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Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27–28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3–9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 – March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25–54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996–2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox – 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached – 43% saying he should also be removed from office – while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the Trump–Ukraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulos—the Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trump—than its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" – the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing – a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017–2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://www.reddit.com/r/Judaism/search?q=Politics%20Thread&restrict_sr=1&sort=new] | [TOKENS: 109] |
Show results from all of Reddit Weekly Politics Thread The place for anybody and anything Jew~ish Purim Megathread 5786 #0! The place for anybody and anything Jew~ish Weekly Politics Thread The place for anybody and anything Jew~ish Weekly Politics Thread The place for anybody and anything Jew~ish Weekly Politics Thread The place for anybody and anything Jew~ish Weekly Politics Thread The place for anybody and anything Jew~ish Weekly Politics Thread The place for anybody and anything Jew~ish Anyone can view, post, and comment to this community |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1789] | [TOKENS: 627] |
תוכן עניינים 1789 שנת 1789 היא השנה ה-89 במאה ה-18. זוהי שנה רגילה, שאורכה 365 ימים. 1 בינואר 1789 לפי הלוח הגרגוריאני מקדים את 1 בינואר לפי הלוח היוליאני ב-11 ימים. כל התאריכים שלהלן הם לפי הלוח הגרגוריאני. אירועים נולדו נפטרו לוח שנה להלן לוח שנה גרגוריאני – עברי משולב עם ימים בינלאומיים. חגים ומועדים עבריים: Nothing. במקומות בהם היה נהוג אז הלוח היוליאני, שנת 1789 התחילה ביום י"ד בטבת ה'תקמ"ט (לעומת זאת, אותה שנה לפי הלוח הגרגוריאני החלה 11 ימים מוקדם יותר, ב-ג' בטבת). אורכה של שנה זו לפי הלוח היוליאני 365 ימים - בדיוק כמו הלוח הגרגוריאני המקביל. להלן לוח שנה יוליאני - עברי משולב עם חגים ומועדים עבריים: Nothing. ראו גם קישורים חיצוניים 1784 • 1785 • 1786 • 1787 • 1788 • 1789 • 1790 • 1791 • 1792 • 1793 • 1794 |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/תקיפת_שדה_התעופה_T-4_(אפריל_2018)] | [TOKENS: 3433] |
תוכן עניינים תקיפת שדה התעופה T-4 (אפריל 2018) ישראל ישראל(לפי טענות ארצות הברית, רוסיה, סוריה ואיראן) איראן איראןסוריה (1980–2024) סוריה חיל האוויר הישראלי:שני מטוסי F-15I רעם (לפי מקורות זרים) משמרות המהפכה האסלאמית משמרות המהפכה האסלאמיתחיל האוויר הסורי חיל ההגנה האווירית הסורי אין משמרות המהפכה האסלאמית 7 חיילים איראניים הרוגים.צבא סוריה 7 חיילים סורים הרוגים.נזק כבד נגרם לחלק האיראני בשדה התעופה תקיפת שדה התעופה T-4 ב-9 באפריל 2018 הייתה תקיפה אווירית על שדה התעופה T-4 הנמצא בבסיס צבאי גדול בסוריה ובה בין היתר נהרגו 7 חיילים סורים ו-7 חיילים איראניים. לדברי המדינות המעורבות במלחמת האזרחים בסוריה את התקיפה ביצעה ישראל, אך ישראל שמרה על מדיניות של עמימות וסירבה לקבל אחריות על התקיפה. אחרי חדירת המל"ט האיראני ותגובת הנגד הישראלית ב-10 בפברואר 2018 זוהי התקיפה הגלויה הראשונה של ישראל ישירות נגד איראן. רקע ב-2011 פרצה בסוריה התקוממות נגד שלטונו של בשאר אל-אסד. אסד הפעיל כוח צבאי רב כדי לדכא את ההתקוממות, וכתוצאה מכך שקעה סוריה למלחמת אזרחים עקובה מדם, שנמשכת עד היום (נכון ל-2018) ובה נהרגו למעלה מחצי מיליון בני אדם ומיליונים נוספים הפכו לפליטים. בעקבות חוסר יכולתו של אסד לדכא את ההתקוממות, ובזכות היותו בעל ברית של איראן, הוא החל לקבל סיוע צבאי ניכר שהתבטא במשלוחי נשק, בייעוץ צבאי של קצינים ממשמרות המהפכה האסלאמית, ובמיליציות שיעיות, שבראשן חזבאללה ששלח אלפי לוחמים למערכה. בהדרגה החלה איראן לשלוח עוד ועוד כוחות לסוריה ואף הקימה בה בסיסים צבאיים. מלבד לסייע לסורים מטרת איראן הייתה להתבסס בסוריה על מנת לפעול משטחה נגד ישראל. ראש ממשלת ישראל בנימין נתניהו הודיע שמבחינת ישראל מדובר ב"קו אדום" ושישראל לא תרשה לאיראן להתבסס בסוריה. במהלך מלחמת האזרחים בסוריה הוצבו בבסיס גם כוחות איראניים. ב-10 בפברואר 2018 התחיל בסיס זה את יום הקרבות בין ישראל לסוריה: מבסיס זה יצא מל"ט איראני מדגם שאהד 141 שחדר לישראל והופל באזור בית שאן. בתגובה תקפו מטוסי F-16I ישראלים את קרון ההפעלה של המל"ט בבסיס T-4 והשמידו אותו. אחד מהמטוסים התוקפים נפגע והתרסק בשטח ישראל ובתגובה תקף צה"ל 12 מטרות סוריות ואיראניות ברחבי סוריה. התקיפה ב-9 באפריל 2018 לפנות בוקר, לדברי ארצות הברית ורוסיה, תקפה ישראל את שדה התעופה T-4 שבסוריה. בתקיפה נהרגו כ-14 אנשי צבא, מהם 7 חיילי משמרות המהפכה האסלאמית של איראן ובהם מפקד מערך המל"טים האיראני בסוריה. לפי דיווחים זרים ישראל ביצעה את התקיפה באמצעות מטוסי F-15I רעם ששיגרו טילי אוויר-קרקע. ישראל סרבה להתייחס לדיווחים אלה. מטרת התקיפה הייתה, לפי אחד המקורות, מערך מל"טים איראני, ולפי מקור אחר - מערכת הגנה אווירית איראנית מדגם 9K330 טור, וייתכן שהן מל"טים והן מערכת הטור הושמדו בתקיפה. תגובות רוסיה אמרה אף היא שחיל האוויר הישראלי הוא זה שתקף והאשימה את ישראל על כך שלא תיאמה עימה את התקיפה. לדברי הרוסים, ישראל ביצעה את התקיפה באמצעות מטוסי F-15I רעם ששיגרו 8 טילי אוויר-קרקע, מהם 5 יורטו. איראן וחזבאללה האשימו את ישראל בתקיפה ואיימו בתגובה חריפה מאוד. ישראל הרשמית שמרה על עמימות ולא לקחה אחריות על התקיפה, אך תומאס פרידמן מהניו יורק טיימס כתב שבכיר בצה"ל הודה בביצוע התקיפה ואמר שזו הפעם הראשונה בה הייתה כוונה לפגוע ב"מטרות אנושיות" איראניות ולא רק בתשתיות ואמצעי לחימה. התקיפה התרחשה יום אחרי שמשטר אסד הפציץ מאות אזרחים סורים בדומא באמצעות נשק כימי (ראו גם מלחמת האזרחים בסוריה). ברשתות החברתיות המקוונות זכתה התקיפה לשבחים בלתי-צפויים מגולשים ערביים שראו אותה כתגובה ישראלית ועונש על ההפצצה הכימית בדומא, לעומת חוסר המעש של מדינות ערב והעולם המערבי מול הפשעים של משטר אסד. בפורטל התגובות של אל-ג'זירה נכתב: "צריך להודות על האמת, ישראל היא המדינה היחידה שמענישה את אסד על מעשי הטבח שהוא מבצע. עבור מדינות ערב, זו בושה וחרפה. בזמן שמנהיגי ארצות ערב רק מדברים ומצקצקים בלשון כמה נורא הטבח בסוריה, ישראל שותקת ופועלת. ערבים, סורים, לבנונים, מי האויב האמיתי של הערבים? ישראל, או איראן שכבשה את סוריה ללא שום התנגדות?" ראו גם הערות שוליים |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ירושלים#cite_note-80] | [TOKENS: 69613] |
תוכן עניינים ירושלים יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (האזנהⓘⒾ; בערבית: الْقُدْسⓘⒾ, נהגה אל־קֻדְס [משמעות מילולית: הקדושה או מקום הקודש]; או לחלופין أُورُشَلِيم, אוּרֻשַׁלִים) היא בירתה של מדינת ישראל, והעיר הגדולה ביותר בה. היא שוכנת בהרי יהודה, על קו פרשת המים הארצי של ארץ ישראל, בין הים התיכון וים המלח, ברום ממוצע של 820 מטר מעל פני הים. בירושלים שוכנים על פי חוק מוסדות הממשל של ישראל: הכנסת, בית המשפט העליון, משכן הנשיא, בית ראש הממשלה, המטה הארצי של המשטרה ורוב משרדי הממשלה. נכון לסוף מאי 2024, מתגוררים בה כמיליון תושבים. העיר מקודשת לשלוש הדתות האברהמיות: היהדות, הנצרות והאסלאם. היא הייתה המרכז הדתי והמדיני של חיי העם היהודי בימי קדם: בה שכן בית המקדש, והיא הייתה בירת ממלכת יהודה תחת בית דוד ושוב בימי בית חשמונאי ובית הורדוס. העיר שימשה מושא כמיהתו וכיסופיו של העם היהודי בגלות, והיא מוזכרת בהבלטה בסידור התפילה היהודי, בתפילות הנאמרות מדי יום, כמו תפילת שמונה עשרה וברכת המזון. משום חשיבותה הדתית לשלוש הדתות המונותאיסטיות הייתה לאורך הדורות מוקד למאבקים ולסכסוכים. ירושלים החלה כיישוב סמוך למעיין הגיחון, באתר המכונה כיום "עיר דוד", כבר בתקופה הכלכוליתית, אם כי צביונה העירוני ניכר בעיקר מתקופת הברונזה התיכונה. עד לאמצע תקופת הבית הראשון, ושוב עד אמצע תקופת הבית השני, היה מוקד היישוב בגבעה זו, וממנה התפשטה העיר אל הר ציון ואל תחומי העיר העתיקה של ימינו, בעוד שליבה המדיני והדתי של העיר שכן בהר הבית. ערב חורבן ירושלים בשנת 70 לספירה הגיעה העיר לשיא גודלה ההיסטורי, שעמד בעינו עד לסוף המאה ה-19. בתקופה שבין שני מועדים אלה נתחמה ירושלים לשטח המוקף כיום בחומות העיר העתיקה, ורק בסוף המאה ה-19 החלה הקמתן של שכונות חדשות מחוץ לחומות. בראשית המאה ה-21 מאכלסות שכונות אלו את הרוב המוחלט של תושבי העיר. ב־1981 הוכרזה העיר העתיקה של ירושלים כאתר מורשת עולמית על ידי ארגון אונסק"ו, וב־1982 היא נכנסה לרשימת האתרים בעולם הנמצאים בסיכון בשל מה שהארגון מכנה כ"חשש מאובדן משמעותי של אותנטיות היסטורית ומשמעות תרבותית, העדר מדיניות שימור והשפעות של תכנון העיר". גזרון השמות התעודות הראשונות שבהן נזכר שמהּ של ירושלים היו בכתבי המארות, במאה ה־20 לפנה"ס במצרים העתיקה, בהם מופיעה העיר תחת השם "אושאמם" (ꜣwšꜣmm), אשר נהגה ככל הנראה כ־"אוּרוּסַלִים" (ú-ru-sa-lim). מחקרים עדכניים טוענים כי השם "אוּרוּסַלִים" מתבסס על האל שלם, אל השקיעה הכנעני ("אוּרוּסַלִים" מתורגם ל־"ביתו של שלם" ממצרית קדומה). במאה ה־19 לפנה"ס, נחרט שם העיר על קערה, "רושלימום" (Ru-ša-lim-um), שמתורגם גם ממצרית עתיקה ל־"ביתו של שלום". עם זאת, יש מחלוקת על האם הכוונה באל הכנעני "שלם" או במילה "שלום" ככוונה לעיר שבה "הושכנה שלום". במכתבי אל-עמארנה מן המאה ה־14 לפנה"ס, הופיע שמהּ של העיר כ"אוּרוּסַלִים". אזכור ארכאולוגי של המילה ירושלים בכתיב זה נמצא בחפירות ליד בנייני האומה בכניסה לעיר המודרנית, על עמוד אבן גלילי משלהי תקופת בית שני (המאה ה־1 לספירה), שם הוא מופיע בכתב עברי הדומה לזה של ימינו, וכן במגילת המלחמה, אחת ממגילות מדבר יהודה, אשר מתוארכת לאותה תקופה. שמה של העיר ירושלים נגזר מהמילה שָׁלֵם, שהיא אחד משמותיה הקדומים של העיר, כפי שכתוב במקרא: ”וַיְהִי בְשָׁלֵם סֻכּוֹ וּמְעוֹנָתוֹ בְצִיּוֹן” (תהילים ע"ו, ג'). בהתאם מקובל לפרש שמלכי־צדק, הנזכר בספר בראשית כמלך שָׁלֵם, היה למעשה מלך ירושלים. בתנ"ך מופיע שם העיר כמעט תמיד בכתיב חסר, ירושלם, הרומז להגייה קדומה לשם, "יְרוּשְׁלֶם" (כמנוקד בפרקי הארמית שבספרי דניאל ועזרא); אך כאשר המילה מנוקדת, מופיע באופן חריג חיריק בין הלמ"ד למ"ם (יְרוּשָׁלִַם), המצביע על ההגייה המודרנית. הכתיב ירושלים מופיע בתנ"ך בחמישה מקומות בלבד, אך נעשה לדומיננטי בלשון חז"ל, והוא המקובל בשפה העברית מאז ועד היום. התחילית "יְרוּ" לקוחה מן השורש השמי י-ר-ה, שפירושו בעברית בת ימינו "ייסד", על פי הפסוק: ”מִי יָרָה אֶבֶן פִּנָּתָהּ” (איוב ל"ח, ו'). לפיכך, על פי חקר המקרא, משמעות השם המקורית היא "ייסד שלם" או "הוליד שלם". על פי מדרש שמתבסס על הפסוק ”וַיִּקְרָא אַבְרָהָם שֵׁם הַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא ה' יִרְאֶה” (בראשית כ"ב, י"ד), השם "ירושלים" הוא הלחם בסיסים של יִרְאֶה, השם שנתן לה אברהם, ושל שָׁלֵם, השם הקדום שנודעה בו העיר בימי מלכי־צדק. לירושלים שמות רבים: על פי המדרש והמסורת היהודית – לעיר שבעים שמות שונים, המבטאים את חשיבותה ומעלותיה. בין הידועים שבהם: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, שָׁלוֹם, יִרְאֶה, יְבוּס, צִיּוֹן, חֶפְצִיבָהּ, מְשׂוֹשׂ תֵּבֵל, יְפֵה נוֹף, קִרְיַת מֶלֶךְ רָב, וְעִיר דָּוִד. בדומה לארץ ישראל, המכונה בשם "הארץ", ובית המקדש, המכונה "הבית", גם ירושלים נזכרת במקורות בשם "העיר" עם ה"א הידיעה. כך למשל: ”חמשה דברים אירעו את אבותינו בשבעה עשר בתמוז... נשברו הלוחות, ובטל התמיד, והובקעה העיר...” (גמרא, מסכת תענית, כ"ו). בתרגום השבעים, תרגום התנ"ך ליוונית עתיקה, תועתק שם ירושלים ל־"Ιερουσαλήμ" (יֶרוּסַלִים), ובמקורות יווניים עתיקים אחרים קיים גם הכתיב Ἱεροσόλυμα (הִייֶרוֹסוֹלִימָה). פירוש המילה "הִייֶרוֹס" (ἱερός) ביוונית הוא "קדוש", ובשל מעמדה הדתי של ירושלים שמה פורש לעיתים קרובות בדרך זו. בוולגטה, תרגום המקרא ללטינית, תועתק השם ל"הִייֶרוּסַלֶם" (Hierusalem), ובתרגום הפשיטתא לארמית סורית נקראת העיר "אוּרִשְׁלֶם" (ܐܽܘܪܺܫܠܶܡ). שמהּ של ירושלים ברוב לשונות אירופה העכשוויות נגזר מהשם היווני או הלטיני, בשינויים פונטיים, המשתקפים גם בכתיב. בשנת 130, לאחר שירושלים היהודית חרבה במרד הגדול, הקים הקיסר הרומי אדריאנוס על חורבותיה עיר רומית, לה נתן את השם הלטיני אַיְלִיָה קַפִּיטוֹלִינָה (Aelia Capitolina): "איליה" – על שם משפחתו, בית אַיְלִיָה (Gens Aelia), ו"קפיטולינה" מלשון קַפִּיטוֹלִינוּס (Capitolinus), אחד מתאריו של האל יופיטר. השם הלטיני היה בשימוש במשך כל התקופה הרומית, ואף שהקיסר הנוצרי קונסטנטינוס החיה את שם ירושלים בצורתו היוונית (Ιερουσαλήμ), בירושלים הביזנטית שימשו שני השמות זה לצד זה. אף בשנים הראשונות לאחר הכיבוש המוסלמי אף היה מקובל להשתמש בגרסה הערבית "איליא" (إيلياء), אך בחלוף הזמן השימוש בשם זה נעלם. השם "אוּרְשַלִים" (أُورْشَلِّيم), שהוא שערוב של השם הארמי "אורשלם", ממשיך להתקיים בעיקר במגזר הערבי–נוצרי, וכך גם בתרגומי המקרא וכתבי הקודש הנוצריים לערבית. השם הנפוץ ביותר לירושלים בערבית, בעיקר בקרב מוסלמים, הוא אַל-קֻדְס (القُدْس), שפירושו המילולי הוא "הקדושה". שם זה התקבע במאה ה־12. בהקשרים דתיים אסלאמיים, מכונה ירושלים בערבית: القدس الشريف ("אַל-ק֫וּדְס אַ-שַׁרִ֫יף"), כלומר "ירושלים הנכבדת" או "ירושלים הנעלה". במסמכים רשמיים של מדינת ישראל בערבית, בשילוט דרכים ובשידורי הרדיו והטלוויזיה הישראלים בערבית מוזכרים שני השמות האמורים יחד: "אורשלים אל-קדס" (أورشليم القدْس). במקורות אסלאמיים מוקדמים מוזכרת העיר בשם "בַּ֫יְת אַלְמֻקַ֫דָס" (بيت المقدس), הנגזר מ"בית המקדש" העברי. בשפה האנגלית נקראת העיר "Jerusalem" (נהגה "גֶ'רוּזַלֶם"), בהתבסס על הכתיב הלטיני Ierusalem, וברוב לשונות מערב אירופה העכשוויות מקובל כתיב דומה (אם כי ההגייה משתנה בהתאם לשפה). ביוונית מודרנית שם העיר הוא "Ιεροσόλυμα" (הִייֶרוֹסוֹלִימָה), ברוסית: "Иерусалим" (יֶרוּסַלִים), ובארמנית: "Երուսաղեմ" (יֶרוּסַגֶֿם). היסטוריה על־פי ממצאים ארכאולוגיים, תחילת תקופת ההתיישבות בירושלים מתוארכת לתקופה הכלקוליתית, סביבות האלף ה־5 לפנה"ס. בחפירות שנערכו ב־2009 בשכונות בקצה העיר, התגלו ממצאים ארכאולוגיים קדומים אף יותר, המתוארכים לתקופה הנאוליתית[דרוש מקור]. ממצאים אלה מעידים על התיישבות בעת העתיקה, באזור השוכן על הגבעה המכונה "עיר דוד". ההתיישבות במקום זה נסמכה על הקרבה למעיין הגיחון, ששימש מקור מים לתושבי המקום, ונקודת ציון אסטרטגית החולשת על השטח הסובב אותה. עם הפיכת העיר ליישוב קבע, ניצלו תושביה את תנאי השטח הטופוגרפיים ההרריים, הקשים לטיפוס, להגנה טבעית מפני כובשים. ב־1909 התגלו באזור מעיין הגיחון, במחקר ארכאולוגי בראשות מונטגיו פארקר, שברי חרס שתוארכו לתקופת הברונזה הקדומה. ממצאים אלה היוו עדות למגורים בסמוך למקום. הפיכת ירושלים מיישוב ארעי לעיר קבע התרחשה, ככל הנראה, במהלך המאה ה־19 לפנה"ס. בתקופת הברונזה המאוחרת, במהלך המאה ה־14 לפנה"ס, ביססה ירושלים את מעמדהּ כעיר־מדינה כנענית מבוצרת וחשובה. על כך מעידים מכתבי אל-עמארנה, שבהם מוזכרת ירושלים פעמיים. על פי המסופר במקרא, הייתה ירושלים עיר יבוסית עד לכיבושהּ בידי דוד המלך, שקבע בה את מרכז שלטונו. בנו, שלמה המלך, בנה בה את בית המקדש הראשון. ירושלים שכנה תחילה על הגבעה המזוהה כ"עיר דוד", ומאוחר יותר התפשטה משם צפונה להר הבית. ב־597 לפנה"ס נכבשה ירושלים על ידי נבוכדנאצר השני, מלך האימפריה הנאו־בבלית. אחרי ניסיון התמרדות של המלך צדקיהו כנגד אדוניו הבבלים, הטיל נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר הַשֵּׁנִי מלך בבל מצור על העיר, וב־586 לפנה"ס כבש אותה. כעבור כחודש החריב נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן, שר צבאו, את ירושלים וחולל את חורבן בית המקדש הראשון. עם יציאת היהודים לגלות בבל מלאה ירושלים בני עמים מקומיים, בעיקר שומרונים (או כּוּתִים). כשבעים שנה לאחר חורבן בית המקדש הראשון, עם עליית האימפריה הפרסית ופרסום הכרזת כורש ב־538 לפני הספירה, שוקמה והוכרזה ירושלים מחדש כבירת הפחווה ביהודה. רבים מגולי בבל שבו אליה והקימו בה את בית המקדש השני. גם לאחר השיבה המשיכו לשבת בה לא־יהודים, כמו הפיניקים. ב־332 לפנה"ס כבש אלכסנדר מוקדון את יהודה ללא קרב והשליט בירושלים משטר כיבוש הלני (יווני). משטר זה התאפיין בחקיקת חוקים דרקוניים ובאכיפתם על היהודים, בכללם כאלה הסותרים את עיקרי הדת היהודית, דוגמת הניסיון לכפות עליהם להמיר את דתם ולאכול מזונות שאינם כשרים. כפייה זאת הובילה לפריצת מרד החשמונאים, ב־167 לפני הספירה. בתום מרד זה, כבשה משפחת בית חשמונאי את יהודה מידי השלטון ההלני, ושלטה בירושלים עד כיבושהּ בשנת 63 לפני הספירה, בידי צבא האימפריה הרומית. ב־37 לפני הספירה מינו הרומאים את הורדוס למלך יהודה מטעמם. הורדוס הרחיב ופיאר את העיר ובנה בה את מקדש הורדוס. ב־66 לספירה פרץ "המרד הגדול" נגד הרומאים. מרד זה דוכא ביד קשה ב־69, עם הגעתו של טִיטוּס לשערי ירושלים, בראש צבא רומי גדול. טיטוס כבש את העיר בשנת 70, שרף אותה וחולל את חורבן בית המקדש השני. במהלך דיכוי המרד הגדול נהרגו וגורשו יהודים רבים. העיר עברה טלטלה דמוגרפית והפכה למרכז שלטון רומי. היא אוכלסה בעיקר בחיילי לגיונות הצבא הרומי ובבני לאומים אחרים. מעט היהודים שנותרו בה התגוררו בהר ציון. באותה עת החלה הנצרות להתפשט ברחבי ארץ ישראל, ובפרט בירושלים. לאחר מרד בר כוכבא, שהתרחש בין השנים 132–135, התרוקנה ירושלים באופן כמעט מוחלט מתושביה היהודים, ומפרק זמן של כ־500 שנים לא הגיעו לידי החוקרים כמעט עדויות לקיום קהילה יהודית בה. ירושלים עמדה בחורבנהּ עד תקופתו של הקיסר אדריאנוס, שהחל לבנותה מחדש ב־130 לספירה. העיר נשאה צביון רומי, וכונתה אַיְלִיָה קַפִּיטוֹלִינָה. השלטון הרומי בעיר אסר בהוראת הקיסר אדריאנוס על כניסת יהודים לתחומהּ. ב־133 השתלטו מורדים יהודים בראשותו של בר כוכבא על ירושלים, בניסיון להפיל את השלטון הרומי. המרד דוכא באכזריות בידי חיילי הצבא הרומי והעיר שבה לשליטה רומית ב־136 לספירה. מעמדהּ הרם של העיר החל לדעוך החל מאמצע המאה השלישית, עם פינויו ההדרגתי של הלגיון העשירי פרטנסיס, שהיה מוצב בעיר. החל מ־324 לספירה, עם הפיכת האימפריה הרומית לנוצרית (בתחילת התקופה הביזנטית בארץ ישראל), מלאה ירושלים אנשי דת ונזירים נוצְרים, במשך כ־300 שנה ויותר. מימי הקיסר קונסטנטינוס, בראשית התקופה הביזנטית, עלתה קרנה של ירושלים כקדושה לנצרות, והיא הפכה למרכז דתי חשוב במהלך המאה הרביעית לספירה. בהקשר זה נבנתה בעיר כנסיית הקבר וכנסיות נוספות אחרות. כיבוש ירושלים בידי הפרסים ב־614, קטע זמנית את השלטון הנוצרי–הביזנטי בעיר. ב־628 שבו הביזנטים לשלוט בירושלים למשך עשר שנים נוספות בלבד, עד לכיבושהּ הסופי בידי הערבים. ב־636, לאחר המפלה הביזנטית בקרב הירמוך, הגיעו הערבים–מוסלמים לשערי ירושלים, שנפלה לידם לאחר מצור של שישה חודשים. במסגרת הסכם הכניעה שנערך בין הכובשים הערבים לבין אזרחי העיר באותה העת, הובטח שלומם של הנוצרים וכן שלמות כנסיותיהם. הח'ליף עבד אל-מלכ בנה ב־691 את כיפת הסלע על הר הבית. ירושלים עברה לשלטון חליפות בית אומיה עד שנת 750, ולאחריו – לח'ליפות בית עבאס, עד 969. בשנה זאת, עברה ירושלים לידי הפאטימים. המזרח התיכון וארץ ישראל בתוכו נכנסו לתקופה של אי יציבות, אותה ניצלו ב־1071 הסלג'וקים, אשר כבשו את ירושלים והחזיקו בה במשך תקופה קצרה. הכיבוש הערבי–מוסלמי חולל בירושלים מהפך דמוגרפי: היישוב הנוצרי בה הצטמצם מאוד, והתרבו בה הן המוסלמים שהיגרו אליה מחצי האי ערב, והן היהודים, אשר הורשו לשוב אליה לאחר שנים ארוכות. ב־1033 החריבה רעידת אדמה את חומות ירושלים הדרומיות. בעטייה צומצם רכיב ההגנה של החומה, דרום העיר ננטש ותושביו היהודים נאלצו להעתיק מגוריהם לחלקהּ הצפוני של העיר. עד 1099 הייתה רוב אוכלוסיית העיר ערבית, ובמקביל חיו בה קהילות יהודיות ונוצריות גדולות. היישוב היהודי בירושלים התרכז בעיקר בהר ציון. עם נפילת העיר בידי הצלבנים ב־1099, שבה ירושלים לשליטת הנוצרים למשך כמאה שנים, בשני פרקי זמן נפרדים: בין השנים 1099–1187, ושוב בשנים: 1229–1244. במהלך שלטון הכיבוש הצלבני בירושלים נטבחו רוב יושביה היהודים והמוסלמים, והיא הפכה חלקית לעיר רפאים. הצלבנים התקשו למלאהּ במאמינים נוצרים, ולשם כך עודדו עולי רגל נוצרים מארמניה וממזרח אירופה להגר אל העיר הנטושה. הצלבנים פיתחו את מערך השווקים בעיר, ובהמשך חל גידול במספר תושביה הנוצריים. מוסלמים ויהודים לא הורשו לגור בה, והם ביקרו שם לעיתים נדירות בלבד. ב־1187 כבש צלאח א-דין את ירושלים, ורוב האוכלוסייה הנוצרית סולקה ממנה, מלבד קהילה נוצרית–מזרחית קטנה. העיר קיבלה צביון מוסלמי למשך 700 השנים הבאות. חלק ממשפחות האצולה המוסלמיות בירושלים, שהתיישבו בה באותה תקופה, שרדו עד ימינו אלה: משפחות חוסייני, נשאשיבי, ח'אלדי, דג'אני, נוסייבה ואחרות. באביב 1219 חרבו חומות ירושלים, והעיר נותרה ב־316 השנים הבאות ללא חומות. ב-1229, כחלק מהסכם יפו שבא לאחר מסע הצלב השישי, שבה העיר לשליטת הצלבנים, והם החזיקו בה עד שחרבה שוב ב־1244, הפעם מידי הח'וואריזמים. ב־1260, בתום שלטון הח'וואריזמים, נפלה העיר בידי הממלוכים, שהשתלטו על הארץ והחזיקו בה עד 1516. בתקופת האימפריה הממלוכית הפכה ירושלים לעיר חסרת חשיבות אסטרטגית, המרוחקת מדרך הדואר. הממלוכים בנו בה מבני שלטון ודת רבים, ביניהם ארמונות ומבנים מפוארים, ששימשו מרכזי לימוד לכתבי הקוראן. תושבי ירושלים בעת ההיא היו ברובם עניים. אף ליהודים, אשר הורשו לשוב לירושלים בראשית הכיבוש הממלוכי, לקח זמן רב להתבסס בה. תיאורו של הרמב"ן, שביקר בירושלים ב־1267, מלמד כי הוא מצא בה כ־2,000 תושבים, מתוכם כ־300 נוצרים, ואילו היהודים היו מתי מעט: ”ואין ישראל בתוכה, כי אם שני אחים צבעים, קונים צביעה מאת השלטון.” (איגרת הרמב"ן, 1267). בהמשך גדלה האוכלוסייה היהודית בעיר, ובהשפעת הספרות הערבית של התקופה החלה העיר להיקרא על שם בית מקדש: "בית אלמקדס". בתקופה זאת נתקבע מעמדהּ של ירושלים בתודעה האסלאמית כעיר קודש, השלישית ברמת קדושתהּ, אחרי מכה ואל-מדינה. במהלך המאה ה־15 החלה העיר העתיקה להתגבש בפורמט ארבעת הרבעים המוכרים לנו כיום. רוב תושביה בעת ההיא היו מוסלמים. מפקדי אוכלוסין שנערכו בעיר במאות ה־18 וה־19 (ראו טבלה מצורפת) העידו על גידול האוכלוסייה היהודית בעיר, בעוד חלקהּ של האוכלוסייה הנוצרית בה הלך ופחת. ב־1517 נכבשה והארץ בידי האימפריה העות'מאנית. הסולטאן סולימאן המפואר בנה סביב העיר את חומות ירושלים ובהן את שערי ירושלים ושיפץ בין היתר גם את מגדל דוד. עם זאת, במהלך שקיעתהּ הממושכת של האימפריה העות'מאנית, התדרדר גם מצבהּ הכלכלי והדמוגרפי של ירושלים וחלקים גדולים של העיר העתיקה הפכו שוממים. לאורך המאה ה־18 והמאה ה־19 החל היישוב היהודי להתעצם, ולקראת סוף המאה הוא מנה כ־11,000 נפש – הקהילה הגדולה ביותר בעיר. חבורת רבי יהודה החסיד, בני יהדות אשכנז, אשר עלתה לארץ ישראל ב־1700, סולקה מן העיר עקב חוב כספי גדול לבנאים מוסלמים. במקביל, מצבם הכלכלי של יהודי העיר השתפר בראשית המאה ה־19 הודות לעליית תלמידי הגר"א[דרושה הבהרה], בראשות רבי מנחם מנדל משקלוב, ובעיקר הודות לסיוע מצד משפחת רוטשילד; האחרונה פרעה את חובותיה של חבורת רבי יהודה החסיד, ואיפשרה לחבריה לשוב ולגור בירושלים בבטחה. במאה ה־19 החלו המעצמות הקולוניאליות האירופאיות לגלות עניין בארץ ישראל בכלל, ובירושלים בפרט. מחקרים ופרסומים שונים אודותיהן ראו אור והעלו את המודעות אליהן, בקשר לחשיבותן הדתית, התרבותית וההיסטורית. בהמשך החלו המעצמות לבנות בעיר מוסדות דת ותרבות, חינוך, מחקר, בריאות ותיירות, וכן להציב בה קונסולים ואנשי דת מטעמן. בתחילה בנו המעצמות את מבניהן בשטחים שבין החומות, ולאחר זמן מה גם מחוצה להן. במחצית השנייה של המאה ה־19 גברה עוד יותר ההשפעה האירופאית. הציבור הנוצרי בירושלים כלל ערבים, ילידי אירופה, תושבים ארעיים, ואנשי כמורה ודת. היציאה מן החומות הקיפה גם את הציבור היהודי. ב־1860 נוסדה השכונה היהודית משכנות שאננים בידי משה מונטיפיורי, והייתה לשכונה היהודית הראשונה שנבנתה מחוץ לחומות בירושלים. אחריה נבנו שכונות יהודיות נוספות, בהן "שכונות חצר", השוכנות כיום במרכז העיר והיו אבני יסוד עבור העיר החדשה; בין היתר נבנו שכונת הבוכרים, מחנה ישראל, נחלת שבעה, בית דוד ומאה שערים. בכתבה "בניינים ופרוורים חדשים", אשר התפרסמה בעיתון "המליץ", בי"ט באב תר"מ (1880), דווח כי "בירושלים הושלש מספר הבתים", והוצג בה תיאור מפורט אודות פלאי הבנייה: האדון ל. שיק איש אשכנזי אדריכל חכם משגיח על בניני העיר (בוי-אינספעקטור) בירושלים כותב: בירושלים יסדו היהודים אגודות שותפים ויבנו בניינים רבים, ארוכים בתבניתם כאוהלים ומסוגלים לישיבת משפחות רבות, מספר הבתים בירושלים גדל במשך כ"ה השנים האחרונות על אחת שתים או גם על אחת שלוש. ב־1917 עברה ירושלים לידי שלטון המנדט הבריטי, שקבע אותה כבירת ארץ ישראל וריכז בה את מוסדות שלטונו, בכללם: מקום מושבו של הנציב העליון, משרדי הממשלה, בית המשפט העליון ובית הסוהר המרכזי. בעת ההיא, שימשה ירושלים כמרכז המדיני של היישוב היהודי והתנועה הציונית, ובה שוכנו המוסדות הלאומיים: ועד הצירים, הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל, הוועד הלאומי, הקרן הקיימת לישראל וקרן היסוד. נוסף על מוסדות אלה נבנתה גם האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים, השוכנת על הר הצופים. בכ"ט בנובמבר 1947, לאחר ההכרזה על חלוקת ארץ ישראל בעצרת האו"ם, פרצה מלחמת העצמאות. על פי תוכנית החלוקה של האו"ם, אמורות היו ירושלים ובית לחם להיכלל באזור נייטרלי, תחת שליטה בין-לאומית. אולם, שני הצדדים – הן היהודי והן הערבי – התעלמו ממנה, וחתרו כל אחד להגיע למצב של שליטה על העיר ועל סביבתהּ. כוחות הלוחמים הערביים בעיר הורכבו מתושבים מקומיים, כמו גם מכוחות עזר של מתנדבים, שנשלחו אליה ממדינות ערב. כוחות אלה כללו את "הלגיון הערבי", "האחים המוסלמים" וצבא סדיר ממצרים. הערבים הטילו מצור על העיר, והפסיקו את אספקת המים לתושביה. ההגנה על העיר ועל היישובים סביבה הופקדה בידי חטיבת עציוני, ואילו על הפרוזדור לירושלים הייתה אמונה חטיבת הראל של הפלמ"ח. לאחר קרבות עזים ועקובים מדם, השכילו שיירות המשוריינים היהודיים לפרוץ את המצור שהוטל על העיר, תוך כדי שפילסו אליה דרך, באמצעותה סיפקו לתושביה מזון, מים וציוד. בלטרון התנהלו בין הצדדים קרבות כבדים. במסגרת מבצע נחשון נכבשו כפרים ערביים בדרך לירושלים, אך חרף זאת נחסמה הגישה לעיר הרמטית החל מסוף חודש אפריל, והעיר הייתה נתונה במצור. במאי 1948 עזבו הבריטים את העיר והארץ, והמלחמה התעצמה. העיר העתיקה נפלה בידי הלגיון הירדני, שהשתלט על מזרחהּ של העיר. בד בבד, השתלט הכוח היהודי על השכונות הערביות במערבה של העיר, בכללן קטמון, טלביה ובקעה. המצור על העיר נמשך עד פילוס דרך בּוּרְמָה החדשה, ביולי 1948, ומאז יכלו שיירות אספקת מזון וציוד לתושבי העיר, לנסוע אליה ברציפות ובביטחון יחסי. בנובמבר 1948 הוכרזה הפסקת אש בעיר והמלחמה תמה. שנה לאחר מכן, ב־5 בדצמבר 1949, הכריז דוד בן-גוריון על ירושלים כבירת ישראל. בין השנים 1948–1967 הייתה העיר חצויה. הקו העירוני ("קו התפר") היה קו שביתת הנשק, כפי שסוכם בהסכמי רודוס, כקטע של הקו הירוק. אורכו היה שבעה קילומטרים, והוא חילק את העיר בין מזרח ירושלים, שהייתה אז חלק מהממלכה הירדנית ההאשמית, ובין מערב ירושלים, שהייתה בשליטת מדינת ישראל. משני צידי הקו פרסו הצדדים ביצורים ומכשולים, ובניינים שונים לאורכו שימשו כעמדות צבאיות. כל העיר העתיקה, השכונות שמצפון לה, והר הזיתים נכללו בתחום השליטה הירדני. מערב העיר, וכן מובלעת על הר הצופים בצפון–מזרחהּ של העיר – נכללו בתחום השליטה הישראלי. באזור ארמון הנציב היה שטח מפורז, בשליטת האו"ם, והארמון עצמו נקבע כמטה משקיפי האו"ם. שער מנדלבאום הפריד בין שני חלקי העיר, ודרכו ניתן היה לעבור מחציה האחד של העיר למשנהו. המעבר נוהל על ידי אנשי מכס ישראליים וירדניים, שימש בעיקר למעבר דיפלומטים ואנשי או"ם, וכן למעבר צליינים נוצריים בחג המולד. משער זה יצאה שיירת חיילים ושוטרים, דו־שבועית, לשם הגנה על המובלעת הישראלית בהר הצופים. שכונות ירושלים המערבית שלאורך הקו היו לשכונות סְפָר, שאליהן צלפו מפעם לפעם חיילים ירדניים; על כן הן הפכו לשכונות מצוקה והתאפיינו בעוני. עם שכונות אלה נמנו: שמואל הנביא, מאה שערים, מוסררה, ממילא וימין משה. עם פרוץ מלחמת ששת הימים ב־5 ביוני 1967, הפגיז הלגיון הערבי את ירושלים. צה"ל הגיב בהשתלטות על מזרח העיר. מאז מלחמת ששת הימים, נבנו שכונות רבות בשטח שנוסף לעיר (חלקן היו יישובים יהודיים אשר ננטשו במהלך מלחמת העצמאות). כיום, חלק ניכר מהאוכלוסייה היהודית בירושלים מתגורר בשכונות אלה. מאז שנות ה־90 של המאה ה־20 ניכרת מגמת התחרדות בירושלים. מדי שנה, החל מאמצע שנות ה־90, יורד באופן עקבי מספר ילדיה היהודים החילונים, בעוד שאחוז ילדי האוכלוסייה החרדית עולה בהתמדה במהלך שנים אלה. בשנת 2010 נרשמו לחינוך הממלכתי–חילוני 13% מכלל הנרשמים לכיתות א' בעיר, יהודים וערבים. חלקהּ היחסי של האוכלוסייה הערבית–נוצרית בעיר יורד בשל הגירת תושבים ממנה, בפרט למדינות אחרות. בעיר ניטש מאבק על צביונה הדתי. בין המאבקים הבולטים בתחום זה: ההפגנות בכביש בר־אילן, ההתנגדות לבניית אצטדיון טדי בצפון העיר, פתיחת חניון קרתא בשבת וקיום אירועים בו. במהלך האינתיפאדה הראשונה, אשר פרצה בשנת 1987 על ידי קבוצות פלסטיניות שונות, אירעו במזרח ירושלים ובשכונות על קו התפר ניסיונות חבלה והצתות כלי רכב. במהלך האינתיפאדה השנייה, אשר פרצה בראשית המאה ה־21, אירעו בה פיגועי התאבדות קשים ובהם: הפיגוע במסעדת סבארו, הפיגוע בקפה מומנט, הפיגוע במדרחוב בן־יהודה, הפיגוע בשוק מחנה יהודה, הפיגוע בקפה הלל והפיגוע בקו 32א. בעשור הראשון של המאה ה־21 פחתה הבנייה הפרברית בשולי העיר ומרכז העיר שופץ. נוסף על אלה, הוקמה בה הרכבת הקלה, המשרתת עשרות אלפי אנשים מדי יום. במהלך מבצע עמוד ענן, ב־2012, שוגרו לראשונה רקטות קרקע–קרקע מרצועת עזה לכיוון ירושלים, נשמעו בה אזעקות והתושבים נאלצו להיכנס למקלטים. מציאות זאת חזרה על עצמה גם במהלך מבצע צוק איתן, ב־2014. החל מסוף שנת 2015 ועד סוף 2016 פקד את העיר, כמו מקומות נוספים בישראל, גל טרור. גל זה התאפיין בתקיפת עוברי אורח ואנשי כוחות הביטחון בידי ערבים, בפרט בחלקה המזרחי של העיר, תוך שימוש בירי, בדקירה ובדריסה. בשנת 2021, מהומות בירושלים פרצו על רקע תסיסה בעיר, שהלכה וגברה במהלך חודש הרמדאן. בהמשך, 7 רקטות נורו אל עבר העיר באמצע מצעד "ריקוד הדגלים". קדושת העיר ירושלים היא העיר הקדושה ביותר ליהדות. קדושתה נובעת מהמבואר במקרא שהיא המקום שבו בחר הבורא לשכן את שכינתו ושמו (ועל כן היא נקראת בתהילים עיר האלוהים), כמו גם מהעובדה ההיסטורית שבירושלים שכן בית המקדש הראשון בתחילת האלף הראשון לפני הספירה, ובית המקדש השני שהתקיים בירושלים מן המאה השישית לפני הספירה עד המאה הראשונה לספירה. בזמן שבית המקדש היה קיים, היו קורבנות שהיו מותרים באכילה רק בין חומות העיר. במסורת היהודית נאמר גם שאבן השתייה, שהייתה מתחת לקודש הקודשים, היא הסלע שממנו הושתת כל העולם, ומקום עקידת יצחק. ירושלים אינה מופיעה בחמשת חומשי התורה בשמה המפורש, אלא כ”הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר ה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם בּוֹ לְשַׁכֵּן שְׁמוֹ שָׁם” (ספר דברים, פרק י"ב), אם כי יש מסורת לפיה העיר "שָלֵם" הנזכרת בספר בראשית (י"ד, י"ח) היא ירושלים. עם זאת, מוזכרת העיר פעמים רבות בשאר ספרי התנ"ך (667 פעמים), ומספר דומה גם במשנה, בתלמוד ובתפילות. כמו כן, היא מופיעה בשם "ציון". רבים גם המייחסים את "הר המוריה", מקום עקידת יצחק, להר הבית. המקרא וההלכה מציינים כמה מצוות הכרוכות בירושלים, וכולן סובבות סביב ריכוז הפולחן ובניית בית המקדש. המצווה המרכזית הקשורה בה היא העלייה לרגל, שלוש פעמים בשנה ("שלוש רְגָלִים"): בחג הפסח, בחג השבועות ובחג הסוכות. בזמן שבית המקדש היה קיים חלה על העולים לירושלים מצוות הקרבת קרבנות, לשם התרת נדרים או בקשת כפרה על חטאים. מצוות נוספות הן הבאת ביכורים לירושלים החל חג השבועות וכן מצווה להביא את פירות השנה הרביעית לנטיעת עץ – ולאוכלם בירושלים ("נטע רבעי"). בשנים מסוימות ישנה מצווה להביא מעשר שני ולאוכלו בירושלים. כאשר ישנן בעיות משפטיות חמורות, מצווה להגיע לבית הדין הגדול בירושלים, כדי לבררן בפניו. במהלך תפילה נהוג להפנות את הפנים לכיוון ירושלים (ובירושלים עצמה – לכיוון הר הבית), על פי הנאמר בתפילת שלמה המלך, בחנוכת בית המקדש הראשון: כָּל תְּפִלָּה, כָל תְּחִנָּה אֲשֶׁר תִהְיֶה לְכָל הָאָדָם, לְכֹל עַמְּךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר יֵדְעוּן אִישׁ נֶגַע לְבָבוֹ, וּפָרַשׂ כַּפָּיו אֶל הַבַּיִת הַזֶּה...כִּי יֵצֵא עַמְּךָ לַמִּלְחָמָה עַל אֹיְבוֹ, בַּדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁלָחֵם, וְהִתְפַּלְלוּ אֶל ה' דֶּרֶךְ הָעִיר אֲשֶׁר בָּחַרְתָּ בָּהּ וְהַבַּיִת אֲשֶׁר בָּנִתִי לִשְׁמֶךָ...וְשָׁבוּ אֵלֶיךָ בְּכָל לְבָבָם וּבְכָל נַפְשָׁם בְּאֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיהֶם אֲשֶׁר שָׁבוּ אֹתָם, וְהִתְפַּלְלוּ אֵלֶיךָ דֶּרֶךְ אַרְצָם אֲשֶׁר נָתַתָּה לַאֲבוֹתָם, הָעִיר אֲשֶׁר בָּחַרְתָּ וְהַבַּיִת אֲשֶׁר בָּנִיתִי לִשְׁמֶךָ. על פי המסורת היהודית, חל איסור לקבור מתים בתוך העיר, מתוך חשש שהמת יטמא את פירות המעשר שעוברים לירושלים והקורבנות המוקרבים בירושלים. לכן, נהוג היה לקבור את המתים מחוץ לעיר, באתרים כמו הר הזיתים, עמק יהושפט, גיא בן הינום וגבעות רבות נוספות המקיפות את העיר הקדומה, המוקפת חומה (אזור העיר העתיקה ועיר דוד). עם זאת, בספר מלכים ובספר דברי הימים נכתב, כי מלכי בית דוד נקברו בתוך תחומי העיר. בחפירות ארכאולוגיות נמצאו קברים של בני אצולה מימי בית שני בתוך תחומי החומה אז. עם קברים אלה נמנה גם קברו של דוד המלך, שיש הסוברים כי מקום קבורתו נמצא ב"קבר דוד" שבהר ציון. שבחה של ירושלים מתואר בתלמוד באימרה: ”עֲשָׂרָה קַבִּין יֹפִי יָרְדוּ לָעוֹלָם, תִּשְׁעָה נָטְלָה יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וְאֶחָד כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ.” (תלמוד בבלי, מסכת קידושין, דף מ"ט, עמוד ב') הרבנות הראשית לישראל שוכנת בירושלים. בראשית הנצרות (המאה ה־4), היה היחס לירושלים דואלי. בירושלים, על פי המסורת הנוצרית, שוכנים האתרים במהלכם חי ומת ישו, דוגמת ויה דולורוזה וכנסיית הקבר. חורבנהּ של ירושלים במרד הגדול נתפש כעונש לעם ישראל, על כך שדחה את ישו כמשיח. בתקופה הביזנטית, נבנתה ירושלים מחדש כעיר נוצרית, אולם הר הבית הושאר שומם, כסמל לחורבן העיר. חשיבותהּ של ירושלים עבור הדת הנוצרית עלתה עם כיבושהּ מידי המוסלמים, במיוחד בתקופת מסעי הצלב (המאה ה־11). עם כיבוש הארץ בידי הצלבנים, הפכה ירושלים בירת ממלכת ירושלים הצלבנית. עם זאת, קיימות בנצרות גישות, המתייחסות לירושלים הנזכרת בתנ"ך ובברית החדשה באופן מטפורי כסמל למקום קדוש או טהור באשר הוא. לכן, מדובר בנצרות על "ירושלים של מעלה" (הרוחנית) כנגד ירושלים הגשמית (הפיזית). גישה זאת התפתחה, כנראה, משום שירושלים מרוחקת מרוב המדינות הנוצריות וגם משום שמרכז הנצרות הקתולית נמצא בקריית הוותיקן. הפטריארכיה הלטינית, הממונה מטעם האפיפיור על הקהילה הנוצרית–קתולית בישראל, ברשות הפלסטינית, בירדן ובקפריסין, שוכנת במבנה ענק ברובע הנוצרי. הפטריארכיה היוונית–אורתודוקסית של ירושלים שוכנת ברחוב הפטריארכיה היוונית ברובע הנוצרי משני צדדיו. היא ממונה על כל כהני הדת והמאמינים האורתודוקסים בישראל, בממלכת ירדן ובחצי האי סיני. הפטריארכיה הארמנית, המכונה בארמנית "הכס האפוסטולי של יעקב קדוש בירושלים", שוכנת במבנה גדול ברובע הארמני ברחוב הנקרא על שמה. היא ממונה על המקומות הקדושים בירושלים ועל הכנסיות ברחבי ישראל, יהודה ושומרון וירדן. ירושלים היא אחת מהערים הקדושות לאסלאם. באסלאם הסוני נחשבת ירושלים האתר השלישי בחשיבותו הדתית, לאחר מֶ֫כָּה ואַל-מַדִ֫ינָה; לפיכך היא מכונה: "תַ֫'אלִת' אַל-חַרַמַ֫יְיןִ" (ثالث الحرمين) – השלישי מבין המקומות הקדושים. באסלאם השיעי מהווה ירושלים את המקום החמישי בחשיבותו, אחרי מסגד אימאם עלי בנג'ף ומקדש אימאם חוסיין בכרבלה. אחד מתאריה של ירושלים באסלאם הוא "א֫וּלָא אַל-קִיבְּלַתָ֫יְיןִ" (أولى القبلتين) – הראשונה מבין שני כיווני התפילה. מקור הכינוי הוא במסורת המוסלמית שבראשית האסלאם מוחמד הורה להתפלל לכיוון ירושלים, ומאוחר יותר שינה את כיוון התפילה אל הכַּעְבָּה שבמֶ֫כָּה. השינוי בכיוון התפילה משתקף בסורה 2, אל-בקרה / פסוקים 136–144. זכר לשני כיווני התפילה ניתן למצוא במסגד באַל-מַדִ֫ינָה המכונה "ד'וּ אַל-קִיבְּלַתָ֫יְין" (ذو القبلتين), היות שיש בו שתי גומחות תפילה – האחת פונה לכיוון ירושלים, והאחרת – לכיוון מֶ֫כָּה. הסיבה לשינוי כיוון התפילה אינה ברורה, ובמסורת המוסלמית ניתנים לכך הסברים שונים. מסופר, למשל, כי מוחמד התפלל לכיוון ירושלים כדי לרצות את היהודים, אך הם לעגו לו ולכן פנה לכיוון הכַּעְבָּה. לפי גרסה אחרת התפלל מוחמד לכיוון ירושלים, עד שגילה שזהו כיוון התפילה של היהודים; לפיכך, פנה להתפלל לכיוון הכַּעְבָּה. הסברים אחרים נסובים סביב מעמדהּ הקדוש של מֶ֫כָּה בחצי האי ערב עקב עליית האסלאם, בניגוד לירושלים, שהייתה מוכרת ומקודשת פחות באותה התקופה. על פי הסבר אחר, הכַּעְבָּה במֶ֫כָּה הייתה מוקד של עבודת אלילים, על כן מלכתחילה לא ניתן היה לפנות לעברה בעת התפילה, ובמקומה נבחרה ירושלים לשמש ככיוון התפילה. לאחר שמוחמד סילק כל זכר לעבודת אלילים מהכַּעְבָּה, שוב לא הייתה מניעה להתפלל לכיוונהּ. מקור קדושתהּ של ירושלים באסלאם שנוי במחלוקת בקרב חוקרי האסלאם והמזרחנים. עיקר המחלוקת נסוב סביב השאלה האם נחשבה ירושלים לקדושה באסלאם כבר מראשיתו, או שמא קדושתהּ התפתחה בתקופה מאוחרת יותר. שורש המחלוקת נעוץ בכך שירושלים אינה מוזכרת בקוראן בשום שם משמותיה המקובלים: "בַּ֫יְת אַל-מֻקַ֫דָס" (بيت المقدس), "אִ֫ילִיַאא'" (إيلياء, על שם אַיְלִיָה קַפִּיטוֹלִינָה), "אַל-ק֫וּדְס" (القدس). הכינוי "אַל-מַ֫סְגִ'ד אַל-אַ֫קְצָא" (المسجد الأقصى), המוזכר בסורה 17, אַלְאִ֫סְרַאא' / פסוק 1, עורר פרשנויות שונות, הן בקרב המלומדים המוסלמים הקדומים והן בקרב חוקרים מודרניים. היו שזיהו אותו עם ירושלים או עם מסגד אַל-אַ֫קְצָא שבירושלים; לפי המסורת המוסלמית, זהו יעדו של המסע הלילי של מוחמד (الإسراء, "אַלְאִסְרַ֫אא'") ומקום עלייתו השמימה (المعراج, "אַלְמִעְרַ֫אג'"). החדית' מספר, כי כדי להוכיח לבני שבט קורייש שאכן ביקר במסע הלילה בירושלים, תיאר להם מוחמד את העיר כשאללה מציג לפניו חיזיון שלה. לעומת זאת, מסורת מוסלמית קדומה פירשה שהמסגד המדובר נמצא בשמים, אחרים ראו בו כינוי למסגד שנמצא בדרך בין מֶכָּה ובין טאיף. החוקר אורי רובין טוען, כי הפרשנות של "אַל-מַ֫סְגִ'ד אַל-אַ֫קְצָא" כמסגד שמימי היא פרשנות שיעית, אשר מטרתהּ להפחית ממעמדהּ של ירושלים בתקופה האומיית, וכי פסוק 1 בסורה 17 תיאר במקור את המסע הלילי של מוחמד. לעומת רובין, סבור המזרחן מרדכי קידר, שקדושתהּ של ירושלים עבור דת האסלאם החלה רק כמה עשרות שנים לאחר מותו של הנביא מוחמד, ושמאחורי קדושת ירושלים עמדו מאז ומתמיד אינטרסים פוליטיים, החל מהמאה השביעית ועד ימינו אלה. חשיבותהּ של ירושלים באסלאם החלה לעלות במאות ה־7 וה־8, עם הקמת מבני התפילה המוסלמיים על הר הבית. התהליך נמשך במאות ה־11 וה־12, והגיע לשיאו בתקופת מסעי הצלב וממלכת ירושלים. על רקע הכיבוש הצלבני של ירושלים, התפתחה ספרות של "שבחי ירושלים" (فضائل بيت المقدس, فضائل القدس, פַצַ֫'אאִיל בַּ֫יְת אַלְמֻקַ֫דָס, פַצַ֫'אאִיל אַלְקֻ֫דְס), אשר חיזקה את מעמדהּ של ירושלים באסלאם. הווקף הוא הגוף האדמיניסטרטיבי המוסלמי האחראי על הר הבית. גאוגרפיה ירושלים נמצאת על רצועת ההר המרכזית של ארץ ישראל המערבית ועל קו פרשת המים שלה, בין הים התיכון וים המלח. היא שוכנת בהרי ירושלים, חבל הרים השייך להרי יהודה, ברום של 570–857 מטרים מעל גובה פני הים. מרכז העיר, הממוקם בחלקהּ הצפוני של העיר, בנוי על אזור מישורי יחסית. מרבית שכונות העיר בנויות על הגבעות, כאשר ביניהן נפרשים עמקים וואדיות, דוגמת עמק יהושפט, גיא בן הינום, עמק רפאים, נחל קדרון, נחל שורק ועמק הצבאים. הנקודה הגבוהה ביותר בעיר היא פסגת שכונת גילה, המתנשאת לגובה של 857 מטרים מעל פני הים. בשל היותה הררית ותלולה, הייתה ירושלים מקום קשה להתיישבות ולעיסוק בחקלאות. הטופוגרפיה הגבילה את החקלאות לשימוש בטרסות או לעיבוד העמקים המתונים בלבד. הגידול המרכזי באזור היה מאז ומתמיד הזיתים. מלבדם נשתלו גם עצי תפוח (בין השאר בעמק הצבאים) ועצי פרי אחרים. כיום נשארו מעט חלקות מעובדות בעיר, בעיקר על יד קיבוץ רמת רחל, ובין גילה לבית לחם. בשנים הראשונות לקיומה, הסתפקה העיר באספקת מים ממי המעיינות רוגל והגיחון. מעיין הגיחון בוצר כמה פעמים לאורך ההיסטוריה, ובנוסף לו אגרו התושבים מים בבורות מים בתוך העיר. חזקיהו היה הראשון שהקים מערכת אספקת מים מוסדרת בעיר, באמצעות חציבת נקבת ובריכת השילוח. בתקופת החשמונאים, סופקו לעיר ולבית המקדש מים באמצעות אמת מים ארוכה. אמת מים זאת קישרה בין העיר ובין עין עיטם, השוכנת דרומית לה. אמות נוספות נבנו בתקופת הורדוס, ובימי השליטים הרומיים אשר שלטו בה – לאחר בניית העיר "איליה קפיטולינה"[דרוש מקור]. אמות מים קטנות יותר נבנו מצפון לעיר, והובילו מים לבריכות הצאן. לאורך השנים, ננטשו ונהרסו אמות ובורות המים, עד ששופצו בתקופות הממלוכית והעות'מאנית. הבריטים הם שהקימו בעיר מערכת הובלת מים מודרנית, בשנות העשרים והשלושים של המאה הקודמת. מערכת זאת שאבה מים ממעיינות נחל פרת וראש העין. כיום חברת מקורות מובילה מים לעיר, וחברת הגיחון אחראית לאגירתם וחלוקתם לבתים. אקוויפר ההר הוא ממקורות המים העיקריים של העיר. בעבר נדלו ממנו מים דרך בורות המים שהיו בשימוש נרחב בשכונות. כיום תחנות השאיבה המודרניות (של מקורות וחברת הגיחון) שואבות ומספקות ממנו מים. ירושלים שוכנת על קו הגבול בין האזור הים־תיכוני ובין סְפָר המדבר. הקיץ בה חם ויבש, והחורף קר וגשום. כמות המשקעים הממוצעת במרכז העיר (810 מטרים מעל פני הים) עומדת על 550 מילימטרים בשנה. בפאתיה המערביים של העיר (הר נוף, עין כרם, רמות אלון) כמות המשקעים השנתית מגיעה ל־650 מ״מ, ואילו בפאתיה המזרחיים חלה הפחתה ל־450 מ״מ. ממוצע הלחות השנתי בה עומד על כ־55%. לרוב שלג יורד בעיר כל שנה, ובעיקר בשכונותיה הגבוהות, דוגמת גילה (859 מטרים מעל פני הים), רמות אלון (850 מטרים מעל פני הים), רוממה ובית וגן. אחת ל־3–4 שנים יורד בעיר שלג כבד, המצטבר לגובה של כ-30 עד 40 סנטימטרים, ואשר גורם לשיבושי תנועה בכבישים, לשיבושים באספקת החשמל לתושביה ולנפילת עצים בחורף 1991–1992 ירדו במרכז ירושלים 1,134 מ"מ משקעים וזהו שיא משקעים מוחלט לשנה מאז החלו בה מדידות משקעים סדירות בעיר העתיקה, באמצע המאה ה-19 (ינואר 1846). בכנסיית סנטה-אנה אף ירדו 1,254.5 מ״מ משקעים, ובפאתיה הצפוניים של העיר, בתחנת שדה תעופה עטרות, נמדדו באותו חורף 1,279.9 מ״מ. אלו הן כמויות המשקעים הגדולות ביותר לעונת גשם שתועדו בעיר. החורפים היבשים ביותר בעיר היו חורף 1959–1960 בו ירדו 206.4 מ״מ וחורף 1998–1999 עם 210.1 מ״מ. "ירושמיים" הוא אתר אינטרנט ייעודי, המתעד והסוקר את מזג האוויר הייחודי של העיר. דמוגרפיה הערות: לפי נתוני הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה (הלמ"ס) נכון לסוף דצמבר 2025 (אומדן), מתגוררים בירושלים 1,063,278 תושבים, מתוכם 1,010,991 תושבי ישראל (מקום 1 בדירוג רשויות מקומיות בישראל). שינוי בגודל האוכלוסייה +1.9% בשנה. אחוז הזכאים לתעודת בגרות מבין תלמידי כיתות י"ב בשנת ה'תשפ"ב (2021-2022) היה 38.0%. השכר החודשי הממוצע של שכיר במשך שנת 2021 היה 8,882 ש"ח (ממוצע ארצי: 11,330 ש"ח). ירושלים היא העיר הגדולה בישראל, גם כאשר מביאים בחשבון את תושביה היהודים בלבד. אחוז התושבים היהודים בעיר ירד מאז שנת 1990, מכ־72% מכלל האוכלוסייה בירושלים – לכ־61%. אחוז תושביה הערבים עלה מכ־24% לכ־38%, ונשאר יציב. בין השנים 2005–2017, גדלה האוכלוסייה הערבית–מוסלמית בירושלים מכ־245,000 לכ־341,000 תושבים: קצב גידול של כ־3.3% בשנה. לעומת הגידול באוכלוסייה זאת, עמד שיעור הגידול של תושבי שאר הדתות בירושלים על כ־1.3% בלבד בשנה, מכ־475,000 בשנת 2005 לכ־571,000 בסוף שנת 2020. עיקר הגידול באוכלוסיית ירושלים נובע משיעור ילודה גבוה, שכן מאזן ההגירה של העיר בשנים אלה היה שלילי: בין השנים 2008–2015, עזבו את העיר כ־18,000 תושבים בממוצע בשנה, והיגרו אליה כ־11,000 תושבים בלבד. עם זאת, 56% מההגירה השלילית חלה ביישובים השוכנים בעיקר במטרופולין ירושלים, ופחות בירושלים עצמה. האזור המטרופוליני של ירושלים, הכולל יישובים קרובים המקיימים זיקה ברורה לעיר מבחינת תעסוקה ושירותים, מנה ב־2018, על פי מכון ירושלים למחקרי מדיניות, כ־1.31 מיליון נפש. זהו האזור המטרופוליני השני בגודלו בישראל, לאחר מטרופולין תל אביב–יפו. במסגרת סקר שנערך על ידי הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה בשנת 2019, נתבקשו תושביה היהודים של ירושלים להגדיר את מידת אדיקותם בדת היהודית. תוצאות סקר זה העלו, כי כ־35% מכלל היהודים בני 20 ומעלה הגדירו עצמם "חרדים", כ־24% מהם הגדירו עצמם "מסורתיים", כ־20% מהם – "דתיים", וכ־19% מהם – "חילונים". מזרח וצפון מזרח ירושלים מאוכלסים בעיקר על ידי ערבים. בשכונות שמצפון לרחוב יפו, בחלק משכונות רמות ונווה יעקב, וכן בשכונות הר נוף ובית וגן ועוד מתגוררת בעיקר אוכלוסייה חרדית. במרכז, מערב ודרום העיר, כמו גם בפרברי העיר, קיים רוב של יהודים חילונים, מסורתיים ודתיים לאומיים. נכון לסוף אפריל 2024, אוכלוסיית העיר עומדת על כ־1,000,777 תושבים. על פי נתוני הלמ"ס, נכון לשנת 2024, הייתה ירושלים העיר עם צפיפות האוכלוסין החמישית הגבוהה ביותר בישראל, אחרי בני ברק ולפני בת ים. מעמדהּ החוקי של ירושלים מאז 1948 אינו מוסכם מעמדהּ החוקי והבין-לאומי של ירושלים. תוכנית החלוקה קבעה כי ירושלים ובית לחם תהיינה חלק מאזור בשליטה בין-לאומית של מושל זר ונייטרלי, אשר ימונה על ידי האו"ם, לצד מועצה שתורכב מנציגי התושבים. על פי התוכנית, שיטת ממשל זאת בעיר תארך עשר שנים ובסיומה יערך משאל עם אשר יקבע את עתיד העיר. במלחמת העצמאות חולקה ירושלים בין ישראל וירדן. במלחמת ששת הימים אוחדו שני חלקי העיר ולראשונה הייתה ירושלים כולה בידי שלטון יהודי מזה אלפיים שנה. כבר ב־17 במאי 1948 חקקה מועצת המדינה הזמנית את פקודת שטח נטוש, תש"ח–1948, אשר בסעיף 2 שלה נקבע כי "כל שטח ומקום שנכבשו, נכנעו או נעזבו ייחשב כשטח נטוש, וככזה – רשאית הממשלה להטיל עליו בצו את החוק הקיים". משום חשיבותה של ירושלים, מצאה מדינת ישראל לנכון להכריז על ירושלים המערבית כעל חלק משטחה ב־17 ביולי 1948, בנוסף ל'פקודת שטח נטוש' ממאי 1948. הכנסת הראשונה שהתכנסה בתחילת 1949 קיימה את ארבע ישיבותיה הראשונות בבניין הסוכנות היהודית בירושלים ולאחר מכן באותה שנה התכנסה בתל אביב. גורמים רבים בעולם, בייחוד נוצרים–קתוליים, פעלו לבנאום העיר, ושאפו לקבל בה הכרה. בדצמבר 1949, קיבלה עצרת האו"ם החלטה, הקוראת לבנאום ירושלים. ישראל התנגדה לבנאום ירושלים, אף על פי שהייתה חלק מתוכנית החלוקה שהתקבלה ביישוב. דוד בן-גוריון טען כי האו"ם לא טרח לפעול ליישומה של תוכנית החלוקה וכן לא פעל להצלת 100,000 יהודי ירושלים מהתקפות צבאותיהן של מצרים וירדן, אשר דחו מלכתחילה את התוכנית, למרות פניותיו החוזרות והנשנות של היישוב ולאחריו מדינת ישראל לאו"ם. לדבריו, לולא פרץ צה"ל את הדרך לירושלים והשתלט על מערב העיר – היה גורל יהודי העיר כגורל יהודי גוש עציון והרובע היהודי בעיר העתיקה. משום כך, לא היה זה מוסרי ליישם את החלטת עצרת האו"ם. בדצמבר 1949 התקיימה ההכרזה הרשמית על העיר כעל בירת המדינה. ב־26 בדצמבר 1949 עלתה הכנסת לירושלים ומאז היא מתכנסת שם. תחילה קיימה את ישיבותיה בבניין הסוכנות היהודית, והחל מ־13 במרץ 1950 ישבה בבית פרומין שבמרכז העיר. היא עברה למשכנה הנוכחי ב־1966. לאחר מלחמת ששת הימים, קבעה הממשלה את כ"ח באייר, יום איחוד ירושלים, כיום חג. ב־1980 חוקקה הכנסת את חוק יסוד: ירושלים בירת ישראל, הקובע כי "ירושלים השלמה והמאוחדת היא בירת ישראל". בשנת 1998 הפך יום ירושלים לחג לאומי רשמי, באמצעות "חוק יום ירושלים". ביום זה מתקיימים אירועים חגיגיים דוגמת טקסי זיכרון, עצרות ותהלוכות וטקס ממלכתי בגבעת התחמושת. בבתי הכנסת הדתיים לאומיים מקובל לומר תפילת הלל ביום זה. בתחילת שנות ה־50, הוקמה קריית הממשלה במערב העיר, ולאחר 1967 הוקמה קריית הממשלה במזרח העיר, כחלק מתוכנית אכיפת החוק והשלטון באזור. בתחילת שנות ה־70, הוקם במזרח העיר בניין המטה הארצי של משטרת ישראל בקריית הממשלה, ובתחילת שנות ה־80 הוקם המבנה הנוכחי של בנק ישראל ששכן קודם לכן ברחוב יפו. בתחילת שנות ה־90, הוקם בסמוך אליו בית המשפט העליון בקריית הממשלה, השוכנת במערב העיר. כמו כן, שוכן במערב העיר מושב בית הדין הרבני הגדול ומועצת הרבנות הראשית. בית הדין השרעי לערעורים שוכן ברחוב הלל. בתחילת שנות ה־90, הוחלט להכין תוכנית מסודרת, לפיה ימוקמו כל משרדי הממשלה ומוסדות המדינה במערב העיר, ובמהלך שנות האלפיים החלה להבנות במרכז העיר "קריית הלאום", שתחבר את קריית הממשלה אל מרכז העיר ובה ירוכזו כל המוסדות הלאומיים של המדינה, בכללם משכן הכנסת. לצידה מוקם פרויקט הכניסה לעיר, המרחיב את הכניסה העיקרית לעיר, מכיוון כביש מספר 1. מעונו הרשמי של ראש ממשלת ישראל שוכן בבית אגיון, בשכונת רחביה, ומשכן הנשיא שוכן בשכונת טלביה. בהר חוצבים שוכן ארכיון המדינה. שאלת הריבונות על מזרח ירושלים מהווה את אחת מסוגיות הליבה בסכסוך הישראלי–פלסטיני. בהסכם השלום שנחתם בין ישראל לירדן הוסכם, כי אין לירדן תביעות כלשהן על השטחים שנכבשו במלחמת ששת הימים. מייד אחרי מלחמת ששת הימים, החילה ממשלת ישראל את החוק הישראלי על מזרח ירושלים, על פי צו הממשלה, בהתאם לסעיף 11ב לפקודת סדרי השלטון והמשפט. החוק הישראלי הוחל על השטח שהרשויות הירדניות הגדירו כשטח המוניציפלי, ובנוסף על כפרים, עיירות ושטחים פתוחים הסמוכים לו. לאחר סיפוח ירושלים המזרחית קיבלו הערבים הפלסטינים המתגוררים בה מעמד של תושבי קבע, אך לרובם אין אזרחות ישראלית, ולכן הם אינם זכאים להצביע בבחירות לכנסת או להוציא דרכון ישראלי. על פי החוק הבין־לאומי, שטח מזרח ירושלים נחשב לחלק מיהודה ושומרון, ולכן השכונות היהודיות שבו נחשבות להתנחלויות. לפי פסיקת בית המשפט העליון, חוקי מדינת ישראל חלים במלואם גם על מזרח ירושלים כחלק בלתי נפרד ממדינת ישראל, ולכן דין החלת החוק הישראלי כסיפוח. הפלסטינים רואים בירושלים המזרחית, בירתה של מדינה פלסטינית עתידית. בהצהרת העצמאות של אש"ף מ־1988 ירושלים מוגדרת כבירת פלסטין. הרשות הפלסטינית אף העבירה בשנת 2000 חוק המגדיר את מזרח ירושלים כבירת פלסטין, והחוק אושרר ב־2002 על ידי נשיא הרשות הפלסטינית, יאסר ערפאת. ממשלות ישראל ניסו למנוע נוכחות של מוסדות פלסטיניים רשמיים במזרח העיר. כך בשנת 2001 בצו של שר הביטחון הוחלט לסגור את אוריינט האוס ששימש בשנות ה־80 וה־90 כמטה של אש"ף בעיר. בחוות דעת של בית הדין הבין־לאומי לצדק מיולי 2024 נקבע כי נוכחותה המתמשכת של ישראל במזרח ירושלים אינה חוקית, וכי על ישראל לסיים את נוכחותה בשטח בהקדם האפשרי. לפי בית הדין, המשטר שישראל מנהלת ביהודה ושומרון ובמזרח ירושלים דומה במאפייניו למשטר אפרטהייד, בשל מערכות החוקים השונות וההפרדה הפיזית במרחב בין האוכלוסייה הפלסטינית באזורים האלו לבין המתנחלים המחזיקים באזרחות ישראלית. במהלך השנים, קבעו שבע עשרה מדינות את מושב שגריריהן בירושלים, אולם באמצע העשור השני של המאה ה־21 לא נותרו מדינות כאלה. עם זאת, כל השגרירים הזרים מגישים את כתבי ההאמנה שלהם לנשיא המדינה במשכן הנשיא בירושלים. היעדרן של שגרירויות בירושלים פסק במאי 2018, סמוך ליום ירושלים התשע"ח, כאשר פתחה ארצות הברית את שגרירותה בעיר. בעקבותיה הלכו גואטמלה, פרגוואי, קוסובו, הונדורס ופפואה גינאה החדשה. ישראל נתמכת רבות בארצות הברית, כלכלית ומדינית, ולעמדתה השפעה רבה על מעמדה הבין-לאומי של ירושלים. מאז הקמת המדינה, נמנעו נשיאי ארצות הברית מהבעה מפורשת של עמדתם בנוגע למעמדה של ירושלים, מתוך רצון להשאיר את הסוגיה לדיונים בין ישראל ובין הפלסטינים ולהימנע מיצירת מתחים נוספים. בשנת 2002 קבע הקונגרס של ארצות הברית, בתמיכתם של רוב חברי הבית הרפובליקניים, כמו גם של אלה הדמוקרטיים תומכי ישראל, כי בדרכונו האמריקאי של אזרח ארצות הברית שנולד בירושלים יש לרשום "ישראל" כארץ הלידה. החלטת הקונגרס באה בעקבות מדיניות השלטונות האמריקניים להשאיר את רישום המדינה ריק בדרכונם של אזרחים אמריקניים ילידי ירושלים, ולציין רק את שם העיר. עם זאת, בפועל, סירבה מחלקת המדינה של ארצות הברית, האמונה על הנפקת דרכונים, לאמץ החלטה זאת, בנימוק שהיא מפרה את עקרון הפרדת הרשויות. ביוני 2015, נתקבלה החלטה תקדימית של בית המשפט העליון של ארצות הברית, אשר אימץ את עמדת מחלקת המדינה, לפיה קביעת הסמכות בעניין מעמדה של ירושלים נתונה לנשיא ולממשלתו, ולא לקונגרס. פרשנים ראו בהחלטה זאת מכה הסברתית קשה לממשלת ישראל, ובעלת השפעה משמעותית על מעמדה של ירושלים המזרחית והמערבית. ב־6 בדצמבר 2017 הכריז נשיא ארצות הברית דונלד טראמפ על כך שארצות הברית מכירה רשמית בירושלים כבירתה של ישראל. טראמפ הוסיף, כי גבולותיה הסופיים של ירושלים ייקבעו במסגרת מתווה של הסכם עתידי, אשר ייחתם בבוא העת בין ישראל ובין הרשות הפלסטינית. בעקבות הצהרתו של טראמפ, הצהירה צ'כיה כי היא מכירה בירושלים המערבית כבירת ישראל. ימים מספר לאחר מכן, הצהירה גם גואטמלה על העתקת שגרירותה לירושלים. שגרירות ארצות הברית בישראל, שוכנת החל ממאי 2018 בירושלים. שאר השגרירויות בישראל, מלבד ארצות הברית, גואטמלה, קוסובו, הונדורס ופפואה גינאה החדשה, שוכנות באופן רשמי בתל אביב, בפועל בתל אביב ובערים הסמוכות. עיריית ירושלים עיריית ירושלים היא גוף השלטון המקומי, במעמד של עירייה, האחראי לניהולה השוטף של העיר ירושלים. ככל רשות מקומית, עוסקת עיריית ירושלים בעניינים מוניציפליים מסוג הסדרת שרותי חינוך, תרבות, רווחה, תשתיות, ניקיון, תברואה וכדומה. עם זאת, מעמדה המיוחד של ירושלים ומאפייניה כבירת ישראל ומושב מוסדות השלטון שלה, כעיר קדושה עבור דתות אחדות, כמוקד של סכסוכים בין-לאומיים ומתיחויות על רקע דתי, פוליטי ומדיני, וככרך בעל הרכב דמוגרפי סבוך ומפולג במיוחד – מציבים בפני עיריית ירושלים אתגרים נוספים שאין דומה להם כמעט בערים אחרות. עיריית ירושלים הוקמה ב־1867, כחלק מיוזמת השלטון העות'מאני להקים מערכת שלטונית ארצית מודרנית, המתבססת על מודל המשטר הצרפתי, הכולל חלוקה אדמיניסטרטיבית ברורה של היררכיית השלטון המקומי. כלומר, כל גוף שלטוני היה אמון על שלטון בשטח מסוים של העיר; ככל ששטח מסוים של העיר היה חשוב יותר – הוא הופקד בידיו של פקיד ממשל בעל דרגה גבוהה יותר, ולהפך. שלטון המנדט הבריטי פיזר את מועצת העיר העות'מאנית והקים מועצה משלו, תוך הנחלת סטנדרטים אירופיים של ניהול מערכות השלטון בעיר, אחזקתה ופיתוחה. עם הקמת מדינת ישראל חולקה העיר לשתיים, וכך נתפצלה גם עיריית ירושלים לשתי רשויות מוניציפליות נפרדות לחלוטין – ישראלית וירדנית. עם איחוד העיר לאחר מלחמת ששת הימים (1967), שבה ירושלים להיות רשות מוניציפלית אחת, אשר היוותה המשך ישיר של עיריית ירושלים המערבית (הישראלית). ראש העירייה הנוכחי הוא משה ליאון. בתקופת המנדט הבריטי לא היה לעיריית ירושלים סמל. סמלה של ירושלים התקבל בשנת 1949, בעקבות מכרז שפרסמה "ועדת הסמל" של עיריית ירושלים. במכרז זכתה הצעתה של "אגודת הציירים הירושלמים לגרפיקה שימושית". הסמל הנבחר כולל שלושה מרכיבים: כלכלה מסוף המאה ה־20 ובעשור הראשון של המאה ה־21 מתאפיינת כלכלת ירושלים בשיעור אבטלה גבוה, ובאחוז גבוה של תושבים החיים מתחת לקו העוני. ממוצע המשפחות החיות מתחת לקו העוני בישראל עלה לאורך השנים בכ־60%, ובירושלים עלה שיעור המשפחות העניות פי שלושה. בתקופה זאת עלה שיעור הילדים העניים בעיר בכמעט פי ארבעה, לעומת עלייה פי שניים בשיעור הילדים העניים בישראל. בשנת 1969 חיו כ־9.9% מהמשפחות בירושלים מתחת לקו העוני, לעומת 7.8% בתל אביב ובחיפה בפרט, ו־11.9% בישראל בכלל. לעומת זאת, על־פי דו"ח תחולת העוני של שנת 2003, כ־33.2% מהמשפחות חיו בירושלים מתחת לקו העוני, לעומת 10.9% בתל אביב, 17.5% בחיפה ו־19.3% בישראל. על פי נתוני מכון ירושלים למחקרי מדיניות, בשנת 2021 חיו מתחת לקו העוני בירושלים 39% מהמשפחות, 42% מהנפשות ו־51% מהילדים. שיעור הנפשות העניות עומד על 60% בקרב האוכלוסייה הערבית בירושלים, ו־43% בקרב האוכלוסייה החרדית. בקרב כלל האוכלוסייה היהודית שיעור הנפשות העניות הוא 31%. בשנת 2022 עמד שיעור ההשתתפות בכוח העבודה בירושלים בגילי העבודה העיקריים (25–64) על 67%, שיעור הנמוך באופן ניכר מהשיעור בכלל הארץ (82%). שיעור ההשתתפות הנמוך בירושלים בקרב גברים נובע בין היתר משיעור השתתפות נמוך יחסית של גברים חרדים, שעל פי המכון החרדי למחקרי מדיניות עומד על 42.2% בגילי העבודה (לעומת 73.8% בקרב הנשים החרדיות). שיעור ההשתתפות הנמוך בקרב נשים בירושלים נובע בין היתר משיעור בהשתתפות נמוך במיוחד של נשים ערביות (27% לעומת 83% בקרב הנשים היהודית בירושלים). בשנת 2018 ענפי הכלכלה העיקריים שבהם עבדו המועסקים בירושלים היו חינוך (17%), שירותי בריאות ורווחה (14%), מינהל מקומי וציבורי (11%) ומסחר (9%). בשל היותה בירת ישראל ומרכז מינהלי ושלטוני שבו מרוכזים משרדי הממשלה ומוסדות הלאום – אחוז המועסקים בשירות הציבורי בירושלים גבוה ביחס לערים אחרות ונמצא במגמת עלייה עם השנים. לעומת זאת, חלקם של המועסקים בתעשייה בירושלים נמוך ביחס לערים אחרות, והוא נמצא במגמת ירידה לאורך השנים (5% בשנת 2018 לעומת 15% בשנת 1970). בשנת 2017 היו בירושלים כ–500 חברות סטארט־אפ, ומדי שנה מוקמות בה חברות רבות נוספות. בעיר נמצאים מרכזי פיתוח של חברות בין-לאומיות גדולות, כגון אינטל, מובילאיי, NDS, סיסקו, יבמ ואחרות. בירושלים ריכוז חברות הביוטק, דוגמת טבע, הגבוה בישראל. ירושלים נבחרה לאחת מ–25 הערים המובילות בעולם מבחינת האקו־סיסטם היזמי־טכנולוגי שלה, לפי הדירוג הבין-לאומי Startup Genome. ירושלים גם מהווה אכסניה לכ־15 קרנות הון–סיכון, שהידועה בהן היא JVP. אזורי תעשייה הכוללים מפעלים אשר מייצרים מוצרי בסיס בירושלים הם: אזור התעשייה עטרות, תלפיות וגבעת שאול. שני האזורים האחרונים הפכו עם השנים אזורי מסחר ומשרדים. הר חוצבים ומלחה הם אזורי תעשייה מתקדמת (היי־טק). פעילות ההיי־טק מפוזרת על פני חמישה אזורי תעשייה עיקריים: הר חוצבים, עטרות, פארק הביו-מד בעין כרם, גבעת שאול ואזור ההיי־טק בגבעת רם. בכל האזורים האלה עובדים כ־16 אלף איש. תיירות ירושלים היא העיר המתוירת ביותר בישראל. בשל האתרים הקדושים בה לשלושת הדתות, וכן גם אטרקציות בעיר החדשה. בפרט מוזיאון ישראל, מוזיאון יד ושם, ושוק מחנה יהודה. בשנת 2019 שנת שיא בתיירות בישראל, היו כ־11 אלף חדרי מלון ב־91 בתי מלון. בהם כ־5 מיליון לינות. מתוכם כ־4 מיליון לינות של תיירים. ובשנות שגרה היא מהווה פרנסה לכ־16% מתושבי העיר. למרות עושר האטרקציות התיירותיות שבה, מבקרים בה כמות מועטה יחסית של תיירים לעומת הפוטנציאל. וזאת כתוצאה מאי היציבות הפוליטית הנובעת מהסכסוך הישראלי הערבי. בפרט בירושלים המהווה כמוקד מרכזי בסכסוך. תוכנית המתאר של ירושלים מציינת מספר מוקדים, המכונים "מרחבי תיירות". על מוקדים תיירותיים אלה נכללים: הכניסה לעיר, מתחם הרכבת, ממילא ומגרש הרוסים, אזורים היסטוריים דוגמת העיר העתיקה, ליפתא, עין כרם, מרכז העיר ומתחם המוזיאונים. על האתרים ההיסטוריים הבולטים בעיר, המהווים אטרקציות תיירותיות אטרקטיביות, נמנים בין היתר: בשנת 2006 נפתח שביל ירושלים: שביל הליכה באורך של כ־38 קילומטרים, העובר בדרכו באתרים היסטוריים ותרבותיים, בתוך העיר ומחוצה לה. קו 99 ("סובב ירושלים") עבר אף הוא בדרכו בסמוך לאתרי תיירות פופולריים בעיר. בכל שנה, במהלך חול המועד סוכות, מתקיימת בעיר צעדת ירושלים, במהלכה רבבות בני אדם, ישראלים ותיירים, צועדים ברחובותיה. בשנת 2010 דורגה ירושלים במקום הראשון ברשימת "הערים הטובות ביותר לטיולים ולפנאי" של המגזין "Travel + Leisure", בקטגוריית "אפריקה והמזרח התיכון". באותה השנה, דורגה ירושלים על ידי המדריך המקוון "TripAdvisor" במקום השביעי ברשימת הערים הטובות בעולם, בקטגוריית "תרבות וביקור באתרים תיירותיים". העיר נבחרה לשמש בירת התרבות הערבית לשנת 2009. ביהדות: על פי ההלכה, הייתה קיימת בתקופת בית המקדש מצוות עלייה לרגל לירושלים, שלוש פעמים בשנה: בחג הפסח, בחג השבועות ובחג הסוכות. בנוסף, נהוגה הייתה מצוות הבאת ביכורים לבית המקדש, בזמן שהיה קיים, מחג הקציר עד חג האסיף. בשל הרצון לשמר מצוות אלה גם בימינו, רבים הם המטיילים היהודיים הפוקדים את העיר במועדים אלה, במיוחד באתרים: הכותל המערבי, הרובע היהודי, עיר דוד וקברי צדיקים. במסגרת מנהג "ברכת הכהנים", הנערך פעמיים בשנה, בחול המועד סוכות ופסח, פוקדים את רחבת הכותל המערבי עשרות אלפי מתפללים. בנצרות: קיימת מסורת ארוכת שנים של עלייה לרגל למקומות הקדושים בארץ הקודש בכלל, ולירושלים בפרט. על אתרי התיירות הנוצרית נמנים, בין היתר: כנסיית הקבר וויה דולורוזה בעיר העתיקה, הר ציון, עליו ממוקם חדר הסעודה האחרונה, וגת שמנים, השוכן על מורדות הר הזיתים. הר זה כולל גם את כנסיית כל העמים ואת קבר מרים, אם ישו. עין כרם נחשבת אף היא מקום מקודש לנצרות, כמו גם אתר צליינות, בשל הסברה, על פי הדת הנוצרית, כי זהו מקום הולדתו של יוחנן המטביל. במקום מספר כנסיות ומנזרים, שאותם פוקדים תיירים. באסלאם: בירושלים שוכנים שני מקומות קדושים למוסלמים – כיפת הסלע ומסגד אל-אקצא. על פי דת האסלאם, מסגד אל-אקצא הוא אחד משלושה מסגדים, בהם שמותר לבקר לשם זיארה (מסורת מוסלמית של ביקור באתרים מקודשים לשם תפילה). עשרות אלפי מוסלמים, המגיעים משטחי הרשות הפלסטינית ומרחבי ישראל פוקדים אתר זה, בעיקר בעת תפילת יום שישי. אדריכלות בשל קדושתה לדתות השונות ושפע הכוחות ששלטו עליה ופעלו בה, משופעת ירושלים בסגנונות אדריכליים רבים. בהר הבית, בעיר העתיקה ובקברים בסביבותיה ניתן לראות שרידים לאדריכלות הרומית המונומנטלית – מבנה הר הבית, קבר בני חזיר ועוד, והביזנטית – הקארדו והכנסיות העתיקות ברובע הנוצרי ובהר הזיתים. השלטון המוסלמי שבא לאחר מכן השאיר את חותמו בדמות כיפת הסלע ומסגד אל אקצא, המאופיינים בערבסקות, בשימוש בקרמיקה ובצורניות המאפיינת את האדריכלות המוסלמית. האדריכלות הצלבנית נותרה בכנסיות הרבות ובמבני הציבור ששופצו ונבנו בתקופת שליטתם בעיר, ביניהן כנסיית הקבר, קתדרלת יעקב הקדוש ומצודת מגדל דוד. בתקופת השלטון הממלוכי נשלחו לירושלים הקדושה והנידחת פקידים ואנשי מעשה שסרחו או שאיימו על המשטר, ובה נדרשו לתקן את מעשיהם, לרוב בעזרת הקדשת מבנה דתי כלשהו – מדרסות, שחלקן פועלות עד ימינו, ראבאטים – בתי הארחה לצליינים מוסלמים, קברי קדושים ובתי תמחוי. דבר זה הוביל לנוכחות הגבוהה של האדריכלות הממלוכית בעיר העתיקה, הרבה מעבר לצרכים של תושבי העיר. מלבד מבני ההקדש ניתן למנות על הבניה הממלוכית בעיר גם את ארמון הגבירה טונשוק, שוק הכתנים על בתי המרחץ שבו, שיפוץ השווקים, צריחי חומת הר הבית, חאן אל סולטאן ועוד. המדרסות הבולטות שנבנו הן אל-מדרסה א-תנכיזיה והאשרפיה. האדריכלות הממלוכית כוללת מספר מצומצם של מאפיינים ייחודיים. מבנה ממלוכי טיפוסי מאופיין בחזית מפוארת עם כניסה שמעליה גומחה מעוטרת בנטיפי אבן – "מוקרנס", ספסלי אבן ולוח הקדשה לבונה. כמו כן נעשה שימוש באבלק – שילוב של אבנים מצבעים שונים, לרוב לבן ואדום או שחור. מוטיבים ממלוכיים שימשו מאות שנים לאחר מכן אדריכלים שניסו לתת מראה "מזרחי" או "ירושלמי" למבנים. ב 1517 נכבשה העיר בידי האימפריה העות'מאנית ותחת שלטונו של סולימאן המפואר חלה בה תנופת בנייה, שהתבטאה בעיקר בבניית חומות העיר, השערים ומגדל דוד. בשלהי התקופה העות'מאנית החלה העיר מתפתחת אל מחוץ לחומות. בעיר העתיקה נבנו כמה מבנים של גורמים ממדינות אירופה באזור שער יפו וברובע הנוצרי. לאחר מלחמת ששת הימים שוקם ונבנה מחדש הרובע היהודי, תוך ניסיון לשמור על המראה הישן של "אדריכלות ללא אדריכלים". חוק עזר עירוני של ירושלים מחייב לחַפּוֹת כל קיר חיצוני בעיר ב"אבן ירושלמית" (בלוק אבן מסותת). חוק זה חוקק עוד בשנת 1918, והוא נמצא בתוקף עד היום. מטרתו של החוק היא שימור אופייהּ וצביונהּ הייחודי של העיר. עם זאת, נבנו בכמה מקרים בתים בלא ציפוי אבן, בעיקר בשכונות שאוכלסו על ידי עולי העלייה ההמונית, בשנותיה הראשונות של המדינה. בשל העיור הרב באזור ירושלים רבתי, הפכה האבן הירושלמית נדירה יותר להשגה, וכיום ניתן להשיגהּ רק במחצבות ספורות בצפון ירושלים. את מקומה בחיפוי מבנים ובריצוף שטחים ציבוריים תפסו סוגים שכיחים וזולים יותר של אבן, כגון אבן נסורה. למרות השימוש בתחליפים אלה, חוק זה עודנו מייקר את עלויות הבנייה בירושלים ובסביבתהּ. בירושלים לא נבנו, באופן מסורתי, בניינים גבוהים, אף על פי שלא קיים חוק האוסר זאת. עם תחילת תקופת השלטון הבריטי ב־1918, הוצגה לראשונה תוכנית מתאר לבנייה בעיר. במסגרת תוכנית זאת נקבע, כי אופי הבנייה בירושלים יתבסס בעיקרו על מבנים נמוכים; זאת, כדי להדגיש את התבליט המיוחד של העיר ואת קו הרקיע הטבעי שלה, כמו גם כדי לא לגמד את העיר העתיקה. תוכניות מתאר שונות הגבילו את גובה הבנייה ואת צפיפות המבנים בשכונות שונות בעיר, בהתאם למרחק מהעיר העתיקה. עם זאת, מספר בניינים גבוהים נבנו בתקופות שונות באזור מרכז העיר. הפרויקט הראשון של בנייה לגובה בירושלים היה "מגדל ירושלים" (17 קומות), השוכן ברחוב הלל, שהחל להיבנות בשנת 1965. אחריו נבנו "מגדלי וולפסון" (כ־20 קומות) מול הכנסת, בשכונת קריית וולפסון. ב־1977, נבנה סמוך לגן העצמאות "מלון לאונרדו פלזה", בן 22 קומות. בהמשך שנות ה־70, נבנו "מגדל העיר", בן 21 קומות, ברחוב המלך ג'ורג', ו"מרכז כלל", בן 15 קומות, ברחוב יפו. ב־1980, הוקם "בית רג'ואן" (12 קומות), במקום בית היתומים: "בית טליתא קומי". בכניסה המערבית לעיר נבנה "מלון קראון פלזה" (21 קומות), שהיה הבניין הגבוה בירושלים עד שנת 2010, וכן מספר בתי מלון בגובה של כ־12 קומות, באזור גן פעמון הדרור. מאז, נבנה מספר מועט של מבנים גבוהים בעיר, באזורים שונים. על מבנים אלה נמנים "מגדל המשרדים", בן 18 הקומות, של גט"י, השוכן בשכונת מלחה, ו"מגדל דונה", בן 15 הקומות, השוכן בשכונת גבעת שאול. החל משנת 2010, הבניין הגבוה ביותר בירושלים הוא "מגדל 1" (המכונה גם: "הולילנד טאואר") במתחם ההולילנד, המתנשא לגובה של 32 קומות. במאה ה־21 מתבצעת בנייה לגובה בכל רחבי העיר, בעיקר בשכונות החדשות, ומתוכננת בנייה של מקבץ גורדי שחקים בכניסה אליה, כמו גם במרכזהּ. גנים וטבע עירוני בירושלים גנים ופארקים ציבוריים רבים. על החשובים שבהם נמנים: גן סאקר, גן העצמאות, פארק המסילה וגן פעמון הדרור. כמו כן, קיימים בעיר שלושה גנים בוטניים: הגן הבוטני האוניברסיטאי בגבעת רם, הממוקם בשולי קמפוס גבעת רם, בשכונת ניות; הגן הבוטני האוניברסיטאי בהר הצופים, שהוא גם הגן הבוטני הלאומי, הממוקם בשולי קמפוס הר הצופים; וגן החיות התנ"כי, הממוקם בסמוך לשכונת מלחה. גנים אלה יוצרים בירושלים ריאות ירוקות. נוסף על כל אלה, שוכן בשכונת המושבה הגרמנית מוזיאון הטבע והסביבה. חמישה אתרים בעיר מופיעים בתוכנית מתאר מקומית 2000 ירושלים כאתרים הראויים להיעשות "אתר טבע עירוני": תרבות ירושלים היא מקום משכנם של מוסדות תרבותיים והיסטוריים לאומיים רבים, כגון מוזיאון ישראל, הכולל את היכל הספר, בו שמורים מגילות מדבר יהודה וכתר ארם צובא, ומוזיאון רוקפלר לארכאולוגיה המסועף אליו. בסמוך למוזיאון ישראל נמצאת הקריה הלאומית לארכאולוגיה של ארץ ישראל, בה מצויים משרדי רשות העתיקות. בהר הרצל מצוי בית הקברות הצבאי וחלקת גדולי האומה, כמו גם מוזיאון הרצל, המספר את תולדות חייו של בנימין זאב הרצל והסוקר את תולדות חזון הציונות. בסמוך אליו שוכן מוזיאון יד ושם, מוזיאון השואה הלאומי. כמו כן, שוכנים בעיר הספרייה הלאומית וסינמטק ירושלים, אשר מתפקד גם כארכיון הסרטים הלאומי של ישראל. על יד קריית הממשלה שוכן מוזיאון המדע. בעיר שוכנים מוזיאונים ואתרים רבים, הסוקרים והמציגים פנים ונקודות מבט שונות של העיר, במגוון תחומים: ירושלים היא מקום מושבן של מספר רב של תזמורות ותיאטראות. ביניהן: תיאטרון ירושלים, תיאטרון החאן, התזמורת הסימפונית ירושלים, הקאמרטה הישראלית ירושלים, תזמורת הבארוק ירושלים, תזמורת ירושלים מזרח ומערב, תזמורת ירושלים החדשה, קבוצת התיאטרון הירושלמי, תיאטרון הקרון ותיאטרון פסיק. הפעילות התרבותית של ירושלים מתקיימת במקומות רבים בעיר והיא מגוונת מאוד, אך העיר מתאפיינת במיוחד בירידים ובפסטיבלים אשר מתקיימים בה מדי שנה, למשל פסטיבל ישראל, יריד חוצות היוצר, ופסטיבל הקולנוע ירושלים אשר מתקיים כל קיץ בסינמטק ירושלים ומארח קולנוענים מכל רחבי העולם ועוד. בעיר קיימים בתי תרבות רבים כמו בית עגנון, בית אבי חי, בית הקונפדרציה, מרכז שמשון-בית שמואל, המרכז למוזיקה ירושלים וביתא ירושלים. אתרי תרבות עיקריים: בירושלים קיימים מספר מתחמי בילוי, בהם מרוכזים בתי הקפה, המסעדות והפאבים. על מתחמים אלה נמנים מדרחוב בן־יהודה ורחוב נחלת שבעה, השוכנים במרכז העיר, קניון מלחה, המושבה הגרמנית ואזור התעשייה תלפיות. בקיץ 2007 נפתח מתחם בילויים וקניות חדש בשם שדרות ממילא, אשר נבנה בשכונת ממילא ההיסטורית, והפך במהירות אחד ממוקדי הקניות המרכזיים בעיר, בעיקר בזכות סמיכותו לשער יפו ומגדל דוד. כלל אזורים אלה שוקקים כל שעות היום, וחלקם, בעיקר אזור מרכז העיר, עמוסים בתיירים ובבליינים עד השעות הקטנות של הלילה. במאה ה־21 התרחבו חיי הלילה בירושלים אל רחוב שלומציון המלכה והרחובות המסתעפים ממנו. רחוב יפו ובן יהודה הפכו למדרחובים, עובדה אשר סייעה לשדרוג מעמדם כאזורי בילוי. שוק מחנה יהודה מהווה אזור קניות מרכזי למוצרי מזון. מלבד היותו שוק פשוט לממכר מזון וביגוד, הפך בחלקו ל"שוק בוטיק", המציע מאכלי גורמה במסעדות מיוחדות, כמו גם בגדי מעצבים ומזונות אורגניים ייחודיים. השוק הפך אף הוא מרכז חיי לילה בחודשי הקיץ. בסמוך לבנייני האומה פועל מתחם בתי הקולנוע "סינמה סיטי ירושלים", ובו אטרקציה המכונה "עיר התנ"ך". מלבד זאת, הוקמו במקום שני אולמות תיאטרון ומוזיאון העוסק בקולנוע. במקום פועל גם מרכז קניות הכולל יותר מחמישים עסקים. במאי 2013 נפתח מתחם התחנה הראשונה בבניין תחנת הרכבת הישנה של ירושלים. המתחם סמוך לאזור המושבה הגרמנית, וכולל מתחם בילויים, בתי קפה ומסעדות. המקום מהווה חלק מפארק המסילה, על כן משלב אווירה ספורטיבית, ומציע שיעורי ספורט הפתוחים לקהל הרחב. אירועים נוספים הנערכים בעיר: ירושלים מהווה את מרכז השידורים הממלכתיים במדינת ישראל. בירושלים שוכנים משרדי רשות השידור ואולפני הטלוויזיה והרדיו שלה: הערוץ הראשון ואולפני קול ישראל שנסגרו בשנת 2017 והוחלפו בתאגיד השידור הישראלי. בעיר נמצאים גם משרדי הרשות השנייה לטלוויזיה ולרדיו, אולפני הבירה ירושלים המשמשים לאולפני טלוויזיה וחלק מאולפני הרדיו של גלי צה"ל. כמו כן, בעיר ממוקמים משרדי דואר ישראל. גופי תקשורת מקומית בעיר הם רדיו ירושלים, מקומונים כגון ידיעות ירושלים, זמן ירושלים (במקור "כל הזמן", יצא בשנים 1999–2013), כל העיר, ועיתון ירושלים. כמו כן, בירושלים נמצאים משרדים של מספר עיתונים ושבועונים כגון מקור ראשון, המודיע, המחנה החרדי, משפחה, מוצש ומקומונים שכונתיים שונים. בנוסף לעיתונות העברית, מתפרסמים בעיר העיתונים ג'רוזלם פוסט ו־Jerusalem Christian Review באנגלית וכן אל-סבאר בערבית. חלק מתושבי ירושלים משתמשים בעגה ירושלמית. בעגה זאת, בין היתר, אומרים מָאָתַיִם במקום מָאתַיִם; המילה "חתולה" נהגית במלעיל ומהווה את ברירת המחדל לחתול שמינו לא ידוע; בעגה הירושלמית ישנן גם מילים ייחודיות, למשל: חינוך ואקדמיה בירושלים פועלת האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים, אשר דורגה ב־2012 בין מאה האוניברסיטאות המובילות בעולם בתחום המחקר, כמו גם האקדמיה ללשון העברית. לאוניברסיטה שלושה קמפוסים ברחבי העיר: הר הצופים, אדמונד י' ספרא גבעת רם ועין כרם. זאת, בנוסף לקמפוסים ולמעבדות במקומות שונים בישראל, המהווים שלוחות מטעם האוניברסיטה העברית והמתופעלים על ידה. לאוניברסיטת אל-קודס היו בעבר מספר שלוחות אקדמיות, אשר היו פזורות ברחבי ירושלים וסביבתה, עד איחודן בין השנים 1984–1995. כמו כן, פועלת בעיר שלוחה של אוניברסיטת בריגהאם יאנג (האוניברסיטה המורמונית). בעיר קיימים מוסדות נוספים להשכלה גבוהה, עליהם נמנים: בית הספר הגבוה לאמנויות "בצלאל, אקדמיה לאמנות ועיצוב ירושלים", המשמש כאקדמיה הישראלית הלאומית לאמנויות, עזריאלי מכללה אקדמית להנדסה, בית הספר סם שפיגל לקולנוע ולטלוויזיה, בית הספר "מעלה" לקולנוע, המרכז האקדמי לב, מכללת ליפשיץ, מכללת אפרתה, מכללה ירושלים, האקדמיה למוסיקה ולמחול ומכללת הדסה. בהיכל שלמה ממוקם קמפוס של המכללה האקדמית הרצוג. כמו כן, משמשת ירושלים מקום משכנם של מכוני מחקר רבים, עליהם נמנים: מכון ירושלים למחקרי מדיניות, האקדמיה הלאומית הישראלית למדעים, המכון הישראלי לדמוקרטיה, מכון ון ליר, מכון שלום הרטמן, מכון הנרייטה סאלד ומכון שלם. ברחבי ירושלים ממוקמים כ־20 כפרי סטודנטים מטעם ארגונים שונים (בני עקיבא, שעלים ותנועת החלוץ). הכפרים ממוקמים בשכונות רבות, ובהן קטמונים-ח'-ט', פסגת זאב, גילה, ארמון הנציב ועוד. בירושלים פועלות ישיבות ומוסדות תורניים רבים. בהן הישיבה הגדולה בעולם – ישיבת מיר, ישיבת הדגל החרדית ישיבת חברון, ישיבת מרכז הרב המכונה ספינת הדגל של הציונות הדתית וכן ישיבת הר המור הנחשבת לישיבת הדגל של ישיבות הקו. בירושלים פועלות גם מספר רב של מדרשות תורניות לנשים ובהן מדרשת נשמת, מדרשת לינדנבאום, מת"ן ומדרשת הרובע. היכל שלמה שימש בעבר מקום משכנה של הרבנות הראשית לישראל (עברה לבית יהב בשכונת רוממה). כיום, משמש המבנה מוזיאון לאמנות יהודית ואולם הופעות. החינוך העירוני בירושלים מתנהל לרוב על פי תוכנית הלימודים של משרד החינוך, למעט בתי ספר ומוסדות חינוך ערביים, כמו גם מוסדות חינוך חרדיים, המסרבים לאמץ תוכנית זאת. נכון לשנת 2010, 61% מתלמידי כיתה א' היהודיים היו חרדים. בתי ספר וגני ילדים חילוניים שנעזבו, לרבות בניינים נטושים, שופצו ונבנו מחדש, ומשמשים כיום מוסדות חינוך חרדיים. מערכת החינוך הערבית בירושלים פועלת ברובה בשטחה של ירושלים המזרחית. כמו כן, שוכנים בעיר מוסדות חינוך נוצריים, עליהם נמנים בתי ספר ממלכתיים ופרטיים, הפועלים והממומנים בחלקם בחסות כנסיות. חלק מבתי הספר בעיר, רובם ככולם במזרח ירושלים, פועלים על פי התוכניות הפדגוגיות של הרשות הפלסטינית. בעשור השני של המאה ה־21 ביצע ראש עיריית ירושלים רפורמה במערכת החינוך הממלכתי, החינוך הממלכתי דתי והחינוך הערבי שבניהול עירוני בעיר. במסגרת הרפורמה נפתחו אזורי הרישום בעיר, ובמטרה לאפשר להורים בחירה מושכלת פיתחה העירייה "עץ ערכים" שמודד כל בית ספר לפי שלושה פרמטרים: חברתי–ערכי, סביבה פדגוגית והישגים. "מועצת הנוער העירונית ירושלים" פועלת בעיר במתכונת דמוקרטית משנת 2010. נציגיה נבחרים בבחירות דמוקרטיות בחלק מבתי הספר בעיר. על הפרויקטים הבולטים שארגנה והוציאה לפועל המועצה, ניתן למנות את כרטיס "נוער ירושלמי", את אירועי "בירת הנוער" ואת יריד התעסוקה בקניון מלחה. המועצה משתייכת למועצה המחוזית של ירושלים, ושמורים לה שלושה מקומות לנציגים במועצת התלמידים והנוער הארצית. בריאות מערך הבריאות והרפואה בירושלים נחשב לאחד מהגדולים, המפותחים והחשובים בישראל, וקנה לעצמו אף שם עולמי בזכות בתי החולים מהחשובים במדינה, מכוני מחקר ופיתוח בתחום הרפואי, והפקולטות לרפואה השוכנים בעיר. מערכת הבריאות הירושלמית משרתת יותר ממיליון תושבי ירושלים והסביבה ואף מטופלים מרחבי הארץ שבאים אליה. ירושלים היא העיר היחידה בישראל בה כל המוסדות הרפואיים (בתי חולים ומרפאות) הם בבעלות פרטית (עמותות וארגונים) ולא קיים בה מערך רפואי ממשלתי. המרכז הרפואי שערי צדק הוא בית החולים הגדול בירושלים, ונמנה עם בתי החולים הגדולים במדינה, מבחינת מספר מטופלים שאושפזו בו ומספר ימי האשפוז. בשנת 1980, עבר בית החולים למשכנו בשכונת בית וגן. בדצמבר 2012, סופח אליו בית החולים ביקור חולים. המרכז הרפואי שערי צדק הוא בית חולים אוניברסיטאי הקשור לפקולטה לרפואה של האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים, והפקולטה למדעי הבריאות של אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב. מאפיין ייחודי של בית החולים שערי צדק נקבע עוד בעת היווסדו. אז הוחלט כי בית החולים יהיה מודרני בגישתו הרפואית, אך יתנהל על פי חוקי ההלכה היהודית. גם כיום ממשיך בית החולים להתנהל במתכונת זאת. מרכז רפואי הדסה הוא המוסד הרפואי השני בגודלו בירושלים, גם הוא נמנה עם בתי החולים הגדולים והחשובים במדינה. המרכז כולל שני בתי חולים אוניברסיטאיים (בית החולים הדסה עין כרם ובית החולים הדסה הר הצופים), וכן בתי ספר לרפואה, רפואת שיניים, ריפוי בעיסוק, רוקחות וסיעוד, המשותפים הן להדסה והן לאוניברסיטה העברית, ומרפאות חוץ. בנוסף למרכזים הללו, פועלים בעיר מספר בתי חולים כלליים נוספים: בית החולים אל-מקאסד בהר הזיתים ובית חולים אוגוסטה ויקטוריה, השוכן במתחם כנסייתי מפואר (גם הוא בהר הזיתים) – שניהם משמשים את האוכלוסייה הערבית, ובית החולים משגב לדך, הממוקם בשכונת קטמון. כמו כן, קיימים בעיר בתי חולים ייעודיים: בית החולים סנט ג'ון לרפואת עיניים, בית החולים השיקומי אלי"ן לילדים, בית החולים הגריאטרי הרצוג והמרכז הירושלמי לבריאות הנפש, המאחד את שני בתי החולים הפסיכיאטריים: בית החולים כפר שאול ובית החולים איתנים. במהלך המאה ה־19 נבנו בעיר מספר בתי חולים על ידי המעצמות האירופאיות, שבעבר פעלו בה וכיום חלקם כבר לא פועלים בה, אלא המבנה בו שכנו הוסב לשימושים אחרים, וחלקם סופחו לבתי החולים הקיימים (דלעיל) שאף להם היסטוריה ארוכה שראשיתה מאותה תקופה: בית החולים האיטלקי עד שנת 1939, בית החולים של המיסיון האנגלי עד 1948, בית החולים הגרמני עד 1918, המתחם הצרפתי בירושלים ובניין אביחיל. מוסדות נוספים שפעלו בעבר היו בית היולדות סדובסקי, אשר פעל בין השנים 1933–1948, ובית הנסן, אשר שכן בשכונת טלביה. לכל קופות החולים הפועלות במדינה יש מרפאות וסניפים בכל רחבי העיר וכן מרפאות מומחים מיוחדות, כמו כן בעיר נוסדה רשת המרפאות לרפואה דחופה טרם וכיום היא מפעילה כמה סניפים ברחבי העיר ונותנת מענה 24/7. בעיר שוכנים מספר מטות של ארגונים ועמותות שונים בתחום הרפואי כגון איחוד הצלה ויד שרה. נוסף למערך האמבולנסים של מד"א, במזרח העיר פועל מערך אמבולנסים של הסהר האדום. תחבורה בהיותה העיר הגדולה בישראל ומרכז מטרופוליני ותיירותי חשוב, ירושלים מתמודדת עם עומסי תחבורה רבים שגדלים משנה לשנה, ותופעת היוממות הולכת וגדלה כאשר מדי שנה מספר כלי הרכב הנכנסים אל העיר והיוצאים ממנה עולה בהתמדה ועומד על עשרות אלפי כלי רכב שנכנסים אל העיר מדי יום מסביבתה ומשאר חלקי הארץ[דרוש מקור]. לאחר שנים שתשתיות התחבורה בעיר לא התפתחו כיאה לעיר גדולה ולא עמדו בקצב גידול אוכלוסייתה, וכדי להתמודד עם המצב, החלו גורמי התכנון העירוניים והממשלתיים תיקון ארוך שנים באמצעות שורת השקעות ממשלתיות ופרויקטי תחבורה גדולים בהיקפם. תכנון זה אמור להפוך את ירושלים למרכז תחבורתי חשוב וחדשני במישור הארצי, לחזק את מעמדה כעיר מובילה ולהפחית את עומסי התחבורה. בנוסף לכך, ירושלים מתמודדת עם מפגעי זיהום אוויר ורעש שמקורם ברכבים המזהמים, וכן עם מצוקת חניה הולכת וגוברת – וכדי להתמודד עם בעיות אלה, בעירייה בעידוד הממשלה, הוחלט על צמצום הדרגתי של מספר כלי הרכב בעיר, על ידי השקעה מסיבית בפרויקטים לתחבורה ציבורית, פעילות הסברתית בנושא, שורה של תקנות שאמורות להחליף אוטובוסים ישנים באוטובוסים חדישים ופחות מזהמים, הגבלת כניסת כלי רכב פרטיים למרכז העיר ועוד. באזור בנייני האומה קיים המרכז התחבורתי המשולב הגדול ביותר בישראל שכלול את התחנה המרכזית, תחנת רכבת ישראל תחנת רכבת קלה של הקו האדום ובעתיד (נכון לשנת 2025) הקו הירוק של הרכבת הקלה, חניון עם מאות מקומות, מנהרה למעבר כלי רכב, שבילי אופניים ומרחבים גדולים להולכי רגל. את ירושלים חוצה מצפון לדרום כביש מהיר: כביש בגין. הכביש מחבר בין כל צירי התנועה המרכזיים של המטרופולין הירושלמי. הכניסה המרכזית והעיקרית היא מכיוון מערב, בסמוך להר המנוחות ושכונת גבעת שאול. המתחברת לכביש 1. אומנם מקובל לכנות את אזור בנייני האומה "ככניסה לעיר", אף על פי שבמחלף מוצא מספר קילומטרים מערבית לאזור זה, מתחיל התחום המוניציפלי של העיר. כבישים נוספים המובילים לעיר: צירי תנועה אחרים בתוך העיר הם: דרך האלוף נרקיס ודרך חברון המהווים את המשכו של כביש 60, כביש 20 המקשר את פסגת זאב דרך בית חנינא עם כביש בגין, דרך מנהרת הארזים (המשכו של כביש 1 הנכנס לתוך העיר ככביש מס' 9 עירוני), דרך בר־אילן–לוי אשכול (שהם קטע מכביש 417) ועוד. התחנה המרכזית בירושלים היא התחנה המרכזית העמוסה ביותר בישראל, ומהיותה עיר הבירה של ישראל, יוצאים ממנה אוטובוסים לכל רחבי המדינה. בנוסף רחוב ירמיהו משמש כמרכז לתחבורה הבינעירונית לציבור החרדי, כשבעתיד (נכון לשנת 2025) השירות הבינעירוני החרדי יעבור ברובו למסוף הארזים בצומת רמות. בתוך ירושלים קיים מערך אוטובוסים ענף, אשר היה מופעל באופן בלעדי על ידי חברת אגד עד שנת 2021. בשנים 1931–1967 פעלה בעיר חברת אוטובוסים בשם "המקשר". ב־2021 נוספו לשירות העירוני חברות נוספות, במהלך שאמור לצמצם את חלקה של אגד ל־40% מכלל השירות העירוני. נכון לשנת 2024 פועלות בעיר החברות אגד, אקסטרה וסופרבוס. קיימות תוכניות לסלילת נתיבי תח"צ בלעדיים בצירים מרכזיים בעיר כדי לשפר את מערך התח"צ. העיר מקושרת באמצעות קווי אוטובוסים בינעירוניים של חברות אגד, אגד תעבורה, סופרבוס, אפיקים, וקווים כמעט לכל יעד ברחבי ישראל. במזרח ירושלים, פועלת חברת אוטובוסים נפרדת (בפיקוח ממשלתי של משרד התחבורה) הנותנת שירות לתושבי מזרח ירושלים ומקשרת את השכונות הללו אף ליעדים מחוץ לעיר, בתחום הרשות הפלסטינית. מתחילת יולי 2007 פועלים בעיר קווי לילה. בעיר פועלים שירותי מוניות נרחבים בהתחשב בגודלה. אף פעם לא היה בה שירות מוניות שירות עירוני (בניגוד לתל אביב וחיפה) ופועל בה שירות מוניות שירות בין ירושלים לתל אביב ולנמל התעופה בן-גוריון. השימוש באופניים (גם חשמליים) בעיר ככלי תחבורה אלטרנטיבי הוא מועט, מכיוון שהטופוגרפיה של ירושלים והפרשי הגבהים בין השכונות אינם מאפשרים שימוש נוח ומהיר באופניים. תוכנית זאת מתווספת לתוכנית אחרת של העירייה אשר במסגרתה הוקם פרויקט להשכרת אופניים רגילים וחשמליים ברחבי העיר בשם "ירופאן" בדומה לתל אופן בתל אביב. במסגרת פרויקטים אלה העירייה מבקשת לעודד את הפיכתם של האופניים גם לכלי תחבורה אלטרנטיבי מעבר לפעילות פנאי. בעיר גם קיים מערך שיתופי להשכרת כלי רכב, שנקרא "CAR2GO", ביוזמת ואחריות העירייה. הקו האדום בפרויקט הרכבת הקלה בירושלים נחנך בקיץ 2011, והוא קו הרכבת העירוני הראשון בישראל. מספר הנוסעים ביום בקו האדום מגיע לכ־150 אלף איש ביום חול ממוצע. בסיום בניית מערך הרכבות, ישרתו את העיר שמונה קווי רכבת קלה. כמו כן, מתוכננים עוד חמישה קווי רכבת מטרופוליניים שיקשרו את העיר אל פרווריה. על בסיס קו הרכבת הראשון בארץ ישראל, שהושק ב־1892, בימי השלטון העות'מאני, עובר גם כיום, בחפיפה כמעט מלאה, תוואי מסילת הרכבת יפו–ירושלים, אולם על תוואי זה רכבות אינן נכנסות לעיר. שירות הרכבות בקו: תל אביב – בית שמש – תחנת הרכבת ירושלים – מלחה שודרג בשנת 2005 והחל לפעול מחדש לאחר שבע שנות השבתה. קו זה נחשב ליפה מבין מסלולי הרכבת בארץ, בשל נופו המרהיב של נחל שורק – לאורכו מתפתלת המסילה. ביחס לכמות הנוסעים בקווים האחרים, מעטים הנוסעים אשר עשו שימוש בקו זה. הדבר נבע, ככל הנראה, מזמן הנסיעה הארוך (כ־110 דקות) מתחנת תל אביב ועד תחנת מלחה בירושלים, כמו גם מתוואי נסיעתה של הרכבת, העוצרת בתחנות המרוחקות ממרכז העיר. סיבות אלה הפכו את השימוש בקו רכבת זה למשתלם פחות מדרך החלופה שלו: כביש 1. בגלל הסיבות האלה פיצלו את הקו מתל אביב לבית שמש ומבית שמש לירושלים. בשנת 2020, עקב התפרצות נגיף הקורונה בישראל הוחלט להשבית את הקו יחד עם שאר קווי הרכבת בישראל. כשחזרה תנועת הרכבות הוחלט שהקו מבית שמש לירושלים לא ישוב לפעול, ובעקבות כך שתי התחנות ירושלים – גן החיות התנ"כי וירושלים – מלחה נסגרו לצמיתות. בשלהי העשור השני של המאה ה־21 התבצעו עבודות לבניית תחנת הרכבת ירושלים – יצחק נבון. בשלהי שנת 2018 נפתח קו הרכבת המהיר, אשר מקשר בין תל אביב ותחנת הרכבת ירושלים – יצחק נבון, הממוקמת בסמוך לתחנה המרכזית של ירושלים. התחנה ממוקמת כשמונים מטרים מתחת לפני הקרקע. הרכבת המהירה מקשרת בין ירושלים להרצליה, דרך תל אביב ונמל התעופה בן-גוריון, כאשר נסיעה בין ירושלים לתל אביב אורכת 35 דקות. התחנה היא השלישית העמוסה בישראל. עם כ־25 אלף נוסעים ביום חול ממוצע. בעתיד תוארך מסילת רכבת ישראל אל תוך העיר במסלול תת־קרקעי לשתי תחנות חדשות, ירושלים מרכז וירושלים החאן, הסמוכה למתחם התחנה. כיום, נמל התעופה היחיד המשרת את העיר הוא נמל התעופה בן-גוריון, הממוקם כחמישים קילומטרים צפונית מערבית לעיר, והגישה אליו מכיוון ירושלים מתבצעת באמצעות כביש 1. בשנת 2018 נחנך הקו המהיר של רכבת ישראל, כאשר בין היתר הקו מחבר את העיר לנמל התעופה ומאפשר נסיעה מהירה של כ־20 דקות בין היעדים. שדה התעופה עטרות הוא שדה תעופה לא פעיל, השוכן בצפון ירושלים, ליד אזור התעשייה עטרות, בסמוך למחנה הפליטים קלנדיה. שדה התעופה זה היה בעבר כנמל תעופה בין-לאומי בתקופת השלטון הירדני. אך לאחר 1967, שימש רק כמות מועטה של טיסות פנים. לאור הקרבה היחסית לנמל התעופה בן-גוריון, וסירוב יאט"א לאפשר טיסות בין-לאומיות בשל היותו בשטח שלא הוכר בין-לאומית כשטח ישראלי. השדה נסגר ב־2001 בעקבות קרבתו לקלנדיה והחשש שיתבצע ירי על מטוסים. על השטח השדה מתוכננת שכונה חרדית. ספורט ירושלים נחשבת לאחד ממרכזי הספורט החשובים בישראל. חלק ניכר מקבוצות העיר בענפי ספורט שונים ובראשם כדורגל, כדורסל ושחיה מייצגים את העיר בליגת העל הישראלית. מדי שנה מתקיימים בעיר שלל אירועי ספורט מקומיים ובין-לאומיים שונים כגון מרתון ירושלים, מרוצי האופניים ג'ירו ד'איטליה 2018 וה־GFNY, מרוץ האופניים סובב ירושלים, אירועי המכביה ה־16 ה־19 וה־20, אליפות אירופה בכדורגל עד גיל 21 – 2013, העיר מארחת את אירועי גמר גביע המדינה בכדורגל וכדורסל, ושלל תחרויות ארציות ובין-לאומיות בענפי ספורט שונים (בנוסף לכדורגל ולכדורסל). ירושלים אף הייתה מועמדת בעבר לאירוח משחקי יורו 2020 אך לא העפילה לשלב הגמר ועל כן לא נבחרה בסופו של דבר. בתחום המוטורי אירחה ירושלים בעבר את הפורמולה 1. נבחרת ישראל בכדורגל משתמשת באצטדיון טדי כמגרשה הביתי. קריית הספורט הירושלמית שבשכונת מלחה, בדרום העיר, נחשבת לאחת הגדולות בישראל. בקריית הספורט ממוקם אצטדיון טדי, המכונה על שמו של ראש העירייה לשעבר, טדי קולק, והוא רשמית אצטדיון הכדורגל הגדול ביותר בישראל (לאחר שאצטדיון רמת גן הוגבל ל־13,370 מקומות ישיבה). האצטדיון מכיל 31,733 מושבים וקיימות תוכניות להרחיב אותו בעתיד. צפונית אליו ממוקם מרכז הטניס של העיר ובו כ־20 מגרשים וכן אצטדיון ל־2,000 צופים. היכל הספורט פיס ארנה ירושלים (שהוא אולם רב־תכליתי), ממוקם גם הוא בסמוך. האולם מכיל 11,000 מושבים (כאשר ניתן להרחיב אותו אף ל־15,000 מושבים באירועים שונים), והוא הגדול ביותר בישראל. האולם משמש את קבוצת הכדורסל הפועל ירושלים, ומלבד זה גם משמש לאירוח אירועי ספורט ובידור שונים וכמרכז כנסים. בחלל מתחת לאולם עתיד לקום מרכז החלקה על הקרח חצי־אולימפי, שיהיה הגדול בישראל. עוד עתידה לקום במתחם הקריה הבריכה האולימפית של ירושלים, חניה תת־קרקעית שתכיל מאות מקומות חניה לבאי המתחם בין הארנה לאצטדיון טדי, ומעליה יקום מתחם מסחרי גדול ומלון שיכיל 240 חדרים בעבור אירוח ספורטאים. עוד פועלים בעיר אולמות ספורט שונים כגון אולם דנמרק בשכונת קטמון, מגרשי פנאי ואימונים לכדורגל ולכדורסל ומתחמים לענפי ספורט נוספים, כמו כן, בעיר פועלת שלוחה של מכון וינגייט להכשרת מדריכים בענפי ספורט שונים. מועדוני הכדורגל המרכזיים בירושלים הם: כמו כן במזרח העיר קיימות מספר קבוצות כדורגל ערביות, המשחקות בליגת העל הפלסטינית: מועדוני כדורגל אחרים: בירושלים פועלים מספר מועדוני כדורסל: שכונות ירושלים מפת ירושלים על שכונותיה, אחרי שנת 1967(הקליקו על שם השכונה כדי להגיע לערך אודותיה) החל משנות השמונים הוקמו בירושלים 28 מינהלים קהילתיים, על פי חזונו של טדי קולק לביזור סמכויות העירייה. תפקידם המרכזי הוא לסייע לעירייה, לתושבים ולנותני השירותים הפועלים במסגרתה לשפר את שירותיהם בתחומי החברה, הסביבה, הרווחה והחינוך. בין תפקידיו הבולטים של המינהל הקהילתי נכללת העסקת מתכנן אורבני, אשר באמצעותו מעבירה המנהלה את התייחסות התושבים להצעות לתוכניות מתאר. המינהלים שולבו בין תפקידי המינהלות השכונתיות שהוקמו בשנות ה־70 והתמקדו בעיקר בחיזוק הדמוקרטיה בשכונה ובפיתוח החברה האזרחית, ובין תפקידי המתנ"סים שהתרכזו בעיקר במתן שירותים ובהפעלת תוכניות בתחומי התרבות, הנוער והספורט. הקמת המינהלים הקהילתיים לא לוותה בהסדר חקיקתי, לא הוגדרו יחסי הגומלין בינם לבין העירייה, ולא נקבעו הנחיות באשר להליכי הבחירות למינהל. לאחר שנים רבות ללא בחירות דמוקרטיות, החל ראש העירייה ניר ברקת בהליכי בחירות למינהלים הקהילתיים, ותקנון בחירות נקבע על ידי ועדה עירונית. בדצמבר 2020 התקיימו לאחר כעשור בחירות לחלק מהמנהלים הקהילתיים בירושלים, בשכונות בקעה, הר חומה, גוננים, פסגת זאב, בית צפאפא וגינות העיר. בבחירות הצביעו 18,436 מצביעים, שהם כ־17 אחוזים מבעלי זכות הצבעה באותן שכונות. 1. רובע צפון 2. רובע אלונים 3. רובע מערב 4. רובע אורנים קטמון הישנה, קריית שמואל, ניות 5. רובע מרכז 6. רובע דרום 7. רובע מזרח (שמונה השכונות) בית ישראל, החומה השלישית, מעלות דפנה, רמות אשכול ירושלים בתרבות ירושלים מוזכרת בהקשרים שונים בשירים רבים, החל מההמנון הלאומי, התקווה, ועד ללהיטים פופולריים. שיר שזכה למעמד מיוחד בהקשר זה והפך למזוהה עם העיר, הוא ירושלים של זהב. השיר נכתב לכבוד פסטיבל הזמר והפזמון של יום העצמאות תשכ"ז (1967), כאשר התבקשה נעמי שמר לכתוב שיר לכבוד ירושלים על ידי גיל אלדמע לבקשתו של טדי קולק. לפיכך כתבה והלחינה שיר בן שלושה בתים – ירושלים של זהב. לאחר מלחמת ששת הימים ושחרורה של ירושלים כתבה בית נוסף כמשלים לבתים הקודמים המקוננים על מצבה של ירושלים השוממה הכבושה בידי הערבים. השיר ירושלים של ברזל חובר על ידי מאיר אריאל ויצא לאחר מלחמת ששת הימים, כמעין תגובה לשיר "ירושלים של זהב" ומתנגן באותו הלחן. השיר מתאר את הקרבות על ירושלים, את האווירה ששרתה בזמן המלחמה, וכן את שחרור העיר העתיקה וההגעה להר הבית. שירים רבים נוספים נכתבו על ירושלים, בהם "שישו את ירושלים" של "צמד דרום" שנכתב לפסטיבל הזמר החסידי לשנת 1970, "ירושלים" של הזמר עומר אדם, השיר באמהרית 'ירוסלם קדוסה קטמה' ("ירושלים עיר הקודש") שחובר בידי יהודי אתיופיה, ירושלים שבלב של אברהם פריד, ירושלים של ויליאם בלייק (ההמנון לא רשמי של אנגליה), אלבום ירושלים של להקת הפה והטלפיים. אתרים על שם ירושלים ערים תאומות גלריית תמונות ראו גם לקריאה נוספת עיינו גם בפורטל פורטל ירושלים הוא שער לכל הנושאים הקשורים בעיר ירושלים, העיר הקדושה לשלוש הדתות ובעלת ההיסטוריה הארוכה והמורכבת. הפורטל מציג את ההיסטוריה של העיר, אתרים קדושים ומבנים חשובים בעיר, אישים, רחובות, שכונות ואנקדוטות מעניינות אודותיה. קישורים חיצוניים הספרייה הלאומית היסטוריה תמונות נתונים סטטיסטיים הערות שוליים הערות: 1 חלק משטח המדינה נמצא באירופה. 2 הרפובליקה הסינית (טאיוואן) לא מוכרת על ידי האומות המאוחדות כמדינה רשמית. 3 חלק משטח המדינה נמצא באוקיאניה. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-x841_172-3] | [TOKENS: 12221] |
Contents Reddit Reddit (/ˈrɛdɪt/ ⓘ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condé Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condé Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condé Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condé Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated content—including photos, videos, links, and text-based posts—and discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rank—for both the general front page and for individual subreddits—is determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condé Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condé Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condé Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News#cite_ref-Peters_Robertson_2/27/2023_386-0] | [TOKENS: 18442] |
Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27–28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3–9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 – March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25–54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996–2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox – 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached – 43% saying he should also be removed from office – while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the Trump–Ukraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulos—the Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trump—than its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" – the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing – a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017–2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://www.reddit.com/r/breakawayminyan] | [TOKENS: 262] |
r/breakawayminyan hello this is lubavitcher rebbe WARNING: THIS SUB IS NOW MORTAL ENEMIES WITH THE MODS OF R/CURLYHAIR POV: You try wearing Chabad Tefillin u/alertthedirt • POV: You try wearing Chabad Tefillin Mamash Amalek POV: You try wearing Chabad Tefillin r/exchabad • POV: You try wearing Chabad Tefillin upvotes · comments That one Chabad house character u/alertthedirt • That one Chabad house character Quality shitp✡st That one Chabad house character r/exchabad • That one Chabad house character upvotes · comments sad day to be a chabad tree u/alertthedirt • sad day to be a chabad tree Low effort sad day to be a chabad tree r/exchabad • sad day to be a chabad tree upvotes · comments Anyone can view, post, and comment to this community r/breakawayminyan Rules No Kveller links You should never link to Kveller in the original post or the comments. Don't be a dick. There's a difference between a well-made jab and just flatly insulting people. Mods stick to the former, bans stick to the latter. Moderators |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/משמרות_המהפכה_האסלאמית] | [TOKENS: 4406] |
תוכן עניינים משמרות המהפכה האסלאמית מִשמְרות המהפכה האסלאמית, או בשמם הרשמי כוחות מִשמר המהפכה האסלאמית (בפרסית: سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی, בתעתיק עברי: ספאה-י פאסדאראן-י אנקלאב-י אסלאמי), המכונים בקיצור פסדראן (בפרסית: پاسداران) הם כוח צבאי איראני וארגון טרור אסלאמיסטי-שיעי שתפקידו העיקרי להגן על המשטר האסלאמי השיעי הקיים כיום במדינה, וכן לשרת את האינטרסים של איראן במדינות זרות. הארגון הוא חלק מהכוחות המזוינים של איראן. פעילותו כוללת מימון של טרור, אימונים צבאיים, ארגון והדרכה צבאית, אספקת אמצעי לחימה ואף ביצוע פעולות טרור עצמאיות. כוח משמרות המהפכה מוגדר כארגון טרור על ידי האיחוד האירופי, ארצות הברית, קנדה, בחריין, פרגוואי, ערב הסעודית, שוודיה, אוקראינה, אקוודור, ישראל ואוסטרליה. לפי הערכות, למשמרות המהפכה יש בין 125,000 ל-190,000 לוחמים סדירים. משמרות המהפכה (הנקראים גם בשם הקיצור "פסדראן") מאורגנים בצורה הדומה לצבא איראן, אך בהיקף מצומצם יותר. הם מורכבים מחמש "זרועות": זרוע יבשה, זרוע אוויר (האחראית גם על יחידת הטילים האסטרטגיים של איראן), זרוע ימית, כוחות מיוחדים המכונים "כוח קודס", ויחידות מיליציה בשם בסיג', הזוכות לאימון צבאי מועט יחסית ומשמשות גם ככוחות ביטחון פנים (מעין משטרה). כיום אין קשר בין הפיקוד של משמרות המהפכה לפיקוד של צבא איראן, אולם נערכים דיונים לגבי כך. משמרות המהפכה מואשמים בשבירת היציבות במזרח התיכון ובהפצת טרור במזרח התיכון ובמקומות נוספים בעולם. היסטוריה המשמרות הוקמו ב־5 במאי 1979 ככוח הנאמן לאייתוללה ח'ומייני, לאיזון נגד צבא איראן, שטופח על ידי השאה ונתפש על ידי מנהיגי המהפכה ככוח שאין לתת בו אמון. לאחר המהפכה האסלאמית התנהל ויכוח בקרב המשטר האם להמשיך את קיומו של צבא איראן, או להסתפק בכוח המהפכני הלוחם של המשמרות. עם זאת, התקפות הכוחות הסדירים הגדולים של עיראק הפכו דיון זה לבלתי רלוונטי, ומשמרות המהפכה גדלו לכוח צבאי מלא במהלך מלחמת איראן–עיראק. במהלך המלחמה הוקצו לכוחות משמרות המהפכה משאבים גדולים יותר וחימוש עדיף על פני צבא איראן. כוחות המתנדבים של משמרות המהפכה, הבסיג', לא זכו לאימונים רציניים או לחימוש מעבר לנשק קל במהלך מלחמת איראן–עיראק. הבסיג' היה אחראי לגלי המתאבדים שהפעילה איראן בהסתערות על כוחות עיראקיים וטיהור שדות מוקשים בגבול בדרום עיראק בין היתר על ידי "ילדי המפתחות". הכוח הסדיר של משמרות המהפכה מונה כיום כ-190 אלף לוחמים סדירים, לאחר שירד משיאו ב-1988, אז מנה כ-300 אלף. משנות האלפיים רבים מבכירי הממשל האיראני הנוכחי שירתו בעברם במשמרות המהפכה, כולל נשיא איראן לשעבר מחמוד אחמדינז'אד, ששירת בו במהלך מלחמת איראן–עיראק. באוגוסט 2007 מונה למפקד משמרות המהפכה גנרל מוחמד עלי ג'עפרי, ששירת בארגון זה החל מ-1981 ועודד שימוש בכוח צבאי נגד מהומות הסטודנטים באוגוסט 1999. כשבועיים לאחר הכרזת מחלקת המדינה האמריקנית כי הארגון הוכנס לרשימת ארגוני הטרור של ארצות הברית, בספטמבר 2007, החליף ח'אמנאי את מנהיג המשמרות וגנרל יחיא רחים ספאווי נתמנה ליועצו הצבאי. עם כניסת ג'עפרי לתפקידו, הוא יזם שני שינויים מבניים במשמרות המהפכה: ראשית, הוא הכפיף באופן מוחלט את מפקדת הבסיג' להנהגת משמרות המהפכה. שנית, הוא יצר 31 מפקדות אזוריות (אחת לכל מחוז איראני ושתיים במחוז טהראן המאוכלס בצפיפות). יצירת המפקדות האזוריות נועדה להקל על גיוס חיילים לכוח, ונראה כי נועדה להקל על ההתמודדות עם איומים פנימיים של כוחות אופוזיציה אלימים וגם כדי למנוע מצב של קריסת מערך ההגנה של הכוח במקרה של תקיפת המפקדה בטהראן. ב-26 בספטמבר 2007 קיבל הסנאט של ארצות הברית החלטה תקדימית ברוב של 76 תומכים מול 22 מתנגדים, להצהיר על משמרות המהפכה כעל ארגון טרור. ביולי 2012 הצהירו כוחות הביטחון בהודו כי משמרות המהפכה האיראניים הם שביצעו את פיגוע הטרור נגד רכב שגרירות ישראל בניו דלהי בפברואר 2012. ב-21 באפריל 2019 הודיע המנהיג העליון של איראן עלי ח'אמנאי על מינויו של חוסיין סלאמי, שהיה עד אז סגנו של המפקד מוחמד עלי ג'עפרי, למפקד משמרות המהפכה. ב-8 באפריל 2019 הכניסה מחלקת המדינה של ארצות הברית את משמרות המהפכה לרשימת ארגוני הטרור הזרים ובכך הכריזה ארצות הברית עליו כארגון טרור. ב-18 בינואר 2023 קבע הפרלמנט של האיחוד האירופי ברוב מוחץ כי משמרות המהפכה הם ארגון טרור, אך בפגישת שרי החוץ של האיחוד הוחלט במקום זאת להוסיף שמות ספציפיים לרשימת האישים שעליהם מוטלות סנקציות. בינואר 2024 הכריז שר הביטחון הישראלי יואב גלנט על משמרות המהפכה כארגון טרור. באפריל 2025 הכירה פרגוואי במשמרות המהפכה כארגון טרור. באוגוסט 2025 הכירה אוסטרליה במשמרות המהפכה כארגון טרור. בינואר 2026 המליצו שרי החוץ של האיחוד האירופי להכיר במשמרות המהפכה כארגון טרור ובפברואר הם הוגדרו על ידי האיחוד האירופי באופן רשמי כארגון טרור. משימות הארגון בין משימותיו המרכזיות של ארגון המודיעין של משמרות המהפכה ניתן לציין: מעמדו של ארגון המודיעין של משמרות המהפכה בעשור האחרון והרחבת משימותיו, משקפים מגמה כוללת של התחזקות כוחם של משמרות המהפכה האיראניות, הממלאות כיום תפקיד משמעותי במערכת הפוליטית האיראנית, כמו גם בכלכלה. מבנה משמרות המהפכה השפעה בנובמבר 2023 הכוחות המזוינים של אפגניסטן יצרו בעזרת איראן ארגון דומה למשמרות המהפכה. ראו גם קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים |
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/collectives/mobile-dev] | [TOKENS: 391] |
Communities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives Stack Overflow for Teams is now called Stack Internal. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Learn more Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Stack Internal Knowledge at work Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Mobile Development Collective Pinned content Mobile Development admins have deemed these posts noteworthy. Can you answer these questions? These questions still don't have an answer Looking for an extra challenge? These questions have a bounty on them Recommended answers These answers have been recommended Just google the sizes of the flagship devices for the top N manufacturers. There is no database like you're hoping for, but you can get the info with a bit of research. Or better yet if you have a ... Room isn't a database. It's a library for generating SQL querries. The db used in Android is SQLite. And really my suggestion would be- don't use SQLite. There are dbs like firebase, couchbase, ... Can a normal Android app programmatically set a PAC file for the device (system-wide proxy), not just Wi-Fi UI settings? Based on a quick scan of the AOSP, no. Is there any official way to attach/... An enum is an alternate writing solution. Getting read of all the hard coded string values is nice also. But Code review might be a better place to ask your question, as SO is more about debugging and ... It doesn't support including local AAR dependencies at the moment, I'm afraid There's an issue in Google bug tracker with no visible activity since October 2024. See what's trending These are the most active questions in Mobile Development Collective Site design / logo © 2026 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA . rev 2026.2.19.39917 |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/אזור_התעשייה_עטרות] | [TOKENS: 3110] |
תוכן עניינים אזור התעשייה עטרות אזור התעשייה עטרות הוא אזור תעשייה השוכן בצפונה של ירושלים. פארק התעשייה קרוי על שם מושב העובדים עטרות ששכן בסמוך לו בין השנים 1919–1948. פארק התעשייה מונה כ-300 מפעלים בענפי תעשייה רבים. בפארק עובדים כ-6,500 עובדים, מהם כ-3,500 ישראלים וכ-3,000 עובדים מיהודה ושומרון. בצדו הצפוני של אזור התעשייה נמצא שדה התעופה עטרות שנסגר בעקבות האינתיפאדה השנייה. באזור בין היתר נמצאים קניון רמי לוי, מפעל התחזוקה האווירית של התעשייה האווירית לישראל ובסיס מג"ב עוטף ירושלים. היסטוריה לאחר מלחמת ששת הימים, בתחילת שנת 1970, בחנה החברה הכלכלית לירושלים אופציות שונות להקמת אזור תעשייה נוסף לעיר והוחלט שהוא יוקם באזור בו שכן מושב עטרות ההיסטורי ושטחיו החקלאיים. לצורך כך הוקצו לקראת סוף שנת 1970, 9 מיליון לירות ישראליות. אזור התעשייה כלל מחסנים לאחסון ולחלוקה, תעשייה קלה ומוסכים. רבים מהעובדים בו היו ערבים-פלסטינים בני השכונות והכפרים הסמוכים. המרחק הרב בין אזור התעשייה לבין מרכז העיר ירושלים, ובעיות ביטחוניות שנבעו ממיקומו, הקשו על התפתחותו, בעיקר בעתות של מתיחות ביטחונית. אלו הגיע לשיאן לאחר פרוץ האינתיפאדה השנייה בשנת 2000, שהובילה לסגירת 45 מפעלים באזור במשך שנת 2001. באותה תקופה מפעלים גדולים כגון "אינטרקוסמא" לקוסמטיקה, "טבע" לתרופות ומפעל המסוקים של התעשייה האווירית עזבו את האזור. המצב המשיך להידרדר עד שהובע חשש לקיום אזור התעשייה בכלל. החברה הכלכלית לירושלים אף עתרה לבג"ץ שהאזור יוכרז נפגע פעולות איבה. בתגובה הודיע משרד האוצר שהאזור לא יוכרז כ"נפגע איבה", אך יקבל סיוע בשיקומו. לאחר סיום האינתיפאדה שוקמה פעילות אזור התעשייה והוא נגיש בהווה לתנועה באמצעות כביש 443 וכביש 404, המאפשרים תנועה מהירה וקלה של סחורות מהאזור ואליו. על מנת לעודד מפעלים ובתי עסק לפעול באזור למרות המכשולים הכריזה הרשות לפיתוח ירושלים המנהלת את אזור התעשייה באמצעות מינהלת פארק התעשייה עטרות על שורת הטבות למפעלים הכוללים הטבות בארנונה, ומענקים שונים. אזור התעשייה הוקף בגדר ביטחון ושוטרי משמר הגבול עורכים סיורים באזור התעשייה על מנת להבטיח את ביטחון העובדים והרכוש. ב-2015 נפתח בעטרות מפעל למיון ועיבוד אשפה המשרת את אזור ירושלים ומחליף את אתרי הטמנת האשפה באזור העיר. בתחילת 2016 הוחלט להרחיב את שטח אזור התעשייה במאות דונמים לכיוון שטח שדה התעופה הסגור בעטרות (אך בינתיים לא על שטחי שדה התעופה עצמו) שיאפשרו תוספת עשרות מפעלים. כמו כן נבנה באזור התעשייה מרכז קניות בשטח של 20,000 מ"ר בבעלותו של היזם רמי לוי. ב-2017 החלה הקמת פרויקט אזור עטרות ג', בו הוקצו 12 מגרשים בשטח כולל של כ־70 דונם עבור 12 מפעלים. המתחם נחנך בספטמבר 2019. בנובמבר 2020 הכריזה עיריית ירושלים על פרויקט לשדרוג המרחב הציבורי של אזור התעשייה, כולל המדרכות, אזור החניה, תשתית החשמל והכבישים, בהיקף ההשקעה של כ-40 מיליון שקלים. במאי 2022 הסתיים שדרוג פארק התעשייה עטרות ירושלים. כיום, מהווה הפארק את פארק התעשייה הגדול ביותר במטרופולין ירושלים לתעשייה מסורתית. את הפארק מנהלת הפארק מינהלתו בשיתוף עיריית ירושלים והרשות לפיתוח ירושלים. מאז שנת 2015 נמדד באזור התעשייה עטרות בימים רבים בשנה זיהום אוויר חריג. בקיץ 2024 החליטה המשטרה להעתיק משם את בסיס מג"ב, כדי לא לחשוף את השוטרים לסכנה הכרוכה בחשיפה לזיהום אפילו לזמן קצר. מערת עטרות בשנת 1975 נתגלתה מערת נטיפים רחבת היקף באזור התעשייה עטרות. תחילה פעלה עיריית ירושלים להכשיר את האתר למבקרים אך לאחר שנתיים הוחלט לאטום את המערה, עקב חוסר תקציב לפיתוח האתר. המערה כנראה נחשפה בעקבות עבודות חציבה בתקופה הירדנית בשנות ה-60. היא מערת הנטיפים עם האולם הגדול בישראל, שגודלו כ-700 מ"ר, ועמקו כ-100 מטר. ראו גם קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים |
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/android-permissions] | [TOKENS: 135] |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/אזור_התעשייה_תלפיות] | [TOKENS: 2777] |
תוכן עניינים אזור התעשייה תלפיות אזור התעשייה תלפיות הוא אזור תעשייה, תעסוקה ומסחר בדרום ירושלים. האזור משתרע על שטח של כ-1200 דונם, ממערב לשכונת תלפיות הוותיקה. האזור הוא אחד ממתחמי המסחר, התעסוקה והקניות המרכזיים בבירה, הנהנה מסמיכות לשכונות מקור חיים, ארנונה, קטמון הישנה, בקעה, המושבה הגרמנית, קטמונים, בית צפאפא וארמון הנציב. היסטוריה לראשונה נקבע בתוכנית הולידיי, תוכנית המתאר שהכין האדריכל ומתכנן הערים הבריטי קליפורד הולידיי לירושלים, שאושרה בשנת 1930, כי שימושי הקרקע באזור, לאורך מסילת הברזל, יוקדשו לתעשייה ומלאכה. גם בתוכנית הבאה שהכין האדריכל הנרי קנדל בשנת 1944, נקבע אזור תעשייה ומלאכה, אך בשטח גדול יותר מצפון לכפר בית צפאפא. עם זאת בפועל, בתקופת המנדט הבריטי לא הוקם דבר באזור. בתקופת ירושלים המחולקת עבר קו הגבול העירוני, בדרום האזור (רחוב משה ברעם של היום). ממערב לדרך חברון, ושכונת תלפיות הוותיקה, הוקמה מעברת "מערב תלפיות" (מעברה נוספת הוקמה גם ב"צפון תלפיות"). בפברואר 1959, הוחלט לפנות את המעברה, להקים שיכונים ואזור תעשייה במקומה. ההחלטה הרשמית להקים את אזור התעשייה, התקבלה על ידי החברה הכלכלית לירושלים ומועצת העיר ירושלים ביוני 1960, אך עבודת ההקמה בפועל החלו בתחילת 1965, על שטח של כ-600 דונם. עד סוף 1970 הוקצו כבר כל המגרשים שהוכשרו להקמת מפעלים. בין המפעלים שהוקמו במקום היו מפעל לייצור הלבשה תחתונה של חברת טריומף אינטרנשיונל, ומפעל "מגדנית הדר", לייצור ביסקוויטים קרקרים, עוגיות וופלים (המפעל נהרס בסוף שנות ה-90 ובמקומו נבנה קניון הדר). עם זאת רוב המבנים שנבנו היו בין 2 עד 6 קומות, והיו מיועדים לתעשייה קלה, מוסכים ובתי מלאכה. בסוף שנות ה-70 עברו לאזור מוסכים ובתי מלאכה אשר פונו ממתחם ממילא, שבמרכז העיר, על ידי חברת קרתא. החל משנות ה-80, הוקמו באזור גם מבנים למסחר ומשרדים והחלו להתפתח במקום חיי לילה ובילוי. בצד המפעלים ובתי המלאכה נפתחו בו קניונים, מועדוני לילה (כגון האומן 17) ומוזיקה, (כגון הצוללת הצהובה). הוקמו גם סדנאות אמנים ומספר מוסדות לימוד, ביניהם בית הספר סם שפיגל לקולנוע ולטלוויזיה ובית הספר לתיאטרון חזותי. עם כי ב-1988 ביקשה עיריית ירושלים להגביל את האישורים להקמת מבני מסחר ומשרדים נוספים באזור, מחשש ליצירת עודף בשטחי מסחר ופגיעה בפרויקט קניון מלחה ופרויקט ממילא שהיו אז בראשית בנייתם. במקומם ביקשה להקים במקום מבנים לתעשיות עתירת ידע ("היי-טק"). ב-2010 החלה הקמתו של פארק המסילה, ממערב לאזור התעשייה, במקום כביש גישה חדש שתוכנן. בינואר 2013, אישרה הוועדה המחוזית לתכנון ולבנייה של מחוז ירושלים את תוכנית האב החדשה לאזור התעשייה תלפיות. התוכנית יוצרת עירוב שימושים ומבדילה בין אזור תעסוקה, אזור תעשייה המיועד למלאכה, ובדפנות האזור- בנייה למגורים, תוך מטרה להפוך את האזור למגוון ועשיר בשימושים כגון משרדים, היי טק, מוסדות השכלה גבוהה, אולמות אירועים, בתי קולנוע, מרפאות, סדנאות אומנות וגלריות. התוכנית כוללת שדרה עירונית של קילומטר וחצי לאורך רחוב פייר קניג, מצומת אורנים ועד לדרך ברעם בה ישולב קו הרכבת הקלה העתידי. התוכנית מאפשרת הרחבת שטחי מגורים בשולי אזור התעסוקה בהיקף של כ-3,500 יחידות דיור. בפברואר 2021, אישרה הוועדה המחוזית, תוכנית אב חדשה, במסגרתה הוגדל היקף הבנייה לכ-8,250 יחידות דיור במגדלים של עד 30 קומות. קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/מחנה_רבין] | [TOKENS: 4435] |
תוכן עניינים מחנה רבין מחנה רבין (נקרא בעבר מחנה מטכ"ל 128) על שם רב-אלוף יצחק רבין, הידוע גם בשם "הקריה" בהיותו חלק מאזור הקריה בתל אביב, הוא משכנם של משרד הביטחון, המטה הכללי של צה"ל, ובו מוצב הפיקוד העליון (מצפ"ע, הידוע גם בכינוי "הבור"), מטה חיל האוויר ומטה חיל הים, לשכת הרב הצבאי הראשי ומטה הרבנות הצבאית הראשית, נציבות קבילות החיילים, לשכת קצין מילואים ראשי, מפקדת העומק, ספריית המטכ"ל ע"ש רא"ל חיים לסקוב, בית הכנסת המרכזי של מחנה רבין "משכן שלמה" ע"ש הרב הראשי הראשון של צה"ל, הרב שלמה גורן, לשכת ראש הממשלה ועוד. חלק מהמשרדים שוכנים במגדל המטכ"ל המתאפיין במנחת המסוקים שעל גגו. אחד מסימני ההיכר הבולטים של הבסיס הוא מגדל מרגנית (המבנה הכי גבוה בבסיס), המגיע לגובה 138 מטרים, ובראשו מוצבות אנטנות. במחנה בולטים גם בניין 22 של משרד הביטחון והמטכ"ל, מפקדת חיל הים, בניין מל"ן ומגדלי הכנרית של חיל האוויר. המחנה נמצא בין הרחובות שאול המלך מצפון, קפלן מדרום, דרך בגין ממזרח ולאונרדו דה וינצ'י ממערב. שמו הראשון של הבסיס, "מחנה מטכ"ל 128", הוחלף בנובמבר 1996 ל"מחנה רבין" על שם ראש הממשלה, שר הביטחון והרמטכ"ל לשעבר יצחק רבין, שנה אחרי הירצחו. מאז 2012, הרחובות הפנימיים במחנה קרויים על שם 12 חטיבות צה"ל במלחמת העצמאות. במשך השנים הועלתה ביקורת על מיקומו של המחנה בלב תל אביב והסכנות הטמונות בכך ונטען שיש לפנותו. מבנים עיקריים בעקבות הוראתו של יצחק רבין כשר ביטחון בתחילת שנות ה-90 להעביר את בסיסי צה"ל מחוץ לערים המרכזיות פינו צה"ל ומשרד הביטחון שטח של 70 דונם בחלקה המערבי של הקריה. בתמורה, החל צה"ל בבניית מגדל משרדים בחלקה המזרחי של הקריה, בשטח בו עמד בית היולדות הקריה. המגדל תוכנן על ידי האדריכל אברהם יסקי. הבנייה החלה בשנת 2000 והבניין נחנך בשנת 2005. הבניין תוכנן להיות בן 14 קומות אך במהלך הבניה הוחלט להוסיף שתי קומות משרדים ומנחת מסוקים על גגו. שטח הבניין 90,000 או 40,000 מ"ר, גובהו 107 מטרים ויש בו 1,286 משרדים. עלות הפרויקט מוערכת בכ־600 מיליון ש"ח. החל משנת 2022 נקרא חלקו הדרומי של המגדל, המאכלס את יחידות משרד הביטחון, "בית יצחק רבין". מגדל מרגנית הוקם בשנת 1987 על ידי חברת סולל בונה על פי תכנון של אדם מזור, אלי פירשט ויוסף אסא. גובהו של המגדל כ-140 מטר ובעת בנייתו היה הבניין השני הגבוה ביותר בישראל. ארבע עשרה הקומות הראשונות של הבניין הן משרדים המשמשים את אגפי המטכ"ל אך רוב גובהו של הבניין הוא "אצבע" בטון שעליה מרפסות הנושאות אנטנות וציוד תקשורת. מגדלי הכנרית הם שני מבנים בגובה של 18 קומות כל אחד, הניצבים בפינה הצפון-מערבית של הקריה, לאורכו של רחוב לאונרדו דה וינצ'י. המגדל הצפוני הניצב בפינת שדרות שאול המלך ולאונרדו דה וינצ'י הושלם בשנת 2004 וזה שמדרום לו בשנת 2008. שטחם הכולל של המבנים הוא כ-40,000 מ"ר, והם משמשים כמשרדים צבאיים, בין היתר של מפקדת חיל האוויר. בתחילה היה אמור לקום במקום מבנה בודד ובו 36 קומות, אך לאחר פיגועי 11 בספטמבר, הוחלט להקים תחתיו שני מבנים בני 18 קומות כל אחד. המגדלים תוכננו על ידי האדריכל עמי מור. בפברואר 1955 הועברה לשכת הרמטכ"ל לבניין חדש במתחם הקריה שתוכנן על ידי האדריכל אריה שרון. הבניין נקרא בניין 22 וחולק כך שאגפו המערבי שימש את המטה הכללי של צה"ל וחלקו המזרחי את בכירי משרד הביטחון. כיוון שעד לשנת 1967 רוב השנים ראש הממשלה שימש גם כשר הביטחון, לא היה צורך בלשכה עבור שר הביטחון. עם מינוי של משה דיין לשר הביטחון בשנת 1967 הפך הבניין באופן רשמי למשכנו של השר. בשנות ה-60 נוספו לבניין שתי קומות והוקמה חוות אנטנות על גג הבניין. כיום, משמש הבניין את מנהל ההרכשה והייצור של משרד הביטחון ומשמש את לשכת ראש הממשלה בקריה. בספטמבר 2017 שונה שם הבניין ל"בית שמעון פרס". מוצב הפיקוד העליון ("הבור") הוא מרכז הפיקוד התת־קרקעי של צה"ל, הנמצא במחנה רבין שבקריה בתל אביב. הוא משמש בשעת חירום את הרמטכ"ל לשליטה בצבא. המוצב שימש את המטכ"ל במלחמת ששת הימים, במלחמת יום הכיפורים, במלחמת לבנון הראשונה, ובמבצעים שונים, בין היתר במבצע חומת מגן, במבצע עופרת יצוקה, ובמבצע צוק איתן. במשך 60 שנה שכנה לשכת ראש הממשלה בבית וילהלם אברלה בקריה בתל אביב, מימיו של דוד בן-גוריון ועד אריאל שרון. בשנת 2006 עברה לשכת ראש הממשלה לבניין 22, הבית נמסר לרשות משרד הביטחון, והוגדר כמבנה לשימור. בין 2016 ל-2018 התבצעו עבודות שחזור בבית. כחלק מפרויקט השימור הוחזרו למבנה פריטים היסטוריים שהיו בו, בהם כורסתו של בן-גוריון והמבנה שוחזר לתקופת וילהלם אברלה ולתקופת דוד בן-גוריון. בכניסה לבית שמעון פרס מצויה אנדרטה לזכרם של עובדי משרד הביטחון שנפלו בעת מילוי תפקידם. מדי שנה ביום הזיכרון לחללי מערכות ישראל מתקיים במקום טקס זיכרון לזכרם. מפקדי הבסיס לאחר מכן שרת כקצין משטרה צבאית ראשי בדרגת תת-אלוף לקריאה נוספת ראו גם קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים 1 לונדון מיניסטורס, 2 בית אמות משפט, 3 מגדל מרגנית, 4. מגדל המטכ"ל, 5. תחנת הרכבת תל אביב – השלום, 6. גשר עזריאלי, 7. מגדל היובל, 8. המשכן לאמנויות הבמה, 9. ספריית בית אריאלה, 10. מוזיאון תל אביב לאמנות, 11. היכל המשפט, 12. מגדל המוזיאון, 13. בית אסיה, 14. מגדל אמות השקעות, 15. בית אמריקה, 16. בית אירופה, 17. בית הדר דפנה, 18. בית ציוני אמריקה, 19. מכון תל אביב לחזנות, 20. בית העיתונאים על שם סוקולוב, 21. בית הסופר, 22. מגדל דניאל פריש, 23. בית שלום עליכם, 24. התיאטרון הקאמרי, 25. תחנת שאול המלך, 26. בית וילהלם אברלה, 27. מגדלי דה וינצ'י |
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/users/11397760/nasibeyyubov] | [TOKENS: 131] |
Communities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives Stack Overflow for Teams is now called Stack Internal. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Learn more Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Stack Internal Knowledge at work Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Stats About Android developer with several years of experience. Badges Top tags Top posts Site design / logo © 2026 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA . rev 2026.2.19.39917 |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pajaronian] | [TOKENS: 775] |
Contents The Pajaronian The Pajaronian (formerly the Register-Pajaronian) is a newspaper based in Watsonville, California in Santa Cruz County on California's Central Coast. It is published weekly every Friday and owned by Weeklys. History In March 1868, J.A. Cottle published the first issue of The Pajaronian for residents of the Pajaro Valley. Later that year, Cotte was assaulted by the owner of a whiskey-mill after reporting that Oscar Penn Fitzgerald went to a saloon to drink whiskey, which he later denied. In 1872, The Pajaronian was acquired by C.O. Cummings, who sold it in 1875 to W.R. Radcliff. In 1876, S.A. Jones founded a rival paper called the Watsonville Transcript. William H. Wheeler became the owner in 1880. George W. Peckham then became editor and manager while Wheeler remained as proprietor. Two years later, G.W. Peckham became the owner and was succeeded in 1892 by Charles E. Peckham. Two years later he launched a daily edition of the Transcript called the Watsonville Daily Register. In 1901, the papers were sold to C.W. Clough. In 1901, W.R. Radcliff sold the weekly Pajaronian to his brother George D. Radclif and James G. Piratsky. At that time the paper was expanded to a daily and became a member of the United Press. In May 1904, Charles H. Prisk, formerly of Grass Valley Union, bought the Register. Later that year he bought the Pasadena Star after the owner died and left Watsonville, leaving the Register to his bookkeeper Ernest H. Haack. In 1919, Haack sold the Register to Fred W. Atkinson, former owner of the Benicia Herald. Atkinson was elected Watsonville mayor in 1921 and served three consecutive terms. In 1930, Piratsky and Radcliff sold the Watsonville Evening Pajaronian to Atkinson, owner of the Watsonville Morning Register. After Atkinson died, his widow sold both papers in 1937 to Fred H. Jenkins and Robert C. Everts who were associated with the John P. Scripps Newspaper Group. The Register and Pajaronian were soon merged to form the Register-Pajaronian. It competed with another paper called the Watsonville Morning Sun until the Scripps chain bought it in 1940 and absorbed the Sun into the Register-Pajaronian. In 1956, the Register-Pajaronian won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for an investigative series by photographer Sam Vestal, working under the leadership of its longtime editor Frank Orr and with assistance of Watsonville Police Chief Frank Osmer. These revelations led to the resignation of Santa Cruz County District Attorney Charles Moore, and the arrest and conviction of one of his associates. In 1995, Scripps Howard sold the Register-Pajaronian to News Media Corporation. In 2003, under the leadership of editor Jon Chown, articles by reporter Dave M. Brooks led to the ousting of Watsonville Mayor Richard de La Paz for his involvement in a bar room brawl. De la Cruz was later sentenced to six months in jail. In 2019, NMC sold the Register-Pajaronian to Metro Newspapers. Under the direction of longtime Bay Area publisher Dan Pulcrano, the staff was retained but some changes were made. Its original name, The Pajaronian, was restored, a new logo was introduced, the office was moved back to downtown Watsonville and a weekly lifestyle magazine, Pajaro Valley, began publishing. Notable staff References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/טכנולוגיה_רפואית] | [TOKENS: 3555] |
תוכן עניינים טכנולוגיה רפואית טכנולוגיה רפואית מוגדרת על ידי ארגון הבריאות העולמי כ"יישום של ידע ומיומנויות מאורגנים בצורה של מכשירים, תרופות, חיסונים, ומערכות שפותחו כדי לפתור בעיה בריאותית ולשפר את איכות החיים". זה כולל תרופות, מכשירים, נהלים ומערכות ארגוניות המשמשות בתעשיית הבריאות, כמו גם מערכות מידע נתמכות מחשב. בארצות הברית, טכנולוגיות אלו מערבות חפצים פיזיים סטנדרטיים, כמו גם אמצעים ושיטות חברתיות מסורתיות ומעוצבות לטיפול או טיפול בחולים. פיתוח הטכנולוגיה בעידן הטרום-דיגיטלי, חולים סבלו ממערכות, תהליכים ומצבים קליניים לא יעילים ופגומים. טעויות רפואיות רבות קרו בעבר עקב טכנולוגיות בריאות לא מפותחות. כמה דוגמאות לטעויות רפואיות אלו כללו אירועי תרופות שליליים ועייפות אזעקה. עייפות אזעקה נגרמת כאשר אזעקה מופעלת או מופעלת שוב ושוב והאדם הופך לחוסר רגישות אליהם. כיוון שהאזעקות הופצו לעיתים בעקבות אירועים חסרי חשיבות בעבר, האחיות חשבו שהאזעקה אינה משמעותית. עייפות אזעקה מסוכנת מכיוון שהיא עלולה להוביל למוות ולמצבים מסוכנים. עם ההתפתחות הטכנולוגית, פותחה תוכנית אינטליגנטית של אינטגרציה ויצירת חושים פיזיולוגיים ועזרה לצמצם את מספר אזעקות השווא. כמו כן, עם השקעה גדולה יותר בטכנולוגיות בריאות, קרו פחות טעויות רפואיות. רשומות נייר מיושנות הוחלפו בארגוני בריאות רבים ברשומות בריאות אלקטרוניות (EHR). על פי מחקרים, שינוי זה הביא שינויים רבים בתחום הבריאות. ניהול התרופות השתפר, ספקי שירותי בריאות יכולים כעת לגשת למידע רפואי בקלות רבה יותר, לספק טיפולים טובים יותר ותוצאות מהירות יותר ולחסוך בעלויות נוספות. כדי לעזור לקדם ולהרחיב את האימוץ של טכנולוגיית מידע בריאותית, הקונגרס העביר את חוק HITECH כחלק מחוק ההחלמה וההשקעה מחדש של 2009 האמריקאי. HITECH ראשי תיבות של Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act. זה העניק למחלקת הבריאות ושירותי אנוש את הסמכות לשפר את איכות ויעילות שירותי הבריאות. המעשה סיפק תמריצים כספיים או קנסות לארגונים כדי להניע ספקי שירותי בריאות לשפר את שירותי הבריאות. מטרת המעשה הייתה לשפר את האיכות, הבטיחות, היעילות, ובסופו של דבר לצמצם פערים רפואיים. אחד החלקים העיקריים של חוק HITECH היה קביעת דרישת השימוש המשמעותי, שחייבה את EHR לאפשר החלפה אלקטרונית של מידע בריאותי ולהגיש מידע קליני. מטרת HITECH היא להבטיח שהשיתוף של מידע אלקטרוני עם מטופלים ורופאים אחרים מאובטח. HITECH גם נועדה לסייע לספקי שירותי בריאות לבצע פעולות יעילות יותר ולהפחית טעויות רפואיות. התוכנית כללה שלושה שלבים. שלב ראשון נועד לשפר את איכות שירותי הבריאות, הבטיחות והיעילות. שלב שני התרחב בשלב הראשון והתמקד בתהליכים קליניים והבטחת שימוש משמעותי ב-EHRs. לבסוף, שלב שלישי התמקד בשימוש בטכנולוגיית רשומות בריאות אלקטרוניות (CEHRT) כדי לשפר את התוצאות הבריאותיות. בשנת 2014, יישום הרשומות האלקטרוניות בבתי החולים בארצות הברית עלה מאחוז נמוך של 10% לאחוז גבוה של 70%. בתחילת 2018, ספקי שירותי בריאות שהשתתפו בתוכנית היו צריכים לדווח על דרישות תוכנית תשלום איכות. התוכנית התמקדה יותר ביכולות הדדיות ומטרתה לשפר את הגישה של המטופלים למידע רפואי. טכנולוגיה בריאותית טכנולוגיה בריאותית, או "מדטק", מקיפה מגוון רחב של מוצרי בריאות ומשמשת לטיפול במחלות ומצבים רפואיים המשפיעים על בני אדם. טכנולוגיות כאלה נועדו לשפר את איכות שירותי הבריאות הניתנים באמצעות אבחון מוקדם יותר, אפשרויות טיפול פחות פולשניות והפחתת האשפוזים וזמני השיקום. ההתקדמות האחרונה בטכנולוגיה תרופתית התמקדה גם בהפחתת עלויות. טכנולוגיה בריאותית עשויה לכלול באופן נרחב מכשור רפואי, טכנולוגיית מידע, ביוטכנולוגיה ושירותי בריאות. ההשפעות של טכנולוגיה בריאותית כרוכה בסוגיות חברתיות ואתיות. לדוגמה, רופאים יכולים לחפש מידע אובייקטיבי מהטכנולוגיה הבריאותית במקום לקרוא דוחות סובייקטיביים של חולים. המניע העיקרי לצמיחת המגזר הוא הצריכה של מדטק. הנתמכים על ידי הזמינות הנרחבת של סמארטפונים וטאבלטים, ספקים יכולים להגיע לקהל גדול בעלות נמוכה, מגמה שעומדת להתגבש כטכנולוגיות לבישות הפזורות ברחבי השוק. בשנים 2010–2015 גדל מימון הסיכון 200%, מה שמאפשר 11.7 מיליארד דולר לזרום לעסקים בתחום טכנולוגיות הבריאות מעל 30,000 משקיעים בחלל. קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-235451-8] | [TOKENS: 380] |
Contents Book sources This page allows users to search multiple sources for a book given a 10- or 13-digit International Standard Book Number. Spaces and dashes in the ISBN do not matter. This page links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources where you will be able to search for the book by its International Standard Book Number (ISBN). Online text Google Books and other retail sources below may be helpful if you want to verify citations in Wikipedia articles, because they often let you search an online version of the book for specific words or phrases, or you can browse through the book (although for copyright reasons the entire book is usually not available). At the Open Library (part of the Internet Archive) you can borrow and read entire books online. Online databases Subscription eBook databases Libraries Alabama Alaska California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Washington state Wisconsin Bookselling and swapping Find your book on a site that compiles results from other online sites: These sites allow you to search the catalogs of many individual booksellers: Non-English book sources If the book you are looking for is in a language other than English, you might find it helpful to look at the equivalent pages on other Wikipedias, linked below – they are more likely to have sources appropriate for that language. Find other editions The WorldCat xISBN tool for finding other editions is no longer available. However, there is often a "view all editions" link on the results page from an ISBN search. Google books often lists other editions of a book and related books under the "about this book" link. You can convert between 10 and 13 digit ISBNs with these tools: Find on Wikipedia See also Get free access to research! Research tools and services Outreach Get involved |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1803] | [TOKENS: 633] |
תוכן עניינים 1803 שנת 1803 היא השנה השלישית במאה ה-19. זוהי שנה רגילה, שאורכה 365 ימים. 1 בינואר 1803 לפי הלוח הגרגוריאני מקדים את 1 בינואר לפי הלוח היוליאני ב-12 ימים. כל התאריכים שלהלן הם לפי הלוח הגרגוריאני. אירועים נולדו נפטרו לוח שנה להלן לוח שנה גרגוריאני – עברי משולב עם ימים בינלאומיים. חגים ומועדים עבריים: Nothing. במקומות בהם היה נהוג אז הלוח היוליאני, שנת 1803 התחילה ביום י"ט בטבת ה'תקס"ג (לעומת זאת, אותה שנה לפי הלוח הגרגוריאני החלה 12 ימים מוקדם יותר, ב-ז' בטבת). אורכה של שנה זו לפי הלוח היוליאני 365 ימים - בדיוק כמו הלוח הגרגוריאני המקביל. להלן לוח שנה יוליאני - עברי משולב עם חגים ומועדים עבריים: Nothing. ראו גם קישורים חיצוניים 1798 • 1799 • 1800 • 1801 • 1802 • 1803 • 1804 • 1805 • 1806 • 1807 • 1808 |
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/healthconnect] | [TOKENS: 135] |
Communities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives Stack Overflow for Teams is now called Stack Internal. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Learn more Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Stack Internal Knowledge at work Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Subscribe to RSS To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Site design / logo © 2026 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA . rev 2026.2.19.39917 |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/פסיכותרפיה] | [TOKENS: 16396] |
תוכן עניינים פסיכותרפיה פְּסִיכוֹתֵרַפְּיָה (הלחם בסיסים שמקורו ביוונית: פסיכו - נפש, תרפיה - טיפול) הוא שירות פסיכולוגי הניתן על-ידי איש מקצוע המשתמש בעיקר בתקשורת ובאינטראקציה בין-אישית כדי להעריך, לאבחן ולטפל בתגובות רגשיות, דרכי חשיבה ודפוסי התנהגות הפוגעים בתפקוד האדם. פסיכותרפיה יכולה להיות אישית, זוגית, משפחתית או קבוצתית. המטפלים המציעים פסיכותרפיה ושמותרים על פי חוק לעסוק בה במדינתם, נכנסים בהגדרה הרחבה של "פסיכותרפיסטים". בישראל העיסוק בפסיכותרפיה אינו מוגדר באופן ברור בחוק, עם זאת ישנה הגדרה ברורה על פי חוק לפסיכולוגים בתחומים שונים שלמדו וקיבלו הסמכה רשמית לתפקידם. פסיכותרפיה בישראל בישראל, פסיכותרפיסטים הם בדרך כלל פסיכולוגים, פסיכיאטרים, עובדים סוציאליים, קרימינולוגים, או מטפלים באמצעות אמנויות, שהם מותרים בידי משרד הבריאות לעסוק בפסיכותרפיה, בהתמחות או בהכשרה ממוקדת כאשר הכשרות כאלה לרוב מוצעות גם לעוסקים במדעי המוח, ורופאים שאינם פסיכיאטרים. העוסקים בפסיכותרפיה שאינם נמנים עם הנזכרים הם כאלו שהותרו בהיתר זמני להעניק טיפולים נפשיים בגישה קונבנציונלית בלבד ותחת פיקוח והדרכה מצד איש מתחום בריאות הנפש (בדרך כלל, פסיכולוג מומחה בכיר), הפועל תמיד מטעם משרד הבריאות. עם זאת, בהיעדר הסכמה בעולם המערבי, כמו גם בישראל, באשר להגדרת גבולות העיסוק בפסיכותרפיה, אין איסור חוקי על כל אדם להעניק טיפול פסיכותרפי, כל עוד הוא אינו יוצר מצג שווא של היותו מטפל מוסמך. פסיכותרפיה הניתנת על ידי פסיכולוג, ככלל מהווה חלק מייעוץ פסיכולוגי, וזו הניתנת מפסיכיאטר מהווה חלק מייעוץ פסיכיאטרי. חלק מהפסיכולוגים המטפלים הם פסיכולוגים מומחים אם כי אין הכרח חוקי שפסיכולוג מטפל יתמחה בתחום מסוים ואפשר שהסמכתו הטיפולית תהיה ממוקדת או נוגעת לתחום מומחיות מוכר, שטרם זכה לתוכנית התמחות מסודרת בישראל. חוק העובדים הסוציאליים, מתיר עיסוק בפסיכותרפיה לעובדים סוציאליים, כל עוד מטרת הטיפול היא "שיפור תפקודם האישי והחברתי של הפרט, המשפחה והקהילה". למרות שאין חקיקה המתייחסת לטיפול באמנות, משרד הבריאות הגדיר בשנת 2010 הנחיות הנוגעות להשכלה והכשרה נדרשת של מטפלים בתחום בחוזר מנכ"ל 19/10 ובאותה שנה פרסמה המועצה להשכלה גבוהה מתווה למוסדות ההכשרה עם קריטריונים זהים. קריטריונים אלו מנחים כיום את האגודה המקצועית וכן מעסיקים בשוק העבודה. עם זאת, תהליך החקיקה עדין לא הסתיים. על מנת לפתור את המצב המתמשך של העדר רגולציה, יצרה אגודת המטפלים באמנויות בישראל (יה"ת) תעודת "תו תקן" המוענק לכל חבר אגודה ומעיד על כך שהמטפל נמצא ראוי ועומד בכל הדרישות האקדמיות והמעשיות כפי שמוגדרים על ידי משרד הבריאות והמועצה להשכלה גבוהה, והוא מטפל מוסמך על פי אמות המידה של האגודה המקצועית ומחויב לכללי האתיקה שהוגדרו על ידי האגודה. מטרת תו התקן היא ליצור מכשיר שיקל על המעסיקים ועל הציבור הרחב בבואם לבחור מטפל על פי הקריטריונים של הגופים הממשלתיים. גישות ושיטות טיפול שיטות הטיפול הפסיכותרפי הן מגוונות, אך רק חלקן זוכות לתמיכה אמפירית. אלו הנתמכות מדעית ומוכרות כיעילות, משמשות בחזית האבחון, הייעוץ, והטיפול הפסיכולוגי, בהתאמה לבעיות השונות, ומשמשות גם בתמיכה וטיפול קליניים הניתנים במסגרת כגון עבודה סוציאלית או תרפיה שיקומית (Rehabilitation Therapy). אף על פי שגישות הטיפול שונות זו מזו, כמעט כולן חולקות רכיבים טיפוליים משותפים שתורמים להצלחת הטיפול. רכיבים אלו כוללים למשל את הברית הטיפולית – יחסי האמון והקרבה שנוצרים בין המטפל למטופל. יחסים אלו מבוססים במידה רבה על הקשבה ואמפתיה (דהיינו היכולת של המטפל להיכנס לעולמו של המטופל באופן מקבל, להבין את חווייתו מנקודת מבטו, להכיל אותו, ולבטא את ההבנה והקבלה הזו באופן משכנע כלפי המטופל). נקיטה ביחסים אלו מסייעת למטופל לחשוף את עולמו הפנימי, להבינו, להבין את מניעיו ואת דרכי התמודדותו, לשקול אלטרנטיבות, ומכאן גם מסייע לו ליצור שיפור בעצמו ובחייו. שיטת הטיפול הפסיכואנליטית ותאוריית הפסיכואנליזה שהגה ופיתח זיגמונד פרויד, וכן רוב שיטות הטיפול שבאו בעקבותיה, מבוססות על כך שלתודעה האנושית יש חלק לא-מודע שבמידה רבה מפעיל את האדם. בטיפול פסיכואנליטי המטפל והמטופל יוצרים קשר של אמון המאפשר גילוי וניתוח של מעמקי נפש האדם. בטיפול נוצר תהליך של העלאת חומרים מודחקים כדחפים וקונפליקטים מהלא-מודע (או התת-מודע) אל המודע, והפגשת המטופל עימם בתיווכו ובפרשנותו של המטפל, כדי להביאו לשיווי משקל. מתבצע ניתוח של התפתחות היחסים והתנודות בעולמו של המטופל. פרויד קרא לשיטה זו 'ניקוי הארובות'. ביסוד השיטה עומדת התפיסה כי האדם מדחיק לתת המודע עובדות, זיכרונות, מחשבות, רגשות ותהליכים שקשה לו להתמודד איתם וגורמים לו אי נוחות וחרדה. החומרים הללו לא קופאים אלא חיים ופועלים עליו והם המקור לנוירוזות שלו. הלא-המודע, לתפיסתו של פרויד, כולל את הדחפים הבסיסיים של האדם, ביניהם הדגיש בעיקר את יצר המין, "ארוס" ומאוחר יותר את יצר התוקפנות או המוות, "תנטוס". פרויד ודור המטפלים שאחריו התמודדו בעיקר עם מטופלים שסבלו מתסמינים לא רצויים כמו חרדות שונות או היסטריה, שהקשו על השתלבותם בחברה וגרמו להם סבל רב. תאורטיקנים בני זמננו מדגישים ששאלת תהליך ההסתגלות לחברה היא חלק מהבעיה עצמה, כי היא פגמה בסובייקטיביות שלהם. לפי חלק מהתאורטיקנים, המטופל אינו זקוק רק לתובנות שיקלו על הסימפטומים, אלא לחוויה שתעניק לו תחושת נראות, הערכה ומשמעות. לדוגמה, בפסיכואנליזה יונגיאנית, הטיפול נעשה בדגש על עבודה עם חלומות, ופירושן מתוך הבנה סמלית, ובמטרה לא רק להיפטר מהתסמינים המטרידים אלא גם לפעול למימוש העצמי. הטיפול הפסיכואנליטי נעשה לעיתים כמה פעמים בשבוע (באנליזה יונגיאנית - 1–2 פעמים בשבוע), בשכיבה על ספת טיפולים, כאשר המטפל יושב למראשותיו של המטופל, באופן שהוא רואה את המטופל, והמטופל לא רואה אותו. הטיפול עשוי להימשך מספר שנים. המשאבים הרבים שהוא דורש, בהם זמן, כסף ומשאבים נפשיים-טיפוליים, וכן מחקרים שנערכו עם השנים על יעילות גבוהה יותר יחסית של שיטות טיפול אחרות, דחקו בעשורים האחרונים את מקומו של הטיפול הפסיכואנליטי לטובת שיטות אחרות. חוקרים רבים טוענים כי טיפול זה לא זכה לראיות אמפיריות משמעותיות בדבר יעילותו בדומה לטיפולים כגון CBT. עם זאת, הוא ממשיך להתפתח, וישנם מחקרים אמפיריים שבחלקם מצליחים להוכיח את יעילותו הגבוהה בטיפול בהפרעות וקשיים מסוימים. הטיפול הפסיכודינמי עוסק בקונפליקטים פנימיים של האדם, ומטרתו היא יצירת תובנות לגבי קונפליקטים אלו, ומציאת דרכי התמודדות עימם. הפסיכודינמיקה היא תאוריה ומחקר שיטתי של הכוחות הפסיכולוגיים שביסודה של ההתנהגות האנושית. הפסיכודינמיקה עוסקת בפעולה ההדדית של המודע והלא-מודע. המפורסמת מבין שיטות הטיפול היא השיטה הפסיכודינמית, שמקורה בפסיכואנליזה. לפי הפסיכואנליזה, המבוססת על תורתו של זיגמונד פרויד, הפרעה נפשית היא ביטוי להתרחשויות נפשיות עמוקות, על פי רוב בלתי מודעות, הקשורות בעברו של האדם. באמצעות העלאת אסוציאציות חופשיות על ידי המטופל, נעשה ניסיון לחשוף את הקונפליקטים העמוקים שלו, בהנחה שהבנתם תביא לידי היעלמות ההפרעה. המטפל בעיקר מאזין, ולעיתים הוא מפרש את הדברים, בדרך כלל באמצעות ניתוח של ה"העברה" (Transference) ו"העברה נגדית". ההעברה מוגדרת כהעתקת יחס רגשי מודחק שחש המטופל כלפי אדם משמעותי בעברו - אל המטפל. ניתוח זה משמש אמצעי להבנת היחסים והקשרים הבין אישיים שייצר ויוצר המטופל במהלך חייו. בדומה לטיפול בגישה הפסיכואנליטית, נמשך הטיפול בשיטת הפסיכותרפיה הפסיכודינמית מספר שנים. אולם להבדיל מפסיכואנליזה, בשיטה זו נפגשים המטפל והמטופל על פי רוב פעם אחת בשבוע בלבד, ולא שלוש עד ארבע פגישות שבועיות כמקובל בשיטה הפסיכואנליטית. כמו כן, מרבית הטיפול נעשה בישיבה, זה מול זה, ולא כאשר המטופל שוכב על ספה כנהוג בפסיכואנליזה. לעיתים, כאשר המטרה היא טיפול בנושא ממוקד אחד ניתן להשתמש ב"פסיכותרפיה קצרת מועד" הנמשכת 12 עד 20 פגישות בלבד. טיפולים התנהגותיים וקוגניטיביים הם קבוצה של טיפולים נפשיים שיעילותם הוכחה. טיפולים אלו מקובלים מאוד מאז שנות השמונים של המאה ה-20. הם נקראים על שם שני מרכיבים עיקריים: הטיפול ההתנהגותי והטיפול הקוגניטיבי. ייחודם הוא בפרוטוקולים טיפוליים המחייבים את המטופל לאימון ולשיעורי בית ותפיסה טיפולית הממוקדת בתוצאה הרצויה. טיפול התנהגותי קוגניטיבי (CBT - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) הוא טיפול מסוג זה. הטיפול הוכח כיעיל נגד דיכאון והפרעות חרדה שונות (פוביות, הפרעה כפייתית ועוד). בבסיס הטיפול ההתנהגותי (ביהיביוריסטי) עומדת ההנחה, שכל ביטוי של התנהגות בלתי מסתגלת, אינו אלא הרגל שנרכש בעבר. באמצעות התאמת מערך של התניות או חיזוקים (ראו ניתוח התנהגות יישומי, התניה אופרנטית) ניתן להביא לידי הכחדת הרגליו הבלתי רצויים של המטופל ורכישת הרגלים אחרים, רצויים, במקומם. בשיטה זו המטפל הוא מתכנן פעיל של מערך הלמידה, ואינו מאזין ומפרש בלבד. ניתוח העבר או סיבת ההפרעה נחשב טפל בעיצוב ההתנהגות בהווה. שיטת הטיפול של הפסיכותרפיה קוגניטיבית - היא טיפול מובנה, קצר מועד, שמטרתו שינוי האופן בו המטופל תופס את עצמו ואת העולם. השיטה גורסת "שאם האדם לא מרגיש טוב - סימן שהוא לא חושב טוב" המטפל מזהה את העיוותים הקוגניטיביים ודפוסי החשיבה הנוקשים האחראים לשימור הסימפטומים, ומציע סכמה אלטרנטיבית גמישה יותר. המטפל מלמד את המטופל ליירט את המחשבות האוטומטיות השיפוטיות ואת התוויות שהאדם הדביק לעצמו ולשנות או לעדן אותן או ללמד לחיות איתן, אם אין בהן עיוות. בשיטה זו מושם דגש על כאן ועכשיו, וניתנים למטופל "שיעורי בית". תרפיה דה קולוניאליסטית גישה זו מכירה במעמד הסוציו-אקונימי של המטופל ועל השפעתו על הזמינות וההענות של המטופל לתוכנית הטיפול. לפי שיטה זו, נזקקים או בני מעמד הביניים אמורים לקבל מענה לצרכיהם הרגשיים באופן שונה מצורת המענה שניתן למטופלים מבוססים ועמידים. תרפיה דה קולוניאליסטית פותחה תחילה בארצות הברית כדי לסייע למתיישבים אינדיאנים שאיבדו את רכושם ואדמתם. מייצג השיטה האקסיסטנציאליסטית בפסיכולוגיה, תלמידו של פרויד, ויקטור פראנקל, ניצול השואה שפיתח את שיטת הלוגותרפיה. בשיטה זו התפיסה היא שהאדם איננו מחפש עונג, כבוד או רוצה להגיע לשיווי משקל, אלא בראש ובראשונה פשר ומשמעות לחייו ולקיומו. הדגש מועבר מהעולם אל האדם, ומהביוגרפיה של האדם אל ראייתו ותפיסתו את העולם. הנורא מכל על פי תפיסה זו לאדם, הוא לחיות חיים חסרי פשר ותכלית. הלא מודע הורחב גם למימד הרוחני: האדם מדחיק אמונות, תפיסות רוחניות ותפיסות דתיות שלא נוחות לו ולא רק דחפים ויצרים. האדם אינו זירה של מנגנוני תגובה פסיכולוגיים או 'קוף עירום' אלא אישיות ייחודית בעלת מצפון, רצון חופשי ויכולות אנושיות נוספות, שיכול להתעלות מעל עצמו ותנאי קיומו, באמונה, באהבה ובהומור. שיטה זו מדגישה את מותר האדם ואת החירות והאחריות של האדם עצמו, לעיצוב עולמו הפנימי ולבחירותיו בחיים. בניגוד לשיטות שעוסקות בחויות מעברו של האדם, לשיטה זו חשובה הפרשנות הסובייקטיבית שהאדם נותן לחייו בהווה. בשיטה נבחנות תפיסותיו ואמונותיו של האדם במטרה לגשש איתו אחר משמעות או משמעויות, שיפיגו את התסכול הקיומי שלו יתנו טעם לחייו, ויקנו לו מבט אופטימי על החיים, על אף הטרגדיה של האדם: סבל, אשם ומוות. גישה זו מעמידה במרכז שיטתה שלושה יסודות: א. האמונה כי הדבר הבוער ביותר לאדם הוא לגלות פשר לחיים וכי אדם שאיבד תקווה למצוא משמעות לחייו מעדיף להתאבד. ב. שהחיים מלאי פשר וצופנים בתוכם מעצם הווייתם, עשרות אלפי משמעויות שונות ודינמיות, והם כמו כתב חידה גדול שהאדם צריך לפענח ולתת להם תשובה באמצעות מעשיו. ג. לאדם יש רצון חופשי וחירות מחשבתית לא להיות כבול למחשבותיו, לעצב מחדש את גישותיו באופן חיובי ואופטימי, שממלא אותו באנרגיה וחיוניות, אף כאשר הוא לכוד בסיטואציות קשות, ואף כאשר מבחינה נפשית הוא חולה בפסיכוזה כזו ואחרת. שיטת טיפול אחרת, "פסיכותרפיה המרוכזת באדם" (המכונה גם Non-Directive Therapy), מבוססת על תורתו של קרל רוג'רס. בשיטה זו משדר המטפל למטופל יחס של קבלה מלאה והעדר שיפוט על התנהגותו, ומשקף את הנאמר בלי לפרש דבר. יחס זה אמור לתקן את המעוות באישיותו של המטופל ולשחרר את פוטנציאל ההתפתחות העצמית שלו, באופן שיוכל לבחור בעתיד בחירה נכונה בין האפשרויות העומדות לפניו ויגיע לידי הגשמה עצמית. שיטת טיפול זו הייתה מאוד פופולרית כאלטרנטיבה לטיפול פסיכודינמי בשנות השישים והשבעים של המאה העשרים. בטיפול במשחק משתמשים במשחק במסגרת התהליך הטיפולי; המשחק מאפשר למטופל להביע את עצמו, באופן המאפשר הבעה רגשית ותקשורת עם המטפל. אלו מתאפשרות אם במהלך המשחק נוצר מרחב בטוח ומוגן. המשחק מעלה תכנים פנימיים, לעיתים באמצעות סמלים, וכן מתרחש תהליך בינאישי בין המטפל למטופל במהלך המשחק שתפקידו לסייע למטופל בפתרון בעיות ולהשיג צמיחה אישית והתפתחות מיטבית. הטיפול מתאים בעיקר לילדים; לילדים קל יותר לתקשר באמצעות משחק מאשר במילים, וגם קל להם ליצור קשר מהיר עם האחר באמצעותו. לכן בטיפול בילדים מעדיפים מטפלים רבים להשתמש במשחק כדי ליצור דיאלוג עם הילד, בו הילד יכול לשתף את המטפל בחוויות, התנסויות ורגשות, והמטפל יכול לתמוך בו ולסייע לו. הטיפול במשחק יכול להתקיים תוך התבססות על מגוון תאוריות וגישות טיפוליות, בהן הגישה הפסיכודינמית (בה מתאפשר מרחב מוגן באמצעות המשחק, המאפשר בניית קשר ואמון עם המטפל השלכה לא מודעת של רגשות וחוויות הילד וכו'), גישה לא-מכוונת רוג'ריאנית (non directive play therapy, בה הילד נמצא במרכז ומביע את עצמו דרך המשחק ללא שיפוט), ועוד. מתוך השיטות המוזכרות לעיל, ומשילובן, התפתחו שיטות טיפול רבות. במקורה נועדה הפסיכותרפיה למטופל אחד בלבד (שיטות פרטניות), אולם לימים פותחו גם שיטות טיפול קבוצתי, בהן נפגש המטפל (או צוות של מטפלים) עם קבוצת מטופלים, שעל פי רוב בעיותיהם הנפשיות דומות (ולעיתים גם שונות). בעשורים האחרונים פותחו שיטות לטיפול זוגי או משפחתי. הזוג או בני המשפחה נפגשים עם מטפל אחד או יותר כדי לתקן את מערכת היחסים ביניהם, שהיא, לפי שיטה זו, שורש הבעיה. המטפל מאתר את המטופל המזוהה (Identified patient) במשפחה ומרחיב את הפוקוס כך שאחרים ילמדו על חלקם בהיווצרות הסימפטומים. קיימים זרמים רבים בשיטות העבודה בטיפול המשפחתי/זוגי בראשם הזרם של הפסיכיאטר הנודע סלוודור מינושין. טיפול באמנויות (מכונה גם טיפול בהבעה ויצירה) הוא ענף מתחום הפסיכותרפיה המציע דרך בלתי מילולית וסימבולית לביטוי עצמי, רגשי ותחושתי. הטיפול מאפשר שילוב של הבעה מילולית והבעה דרך אמנויות שונות. טיפול באמנויות מתבצע על ידי מטפלים בעלי הכשרה ייחודית בתחומם. הטיפול פונה לילדים ומבוגרים המתמודדים עם כל מגוון הקשיים הרגשיים להם מתאימה פסיכותרפיה בדומה לכל טיפול נפשי. הטיפול באמנויות יכול להתקיים תוך התבססות על מגוון תאוריות וגישות טיפוליות, בהן הגישה הפסיכודינמית בה מתאפשר מרחב מוגן באמצעות המשחק, המאפשר בניית קשר ואמון עם המטפל, השלכה לא מודעת של רגשות וחוויות הילד וכדומה. הטיפול משתמש באמנויות כדי לחשוף ולהבין תהליכים נפשיים, ומספק סביבה שבה יכולים רגשות מודחקים ולא מודעים לעלות על פני השטח. הכשרת המטפלים בתחומים אלה היא במסלולי לימוד לתואר שני המיועדים לכך שהקבלה אליהם מותנית בתואר ראשון בתחום האמנות הייחודי או תואר ראשון בתחום הנפש, וכן השלמות ספציפיות. בתחום הטיפול באמנויות נכללים: בתפיסה זו מושם דגש על כך שמה שמפריע לאדם אינה המציאות כפי שהיא באמת, אלא הסימולציה של המציאות ותמונתה בתפיסתו של האדם. בשיטה זו נעשה ניסיון לשלב מרכיבים משיטות שונות. השיטה מתמקדת בתלונות של המטופל ובסימפטומים שלו, המטפל מתחבר ו'יורד' לעולמו של המטופל ומתאים עצמו לעולם הערכים של המטופל, כאשר הוא משהה באותו זמן את תפיסת עולמו, הוא מנסה לנסח מחדש את התלונות באופן חיובי יותר, יש מקום לדמיון באמצעות דמיון מודרך. הטיפול קונקרטי ומוגבל, בהתאם ל"חוזה טיפולי", בתוצאות ובזמן. בשיטה זו קיימת מניפולציה על המטופל באמצעות הנחיות פרדוקסליות. המטפל נותן למטופל "שיעורי בית" ומשלב אמצעים מגוונים כמו היפנוזה, טיפול משפחתי, קיום טקסי מעבר ואף נתינת תרופות כאשר הדבר מתחייב. אפקטיביות ישנם מחקרים שונים עם תוצאות שונות בשאלת האפקטיביות של הטיפול הפסיכותרפיסטי. מחקר מטא-אנליטי נרחב משנת 2024 הראה שטיפול פסיכולוגי יעיל במגוון רחב של קשיים נפשיים ביניהם חרדות, דיכאון, הפרעה טורדנית-כפייתית, פוסט טראומה ועוד. המחקר מצא שטיפולים פסיכולוגיים יעילים בהשגת שיפור משמעותי, עם שיעורי תגובה גבוהים וירידה בסיכון להחמרה בהשוואה לטיפולים אחרים. בשנת 2022 התפרסם מחקר מטא-אנליזה רחב שכלל בתוכו 102 מטא-אנליזות קודמות. מסקנת המחקר הייתה שקיים אפקט קטן בלבד לטיפול פסיכולוגי (SMD = 0.34) ולטיפול תרופתי (SMD = 0.36). מחקר מטא-אנליזה משנת 2015 בחן טיפול פסיכולוגי לסובלים מדיכאון. כאשר השוו בין פסיכותרפיה לבין היעדר טיפול בכלל, נמצא אפקט טיפולי גדול. אך כאשר השוו פסיכותרפיה לקבוצת ביקורת שקיבלה טיפול אחר (פלצבו פסיכולוגי, פלצבו תרופתי, טיפול כרגיל), האפקט היה קטן עד שולי. במחקר מטא-אנליזה משנת 2003 נמצא שכאשר יוצרים פלצבו אמין לטיפול פסיכולוגי, הפער באפקטיביות בינו לבין הטיפול קטן מאוד ואף זניח. התמיכה המחקרית החזקה ביותר לאפקטיביות של טיפול יכולה להתקבל בניסויים עם סמיות כפולה. בניסויים כאלה, החוקר וגם המטופל לא יודעים אם המטופל קיבל את הטיפול הפעיל או טיפול מסוג פלצבו. שיטת מחקר זו נפוצה בהערכה של טיפולים תרופתיים, אך פחות נפוצה בהערכה של טיפולים פסיכולוגיים. בארצות הברית, אנגליה, אוסטרליה וברחבי אירופה מונהג תהליך ניטור תוצאים בפסיכותרפיה. המטופל ממלא שאלונים מדי פגישה והמטפל מקבל משוב למייל. האפקטיביות הטיפולית של הגישות השונות תלויה, בין השאר, בהפרעה בה הן מנסות לטפל. מחקר מטא-אנליזה מקיף משנת 2008 הראה שיש לטיפול פסיכודינמי יתרון על שיטות טיפול אחרות במיוחד במצבים מורכבים ובתפקוד אישיותי ארוך־טווח. הטיפול נוטה להשיג שיפור בבעיות כלליות, בתפקוד חברתי ובתפקוד אישיותי, ובמקרים של הפרעות אישיות או מצבים כרוניים ההשפעה הממושכת בולטת אף יותר. מחקר מטא-אנליזה משנת 2014 בחן 101 מחקרים שכללו מעל 14,000 מטופלים הסובלים מחרדה חברתית. במחקר השוו בין טיפול פסיכולוגי לבין הימצאות ברשימת המתנה. אפקטים גדולים נמצאו לטיפולים תרופתיים, לטיפולים קוגניטיביים-התנהגותיים ולקבוצות לעזרה עצמית. לטיפול פסיכודינמי נמצאה אפקטיביות נמוכה יותר. במחקר מטא-אנליזה משנת 2014 שהשווה טיפולים שונים לפסיכוזה, טיפול קוגניטיבי-התנהגותי נמצא הכי יעיל להפחתת תסמינים חיוביים (לדוגמה, הלוסינציות ודלוזיות) ואימון בכישורים חברתיים נמצא הכי יעיל להפחתת תסמינים שליליים (לדוגמה, אנהדוניה ושטיחות רגשית). מחקר מטא-אנליזה משנת 2014 בחן 92 מחקרים על קרוב ל-7,000 חולים המאובחנים בדיכאון. בקרב אלה שקיבלו טיפול פסיכולוגי, 62% כבר לא עמדו בקריטריונים לאבחון בסיום הטיפול. עם זאת, גם בקרב חולים שהיו בקבוצת הביקורת, רבים לא היו מאובחנים עם חלוף הזמן (43%) וגם בקרב חולים שהמשיכו את חייהם כרגיל (48%). מכאן עולה שתועלת הטיפול, מעבר לזמן שחולף, אינו גדול. נערך גם מחקר מטא-אנליזה על 52 מחקרים שהשוו שיטות פסיכותרפיה שונות לילדים ומתבגרים הסובלים מדיכאון. במטא-אנליזה נמצא שטיפול בינאישי וטיפול קוגניטיבי-התנהגותי היו אפקטיביים יותר משאר הטיפולים. טיפול במשחק וטיפול פסיכודינמי היו אפקטיביים פחות משאר הטיפולים. יתרה מכך, הם לא היו יותר אפקטיביים מאשר הימצאות ברשימת המתנה. ראו גם לעוד ערכים בתחום הפסיכולוגיה, ראו פורטל:פסיכולוגיה. לקריאה נוספת קישורים חיצוניים כללי בחירת טיפול ביקורת ישראל סרטונים אחר הערות שוליים הבהרה: המידע בוויקיפדיה נועד להעשרה בלבד ואינו מהווה ייעוץ רפואי. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AliOS] | [TOKENS: 873] |
Contents AliOS AliOS (formerly YunOS and Aliyun OS) is a Linux distribution developed by Alibaba Cloud, a subsidiary of Mainland Chinese company Alibaba Group. It is designed for smart cars and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and it had been used as a mobile operating system. History On 28 July 2011, Alibaba Cloud confirmed the existence of its own mobile operating system, the YunOS. The system was described as the result of three years of development and uses Alibaba Cloud's self-developed distributed file system and virtual machine, making it fully compatible with Android-based applications. With its YunOS, the company is challenging the dominant Android in China and is also looking to expand into Western markets. It was first used in the K-Touch W700 in 2011. As of May 2012, 1 million YunOS-powered smartphones have been sold. It was expected to become the second biggest operating system in China by shipments at the end of 2016, with 14% of the market. The latest publicly available version of YunOS, YunOS 5 Atom, as a forked version of Android 6.0, was released on 10 December 2015. In October 2017, Alibaba Group decided to upgrade its operating system strategy to focus investment on the burgeoning Internet of Things sector. As part of the move, Alibaba rebranded its YunOS operating system as AliOS, an operating system offering OS solutions for automobile, industrial and IoT devices. At the same time, Alibaba introduced an open-source IoT edition of AliOS, named as AliOS Things. Overview AliOS revolves around the idea of bringing cloud functionality to smart devices. According to the company, AliOS will feature cloud-based e-mail, Web search, weather updates, and GPS navigation tools. In addition, the AliOS services will synchronize and store call data, text messages, and photos in the cloud for access across other devices, including personal computers. Alibaba says it will offer customers 100 GB of storage at launch. AliOS would allow users to access applications from the Web, rather than download apps to their devices. In the meantime, AliOS Things, as a lightweight IoT embedded operating system for the IoT field, would be suitable for all kinds of small loT devices, and can be widely used in smart home, smart city, new travel and other fields. Relations with Android According to Google, AliOS is a forked but incompatible version of its open-source Android operating system. Google therefore attempted to prevent Acer Inc. from shipping an AliOS-powered phone, arguing that Acer, a member of the Open Handset Alliance, had agreed not to produce phones running incompatible Android versions. Andy Rubin, who at the time was in charge of the Android division at Google, stated that while AliOS is not part of the Android ecosystem, it uses runtimes, framework and various tools from Android. Alibaba disputes the claim that AliOS is a version of Android by stating the following: "Aliyun OS [now AliOS] incorporates its own virtual machine, which is different from Android's Dalvik virtual machine. AliOS' runtime environment, which is the core of the OS, consists of both its own Java virtual machine, which is different from Android’s Dalvik virtual machine, and its own cloud app engine, which supports HTML5 web applications. AliOS uses some of the Android application framework and tools (open source) merely as a patch to allow AliOS users to enjoy third-party apps in addition to the cloud-based AliOS apps in our ecosystem." However, as of September 2012, the AliOS app store still contains some pirated Android applications, including many from Google. AliOS Things AliOS Things is the IoT version of AliOS announced and open-sourced in 2017. It is designed for low power, resource constrained MCUs, as well as connectivity SoCs. AliOS Things comes in two editions, one based on the Linux kernel and the other based on Rhino, Alibaba's RTOS kernel. Controversy In November 2015, following Chinese State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television's policy, dozens of third-party applications installed by users on their own YunOS set-top boxes were automatically removed and blocked from re-installation. See also References |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-175] | [TOKENS: 12221] |
Contents Reddit Reddit (/ˈrɛdɪt/ ⓘ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condé Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condé Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condé Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condé Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated content—including photos, videos, links, and text-based posts—and discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rank—for both the general front page and for individual subreddits—is determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condé Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condé Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condé Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://www.reddit.com/r/ReformJews] | [TOKENS: 3433] |
r/ReformJews Reform Convert-to-Be with Imposter Syndrome — Talk Me Down? u/Valerius_Poplicolo • Reform Convert-to-Be with Imposter Syndrome — Talk Me Down? Reform Convert-to-Be with Imposter Syndrome — Talk Me Down? r/ConvertingtoJudaism • Reform Convert-to-Be with Imposter Syndrome — Talk Me Down? What's up yall! I've been learning about Judaism for about 3 years and have been studying under a Reform Rabbi for about a year (11 months!), taken adult Hebrew classes, etc. I know I'm getting closer to mikvah date and imposter syndrome is kicking in. My understanding practice of Judaism is highly influenced by modern luminaries like Kaplan & Heschel. I've also been highly influenced by thinkers such as Spinoza, going so far as to make sure I visited the Portuguese Synagogue when in Amsterdam last year... the same synagogue from which he was ex-communicated for the ideas that attract me to Judaism today. I've always been spiritual, but my understanding of the divine has matured over the years. Although I considered myself agnostic/atheist for 20 years before discovering Judaism, I remained spiritual even if I didn't have a way to express it. And let me be clear, I did not jump from tradition to tradition on an endless search. I experienced the divine through connection to nature, from feeling awe, from focusing on instilling a sense of gratitude. Then came Judaism. I read a book in 2023 called "Thinking About God: Jewish Views" by Rabbi Tuling. This book changed how I thought about religion in the context of the God-idea and I'll never forget the moment it all clicked. In Christianity, the tradition I grew up with, there is a creed, you believe in an interventionist and anthropomorphic deity driving towards a particular eschatology and with specific requirements on belief of theodicy. Rabbi Tuling showed me that Judaism didn't force that mindset. The idea of God as One seems so simple and yet is so profound. Consider Spinoza - moving the God-idea from a personal deity to the "Substance" of the universe, of which we are apart. Consider Kaplan, who believed God was an actualizing force and not a "super human". Consider Heschel who talked about being in partnership with the divine and saying “Judaism is based upon a minimum of revelation and a maximum of interpretation.” Consider the midrash of the Rabbis telling God that even though God was creating miracles to leave it in the hands of the Rabbi since we have Torah and can figure it out ourselves. Consider Martin Buber maintaining that the human encounter with God is one of pure presence, in the sense of feeling connected to the Eternal, rather than the experience of coming into contact with a physical being. Consider Sarah Hurwitz saying "And it wasn't long before I realized that, to paraphrase an old saying, the simplistic old-man-in-the-sky-who-controls-everything-God that I don't believe in is the God that Judaism doesn't believe in either.” And consider this: when Moses asks God what God's name is, God responds, "Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh," meaning "I will be what I will be," or as Rabbi Jonathan Kligler translates it, "I am becoming that which I am becoming", which he renders "Life Unfolding." God is not a being, but rather the process of being. Connecting with this kind of God is less about addressing an entity and more about simply being present with what is. This is the God-idea that drew me to Judaism. As Kaplan showed, Judaism is a civilization. In my mind, Judaism as a civilization could be a major driver for this diversity in the God-idea, especially in modern times. By not relying on creedal requirements, Jews have been Jews regardless of their "beleifs". We know Judaism is a religion of right action, not right belief. But, as a convert, is it authentic for me to inherit the theology of Judaism of Kaplan & Heschel while keeping kosher up to a threshold I feel comfortable with? To incentivize mindfulness of what I eat, not mixing meat & dairy, no pork & shellfish, but not to go the full monty and maintaining multiple sets of plates? I wake up and recite Modeh Ani. I pray Shema. I immerse myself in Jewish education. I've read over 40 books in 3 years, watch online services, engage with my community, read the Mishkan T'Filah, took adult Hebrew, celebrated Tashlich But, I am not shomer Shabbat. Since I am working with a Rabbi, we light candles, make challah, do kiddush. We do havdalah every week. I study the parsha through podcasts and AIsh, etc. I feel Jewish. I live Jewishly per Reform expectations. But is what I'm living "authentic" for someone joining the tribe? My God-idea, while not outside of the normative spectrum in Reform, also begs the question "why enter into a covenant with the God and people of Israel if you don't believe in a personal God". For me, theologically and intellectually, I found my beliefs articulated by the voices of Jewish thinkers - from the aforementioned modern thinkers, to Maimonides, and Rashi, and even active thinkers like Shai Held, Alan Lew, Alan Morinis, etc. Judaism gave me the "framework" to put into action my theological leanings. Kosher no longer became "God told me I have to do this" but instead "the God-idea of Kaplan is about recognizing the miracle in the every day and applying Torah to my life. Therefore, I will slow down and be thoughful of what I put in my body. I will make everyday moments holy. I will apply Jewish leaning to my diet outside of Kosher itself, including eating more vegetarian options because it's not only easier to stay Kosher but it also reinforces Jewish principles" Has anyone else converted with a similar God-idea? I love Judaism and it's been so enriching for my life. There is definitely disruption when converting, especially as it relates to my kids and their sense of identity so I sometimes feel guilty for going on this journey and dragging everyone along with me, even though they love it too. Why convert to a demanding religion when you don't believe in a heaven and that living Jewishly won't mean a personified God will be happy, sad, etc? For me, it's applying my understanding of the divine to a framework that helps me contextualize my relationship to God, grow middot, raise my children in a way that emphasizes Tikkun Olam and Tzedakah, giving me language of Teshuvah (without all the guilt), and cleaving myself to the Jewish people, but is this a reason that would be accepted with the level of observance I'm comfortable committing to? upvotes · comments What's up yall! I've been learning about Judaism for about 3 years and have been studying under a Reform Rabbi for about a year (11 months!), taken adult Hebrew classes, etc. I know I'm getting closer to mikvah date and imposter syndrome is kicking in. My understanding practice of Judaism is highly influenced by modern luminaries like Kaplan & Heschel. I've also been highly influenced by thinkers such as Spinoza, going so far as to make sure I visited the Portuguese Synagogue when in Amsterdam last year... the same synagogue from which he was ex-communicated for the ideas that attract me to Judaism today. I've always been spiritual, but my understanding of the divine has matured over the years. Although I considered myself agnostic/atheist for 20 years before discovering Judaism, I remained spiritual even if I didn't have a way to express it. And let me be clear, I did not jump from tradition to tradition on an endless search. I experienced the divine through connection to nature, from feeling awe, from focusing on instilling a sense of gratitude. Then came Judaism. I read a book in 2023 called "Thinking About God: Jewish Views" by Rabbi Tuling. This book changed how I thought about religion in the context of the God-idea and I'll never forget the moment it all clicked. In Christianity, the tradition I grew up with, there is a creed, you believe in an interventionist and anthropomorphic deity driving towards a particular eschatology and with specific requirements on belief of theodicy. Rabbi Tuling showed me that Judaism didn't force that mindset. The idea of God as One seems so simple and yet is so profound. Consider Spinoza - moving the God-idea from a personal deity to the "Substance" of the universe, of which we are apart. Consider Kaplan, who believed God was an actualizing force and not a "super human". Consider Heschel who talked about being in partnership with the divine and saying “Judaism is based upon a minimum of revelation and a maximum of interpretation.” Consider the midrash of the Rabbis telling God that even though God was creating miracles to leave it in the hands of the Rabbi since we have Torah and can figure it out ourselves. Consider Martin Buber maintaining that the human encounter with God is one of pure presence, in the sense of feeling connected to the Eternal, rather than the experience of coming into contact with a physical being. Consider Sarah Hurwitz saying "And it wasn't long before I realized that, to paraphrase an old saying, the simplistic old-man-in-the-sky-who-controls-everything-God that I don't believe in is the God that Judaism doesn't believe in either.” And consider this: when Moses asks God what God's name is, God responds, "Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh," meaning "I will be what I will be," or as Rabbi Jonathan Kligler translates it, "I am becoming that which I am becoming", which he renders "Life Unfolding." God is not a being, but rather the process of being. Connecting with this kind of God is less about addressing an entity and more about simply being present with what is. This is the God-idea that drew me to Judaism. As Kaplan showed, Judaism is a civilization. In my mind, Judaism as a civilization could be a major driver for this diversity in the God-idea, especially in modern times. By not relying on creedal requirements, Jews have been Jews regardless of their "beleifs". We know Judaism is a religion of right action, not right belief. But, as a convert, is it authentic for me to inherit the theology of Judaism of Kaplan & Heschel while keeping kosher up to a threshold I feel comfortable with? To incentivize mindfulness of what I eat, not mixing meat & dairy, no pork & shellfish, but not to go the full monty and maintaining multiple sets of plates? I wake up and recite Modeh Ani. I pray Shema. I immerse myself in Jewish education. I've read over 40 books in 3 years, watch online services, engage with my community, read the Mishkan T'Filah, took adult Hebrew, celebrated Tashlich But, I am not shomer Shabbat. Since I am working with a Rabbi, we light candles, make challah, do kiddush. We do havdalah every week. I study the parsha through podcasts and AIsh, etc. I feel Jewish. I live Jewishly per Reform expectations. But is what I'm living "authentic" for someone joining the tribe? My God-idea, while not outside of the normative spectrum in Reform, also begs the question "why enter into a covenant with the God and people of Israel if you don't believe in a personal God". For me, theologically and intellectually, I found my beliefs articulated by the voices of Jewish thinkers - from the aforementioned modern thinkers, to Maimonides, and Rashi, and even active thinkers like Shai Held, Alan Lew, Alan Morinis, etc. Judaism gave me the "framework" to put into action my theological leanings. Kosher no longer became "God told me I have to do this" but instead "the God-idea of Kaplan is about recognizing the miracle in the every day and applying Torah to my life. Therefore, I will slow down and be thoughful of what I put in my body. I will make everyday moments holy. I will apply Jewish leaning to my diet outside of Kosher itself, including eating more vegetarian options because it's not only easier to stay Kosher but it also reinforces Jewish principles" Has anyone else converted with a similar God-idea? I love Judaism and it's been so enriching for my life. There is definitely disruption when converting, especially as it relates to my kids and their sense of identity so I sometimes feel guilty for going on this journey and dragging everyone along with me, even though they love it too. Why convert to a demanding religion when you don't believe in a heaven and that living Jewishly won't mean a personified God will be happy, sad, etc? For me, it's applying my understanding of the divine to a framework that helps me contextualize my relationship to God, grow middot, raise my children in a way that emphasizes Tikkun Olam and Tzedakah, giving me language of Teshuvah (without all the guilt), and cleaving myself to the Jewish people, but is this a reason that would be accepted with the level of observance I'm comfortable committing to? Born Jew Reconnecting — What Feels Meaningful to You? u/Chana5752 • Born Jew Reconnecting — What Feels Meaningful to You? Chat Hi everyone — I’m a born Jew who’s been reconnecting with my Jewish identity over the past few months, especially in my own home and practice. I don’t have a local community, so a lot of this has been self‑directed, and I’ve appreciated seeing how people here shape their Judaism in ways that feel authentic to them. 💙 What’s a moment in your Jewish life that felt especially meaningful or grounding for you? Hi everyone — I’m a born Jew who’s been reconnecting with my Jewish identity over the past few months, especially in my own home and practice. I don’t have a local community, so a lot of this has been self‑directed, and I’ve appreciated seeing how people here shape their Judaism in ways that feel authentic to them. 💙 What’s a moment in your Jewish life that felt especially meaningful or grounding for you? Women of the Wall members detained by police after protesters disrupt their Western Wall prayers u/sabata00 • Women of the Wall members detained by police after protesters disrupt their Western Wall prayers https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/women-of-the-wall-members-detained-by-police-after-protesters-disrupt-their-western-wall-prayers/ Anyone can view, post, and comment to this community r/ReformJews Rules No Bigotry No racism, homophobia, transphobia, or other demonstrations of bigotry including, of course, anti-Semitism. No bashing other Jewish movements This includes Reform. Criticism is always acceptable, just out and out bashing is not. Be respectful and give benefit of the doubt. Speak to others as you would want to be spoken to. Give benefit of positive intentions. Guidelines for discussion on Israel/Zionism Guidelines on what is and what is not acceptable in terms of Israel dialogue Acceptable: Criticism of any Israeli, Palestinian, or third country official, personality, or action. Critique of the meta-culture of any party involved in the Israel/Palestinian conflict. Unacceptable: Negation or calling for the end of the existence of either Israel as a nation or the Palestinian people. Support for attacks on Jews or others due to Israeli or Palestinian actions. Attacking each other and not ideas. About /r/ReformJews Come join us on Discord! For discussion and news regarding Judaism and Jewish life. While our name might be "ReformJews," this sub is open to discussion of all streams and facets of Judaism, though with a more heterodox flavor. Please ensure your contributions foster an accepting and friendly environment. Useful links: Weekly Torah Portion Union for Reform Judaism ReformJudaism.org World Union for Progressive Judaism Reform Responsa Index Reform Judaism's political Action Committee in the US Liberal Judaism in the UK Reform Judaism in Canada Find a Congregation NFTY - Reform Jewish Youth Movement Moderators |
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Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27–28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3–9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 – March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25–54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996–2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox – 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached – 43% saying he should also be removed from office – while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the Trump–Ukraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulos—the Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trump—than its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" – the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing – a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017–2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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