNAMENT. ATHENS.]+SCULPTURE AND CARVING.+ All the architectural membering was treated with the greatest refinement of design and execution, and the aid of sculpture, both in relief and in the round, was invoked to give splendor and significance to the monument. The statue of t...
[Illustration: FIG. 33.--TEMPLE OF ZEUS. AGRIGENTUM.]+THE TRANSITION.+ During the transitional period there was a marked improvement in the proportions, detail, and workmanship of the temples. The cella was made broader, the columns more slender, the entablature lighter. The triglyphs disappeared from the cella wall, a...
+ALEXANDRIAN AGE.+ A period of reaction followed the splendid architectural activity of the Periclean age. A succession of disastrous wars--the Sicilian, Peloponnesian, and Corinthian--drained the energies and destroyed the peace of European Greece for seventy-five years, robbing Athens of her supremacy and inflicting ...
+THEATRES, ODEONS.+ These were invariably cut out of the rocky hillsides, though in a few cases (Mantinæa, Myra, Antiphellus) a part of the seats were sustained by a built-up substructure and walls to eke out the deficiency of the hill-slope under them. The front of the excavation was enclosed by a stage and a set scen...
+LAND AND PEOPLE.+ The geographical position of Italy conferred upon her special and obvious advantages for taking up and carrying northward and westward the arts of civilization. A scarcity of good harbors was the only drawback amid the blessings of a glorious climate, fertile soil, varied scenery, and rich material r...
Another radical departure from Greek usage was the mounting of columns on pedestals to secure greater height without increasing the size of the column and its entablature. The Greek _anta_ was developed into the Roman pilaster or flattened wall-column, and every free column, or range of columns perpendicular to the faç...
+DECORATION.+ The temple of Castor and Pollux in the Forum (long miscalled the temple of Jupiter Stator), is a typical example of Roman architectural decoration, in which richness was preferred to the subtler refinements of design (see Fig. 44). The splendid figure-sculpture which adorned the Greek monuments would have...
+GREEK STYLE.+ The victories of Marcellus at Syracuse, 212 B.C., Fabius Maximus at Tarentum (209 B.C.), Flaminius (196 B.C.), Mummius (146 B.C.), Sulla (86 B.C.), and others in the various Greek provinces, steadily increased the vogue of Greek architecture and the number of Greek artists in Rome. The temples of the las...
Besides the two circular temples already described, the temple of Vesta, adjoining the House of the Vestals, at the east end of the Forum should be mentioned. At Baalbec is a circular temple whose entablature curves inward between the widely-spaced columns until it touches the cella in the middle of each intercolumniat...
+THERMÆ.+ The leisure of the Roman people was largely spent in the great baths, or _thermæ_, which took the place substantially of the modern club. The establishments erected by the emperors for this purpose were vast and complex congeries of large and small halls, courts, and chambers, combined with a masterly compreh...
The smaller tombs varied greatly in size and form. Some were vaulted chambers, with graceful internal painted decorations of figures and vine patterns combined with low-relief enrichments in stucco. Others were designed in the form of altars or sarcophagi, as at Pompeii; while others again resembled ædiculæ, little tem...