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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Kitchener] | [TOKENS: 134]
Contents Caroline Kitchener Caroline Kitchener is an investigative reporter at the New York Times. She won the 2023 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for her coverage of the fall of Roe v. Wade. She also received a 2023 duPont-Columbia award for this work. Her nonfiction book, "Post Grad: Five Women and Their First Year Out of College," follows the lives of five women in their first year after their college graduation. Kitchener graduated from Princeton University with a BA in History and a minor in Gender and Sexuality Studies. References This article about an American journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information.
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/help] | [TOKENS: 206]
Communities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives Stack Overflow for Teams is now called Stack Internal. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Learn more Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Stack Internal Knowledge at work Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Help center Welcome to the Stack Overflow Help Center! If you are unable to find the answer you need here, you can also search for or ask a question about Stack Overflow on Meta Stack Overflow! We have a curated list of frequently asked questions. Top FAQ questions include: AI-assisted Generated Content Ban Please be aware that all AI-assisted generated content (including ChatGPT) is currently banned. For more information, see: Find out more aboutโ€ฆ Site design / logo ยฉ 2026 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA . rev 2026.2.19.39917
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื”] | [TOKENS: 4011]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื” ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื”, ืื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื (ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: Orthos, "ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ" ื•-Odon, "ืฉืŸ"), ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืคื”, ื”ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™-ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื (ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ืœืกืช, ื”ื ื’ืจื ืžืื™-ืœืขื™ืกื” ืžืื•ืžืฆืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืžื•ืขื˜ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืจืงื ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™) ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ืื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื“. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื•ืชื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขืงื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžื ื— ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆื ื”ืœืกืช. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœืขื™ืกื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืคืจืงื™ ื”ืœืกืช. ืื•ืจืชื•-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœืกืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืกื’ืจ ืื™ื ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื›ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—. ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืื ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืจื•ืคื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœ"ืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช". ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืชื›ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงืŸ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ื‘ืจืงื˜ื™ื" ืื• "ืกืžื›ื™ื" (ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื ืงืจื ื’ื "ื’ืฉืจ"), ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืคืœื“ืช ืืœ-ื—ืœื“ ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืจืžื™ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ืกืžื›ื™ื, ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืขืžื“ืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืกื“ื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืกื“ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืขืžื“ืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”. ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ืื• ืงืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืœืคื•ืช, "ืจืกืŸ" ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืกืžื›ื™ื ืื• ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืจื• ืชืื•ืฆื” ื’ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืกืชื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™. ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื›ื™ื, ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืื• ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”. ืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืŸ: ืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืŸ ื•ืขืงื‘ ืฆื‘ืขื ื”ื–ื”ื” ืœืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืžื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื: ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืื• ืžื—ืจืกื™ื ื” โ€“ ืกืžื›ื™ื ืงืจืžื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืŸ ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืœื™ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืื• ื–ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ื”. ืœืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ื”ืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืงืจืžื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื. ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืŸ: ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืžื›ื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื˜ ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืชื›ืช ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืŸ ืฉืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืกืžื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื (Lingual Appliances): ืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ (ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™) ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืขื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืกืžื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืขื ื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื—ืจืกื™ื ื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื• (Incognitoโ„ข) ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืชืจืคื ื•ืฉืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจื“. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืœืจื•ืคื, ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื”. ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืœืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืงืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช (Aligners): ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื ืฉืœืคื•ืช. ื”ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืกืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™. ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉืจืŸ. ืืช ื”ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกืจื” ื•ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืงืœื” ื•ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืคื” ื•ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื ื•ื™ื–ืœื™ื™ืŸ (Invisalign) ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื™ืจื•ืง (Irok), ืื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื ืฉืš ืคืชื•ื—, ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืื• ืงืฆืจื•ืช, ืื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื–ื•ื–ืช ืœืกืชื•ืช. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืœืกื˜ื™ื‘ื™: ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืœืคื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืืจื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืก (Aerodentis) ื”ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืคืœื˜ื” ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ืฉืžื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ืืช ื”ืคืœื˜ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืื• ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91-%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95] | [TOKENS: 59977]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘โ€“ื™ืคื• (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุชู„ ุฃูŽุจูŠุจ-ูŠุงูุง), ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”-15. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื—ืœ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื•ื ื—ืœ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ; ืžื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืช ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืžืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”; ื•ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื“ืื™. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืœื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช (ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”) ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”" ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื›ืืชืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›"ืขื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช". ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”. ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ืืชื™ื™ื ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื•ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื”. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื (ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2023) 476,126 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืงืž"ืจ ื”ื•ื 9,204 ืื™ืฉ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1,460,300 ืื™ืฉ, ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื ืชื” ืžืขืœ 3,918,800 ื ืคืฉ. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื (ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2015) ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-70 ืืœืฃ ื‘ืชื™ ืขืกืง ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื 13 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื›ึพ64% ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”. ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืžืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื™ืคื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•. ื™ืคื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืช ืžืขืจื™ ื”ื ืžืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื; ื”ื™ื ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืชื "ืš, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืฉืขืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื™ืžื™ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื‘ื“ ืžื™ืคื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืคื•, ื•ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืคื• ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืžืช ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง, ืžื—ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื, ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ืจื ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืคื•. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”" ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื™ื–ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ, ืฉื—ืœืงื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื—ืœืงื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• โ€“ ืงืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขื™ืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฆืžื—ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืคื•. ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1934. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืžืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ึพ1949, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ื—ื“ื• ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืœื™ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืคื• ื•ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืืœ ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื—ื’ื’ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื”. ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘-11 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1909 ื›ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืฉื ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ื” ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื• ืจืืฉื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ืงืจืื• ืœื”. ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืคื ื™ ืืกืคื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืชื™ื” ืœืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืืกืคื”: ื™ืคื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื ื•ื•ื” ื™ืคื•, ืื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื”, ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื• ื”ื™ื” "ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”" ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ึพ21 ื‘ืžืื™ 1910, ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ืŸ: "ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘", ื›ืฉื ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ื—ื•ื ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ, "ืืœื˜ื ื•ื™ืœื ื“", ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื• ืชื™ืืจ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื™ืจืื”, ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื›ืฉืชืงื•ื (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923 ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื•). ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ื ื™ืžืง ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•: "ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื ื• ื”ืจืฆืœ ืืช ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืฉื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืขืจื‘ื™, ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืชืจื’ืœื• ื‘ื• ืงืœ ืžื”ืจื”". ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื ืชืžื›ื• 20 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘" ื•ึพ15 ื‘ืฉื "ื ื•ื•ื” ื™ืคื•". ื”ืืกืคื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื›ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื–ื”ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื” (ืฉื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉืงื“ื ืœืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช). ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืฉื ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื•ื "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”" ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื ื—ื•ื ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘, ืฉืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืงืจื ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ "ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘": ืชืœ โ€“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื”ืžืกืžืœ ืขืชื™ื“, ืคืจื™ื—ื”, ืœื‘ืœื•ื‘ ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ ื ื”ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ[ื], ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื ื™ืคื•ืจ: โ€ื•ึธืึธื‘ื•ึนื ืึถืœ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนืœึธื” ืชึตึผืœ ืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื”ึทื™ึนึผืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืœ ื ึฐื”ึทืจ ื›ึฐึผื‘ึธืจ ื•ึธืึตืฉึตืื‘, ื”ึตืžึธึผื” ื™ื•ึนืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ื ืฉึธืืโ€ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื’', ื˜ื•). ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืฉื ื”ืชื "ื›ื™ ืžืื›ื“ื™ืช โ€“ ืชึดื™ืœ ืึทื‘ึผื•ึผื‘ึดึผื™ โ€“ ืชืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ โ€“ ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืคื• ืขื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช. ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื•ืงื— ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืจืฆื” ืฉืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืงืจื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื "ื™ืคื•". ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฉื. ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจืฆื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื "ื™ืคื•" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื "ื›ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืคืฉืจื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช "ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•". ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื ืฉืžืจื• ื”ืฉืžื•ืช "ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘" ื•"ื™ืคื•" ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืขืžืžื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืกื›ื”. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืขื“ืœืื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1936, ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื ื•ืฉืคืชื. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืจืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™ โ€“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ 26.4: ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืžื•ืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืคื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื "ืš ื›ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžืžื ื” ื™ืฆื ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืกืขื•. ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ18 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื™ืคื• ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1470 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื”ืžืชืคืืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืชื—ื•ืชืžืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืคื• ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื, ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืชื—ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš, ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ืกืœืื•ืงื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืคื• ื™ืขื“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืขื™ืจ ื ืžืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื’ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื™ืคื• ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื‘ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1871 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืืจืœ ืงืœืจืžื•ืŸ ื’ื ื•. ื‘ึพ1268, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืจืก, ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ื”ืžืžืœื•ื›ื™, ื”ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืก ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื—ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ17, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื” ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื ื™ ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ื” ืื›ืกื ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืื– ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืคื˜ืจื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื“ืขื” ื™ืคื• ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19, ืื– ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ื—. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืขื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ19, ื”ื™ื” ื ืžืœ ื™ืคื• ื ืžืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื‘ืื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืžืงืฆืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืคื• ืชื—ื ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืคื• ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœึพ11 ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ, ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืœื‘ื“ ืžื™ืคื•, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ. ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืžืื” ืืชืจื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื ื—ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืขื•ืจืง ื—ื™ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืืฃ ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื—ืœ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืœ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื’ืช. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื›ืœืงื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื›ืคืจื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืžืœ ื™ืคื•. ืชืœ ืงืกื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืœื™ื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืœื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืฉืคืจื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืœ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ12 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืžืื– ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืื—ืจ ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ. ืชืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›"ืชืœ ื’ืจื™ืกื”", ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื ื—ืœ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื ื—ืœ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2700 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœืขืจืš. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืืœืฃ ื”ึพ2 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ18 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ17 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืขืœ ื”ืชืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื. ื‘ืืชืจ "ืฉื‘ืข ื˜ื—ื ื•ืช" ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื—ื ื•ืช ืงืžื—, ื•ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ื’'ืจื™ืฉื” (ุฌุฑูŠุดุฉ) ืžืขื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืืชืจ ืคืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืกืช ืงืžื—. ื˜ื—ื ื•ืช ืงืžื— ื ื‘ื ื• ื’ื ื‘"ืขืฉืจ ื˜ื—ื ื•ืช" ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸึพืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืืชืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ19, ืขืช ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื "ื˜ืื—ื•ื ืืช ืืœ ื”ื“ืจ" (ุทุงุญู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ุฏุฑ). ื‘ืชืœ ื›ื•ื“ืื“ื™, ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืคืš ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ, ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช ืืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ8 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืงืกื™ืœื”. ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืคืš ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืชื—ื ืช ืกื—ืจ. ื’ืŸ ื”ื’ืช ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸึพืžืขืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ4 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ2 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ื’ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช. ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ืœ, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ืœื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืชืœ ื›ื•ื“ืื“ื™, ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืžืขืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ึพ8 ืขื“ ื”ึพ10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื ืื˜ืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจืŸ. ืžืขืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช ืืคืงื” ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืืคืงื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1825, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืฉืœื˜ื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื™ื ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื ื—ื ืœื•ื™, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื’ื•ื–ื”, ืœื”ืงื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืคื•. ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื—ื ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืขื•ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื“ืจืš ื ืžืœ ื™ืคื•, ื•ืกื‘ืœื• ืžื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกื™ื•ืข ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื•, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1829 ื—ืœ ืžืคื ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืกืคื™ื ืช ืขื•ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžืจื•ืงื• ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืœื™ื“ ืขื›ื•. ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื’ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช 12 ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื• ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืคื•. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืŸ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1834 ื ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื“ื™ืฉื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•. ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื ืžืฉื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1842 ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื’ื•ื–ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคื™ื ืกื• ื•ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ื›ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ืœืงืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 103 ื“ื•ื ื ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื—ืœ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื™ืคื•, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™. ื”ืจื‘ ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืจื“ืก ื•ื‘ื• 5,310 ืขืฆื™ื, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืงืœื•ืจื™ื ื“ื” ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืจ (ืื '), ืฆืœื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘-1849, ืืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื "ื”ืจ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”". ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1853 ืฉืœื— ื”ืจื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืกืจ ืžืฉื” ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ: "ืื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื”ื ื” ืœื™ืคื•... ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”... ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™". ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชื•ืžืžื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื•, ืฉืžื ืชื” ืื– ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1863, ื™ื–ื ื”ืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืžืช "ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืคื•", ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ื•ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื’ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1879. ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื—ื“ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืื™ 1939. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืคื• ืคื•ืจืงื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1868. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1876 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืžืจืœื™ื ื’. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1887 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื•ืช, ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืงืžื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (1896), ืžื—ื ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ (1904) ื•ืื”ืœ ืžืฉื” (1906). ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืคืขืœื• ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืœื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื•ืงืชื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืคื•. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1906 ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื" (ืœื™ืžื™ื "ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช"), ื•ื‘-11 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1909 ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• 66 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืจื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื“ืคื™ื, ืืช ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1909, ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” โ€“ "ื”ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”". ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™ 1910 ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืœ"ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘", ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื ื—ื•ื ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ "ืืœื˜ื ื•ื™ืœื ื“". ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1917, ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืกืžื•ืืœ. ื‘-19 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1920 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืจ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ, ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืงืฉื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืคื•, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืœ ืžื™ืกื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœ, ืืš ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขื™ืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื (ืžืื™ 1921), ื‘ื”ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• 47 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• 140 ื‘ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืคื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช, ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘-11 ื‘ืžืื™ 1921 ืขืœ "ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘", ืืฉืจ ืื™ื—ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช (Township) ื•ื ื™ืชืงื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ืคื•, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ืคื• ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ืฉื“ืจื’ื• ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขื™ืจ (City). ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ืคื•, ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืคื• ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืกื•ืคื— ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉืฉืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœ"ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•". ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืœืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ื”-11 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1909. ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ึพ1917 ื•ื”ื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ึพ1919โ€“1923 ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ, ื•ืžืฉื ืช 1921 ื”ื—ืœื” ืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื“ืชื” ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžื™ืคื• ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื” ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช TOWNSHIP (ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ึพ1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1921). ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืคืจืฆื• ืคืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืจืฆื—ื• ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืคื• 47 ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฆืื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืคื• ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืื– ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื’ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ื ื•ืกื“ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื›ืจืžืœ. ืžืื– ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื–ื•ืจื–: ืžึพ3,600 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1914 ืœึพ34,200 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925 ื•ืœึพ120,000 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ20 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30 ื”ื—ืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืคืš ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™". ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืจื“ื™ื ื’ ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ื–. ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ื•ืงื "ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”" ื‘ึพ1932. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ื”ื•ืงื ื’ืฉืจ ื•ื•ืงื•ืค ืžืขืœ ืฉืคืš ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืขื ื”ื™ืจื™ื“. ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1934 ื–ื›ืชื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ. ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืจืžื• ื’ื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช (1924โ€“1939) ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ืจืžื• ืœืขื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืจื›ื– ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ึพื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืคืชื—ื• ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•"ืงื–ื™ื ื• ื’ืœื™ ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืื•ืžืฅ ืกืžืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืกืกืžืชื” "ืขื•ื“ ืื‘ื ืš ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืช" ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง: โ€ืขื•ึนื“ ืึถื‘ึฐื ึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐื ึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ืช ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึผืœึทืช ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืขื•ึนื“ ืชึทึผืขึฐื“ึดึผื™ ืชึปืคึทึผื™ึดืšึฐ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธืืช ื‘ึดึผืžึฐื—ื•ึนืœ ืžึฐืฉึทื‚ื—ึฒืงึดื™ืโ€ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ"ื, ื’') ื‘ึพ1936 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืœื” ื•ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื‘ืžืจื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืชืงืคื• ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื ืžืœ ื™ืคื• ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ึพ1936 ื ืžืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ ื•ื ืžืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืชืจื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืžืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ืžืœ ื™ืคื•, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ึพ9 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1940, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ึพ112 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืขืคืœื” ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ40, ืžื™ืœืื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ืืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช, ื•ืžืžื ื” ืคืขืœื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช. ืขืจื‘ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื’ืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ โ€“ ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1947 ืคืจืฆื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื ื™ืคื•, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืคื• ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืขื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืฆ"ืœ ื•ื›ื ื™ืขืชื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช "ื”ื”ื’ื ื”", ื‘ืจื—ื• ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื. ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ื›ืจื•ื– ืฉืืกืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืคื•, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ. ืœืคื ื™ ืงื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืคืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ื•ื. ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืžื•ื ื™ืก ืฉืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื’'ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื’'ืžืืกื™ืŸ ืืœ-ืข'ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืฉื›ื ื• ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืกื•ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ ื•ืืจืœื•ื–ื•ืจื•ื‘, ื•ืื‘ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืกืœืžื” ืฉืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ื ื˜ืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืคื—ื• ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื ื˜ืฉื• ื•ืฉืœื ื ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื ื›ืกื™ ื ืคืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืฉืชื›ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื”' ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ื—, 14 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช (ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืžื•ื’ื ืช) ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืื–, ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ 16. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžื ื•ืชืงืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื” ืคืขืœื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืกืžื•ืืœ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื”. ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1949 ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื™ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืคืฆืฆื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• 150 ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžืื™ 1949 ื”ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืขืœ ื™ืคื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœ"ืžึดื™ื ื”ืœ ื™ืคื•" ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘-24 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1950 ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืคื• ืœืžืคืจืข ืž-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1950, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคื• ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืฉื "ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•". ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2010 ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ึพ20,000 ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื“ืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื”. ืžืคืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืืฆืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ50, ื“ืจืš ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ืช ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืœืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963 ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœื” (394,400 ืื™ืฉ). ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988, ื›ืฉื ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ 317,800 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975 ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ื›ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืžึพ1989 ื ื™ื›ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ืข ืžืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ. ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ื“ืขื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•: ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ50 ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ70, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ90 ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ21. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ60 ื ื”ืจืกื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืคื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžื ืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืื™ืช ื ื”ืจืกื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง ื•ืืฃ ืืช ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ, ื•ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืงืžื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”. ืื•ืœื, ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื• ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืคื’ื–ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืžืกืจื™ืง ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื•ื™, ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื—ืŸ, ื•ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉื’ืจื ืœืขื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991 ื ื•ืจื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืงืื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืขื™ืจืืง. ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืœื™ื” ื ืžื ืข ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืžืœืฉื’ืจ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืกืคื’ื” ืืช ืฉืฉ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื–ื‘ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืชื›ื ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–. ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื ืคื’ืขื” ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ90 ืกื‘ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื (ืจืื•: ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘), ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืงื• 5 (1994), ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืกื ื˜ืจ (1996), ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืงืคื” ืืคืจื•ืคื• (1997) ื•ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ืจื™ื•ื (2001). ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืงื• 4 ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘"ืกื™ ืคื•ื“ ืžืจืงื˜" (ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002) ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื›ืจืžืœ (ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004). ื‘ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ื•ื•ื” ืฉืื ืŸ ืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื; ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื (2003 ื•ึพ2005). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื ื•ืจื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืคืื’'ืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื™ืจื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืื™ 2021, ื ื•ืจื• ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื’ืจืื“ ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืคื•, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืคืฆื™ืขืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื–ืจื™ืงืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื”ืฆืชืช ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช. ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ ื‘-2016, 2022 ื•-2023. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืกืคื’ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื’ืจืื“ ืฉื ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืžืืก ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื›ื˜ื‘"ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืจื’ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื ื•ืจื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืชื™ื ืžืชื™ืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืชืงืคืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืžื•ืชื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื (ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืคื• ืžื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื” ืžืขื–ื” ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื™ืจื™ ื›ื˜ื‘"ื). ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ90 ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ21 ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ. ื ื•ืคื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ืืฆื•, ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”", ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช "ืขื™ืจ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”" ื•"ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”" ื—ื•ื–ืง ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืขื™ืจ ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืขืฆื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื–ื ื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื ืกืœืœื• ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืœื” "ื“ื ืงืœ" ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉื•ืคืฆื• ืืชืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”, ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืคื•, ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื ืกืœืœื• ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžื—ืื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื”, ื”ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžื—ืื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื–ื ื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืชื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ 100 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืชื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื. ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื” ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืฃ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืจื›ืกื™ ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ืžืงื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ืžืฉืชืจืข ืžืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืขื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื•ืง. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืฉืชืจืข ืจื›ืก ื–ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ืชื ื™ื”. ืžืงื˜ืขื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืจื›ืก ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืชืจืข ืžื—ื•ืฃ ืคืืจืง ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืงืœื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ื“ืจืš ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื—ื•ืฃ ื’ื‘ืขืช ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ืžืฉื, ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืžืฆื•ืง ืขื“ ืื–ื•ืจ ืคืœืžื—ื™ื. ืจื›ืก ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจื›ืกื™ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช. ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ืก ื–ื”, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืŸ ืคืืจืง ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ (54 ืžื˜ืจ) ื•ื’ื‘ืขืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ืก (84 ืžื˜ืจ) ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืชื ืฉืืช ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 62 ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸึพืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืœื”, ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื’ื‘ืขื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืจื›ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื• ืžืกืคืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘: ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื ื“ืžื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืขืœืžื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ื”, ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื ื” (ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืฉืคืขืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืคื™ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ื•ืฆืคื•ื ื”, ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื ื•ืžื–ื"ื”. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื ื—ืœื™ื: ื ื—ืœ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืจื ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ื ื—ืœ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืจื ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ื ืฉืคืš ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ. ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื ื—ืœ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื ืข ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื•, ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80 ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื•ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื. ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ70 ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80, ื”ื•ืกื“ืจื” ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืžื™ ื”ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ืขื•ืจืง ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ. ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืืจืš ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ื ืชื™ื‘ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืืคื™ืง ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื™ื, ืืš ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื’ื ื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืงื• ืืคื™ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ืื•ื›ืฃ, ืืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 ืžืกื™ืœืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ืคื•โ€“ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืงื• ืืคื™ืง ื–ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆื“ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื–ื•ืจื ืœื ื—ืœ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช. ืื’ืŸ ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืฉื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื’ืจืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื”ืŸ ืกื‘ืœื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื ื”ืกื“ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื– ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืžืคืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื”ื•ื ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ (Csa). ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื—ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืงืจื™ืจ ื•ื’ืฉื•ื, ื‘ืกืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื—, ืœืœื ืžืฉืงืขื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืขื™ืจ (ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ) ื›ึพ595 ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื, ื‘ึพ57 ื™ืžื™ ื’ืฉื. ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื’ืฉื 1991โ€“1992 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื’ืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื” ื ืžื“ื“ื• 1,133.5 ืž"ืž ื’ืฉื. ืžื ื’ื“, ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื’ืฉื 1998โ€“1999 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื” ื ืžื“ื“ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ 238 ืž"ืž ื’ืฉื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื ืขื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ึพCยฐโ€ 18 (ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข) ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ึพ10 - 11 Cยฐโ€ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืœึพCยฐโ€ 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ึพCยฐโ€ 6 ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ืฉืœื’ ืœื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืืš ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ึพ6 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1950 ืขืช ืฉืœื’ ื ืขืจื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืœื™ืœื” (ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1950) ื ืจืฉืžื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ ืคืขื Cยฐโ€ 1.9-. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ึพCยฐโ€ 30 ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ึพCยฐโ€ 23 - 25 ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ 65% ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืขืœ 80% ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืžื” ืžืื– ืงื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” Cยฐโ€ 46.5, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ 1916. ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื—ื ื•ื’ืฉื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื”, ื•ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขืช ืื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื›ืŸ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืงืœื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืฆืœืœื” ื•ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืžืฉื‘ื™ ืจื•ื— ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ึพCยฐโ€ 4 ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืžืก ื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ. ืœืืงืœื™ื ื”ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”. ื”ืžืชืืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืคื•. ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ึพ6 ืž' ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื, ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืชื™ ื•ืขืจื‘, ืฉืœืื•ืจื›ื ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ ืงืจืงืข. ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ึพ1909 ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ืžืฉื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืชืืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœื“ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืขื“ ืื– ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”. ืžืืจื’ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ืจื•ืึพืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื™ื“ ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžืืจื’ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ืฉืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื• ื ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื“ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืขื ืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ20, ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ืกืจ ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื’ื“ืก ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชืืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ืช ื›ึพ100,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื’ื“ืก, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ืก, ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจืช ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ40 ื•ื”ึพ50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20. ื‘ืจื•ื— ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ื’ื“ืก ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžื–ืจื— ืฉื™ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืจื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื™ื, ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื–ื™ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ืŸ ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื”โ€“ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ึพืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื ืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ื’ื™ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ืžื‘ื ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ืก ื’ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช "ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ ืœื™ื", ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ืžื” ืœืžืฉืื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ืก, ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืขื“ ื ื—ืœ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ20 ื’ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื ื•ื•ื” ืฉืื ืŸ ื•ืคืœื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืชืืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื ื•ื” ืฉืื ืŸ ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื ื•ืจืช ืชืฉืขืช ืงื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืคืœื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืœืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื™ ื•ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ (ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืื•ื”ืื•ืก). ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ื’ื“ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื›"ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”", ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืกื™ืจื” (ืฉื™ืคืžืŸ). ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ50 ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉื˜ื— ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜, ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื— ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืก ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ. ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ืจืžืช ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื›ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืœื” ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื›ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืขื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžืฉืžื•ืฆื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80 ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ90 ื•ื”ึพ2000. ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ื•ื“ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืคืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžืื– ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80 ื•ื”ื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืืฃ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื• ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื–ืจื—ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2010, 20% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื 10,414 ื“ื•ื ื. ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” 35% ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21. ืคืืจืง ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ (ื›ึพ3,500 ื“ื•ื ื) ื•ืฉื ื™ ืœื• ืคืืจืง ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื• ื›ึพ1,000 ื“ื•ื ื). ืœืฆื“ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืคื•, ืคืืจืง ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ, ื’ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืคืืจืง ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืงืœื•ืจ ื•ื’ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื›ึพ6 ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื›ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื›ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช: ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ (ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ื•ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื”ื™ื ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืงื‘ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ื•ืžืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืขื•ืžืกื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืžืคื’ืขื™ ื”ืจืขืฉ ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ (ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 20) ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžื“ืจื•ื. ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื ืชืฉืขื” ืžื—ืœืคื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฆื™ืจ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืžืกื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืžื ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“. ืฆื™ืจื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 2, ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 482 ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 481, ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 461 ืžืžื–ืจื—, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื•-ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 44 ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—, ื•ืฆื•ืžืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขืจืš ืงื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื“ืŸ", ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืื– 1945. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื’ื“, ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื”-ืืคื™ืงื™ื. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื”), ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคื™ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ืคื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก, ืฉื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืกื•ืฃ 2000, ืžืกื•ืฃ ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืžืกื•ืฃ ืจื“ื™ื ื’ ื•ืžืกื•ืฃ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืœื‘ ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืกืขื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื ืžื™ ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืค"ืฉ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื. ื”ืžื™ื–ื ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 14 ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื”ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืื•ื ื•, ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื, ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืจืขื ื ื”, ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”, ืฉื•ื”ื ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“-ืžื•ื ื•ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช) ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื ืจืฉืžื• ื›ึพ25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœืขื™ืจ ืื• ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื 35% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืกื™ืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช 4 ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” / ืืงืกืคื•, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ืกื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื–, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ: ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง โ€“ ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ, ืฆื•ืžืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืคื•. ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื” (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื), ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื—ื™ืคื”, ื ื”ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ืจืžื™ืืœ). ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื›ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืงื• 4 ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื‘ื™ ื•ืงื• 5 ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“. ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ("ืกืคื™ื™ืฉืœ"). ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 251,980 ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื (ื›ึพ14% ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช 49.9% ืžืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ื ืชื•ื ื™ 2009), ื›ึพ75% ืžื”ื ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ึพ278,000 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื”. ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืงืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช. ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2025 ื™ื•ื›ืคืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ. ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ื’ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืชื• ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื–ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื. ืžื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื ืžืกืจ ื›ื™ "ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืžื™ ืฉื–ืงื•ืง ืœื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืช". ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ21 ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืืฃ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืœื—ื ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืจืฉืชืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ื—ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ "ืชืœ-ืื•ืคืŸ" ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื’ืœื™ืœื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืจ ืœื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ึพ18 ืง"ืž ืžืžืจื›ื– ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ื–, ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืชืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืืจืฆื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื™ืœืช. ืฉื“ื” ื“ื‘ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื’ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2019. ื”ื“ื ืงืœ, ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ื•ื™ ืจื›ื‘ืช ืงืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื•ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืงืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืœืคืจื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื, ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ื™ื—ื ื›ื• ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง, ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”. ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืœื” "ื“ื ืงืœ" ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ: ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื (ืคืขื™ืœ), ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง, ื”ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ (ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื“ืง); ืงื•ื•ื™ ืจื›ื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ืช: ืงื• M1 (ื›ื—ื•ืœ), ืงื• M2 (ื›ืชื•ื), ืงื• M3 (ืฆื”ื•ื‘); ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืฉื—ื•ืจ) ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื: ืงื• M1, ืงื• M2 ื•ืงื• M3 ืฉื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ืืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคืจื‘ืจื™ื”, ืžื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื. ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื•ืžืกื—ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืœื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืืจืฆื™ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื” ืขืžื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ืขืœ 371,700 ืื™ืฉ, ืฉื”ื ื›ึพ13% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื›ึพ200,000 ืžืืœื” ื”ื ื™ื•ืžืžื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ืช ืžืขืœ 30% ืžื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื 17% ืžื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2005, ืžื ื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ 211,200 ืื™ืฉ, ืžืชื•ื›ื 11,400 ืื™ืฉ (5.4%) ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื. ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ืืžื“ืช ื‘ึพ121.7% ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ (2006). ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื ืฃ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื—ื™. ื’ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืกื—ืจ ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื” ืœื ืฆืœื— ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ืžืจื›ื– ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื—ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื™ ื˜ืง ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืืฃ ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™" ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื“ื™ืจื’ ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ ืืช "ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™" ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื”. ื›ื™ื•ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ืžืจื›ื–ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 58% ืžื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ึพ38% ืžื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืขืกืงื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]; ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืคื ืื™ ืžืจื›ื–ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ 37% ืžื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ึพ22% ืžื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]; ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื–ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 24% ืžื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ึพ12% ืžื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช, ืขื 51% ืžื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื 16,000 ืื™ืฉ. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ, ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืœ ื ืกืคื—ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื‘ื™ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื ืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืžืขืจื‘. ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืจื›ื– ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸึพืžื–ืจื— ื•ืขื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ื–ืจื– ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืชืจื›ื–ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ืงืคืœืŸ, ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ื”ืžืกื’ืจ, ื”ืจืฆืœ ื•ื™ื’ืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืขืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื–ื™ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช. ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื‘ื™, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืš ื’'ื•ืจื’'. ืžืœื‘ื“ื, ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื— ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืคืœื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2024, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-16 ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืจืกืจ. ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื“ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื“ื•ืจื’ื” ื‘-2021 ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ (ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื™ื– ื•ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืฉืชืคืกื• ืื– ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™). ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืžืจืกืจ ืž-2024 ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ 22% ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-127. ื“ื•"ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื›ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง UBS ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื“ื•ืจื’ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ึพ25 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ืช 2010. ื‘-2024 ื‘ืฆืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื™ืจื“ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 20 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ึพ112 ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ื“ื•"ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ึพUBS ืžืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืื—ืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจืชื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืœื™. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›"ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื". ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2019 ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ึพ30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ื–ื›ืชื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืžืชื•ืš 250 ืขืจื™ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”. ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• "ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื", ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™, ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื”"ื“ื™ื’ื™ืชืœ" โ€“ ืืฉืจ ืžืื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ืช, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ (GIS), ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื, ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื•ืงืŸ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935, ื‘ื™ืช "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื ื— ืžื•ื–ืก, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื•ื–ืก ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ืžืขืจื™ื‘" ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืงืจืœื™ื‘ืš, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืงืจืœื™ื‘ืš. ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ืคื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื”ืจืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017, ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืขื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ืžื ื™ื "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืžืจืฉืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ืื™ Time Out ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื’ื "ื”ืขื™ืจ" ื•ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื• "ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ" ืžืจืฉืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ื•"ื–ืžืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืžื‘ื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘. ืขื ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ืžื ื™ื "ื”ืฆื•ืคื”", "ื“ื‘ืจ" ื•"ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช". ืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืจื•ืฅ 2 ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื 12 ื•ึพ13, ืงืฉืช ื•"ืจืฉืช", ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ, ื•ืื•ืœืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ืจืžืช ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ, ื•ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืคื•. ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืœืคื ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื•ืœืคื ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืงืจืžื™ื ืฆืงื™ ื•ืžืฉื ืžืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืืŸ ื’ื™ืžืœ ื•ื›ืืŸ 88. ืืชืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื™ืคื•, ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื›ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืชืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ90 ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง, ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืงืจื™ื” ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ื ื”. ืœืžืจื›ื–ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ "ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™" ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ20 ื•ื”ึพ30 ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืชืื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื’ื ื™ื, ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”". ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ื›ืืชืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืžืชื—ื ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืžืœ ื™ืคื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื™ืคื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื›ืืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19. ื”ืžืชื—ื ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืคื• ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืชื—ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ืคืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœื•ืื™ ืคืกื˜ืจ, ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืžืชื—ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ืืช ื’ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื•ืืช ื’ืŸ ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื•ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื ืžืœ ื™ืคื• ื•ืืช ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื—ื. ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืฉืจื™ื“ ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื ื”ืจืกื• ื•ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืฉื•ืงื ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ60. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ึพ1,500 ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื—ืœืง ืžืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืขื ืืœื” ื ืžื ื™ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ืฉืœืื•ืจื›ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžืฆืขื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื ืื•ืช". ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื ื›ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืœื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘), ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื›ืžืจื›ื– ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืกืขื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื” ื•ืืฃ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ืืจืฆื™. ื›ืžื” ืžืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืฉืœื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”. ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ื ื—ื ื›ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ื ื” ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”. ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืคื• ื ื—ื ื›ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1915, ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืจื ืื•ื—ื“ื• ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžื•ืฉืœ ื™ืคื• ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืง ืฉื”ืชืงื ื ื‘ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืช.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ: ืœื›ืš ืฉืงื ืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื ื™ืข] ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื ื›ื• ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30 ื”ืŸ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื—"ืŸ, ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืงืง"ืœ (ืžึพ1974 โ€“ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ) ื•ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืจื“ืื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืžืื– ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ90 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ2000 ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ืคื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ื—ื™ื™ืืชืŸ ื•ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™ ื•ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื ื•ืกืคื• ืžื“ืฉืื•ืช, ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ืกืคืกืœื™ื, ืกื•ืžื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืกืจื• ื”ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื“ืจื”, ื ื‘ื ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ, ื”ืชืžืœืื• ื”ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื—ื•ืคื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ึพ14 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื” ื›ืขื™ืจ ื—ื•ืฃ. ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ืื™ ื•ื ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื—ื•ืคื™ ืจื—ืฆื”, ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืคืืจืงื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืืจื‘ืข ืžืขื’ื ื•ืช (ืจื“ื™ื ื’, ื ืžืœื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื•, ื•ื”ืžืจื™ื ื”). ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ืจื—ืฆื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ืœื™ืคื•. ื—ื•ืคื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ืจื—ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกื“ืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื“ื•ืจื’ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ืขืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืขืจืš ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง. ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืคื• ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื—ืคืฆื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื•ืง ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ืคื•. ืขื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืกื•ืง ืึพื“ื™ืจ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื•"ืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ืจื™ื" ืฉื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ืคืช, "ืฉื•ืง ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง" ื•"ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืชืจื•ื’" ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’. ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืง ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”. ื”ืฉื•ืง ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืฉื•ืงื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื ืฉื•ืง ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ืคืขืœ ื’ื ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ื• ื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืคืœืืคืœ ืฉื‘ื•. ืžืฉื ืช 2010 ื’ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื ืžืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืจืขื™ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื ืžืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉื•ืง ืฉื ื”ืจืกื• ื•ืคื•ื ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2006 ืคืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ื ืื™ ื‘ื• ื ืกื—ืจื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื. ืฉื•ืง ื–ื” ืคื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆืจื™ืคื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœืงื•ื ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืขื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืคืืจืง. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคืขืœ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื•ืง ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื”ืื•ืก ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืจื™ืกื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืฉื ืงืจื: "ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”" ืฉื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938 ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1981. ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015 "ืฉื•ืง ืฉืจื•ื ื” ืžืจืงื˜" โ€“ ืฉื•ืง ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื™. ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืงื ื™ื•ืช: ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ึพ420,780 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื›ึพ5.4% ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ึพ12.4% ืžื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, ื•ื›ึพ92% ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ึพ4.3% ื”ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืง ื™ืคื• ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชึพืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื” (ืœืœื ื™ืคื•) ื”ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ื›ื•ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืžืฉื ืช 2000 ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื•ึพืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืžื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ื ื›ึพ50,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืž"ืก. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ โ€“ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื‘ื™ืŸ 3.4 ืœ-6.9 ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017) ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ (13.4 ื•-17.8 ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”). ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืชืš ืœืื•ื ื•ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื”; ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช: ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” (ื”ืœืž"ืก) ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 (ืื•ืžื“ืŸ), ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• 494,787 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 467,160 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžืงื•ื 2 ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” โ€Ž+0.1% ื‘ืฉื ื”โ€. ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื‘ (2021-โ€2022) ื”ื™ื” 79.6%. ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืช 2021 ื”ื™ื” 16,837 ืฉ"ื— (ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืจืฆื™: 11,330 ืฉ"ื—). ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื 34.1 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช 28.6 ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 48.2% ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ึพ51.8% ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืžื™ืŸ: ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ 239,194 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ. 78.7% ืžื”ืŸ, 188,281, ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืข"ืฉ ืกื•ืจืืกืงื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ึพ438,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 150,000 ืžโ€ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžืื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื: ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืื™ื›ื™ืœื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืข"ืฉ ืื™ื“ื” ืกื•ืจืืกืงื™, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืก ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืžืชืงืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื ืฃ ืœืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืกื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืกื•ืชื, ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืื—ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ึพ1934 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื• ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืกื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืกื” ื•ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ืžื”ื›ืคืจ ืกื•ืžื™ื™ืœ, ื•ื”ืฉื "ืืกื•ืชื" ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืกื•ืชื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืžืคื•ืืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืœ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืกื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื•ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ื’ืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืžืจื›ื– ืจืคื•ืื™ ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื™ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื“ืกื” ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1918 ื•ืฉื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ 8 ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื“ืกื” ืฉื™ืจืช ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืกื•ืชื, ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80 ื”ื—ืœ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ืžื—ืœืงื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ึพ1992 ื ืกื’ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื”ืจืก. ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืžืชื—ื ืจื•ื‘ืข ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืช"ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื” ืฉืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื™ื” ื•ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื”". ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขื“ 1998 ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื”ืจืก ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืงื ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืคื• ืคืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1948 ืขื“ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1980. ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื™ืจืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ. ืžื•ืกื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืจืคืืช ื–ืžื ื”ื•ืฃ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืžืจืคืื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื”ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื ื”ืจืก ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืžื•ืงื ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื”ืžืจืคืื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืžืื”. ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื—, ืื ืฉื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื•ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ืœืขื™ืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื ื”ื ืชื ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื›ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ื ืขืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. "ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”", "ื”ืื•ื”ืœ" ื•"ื”ืžื˜ืื˜ื" ื”ื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ40 ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืืžืจื™, ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื™ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ึพ1923 ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉื ืกื’ืจื” ื‘ึพ1940. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1947 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื•ื‘ึพ1985 ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืฉืžื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื•ื "ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•". ื’ื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื” ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืœื ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ึพ26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1936, ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื”, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืืžืจื™ ื•ืœืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืžืชื—ื ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ, ืžืื– ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957, ื›ืื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1992โ€“1995 ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืชื™ ื˜ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1990โ€“1997 ืคืขืœื” ื’ื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืงืืžืจื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื ืกื˜ ืœื‘. ืืžื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืŸ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืืžื ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืจื ืงืœ ื•ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืœืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืกื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืจื ืงืœ ืคืขืœ ื‘ืช"ื ืž-1926 ืขื“ 1929, ืฉื ืœืžื“ื• ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’'ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื’ืจ, ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932 ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ืฉืฉื›ืŸ ืื– ื‘"ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ื ืคืชื—ื” ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ โ€“ ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื›"ืฅ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20 ื‘ืœื˜ื• ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช "ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”" ื•ื”ื™ื•ื• ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1952 ื ื—ื ืš "ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืœื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•", ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื›ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืžื ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ, ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื˜ื• "ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ", "ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ" ื•"ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ", "ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื’'ื•ืœื™ ืž." ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ื’ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ "ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ", ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืจื“ื™ื ื’ (2000โ€“2006), "ArTlv" (ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008) ื•"ืฆื‘ืข ื˜ืจื™" (2008โ€“2011). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจื—ื” ืืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ 2019, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืืงืกืคื• ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ืžื ื™ื: ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืจื™ืืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœึพ2021 ื™ืฉ 21 ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžึพ150 ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช "ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”" ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื™ืคื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1905 ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืขื ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1909, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื•ื ืงืจืื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืงืฆื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ื‘ึพ1962 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื”ืจืก ื‘ืฆืขื“ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืคื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืžืื™ืจ. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืขืœึพืคื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชืฉืก"ื• ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื” ื›ึพ28,000 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ึพ6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1956, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืžืชื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื’ื‘ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ึพ1 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1953 ื‘ืื‘ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ืคื•, ืขื ืคืชื™ื—ืช "ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื• ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1964 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ึพ1969 ื–ื›ืชื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื›ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ื•ืืคืงื” - ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื ืžื ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœืช ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912 ื•ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ืขื ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื ืžื ื™ื ื’ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื— ืžื•ืคืช, ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื', ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื“', ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”, ืืœื™ืื ืก (ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื™') ื•ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืขืžืŸ ื ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื™"ื, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืขืœื” ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื”, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืขื˜ืจืช ื ื—ืžื™ื”" ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง" ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื™ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืคื™ืจื. ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืข"ืฉ ื"ื“ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ. ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืžื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื™ืคื• ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื'. ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืคื• ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื‘'. ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ื” ื’' ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ืขื–ืจื, ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื•"ื— ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืคื• ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื™ืคื•, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื˜ื•ืžื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื "ืข ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืก"ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ืœื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืคืขืœื” ื’ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืคื™ืœื“ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ 29,400 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื’ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืจืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื™ื’ ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื™ื’ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60. ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ืื•ืœื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžื ื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืจื‘ ืชื›ื™ืœืชื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืื•ืœื ืจื‘ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื™ื’ ื•ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื• ื”ืกื•ืคืจื•ืœื™ื’) ื–ื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืฉืชืงืคื” ื‘ืืžื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืก ื’ืœืขื“ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1977, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžื›ื‘ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”: "ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘!". ื‘ืœื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื”ื™ื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ืขื™ืจ โ€“ ืžื›ื‘ื™, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืืจื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื“ ื•ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื˜ ื•ืืก"ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืชื•ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื“ ื•ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืขืœื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืจืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื” 16 ืืœื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•-11 ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื“ืื‘ืœื™ื. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ื ืฉื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืง.ืง. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืก"ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 9 ืคืขืžื™ื ืืœื•ืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•-9 ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงืช ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื” 9 ืืœื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•-8 ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืจืงื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื’ืœ, ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ, ื˜ืจื™ืืชืœื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืฆื”. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืคืš ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ืชื™ืจื” ื•ื™ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1932. ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืžืชื—ื ืฉืคืš ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ. ื˜ืงืก ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืคืชื— ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืขื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื• ืืช ืžืฆืขื“ 390 ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื, ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ืขื“ ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื” ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-5 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืจืš ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš, ืžืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื” ืœื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื”. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื ืฉืœ ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื ืืช "ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™". ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื’'ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืคืืจืง ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืชื—ื ืžืฉืœื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืคืงื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜. ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื›-2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” 8,800 ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›-3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช airbnb ืฉื”ื•ืฉื›ืจื• ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ ื—ืืŸ ื•ืื›ืกื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื•, ืฉืื™ืจื—ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื‘ืื™ ื ืžืœ ื™ืคื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19. ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื›ืกื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ื™ืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช-ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ืขื ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืืจื— ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ืŸ ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ 1934, ืชืจื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื“ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›-600,000 ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื โ€“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•-ื”70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื—ืœื” ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืœืžื•ืงื“ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืžืœื•ืŸ ื“ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืคืชื— ื‘-1953 ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘-1964 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืชืคื™ืฉืชื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ. ืื—ืจื™ื• ื ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘-1965 ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื’ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืจืœื•ื–ื•ืจื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืชื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื“ืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021 ืžื•ืงืžื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื ืืื•ื˜ ื›ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื", ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื”, ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ ื•ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืœื™ื” ืืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืžื•ืื™ื ื•ืœืกื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื” "ืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜". ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื "ืก ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืฆืขื“ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”-100 ืœืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืœ 200,000 ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืฆืขื“, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื’ ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืคื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืงืจื ื‘ืœื™ ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืฆืขื“ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืขืœ 30,000 ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 25 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื“ืจื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉื ื• ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื“ืจื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื›-650 ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœืœ ื“ืจื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื›ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืžืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘, ื•ืœืคื™ื• ืœืคืงื— ืืกื•ืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ ื›ื™ "ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืคืงื— ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื™ืช". ื“ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื ืจืฉืžื• 509 ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืื•ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2023 ืจื•ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื‘ื™, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืขื‘ืจื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืชืจื•ืงื ื” ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ืชืจื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™: ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ืžืงื•ื ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืชืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื’ (1923). ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ ืขืžื™ืืœ ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื: ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื: ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง ืžื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื™ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ืฉื ืžืกืคืจ ื ืื•ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ื™ืฆื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ. ื›-8% ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ื ื›-50,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืž"ืก. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื• ื•ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ื‘ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืœืชืจื•ืช. ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื• ื ืžื ื•ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืคื˜ืจื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ โ€“ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช-ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืžืืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ โ€“ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช-ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื•ืช, ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืœื•ืชืจื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืคื˜ืจื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืคืจื‘ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืคื• ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืžืกื’ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื’ื“ ืžื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืกื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกื’ื“ ืืœ-ืืงืฆื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกื’ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ืžืกื’ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื’ื“ ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื ืฉื™ื™ื”. ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•, ื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ื”ื ื™ื 31 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืขื•ืกืงืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืกื“ืจืช ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืชืฉืขื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื™ื. ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื›ื™ื”ื ื• ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืฉื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืž-1965 ืื– ืขื‘ืจื” ืืœื™ื• ืžืžืฉื›ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื“ืื™. ืขื“ 1921 ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื• ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืืกื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื—ืชื ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ "ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืฉื”ืงื ืชื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืขืžื“ ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืœื™ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืคื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1924 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘-1950, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืื•ื—ื“ื” ื™ืคื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœ"ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•". ืคื ื•ืจืžื” ืขืจื™ื ืชืื•ืžื•ืช ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 11 ืขืจื™ื ืชืื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ: ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืขืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช, ื•ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืช[ื“]: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 ื ื—ืชื ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื”ืกื›ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื•ืขื–ื”, ืืš ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•. ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉืœ ื™ืคื•, ืืช ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”, ื•ืืช ื”ืจื‘ืขื™ื, ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#cite_ref-697] | [TOKENS: 17273]
Contents United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the semi-exclave of Alaska in the northwest and the archipelago of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and various uninhabited islands in Oceania and the Caribbean.[j] It is a megadiverse country, with the world's third-largest land area[c] and third-largest population, exceeding 341 million.[k] Paleo-Indians first migrated from North Asia to North America at least 15,000 years ago, and formed various civilizations. Spanish colonization established Spanish Florida in 1513, the first European colony in what is now the continental United States. British colonization followed with the 1607 settlement of Virginia, the first of the Thirteen Colonies. Enslavement of Africans was practiced in all colonies by 1770 and supplied most of the labor for the Southern Colonies' plantation economy. Clashes with the British Crown began as a civil protest over the illegality of taxation without representation in Parliament and the denial of other English rights. They evolved into the American Revolution, which led to the Declaration of Independence and a society based on universal rights. Victory in the 1775โ€“1783 Revolutionary War brought international recognition of U.S. sovereignty and fueled westward expansion, further dispossessing native inhabitants. As more states were admitted, a Northโ€“South division over slavery led the Confederate States of America to declare secession and fight the Union in the 1861โ€“1865 American Civil War. With the United States' victory and reunification, slavery was abolished nationally. By the late 19th century, the U.S. economy outpaced the French, German and British economies combined. As of 1900, the country had established itself as a great power, a status solidified after its involvement in World War I. Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. entered World War II. Its aftermath left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as rival superpowers, competing for ideological dominance and international influence during the Cold War. The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 ended the Cold War, leaving the U.S. as the world's sole superpower. The U.S. federal government is a representative democracy with a president and a constitution that grants separation of powers under three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The United States Congress is a bicameral national legislature composed of the House of Representatives (a lower house based on population) and the Senate (an upper house based on equal representation for each state). Federalism grants substantial autonomy to the 50 states. In addition, 574 Native American tribes have sovereignty rights, and there are 326 Native American reservations. Since the 1850s, the Democratic and Republican parties have dominated American politics. American ideals and values are based on a democratic tradition inspired by the American Enlightenment movement. A developed country, the U.S. ranks high in economic competitiveness, innovation, and higher education. Accounting for over a quarter of nominal global GDP, its economy has been the world's largest since about 1890. It is the wealthiest country, with the highest disposable household income per capita among OECD members, though its wealth inequality is highly pronounced. Shaped by centuries of immigration, the culture of the U.S. is diverse and globally influential. Making up more than a third of global military spending, the country has one of the strongest armed forces and is a designated nuclear state. A member of numerous international organizations, the U.S. plays a major role in global political, cultural, economic, and military affairs. Etymology Documented use of the phrase "United States of America" dates back to January 2, 1776. On that day, Stephen Moylan, a Continental Army aide to General George Washington, wrote a letter to Joseph Reed, Washington's aide-de-camp, seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the Revolutionary War effort. The first known public usage is an anonymous essay published in the Williamsburg newspaper The Virginia Gazette on April 6, 1776. Sometime on or after June 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote "United States of America" in a rough draft of the Declaration of Independence, which was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The term "United States" and its initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common. "United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout the U.S. federal government, with prescribed rules.[l] "The States" is an established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad; "stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb. "America" is the feminine form of the first word of Americus Vesputius, the Latinized name of Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1454โ€“1512);[m] it was first used as a place name by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemรผller and Matthias Ringmann in 1507.[n] Vespucci first proposed that the West Indies discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 were part of a previously unknown landmass and not among the Indies at the eastern limit of Asia. In English, the term "America" usually does not refer to topics unrelated to the United States, despite the usage of "the Americas" to describe the totality of the continents of North and South America. History The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia approximately 15,000 years ago, either across the Bering land bridge or along the now-submerged Ice Age coastline. Small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers are said to have migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska, with ice-free corridors developing along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America in c. 16,500 โ€“ c. 13,500 BCE (c. 18,500 โ€“ c. 15,500 BP). The Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BCE, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas. Over time, Indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the Mississippian culture, developed agriculture, architecture, and complex societies. In the post-archaic period, the Mississippian cultures were located in the midwestern, eastern, and southern regions, and the Algonquian in the Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard, while the Hohokam culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the Southwest. Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European colonizers range from around 500,000 to nearly 10 million. Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading to Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from what are now Puerto Rico and Florida to New Mexico and California. The first Spanish colony in the present-day continental United States was Spanish Florida, chartered in 1513. After several settlements failed there due to starvation and disease, Spain's first permanent town, Saint Augustine, was founded in 1565. France established its own settlements in French Florida in 1562, but they were either abandoned (Charlesfort, 1578) or destroyed by Spanish raids (Fort Caroline, 1565). Permanent French settlements were founded much later along the Great Lakes (Fort Detroit, 1701), the Mississippi River (Saint Louis, 1764) and especially the Gulf of Mexico (New Orleans, 1718). Early European colonies also included the thriving Dutch colony of New Nederland (settled 1626, present-day New York) and the small Swedish colony of New Sweden (settled 1638 in what became Delaware). British colonization of the East Coast began with the Virginia Colony (1607) and the Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). The Mayflower Compact in Massachusetts and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for local representative self-governance and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies. While European settlers in what is now the United States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and animal pelts.[o] Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity. Along the eastern seaboard, settlers trafficked Africans through the Atlantic slave trade, largely to provide manual labor on plantations. The original Thirteen Colonies[p] that would later found the United States were administered as possessions of the British Empire by Crown-appointed governors, though local governments held elections open to most white male property owners. The colonial population grew rapidly from Maine to Georgia, eclipsing Native American populations; by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas. The colonies' distance from Britain facilitated the entrenchment of self-governance, and the First Great Awakening, a series of Christian revivals, fueled colonial interest in guaranteed religious liberty. Following its victory in the French and Indian War, Britain began to assert greater control over local affairs in the Thirteen Colonies, resulting in growing political resistance. One of the primary grievances of the colonists was the denial of their rights as Englishmen, particularly the right to representation in the British government that taxed them. To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, the First Continental Congress met in 1774 and passed the Continental Association, a colonial boycott of British goods enforced by local "committees of safety" that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, igniting the American Revolutionary War. At the Second Continental Congress, the colonies appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and created a committee that named Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence. Two days after the Second Continental Congress passed the Lee Resolution to create an independent, sovereign nation, the Declaration was adopted on July 4, 1776. The political values of the American Revolution evolved from an armed rebellion demanding reform within an empire to a revolution that created a new social and governing system founded on the defense of liberty and the protection of inalienable natural rights; sovereignty of the people; republicanism over monarchy, aristocracy, and other hereditary political power; civic virtue; and an intolerance of political corruption. The Founding Fathers of the United States, who included Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, and many others, were inspired by Classical, Renaissance, and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas. Though in practical effect since its drafting in 1777, the Articles of Confederation was ratified in 1781 and formally established a decentralized government that operated until 1789. After the British surrender at the siege of Yorktown in 1781, American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to Spanish Florida. The Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which the country's territory would expand with the admission of new states, rather than the expansion of existing states. The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a federal republic governed by three separate branches that together formed a system of checks and balances. George Washington was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government. His resignation as commander-in-chief after the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in the United States and the peaceful transfer of power. In the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand westward in larger numbers, many with a sense of manifest destiny. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States. Lingering issues with Britain remained, leading to the War of 1812, which was fought to a draw. Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it there. Primarily, the compromise prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36ยฐ30โ€ฒ parallel. As Americans expanded further into territory inhabited by Native Americans, the federal government implemented policies of Indian removal or assimilation. The most significant such legislation was the Indian Removal Act of 1830, a key policy of President Andrew Jackson. It resulted in the Trail of Tears (1830โ€“1850), in which an estimated 60,000 Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River were forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to the west, causing 13,200 to 16,700 deaths along the forced march. Settler expansion as well as this influx of Indigenous peoples from the East resulted in the American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi. During the colonial period, slavery became legal in all the Thirteen colonies, but by 1770 it provided the main labor force in the large-scale, agriculture-dependent economies of the Southern Colonies from Maryland to Georgia. The practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution, and spurred by an active abolitionist movement that had reemerged in the 1830s, states in the North enacted laws to prohibit slavery within their boundaries. At the same time, support for slavery had strengthened in Southern states, with widespread use of inventions such as the cotton gin (1793) having made slavery immensely profitable for Southern elites. The United States annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845, and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest. Dispute with Mexico over Texas led to the Mexicanโ€“American War (1846โ€“1848). After the victory of the U.S., Mexico recognized U.S. sovereignty over Texas, New Mexico, and California in the 1848 Mexican Cession; the cession's lands also included the future states of Nevada, Colorado and Utah. The California gold rush of 1848โ€“1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent, the California genocide of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the mid-1870s. Additional western territories and states were created. Throughout the 1850s, the sectional conflict regarding slavery was further inflamed by national legislation in the U.S. Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court. In Congress, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 mandated the forcible return to their owners in the South of slaves taking refuge in non-slave states, while the Kansasโ€“Nebraska Act of 1854 effectively gutted the anti-slavery requirements of the Missouri Compromise. In its Dred Scott decision of 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against a slave brought into non-slave territory, simultaneously declaring the entire Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional. These and other events exacerbated tensions between North and South that would culminate in the American Civil War (1861โ€“1865). Beginning with South Carolina, 11 slave-state governments voted to secede from the United States in 1861, joining to create the Confederate States of America. All other state governments remained loyal to the Union.[q] War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederacy bombarded Fort Sumter. Following the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, many freed slaves joined the Union army. The war began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg and Battle of Gettysburg, and the Confederates surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the Battle of Appomattox Court House. Efforts toward reconstruction in the secessionist South had begun as early as 1862, but it was only after President Lincoln's assassination that the three Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution were ratified to protect civil rights. The amendments codified nationally the abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crimes, promised equal protection under the law for all persons, and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or previous enslavement. As a result, African Americans took an active political role in ex-Confederate states in the decade following the Civil War. The former Confederate states were readmitted to the Union, beginning with Tennessee in 1866 and ending with Georgia in 1870. National infrastructure, including transcontinental telegraph and railroads, spurred growth in the American frontier. This was accelerated by the Homestead Acts, through which nearly 10 percent of the total land area of the United States was given away free to some 1.6 million homesteaders. From 1865 through 1917, an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe. Most came through the Port of New York, as New York City and other large cities on the East Coast became home to large Jewish, Irish, and Italian populations. Many Northern Europeans as well as significant numbers of Germans and other Central Europeans moved to the Midwest. At the same time, about one million French Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England. During the Great Migration, millions of African Americans left the rural South for urban areas in the North. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867. The Compromise of 1877 is generally considered the end of the Reconstruction era, as it resolved the electoral crisis following the 1876 presidential election and led President Rutherford B. Hayes to reduce the role of federal troops in the South. Immediately, the Redeemers began evicting the Carpetbaggers and quickly regained local control of Southern politics in the name of white supremacy. African Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often considered the nadir of American race relations. A series of Supreme Court decisions, including Plessy v. Ferguson, emptied the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force, allowing Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked, sundown towns in the Midwest, and segregation in communities across the country, which would be reinforced in part by the policy of redlining later adopted by the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation. An explosion of technological advancement, accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor, led to rapid economic expansion during the Gilded Age of the late 19th century. It continued into the early 20th, when the United States already outpaced the economies of Britain, France, and Germany combined. This fostered the amassing of power by a few prominent industrialists, largely by their formation of trusts and monopolies to prevent competition. Tycoons led the nation's expansion in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry. These changes resulted in significant increases in economic inequality, slum conditions, and social unrest, creating the environment for labor unions and socialist movements to begin to flourish. This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which was characterized by significant economic and social reforms. Pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy; the islands were annexed in 1898. That same year, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the Spanishโ€“American War. (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.) American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the Second Samoan Civil War. The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917. The United States entered World War I alongside the Allies in 1917 helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers. In 1920, a constitutional amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage. During the 1920s and 1930s, radio for mass communication and early television transformed communications nationwide. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression, to which President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal plan of "reform, recovery and relief", a series of unprecedented and sweeping recovery programs and employment relief projects combined with financial reforms and regulations. Initially neutral during World War II, the U.S. began supplying war materiel to the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Agreeing to a "Europe first" policy, the U.S. concentrated its wartime efforts on Japan's allies Italy and Germany until their final defeat in May 1945. The U.S. developed the first nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war. The United States was one of the "Four Policemen" who met to plan the post-war world, alongside the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China. The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater economic power and international political influence. The end of World War II in 1945 left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as superpowers, each with its own political, military, and economic sphere of influence. Geopolitical tensions between the two superpowers soon led to the Cold War. The U.S. implemented a policy of containment intended to limit the Soviet Union's sphere of influence; engaged in regime change against governments perceived to be aligned with the Soviets; and prevailed in the Space Race, which culminated with the first crewed Moon landing in 1969. Domestically, the U.S. experienced economic growth, urbanization, and population growth following World War II. The civil rights movement emerged, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s. The Great Society plan of President Lyndon B. Johnson's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering institutional racism. The counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward recreational drug use and sexuality. It also encouraged open defiance of the military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973) and wide opposition to U.S. intervention in Vietnam, with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975. A societal shift in the roles of women was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation starting in the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed. The Fall of Communism and the dissolution of the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991 marked the end of the Cold War and left the United States as the world's sole superpower. This cemented the United States' global influence, reinforcing the concept of the "American Century" as the U.S. dominated international political, cultural, economic, and military affairs. The 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in American history, a dramatic decline in U.S. crime rates, and advances in technology. Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the World Wide Web, the evolution of the Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's law, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the first gene therapy trial, and cloning either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The Human Genome Project was formally launched in 1990, while Nasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998. In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of states expelled an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring Kuwait. The September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 by the pan-Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda led to the war on terror and subsequent military interventions in Afghanistan and in Iraq. The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession, the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression. In the 2010s and early 2020s, the United States has experienced increased political polarization and democratic backsliding. The country's polarization was violently reflected in the January 2021 Capitol attack, when a mob of insurrectionists entered the U.S. Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power in an attempted self-coup d'รฉtat. Geography The United States is the world's third-largest country by total area behind Russia and Canada.[c] The 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia have a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km2). In 2021, the United States had 8% of the Earth's permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of its cropland. Starting in the east, the coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the Piedmont plateau region. The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack Massif separate the East Coast from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest. The Mississippi River System, the world's fourth-longest river system, runs predominantly northโ€“south through the center of the country. The flat and fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast. The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rocky Mountains, the Yellowstone Caldera, is the continent's largest volcanic feature. Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, and Mojave deserts. In the northwest corner of Arizona, carved by the Colorado River, is the Grand Canyon, a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape. The Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast. The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the State of California, about 84 miles (135 km) apart. At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali (also called Mount McKinley) is the highest peak in the country and on the continent. Active volcanoes in the U.S. are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands. Located entirely outside North America, the archipelago of Hawaii consists of volcanic islands, physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania. In addition to its total land area, the United States has one of the world's largest marine exclusive economic zones spanning approximately 4.5 million square miles (11.7 million km2) of ocean. With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south. The western Great Plains are semi-arid. Many mountainous areas of the American West have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon, Washington, and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii, the southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in the Caribbean and Pacific are tropical. The United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country. States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley. Due to climate change in the country, extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported heat waves compared to the 1960s. Since the 1990s, droughts in the American Southwest have become more persistent and more severe. The regions considered as the most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable. The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland. The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians, and around 91,000 insect species. There are 63 national parks, and hundreds of other federally managed monuments, forests, and wilderness areas, administered by the National Park Service and other agencies. About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed, primarily in the Western States. Most of this land is protected, though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes. Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable resources and nuclear energy, air and water pollution, biodiversity, logging and deforestation, and climate change. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged with addressing most environmental-related issues. The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act. In 2024, the U.S. ranked 35th among 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index. Government and politics The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The U.S. asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions. It is the world's oldest surviving federation, and its presidential system of federal government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following their decolonization. The Constitution of the United States serves as the country's supreme legal document. Most scholars describe the United States as a liberal democracy.[r] Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. The U.S. Constitution establishes a separation of powers intended to provide a system of checks and balances to prevent any of the three branches from becoming supreme. The three-branch system is known as the presidential system, in contrast to the parliamentary system where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world adopted this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United States, especially in the postcolonial Americas. In the U.S. federal system, sovereign powers are shared between three levels of government specified in the Constitution: the federal government, the states, and Indian tribes. The U.S. also asserts sovereignty over five permanently inhabited territories: American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Residents of the 50 states are governed by their elected state government, under state constitutions compatible with the national constitution, and by elected local governments that are administrative divisions of a state. States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and (except for Hawaii) further divided into municipalities, each administered by elected representatives. The District of Columbia is a federal district containing the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C. The federal district is an administrative division of the federal government. Indian country is made up of 574 federally recognized tribes and 326 Indian reservations. They hold a government-to-government relationship with the U.S. federal government in Washington and are legally defined as domestic dependent nations with inherent tribal sovereignty rights. In addition to the five major territories, the U.S. also asserts sovereignty over the United States Minor Outlying Islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean. The seven undisputed islands without permanent populations are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed. The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties. Since then, the United States has operated as a de facto two-party system, though the parties have changed over time. Since the mid-19th century, the two main national parties have been the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The former is perceived as relatively liberal in its political platform while the latter is perceived as relatively conservative in its platform. The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, with the world's second-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024[update]. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and home to the United Nations headquarters. The United States is a member of the G7, G20, and OECD intergovernmental organizations. Almost all countries have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal diplomatic missions with the United States, except Iran, North Korea, and Bhutan. Though Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations. The United States regularly supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression. Its geopolitical attention also turned to the Indo-Pacific when the United States joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and Japan. The United States has a "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Israel, and several European Union countries such as France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Poland. The U.S. works closely with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with countries in the Americas through the Organization of American States and the United Statesโ€“Mexicoโ€“Canada Free Trade Agreement. The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau through the Compact of Free Association. It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation with India, while its ties with China have steadily deteriorated. Beginning in 2014, the U.S. had become a key ally of Ukraine. After Donald Trump was elected U.S. president in 2024, he sought to negotiate an end to the Russo-Ukrainian War. He paused all military aid to Ukraine in March 2025, although the aid resumed later. Trump also ended U.S. intelligence sharing with the country, but this too was eventually restored. The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Department of Defense, headquartered at the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the U.S. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Space Force. The Coast Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in wartime. Total strength of the entire military is about 1.3 million active duty with an additional 400,000 in reserve. The United States spent $997 billion on its military in 2024, which is by far the largest amount of any country, making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP. The U.S. possesses 42% of the world's nuclear weaponsโ€”the second-largest stockpile after that of Russia. The U.S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces. The U.S. military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad, and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries. The United States has engaged in over 400 military interventions since its founding in 1776, with over half of these occurring between 1950 and 2019 and 25% occurring in the post-Cold War era. State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of the state's governor. By contrast, the 54 U.S. National Guard organizations[t] fall under the dual control of state or territorial governments and the federal government; their units can also become federalized entities, but SDFs cannot be federalized. The National Guard personnel of a state or territory can be federalized by the president under the National Defense Act Amendments of 1933; this legislation created the Guard and provides for the integration of Army National Guard and Air National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force. The total number of National Guard members is about 430,000, while the estimated combined strength of SDFs is less than 10,000. There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States. Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions. The state police departments have authority in their respective state, and federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting civil rights, national security, enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws, and interstate criminal activity. State courts conduct almost all civil and criminal trials, while federal courts adjudicate the much smaller number of civil and criminal cases that relate to federal law. There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The American prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2025, "these systems hold nearly 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,277 juvenile correctional facilities, 133 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories." Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: federal prisons, state prisons, local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities. Federal prisons are run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold pretrial detainees as well as people who have been convicted of federal crimes. State prisons, run by the department of corrections of each state, hold people sentenced and serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses. Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under a year). Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined. In January 2023, the United States had the sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the worldโ€”531 people per 100,000 inhabitantsโ€”and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with more than 1.9 million people incarcerated. An analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher". Economy The U.S. has a highly developed mixed economy that has been the world's largest nominally since about 1890. Its 2024 gross domestic product (GDP)[e] of more than $29 trillion constituted over 25% of nominal global economic output, or 15% at purchasing power parity (PPP). From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7. The country ranks first in the world by nominal GDP, second when adjusted for purchasing power parities (PPP), and ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita. In February 2024, the total U.S. federal government debt was $34.4 trillion. Of the world's 500 largest companies by revenue, 138 were headquartered in the U.S. in 2025, the highest number of any country. The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and the world's foremost reserve currency, backed by the country's dominant economy, its military, the petrodollar system, its large U.S. treasuries market, and its linked eurodollar. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in others it is the de facto currency. The U.S. has free trade agreements with several countries, including the USMCA. Although the United States has reached a post-industrial level of economic development and is often described as having a service economy, it remains a major industrial power; in 2024, the U.S. manufacturing sector was the world's second-largest by value output after China's. New York City is the world's principal financial center, and its metropolitan area is the world's largest metropolitan economy. The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, both located in New York City, are the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and trade volume. The United States is at the forefront of technological advancement and innovation in many economic fields, especially in artificial intelligence; electronics and computers; pharmaceuticals; and medical, aerospace and military equipment. The country's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity. The largest trading partners of the United States are the European Union, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan. The United States is the world's largest importer and second-largest exporter.[u] It is by far the world's largest exporter of services. Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD member states, and the fourth-highest median household income in 2023, up from sixth-highest in 2013. With personal consumption expenditures of over $18.5 trillion in 2023, the U.S. has a heavily consumer-driven economy and is the world's largest consumer market. The U.S. ranked first in the number of dollar billionaires and millionaires in 2023, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires. Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; in 2011, the richest 10% of the adult population owned 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just 2%. U.S. wealth inequality increased substantially since the late 1980s, and income inequality in the U.S. reached a record high in 2019. In 2024, the country had some of the highest wealth and income inequality levels among OECD countries. Since the 1970s, there has been a decoupling of U.S. wage gains from worker productivity. In 2016, the top fifth of earners took home more than half of all income, giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD countries. There were about 771,480 homeless persons in the U.S. in 2024. In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity. Feeding America estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, children experience hunger in the U.S. and do not know where or when they will get their next meal. Also in 2022, about 37.9 million people, or 11.5% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty. The United States has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most other high-income countries. It is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation nationally and one of a few countries in the world without federal paid family leave as a legal right. The United States has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed country, largely because of a weak collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers. The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing interchangeable parts and the establishment of a machine tool industry enabled the large-scale manufacturing of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century. By the early 20th century, factory electrification, the introduction of the assembly line, and other labor-saving techniques created the system of mass production. In the 21st century, the United States continues to be one of the world's foremost scientific powers, though China has emerged as a major competitor in many fields. The U.S. has the highest research and development expenditures of any country and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP. In 2022, the United States was (after China) the country with the second-highest number of published scientific papers. In 2021, the U.S. ranked second (also after China) by the number of patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications (after China and Germany), according to World Intellectual Property Indicators. In 2025 the United States ranked third (after Switzerland and Sweden) in the Global Innovation Index. The United States is considered to be a world leader in the development of artificial intelligence technology. In 2023, the United States was ranked the second most technologically advanced country in the world (after South Korea) by Global Finance magazine. The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958. NASA's Apollo program (1961โ€“1972) achieved the first crewed Moon landing with the 1969 Apollo 11 mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant milestones. Other major endeavors by NASA include the Space Shuttle program (1981โ€“2011), the Voyager program (1972โ€“present), the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes (launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively), and the multi-mission Mars Exploration Program (Spirit and Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance). NASA is one of five agencies collaborating on the International Space Station (ISS); U.S. contributions to the ISS include several modules, including Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), and Tranquility (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational support. The United States private sector dominates the global commercial spaceflight industry. Prominent American spaceflight contractors include Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and SpaceX. NASA programs such as the Commercial Crew Program, Commercial Resupply Services, Commercial Lunar Payload Services, and NextSTEP have facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight. In 2023, the United States received approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel, and its largest source of energy was petroleum (38%), followed by natural gas (36%), renewable sources (9%), coal (9%), and nuclear power (9%). In 2022, the United States constituted about 4% of the world's population, but consumed around 16% of the world's energy. The U.S. ranks as the second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases behind China. The U.S. is the world's largest producer of nuclear power, generating around 30% of the world's nuclear electricity. It also has the highest number of nuclear power reactors of any country. From 2024, the U.S. plans to triple its nuclear power capacity by 2050. The United States' 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) of road network, owned almost entirely by state and local governments, is the longest in the world. The extensive Interstate Highway System that connects all major U.S. cities is funded mostly by the federal government but maintained by state departments of transportation. The system is further extended by state highways and some private toll roads. The U.S. is among the top ten countries with the highest vehicle ownership per capita (850 vehicles per 1,000 people) in 2022. A 2022 study found that 76% of U.S. commuters drive alone and 14% ride a bicycle, including bike owners and users of bike-sharing networks. About 11% use some form of public transportation. Public transportation in the United States is well developed in the largest urban areas, notably New York City, Washington, D.C., Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and San Francisco; otherwise, coverage is generally less extensive than in most other developed countries. The U.S. also has many relatively car-dependent localities. Long-distance intercity travel is provided primarily by airlines, but travel by rail is more common along the Northeast Corridor, the only high-speed rail in the U.S. that meets international standards. Amtrak, the country's government-sponsored national passenger rail company, has a relatively sparse network compared to that of Western European countries. Service is concentrated in the Northeast, California, the Midwest, the Pacific Northwest, and Virginia/Southeast. The United States has an extensive air transportation network. U.S. civilian airlines are all privately owned. The three largest airlines in the world, by total number of passengers carried, are U.S.-based; American Airlines became the global leader after its 2013 merger with US Airways. Of the 50 busiest airports in the world, 16 are in the United States, as well as five of the top 10. The world's busiest airport by passenger volume is Hartsfieldโ€“Jackson Atlanta International in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2022, most of the 19,969 U.S. airports were owned and operated by local government authorities, and there are also some private airports. Some 5,193 are designated as "public use", including for general aviation. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has provided security at most major airports since 2001. The country's rail transport network, the longest in the world at 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2 km), handles mostly freight (in contrast to more passenger-centered rail in Europe). Because they are often privately owned operations, U.S. railroads lag behind those of the rest of the world in terms of electrification. The country's inland waterways are the world's fifth-longest, totaling 25,482 mi (41,009 km). They are used extensively for freight, recreation, and a small amount of passenger traffic. Of the world's 50 busiest container ports, four are located in the United States, with the busiest in the country being the Port of Los Angeles. Demographics The U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents on April 1, 2020,[v] making the United States the third-most-populous country in the world, after India and China. The Census Bureau's official 2025 population estimate was 341,784,857, an increase of 3.1% since the 2020 census. According to the Bureau's U.S. Population Clock, on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day. In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married. In 2023, the total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman, and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households in 2019. Most Americans live in the suburbs of major metropolitan areas. The United States has a diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members. White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population. Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population. Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%, and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government. In 2024, the median age of the United States population was 39.1 years. While many languages and dialects are spoken in the United States, English is by far the most commonly spoken and written. De facto, English is the official language of the United States, and in 2025, Executive Order 14224 declared English official. However, the U.S. has never had a de jure official language, as Congress has never passed a law to designate English as official for all three federal branches. Some laws, such as U.S. naturalization requirements, nonetheless standardize English. Twenty-eight states and the United States Virgin Islands have laws that designate English as the sole official language; 19 states and the District of Columbia have no official language. Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English: Hawaii (Hawaiian), Alaska (twenty Native languages),[w] South Dakota (Sioux), American Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States. In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English. According to the American Community Survey (2020), some 245.4 million people in the U.S. age five and older spoke only English at home. About 41.2 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include Chinese (3.40 million), Tagalog (1.71 million), Vietnamese (1.52 million), Arabic (1.39 million), French (1.18 million), Korean (1.07 million), and Russian (1.04 million). German, spoken by 1 million people at home in 2010, fell to 857,000 total speakers in 2020. America's immigrant population is by far the world's largest in absolute terms. In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population. In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants. In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%). In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence. The undocumented immigrant population in the U.S. reached a record high of 14 million in 2023. The First Amendment guarantees the free exercise of religion in the country and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment. Religious practice is widespread, among the most diverse in the world, and profoundly vibrant. The country has the world's largest Christian population, which includes the fourth-largest population of Catholics. Other notable faiths include Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, New Age, and Native American religions. Religious practice varies significantly by region. "Ceremonial deism" is common in American culture. The overwhelming majority of Americans believe in a higher power or spiritual force, engage in spiritual practices such as prayer, and consider themselves religious or spiritual. In the Southern United States' "Bible Belt", evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally; New England and the Western United States tend to be more secular. Mormonism, a Restorationist movement founded in the U.S. in 1847, is the predominant religion in Utah and a major religion in Idaho. About 82% of Americans live in metropolitan areas, particularly in suburbs; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000. In 2022, 333 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four citiesโ€”New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houstonโ€”had populations exceeding two million. Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), average U.S. life expectancy at birth reached 79.0 years in 2024, its highest recorded level. This was an increase of 0.6 years over 2023. The CDC attributed the improvement to a significant fall in the number of fatal drug overdoses in the country, noting that "heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States, followed by cancer and unintentional injuries." In 2024, life expectancy at birth for American men rose to 76.5 years (+0.7 years compared to 2023), while life expectancy for women was 81.4 years (+0.3 years). Starting in 1998, life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since. The Commonwealth Fund reported in 2020 that the U.S. had the highest suicide rate among high-income countries. Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight. The U.S. healthcare system far outspends that of any other country, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated. The United States is the only developed country without a system of universal healthcare, and a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance. Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor (Medicaid) and for those age 65 and older (Medicare) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, then-President Obama passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[x] Abortion in the United States is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 17 states. American primary and secondary education, known in the U.S. as Kโ€“12 ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), is decentralized. School systems are operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the U.S. Department of Education. In general, children are required to attend school or an approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten or first grade) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the 12th grade, the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17. The U.S. spends more on education per student than any other country, an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020โ€“2021. Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a bachelor's degree, and 14.2% earned a graduate degree. The U.S. literacy rate is near-universal. The U.S. has produced the most Nobel Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413 awards). U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25. American higher education is dominated by state university systems, although the country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local community colleges generally offer open admissions, lower tuition, and coursework leading to a two-year associate degree or a non-degree certificate. As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending. Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval Postgraduate School, and military staff colleges. Despite some student loan forgiveness programs in place, student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020, and exceeded $1.7 trillion in 2022. Culture and society The United States is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and customs. The country has been described as having the values of individualism and personal autonomy, as well as a strong work ethic and competitiveness. Voluntary altruism towards others also plays a major role; according to a 2016 study by the Charities Aid Foundation, Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charityโ€”the highest rate in the world by a large margin. Americans have traditionally been characterized by a unifying political belief in an "American Creed" emphasizing consent of the governed, liberty, equality under the law, democracy, social equality, property rights, and a preference for limited government. The U.S. has acquired significant hard and soft power through its diplomatic influence, economic power, military alliances, and cultural exports such as American movies, music, video games, sports, and food. The influence that the United States exerts on other countries through soft power is referred to as Americanization. Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from Europe, Africa, or Asia (the "Old World") within the past five centuries. Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa. More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants contributing to, and often assimilating into, mainstream American culture. Under the First Amendment to the Constitution, the United States is considered to have the strongest protections of free speech of any country. Flag desecration, hate speech, blasphemy, and lese majesty are all forms of protected expression. A 2016 Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured. Additionally, they are the "most supportive of freedom of the press and the right to use the Internet without government censorship". The U.S. is a socially progressive country with permissive attitudes surrounding human sexuality. LGBTQ rights in the United States are among the most advanced by global standards. The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high levels of social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants. Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate. While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society, scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values. Americans tend to greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well. The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is an agency of the United States federal government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to "develop and promote a broadly conceived national policy of support for the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which preserve the cultural heritage of the United States." It is composed of four sub-agencies: Colonial American authors were influenced by John Locke and other Enlightenment philosophers. The American Revolutionary Period (1765โ€“1783) is notable for the political writings of Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson. Shortly before and after the Revolutionary War, the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national literature. An early novel is William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy, published in 1791. Writer and critic John Neal in the early- to mid-19th century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture by criticizing predecessors such as Washington Irving for imitating their British counterparts, and by influencing writers such as Edgar Allan Poe, who took American poetry and short fiction in new directions. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller pioneered the influential Transcendentalism movement; Henry David Thoreau, author of Walden, was influenced by this movement. The conflict surrounding abolitionism inspired writers, like Harriet Beecher Stowe, and authors of slave narratives, such as Frederick Douglass. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850) explored the dark side of American history, as did Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851). Major American poets of the 19th century American Renaissance include Walt Whitman, Melville, and Emily Dickinson. Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be born in the West. Henry James achieved international recognition with novels like The Portrait of a Lady (1881). As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers, women, and the rural poor. Naturalism, regionalism, and realism were the major literary movements of the period. While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures. Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the Jazz Age, these writings were a key influence on Nรฉgritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the African diaspora. In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the Great American Novel, while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society. Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious experiments with language. Twelve American laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Media in the United States is broadly uncensored, with the First Amendment providing significant protections, as reiterated in New York Times Co. v. United States. The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. The U.S. cable television system offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches. In 2021, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listened to broadcast radio, while about 40% listened to podcasts. In the prior year, there were 15,460 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by National Public Radio (NPR), incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today. About 800 publications are produced in Spanish. With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often have alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as The Village Voice in New York City and LA Weekly in Los Angeles. The five most-visited websites in the world are Google, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and ChatGPTโ€”all of them American-owned. Other popular platforms used include X (formerly Twitter) and Amazon. In 2025, the U.S. was the world's second-largest video game market by revenue (after China). In 2015, the U.S. video game industry consisted of 2,457 companies that employed around 220,000 jobs and generated $30.4 billion in revenue. There are 444 game publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone. According to the Game Developers Conference (GDC), the U.S. is the top location for video game development, with 58% of the world's game developers based there in 2025. The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the British theater. By the middle of the 19th century, America had created new distinct dramatic forms in the Tom Shows, the showboat theater and the minstrel show. The central hub of the American theater scene is the Theater District in Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-Broadway. Many movie and television celebrities have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active community theater culture. The Tony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given for regional theater. Several discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. Folk art in colonial America grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of high art, which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers. Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example, the prevailing medieval style of woodworking and primitive sculpture became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence of Renaissance styles in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts didโ€”and far longer than those in Western Europe. The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene. American Realism and American Regionalism sought to reflect and give America new ways of looking at itself. Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new and individualistic styles, which would become known as American modernism. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. Major photographers include Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Dorothea Lange, Edward Weston, James Van Der Zee, Ansel Adams, and Gordon Parks. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought global fame to American architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan is the largest art museum in the United States and the fourth-largest in the world. American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, mainland Europe, or Africa. The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music. Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century. The electric guitar, first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of rock and roll. The synthesizer, turntablism, and electronic music were also largely developed in the U.S. Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz grew from blues and ragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such as W.C. Handy and Jelly Roll Morton. Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century. Country music developed in the 1920s, bluegrass and rhythm and blues in the 1940s, and rock and roll in the 1950s. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters. The musical forms of punk and hip hop both originated in the United States in the 1970s. The United States has the world's largest music market, with a total retail value of $15.9 billion in 2022. Most of the world's major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley, became global celebrities and best-selling music artists, as have artists of the late 20th century, such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey, and of the early 21st century, such as Eminem, Britney Spears, Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Taylor Swift and Beyoncรฉ. The United States has the world's largest apparel market by revenue. Apart from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic of American styles. New York, with its Fashion Week, is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and London. A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century. A number of well-known designer labels, among them Tommy Hilfiger, Ralph Lauren, Tom Ford and Calvin Klein, are headquartered in Manhattan. Labels cater to niche markets, such as preteens. New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion shows in the world, and is held twice each year in Manhattan; the annual Met Gala, also in Manhattan, has been called the fashion world's "biggest night". The U.S. film industry has a worldwide influence and following. Hollywood, a district in central Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also metonymous for the American filmmaking industry. The major film studios of the United States are the primary source of the most commercially successful movies selling the most tickets in the world. Largely centered in the New York City region from its beginnings in the late 19th century through the first decades of the 20th century, the U.S. film industry has since been primarily based in and around Hollywood. Nonetheless, American film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization in the 21st century, and an increasing number of films are made elsewhere. The Academy Awards, popularly known as "the Oscars", have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929, and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944. The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s, with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures. In the 1970s, "New Hollywood", or the "Hollywood Renaissance", was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period. The 21st century has been marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which came to rival traditional cinema. Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called succotash. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as wheat flour, beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine. New World crops, especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on Thanksgiving, when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion. Characteristic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, doughnuts, french fries, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, hamburgers, hot dogs, and American pizza derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups. Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos preexisted the United States in areas later annexed from Mexico, and adaptations of Chinese cuisine as well as pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are all widely consumed. American chefs have had a significant impact on society both domestically and internationally. In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine Angell and Frances Roth. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers. The United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020, and employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly. It is the country's second-largest private employer and the third-largest employer overall. The United States is home to over 220 Michelin star-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City. Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628. In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine. With more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km2) under vine, the United States is the fourth-largest wine-producing country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France. The classic American diner, a casual restaurant type originally intended for the working class, emerged during the 19th century from converted railroad dining cars made stationary. The diner soon evolved into purpose-built structures whose number expanded greatly in the 20th century. The American fast-food industry developed alongside the nation's car culture. American restaurants developed the drive-in format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with the drive-through format by the 1940s. American fast-food restaurant chains, such as McDonald's, Burger King, Chick-fil-A, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Dunkin' Donuts and many others, have numerous outlets around the world. The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, the National Football League, the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and the National Hockey League, All these leagues enjoy wide-ranging domestic media coverage and, except for the MLS, all are considered the preeminent leagues in their respective sports in the world. While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide. Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact. The market for professional sports in the United States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined. American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States. Although American football does not have a substantial following in other nations, the NFL does have the highest average attendance (67,254) of any professional sports league in the world. In the year 2024, the NFL generated over $23 billion, making them the most valued professional sports league in the United States and the world. Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "national sport" since the late 19th century. The most-watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR and IndyCar. On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually, and college football and basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events. In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as the main feeder system for professional and Olympic sports, with significant exceptions such as Minor League Baseball. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function. Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe. The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country. In other international competition, the United States is the home of a number of prestigious events, including the America's Cup, World Baseball Classic, the U.S. Open, and the Masters Tournament. The U.S. men's national soccer team has qualified for eleven World Cups, while the women's national team has won the FIFA Women's World Cup and Olympic soccer tournament four and five times, respectively. The 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was hosted by the United States. Its final match was attended by 90,185, setting the world record for largest women's sporting event crowd at the time. The United States hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup and will co-host, along with Canada and Mexico, the 2026 FIFA World Cup. See also Notes References This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture โ€“ Statistical Yearbook 2023โ€‹, FAO, FAO. External links 40ยฐN 100ยฐW๏ปฟ / ๏ปฟ40ยฐN 100ยฐW๏ปฟ / 40; -100๏ปฟ (United States of America)
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ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื“ื ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืกืคื™ืื ืก ืื™ื“ืœื˜ื• ืื“ื ืื• ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Homo sapiens, ื‘ืชืขืชื™ืง: ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก, ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: "ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน" โ€“ ืื“ื, "ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก" โ€“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื• ืชื‘ื•ื ื™) ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืคื•) ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”. ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ื”ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื’ืคื™ื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœืก ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืืœื• ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ืื“ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืฉืืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื•ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืกื™ื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื›ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ื™ื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื›-8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ (Homo sapiens sapiens). ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™, ืฉืžืกื•ื•ื’ ื›ืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืŸ "ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ" ืื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื“ื (Homo). ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฉืจื“ ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื•ืžื• ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืช-ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื. ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื“ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’, ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื“ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื. ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ื‘, ื“ ื•ืื™ืœืš), ื”ืฉื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ "ืื“ืžื”", ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžโ€ืขึธืคึธืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”โ€. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื“ื" ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื—ืช, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื“ื"[ื], ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ื”" ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื” ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช. ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื "ืื ื•ืฉ", "ืื ื•ืฉื™" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ",[ื‘] ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืฉ, ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื[ื’]. ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืื•ึผืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ืื ื•ืฉื™" ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืื• ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื• ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืœื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ื. ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉ. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”, ืื ืฉื™ื, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื›ืจื™ื. "ื. ื ืฉื™ื" ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” แผ„ฮฝฮธฯฯ‰ฯ€ฮฟฯ‚ (ืึทื ึฐืชึฐึผืจื•ึนืคึผื•ึนืก) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืื“ื" ืื• "ืื ื•ืฉ", ื•ืžืžื ื” ื ื’ื–ืจื• ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”", ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช", "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื–ื" ื•"ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื™". ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื Homo (ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžืžื ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ื" ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช Human ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ" ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืื ื•ืฉื™". ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, Homo sapiens (ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก), ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1758 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ืงืืจื•ืœื•ืก ืœื™ื ื™ืื•ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื•ืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™. ื”ืฉื ืชื•ืื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืื•ืก, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ. ืฉื ื”ืกื•ื’, Homo, ื ืœืงื— ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœ"ืื“ื", ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื™ืŸ, sapiens, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืชื‘ื•ื ื™", "ื ื‘ื•ืŸ" ืื• "ื—ื•ืฉื‘". ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ Homo ื’ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื“ื "ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื" ื•ืชืช-ืฉื‘ื˜ "ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืœืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœืขืจืš ืžืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื“ื•-ืฆื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.6 ืœ-1.7 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืœืŸ 54 ืขื“ 64 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื, ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.7 ืœ-1.8 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืœื 76 ืขื“ 83 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื. ืฉืœื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื“ ื™ื•ื ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ ืฉืœื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืš ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืคืจืง ื”ื™ืจืš ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ืฆื”. ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืงืขืจื”", ืฉื‘ืขืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืžืขืจืกืœืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืขื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื•ื– ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื“ื, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื”, ืœืงื™ืžื” ื•ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืคื•ืชืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืช S ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆื“, ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ ืžืชืงืžืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ืœื ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ืจื™ืฆื”. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืืฉ ืคื•ื ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืื ื›ื™ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื“ื•ืคื ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืขืฆื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืžื“ ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื. ืขืฆื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืžืคื•ืชืœืช ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืžืจืคืง ืคื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื. ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ื’ื“ื™ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืคืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘"ื›ืจื™ืช" ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ โ€“ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื“ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื ืชื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืœืกืช ืืœ ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™ ื”ืืฃ, ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืข ืœืกืช ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช, ื ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“, ืฉืชื™ ืงื“ื-ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช (ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืžืœืชืขื•ืช) ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ 32 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ืžื ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืข ืœืกืช ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17 ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืื• ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืชืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆื ื”ืœืกืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 28 ืœ-32 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืชืžื—ื”: ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืืจื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™-ืื“ื, ื”ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘. ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื—. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•, ืชืจื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืื“ื, ืืฃ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื“ืžื” ืœืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ืœืื“ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” (ื•ืœื ืœืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ) ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช, ื›ืš ืฉืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™-ืืฃ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืื“ื•ื, ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ (routine trichromacy). ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ืืจื•ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ืœืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืงื ื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืœืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช. ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืจื™ื— (olfactory receptors) ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›-55% ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืกืื•ื“ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื. ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืจืช ื”ืคื”, ื”ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืืฆืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืžืชื ื•ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™. ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ื”ืจืฅ ืœ-20 ืงื™ืœื•ื”ืจืฅ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื[ื“] ื•ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืจื“ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืคื— ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 1,350 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›-86 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ื ืคื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ โ€“ ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื“ EQ โ€(Encephalization Quotient ืื• "ืžื ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช") ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ืœืื“ื ืขืจืš EQ ื‘ื™ืŸ 6 ืœ-8, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ื—ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 6 ืขื“ 8 ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืง ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื•ืžื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’, ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืขืจื›ื™ EQ ืฉืœ 2 ืขื“ 5, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 1. ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ ืฉืœ EQ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื ืจืง ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืจืš EQ ืฉืœ 3 ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ. ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื’ื ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืจืš EQ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉืคื”, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืชืื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื” ื›-2,360 ืกืž"ืจ (ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืฉืื•ืจืš ืฆืœืขื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืขืช ื‘ืงืคืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช. ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื‘ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 75% ืขื“ 84% ืžืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื›-16 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžื“ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ 9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”, 6โ€“7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื•-5.6 ืืฆืœ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™[ื”][ื•]. ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื—, ืฉืžืฉืงืœื• ืจืง 2% ืžืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, 20% ืžื›ืœืœ ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช โ€“ ื›-50%, ื•ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 4 ืฉื ื™ื ื›-66%. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื–ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืชื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื”), ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื, ื›ืžื• ืจืงืžืช ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื•ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื•ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืฉื™ืขืจ, ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคื ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืคืฉืขื” (ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืจื•ื•ื”) ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืกืคืจ ื–ืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืœื ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. ื–ืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉืจืคืœืงืก ืกื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืจ (ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–") ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™ื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• (ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช "ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—"), ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื”ืขื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืคืจื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื˜ ื•ื“ื”ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืชืช-ืขื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื[ื–]. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžืฉื—ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื“ืจื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื™ืžื™ ื“ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืืฃ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืืคืงื˜ ื”ืฉื™ื–ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื”, ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ืงืจื™ื ื”, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืืฃ ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื ืจืื” ืฉืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื“ื ื›ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืืš ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ ื•ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™. ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื—ืœืง, ืžืชื•ืœืชืœ ืื• ืžืงื•ืจื–ืœ. ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืจื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื‘. ืžืขืจืš ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื“ื (ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืค) ื›ื•ืœืœ 23 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืžื”ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืค ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ 24 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช. ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืืฆืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื”ืชืื—ื• ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ 2 ื‘ืื“ื. ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื‘ืื“ื ื–ื”ื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื: ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืฆื ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืŸ XX, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ XY, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืื—ื“, ืžื–ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X. ื”ื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืžื”ืื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ึผื‘ึธึผืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ืžื”ืื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ื‘ึผืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื‘ืช. ื›ืœืœ ื”-DNA ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื ื•ื. ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืกื™ืกื ื™ืช (140 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“), ืืš ื’ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืจื™ืื•ืช (ืขื“ 130 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช). ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื, ื›-20 ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืคืกืื•ื“ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคื’ืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื. ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืจืช ื’ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ (ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™) ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "DNA ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™" ื•"DNA ื–ื‘ืœ" ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืื“ื, ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื˜ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ื–ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื›ืคืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื•ืœืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืจื˜ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”-SNP (ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“) ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2008 ื”ื•ื ื›-3.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื™ื“ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืœื™ื“ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขื“ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ 1,000 ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›-0.1% ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื. ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-1% ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืœื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื. ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-100 ืœื“ื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื›-100 ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืืฆืœื• ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•[ื—]. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืชืฆืœื—ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืืš ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื—ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™. ืกื—ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื’ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ืขื“ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ึผืจึธืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก, ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื™-ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”). ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ืื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื›-85% ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืื• ืืชื ื™. ื”ืžืชืื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืœืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืืœื™ื”ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ (ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ืกืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื "ื‘ื ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช". ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื’ื–ืข" ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืชืื ื–ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืชืื ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. "ื’ื–ืขื™ื" ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชืคื•ืฆืชื” ื”ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช, ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืฆืื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื‘ื“ื” ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืขื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื’ื–ืขื™" ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ, ื›-80 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื (ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช) ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืืš ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช[ื˜], ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืฆืœื—ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ืขื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื 122 ืฉื ื”, ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื–'ืืŸ ืœื•ืื™ื– ืงืœืžืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ื›ึพ40 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช), ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืคืชื—. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžื“ื ื”ืื ืืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช. ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื™ืช ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื•ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ืœืกื˜ื•ืฆื™ืกื˜, ื”ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจื—ื. ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืœื™ื“ื”. ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืžื‘ืจื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกืื•ื ื“ ื•ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ ื“ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืืš ืื—ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื“ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืืฉื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืื ืคื—ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-20 ื•ื”-21, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกืื•ื ื“ ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื™ ืฉืคื™ืจ. ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ืกืจ ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืช ื™ื“ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื ื ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื ืžื–ื“ืงืคื™ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช, ืืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืจื™ืฆื” ื•ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” (ืจืื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉืคื”). ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืœื‘, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื“ื™ ืืžื•. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื•ืืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ[ื™]. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืื, ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ืงื” ืžื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืง ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 3 ื•ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 12 ืœืขืจืš, ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช. ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœื”ื’ื ืชื, ื›ืœื›ืœืชื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื. ื”ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ 12 ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš, ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืคืจืฅ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื ืฉื™ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืœืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™: ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ืฉื—ืœื”, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื–ืจืข ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืจื—ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ืฉื—ืœื”, ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›-28 ื™ื•ื, ืืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 21 ืœ-39 ื™ื•ื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื "ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืžื•ืกืชืจ" โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื™ืฆืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื ืงื”. ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื ืกืชืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“, ื•ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื" ืžืื™ื“ืš. ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ึนืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืช. ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’, ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืงืฉืจ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื-ืžื•ืœ-ืคื ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืงื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘. ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืคืขืœื” ื›ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื ืงื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื ืงื•ืช) ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื“ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชืจื ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื’ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืžื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื“ืจื™ื”. ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื ืกืชื. ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื“ ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ึนืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืื“ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืฉืžืจืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืœื‘ื“ื” ืื• ืืฃ ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™-ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ (ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ 50 ืฉื ื”) ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืœื“ืช, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื ื ื• ืคื•ืกืง ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืชื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืคืœื’, ืืš ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืข ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืฉืง ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื’ื ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืจื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืฆื‘ืจื•, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืจืืฉื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ืžื ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื“ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ื’ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืœืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืืฉ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ืœืœืขื•ืก ื•ืœืขื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืžื›ืœ ืจืงืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ (ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ), ื•ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื ืœื‘ืชื™-ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžื”ื—ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ื’ื ื™ื™ื; ื—ืœื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘; ื•ื”ืชืกืกืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืื’ื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆื”. ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื[ื™"ื]. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ืื• ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืจืขื‘ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืœืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื—ืกืจื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 2015, ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 1,800 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืœื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ 2,700 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจ ื•-2,200 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืฉื” (ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื™ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“). ืžื“ื“ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1990โ€“2013 ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืžืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื•ืขื•ื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ืชืื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื•ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื[ื™"ื‘][ื˜]. ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื• ื›ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ืœื• ืื—ื•ื– ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืขื ืชื ืื™ ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื[ื™"ื’]. ืงื˜ืœื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ืื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื—ืฆื‘ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช. ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื‘ืœื™-ื“ืขืช ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ืžืชื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“[ื™"ื“]. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื”ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ืคืกื˜ืจ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื•ืš, ืฉื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืคืกื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ ื‘ึพ1928. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ื”ื™ื• (ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช) ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืจื˜ ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” (ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืืš ืœื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข). ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ. ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื”[ื˜"ื•]. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™, ืื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ืืจืงื˜ื™ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืฃ ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืชื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื•, ื“ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืืจื›ืื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื, ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ืงืคื•ืื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2023, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ื ื” 8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ. ื•ืื•ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ืชื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื˜"ื–]. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ืืžื“ ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื•ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21. ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 โ€“ ื›-2.2% ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ 31 ืฉื ื”. ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืž-1% ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ 70 ืฉื ื™ื. ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ: ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืืคืก ื•ืืฃ ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื›ืš (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”), ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืชืœื›ื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-22 ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-10.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื™"ื–]. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืงื ื”ึพืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฆืชื” ืืช "ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—" ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืชืื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื“ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• (ืžื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”) โ€“ ืžื‘ืจื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืื“ืžื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืื• ืœืขืจื™ื, ืžื‘ื™ื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืกื›ืจื™ื, ืžืื’ืจื™-ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื•, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืขื™ื™ืช ื™ืชืจ, ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ื•ืจ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื’ืจืžื” ืื• ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ื•ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืฉื 23 ืžืชื•ืš 24 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœ 44 ืง"ื’, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ื“ื™ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื˜ื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ืืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืก ื•ื”ืžื’ืœื ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-14 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืฉื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืขืœ 100 ืง"ื’, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืง, ืขืฆืœื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืกืžื™ืœื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื•ื–ืื‘ ื”ื‘ืœื”ื•ืช. ืžื™ื“ืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืืงืœื™ื, ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืชืืจืš ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื, ื•ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืื” ื•ืขื™ื˜ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• 8 ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืœ, 17 ืžื™ื ื™ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื (ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœืžื•ืจ ื”ืขื ืง), ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืคื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืชื™ืขื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ืชื ืฉืœ 784 ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1500 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ, ื–ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืื’ื”, ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™, ืคืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื• ื•ืžืœื•ืžื™ืก ืงื™ ื‘ืจืžื‘ืœ. ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœืœื ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ 4,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื "ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”" ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ โ€“ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืจืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ืืœื” ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคืจื™ื—ืช ืืฆื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืœื—ื ืง ืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื" ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ (ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื) ื”ืื“ื ืืฃ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืชืจื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-0.75 ืžืขืœืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช[ื™"ื—]. ื”ืื“ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชืคื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื. ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื (Persistent organic pollutants โ€“ POPs) ื›ืžื• ื“ื™-ื“ื™-ื˜ื™, PCB ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ึพื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื—ื“ึพืคืขืžื™ ื—ื“ืจื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ โ€“ ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืขื“ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ, ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื, ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืื“ื. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ืงื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ืคืจืช) ืžื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื. ืœืงื™ื—ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขืงื™ืฃ 25โ€“40% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื“ื—ื™ืงืชื. ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื โ€“ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื“ ื’ื™ืจื ื™. ื”ืจืก ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœ, ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืจืกื ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืจื”) ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืžื™ ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืฉื‘ ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ืžื™. ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื โ€“ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืคื›ื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืืคืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื: ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืืงืกืœื™, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ "ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข" (1863), ื•ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื" (1871), ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื, ืืœื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืืงืกืœื™ ื•ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ื”ื ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžืงื•ื ืชืคื•ืฆืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” (ื•ืจืื• ื’ื ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื“ืโ€“ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ื ื•ืœื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”). ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืงื ืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ืขื• ืœืขื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื• ื•ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ื•ื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืจืฆืฃ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืืจืš ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ืฃ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืชืช-ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื, ืœืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืืจ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื‘-8 ืขื“ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืขื ืฃ ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื. ืชืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืœื“ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื—ื“ ืืจื“ื™ืคื™ืชืงื•ืก ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืก (Ardipithecus ramidus), ืฉืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 4.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ 4.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœ-1.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ืชืงื•ืก (Australopithecus), ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื. ืžืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื ืคื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื—ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื— ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœืื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืžื”ื. ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื (Homo) ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ 2 ืขื“ 2.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก (Homo habilis, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ), ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ. ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก (Homo erectus, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืฃ) ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจ ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ืฉืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ืœืฉ ืืช ื ืคื—ื• ืžื›-400 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ืชืงื™ื, ืœื›-600 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก, ื›-1,000 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ื•-1,350 ืกืž"ืง ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชื’ืœื” ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก (Homo sapiens) ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืกื™ื”. ืืš ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืคื— ืžื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืžื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื—ืฆื™-ืจืฉืžื™ "ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ื ืกื™ืก. ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›-400 ืืœืฃ ืขื“ 200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘-ืืกื™ื”, ื•ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืืš ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืจืง ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช, ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ืื• ื›ืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก. ื“ื "ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื” ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืžื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืืš ืžื’ืœื” ื’ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ื). ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ (ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื”ื•ืžื• ืคืœื•ืจืกื™ื™ื ืกื™ืก ื‘ืื™ื™ ืกื•ื ื“ื” (ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื•ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” (ืชื™ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›-50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”). ื’ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืฆื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื ืขื“ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›-15 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื›ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ "ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก" (Homo sapiens sapiens). ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืกื•ื•ื’ื• ื›ืš ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืืชืจ ืื•ืžื• ืงื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืชื•ืืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-190 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื•ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืŸ: ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืฆืคื™ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืฃ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืขืจืช ืžื™ืกึฐืœึดื™ึธึผื” (ื›-194 ืขื“ 177 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” (ื›-120 ืขื“ 90 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•). ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืขื“ 40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”) ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืขื“ 50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืช-ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจื•ืข ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื™ืฆืจ "ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืืงืœื™ืžื™", ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืœืื” ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืžืžืขืจืช ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›-55 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื•ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-17 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืื™ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืœืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืขืœืžื• ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื•ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืกื™ื™ืชื™, ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ืื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉ ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ื. ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ืœืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื• ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืฃ ื”ื•ืืฅ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื—ืœื‘, ืืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ื•ืฉื ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื โ€“ ืœื›-8 ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืื•ืจื– ื•ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”. ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช. ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืชืชื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›-3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืขื“ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืžืžื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื•ื‘. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ, ืžืขืฆื ื•ืžื—ืจืก, ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืืฉืคืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื•. ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืืกื™ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื›ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื›ืœืงื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ[ื™"ื˜]. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืง) ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืข ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ ืื™ืจืข (ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”) ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 11,500 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืืœืฃ ืขื“ 5,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”), ื•ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืœืœ ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืžืชื›ืช, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืืฃ ืœืœื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ืชืชื™ื, ื›-3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ื›-250 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ืื™ืช, ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื ืชื–ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆืฆื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช, ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ื“ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืชืงื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื’ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื-ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—-ืืกื™ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-600 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›"ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™", ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ื ืกื™ืก, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืจืง ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืž-250 ืืœืฃ ื•ืขื“ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืกื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืืš ื’ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืืฉ ื•ืฆื“ื• ืคืจืกืชื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื’ืจื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ืช, ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื“ื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืœ ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืงื™ืช, ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื ื•ืงืจืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™-ืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืคืจื˜ ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”), ืชื•ืš ื“ื—ื™ืงืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื, ืื• ื”ื˜ืžืขืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืงื•ื“ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™: ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœืก ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืจืคืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื”, ื’ืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืช ืžืฆืจ ื‘ืจื™ื ื’, ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-17 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืคื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-12 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืื•ืจื—-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ืœืื•ืจื—-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™: ืกื™ื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคืœืก ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื•, ืื• ืืฃ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื—ื ื•ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื’ื ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ื›ืคื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 9,500 ืขื“ 8,500 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 4,000 ืขื“ 3,000 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”, ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื. ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ื™ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื›ืฆืžื—ื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื– ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขื– ื”ื‘ื™ืช), ื‘ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช), ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื•ืŸ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื•ื”ืขืจื•ื“ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื›ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืœืžืื›ืœ, ื—ืœื‘, ืฆืžืจ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืช ืกื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืกื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืืš ื’ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ื•ืœื—ืœื‘. ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืช ืฆืžื— ื”ืื•ืจื–, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก, ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืื’ื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื’ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข, ืขื™ื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื™ื—ื•ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉื“ื”, ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืขื ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืชื ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขื–ื™ื, ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื’ืžืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืื“ืžื” ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื”, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืจืขื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื ื™ืข ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื•ืจืขื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื“ื—ืงื• ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืชื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื—. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืงืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ึฐึผืชื‘. ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืœืคื• ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืืจื›ื• ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 6600 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืš ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืž-3500 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœืขืจืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืฉื ื—ืงืง ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืจืก. ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืชืขื“ื• ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื; ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื”ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช[ื›]: ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื: ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื›ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ืคืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ืงืœ; ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก; ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•; ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืื ื’ืฆื”; ื”ืื•ืœืžืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืขืงื‘ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ึผื ึธืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืฉึตืื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืึดื›ืœื•ืก ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื™ ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฆืœื•ื— ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื’ื ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื ืข. ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื’ื ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ ื“ืช. ื”ืžืฆืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคืชื— ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืืš ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”. ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคืœื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืงืžื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื–ื–ื• ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”, ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ื˜ืžื™ืขื• ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืจื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉื™ ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ื’ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ื•ืื‘ืง ื”ืฉืจืคื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื”, ืกืคื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ืื™ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืกืคื ื™ื ืžืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืืช ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ. ืืš ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื ื•ืชืงื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ. ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื• ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ื”, ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื’ืื ื” ื•ืžืืœื™, ืืš ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืขื™ื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืึดืคืฉืจื• ืœื—ืœืงืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื‘ืœื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืขืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืœื”ื›ืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื’ืจืจื• ื’ื ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ืื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉ (ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช mind) ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื›ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™[ื›"ื]. ืืžื ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื ืคืฉ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœื•, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ื ื—ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช" ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื" ื•ื‘ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžืงืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืืš ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘-166 ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœืŸ[ื›"ื‘]. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืคื”-ืืœ-ืคื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื•[ื›"ื’]. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคืฉ ืขืฆืžื•: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืจืื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืจืื™ื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืืชื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื›ืืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื[ื›"ื“]. ื ื•ืฉื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื. ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื. ืœืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื, ืื• ืžื•ื ื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ืืœืคืจื“ ืงื™ื ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื•ื”-50 ื ืžืฆื ืฉืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” "ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•" ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ืช (ืฉืœื‘ื™ื 1โ€“5 ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืงื™ื ืกื™). ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื›ืฉื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื”. ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื”, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืกื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ 8.8% ืœ-27% ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ื. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื, ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื[ื›"ื”] ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉืคื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื— ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืจื ื™ืงื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงื”, ืืš ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™, ื•ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ ืฉืคื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืืœื™ื”. ืขื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ื›-13 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”[ื›"ื•]. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”-ืืคืก. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืืš ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”[ื›"ื–]. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืš ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช "ื ื—ืฉืœื•ืช" ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”"ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช" ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื• ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช. ืฉืคื” ืกืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื“ื ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ[ื›"ื—]. ืฉืคื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืื•ืชื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ; ื›ืกืžืœื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”; ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ืื• ืืฃ ื›ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืขื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”. ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”. ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื”. ื›-7,000 ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื›"ื˜]. ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืคืช ืื ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช (13.22%), ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช (4.88%) ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช (4.68%). ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืคื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื—ื“ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืคื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืฉืžื™ืช, ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ื”ื•ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื”-ืื ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ[ืœ]. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื”"ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช[ืœ"ื]. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืฉืคืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืชื ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขืจืš. ื”ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžืืžืฅ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฉืคื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืœืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ืื™ ื”ืœืขื’ื ื™ "ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื", ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ืžื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื‘ื ืช (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ", "ื’ืจื’ื•ืจ" ืื• "ื’ืžื’ื•ื"). ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ ืœืื“ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืืฃ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื™ื ืกื›ืจื™ื. ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืงื•ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืœื• ืฉื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœืจืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœื™ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื. ืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื“ืžื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ (ืœืคื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”) ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ (ืœืคื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 800 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืชื•, ืืš ืคื™ืชื— ื•ืฉื™ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื”, ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื“ื™ืฉื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช). ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืœื™ื ืžืžืชื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืจืก ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžืื™ืชื ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืขืฅ, ืื‘ืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื’ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ึผื™ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆืžืจ, ืคืฉืชืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื ื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจ, ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช-ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœืจืชื•ื ื’ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื“ื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื˜ื—ื ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืืš ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืคืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ. ืชื—ื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ื•, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื•. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืงืžืช ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ืชื‘ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื™ืื”, ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืœืจื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื” ืืคืก ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื™ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืฆืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืžึฐืฆืื•ึนืช ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ, ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื“ื™ื•, ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื”-21. ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื”: ื”ืขืœืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ื—ืœื•ืงืชื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ื โ€“ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื’ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช, ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงื™, ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืื• ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ[ืœ"ื‘]. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื’ื“ ืืคืœื™ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ืช ื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื•, ื•ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื“ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื• ืื™ืžื•ืฅ. ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉึฐึผืืึตืจื•ึผืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืžื”ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื”ืื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื•ืžื”ืื‘ ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ ืฉืืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื›ืžื• ืงืœืื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืื• ืขืžื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืืจื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื™ื™ืชืคืกื• ื›ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื“ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืคืจื™ื (ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื) ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืขืžื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื•ืช. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืžืฉืœ, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื™ืชืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื•ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื›ื™ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื•ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื. ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื• ื›ืคืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆ'ื™ืฃ, ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื•ืช. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ืืฆื•ืœื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™. ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช. ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืกื™ื, ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ-ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื•ืง. ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื•. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžืกื—ืจ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ืจื™ื“. ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืœื”. ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ืกื—ืจื• ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืืžืฆืขื™-ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ (ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืจ ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื) ื•ืืฉืจืื™, ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืžื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืžืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื›ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื‘ืจื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืขืกืงืื•ืช. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื” ื’ื ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื ืจื—ื‘, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1500 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืœ-550 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 8,800 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื“ืชื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื“ืช. ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-100 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืžืžืขืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื•ืžืขืจืช ืงืคื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืฆืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืกืœืข ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืงื™ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-30 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืžืชืืจื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืคืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฆื™ื™ื ืื“ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื”, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืืจื™-ืื“ื ืžืžืขืจืช ืฉื˜ืื“ืœ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืงืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื“ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื, ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื•ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื. ืื ื™ืžื™ื–ื โ€“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื โ€“ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื. ืคื•ืœื™ืชืื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™-ืงื“ื, ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื˜ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื. ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ื–ื โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ โ€“ ื”ืฉืชืจืฉ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช: ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกืœืื. ื“ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ื–ื, ื–ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืื™ื–ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื“ืจืš-ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ืœื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืืš ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืœ, ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ. ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืžื•ืกืจ. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืขื ืฉืช ื›ืคืฉืข. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ื ืขืœื™ื โ€“ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ืึณืžึธื ื•ึผืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื• ืืฃ ืœืœื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ืจืžื–ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืงืคื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”. ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆื“ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืจืจื™ื, ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืจืง ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฆื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ืชื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื; ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื’ื ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ืžืขืฆื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช: ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช; ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืจื™ืงื•ื“; ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืึดืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืึปืžึธึผื ื•ึผืช, ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื“ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื• ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืืžื ื•ืช. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื•, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ื›ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจืงืข ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื; ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืช ืชื”, ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืฉืœื™ืคืช ื—ืจื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœื‘ื˜ื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืื• ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืื• ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืึธืžึธึผืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ. ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืžื—ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืœื”ืขืจืฆื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืžื” ืœืžื•ืชื. ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืชื. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™[ืœ"ื’] ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง โ€“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืขืžื“ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืฆืจื• ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืกื˜ื™ืช; ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืคืœื“ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืฉืง ืงืจ ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ; ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืื‘ืง ืฉืจืคื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช; ื•ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื™, ืœืขื ื™ืฉื”, ืœื”ื‘ืขืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ืกื“ื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”. ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื—ื•ืงืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ื”. ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืฆื‘ื ืฉื”ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื•. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื’ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื‘ืง ืืœื™ื ื•ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“, ืœื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ื›ืœื™ืœ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืืชื ื™ืช ืื• ื“ืชื™ืช, ื ืงืจื ืจืฆื— ืขื. ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื: ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื• ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืื’ื™ืจืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื•, ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืฉืœื• ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ืœืชื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืžื ื™ื™ื”, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-5,000 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื ืง ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืžืก ื•ืžืกื—ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื•ื, ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืœื”ื™ืกืง ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื“ืข ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ื“ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื”. ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืชื•ืก, ื“ืช, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข[ืœ"ื“]. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืžื•ืชืŸ ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ื—ื•ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช[ืœ"ื”]. ืžื“ืข ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื’ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืืœ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืื“ืžื” ื•"ื ืคื— ื‘ืืคื™ื• ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื". ื’ื ื‘ืืกืœืื ื™ืฉื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื• ื ืคื— ื‘ื• ื”ืืœ ืžื ืฉืžืชื•. ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ืžื”, ื‘ื•ืฅ ืื• ื—ื™ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื’ืฉื™ืช ืจืื” ืืช ื‘ืชื• ืžืคืกืœืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืžืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื - ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืช - ื”ืืœ ืื ื›ื™ ืœืฉ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืืœ ื˜ืื ื” ืœืฉ ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ืื“ื•ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจืื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื ื–ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืื” ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื. ื‘ืืคื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืื ื•ืžื” ืืœื™ืฉ, ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืœื” ืชื™ืืžืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื ืง. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืืฆ'ื™ื ื”ืืœ ื”ืืงื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืžืจ, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืืœ ื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืืœ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืžื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืกืคื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื“ื ืžืื•ื›ืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืกืœืขื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื ืฉืฃ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืงื“ืงื ื•ืช ืืœื ืฆืžื—ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื• ืืœื•ื”ื™. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื• ืืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืชืคื ื•ืช ืืœืช ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ. ืืชื•ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื, ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื“ืื’ ืœื”ื ื•ืฉืœื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื• ืจื•ืืช-ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื. ื›ืฉืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืืชื•ื ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžื—ื”. ื“ืžืขื•ืชื™ื• ื˜ืคื˜ืคื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”, ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ื‘ืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืฉืžืฉ, ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื’ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื›ื—ื• ืื•ืชื•. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ื”ืคืขื, ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื ืื•ืจ, ืฉืžืฉ, ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœืข, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ืœื ืฆื—, ื•ื ืขืœื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืกืงื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืข ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื, ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืชืื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช (ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื”) ืฉื‘ืจืื” ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–[ืœ"ื•], ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืืœ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื•[ืœ"ื–]. ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ื›ื ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืืœ. ื‘ืงื”ืœืช ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื™ืŸ", ืืš ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื". ืฉืืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ. ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืžื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื-ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื•ืขืชื™ืง ืžืื•ื“. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™-ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื ื™ ื•ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื™. ืฉืืœืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื˜: "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช" ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช: ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช? ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื“ืขืช, ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘; ื–ืจื ื”ื ื”ื ืชื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ืื•ืฉืจ; ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืืœ ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ืชื•; ื–'ืืŸ-ื–'ืืง ืจื•ืกื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•; ื•ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจืœื•, ืื• ื”ืื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”, ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš, ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื•ืคืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื’ื ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื, ืืš ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื”ื’ื•ื•ื“ ื’ื™ื˜ื, ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื•ืขื“ ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื, ืืš ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืงืืจืžื” ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื. ื”ื“ืจืš ("ื“ื”ืจืžื”" ืื• "ื“ืื•") ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืืœื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืื• ืจืข ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•[ืœ"ื—]. ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข[ืœ"ื˜]. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจืขืชื ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœ[ืž]. ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ[ืž"ื], ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื”ืจื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืกืžืืœ ื•ืืฉืžื“ืื™ ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื“ืข ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ืžืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืœื ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-145] | [TOKENS: 12221]
Contents Reddit Reddit (/หˆrษ›dษชt/ โ“˜ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโ€”including photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโ€”and discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโ€”for both the general front page and for individual subredditsโ€”is determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1774] | [TOKENS: 627]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื 1774 ืฉื ืช 1774 ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”-74 ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” 365 ื™ืžื™ื. 1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1774 ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืืช 1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ ื‘-11 ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื ืคื˜ืจื• ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ โ€“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขื ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื: Nothing. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืื– ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื™, ืฉื ืช 1774 ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื”'ืชืงืœ"ื“ (ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื” 11 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘-ื™"ื— ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช). ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ 365 ื™ืžื™ื - ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ - ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขื ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื: Nothing. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื 1769 โ€ข 1770 โ€ข 1771 โ€ข 1772 โ€ข 1773 โ€ข 1774 โ€ข 1775 โ€ข 1776 โ€ข 1777 โ€ข 1778 โ€ข 1779
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Public_Service] | [TOKENS: 80]
Template:Pulitzer Prize for Public Service This template's initial visibility currently defaults to autocollapse, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible. To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used:
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D] | [TOKENS: 1524]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืฉืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื•ื 653 ืงืž"ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืคืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื• โ€“ ื›-80% ืžื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื ื’ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื ืคื” ืื—ืช, ื ืคืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ืคื” ื—ื•ืคืฃ ืœืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ื–), ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื: ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (111) ื•ืฉืคืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (112). ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2020, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืคืจื—. ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘, ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื›ืœืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆื ืœื™ื (ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—). ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืจืช ื ืคืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื ืคื” ื–ื• ืกื•ืคื— ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953 ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืคื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื” ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ืžืื– ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1957 ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื™ื–ื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืžืจื›ื– (ื‘ื• ื ื›ืœืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”) ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืžื™ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคื— ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื ืช 2023, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื•ื ื” ื›-1,298,300 ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช: ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ื, ืืคื•ื, ื›-1,988 ืื™ืฉ ืœืงืž"ืจ. ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื›-12.8% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื”: ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช-ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืชื—ืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื˜ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/users/login?ssrc=site_switcher&returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions] | [TOKENS: 84]
Communities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives Stack Overflow for Teams is now called Stack Internal. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Learn more Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Stack Internal Knowledge at work Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work.
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/users/login?ssrc=head&returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions] | [TOKENS: 84]
Communities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives Stack Overflow for Teams is now called Stack Internal. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Learn more Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Stack Internal Knowledge at work Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work.
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Public_Service] | [TOKENS: 56]
Template talk:Pulitzer Prize for Public Service Talk pages are where people discuss how to make content on Wikipedia the best that it can be. You can use this page to start a discussion with others about how to improve the "Template:Pulitzer Prize for Public Service" page.
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื’ื•ื“ืช_ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื_ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ื_ืœื’ืจืคื™ืงื”_ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช?action=edit&redlink=1] | [TOKENS: 621]
ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ืฃ "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช" ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœืžื˜ื” (ืœืขื–ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช). ืื ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื“ืฃ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจ Back ื‘ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ. ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืขืจืš ื—ื“ืฉ: ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืขืจืš: ืœื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื: ืขืจืš ื—ื“ืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขืจืš. ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื™ื›ืœืœื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช. ืขืจืš ืงืฆืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื—ืง, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืคืกืงื” ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืง: ึพ โ€“ โ€” โ€ฆ ืงื•ื“ ื•ื™ืงื™: โ€ข ยท [] [[]] () {{}} {{{}}} ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื: ~ | ยฐ ยฑ โˆ’ ร— ยฒ ยณ + ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื: ื‘ึผ ื•ึน ื•ึผ ื‘ึท ื‘ึธ ื‘ึถ ื‘ึต ื‘ึด ื‘ึณ ื‘ึฒ ื‘ึฑ ื‘ึฐ ื‘ึป ืฉื ืฉื‚ ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Public_Service] | [TOKENS: 1450]
Editing Template:Pulitzer Prize for Public Service Copy and paste: โ€“ โ€” ยฐ โ€ฒ โ€ณ โ‰ˆ โ‰  โ‰ค โ‰ฅ ยฑ โˆ’ ร— รท โ† โ†’ ยท ยง Sign your posts on talk pages: ~~~~ Cite your sources: <ref></ref> {{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] &nbsp; <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span> Symbols: ~ | ยก ยฟ โ€  โ€ก โ†” โ†‘ โ†“ โ€ข ยถ # โˆž โ€นโ€บ ยซยป ยค โ‚ณ เธฟ โ‚ต ยข โ‚ก โ‚ข $ โ‚ซ โ‚ฏ โ‚ฌ โ‚  โ‚ฃ ฦ’ โ‚ด โ‚ญ โ‚ค โ„ณ โ‚ฅ โ‚ฆ โ‚ง โ‚ฐ ยฃ แŸ› โ‚จ โ‚ช เงณ โ‚ฎ โ‚ฉ ยฅ โ™  โ™ฃ โ™ฅ โ™ฆ ๐„ซ โ™ญ โ™ฎ โ™ฏ ๐„ช ยฉ ยผ ยฝ ยพ Latin: A a ร รก ร€ ร  ร‚ รข ร„ รค ว วŽ ฤ‚ ฤƒ ฤ€ ฤ รƒ รฃ ร… รฅ ฤ„ ฤ… ร† รฆ วข วฃ B b C c ฤ† ฤ‡ ฤŠ ฤ‹ ฤˆ ฤ‰ ฤŒ ฤ ร‡ รง D d ฤŽ ฤ ฤ ฤ‘ แธŒ แธ ร รฐ E e ร‰ รฉ รˆ รจ ฤ– ฤ— รŠ รช ร‹ รซ ฤš ฤ› ฤ” ฤ• ฤ’ ฤ“ แบผ แบฝ ฤ˜ ฤ™ แบธ แบน ฦ ษ› ฦŽ ว ฦ ษ™ F f G g ฤ  ฤก ฤœ ฤ ฤž ฤŸ ฤข ฤฃ H h ฤค ฤฅ ฤฆ ฤง แธค แธฅ I i ฤฐ ฤฑ ร รญ รŒ รฌ รŽ รฎ ร รฏ ว ว ฤฌ ฤญ ฤช ฤซ ฤจ ฤฉ ฤฎ ฤฏ แปŠ แป‹ J j ฤด ฤต K k ฤถ ฤท L l ฤน ฤบ ฤฟ ล€ ฤฝ ฤพ ฤป ฤผ ล ล‚ แธถ แธท แธธ แธน M m แน‚ แนƒ N n ลƒ ล„ ล‡ ลˆ ร‘ รฑ ล… ล† แน† แน‡ ลŠ ล‹ O o ร“ รณ ร’ รฒ ร” รด ร– รถ ว‘ ว’ ลŽ ล ลŒ ล ร• รต วช วซ แปŒ แป ล ล‘ ร˜ รธ ล’ ล“ ฦ† ษ” P p Q q R r ล” ล• ล˜ ล™ ล– ล— แนš แน› แนœ แน S s ลš ล› ลœ ล ล  ลก ลž ลŸ ศ˜ ศ™ แนข แนฃ รŸ T t ลค ลฅ ลข ลฃ ศš ศ› แนฌ แนญ รž รพ U u รš รบ ร™ รน ร› รป รœ รผ ว“ ว” ลฌ ลญ ลช ลซ ลจ ลฉ ลฎ ลฏ ลฒ ลณ แปค แปฅ ลฐ ลฑ ว— ว˜ ว› วœ ว™ วš ว• ว– V v W w ลด ลต X x Y y ร รฝ ลถ ลท ลธ รฟ แปธ แปน ศฒ ศณ Z z ลน ลบ ลป ลผ ลฝ ลพ รŸ ร รฐ รž รพ ลŠ ล‹ ฦ ษ™ Greek: ฮ† ฮฌ ฮˆ ฮญ ฮ‰ ฮฎ ฮŠ ฮฏ ฮŒ ฯŒ ฮŽ ฯ ฮ ฯŽ ฮ‘ ฮฑ ฮ’ ฮฒ ฮ“ ฮณ ฮ” ฮด ฮ• ฮต ฮ– ฮถ ฮ— ฮท ฮ˜ ฮธ ฮ™ ฮน ฮš ฮบ ฮ› ฮป ฮœ ฮผ ฮ ฮฝ ฮž ฮพ ฮŸ ฮฟ ฮ  ฯ€ ฮก ฯ ฮฃ ฯƒ ฯ‚ ฮค ฯ„ ฮฅ ฯ… ฮฆ ฯ† ฮง ฯ‡ ฮจ ฯˆ ฮฉ ฯ‰ {{Polytonic|}} Cyrillic: ะ ะฐ ะ‘ ะฑ ะ’ ะฒ ะ“ ะณ า า‘ ะƒ ั“ ะ” ะด ะ‚ ั’ ะ• ะต ะ ั‘ ะ„ ั” ะ– ะถ ะ— ะท ะ… ั• ะ˜ ะธ ะ† ั– ะ‡ ั— ะ™ ะน ะˆ ั˜ ะš ะบ ะŒ ัœ ะ› ะป ะ‰ ั™ ะœ ะผ ะ ะฝ ะŠ ัš ะž ะพ ะŸ ะฟ ะ  ั€ ะก ั ะข ั‚ ะ‹ ั› ะฃ ัƒ ะŽ ัž ะค ั„ ะฅ ั… ะฆ ั† ะง ั‡ ะ ัŸ ะจ ัˆ ะฉ ั‰ ะช ัŠ ะซ ั‹ ะฌ ัŒ ะญ ั ะฎ ัŽ ะฏ ั ฬ IPA: tฬช dฬช สˆ ษ– ษŸ ษก ษข สก ส” ษธ ฮฒ ฮธ รฐ สƒ ส’ ษ• ส‘ ส‚ ส รง ส ษฃ ฯ‡ ส ฤง ส• สœ สข ษฆ ษฑ ษณ ษฒ ล‹ ษด ส‹ ษน ษป ษฐ ส™ โฑฑ ส€ ษพ ษฝ ษซ ษฌ ษฎ ษบ ษญ สŽ สŸ ษฅ ส ษง สผ ษ“ ษ— ส„ ษ  ส› ส˜ ว€ วƒ ว‚ ว ษจ ส‰ ษฏ ษช ส สŠ รธ ษ˜ ษต ษค ษ™ ษš ษ› ล“ ษœ ษ ษž สŒ ษ” รฆ ษ ษถ ษ‘ ษ’ สฐ สฑ สท สฒ ห  หค โฟ หก หˆ หŒ ห ห‘ ฬช {{IPA|}} Wikidata entities used in this page Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA] | [TOKENS: 4888]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžืฉืคื” ืื (ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืฉืคื”) ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื” ื›ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืคื™ืœื•ื’ื ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ืื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื™ื›ื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืื• ื”ื’ื“ืจืชืŸ ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—. ืฉืคื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช (ืื '). ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ืฉืคื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉืคื” ืื ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™. ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืชืคื™ืกื” ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื’ืœืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ. ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช โ€“ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— โ€“ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืฆื’ ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื” (ืจืื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื’ื“ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช). ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื”-ื”ืื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื™ื›ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉื™ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคืช ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืช ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ื•ืกื—ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืœื™ื™ื›ืจ. ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ืื ื”ื™ื ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืฉืคื” ืื (ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช) ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืžื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžืื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืจื•ืžืื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืืฃ ืื ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืžื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ (ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ืช, ื“ื ื™ืช, ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ืช ื•ืคืจื•ืื–ื™ืช). ืฉื™ื•ืš ืฉืคื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช DNA ื•ื—ืงืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” โ€“ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช). ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช "ืขื ืคื™ื". ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืชืืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื›ืขืฅ ืžืžื ื• ืžืกืชืขืคื™ื ืขื ืคื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืขืฃ ื”ืœืื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช" ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช). ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœื” ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื "ืขื ืฃ", "ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”", "ืฆื‘ืจ" ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืคื™ืœื•ื" ืื• "ืžืฉืคื—ืช-ืขืœ". ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื•ืช, ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื’ื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืืœื” ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช (ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื˜ืื™ื•ืช), ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•. ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืฉืคื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช" ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“. ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืืœื‘ื ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื›ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื‘ืืจ ื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ืขื ืฃ ื›ืœืฉื”ื (ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื "ืœ "ืฉืคื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช"). ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ื›ืฉืคื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืจื•ื•ื—ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“, ื•ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืืฃ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืืœื‘ื ื™ืช, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกืงื™ืช ืœืฉืคื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืืžื ื ืžืฉืคื•ืช ืจื•ืžืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžืฉืคื•ืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื™ื–ื• ืฉืคืช-ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื”. ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืืชืจ Ethnologue. ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื—ื“ื• ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืคืคื•ืื ื™ื•ืช: ื‘ืกื”"ื›, ืœืคื™ ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื–ื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›-7,099 ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืืชื ื•ืœื•ื’, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 55 ืœ-75 ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืงืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื—ื“ื•. ื›-20 ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื›-10 ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืช ื•ืขื™ืœืžื™ืช ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ื•ื ื›ื—ื“ื•. ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืฉืคืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ืกื™ืกื” ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื˜ืื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืจืง ืฉืคื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืื—ืช โ€“ ื”ื‘ืกืงื™ืช. ืขื“ ืขืชื” ื›ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืกืก ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืงืฉืจ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืงื™ืช ืœื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื“ื™ื”. ืกื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ื ืกืžื›ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช, ืืš ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืจื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื. ื™ืชืจ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” โ€“ ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื™ืช (ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืกืคืง ื˜ื™ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช), ืื™ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™ืช, ื˜ืจื˜ืกื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืงื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ื ื›ื—ื“ื•. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืคืฆื• ืขื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืื—ื•ื– ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืฉืคื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืืกื™ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื ื’ื‘. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel] | [TOKENS: 3347]
Contents Milwaukee Journal Sentinel The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel is a daily morning broadsheet printed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where it is the primary newspaper and also the largest newspaper in the state of Wisconsin, where it is widely read. It was purchased by the Gannett Company in 2016. In early 2003, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel began printing at a new facility in West Milwaukee. In September 2006, the Journal Sentinel announced it had "signed a five-year agreement to print the national edition of USA Today for distribution in the northern and western suburbs of Chicago and the eastern half of Wisconsin". History The Milwaukee Sentinel was founded on June 27, 1837, in response to disparaging statements made about the east side of town by Byron Kilbourn's westside partisan newspaper, the Milwaukee Advertiser, during the city's "bridge wars", a period when the two sides of town fought for dominance. A co-founder of Milwaukee, Solomon Juneau, provided the starting funds for editor John O'Rourke, a former office assistant at the Advertiser, to start the paper. On Juneau's request, O'Rourke's associate, Harrison Reed, remained to take over the Sentinel's operations on behalf of Democratic Party politician James Duane Doty. Reed continued the struggle to keep the paper ahead of its debts, often printing pleas to his advertisers and subscribers to pay their bills any way they could. Meanwhile, the establishment of the Whig party in the territory thrust the Sentinel into partisan politics. In 1840 Reed was assaulted by individuals whom the Sentinel charged were hired by Democratic Governor Henry Dodge. When Doty backed William Henry Harrison, the Sentinel endorsed Harrison for president in the 1840 election. Starr guarded the Sentinel's position as the sole Whig organ in Milwaukee. Heavily in debt, he secured the partnership of David M. Keeler, who paid off the paper's creditors. Keeler took on partner John S. Fillmore (nephew of U.S. president Millard Fillmore) and succeeded in ousting Starr, who kept publishing his own version of the Sentinel. Keeler and Fillmore trumped his efforts by turning their Sentinel into a daily on December 9, 1844, while still publishing a weekly edition. The paper finally began to prosper and establish itself as a major political force in the nascent state of Wisconsin. Having accomplished his goal of establishing the first daily paper in the territory, Keeler retired two months later, but not before opening a public reading room of the nation's newspapers, the origin of Milwaukee's public library system. Fillmore employed a succession of editors, including Jason Downer, later a Wisconsin Supreme Court justice, and Increase A. Lapham, a Midwestern naturalist who later helped establish the National Weather Service. After running through six editors in eight years, Fillmore sought a more stable editorial foundation and went east to confer with Thurlow Weed, editor of the Albany Evening Journal and powerful Whig political boss of New York. Weed recommended his associate editor and protรฉgรฉ, Rufus King. King was a native of New York City, a graduate of West Point, a brevet lieutenant, the son of the president of Columbia College and the grandson of U.S. Constitution signer Rufus King. In June 1845 King came to Milwaukee and became the Sentinel's editor three months later. The paper provided thorough coverage of Wisconsin's constitutional convention, held in Madison in 1846. When the adopted constitution fell short of Whig expectations, the Sentinel was instrumental in encouraging its rejection by territorial voters on April 6, 1847. The Sentinel launched a German-language paper, Der Volksfreund, to bring the city's large population of German immigrants to the Whig cause. Gen. King himself was a delegate to Wisconsin's second constitutional convention. He was also appointed head of the Milwaukee militia and sat on the University of Wisconsin's board of regents, as well as being the first superintendent of Milwaukee public schools. In the wake of the Panic of 1857 King sold the paper to T.D. Jermain and H.H. Brightman, but remained editor, covering the state legislative sessions of 1859โ€“1861 himself. In 1848, the Sentinel praised the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, a treaty that ended the Mexicanโ€“American War, commenting: "Peace upon almost any terms will be joyfully welcomed by the American People. They have long since tired of the war." The Sentinel prospered during the Civil War, sometimes printing five editions of the paper in a day. Though much of the war news was copied from Chicago papers, the Sentinel did dispatch a war correspondent for over half a year. The war also resulted in a shortage of skilled printers, so in 1863 the Sentinel began hiring and training "female compositors" to typeset the paper, albeit in another building away from the men. This resulted in members of the Milwaukee Typographical Union leaving their jobs, but the war had already depleted their ranks to such a degree that the union later temporarily disbanded. Frustrated by the lack of skilled help, editor C. Latham Sholes tried building a typesetting machine, but failed. After becoming comptroller for the city a few years later, he invented the modern typewriter. After the war ended circulation fell off and the number of editions was kept to a minimum. A supporter of the Liberal Republicans, who opposed President Ulysses S. Grant, Thomson was ousted from the paper after Carpenter's former law partner Newton S. Murphey bought the Sentinel in 1874 with other pro-Grant Republicans, including Carpenter, who had failed to be re-elected. After Murphey loaned Carpenter $20,000 to also become a stakeholder in the paper, Carpenter hired A. C. Botkin as editor, formerly of the Chicago Times, to replace Thomson. The Sentinel was soon perceived as Carpenter's "personal mouthpiece" and an organ of the state Republican central committee. After committee chairman Elisha W. Keyes blocked Carpenter from becoming a delegate to the national Republican convention in 1876, the paper began running fierce editorials denouncing Keyes. The Sentinel later endorsed Carpenter over Keyes as senator in the 1878 election. Disappointed in the paper's weak defense of unregulated corporations, a new group of stalwart Republicans purchased the old Democratic Milwaukee News in 1880 and resurrected it as the Republican and News. Horace Rublee, a former editor of the Wisconsin State Journal and who had been the chairman of the state Republican party, was hired as editor-in-chief. Failing to put the Sentinel out of business, the Republicans bought the paper outright and issued it as the Republican-Sentinel. The next year the word Republican was dropped, but the paper remained a major force in the state's Republican party. This troubled managing editor Lucius W. Nieman, who had covered the state capitol for the Sentinel and had seen the control the powerful monied interests had over state government. When a Democrat was elected to Congress from a die-hard Republican county, the Sentinel's editor refused to print the fact. This led Nieman to resign and join the fledgling Milwaukee Journal. The Journal first received acclaim when Nieman's coverage of a deadly hotel fire revealed it to be a firetrap, but the Sentinel defended the hotel's management, which included a Sentinel stockholder. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner was the Sentinel's Madison correspondent for a year, beginning in April 1884, while he finished his senior year at the University of Wisconsin. He covered various aspects of life in Madison, from campus news to the state legislature. He delivered the scoop that university regent and state political boss Elisha W. Keyes wished to remove university president John Bascom for political reasons and it was Turner's reports that resulted in a backlash of support for the president. Bascom had earlier offered Turner a position teaching elocution at the university that he turned down in favor of working for the Sentinel for nine more months. He left the paper after Republicans appointed him as the transcribing clerk to Wisconsin's state senate before later going on to teach history. In 1892โ€“1893 the Sentinel moved temporarily from its home on Mason Street so that the old building could be torn down and a new, state-of-the-art structure could be erected in its place. With the dawning of the Progressive Era during the 1890s the Sentinel began to moderate its views, often echoing calls for political reform. After the Panic of 1893 a private utility monopoly run by stalwart Republican party bosses Charles F. Pfister and Henry C. Payne, The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company (TMER&L), revoked commuter passes and raised utility rates during the depression. The Sentinel joined in the chorus of indignation that resounded from Milwaukee and beyond, particularly during 1899 when Pfister and Payne succeeded, by means of bribery, to push through a 35-year contract with the city. On December 29 Pfister and Payne sued the Sentinel for libel, to which the paper replied that it had fallen prey to "probably the most formidable and influential combination of selfish interests ever found in the city of Milwaukee." Rather than going to trial and having his business practices revealed, Pfister bought the Sentinel outright on February 18, 1901, paying an immense sum to buy up a majority of its stock. After the death of his publisher, Lansing Warren, that summer Pfister assumed publishing duties, immersing himself in the paper's operations and directing political coverage. Owning the Sentinel expanded his conservative influence from the convention backrooms to the pages of the largest daily paper in Wisconsin. The Sentinel immediately opposed the newly elected Governor La Follette. During La Follete's successful re-election campaign in 1902, Pfister's political power was diminished after it had been revealed that he had secretly purchased the editorial pages of some 300 of the state's newspapers. A majority stake was purchased by the Hearst Corporation in 1924. Operations of the Sentinel were joined to Hearst's papers, the afternoon Wisconsin News and the morning Milwaukee Telegram; the latter being merged with the Sentinel as the Milwaukee Sentinel & Telegram. The Wisconsin News entered into a lease arrangement with the School of Engineering for radio station WSOE on November 15, 1927. The lease was for a minimum of three years. To reflect the new arrangement, the Wisconsin News changed the call letters of WSOE to WISN on January 23, 1928. The station was sold to the Wisconsin News in November 1930. Hearst's associate Paul Block acquired Pfister's remaining stake of the Sentinel in 1929. The News closed in 1939, being consolidated with the Sentinel as a single morning paper. In 1955 Hearst purchased television station WTVW and changed the call letters to WISN-TV. The Milwaukee Journal began as The Daily Journal in 1882. Edna Ferber, later a famed writer and Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist, was a Milwaukee Journal reporter for nearly four years, from approximately 1903 to 1907. The Journal followed the Sentinel into broadcasting. The Journal purchased radio station WKAF in 1927, changing its call letters to WTMJ. It launched an experimental FM station, W9XAO, in 1940, which was licensed as a commercial station in 1941, originally as W55M, and later becoming WMFM and WTMJ-FM. This station was shut down in 1950. In 1959 a new WTMJ-FM was licensed, which later became WKTI-FM, WLWK-FM, and WKTI. WTMJ-TV, Wisconsin's first television station, went on the air in 1947. In January 1995, faced with rising costs of newsprint and a declining Journal circulation, Journal Communications decided to merge the two publications. The company announced that they expected to cut the equivalent of between 500 and 550 full-time jobs. The final issue of the Journal was published on the evening of March 31, 1995, and the final issue of the Sentinel was published on the morning of April 1, 1995. The first issue of the merged publication was published on April 2, 1995. As of mid-2012, the Journal Sentinel had the 31st-largest circulation among all major U.S. newspapers, with circulation of 207,000 for the daily edition and just under 338,000 for the Sunday edition. On April 8, 2016, decades of local ownership for both papers ended when Journal Media Group was acquired by the Gannett Company for $280 million. Gannett owns most of the daily newspapers in the central and eastern parts of Wisconsin (eleven in all), including the Green Bay Press-Gazette and Appleton's The Post-Crescent. The Journal Sentinel has been integrated into the company's "USA Today Network Wisconsin". The Journal Sentinel also collaborates with the Press-Gazette for Packers coverage, and adapted to Gannett standards, including newspaper layout, website and apps, in August 2016. In the spring of 2018, the Journal Sentinel press facility began to print all of Gannett's state papers (it already printed The Sheboygan Press and USA Today) replacing the company's Appleton facility. By 2021, it was reported that about 90% of Journal Sentinel subscriptions were for its print edition despite a years-long push to increase the number of digital subscribers. In April 2024, the newspaper launched a redesigned Sunday edition. Awards The Milwaukee Journal and the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel have received Pulitzer Prizes: In 1934, cartoonist Ross A. Lewis won for his cartoon on labor-industry violence, "Sure, I'll Work for Both Sides". In 1966, the series "Pollution: The Spreading Menace" garnered the award for public service. In 1977, Margo Huston became the first female staff member of The Milwaukee Journal to win a Pulitzer Prize. She won the award in the category of best general reporting for a series of articles on the elderly and the process of aging. In 2008, local government reporter David Umhoefer was awarded the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting for his investigation of the Milwaukee County pension system. In 2010, reporter Raquel Rutledge was awarded the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for local reporting for her investigations and stories on abuses in a state-run child care system. In 2011, Mark Johnson, Kathleen Gallagher, Gary Porter, Lou Saldivar, and Alison Sherwood were awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting for their "lucid examination of an epic effort to use genetic technology to save a 4-year-old boy imperiled by a mysterious disease, told with words, graphics, videos and other images." In 1965 the paper's women's section won the Penney-Missouri Award for General Excellence. Archives In 2008, Google published the newspaper's archives as part of an initiative to digitize historical newspapers. Though the initiative ended in 2011, the archives remain accessible. The Milwaukee digitization used microfilm that had been scanned for ProQuest's database. At the Journal Sentinel's request, the Milwaukee Public Library loaned decades of missing microfilm volumes to complete the digitization. When Google's project ended, the newspaper began the process of creating its own archive via its relationship with Newsbank. Newsbank unsuccessfully attempted to sell Journal Sentinel digital archive access to the Milwaukee Public Library, which could not afford their asking price. The Library already subscribed to Newsbank's obituary and recent Journal Sentinel articles, as well as other proprietary databases with annual subscriptions costing less than $100,000. In May 2014, Newsbank suggested several purchase options, one of which was $1.5 million, which would have consumed nearly all of the library's $1.7 million materials budget. The newspaper changed ownership to Gannett in April and by August had requested that Google remove free public access to the archives, leaving a gap in coverage. Google Newspapers access was restored in December 2017, but digital access continued to be sporadic over the next several years. References Bibliography External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืฉืœื•ื] | [TOKENS: 3346]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ืฉึธืืœื•ึนื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืจืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” (ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”) ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉืชืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ื›ื•ื— ื•ื›ืคื™ื™ื”. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ืจืง ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื—ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคื•ืจื˜. ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืœื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื "ืฉืœื•ื ืงืจ". ื”ืฉื›ื ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจืก ื‘"ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™" ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื "ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืžืื– 1814 ื•ื ื•ืงื˜ืช ืขืžื“ื” ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืฉื’ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื•ื ื“ื•ืžื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื‘ืข, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื ืฉืง ืื• ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืชืœื•ื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื ืฉืง ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื• ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ื ืื—ืจ, (ืจื™ื‘) ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ ื–ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื•ืก ื•ื™ื•ื ื“ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืืจืขื™ืช ื•ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืคื—ื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ืชื” ืžืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื ืฉืง, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืชื” ืžืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ื’ื”. ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืžื ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืกื“ืจ ื•ืžื ืขื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื: ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ (ืจืื•: "ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื" ื•"ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ"). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืชืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืฉื”ื ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช: ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืกื•ื“ืืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืชืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993 ื—ืชืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืกืœื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืœื ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” (ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•). ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2025) ื•ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื ืžืฉืš. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขื–ื”, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ืฉืœื•ื ื›ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื”ืกื›ื ืจื™ื‘ื ื˜ืจื•ืค ืžื•ืœื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื” ืฉื‘ื• ืชืงืคื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ืฉืœื•ื ืงืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช, ืžืกืชื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืœื™ื™ืฉืžื•. ืฉืœื•ื ืงืจ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://www.reddit.com/r/Judaism/?feedViewType=cardView] | [TOKENS: 714]
r/Judaism Purim Megathread 5786 #10 General Discussion (Off Topic) Israel & Related Antisemitism Shabbat Shalom! u/Shasari โ€ข Shabbat Shalom! We're what's left ๐Ÿ˜„ u/justjust000 โ€ข We're what's left ๐Ÿ˜„ Oregon State Board of Nursing Public Forum 02/19/2026 u/Boring-Question4748 โ€ข Oregon State Board of Nursing Public Forum 02/19/2026 Antisemitism Anyone can view, post, and comment to this community Community Bookmarks About r/Judaism Here you can find resources of, by, for, and in general proximity to all things Jew~ish. This is a non-denominational subreddit, we expect everybody to respect that. To debate, ask, inform, or otherwise discuss r/judaism, please go to r/metajudaism A glossary of common terms that you might see thrown around here. A fantastic translation plugin for most browsers. Gives you hover text translations of common non-English words. Our world-famous denominations of Judaism document. A basic introduction to conversions and what it takes to become a Jew. More resources, texts, and things to read. r/Judaism Rules Don't be a jerk Donโ€™t start or continue flame wars. Donโ€™t troll or harass people, for any reason. Donโ€™t use personal (ad hominem) attacks. This includes things but is not limited to; anti-denominational language, sweeping generalizations, bringing up of conversion/Jewish identity status, bigotry. Additionally, telling people to be quiet or go to another sub is as unacceptable as the rest. Don't proselytize. Donโ€™t proselytize for other religions or lack thereof. No antisemitism. Don't make clickbait. Donโ€™t change submission titles into clickbait for link posts. Your thoughts and opinions should go in the comments. It is not forbidden to change titles across the board. Changes to the title that offer no opinion, and clarify content, are fine. Don't fundraise/survey without prior permission. Message the mods for permission before posting fundraisers, advertisements, surveys, requests for interviews, or any other type of solicitation. This applies to personal, commercial, media, and academic posts. No questions about fasting Any questions about fasting or the intersection of medicine and Jewish law may be removed. Ask your rabbi and/or doctor No Politics Political posts go in the appropriate megathread. This includes posts about antisemitism in politics as well as posts about Israel/Palestine that are not otherwise directly related to Judaism or Jews doing Jewish things. If it's worth reporting, report and don't respond If a post is worth reporting, report it and donโ€™t respond. If a lot of things are worth reporting, message the mods. Don't feed the trolls, don't play mod, don't tell somebody "hey, you broke the rules". Just report it. Reports are most useful when you give details This is here for reporting purposes as most of the time writing a description is the most helpful thing to do. Using the custom response is usually the best idea. No reposts Especially for articles, but also for general questions. If you ask a question that is answered in the Wiki or can be found by searching the sub, your post will be removed. Important Links Browse With More Happiness Filter out posts based on flair AMA Calendar Jewish Diaspora Calendar Related Subreddits Moderators Installed Apps
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:PikiWiki_Israel_14282_Baha_garden_Haifa.jpg] | [TOKENS: 736]
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:PikiWiki Israel 14282 Baha garden Haifa.jpg ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืขืžื•ืชืช ื•ื™ืงื™ืžื“ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงื“ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืื’ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืคื™ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021 ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืชืช ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ืจืฉืช. ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžื•, ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘User talk:Pikiwikisrael. ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืชืืจื™ืš/ืฉืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”: ืžื˜ืึพื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืื• ืžืกื•ืจืง ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ืื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Post] | [TOKENS: 581]
Contents The Boston Post The Boston Post was a daily newspaper in New England for over a hundred years before its final shutdown in 1956. The Post was founded in November 1831 by two prominent Boston businessmen, Charles G. Greene and William Beals. Edwin Grozier bought the paper in 1891. Within two decades, he had built it into easily the largest paper in Boston and New England. Grozier suffered a total physical breakdown in 1920, and turned over day-to-day control of the Post to his son, Richard. Upon Edwin's death in 1924, Richard inherited the paper. Under the younger Grozier, The Boston Post grew into one of the largest newspapers in the country. At its height in the 1930s, it had a circulation of well over a million readers. At the same time, Richard Grozier suffered an emotional breakdown from the death of his wife in childbirth from which he never recovered. Facing increased competition from the Hearst-run papers in Boston and New York and from radio and television news, the paper suffered a decline in the 1940s and '50s from which it never recovered. When it ceased publishing in October 1956, its daily circulation was 230,000. Former contributors "Sunday Magazine" supplement From 1904 through 1916, "Sunday Magazine" was a regular syndicated supplement to Sunday editions of newspapers in various cities across the United States, including the Boston Post, Philadelphia Press, New-York Tribune, Chicago Tribune, St. Louis Republic, Detroit Free Press, and Minneapolis Journal. The supplement in Boston was initially titled "Sunday Magazine of the Boston Sunday Post"; later, as "Boston Sunday Post Sunday Magazine". The regular 20-page periodical has a magazine-like format that is essentially identical to the versions that accompanied other major newspapers in the early 1900s, featuring the same cover illustration, articles, short stories, serials, and advertisements. Pulitzer Prizes Boston Post Cane tradition In 1909, under the ownership of Edwin Grozier, The Boston Post engaged in its most famous publicity stunt. The paper had 700 ornate, ebony-shafted, gold-capped canes made and contacted the selectmen in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island towns. The Boston Post Canes were given to the selectmen with the request that the canes be presented in a ceremony to the town's oldest living man. The custom was expanded to include a community's oldest women in 1930. More than 500 towns in New England still carry on the Boston Post Cane tradition with the original canes they were awarded in 1909. Usage According to H. W. Fowler, the first recorded instance of the term O. K. was made in the Boston Morning Post of 1839. See also Image gallery References External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื–ื™ืช] | [TOKENS: 9023]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ (O. e. europaea) ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืœืืคืจื™ืŸ (O. e. laperrinei) ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ืงืื™ (O. e. maroccana) ื–ื™ืช ื’ื•ืื ืฆ'ื™ (O. cerasiformis) ื–ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื™ืจื™ (O. maderensis) ื–ึทื™ึดืช ืึตื™ืจื•ึนืคึดึผื™ (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Olea europaea), ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื—: ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืขืฅ ืื• ืฉื™ื— ื™ืจื•ืง-ืขื“ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืกืคืจื“, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืจืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืž-12 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื™ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•. ืœื–ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ (O. e. europaea), ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืชื•ืจื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›-7,000 ืฉื ื™ื. ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”: ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ (O. e. cuspidata), ืฉืชืคื•ืฆืชื• ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืช ืืœื ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื• ื”ืงื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืœืืคืจื™ืŸ (O. e. laperrinei) ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื”ืจื”, ื•ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืงืื™ (O. e. maroccana) ื”ืื ื“ืžื™ ืœื”ืจื™ ื”ืื˜ืœืก ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืš ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืช. ืคืขื•ืœืช ืงื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืžืกื™ืง. ืคืจื™ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืžืื›ืœ, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืคืง ืžืžื ื• ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืื›ืœ (ืœืชื™ื‘ื•ืœ, ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ), ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืœื–ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืขืฆื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืœื›ืจืžื™ ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืืš ืขืจื›ื ืจื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ. ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืชื‘ื—ื” ื‘ื”ื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื "ืš "ืืจืฅ ื–ื™ืช ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืฉ", ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื–ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืกืชืขืคืช ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉื•ืคืข ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”. ื”ืขืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืืจื›ื™ื, ืฆื™ื“ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืจื— ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื•ื ื• ืืคื•ืจ ืžื›ืกื™ืฃ. ืคืจื—ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘). ืœืคืจื—ื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืœื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืžืื•ื—ื™ื, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžืื•ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื, ืขืœื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฆืœืงื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ืœื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืชื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช, ืฉืจืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืœื–ืจืข. ื”ืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืขื ื”ื”ื‘ืฉืœื” ืžืชื›ื”ื” ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืคืจื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืœืฉื—ื•ืจ. ืฆื™ืคืช ื”ืคืจื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ (ืขื“ 45%) ื•ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ. ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืื• ื‘ืžืื™, ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืชื™ื•. ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืื•ื“: ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-1,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื›-2,000 ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขืฆื™ ื–ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืขืจืื‘ื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื—ื ื ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื - ื›ื•ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคืจื™. ื›ืžื” ืขืฆื™ ื–ื™ืช ื’ืŸ ื‘ื’ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•. ื›ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื’ื™ืœื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ื—ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฆืจื™ื. ื—ื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืชื—ืชื™ืช ื’ื–ืข ื”ื–ื™ืช, ื•ื ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื’ื–ื•ื ื•ืœื ืกืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื’ื–ืข ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืื—ื“. ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืฉืงืขืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืจืื” ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ื–ื™ืช. ืžืจืื” ืฉื›ื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืขื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื–ืข ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ืงืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืœืฉืžืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืื›ืœ: ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื: ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื - ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื–ื” ืœืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžื•ืคืง ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืกืคืจื“, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942 ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›-600,000 ื“ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” 600 ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื“, ืจื•ื‘ื ื›ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื›-60%, ืขืงื‘ ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื›ืจืžื™ื, ืกืœื™ืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2011โ€“2012 ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 9,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืคืงื• 7,500 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ 20,500 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ื•-15,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช. ื™ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ืขืžื“ ืขืœ 1,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช. ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœื” ืž-222,000 ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ืœ-268,500 ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013 ื ืฆืคื• ืขืฆื™ ื–ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ Xylella fastidiosa ืžืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ pauca, ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืืงืœื™ื ื—ื ืฉืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015 ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœื ืคืช ืœืฆ'ื” ื•ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2015 ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœืงื•ืจืกื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ื ืฆืคืชื” ืœื™ื“ ื ื™ืก ืฉื‘ืฆืจืคืช. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ X. fastidiosa ืžืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ multiplex. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ X. fastidiosa ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืจืงื” ื•ืื™ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืื“ืืœืกื˜ ืฉื‘ื ืคืช ืืœื™ืงื ื˜ื”. ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ X. fastidiosa ื‘ื–ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™, ื ืงืจืืช OQDS (Olive quick decline syndrome โ€“ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื–ื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”) ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืงืžื™ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื•ืœืžื•ื•ืช. ื‘-2017 ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื—ื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžโ€“100 ืง"ืž, ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื• ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืจืžื™ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื“ ื ืกื’ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืขืงื™ืจืช ืขืฆื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ืืš ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื” ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ืงื˜ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-6,000 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื›ืœืงื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก, ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื ืžืกืจ ื›ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืืœื ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉืœื— ืžืืคืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืืจืฆื• ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ". ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ื ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื—ืงืจ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื ืจืช ื•ืžืื’ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืื—ื•ื– ืื‘ืงื ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืจืช ื›-7,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื•ื‘ืื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื›-6,500 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืช. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื’ืื™ ื ืฆืคืชื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืืœืฃ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืฃ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื”ืคืงืช ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืขื ืฃ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืคื™ื ื”, ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื›ืคืจ ืชื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ื–ื™ืชื™ื. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื™ืœื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื–ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฅ ื›ืžื” ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื; ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืจืงื•ื‘. ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืฉืขืœื” ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืงืจ ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘-1,100 ืฉื ื”. ืงื•ื˜ืจื• ืžืขืœ 4 ืž'. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืคืข ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื™ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ. ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคื—ืžืŸ 14. ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื“ืžื™ืช ื•ืขืชืœื™ืช. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ ื–ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืื• ืžื–ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ื•ืžืฆืื• ื›ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื ืขื–ื•ืช ืขื–ืจื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืžืขืฆื™ ื–ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืชืœื™ืช ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืื’ืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขืจืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฅ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืกืงื”, ื ื’ืจื•ืช ืœืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืœื ื•ื™. ื”ืคืจื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืžืื›ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื”, ืœื”ืคืงืช ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืœืžืื›ืœ - ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ื•ืœื”ืคืงืช ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื” ื•ืœืžืื•ืจ. ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื—ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื•ื•ื™ ื•ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื•ื•ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื” 3 ื•ืื•ืžื’ื” 6 ืฉืžืื–ื ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืื•ืžื’ื” 9 ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ E ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K. ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื–ื™ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื ืขืœื™ ื–ื™ืช, ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื›ืจืช. ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื ื—, ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื— ื ื— ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืงืœื• ื”ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื” ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ. ืกืžืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงืœ (ื™ื•ื ื” ืขื ืขื ืฃ ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืœื”), ื”ืคืš ืœืกืžืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ืžืื–, ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกืžืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจื—ื•ื‘ "ื”ื–ื™ืช" ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื‘-124 ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” (ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2006). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”-120 ืœืงืง"ืœ, ื ืขืจื›ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช "ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืขืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื–ื™ืช ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 33% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœ"ืขืฅ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™". ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื "ืš ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื‘ื—ื” ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ืคื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืœื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”, ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื: โ€ื–ื™ืช ืจืขื ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืคืจื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืงืจื ื”' ืฉืžืšโ€. ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ: "ืžื” ืจืื” ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื–ื™ืช? โ€“ ืืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืŸ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืืœื ืขื•ืžื“, ื›ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื". ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžืกืžืœ ื’ื ื›ืกืžืœ ืœืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืคืข, ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื‘ื ื™ืš ื›ืฉืชื™ืœื™ ื–ื™ืชื™ื". ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจื ืงื ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืช ื›ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœืžื–ืœ. ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื ืคืจื™ ื”ืขืฅ, ื•ืื ืื›ืœ ื›ื–ื™ืช, ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ. ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื–ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฅ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืื›ื™ืœืช ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื›ื—ื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช. ืžื™ื“ืช "ื›ื–ื™ืช" ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžื™ื“ืช ื ืคื— ืื• ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื "ืš ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ: "ื–ึทื™ึดืช ืจึทืขึฒื ึธืŸ ื™ึฐืคึตื” ืคึฐืจึดื™ ืชึนืึทืจ ืงึธืจึธื ื™ึฐื”ื•ึธื” ืฉึฐืืžึตืšึฐ ืœึฐืงื•ึนืœ ื”ึฒืžื•ึผืœึธึผื” ื’ึฐื“ึนืœึธื” ื”ึดืฆึดึผื™ืช ืึตืฉื ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึฐืจึธืขื•ึผ ื“ึธึผืœึดื™ึผื•ึนืชึธื™ื•". ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”: ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช. ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›-45% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื›-85% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื–ื™ืชื™ื. ืžืกื™ืง ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฃ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ" 1924โ€“1925 ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ื–ื™ืช. ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-Spector17_148-0] | [TOKENS: 12221]
Contents Reddit Reddit (/หˆrษ›dษชt/ โ“˜ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโ€”including photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโ€”and discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโ€”for both the general front page and for individual subredditsโ€”is determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_note-152] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘-1993 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉ ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืŸ 1996โ€“1999 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข; ื‘ื™ืŸ 2009โ€“2021 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ; ื•ืžืื– ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2002 ื‘ื”ืŸ ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื•ืื™ ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2003โ€“2005, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื”, ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020, ื ื—ืชืžื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืจื›ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ืจืขื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ, ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘-2023 ืื™ืจืข ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ื‘-2025 ืชืงืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2005 ืœ-2013 ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020, ืงื™ื“ื•ื "ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช" ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ื•ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืื– ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืชื™ืง 1000, ืชื™ืง 2000 ื•ืชื™ืง 4000. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืฉื ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ (ICC) ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ื ื’ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื” (ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกื’ืœ; 1912โ€“2000) ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• (1910โ€“2012) ื•ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•, ื”ืคืจื“ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืกื’ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืž-1955 ื‘ืงื˜ืžื•ืŸ. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื "ื‘ื™ื‘ื™" ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ. ืื—ื•ืชื• ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื•[ื] ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ "ื‘ื™" ื›ืงืจื™ืืช ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืง ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”-60 ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืจื” ื‘ืฆ'ืœื˜ื ื”ื, ืคืจื•ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืฉื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1967 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ืขื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื•ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืจื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชืฉื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชื•ืคืช ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก 4 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืคืชื— ื‘ืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13, ื‘ืขืช ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืกื™ื™ื ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื—ื™"ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก "ืกื‘ื ื”", ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื” ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื ืชืงืข ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจ. ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื’ืชื•, ืขื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ืฉ ืœืขื–ืจืชื ื•ื—ื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1972 ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืกืจืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื—ื–ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT ืฉื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจืช ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื" ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ 1981. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช (B.S.A.D) ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT ื‘-1974, ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ MIT ืกืœื•ืืŸ ื‘-1976. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืฃ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขื ื–ืื‘ ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ืจ ืชื•ืจื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ึพMIT ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืขืกืงื™, "ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ืค". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื›ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• "ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืื™" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืชืื™". ื ื™ืชืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื—ืชื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื•. ื‘-1976 ืฉื›ืœ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•, ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืกื•ืฃ 1976 ื•ืขื“ 1980 ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืขืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-1980 ื–ื›ื” ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืขื“ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1979โ€“1982 ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื "ืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืจ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื•ึน ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืžื ื•ืชื• ื›ืฆื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™., ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžื™ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1982โ€“1984. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื ืก ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ, ืžื™ืœื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืขื“ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืงื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืชื‘ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘-1988 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘-1988, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“". ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืืช ื™ื’ืืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-12, ื•ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืฆืฆื• ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•"ื, ื’ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘-1991 ื ืžื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™, ืขื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-1992, ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืคืœืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘-1993 ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” "ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช". ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ "ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื" ื ื™ืกื” ืœืกื—ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืฉืชื•. ื”ืจืžื™ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื”, ื”ืขืžื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื•ื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” ืงืฆื‘, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœ-52.1% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (72,705 ืžืชื•ืš 139,522 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื). ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืž-1993 ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘', ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1995. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืจืขื ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื—ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉื ืืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ "ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช", ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ. ื‘-29 ื‘ืžืื™ 1996 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฆื—ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›-29,000 ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื— ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 1.4%, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื’ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืคืขืœ ืœืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื‘ ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืชืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœ"ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“-ื’ืฉืจ-ืฆื•ืžืช". ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืคืจืก ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ื ืจื’ื–, ืžื” ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื ื‘ื™ ื–ืขื" ื•ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ ืงืื ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘"ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง: "ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื, ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื’ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืคืจืก ื™ื—ืœืง ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 47 ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžึพ18 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1996 ืขื“ ืœึพ6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1999. ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืžืกืจื” ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘'. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืจื–, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช. ื‘-24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 17 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื›ืžืื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืชื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœื•ืจื•ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืคืจืช ืชื—ืช ืžืกื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืชื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืคืชื— ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช "ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืœืข ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•". ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื• ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืงืจื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืœืขืจืคืืช ืœืคืกื’ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืคืกื’ื” ืกืœืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1997. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืกื’ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžืขื˜ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ืงืจืื• "ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช". ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1997 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—'ืืœื“ ืžืฉืขืœ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื ืขืœืชื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื™ "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื” ื ืชืคืกื•. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื, ืฉืœื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืจื•ืคืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืขืœ ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืื—ืžื“ ื™ืืกื™ืŸ. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื’ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื ืื‘ื• ืžืจื–ื•ืง, ืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืžืืก ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชืชื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื•, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื ืจืฆื—ื• 4 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืขื“ 2008. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืงืช ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ื™ื ืก ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื•ืื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1998. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ, ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื›ืœืœื” 13% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ C ืฉื‘ื’ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ A ื•-B,โ€ 1% ื•-12% ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ื•ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื ืžืœ ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: โ€ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ื™ืงื‘ืœื•, ืœื ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื•.โ€ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืžืงื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘"ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื—ืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื“ืจ, ื ืฉืœื— ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื“ื ื™ืก ืจื•ืก ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง, ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžืชื, ื›ืœืœื” ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช 1967, ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืงื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื: ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื (4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997), ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ (23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997) ื•ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช (5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1997) ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• 12 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคืงืคื•ืง ืฉื‘ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื– ืœื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื•, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืฉืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืงื™ื“ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•, ืฉืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ืจื™ ืคืืœื•ื•ืœ (ืื ') ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ ืื•ืฆืจ: ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ" ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ืฉื ืงื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 1998, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืจืขื•ืขื™ื ืขืžื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ื•ื—ืชืจ ืœืžืžืฉ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™. ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ", ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืคื ืกื™ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ืกื™ื” ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช, ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "Yes" ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœึปื•ึผื•ึผ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื™ืžื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ืจืฆื— ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืื™ ื’ืจื ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ื—ืœืง ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืกืคืง ืœื• ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื”ืžื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืก ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืืœื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืกื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื•.[ื‘] ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืื”ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™. ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ืœื•. ื”ื”ืชืžืจืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื•. ืžืชื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘-21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1998 ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกื™ื•ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืช ืื™-ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”; ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืœืจื•ืฅ ื ื’ื“ื•; ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืขื–ืžื™ ื‘ืฉืืจื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืฉื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืง, ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื™ 1999, ื›ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 56% ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื• ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืชืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ื‘ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื•ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืขืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ืขื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื—ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืžืืœ.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1999 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื˜ืž ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจืช "ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืคื™ื•ืœ". ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืง ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืื—ืจืช ืœื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”. ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื”, ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืœ"ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ" ื•ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืงืจื ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืขืจื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2002 ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™" ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 24%. ืขื ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2003, ื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืกื™ืจื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื• ื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ืื•ืฆืจ, ืขืจืš ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืชืงื™ืคื”, ื•ืงื™ื“ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืง ืœ"ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจื–ื” (ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™) ื”ืกื•ื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืŸ (ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™)". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ืžื•, ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืก ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืžืก ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืข 2004 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ืžืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (25% ืœืขื•ืžืช 36%) ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2010 ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื (44% ืœืขื•ืžืช 50%). (ืžื’ืžื” ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืขืœื” ืœ-48% ื•ืœ-50% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ืื•ืœื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืก ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืขื“ ื›-40,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.) ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš, ืืš ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืœื”. ืขืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื•ืงืคื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 147 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ืž-15% ืœ-20% ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2007 ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื— ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2004 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืข"ืž ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 17%. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ("ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”") ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืคืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ื” ื–ื• (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืคืจื˜), ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“-ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื—ืื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ ืงื ืคื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘-2003 ื”ื•ื ืคืงื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืžื ื™ื•ืช "ืืœ ืขืœ", ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื“ื“ื™ ื•ืื™ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2004 ืžื›ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช "ืฆื™ื" (50% ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”) ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืœื™ ื•ืกืžื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืžื”ืœืš, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื™ืงื™ ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ "ืขืกืงืช ื”ืฉืงืฉื•ืงื”", ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขืจื” ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื ืคืžืŸ, ืชืžื•ืจืช 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื›-80% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืกื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ื ืžื›ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ืคืงืก, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกืื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื ืžืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืขืœื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื›ืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื’ืžืœื• ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื ืžืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ื•ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืงื‘ืข ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื ื›ืฉืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืœืืžืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืงืจืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื“ืœืช ืคืจืขื•ืŸ, ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืขืœืื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืงื™ื“ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื›ืจ". ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืžื•ืžืฉื• ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื ืืœืฆื• ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ื•ืืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2002 ืœ-2004 ืขืœื” ื‘ื›-10%, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื” ืœ-12%. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2002 ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ. ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื ื‘ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ (ืืฃ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”), ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืžื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ืจืฉื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•, ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ืื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื™ื—ืก ื“ื•-ืขืจื›ื™ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืฆื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืืœ ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ื›ืฉืขืœืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื“ื”, ืืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื™ืชืคื˜ืจ ืื ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ืืช ื”ืชื ืขืจื•ืชื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘, ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื—ืจืคืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ ื•ืชื‘ืข ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005, ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืžืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื‘ืขื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืงื•ื "ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉ"ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื‘ื›ืจ" ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื‘-30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื "ืฉืžืืœื” ืžืžืจืฆ". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืœื ื“ืื• ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืงื“ื™ืžื”", ื”ืคืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”. ืžื•ืœื• ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฅ ื•ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ. ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื•, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืคื–, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ืงื“ื™ืžื”". ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-19 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืขื 44% ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื•ืœ 33% ืœืฉืœื•ื, 12% ืœืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•-9% ืœื›ืฅ). ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2006 ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืžืขืชื” ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉื ื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื—ื“ ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ื™ื• ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื ื ืงื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืฆืขื“ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™" ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืื–. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืžืŸ ืžืคืœื” ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘-12 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื–ืืช ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืœื ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื”, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืฉื ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื ืฉืงืคืช ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืžืชื—ืžืฉืช ื‘ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื–, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื ื™ ื“ื ื•ืŸ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 72.8% ื•ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื•, ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืืงื•ื ื™ืก, ืœื“ื—ื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-36, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-20. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื ื—ืœืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ. ืžื—ืœื™ืคืชื•, ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื™ื‘ื ื™, ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืคื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืกืืžื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”". ื‘-3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”", ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ืจืงื˜ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืชืคืขืœ ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื”, ื•ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘-2020 ืฉื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื•, ืขืงื‘ ืกืงืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื•ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ื–ื›ื” ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ื‘-27 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืื—ืจื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืžื ื™-ื“ืชื™, ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช (65 ื—"ื›ื™ื), ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉ"ืก, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2009 ื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื” 30 ืฉืจื™ื ื•-9 ืกื’ื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช "ื ืื•ื ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ", ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื ืื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืชืคื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2010 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื”ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉ"ื—. ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• "ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื... ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ืคืกืงื” ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”, ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ ืœืขื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื™ 2010. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืขืžื™ื ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืžืืก, ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 10 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ืื™ืจืขื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืžืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืขื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื‘ืื•"ื, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืื•"ื ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืœื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงืจื ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืขืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื•ื˜ื• ืžืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื—ืจืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘-29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 67/19 ืฉืœื”) ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื•"ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืื– ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื•. ืœื“ื™ื“ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงื‘ืข. ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืžืืก - ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื’ืœืขื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืชืžื•ืจืช 1,027 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืื—ืžื“ ื’'ืขื‘ืจื™, ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืช ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื—'ืืœื“ ืžืฉืขืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืืจื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื“ 2011, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืืจืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืชืžืกื•ืจ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืœืฉื˜ื— ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืชื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื’ื ืขื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืš ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืชืงื™ืคืชื ืฉืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1993. ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011, ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ โ€ืื™ืจืืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื ืื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื•โ€. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืื™ืจืขื• ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื”ืื‘ 3, ื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœ"ืžื•ืกื“", ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉืื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ื‘-27 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 90% ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ืื“ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›"ืฉืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช". ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื’ืจื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžืกื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2010 ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื’ื ื”ืžืก ืขืœ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ืคืจ ืขื™ื ื™, ืขืœ ืขืกืงืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉืง ืฉืœื” ืฆืžื— ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ืฉืงืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืžื•ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜"ื— ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื™ื™ืกื•ืฃ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ื—ืงืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช "ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื•ืœื™ืœื ื“", ื•ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 2010 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ (OECD). ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™-ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ืคืจืฆื” ืžื—ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื˜ืจื›ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืื”, ื•ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืœ 3, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืžื™ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืข"ืž, ืžืก ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืง ื•ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœ-39 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ. ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืขืœืื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื ื“ื—ืชื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืžื’ืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ืกื ื• ืจืง ื›-700,000 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื (ื›-10%) ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›-4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื” ื”ืฉืจืคื” ื‘ื›ืจืžืœ ื‘ื” ื ืกืคื• 44 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›-17,000 ืื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-25 ืงืž"ืจ (25,000 ื“ื•ื ื) ื•ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืื’ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ื•ืงื ืžื˜ื” ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื•"ืค ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-36 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2008, ื•ืœื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ-ื›ื ืกืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœื• ื›-75% ืžื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช 2013, ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืื™ื—ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•"ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘-31 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-19 ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืœื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2013. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2013 ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” - ืฉื•ื—ื— ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืจื’'ืค ื˜ืื™ืค ืืจื“ื•ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ ืœืขื–ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2014 ื ืจืื• ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ืจื“ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืืจื“ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืฉื™ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืคื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ืื–ื”ืจืช ืžืกืข ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”โ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื-ืกื™ืกื™. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื•ืจืฆื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ืขืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก, ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืื—ื™ื ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-400 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื›-50 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืœื™ืงื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื. ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ืœืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-3 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ืจื” ื—ืžืืก ืืœืคื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืจื’ืžื” ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกืžืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื’'ืืขื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืจืคืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ื›ืจื” ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื“ืจืฉ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ืงื˜ืจ ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘, ืืš ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘-26 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื›ืฉืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื•ื‘. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืฆื“ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• 6 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืื•ืžื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืฆืคื™ ืœื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœ 4.9% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื—ืœืงื” ื‘-2013 ื•ื—ืœืงื” ื‘-2014. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2013 ืื•ืฉืจื” ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื•ืฉืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืžืื™ 2014 ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœื•ืงืจ, ืœืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื•ืช. ืืœื” ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืงื•ื˜. ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืจืฉื• ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืชืจ ืฉืจื™ "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“" ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœ-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืชื›ื ื ื• "ืคื•ื˜ืฉ" ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืง "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื‘ื™ื‘ื™: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™" ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื˜ืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืืช ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ "ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืกืจื• ืœื• ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื• ืคื•ื˜ืฉ". ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ืœื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘-30 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืœืš ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจืฆืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืจืกื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืฉืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื• ืืžืจ: โ€ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงืœืคื™. ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื. ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ V15, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ืฆื• 8", ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืืชื›ื, ืฆืื• ืœืงืœืคื™โ€. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, "ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื", ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2015, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”-34 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื•, ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื” ืฉื ืฉืขื ื” ืขืœ 61 ื—"ื›ื™ื. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื ื”, ื‘-26 ื‘ืžืื™ 2016, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืขืœื” ืœ-66. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ). ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 2016 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™, ืื– ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ "ื˜ื™ื™ื" ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ ืืœ-ืืงืฆื, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื’ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื“ืขืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืžื“ืืŸ. ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”-37, ื‘-20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื—ื’' ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืจืง ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื, ืืš ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื– ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ืกืชื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ืฉืง ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ 2016 ืžื™ื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” "ื ื’ืจืจืช ื•ืžืชืœื”ืžืช". ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื’ื ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืื™ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘-2018 ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืžืœ"ื˜ ืžืชืื‘ื“ ืื™ืจืื ื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ ืชืงื™ืคืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” T-4 ื•ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ, ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘-30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืื•ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื• ื—ืฉืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืžื˜ื”ืจืืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจืืŸ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ ื™ืจื• ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช 20 ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื•ืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื™ืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื•ืจืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 2018 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-220 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื”, ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื ืคืฅ ื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ืœ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืคืจ "ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”" ืœืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืืช ื‘ื”ืื ืื‘ื• ืืœ-ืขื˜ื, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงื•ื“ืก", ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™". ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืจื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ื”ื—ืžืืก. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืงื˜ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืืก, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืงื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 2019 ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืืก. ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ืœื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ". ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืื’ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžืงื˜ืจ ืœื—ืžืืก ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืคืจืฉื” ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืž-18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื•ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืš ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื‘-10 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ืœืฉื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืชืจืขื” ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ื ื“ื‘ ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืจื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ืืž"ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืขื™ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื™ืžื ืข ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 2334 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช "ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืกื ื’ืœ, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืกืงื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2018 ื ืขืจืš ื˜ืงืก ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื˜ืจืืžืค ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืžืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ื•ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื•ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื›ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื—ืชื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืขืœ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœื• ("ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžืื”"). ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืชืงืจืจื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื ืจื ื“ืจื” ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื“ืŸ ืขื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืžืงืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜, ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื’ืจืื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”: ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2016 ืขืจืš ืกื‘ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืœืจื’ืœ 40 ืฉื ื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”, ืœืฆื“ ืคืกื’ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ืขื ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017 ื ืื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” (ืื ') ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืžืืœื™. ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืงื ื™ืื˜ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื™ืฆื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืก ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2017 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื, ื’ืœืขื“ ืืจื“ืŸ, ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืจืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืžืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื” ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžื ืขืช ืžืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ืง ืœืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืช. ื‘-2 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื—ื–ืจื” ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืžื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื” "ืœื—ืฅ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”" ืœืกื’ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืืš ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™, ืžื•ืœ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืชื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืœื ืฉื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื• ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืงื“ื ื•ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืงื‘ ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื–ืง, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2016 ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ืืช ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื–ืง, ื•ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื”ืคืš ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ืžืื™ ืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื•ื‘ ืงืจื ื›ืฉืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2015 ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ: ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2017 ืคืขืœ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืžืฉื” ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื™ืงื•ื ืœืœื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ืงื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืคืจื“. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“, ืืš ื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ (ื•ื‘-2018 ืืฃ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช), ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืงื ืขื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2015, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืกื™ืขืช "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“", ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื™ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš, ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2020 ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืกื’ืจ ืืจืฆื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืชื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืž-29.9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ืœ-54 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019, ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื–, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื, ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื’ื– ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื•. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื‘-27 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกืœ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ืืš ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื•. ื‘ืžืื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016, ื—ืชืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019, ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” "ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ" ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ. ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ื•ื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017. ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืื™ืจื™ื• ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืื• ืงืฆื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืฉืœื ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืš 600,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœื ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื ืจืฉืžื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘-24 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ื”ืžืื•ืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-21. ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019. ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืจื™ืฆืชืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืฉืจื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”-28 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019, "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื–ื›ื” ืœ-35 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืงื™ืขืช ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ื–ื ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืจืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื•ืœื ื•". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื–ื”ื•ืช" ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื’ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœ-32 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช 38 ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื•ืœื ื•" ื•ืœืœื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื”ืŸ, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™". ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืžืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ 55 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช 54 ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขืœื” ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ืชืคื–ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื ืขืจื›ื• ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“", ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœ-72.5% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2020 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœ-36 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื ืฅ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืžืœืฆืชื ืฉืœ 61 ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ื ืฅ, ื•ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื‘-7 ื‘ืžืื™, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 72 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืฉื ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ืคื•ืจืกื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื‘-17 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021, ืืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื•. ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืžืขื ืงื™ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืกื’ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื ืืฉื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืกื’ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืจืœื, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขื ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื—ืกื ื™ื ืœื ืคืฉ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืื”". ืื•ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืคืจืง ืขื ื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื" ืžื•ืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉ. ื‘-13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2020 ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืื™ื“ ืืืœ ื ื”ื™ืืŸ, ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืจืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืœืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ื—. ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื ืจืžืœ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื• "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื". ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื ื—ืชื ื‘-15 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช) ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-10 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื‘-22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื ื—ืชื ื‘ืจื‘ืื˜ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืจื•ืงื•. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื“ืจืš ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื“ืืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 (ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืคืชืื— ืืœ-ื‘ื•ืจื”ืืŸ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ื—ืžื“ื•ื› ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ื ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื. ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021 ื—ืชืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื". ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฆื“ืง ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืž-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ, ื™"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื ืกืคื• 45 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• 102 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-6 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืžื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคืชื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-23 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืž-36 ืœ-30, ืืš ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“, ืขื 17 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืคื™ื“, ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-12 ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื ืžื ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืงื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืจืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื ืขื“ืจื•, ื’ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืขืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื“ืžื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืืคื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื– ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื’ื ืœืœื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ื–ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘-2019. ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ืœืง ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืฉื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™", ื•ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™-ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืื’ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•. ื‘-29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืกืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ืœืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื’ ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืก. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื“ืจืขื™ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืขื“ ืœื•: ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2023 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื“ืจืช ืคืกื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื›ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘-ืžื™ืืจื”, ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืืช "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช", ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื™ืืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ื™ืฆืจื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื—ืื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ. ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืชืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืœื”. ื ืฉื™ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื. ื—ืœืง ืžืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื™ื™ืžื• ืœืจื“ืช ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ "ืžื—ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื" ืฉืื™ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ืœืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ื•ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื›ื•ื ื• "ืœื™ืœ ื’ืœื ื˜". ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžื—ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื”ื•ืฉื”ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” "ืชืจื’ื™ืœ" ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉืชื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ื”ื’. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืœื”ืจืจ, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืืš ื”ื–ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงืงื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ื›ืื•ืช ืžื—ืื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื’ืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื™ืจื™ ื•ื“ืจื™ืกื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืขื™ื. ื‘ึพ9โ€“13 ื‘ืžืื™, ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื™ื–ื ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ื•ื—ืฅ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงื•ื“ืก. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื”". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ืžืฆื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื“ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ืกืœืžืืŸ ืืืœ ืกืขื•ื“. ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืœื™ื•ื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ 60%. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื”, ืœืคื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2024 ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืคืขืœื” ืื• ื’ื™ืฉืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื›ืžื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืคืฆืฆื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช "ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš - ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”" - ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2024 ืฉืœื—ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก ืœื—ืงืจ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”: "ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื–ืืช, ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืš ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืžื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ื•ืกื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื›ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื ืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2024 ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื•ื“ื™'ืก, ืคื™ืฅ' ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื“ ืื ื“ ืคื•ืจืก) ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ S&P ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2025. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื“ื™'ืก ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืขืœืืช ืžืก ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืž-17% ืœ-18%. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื™ื•ืขืฆื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-38% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข OECD. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ืฉืคื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘-ืžื™ืืจื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”. ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025, ืœืงืจืืช ืคืจืกื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื›ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 17% ืขืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืงื‘ืขื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืจืืฉื™ ืฉื‘"ื› ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ "ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-2018 ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืœืœื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื ืงืื™, ืžืงื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื˜ืจ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกืœืžื”. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืขืช ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื˜ืขืŸ: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืืก." ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื›, ื ื“ื‘ ืืจื’ืžืŸ, ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืขื–ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืจื™ืช".[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืชื•ืขื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004, ื–ืืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื”ื ืคืงืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกืžืš ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช โ€œืกื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืืก, ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืชืจืขื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš. ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™ 2023 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืขืจื™ืคื”" ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืื—ืช ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื ื—ื” ืœืงื“ื ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023, ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื“, ืคืชื—ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื "ื—ืžืืก" ื•"ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื›-4,300 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจื• ื›-6,000 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ืœื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ ื•ืœืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ืž-119 ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ, ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื”ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ืื•ื ืก, ืจืฆื—ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื• 1,173 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘-779 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ื—ื˜ืคื• ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›-251 ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื, ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ื ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื™ืž"ืž ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-1,609 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 329 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, 58 ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•-10 ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ื ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื 29 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•-22 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืืœืคื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื ื’ืจื ื”ืจืก ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ื”ืœื™ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื”, ื ืœื—ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ื—ื•ืช'ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื—ืžืืก, ืืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ืกืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘"ืฉืืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" ืœืคืจื™ืฆืชื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื™ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจืฉืช NBC ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื•ืืžืจ: "ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช [...] ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”". ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•"ื— ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ", ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื“ืจืช ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื• ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ืžืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ "ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื“"ื› ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืชื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื” ื‘-7.10.23". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2024 ื˜ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื–ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’'ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืžืœื” ื”ืืจื™ืก ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื‘-19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2024, ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืคื’ืข ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื‘-4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2025 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื‘ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื™ืงื— ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืชืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›"ืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ" ืชื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™ 2025 ื›ื™ื ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ, ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™, ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ". ื”ื ืื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื "ื ืื•ื ื”ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื" ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื™ื: โ€ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืชื›ื, ืขื ืžื” ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ? [...] ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-35? ืขื ืžื”? ืขื ื˜ื ืงื™ื? ืขื ืžื”? ื”ื ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื, ืงืœืฆ'ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื ื“ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช.โ€ ื‘-12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ 60 ื™ื•ื. ืž-2015 ืขื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-2018 ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื"ื ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ื”, ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ 3.67%, ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ 300 ืง"ื’. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื˜ืจืืžืค ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื‘-2018 ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืื™ ืคืจืกืžื” ืกื‘ื"ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ 408.6 ืง"ื’ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœ 60%. ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืžืœืื™ ื–ื” ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉ, ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืชื• ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘' ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก, ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื ืฉืงื•, ื•ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025, ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืกื™ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-35 ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื”, ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2025 ื”ื•ืจื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื• ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื•ืืชืจื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืจืืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืงื“ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืกืœืืžื™, ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฆื‘ื ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืืงืจื™, ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื—ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื• 30 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื•ืชืงืคื” ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืคืกืงื•. ื‘-5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื”ืืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœ, ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื•ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืกืžืš ืคืจืกืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš ืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืงื•ื˜ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš "ืฉืงืจื™ ื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™", ื•ื›ืš ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ื ื—"ื› ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืš. ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืคืœื™ืœื™ื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื™ืงื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื• ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1997, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืงื ื•ื ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืคืชื—ื” ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœื• ืชืžื™ื”ื•ืช". ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื™, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1999, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืงื‘ืœืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื‘ื ืจ ืขืžื“ื™, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2000 ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืžื” ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื™, ืขืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื•ืงืจ, ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืžืงื•ืจ", ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2008 ื ืกืขื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘-2002. ื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›"ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืจืก", ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ื ื—ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื: "ืชื™ืง 1000", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืฉื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืืจื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืฆ'ืŸ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคืืงืจ ื•"ืชื™ืง 2000" ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•"ืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืก, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื“ โ€“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื–ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื• ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืฆืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช "ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืž"ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื”, ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช", ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2017, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื, ืžืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช", ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2018, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื. ื‘"ืชื™ืง 1000" ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘"ืชื™ืง 2000" ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืกืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืคืขืœืชื™ ื ื’ื“ื" ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื—ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง "ืชื™ืง 4000", ื”ื•ื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืœื”ื‘ 433 ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื™ 2017. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื•: ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืกื˜ืœื” ื”ื ื“ืœืจ, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ื™ืจ ื—ืคืฅ. ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2018 ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืจื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื•ื—ื“. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ื—ืคืฅ, ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืขื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื›ืš ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืžื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื” ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจืžื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืชืจ 'ื•ื•ืืœื”' ืกื™ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืขืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืขื ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื 1000, 2000 ื•-4000 ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื“ืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืœื ืชืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืžืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจื˜ืจื™ื“ื’'. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืงื‘ืขื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ 300 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ื ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืข, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื: ื‘ืชื™ืง 1000 ื•-2000 ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื™ืง 4000 ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืžืกืข ืฆื™ื“ ื ื’ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ืคืกื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ืืช ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืง 4000 ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ 1000 ื•-2000. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง (ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”). ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืœื›ืช ื“ืจืขื™-ืคื ื—ืกื™. ื‘-2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง โ€“ ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘-30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ื—ื ื™ื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’. ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื ื™ืžืง: ื‘ืžืื™ 2024 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื”ืื’ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื• ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืช ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืขื‘ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืจืฆื—, ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื• ืจืฆื— ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื”. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก - ื™ื—ื™ื ืกื ื•ื•ืืจ, ืืกืžืขื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื“ืฃ. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื” ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืจืฆื—, ืจื“ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉ-124 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ืœื”ืื’ ืื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื—ื•ืžืŸ. ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื” ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืคื ื•ืกื•ืคืจ. ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืœื™ืฉืข, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืจื™ื (ืžื™ืงื™) ื•ื™ื™ืกืžืŸ (ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืŸ) ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972. ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช, ื ื•ืขื”, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจื•ื˜, ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘; ืžื‘ืชื• ื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979 ื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื•ื™ื™ืกืžืŸ. ื‘-1981 ื ื™ืฉื ืœืคืœื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืื•"ื, ืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื‘-1989. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1991 ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฉืจื” ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื“ื™ื™ืœืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘"ืืœ ืขืœ". ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื ืš ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื–ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื•ืื‘ื ืจ. ื‘-2002 ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘-2007 ืจื›ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• 1.7% ืžืžื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช NMDM, ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื“ืŸ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืชืžื•ืจืช 600 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘-2010 ืžื›ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ืจืช 4.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 13.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ืขืœ ืคื™ "ืคื•ืจื‘ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื”ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืžื“ ื‘-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืขื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ืฉืขืจื›ืŸ ื›-25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2023โ€“2024, ืขื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืงื•ืฆื‘ ืœื‘, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืข ืžืคืฉืขืชื™ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื”ืกืจืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2024 ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื›ื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2018โ€“2023, ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื™ื’ืืœ ืกืจื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื•ืœืง ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืจื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืš 279 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—. ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017, ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืกืจื ื” ืœืฉืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ 15 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืกืจื ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืจื ื” ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื“ื—ื”. ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืจื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืš 200 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื™ืœ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื• ืขืžื™ืช ืžืจืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืชืคืขืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื•. ื‘ืžืื™ 2023, ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืคืฉืจื”, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฉืš ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื•ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื™ืคืจืกื ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื—ื“ ืืช ืžืจืจื™ ืื• ืืช ื™ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2022 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื ื™ืื™ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื”ื "ื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™". ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ืืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• 62,500 ืฉ"ื— ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจืžืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืจืฆื™ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืจืฆื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ื ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืชืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ 50 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืจืฆื™ ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืš ืงื‘ืข ืฉืืจืฆื™ ื™ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžืจื•ืŸ 290 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืจื’ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื ื’ื“ ืคืขื™ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ืจืกืœืจ, ืขืœ ืกืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืงื˜ืจ, ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืชื” ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืจืกืœืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื” ื’ื™ื™ืก 500 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžื— ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-750 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืฉืชืจืžื• ื›-4,800 ืื™ืฉ. ืกืคืจื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื•: ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” "ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื”ืจื–ื”" ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืงืจื "ื”ื ืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™", ื•ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืงื“ืžื” ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ืžื”ืžื•"ืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื’ื ื– ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• โ€ข ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื โ€ข ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืงืช โ€ข ื”ืฉืจื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘, ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืกืจืœืื•ืฃ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื™ืงื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›"ืฅ โ€ข ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื“ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ืช ืกื˜ืจื•ืง โ€ข ื”ืฉืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ืกื™ืœืžืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื•ืื‘ ืงื™ืฉ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืงืจืขื™ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ืจื™ ืจื’ื‘ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ โ€ข ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ: ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€ข ืžืฉื•ืœื ื ื”ืจื™ โ€ข ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ื—ืžื“ ืขืžืืจ โ€ข ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš: ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/] | [TOKENS: 123]
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