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+MONUMENTS:+ (Those which have no important extant remains are
given in italics.) TEMPLES: _Jupiter Capitolinus_, 600 B.C.;
_Ceres, Liber, and Libera_, 494 B.C. (ruins of later rebuilding in
S. Maria in Cosmedin); _first T. of Concord_ (rebuilt in Augustan
age), 254 B.C.; _first marble temple_ in _portico of Me... |
The Christian basilica (see Figs. 67, 68) generally comprised a broad
and lofty nave, separated by rows of columns from the single or double
side-aisles. The aisles had usually about half the width and height of
the nave, and like it were covered with wooden roofs and ceilings. Above
the columns which flanked the nave ... |
[Footnote 16: Fergusson (_History of Architecture_, vol. ii., pp.
408, 432) contends that this was the real Constantinian church of
the Holy Sepulchre, and that the one called to-day by that name
was erected by the Crusaders in the twelfth century. The more
general view is that the latter was originally... |
+ORIGIN AND CHARACTER.+ The decline and fall of Rome arrested the
development of the basilican style in the West, as did the Arab conquest
later in Syria. It was otherwise in the new Eastern capital founded by
Constantine in the ancient Byzantium, which was rising in power and
wealth while Rome lay in ruins. Situated a... |
+DECORATION+. The exteriors of Byzantine buildings (except in some of
the small churches of late date) were generally bare and lacking in
beauty. The interiors, on the contrary, were richly decorated, color
playing a much larger part than carving in the designs. Painting was
resorted to only in the smaller buildings, t... |
+FOREIGN MONUMENTS.+ The influence of Byzantine art was wide-spread,
both in Europe and Asia. The leading city of civilization through the
Dark Ages, Constantinople influenced Italy through her political and
commercial relations with Ravenna, Genoa, and Venice. The church of +St.
Mark+ in the latter city was one result... |
The splendid mosque of +Ibn Touloun+ (876-885) was built on the same
plan as that of Amrou, but with cantoned piers instead of columns and a
corresponding increase in variety of perspective and richness of effect.
With the incoming of the Fatimite dynasty, however, and the foundation
of the present city of Cairo (971),... |
Besides innumerable mosques, castles, bridges, aqueducts, gates, and
fountains, the Moors erected several monuments of remarkable size and
magnificence. Specially worthy of notice among them are the Great Mosque
at Cordova, the Alcazars of Seville and Malaga, the Giralda at Seville,
and the Alhambra at Granada.[Illustr... |
[Illustration: FIG. 85.--TOMB OF MAHMUD, BIJAPUR. SECTION.]The Mohammedan monuments of India are characterized by a grandeur and
amplitude of disposition, a symmetry and monumental dignity of design
which distinguishes them widely from the picturesque but sometimes
trivial buildings of the Arabs and Moors. Less depende... |
Nearly all the great mosques are accompanied by the domical tombs
(_turbeh_) of their imperial founders. Some of these are of noble size
and great beauty of proportion and decoration. The +Tomb of Roxelana+
(Khourrem), the favorite wife of Soliman the Magnificent (1553), is the
most beautiful of all, and perhaps the mo... |
+CHARACTER OF THE ARCHITECTURE.+ Romanesque architecture was
pre-eminently ecclesiastical. Civilization and culture emanated from the
Church, and her requirements and discipline gave form to the builder's
art. But the basilican style, which had so well served her purposes in
the earlier centuries and on classic soil, w... |
+FLORENCE.+ The church of +S. Miniato+, in the suburbs of Florence, is a
beautiful example of a modification of the Pisan style. It is in plan a
basilica with two piers interrupting the colonnade on each side of the
nave and supporting powerful transverse arches. The interior is
embellished with bands and patterns in b... |
+DEVELOPMENT OF VAULTING.+ It was in Central France, and mainly along
the Loire, that the systematic development of vaulted church
architecture began. Naves covered with barrel-vaults appear in a number
of large churches built during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, with
apsidal and transeptal chapels and aisles car... |
+CLOISTERS, ETC.+ Mention should be made of the other monastic buildings
which were grouped around the abbey churches of this period. These
comprised refectories, chapter-halls, cloistered courts surrounded by
the conventual cells, and a large number of accessory structures for
kitchens, infirmaries, stores, etc. The w... |
+EARLY CHURCHES.+ It was in Saxony that this architecture first entered
upon a truly national development. The early churches of this province
and of Hildesheim (where architecture flourished under the favor of the
bishops, as elsewhere under the royal influence) were of basilican plan
and destitute of vaulting, except... |
+NORMAN INTERIORS.+ The interior design of the larger churches of this
period shows a close general analogy to contemporaneous French Norman
churches, as appears by comparing the nave of Waltham or Peterboro' with
that of Cérisy-la-Forêt, in Normandy. Although the massiveness of the
Anglo-Norman piers and walls plainly... |
ENGLAND: Previous to 11th century: Scanty vestiges of Saxon church
architecture, as tower of Earl's Barton, round towers and small
chapels in Ireland.--11th century: Crypt of Canterbury Cathedral,
1070; chapel St. John in Tower of London, 1070; Winchester
Cathedral, 1076-93 (nave and choir rebuilt later); Glouc... |
The first of these resulted from the effort to overcome certain
practical difficulties encountered in the building of large groined
vaults. As ordinarily constructed, a groined vault like that in Fig. 47,
must be built as one structure, upon wooden centrings supporting its
whole extent. The Romanesque architects concei... |
+DECORATIVE DETAIL.+ The mediæval designers aimed to enrich every
constructive feature with the most effective play of lights and shades,
and to embody in the decorative detail the greatest possible amount of
allegory and symbolism, and sometimes of humor besides. The deep jambs
and soffits of doors and pier-arches wer... |
+CATHEDRAL-BUILDING IN FRANCE.+ In the development of the principles
outlined in the foregoing chapter the church-builders of France led the
way. They surpassed all their contemporaries in readiness of invention,
in quickness and directness of reasoning, and in artistic refinement.
These qualities were especially manif... |
+THIRTEENTH-CENTURY VAULTING.+ Early in the thirteenth century the
church-builders of Northern France abandoned the use of square
vaulting-bays and six-part vaults. By the adoption of groin-ribs and the
pointed arch, the building of vaults in oblong bays was greatly
simplified. Each bay of the nave could now be covered... |
[Illustration: FIG. 123.--PLAN OF CATHEDRAL OF ALBY.]+SCALE.+ The French cathedrals were nearly all of imposing dimensions.
Noyon, one of the smallest, is 333 feet long; Sens measures 354. Laon,
Bourges, Troyes, Notre Dame, Le Mans, Rouen, and Chartres vary from 396
to 437 feet in extreme length; Reims measures 483, an... |
+LATE GOTHIC MONUMENTS.+ So far our attention has been mainly occupied
with the masterpieces erected previous to 1250. Among the cathedrals,
relatively few in number, whose construction is referable to the second
half of the century, that of +Beauvais+ stands first in importance.
Designed on a colossal scale, its found... |
The more considerable houses or palaces of royalty, nobles, and wealthy
citizens rivalled, and in time surpassed, the monastic buildings in
richness and splendor. The earlier examples retain the military aspect,
with moat and donjon, as in the Louvre of Charles V., demolished in the
sixteenth century. The finest palace... |
BOOKS RECOMMENDED: As before, Corroyer, Parker, Reber. Also,
Bell's Series of _Handbooks of English Cathedrals_. Billings, _The
Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland_. Bond,
_Gothic Architecture in England_. Brandon, _Analysis of Gothic
Architecture_. Britton, _Cathedral Antiquities of Great Brita... |
+FAN-VAULTING.+ The next step in the process may be observed in the
vaults of the choir of Oxford Cathedral (Christ Church), of the
retro-choir of Peterborough, of the cloisters of Gloucester, and many
other examples. The diverging ribs being made of uniform curvature, the
_severeys_ (the inverted pyramidal vaulting-ma... |
+FRONTS.+ The sides and east ends were, in most cases, more successful
than the west fronts. In these the English displayed a singular
indifference or lack of creative power. They produced nothing to rival
the majestic façades of Notre Dame, Amiens, or Reims, and their portals
are almost ridiculously small. The front o... |
[Illustration: FIG. 138.--ROOF OF NAVE, ST. MARY'S,
WESTONZOYLAND.]+WOODEN CEILINGS.+ The English treated woodwork with consummate skill.
They invented and developed a variety of forms of roof-truss in which
the proper distribution of the strains was combined with a highly
decorative treatment of the several parts by... |
PERPENDICULAR: Holy Cross Church, Canterbury, 1380; St. Mary's,
Warwick, 1381-91; Manchester C., 1422; St. Mary's, Bury St.
Edmunds, 1424-33; Beauchamp Chapel, Warwick, 1439; King's College
Chapel, Cambridge, 1440; vaults, 1508-15; St. Mary's Redcliffe,
Bristol, 1442; Roslyn Chapel, Edinburgh, 1446-90; Gloucest... |
+TOWERS AND SPIRES.+ The same fondness for spires which had been
displayed in the Rhenish Romanesque churches produced in the Gothic
period a number of strikingly beautiful church steeples, in which
openwork tracery was substituted for the solid stone pyramids of earlier
examples. The most remarkable of these spires ar... |
+LATE GOTHIC.+ As in France and England, the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries were mainly occupied with the completion of existing churches,
many of which, up to that time, were still without naves. The works of
this period show the exaggerated attenuation of detail already alluded
to, though their richness and elega... |
In the contemporary cathedral of Burgos the exterior is at least as
interesting as the interior. The west front, of German design, suggests
Cologne by its twin openwork spires (Fig. 145); while the crossing is
embellished with a sumptuous dome and lantern or _cimborio_, added as
late as 1567. The chapels at the east en... |
THE NETHERLANDS. Brussels C. (Ste. Gudule), 1226-80; Tournai C.,
choir 1242 (nave finished 1380); Notre Dame, Bruges, 1239-97;
Notre Dame, Tongres, 1240; Utrecht C., 1251; St. Martin, Ypres,
1254; Notre Dame, Dinant, 1255; church at Dordrecht; church at
Aerschot, 1337; Antwerp C., 1352-1411 (W. front 1422-1518)... |
+EARLY BUILDINGS.+ It is hard to determine how and by whom Gothic forms
were first introduced into Italy, but it was most probably through the
agency of the monastic orders. Cistercian churches like that at
Chiaravalle near Milan (1208-21), and most of those erected by the
mendicant orders of the Franciscans (founded 1... |
The façades, on the other hand, were treated as independent decorative
compositions, and were in many cases remarkably beautiful works, though
having little or no organic relation to the main structure. The most
celebrated are those of +Sienna+ (cathedral begun 1243; façade 1284 by
_Giovanni Pisano_; Fig. 151) and +Orv... |
+SECULAR MONUMENTS.+ In their public halls, open _loggias_, and domestic
architecture the Italians were able to develop the application of Gothic
forms with greater freedom than in their church-building, because
unfettered by traditional methods of design. The early and vigorous
growth of municipal and popular institut... |
SECULAR BUILDINGS: Pal. Pubblico, Cremona, 1245; Pal. Podestà
(Bargello), Florence, 1255 (enlarged 1333-45); Pal. Pubblico,
Sienna, 1289-1305 (many later alterations); Pal. Giureconsulti,
Cremona, 1292; Broletto, Monza, 1293; Loggia dei Mercanti,
Bologna, 1294; Pal. Vecchio, Florence, 1298; Broletto, Como; Pal.... |
During the eighteenth century there was a reaction from these
extravagances, which showed itself in a return to the servile copying of
classic models, sometimes not without a certain dignity of composition
and restraint in the decoration.By many writers the name Renaissance is confined to the first period.
This is corr... |
In the designing of chapels and oratories the architects of the early
Renaissance attained conspicuous success, these edifices presenting
fewer structural limitations and being more purely decorative in
character than the larger churches. Such façades as that of
+S. Bernardino+ at Perugia and of the +Frati di S. Spirit... |
+VENICE.+ In this city of merchant princes and a wealthy _bourgeoisie_,
the architecture of the Renaissance took on a new aspect of splendor and
display. It was late in appearing, the Gothic style with its tinge of
Byzantine decorative traditions having here developed into a style well
suited to the needs of a rich and... |
+CHARACTER OF THE ADVANCED RENAISSANCE.+ It was inevitable that the
study and imitation of Roman architecture should lead to an increasingly
literal rendering of classic details and a closer copying of antique
compositions. Toward the close of the fifteenth century the symptoms
began to multiply of the approaching reig... |
+VILLAS.+ The Italian villa of this pleasure-loving period afforded full
scope for the most playful fancies of the architect, decorator, and
landscape gardener. It comprised usually a dwelling, a _casino_ or
amusement-house, and many minor edifices, summer-houses, arcades, etc.,
disposed in extensive grounds laid out w... |
[Illustration: FIG. 171.--INTERIOR OF ST. PETER'S, ROME.]+CHURCHES.+ The type established by St. Peter's was widely imitated
throughout Italy. The churches in which a Greek or Latin cross is
dominated by a high dome rising from a drum and terminating in a
lantern, and is treated both internally and externally with Roma... |
+BAROQUE CHURCHES.+ The Baroque style prevailed in church architecture
for almost two centuries. The majority of the churches present varieties
of the cruciform plan crowned by a high dome which is usually the best
part of the design. Everywhere else the vices of the period appear in
these churches, especially in their... |
+MONUMENTS+ (mainly in addition to those mentioned in the text).
15TH CENTURY--FLORENCE: Foundling Hospital (Innocenti), 1421; Old
Sacristy and Cloister S. Lorenzo; P. Quaratesi, 1440; cloisters at
Sta. Croce and Certosa, all by Brunelleschi; façade S. M. Novella,
by Alberti, 1456; Badia at Fiesole, from design... |
17TH CENTURY: Chapel of the Princes in S. Lorenzo, Florence, 1604,
by Nigetti; S. Pietro, Bologna, 1605; S. Andrea delle Fratte,
Rome, 1612; Villa Borghese, Rome, 1616, by Vasanzio; P. Contarini
delle Scrigni, Venice, by Scamozzi; Badia at Florence, rebuilt
1625 by Segaloni; S. Ignazio, Rome, 1626-85; Museum of... |
+STYLE OF FRANCIS I.+ Early in the reign of this monarch, and partly
under the lead of Italian artists, like il Rosso, Serlio, and
Primaticcio, classic elements began to dominate the general composition
and Gothic details rapidly disappeared. A simple and effective system of
exterior design was adopted in the castles a... |
+THE ADVANCED RENAISSANCE.+ By the middle of the sixteenth century the
new style had lost much of its earlier charm. The orders, used with
increasing frequency, were more and more conformed to antique
precedents. Façades were flatter and simpler, cornices more pronounced,
arches more Roman in treatment, and a heavier s... |
Far more successful was the completion of the Louvre, in 1688, from the
designs of _Claude Perrault_, the court physician, whose plans were
fortunately adopted in preference to those of Bernini. For the east
front he designed a magnificent Corinthian colonnade nearly 600 feet
long, with coupled columns upon a plain hig... |
STYLE OF HENRY IV.: P. Fontainebleau (Galerie des Cerfs, Chapel of
the Trinity, Baptistery, etc.); P. Tuileries (Pav. de Flore, by
_du Cerceau_, 1590-1610; long gallery continued); Hôtel Vogüé, at
Dijon, 1607; Place Dauphine, Paris, 1608; P. de Justice, Paris,
Great Hall, by _S. de Brosse_, 1618; H. Sully, Pari... |
+CLASSIC PERIOD.+ If the classic style was late in its appearance in
England, its final sway was complete and long-lasting. It was _Inigo
Jones_ (1572-1652) who first introduced the correct and monumental style
of the Italian masters of classic design. For Palladio, indeed, he seems
to have entertained a sort of venera... |
+BELGIUM.+ As in all other countries where the late Gothic style had
been highly developed, Belgium was slow to accept the principles of the
Renaissance in art. Long after the dawn of the sixteenth century the
Flemish architects continued to employ their highly florid Gothic alike
for churches and town-halls, with whic... |
+AUSTRIA+; +BOHEMIA+. The earliest appearance of the Renaissance in the
architecture of the German states was in the eastern provinces. Before
the close of the fifteenth century Florentine and Milanese architects
were employed in Austria, Bohemia, and the Tyrol, where there are a
number of palaces and chapels in an unm... |
Another important series of castles or palaces are of more regular
design, in which the feudal traditions tend to disappear. The majority
belong to the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. They
are built around large rectangular courts with arcades in two or three
stories on one or more sides, but rarel... |
+SPAIN.+ The flamboyant Gothic style sufficed for a while to meet the
requirements of the arrogant and luxurious period which in Spain
followed the overthrow of the Moors and the discovery of America. But it
was inevitable that the Renaissance should in time make its influence
felt in the arts of the Iberian peninsula,... |
+PORTUGAL.+ The Renaissance appears to have produced few notable works
in Portugal. Among the chief of these are the +Tower+, the church, and
the +Cloister+, at Belem. These display a riotous profusion of minute
carved ornament, with a free commingling of late Gothic details,
wearisome in the end in spite of the beauty... |
[Illustration: FIG. 198.--BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON.]+ENGLAND.+ There was, strictly speaking, no Roman revival in Great
Britain. The modified Palladian style of Wren and Gibbs and their
successors continued until superseded by the Greek revival. The first
fruit of the new movement seems to have been the +Bank of England+ ... |
The dome, which is of stone throughout, has three shells, the
intermediate shell serving to support the heavy stone lantern. The
architect was _Soufflot_ (1713-81). The +Grand Théâtre+, at Bordeaux
(1773, by _Victor Louis_), one of the largest and finest theatres in
Europe, was another product of this movement, its sta... |
BOOKS RECOMMENDED: As before, Chateau, Fergusson. Also Barqui,
_L'Architecture moderne en France_.--_Berlin und seine Bauten_
(and a series of similar works on the modern buildings of other
German cities). Daly, _Architecture privée du XIXe siècle_.
Garnier, _Le nouvel Opéra_. Gourlier, _Choix d'édifices public... |
[Illustration: FIG. 210.--GRAND STAIRCASE OF THE OPERA, PARIS.][Illustration: FIG. 211.--FOUNTAIN OF LONGCHAMPS, MARSEILLES.]+THE REPUBLIC.+ Since the disasters of 1870 a number of important
structures have been erected, and French architecture has shown a
remarkable vitality and flexibility under new conditions. Its
p... |
+THE VICTORIAN GOTHIC.+ Between 1850 and 1870 the striving after
archæological correctness gave place to the more rational effort to
adapt Gothic principles to modern requirements, instead of merely
copying extinct styles. This effort, prosecuted by a number of
architects of great intelligence, culture, and earnestness... |
From 1725 to 1775 increased population and wealth along the coast
brought about a great advance in architecture, especially in churches
and in the dwellings of the wealthy. During this period was developed
the _Colonial style_, based on that of the reigns of Anne and the first
two Georges in England, and in church arch... |
+THE WAR PERIOD.+ The period from 1850 to 1876 was one of intense
political activity and rapid industrial progress. The former culminated
in the terrible upheaval of the civil war; the latter in the completion
of the Pacific Railroad (1869) and a remarkable development of the
mining resources and manufactures of the co... |
+COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS.+ This class of edifices has in our great cities
developed wholly new types, which have taken shape under four imperative
influences. These are the demand for fire-proof construction, the demand
for well-lighted offices, the introduction of elevators, and the
concentration of business into limited... |
THE BUDDHIST STYLE, from the reign of Asoka, _cir._ 250 B.C., to the 7th
century A.D. Its monuments occupy mainly a broad band running northeast
and southwest, between the Indian Desert and the Dekkan. Offshoots of
the style are found as far north as Gandhara, and as far south as
Ceylon.THE JAINA STYLE, akin to the pre... |
+JAINA TEMPLES.+ The earliest examples are on +Mount Abu+ in the Indian
Desert. Built by Vimalah Sah in 1032, the chief of these consists of a
court measuring 140 × 90 feet, surrounded by cells and a double
colonnade. In the centre rises the shrine of the god, containing his
statue, and terminating in a lofty tower or ... |
+DRAVIDIAN STYLE.+ The Brahman monuments of southern India exhibit a
style almost as strongly marked as the Chalukyan. This appears less in
their details than in their general plan and conception. The Dravidian
temples are not single structures, but aggregations of buildings of
varied size and form, covering extensive ... |
[Footnote 28: See Transactions R.I.B.A., 52d year, 1886, article
by R. J. Conder, pp. 185-214.]+MONUMENTS+ (additional to those in text). BUDDHIST: Topes at
Sanchi, Sonari, Satdara, Andher, in Central India; at Sarnath,
near Benares; at Jelalabad and Salsette; in Ceylon at
Anuradhapura, Tuparamaya, Lankaramay... |
In other cities, the campanile was treated with some variety of form and
decoration, as well as of material. In Lombardy and Venetia the square
red-brick shaft of the tower is often adorned with long, narrow pilaster
strips, as at Piacenza (p. 158, Fig. 91) and Venice, and an arcaded
cornice not infrequently crowns the... |
D. +L'ART NOUVEAU.+--Since 1896, and particularly since the Paris
Exposition of 1900, a movement has manifested itself in France and
Belgium, and spread to Germany and Austria and even measurably to
England, looking towards a more personal and original style of
decorative and architectural design, in which the traditio... |
F. +THE ERECHTHEUM: RECENT INVESTIGATIONS.+--During the past two years,
extensive repairs and partial restorations of the Erechtheum at Athens,
undertaken by the Greek Archæological Society, have afforded
opportunities for a new and thoroughgoing study of the existing portions
of the building and of the surrounding rui... |
Dance, George 334
De Brosse, Salomon 318, 319
De Fabris, 261
De Key, Lieven 336
De Keyser, Hendrik 336
Della Porta, Giacomo 292, 299, 300
Della Robbia, Luca 281
De l'Orme, Philibert 316, 317
Déperthes, 373
Derrand, François 319
Desiderio da Settignano, 281
De Tessin, Nicodemus 337
De Vriendt (or... |
Val Del Vira, 348
Valentino di Lira, 343
Van Aken, 343
Van Brugh, Sir John 332
Van Noort, William 336
Van Noye, Sebastian 336
Van Vitelli, 304
Vasari, Giorgio 162
Viart, Charles 311
Viel, 372
Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da 289, 292, 296, 299, 300, 301
Vignon, Pierre 362
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene Emman... |
BAALBEC (Heliopolis), 83.
Circular Temple, 94.
Temple of Sun, 92
BAB-EL-MOLOUK, 14
BAGDAD.
Tombs, etc., 145, 146
BAGH.
Viharas, Great Vihara, 405
BAILLUR.
Temples, 409, 410
BAMBERG.
Church, 243
BARCELONA.
Cathedral, 189, 249.
Sta. Maria del Pi, 249
BAROLLI.
Hindu Temple... |
CAEN.
Churches, 167, 178;
St. Étienne (Abbaye aux Hommes) and Ste. Trinité
(Abbaye aux Dames), 168;
St. Pierre, 312.
Hôtel D'Écoville, 316
CAHORS Cathedral, 164
CAIRO.
Karafah (Tombs of Khalîfs), 137, 138, 139.
Mohammedan monuments (list), 136, 153.
Mosque of Amrou, 136;
... |
EARL'S BARTON.
Tower, 176
ECOUEN.
Château, 316
EDFOU.
Great Temple, 16, 17, 22 (+9+, +10+, +14+).
Peripteral Temple, 22
EDINBURGH.
High School, Royal Institution, 357
EGYPT.
Early Christian buildings in, 118
ELEPHANTINE.
Temple of Amenophis III., 22
EL KAB. Temple of Amenophis II... |
IFFLEY.
Church, 179 (+104+)
INDIA, 146-149.
Moslem monuments (list), 154.
Non-moslem monuments (list), 415
INNSBRÜCK, Schloss Ambras, 339
IPSAMBOUL.
(Abou Simbel). Grotto temples, 21, 22 (+13+)
IRELAND.
Celtic Towers, 176
ISPAHAN.
Meidan (Meidan-Shah), Mesjid-Shah, Bazaar, Medress, 146... |
MADRID.
First Palace, 350.
New Palace, 352
MADRID, Château de (at Boulogne), 314
MADURA.
Choultrie of Tirumalla Nayak, 411.
Great Temple, corridors, 411.
Palace, 413
MAFRA.
Palace, 353
MAGDEBURG Cathedral, 189, 242, 243
MAHRISCH TRÜBAU.
Castle portal, 338
MAISONS.
Château, 322... |
OLYMPIA.
Altis, Echo Hall, 69.
Heraion, 50, 62.
Temples, 55;
sculptures from, 57.
Temple of Zeus, 62
OPPENHEIM.
St. Catharine's, 239, 242, 244
OUDEYPORE.
Hindu temples, palace, 409
ORANGE.
Theatre, 101
ORCHOMENOS.
Ceiling, 47
ORLÉANS.
Houses, 316.
Town hall (hôtel... |
PADERBORN.
Town hall, 344
PADUA.
Arena chapel, 258.
Palazzo del Consiglio, 287
PÆSTUM.
Basilica, 69.
Temples, 61
PAILLY.
Château, 317
PALERMO.
Churches of Eremitani, La Martorana, 162
PALMYRA, 83.
Temple of the Sun, 92.
Ceiling panels (+50+ a)
PARASNATHA.
Jaina temple... |
RAMESSEUM (Thebes).
Tomb-temple of Rameses II., 15, 21, 24 (+8+)
RAMISSERAM.
Temple, corridors, 411
RATISBON (Regensburg) Cathedral, 239, 241, 244.
Town hall, 245.
Walhalla, 359
RAVENNA, 114.
Baptistery of St. John, 119.
Byzantine monuments (list), 134.
Cathedral, 304.
Early Christ... |
SADRI.
Temple, 406
SAKKARAH.
Pyramid, 9
SALAMANCA.
Casa de las Conchas, 349.
Cathedral (old), 180, 248;
(new), 250, 348.
Monastery of S. Girolamo, 348.
S. Domingo, 348.
University, 349;
portal of (+195+)
SALISBURY
Cathedral, 219, 223, 225, 229, 232 (+128+);
west f... |
UDAIPUR (near Bhilsa).
Hindu temples, 409
ULM Cathedral, 238, 239, 241, 243;
spire, 241
UR, 30
URBINO.
Ducal palace, 287
UTRECHT Cathedral, 244VALENCIA Cathedral, 249
VALLADOLID.
Cathedral, 350.
S. Gregorio, portal (+146+)
VELLORE.
Gopura, 411
VENDÔME Cathedral, portal, 209
VENET... |
LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.,91 & 93 Fifth Avenue, NEW YORK.* * * * *
* * * *A History of Sculpture.BYALLAN MARQUAND, Ph.D., L.H.D.ANDARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., Ph.D.Professors of Archæology and the History of Art in Princeton University.+With Frontispiece and 113 Illustr... |
Produced by D. R. ThompsonHASISADRA'S ADVENTUREESSAY #7 FROM "SCIENCE AND HEBREW TRADITION"By Thomas Henry HuxleySome thousands of years ago there was a city in Mesopotamia called
Surippak. One night a strange dream came to a dweller therein, whose
name, if rightly reported, was Hasisadra. The dream foretold the speedy... |
In the broad lower course of the Euphrates, the stream rarely acquires
a velocity of more than three miles an hour, while the lower Tigris
attains double that rate in times of flood. The water of both great
rivers is mainly derived from the northern and eastern highlands in
Armenia and in Kurdistan, and stands at its l... |
Thus, once more, we reach the conclusion that, as a question of
physical probability, there is no ground for objecting to the reality
of Hasisadra's adventure. It would be unreasonable to doubt that such a
flood might have happened, and that such a person might have escaped
in the way described, any time during the las... |
It is probably a congenital absence of some faculty which I ought to
possess which withholds me from adopting this summary procedure. But I
am not ashamed to share David Hume's want of ability to discover
that polytheism is, in itself, altogether absurd. If we are bound, or
permitted, to judge the government of the wor... |
If it is certain that the alluvium of the Mesopotamian plain has been
brought down by the Tigris and the Euphrates, then it is no less certain
that the physical structure of the whole valley has persisted, without
material modification, for many thousand years before the date assigned
to the flood. If the summits, even... |
The evidence that the Jordan-Arabah valley really was once filled with
water, the surface of which reached within 160 feet of the level of the
pass of Jezrael, and possibly stood higher, is this: Remains of alluvial
strata, containing shells of the freshwater mollusks which still inhabit
the valley, worn down into terr... |
The evidence of the general stability of the physical conditions of
Western Asia, which is furnished by Palestine and by the Euphrates
Valley, is only fortified if we extend our view northwards to the Black
Sea and the Caspian. The Caspian is a sort of magnified replica of the
Dead Sea. The bottom of the deepest part o... |
The depression now filled by the Red Sea, for example, appears to be,
geologically, of very recent origin. The later deposits found on its
shores, two or three hundred feet above the sea level, contain no
remains older than those of the present fauna; while, as I have already
mentioned, the valley of the adjacent delta... |
"talking with Sir Wyville about 'Murray's new theory,' I asked what
objection he had to its being brought before the public? The answer
simply was: he considered that the grounds of the theory had not, as
yet, been sufficiently investigated or sufficiently corroborated, and
that therefore any immature dogmatic publicat... |
Produced by Jessica RuppA Child's Primer
Of Natural HistoryBy Oliver Herford
with Pictures by
the AuthorCharles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1899Copyright 1899, by
Oliver HerfordCONTENTSA Seal
The Giraffe
The Yak
A Whale
The Leopard
The Sloth
The Elephant
The Pig-Pen
Some Geese
The Ant
An Arct... |
"OH, say, what is this fearful, wild
In-cor-ri-gible cuss?"
"This _crea-ture_ (don't say 'cuss,' my child;
'T is slang)--this crea-ture fierce is styled The Hip-po-pot-am-us.
His curious name de-rives its source
From two Greek words: _hippos_--a horse,
_Potamos_--river. See?
The river's plain e-nough, of... |
Produced by Greg Weeks, Andrew Wainwright, Dave Lovelace, and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.netA PRIZE ... FOR EDIEBy J. F. BONEIllustrated by Schoenherr[Illustration]_The Committee had, unquestionably, made a mistake. There
was no doubt that Edie had achieved the long-sought cancer
... |
"There are other considerations," Christianson replied. "After all, Edie is
the reason the Crown Prince is still alive, and Gustaf is fond of his son.""After all these years?"Christianson smiled. Swedish royalty _was_ long-lived. It was something
of a standing joke that King Gustaf would probably outlast the pyramids,
... |
Produced by Suzanne Shell, Mary Meehan, and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.netVIRGINIABy ELLEN GLASGOWGARDEN CITY NEW YORK
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
MCMXIII_Copyright, 1913, by_
Doubleday, Page & Company_All rights reserved, including that of
translation into Foreign Lan... |
"Oliver?" repeated Miss Priscilla, a little perplexed. "You don't mean
the son of your uncle Henry, who went out to Australia? I thought your
father had washed his hands of him because he had started play-acting or
something?" Curiosity, that devouring passion of the middle-aged, worked
in her breast, and her placid fa... |
To-day, at the beginning of the industrial awakening of the South, she
(who was but the embodied spirit of her race) stood firmly rooted in all
that was static, in all that was obsolete and outgrown in the Virginia
of the eighties. Though she felt as yet merely the vague uneasiness with
which her mind recoiled from the... |
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