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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/רפואה#cite_ref-5] \| [TOKENS: 23513]
תוכן עניינים רפואה עיינו גם בפורטל פורטל הרפואה הוא שער לתחום הרפואה בוויקיפדיה. בפורטל ניתן למצוא קישורים לערכים רבים בנושא גוף האדם, בריאות, תחומי ענף הרפואה, מחלות ועוד. רפואה (הנקראת לעיתים גם רפואה קונבנציונלית או רפואה מקובלת), היא ענף של המדע ומקצוע, העוסק באבחון, מחקר, וטיפול במחלות, בשיפור הבריאות וברפואה מונעת. הרפואה מתבססת על הישגיהם של מדעי הטבע, החברה, והרוח ומתקדמת במקביל להם. במרוצת השנים התפתחו במקצוע התמחויות בענפים מרובים, לפי קריטריונים שונים: מבחינים בין רפואה פנימית, רפואת חירום, רפואה כירורגית, רפואת עיניים, אף אוזן וגרון וכו', ולפי התחומים החברתיים – רפואה צבאית, רפואה משפטית, רפואה תעשייתית, רפואת בית חולים וכו'. הישגיה של הרפואה המודרנית ניכרים, בפרט בגידול המשמעותי בתוחלת החיים במאה השנים האחרונות, גידול שבעיקרו נובע מהישגיה של הרפואה, כגון אנטיביוטיקה וחיסונים, אך גם משיפור התברואה (סניטציה) והתזונה. לעיתים קצרה ידה של הרפואה, ובמחלות מסוימות היא יכולה להציע טיפול סימפטומטי ומסייע למחלה, אך אינה יודעת לרפא או לסייע בהחלמה. אדם שהוא בעל הכשרה והיתר לעסוק ברפואה נקרא רופא, והוא מורשה לעסוק ברפואה כללית ולהתמחות באחת או יותר מההתמחויות הרפואיות השונות. היסטוריה ראשיתה של הרפואה עוד בתקופות פרה-היסטוריות. האדם למד מניסיונו את טיבם של הצמחים בסביבתו (אכילים, רעילים, מרפאים), טיפל בפצעים, ניסה לרפא באמצעות הקזת דם, ואפילו קדח בגולגולות. הניסיון הועבר מדור לדור, הורחב ושוכלל. מכיוון שהידע התבסס על ניסיון ואמונה ולא על שיטות מדעיות, ברפואה העממית שימשו בערבוביה יסודות רציונליים ובלתי רציונליים, מזיקים ומועילים יחדיו. בימי קדם לא ראה האדם במחלות ובמוות תהליכים טבעיים, כי אם פרי התערבות של כוחות עליונים – רוחות, אלים, ומכשפים. ה"רופאים" הראשונים היו שאמאנים וכוהני דת שחיפשו דרכים לרצות את הכוחות הללו ולכפר על עוון החולים. גם בימינו נשאר הקשר ההדוק בין הרפואה לתורת הנסתר ולדת. השימוש בתפילות, קמעות ולחשים כהגנה מפני מחלות, רווח במדינות לא מפותחות וקיים גם במדינות מפותחות. טקסטים מראשית הציוויליזציה מעידים על התקדמות הרפואה וניסיונות לשוות לה אופי רציונלי יותר, אך עדיין לא פסק האמון באמונות הטפלות ובמאגיה. הידע באנטומיה ובפיזיולוגיה היה מועט מאוד עד לעת החדשה, בעיקר בשל האיסורים בדתות השונות על ניתוחי גופות. במצרים העתיקה התבססה הרפואה על שילוב של אמונות מאגיות, תרופות וטיפולים. בעיר ממפיס, בה ישב מייסד הרפואה המצרית, אמחותפ (כ-2650 לפני הספירה), היה קיים בית ספר לרפואה, שבו היה נפוץ השימוש במשלשלים ובאמצעי הקאה "לטיהור הדם המקולקל". הטקסט שנחשב לטקסט הרפואי הקדום ביותר, פפירוס אדווין סמית' המיוחס לאמחותפ, עוסק בניתוחי חירום ומפרט לגבי פגיעות ראש, צוואר וגוף. הוא כולל ארבעים ושמונה סוגי פגיעות והטיפול המתאים להן. חלק מההליכים המתוארים נחשבים הליכים רפואיים סבירים לתקופתם. פפירוס אברס (המאה ה-16 לפנה"ס) מתאר מתכונים לשש מאות שבעים ושבע תרופות, וכן תיאורים אנטומיים ופיזיולוגיים. בכתבי היד של חמורבי בבבל (המאה ה-18 לפנה"ס) נכתב כי הסיבות למחלות הן כוכבים, שדים, תולעים השורצים בנהרות ושינויים בדם. כתבים אלה הראו הבנה בפעילויות כירורגיות בסיסיות המיטיבות עם החולה. במקרא מוזכרות מחלות רבות, אולם אין פרטים רבים על דרך ריפוין. לעומת זאת, דינים רבים העוסקים ברפואה בכללותה, מראים על תברואה שבטית ואישית מפותחת ועל ידע רפואי. בתקופת המשנה והתלמוד, הושפעה הרפואה מתרבויות הסביבה. טובת החולה דחתה קיומן של מספר מצוות, הרופא היה מנתח ורוקח ואילו הקזת הדם נעשתה על ידי "אומן". בהודו העתיקה הושגה התקדמות בכירורגיה ובניתוחים פלסטיים. המכשור היה עדין ויעיל, התפתחה מודעות גבוהה לתברואה האישית (טיפול בעור, התעמלות, תזונה נכונה, רחצה וניקיון). עיקר הריפוי היה בצמחים וכן בתרופות מינרליות ומן החי. את המחלות אבחנו על סמך חום הגוף, הנשימה והפרשות הגוף. ראשית הרפואה בסין עוד באלף ה-4 לפני הספירה. את המחלות אבחנו על פי הלשון ועל ידי מישוש הדופק, הסינים הכירו 10 נקודות בהן אפשר לחוש אותו. הם תיארו במדויק מחלות כטיפוס, כולרה וקדחת הבהרות. בסין הורכב גם ככל הנראה החיסון כנגד אבעבועות שחורות שנים רבות לפני שעשה זאת אדוארד ג'נר, שלו מיוחס תרכיב החיסון הראשון בעולם. יש סברה לפיה הסינים היו אבות הריפוי במים. עיקר הטיפול היה בצמחים הידועים היום במערב ומהווים חלק מהרפואה המודרנית. שיטת ריפוי סינית עתיקה היא הדיקור במחטים. מולדת הרפואה המדעית היא יוון העתיקה, שהושפעה מהישגי הרפואה בבבל ובמצרים. האנטומיה והכירורגיה היו בדרגה גבוהה, כבר בתקופה ההומרית. לאל הרפואה אסקלפיוס נבנו היכלים רבים, שהיו כעין מרכזי בריאות ושירתו בהם כוהני האל. כבר במאה ה-5 לפנה"ס עסקו במקצוע רופאים חילוניים, בהם פילוסופים נודעים. כ"אבי הרפואה" נחשב היפוקרטס (460–357 לפנה"ס) שהשתית את עבודתו על תצפיות וניסויים, על חיזוי מהלך המחלה ותוצאותיה. הוא הניח כי קיימות בגוף ארבע ליחות (דם, ריר, מרה צהובה, מרה שחורה). הוא קבע שהמחלה היא תופעה טבעית, וסימניה מראים את תגובת הגוף נגדה, והיא מושפעת מתנאי האקלים, טיב המים, וגורמים סביבתיים אחרים. הוא הניח את היסודות לאתיקה הרפואית, הקרויה היום "שבועת היפוקרטס": שמירת סודותיו של החולה, הגשת עזרה רפואית לכל חולה וכו'. כתבים שיוחסו לו שימשו ספרי לימוד עד המאה ה-19. אריסטו נחשב לאבי הביולוגיה. הוא הניח יסודות לאנטומיה השוואתית ולאמבריולוגיה (תורת התפתחות העובר). בתקופה ההלניסטית נוסד בית ספר לרפואה באלכסנדריה שבמצרים בו נחקרו לעומק האנטומיה והפיזיולוגיה באמצעות ניתוח גופות של פושעים. הרפואה ברומא העתיקה, כמו שאר תחומי המדע, הושפעה מיוון. אסקלפיאדס היווני (המאה ה-1 לפנה"ס) הבחין בין מחלות חדות וכרוניות, הכניס את שיטת חיתוך הקנה (כיום קוניוטומיה), השתמש בעיסויים, הכיר מחלות נפש והמליץ על ריפוי בעיסוק לטיפולן. היווני קלאודיוס גלנוס (129–200), גדול חכמי הרפואה באימפריה הרומית, היה הראשון שפנה לניסויים פיזיולוגיים, קבע כי בעורקים זורם דם (לא אוויר כדעת קודמיו) מבלי שהכיר את מחזוריות הדם, חקר את מערכת העצבים המרכזית (ערך ניסויים בקופים חיים ובשאר יונקים). חיבוריו המדעיים הרבים היוו את ספרות הרפואה בימי הביניים, אולם בשל ריבוי דעות מוטעות, עוכבה התפתחות הרפואה במשך תקופה ממושכת. רופאים יוונים השתמשו באורוסקופיה לגילוי מחלות. עם התפוררות הקיסרות הרומית, שקע גם המדע היווני-הלניסטי ונשכחו רבים מהישגי הרפואה. אחד מגורמי הנסיגה הייתה עלייתה של הנצרות, שראתה במחלות עונש על חטאים ובתפילות אמצעי ריפוי. הספרות הרפואית הייתה דתית-מקראית, כזאת שלא פגעה בעליונות הכנסייה (שלא ככתבי קלאודיוס גלנוס). התקדמות הרפואה הייתה בארצות החליפות המוסלמית, קודמה על ידי ערבים ויהודים, מהם פילוסופים נודעים. כתבי גאלנוס והיפוקרטס תורגמו לערבית ועברית, ואף חוברו ספרי רפואה מקוריים. נוסדו בתי ספר לרפואה בקורדובה ובטולדו המוסלמיות. אל-ראזי מבגדאד (865–923) תרם לאבחנה מבדלת בין אבעבועות לחצבת. אבן סינא (980–1037) חיבר את "קאנון" שריכז את כל הידע הרפואי, והיה לספר החשוב ביותר בימי הביניים. הרפואה הערבית תרמה בשטח הכימיה ופיתוח התרופות המוכרות עד היום. גדולי הרופאים היהודיים היו אסף הרופא (המאה ה-6~), שבתי דונולו (913–982 באיטליה), יצחק יזרעאלי מקַירוּוַאן, יצחק בן שלמה הישראלי (המאה ה-10 במצרים), והרמב"ם (המאה ה-12) אשר היה מסוללי הדרך לרפואה המונעת. הרמב"ם היה כנראה מראשוני המבקרים השיטתיים של גאלינוס (לפחות מחצית המאה לפני רוג'ר בייקון). בסוף פרקי משה ברפואה הוא מעודד את הקורא-המתלמד לבקר את דבריו על סמך ההיגיון והניסיון האישי. הרופאים היהודיים קנו לעצמם מוניטין רב, רבים היו בחצרות המלוכה ומקורבים לאצילות, אך בשל דתם לא הורשו ללמד באוניברסיטאות. עם התפוררות החליפות המוסלמית, עלה חזרה לגדולה המערב. בית הספר הראשון לרפואה באירופה, קם בסאלרנו איטליה במאה ה-9, לימדו בו מורים מהמזרח ובהמשך הוקמו אחרים ברחבי איטליה שהייתה למרכז רפואה. עם תחילת המדע האמפירי במאה ה-13, המבוסס על ניסויים ותצפיות, החלו לזנוח את התאוריות הישנות של גאלנוס ואבן סינא. במאה ה-14 גברה ההתעניינות באנטומיה ובפיזיולוגיה, ומדעים אלו פותחו בתקופת הרנסאנס. הסטטוס החברתי של הרופא היה נמוך בימי הביניים, עובדה זו בלמה את התפתחות הרפואה. כדי שלא ייחשב עובד כפיים, הייתה מלאכת הניתוח בידי גלב (שהודרך על ידי רופא). הגלב עסק בהקזת דם, העמדת כוסות רוח וטיפול בעלוקות (שהיו מוכרות כטיפול יעיל עד לסוף המאה ה-19). רק החל מהמאה ה-15, עם עליית רמת הלימודים בבתי הספר לרפואה, החל ביקוש מחדש למקצוע, עלתה יוקרתו ושכרו והוכר כמקצוע חופשי. עם ההתעניינות המתחדשת באנטומיה ובפיזיולוגיה, תם עידן ימי הביניים והחלה תקופת הרנסאנס. ב-1543 חיבר וסאליוס את ספר האנטומיה, ששלל את כל תורתו של גאלנוס והצטייר כמדויק ואמין יותר. לאונרדו דה וינצ'י עסק, בין השאר, בנתיחת מתים והעשיר את ידיעותינו אודות גוף האדם. פאראצלסוס, 1493–1541, ביטל את תורת ליחות הגוף, חקר את חילוף החומרים, התאים את התרופות הידועות אל המחלות כדי לייעל את השפעתן, והחדיר את השימוש בתכשירים כימיים. אנשים אלו נחשבים כאבות הרפואה המודרנית. פארא בצרפת שחי במאה ה-16 נחשב לאבי הכירורגיה המודרנית. מיכאל סרווטוס, ספרדי שהתגורר בצרפת גילה במאה ה-16 את מחזור הדם הקטן (או גם מחזור הדם הריאתי). במאה ה-17 החלה הרפואה להתקדם, בהישענה על המדעים האחרים: התקדמות נוספת באה בשטחי הכירורגיה, המיילדות והפתולוגיה. המסכת (סטטוסקופ) ומכשיר הרפלקסים נעשו למרכיב מרכזי בבדיקה הקלינית. הוכרה חשיבות מדידת החום אצל כלל החולים. האנטומיה הפתולוגית ונתיחת הגופות, נעשו לשיעורי חובה בלימודי הרפואה. חקר מערכת העצבים התפתח ונעשה למדע בתוך הרפואה. אדוארד ג'נר האנגלי, הרכיב ב-1796 את החיסון לאבעבועות שחורות, והניח יסוד לרפואת המניעה המודרנית. תרמו לכך החוקים הסניטריים המחמירים באנגליה, במחנות צבאיים ובעתות מלחמה. בתחילת המאה ה-19 כבר הכירו הרופאים את גוף האדם לפרטיו, ולובנו ביסודיות התהליכים הפיזיולוגיים. החל חקר התא על ידי רודולף וירכו והופרכה תיאורית ליחות הגוף. אופקים נרחבים העלה הניסוי, שבמהלכו דקר קלוד ברנאר בקרקעית החדר הרביעי של המוח ובכך הביא להפרשת סוכר בשתן. ברנאר הבליט בניסויו הרבים את השוני בין בלוטות הפרשה חיצונית לבלוטות הפרשה פנימית, והוא נחשב לאבי האנדוקרינולוגיה. המצאת כלים לבדיקת פנים העין והאוזן, העידו על עידון הבדיקות של איברי הגוף, ועל אפשרויות דיאגנוסטיות נוספות, כולל הבנת מוח האדם. תאוריית החיידקים כגורמי מחלות שפותחה בעיקר בעקבות תגליות במחצית השנייה של המאה ה-19 הובילה להתקדמות עצומה בתחום הרפואה, החקלאות, והביולוגיה והובילה להפחתה ניכרת בתמותת תינוקות וילדים, ירידה בתחלואה של בני אדם ובעלי חיים מתורבתים ולהארכת תוחלת החיים של כלל האנושות. התאוריה גילתה שמספר רב של מחלות קטלניות בקרב בעלי חיים (לרבות בני אדם) וצמחים, וכן זיהום פצעים נגרמים על ידי מחוללים זעירים ביותר – החיידקים. בהמשך נמצאו מחוללי מחלות זעירים נוספים כמו וירוסים, וכן תוארו מחלות זיהומיות עקב פטריות ומיקרו-אורגניזמים אחרים. ב-1862 לואי פסטר שם קץ לדעה שהחיים נוצרים מעצמם. הוא יצר חיסונים כנגד כלבת, גחלת, וכולרה, והמליץ על שיטת חימום החלב כדי לשמרו מחיידקים – פיסטור. מכון פסטר שהוקם ב-1888 קידם את ענף המיקרוביולוגיה ואת ההכרה בחיידקים כגורמי מחלה. המנתח האנגלי ג'וזף ליסטר, קרא את עבודותיו של פסטר, ובעקבות זאת, הכניס לכירורגיה שיטות חיטוי של פצעים, מכשירי ניתוח, ידיים ובגדים באמצעות פנול (שמה המוקדם חומצה קרבולית), ומאוחר יותר הכניס את השימוש בכפפות ובמסכות. כך תרם להפחתת הזיהום אצל חולים והפחית את מקרי התמותה של הנשים ההרות לאחר לידות ולכן הוא נחשב אבי הניתוח המודרני. רוברט קוך שהיה רופא כפרי גרמני, חקר את חיידקי הגחלת (האנתרקס). הוא הצליח לגדל חיידקים בתרבית וגרם לעכברים להיות חולים בגחלת על ידי הזרקה של החיידקים לעכברים. עבודתו הקפדנית של קוך סיפקה בסיס ניסויי לזיהוי מחלות זיהומיות, שכולל ביצוע ניסויים בבעלי חיים ובבני אדם. המחקר שלו הוביל לזיהוי "העיקרים של קוך" – ארבעה קריטריונים שנועדו לקבוע קשר סיבתי בין גורם מיקרוביאלי למחלה כלשהי. קוך גילה בהמשך את מתג השחפת, ותלמידו פרידריך לפלר גילה את מתג הדיפטרייה. עד מהרה גם זוהו פרזיטים מסוימים כמחוללי מחלות – מלריה, וקדחת צהובה. במחלות אלה, כמו גם במחלת השינה, התברר לחוקרים כי מחלות זיהומיות עלולות להדביק אנשים באמצעות עקיצת חרקים. בעקבות תגליות אלו החלו לייחס ערך תחלואי לרעלנים שמקורם בחיידקים, וערך הגנתי לנוגדנים בדם. איליה מצ'ניקוב הוכיח את תפקידן של כדוריות הדם הלבנות במערכת ההגנה של הגוף. פותחו חיסונים לטטנוס, דבר, דיזנטריה ועוד. נחקרו מחלות רבות כעגבת וקדחת הבהרות. בתחומי רפואה אחרים הועמק הידע לגבי בעיות אנדוקריניות, הרדמה, מחלות כליות ולב ועוד. ב-1846 הדגים תומאס מורטון הרדמה כללית באתר ושנה מאוחר יותר הוכנס לשימוש הכלורופורם, אשר פתח אפשרויות חדשות בתחום הכירורגיה. בשלהי המאה ה-19 המשיכו התגליות המסעירות ששינו את עולם הרפואה. בשנת 1895 גילה וילהלם רנטגן את קרני ה-X (קרני רנטגן). ב-1898 גילו פייר ומארי קירי את קרני הרדיום. בתחום מחלות הנפש הונח יסוד לתורת הפסיכואנליזה של זיגמונד פרויד. בנוסף, חלה התקדמות בתחומי הכימותרפיה, אימונולוגיה, ומדע התזונה, שפותחו ושוכללו במאה ה-20. המהפכה המיקרוביולוגית וגילוי המנגוניים הביולוגיים של מחלות רבות בתחומי הרפואה האנושית, רפואה של בעלי חיים (וטרינריה) ומניעת מחלות בקרב צמחים המשיכו במהלך המאה ה-20. בסוף המאה ה-19 ובתחילת המאה ה-20 התגלה כי חלק מהמחלות כמו מחלת השינה, מלריה וקדחת צהובה, שהעברתן נחשבה מסתורית וחסרת דפוס ברור, מועברות על ידי עקיצות של חרקים כמו יתושים וזבובים שמעבירים גורמים זיהומיים כמו וירוסים או חיידקים. לאחר גילוי תורת החיידקים בשנת 1876, מקצוע הרפואה השתנה במהירות ובאופן יסודי. לדוגמה, בין השנים 1900 ל-1910 איגוד הרפואה האמריקאי גדל מ-8,400 חברים ל-70,000 חברים. צמיחה זו ייצגה את המעבר מפרקטיקות רפואיות מקומיות עם יעילות מפוקפקות, למקצוע מאורגן לאומי הפועל כשומר סף מוסדי לפרקטיקות מבוססות מדע. ב-1928 הבחין הרופא וביוכימאי אלכסנדר פלמינג, כי זיהום פטרייתי פגע במושבות חיידקים. הוא גילה שחומר פעיל מסוים שמייצרת הפטרייה הוא הגורם להרג החיידקים וקרא לחומר פניצילין. פלמינג פרסם את ממצאיו בשנת 1929, אך הם לא עוררו עניין בקרב הציבור ובקרב עמיתיו המדענים. פלמינג עבד לבדו וחסר את הציוד הדרוש לביצוע מחקרים בסדר הגודל הנדרש. עשר שנים לאחר גילוי הפניצילין על ידי פלמינג החל הווארד פלורי להתעניין בנושא המחקר האנטיביוטי, ובמהלך חיפושיו אחר מאמרים בנושא נתקל בזה של פלמינג והתעניינותו בנושא התעוררה. פלורי החל לחקור את הפנצילין יחד עם ארנסט בוריס צ'יין ועבד במעבדה מצוידת וממומנת היטב. צ'יין ופלורי החלו לנסות את האנטיביוטיקה על יצורים חיים והזריקו את הפניצילין הטהור לגופן של חיות מעבדה. הניסויים הוכתרו בהצלחה ולחיות לא נגרם שום נזק. פלורי וצ'יין הוכיחו כי לפניצילין אכן יש פוטנציאל כתרופה אנטיביוטית. עם זאת הפקת האנטיביוטיקה נותרה יקרה מאד. הפניצילין נכנס לשימוש בשנת 1942. עם התקדמות מלחמת העולם השנייה באירופה, הפך הפניצילין למוצר יקר ערך עד מאוד, ואומרים כי היה שווה פי כמה ממשקלו בזהב, הוא גם נחשב סוד צבאי של בעלות הברית. מאוחר יותר פותחו שיטות להפקת כמות גדולה בהרבה של אנטיביוטיקה ופותחו סוגי אנטיביוטיקה נוספים. ההתמחות המקצועית והפיצול לתחומי התמחות צרים הולך וגדל; הדבר נובע מריבוי הרופאים וכן מהצטברות במשך השנים של כמות רבה של ידע בכל אחד מתחומי הרפואה, דבר המאפשר התמקדות טובה יותר. הטיפול ניתן כיום במרפאות, בבתי חולים, בקליניקות פרטיות ולעיתים אף בבית החולה. הרופא אינו עובד לבדו, כלי עזר רבים עומדים לרשותו: מכוני מחקר, מכוני רנטגן, מעבדות וטכנאים. לאור ההתפתחות המהירה של מדעי הרפואה חשוב מאוד עדכון מתמיד של העוסקים בתחום בהתפתחויות האחרונות. בהקשר לכך חלק מהשתלמויות מאורגנות על ידי גופים מסחריים כגון יצרני התרופות. בארצות הברית שמים דגש מיוחד על השתלמויות במסגרת שלא תלויה בגופים מסחריים – פירוט אקדמי. המאה ה-21 הביאה בכנפיה סדרת מהפכות נוספות שמשנות לאיטן את פני הרפואה המודרנית כיום: התפתחות הביוטכנולוגיה, מחקר בתאי גזע, מחקרים פורצי דרך בתחום הגנטיקה והתקדמות מהירה בתחום הננוטכנולוגיה מאפשרות כיום טיפול רפואי למחלות שנחשבו בעבר חסרות מרפא או ניתנות לריפוי אך בקושי. מאידך הרפואה בתחילת האלף החדש נאלצת להתמודד עם אתגרים חדשים שלא היו בעבר: האיידס, שכיחות גבוהה של סרטן בקרב האוכלוסייה ועוד. לימודי רפואה בעולם בכלל, לימודי רפואה אורכים בדרך כלל 6–7 שנים, כאשר שנה עד שנתיים מהן מוקדשות להשלמת ידע בסיסי ומגוון המבסס את הלימודים עצמם (כלומר, רכישת ידע המבסס את העיסוק ברפואה כמו ידע בסיסי בפיזיקה, וכן, ידע בכימיה, ביולוגיה, פרמקולוגיה, פסיכולוגיה, ביוטכנולוגיה, תזונה, היסטוריה של הרפואה, סוציולוגיה, פילוסופיה, מקצועות פרא-רפואיים, ועוד), זאת כאשר דגש מושם על תחום הכימיה (אשר הידע הנרכש בהקשרה ישמש אחר כך מצע ללמידה מעמיקה של סוגיות פרמקולוגיות). דגש רב מושם גם על ביולוגיה וביוכימיה, שכן הרפואה, הן זו המיועדת לבני אדם והן זו המיועדת לבעלי חיים אחרים (וטרינריה), היא למעשה, לפחות ברמה הטכנית, בעיקר יישום של ידע ביולוגי וביוכימי לפתירת בעיות הנוגעות למבנה הגוף ותפקודו, הנדרש לשירות רפואי מיטבי. לאחר שהסטודנט רוכש ידע מדעי, הומני, ופרא-רפואי בסיסי כפי שתואר, או לחלופין, אחרי שהראה בקיאות מספקת בו, הוא מתחיל ללמוד יותר סוגיות הנוגעות למקצוע הרפואה עצמו. תחילה מושם דגש על עקרונות אנטומיים ואנטומיה של גוף האדם או בעלי חיים נפוצים (בלימודי וטרינריה), ובהדרגה מסתעף מסלולו ללימוד על הפיזיולוגיה והפתופיזיולוגיה, רדיולוגיה ודיאגנוסטיקה של פתולוגיות שונות. במדינות מסוימות מסלול הלמידה הוא כתואר אחד, שאורכו כשש או שבע שנים; זהו המסלול המקובל בישראל וברוב העולם. באחרות, התואר מפוצל למספר תארים הנלמדים במוסדות שונים; זה המסלול המקובל בארצות הברית. במסלול כזה הלימודים בבית הספר לרפואה אורכים כארבע שנים ומוצעים בדרך כלל לבעלי תואר ראשון, בתחום קרוב כגון ביולוגיה, ביוכימיה, כימיה, רוקחות, או מדעי המוח ופסיכולוגיה. בישראל פועלים שישה בתי ספר לרפואה: באוניברסיטת בן-גוריון, באוניברסיטה העברית, באוניברסיטת תל אביב, בטכניון, באוניברסיטת בר-אילן (הפקולטה לרפואה בגליל) ואוניברסיטת אריאל. לאחרונה אישרה המועצה להשכלה גבוהה את תוכנית לימודי הרפואה לבעלי תואר ראשון באוניברסיטת רייכמן "המועצה להשכלה גבוהה אישרה פתיחת תכנית ברפואה באוניברסיטת רייכמן". המועצ. 2024-11-12.. מחצית מהפקולטות בישראל הם בתוכניות אחודות (שש-שנתיות) והמחצית השנייה היא לתואר M.D ארבע-שנתי לאחר תואר ראשון, בפקולטה לרפואה בצפת של אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, באוניברסיטת תל אביב, באוניברסיטת רייכמן וכן באוניברסיטת אריאל. מספר המקומות המוגבל בבתי הספר הקיימים וביקוש גדול למקומות אלו גרר שתי תופעות הקשורות זו בזו. מצד אחד, תנאי הקבלה לבתי הספר הללו קשים מאוד, ובמשך שנים רבות רף הקבלה ללימודי רפואה הוא הגבוה מבין כל תחומי הלימוד. מצד שני, היות תנאי הקבלה ללימודי תואר דוקטור לרפואה בישראל נחשבים לתובעניים ביותר, הרי שישראלים רבים נאלצים לצאת ללמוד רפואה מחוץ לישראל, שם תנאי הקבלה מחמירים פחות, ואף מסלולי הלימוד קצרים יותר. יעדים נפוצים למטרה זו הם הונגריה, אוקראינה, ואיטליה. אי לכך, חלק ניכר מהרופאים בישראל הם בוגרי מוסדות זרים. נושא זה מעסיק רבות את הכנסת ומשרד הבריאות[דרוש מקור] מכיוון שישנן טענות שרמתם של הרופאים מחו"ל נמוכה או שאינה מפוקחת על ידי משרד הבריאות. העיסוק ברפואה בישראל היתר לעיסוק ברפואה בישראל ניתן רק למי שרכש תואר דוקטור ברפואה קונבנציונלית ממוסד אקדמי מוכר בארץ או מחוץ לה, ועמד בבחינות סיום הנערכות בארץ. העיסוק ברפואה בישראל מוגדר בפקודת הרופאים (נוסח חדש), התשל"ז–1976 כ"בדיקת חולים ופצועים, אבחונם, ריפויים, מתן מרשם להם, פיקוח על נשים בזיקה להיריון וללידה, או שירותים אחרים הניתנים בדרך כלל מידי רופא; לרבות ריפוי באקופונקטורה". רשאים לעסוק ברפואה רופאים מורשים בלבד. יוצאים מהכלל הם רוקחים מורשים, מיילדים מורשים ורופאי שיניים מורשים לפי הפקודות החלות עליהם או מטפלים ומייעצים באקראי וללא שכר או גמול וכן העובדים תחת פיקוחו הישיר של רופא מורשה. בסוף 2014 היו בישראל 34,231 רופאים רשומים, שהם 342 לכל 100,000 נפש. מספר מסיימי לימודי הרפואה בישראל עלה בהדרגה מכ-250 ב-1990 לכ-400 ב-2012. מאז 2005 ניתנים מדי שנה כ-120 רישיונות לעולים. הרופאים המתמחים בישראל מתלוננים על תנאי עבודה ושכר ירודים, ובשנת 2011 נקטו צעדי מחאה חריפים, תוך עימות לא רק עם המעסיקים, אלא גם עם ההסתדרות הרפואית בישראל. במערכת הבריאות בישראל שיעורן של הנשים מבין העובדים הוא גבוה, כולל בקרב הרופאים, אבל ייצוגן בשורות המנהלים הוא נמוך בהרבה. במחקר שערך מכון ברוקדייל בשנת 2019 עלה שהאתגר העיקרי בנתיב ההתקדמות המקצועית היה ניהול הקונפליקט בית-עבודה. אתגרים נוספים שעלו היו מחסור בחניכה (מנטורינג), תרבות גברית במקומות העבודה, משכורות נמוכות משל גברים בתפקידים מקבילים וקושי לשלב פעילות אקדמית בעבודה. תחומי דעת רפואיים חמשת התחומים העיקריים ברפואה (ואשר בעיקר נלמדים בבתי הספר) הם רפואה פנימית, כירורגיה, גינקולוגיה (רפואת נשים, מיילדות ופריון) פדיאטריה (רפואת ילדים) ופסיכיאטריה. על פי רוב, ניתן לחלק את ההתמחויות ברפואה ל-3, כמפורט בטבלה הבאה [דרוש מקור]: רפואה פנימית: תחום העוסק במניעה, אבחון ובטיפול תרופתי או חיסוני במחלות מבוגרים שלא דורשת התערבות ניתוחית. רפואה כירורגית: תחום ברפואה העוסק בריפוי מחלות, פציעות ומצבים רפואיים אחרים באמצעות ניתוח פולשני של גוף החולה. ניתוחים המשתייכים לתחום זה הם: ניתוחי כבד, כיס מרה דרכי המרה, ניתוחי מח, עצבים ועמוד השדרה. בתחום הכירורגיה נעשה גם שימוש באמצעי תרומת איברים מלבד איברים תותבים, במטרה להחליף איברים או רקמות שהגיעו לאי-ספיקה סופנית. כיום כחלק מתחום ההנדסה הגנטית קיים גם אפשרות אפשרות לגידול איברים במעבדה ויצירת איברים להשתלה בהדפסה תלת-ממדית. גינקולוגיה: תחום ברפואת הנשים הכולל פעולות כמו טיפול במחלות מין, אי-פוריות נשית, בדיקות רפואיות הקשורות להיריון נשי ולידה, לרבות ניתוח קיסרי, אי יכולת האם להניק וטיפולי פוריות. רפואת ילדים: טיפול בילדים (עד גיל 18) ובפגים, לרבות מומים מולדים, אימונולוגיה ואונקולוגיה. רפואת הנפש: טיפולים הקשורים בתחום הנפש לרבות הפסיכולוגיה והפסיכיאטריה. רפואה אסתטית: אנטי-אֶייג'ינג (Anti-Aging) הוא תחום ברפואה העוסק בחקר ההאטה של תהליכי הזדקנות מערכות החיים של האדם. הזדקנות מואצת פוגעת באיכות החיים והכושר הגופני ומקצרת את תוחלת החיים. תהליך מורכב זה של עיכוב השינויים בעור[דרושה הבהרה] ושיפור מראהו ובריאותו הוא תהליך ממושך ויש צורך להתמיד בביצוע טיפולים משמרים [דרושה הבהרה] טיפולי אנטי-אייגינג בהזרקות: מדובר בהזרקות מילוי, שמטרתן למלא קמטים, שקעים, חללים וצלקות, או בהזרקת להחלקת קמטי הבעה, שמשיג השטחה של הקמטים בכך שהוא גורם להרפיית השרירים, הרי שהתוצאה היא עור חלק יותר ומראה צעיר בהרבה [דרושה הבהרה] טיפולי בוטוקס: בקליניקות לרפואה אסתטית מטפלים במגוון הטכנולוגיות החדשניות, שמטרתן עיכוב ההזדקנות והשינויים החלים בגוף עם התקדמות הגיל.[דרושה הבהרה] נוירולוגיה: תחום העוסק בניתוח ההיבטים השונים של מערכת העצבים, והמערכת המוטורית הקשורים למוח (נוירולוגיה), בסיוע היבטים מתחום האנדוקרינולוגיה, מדע הקוגניציה, ומדע המוח תוך התמקדות במציאת פתרונות למחלות ופתולוגיה שמקורן במערכת העצבים, בהתמקדות בתחום הפסיכיאטריה ומחלות נפש. לעיתים גם דרך בחינת רמת הפרשת ההורמונים האופטימלית לצורך הגעה לאפטימציה מסוימת בתחום מסוים, בין אם בתחום הקשב (כמו בשימוש בריטלין), מוטוריקה, ראייה ועוד. רפואת שיניים: תחום העוסק בשיניים והחניכיים, תיקון חורים, השלמת שיניים, שתל דנטלי, שיניים תותבות ויישור שיניים. לרבות שימוש במברשת שיניים ומשחת שיניים, ושטיפת פה. מעבדנות רפואית: תחום העוסק בהיבטי הבדיקות הרפואיות הדרושות לקבלת החלטת הרופא ביחס לחולה ומצב בריאותו, בהתייחס לאבחון, טיפול, מניעת מחלות ויצירת חיסונים ותרופות על-פי המדדים לבדיקות אבחון. לקיחת המדדים מתבצעים במעבדה רפואית, ומנותחים על ידי לבורנט כשהתוצאות נשלחות לרופא המשפחה. כיום נעשים מהלכים לקידום רפואה פרטית במסגרת שירותי הבריאות הכללים, שתתאים לכל חולה באופן אישי, ובתוך כך תכלול היבטים מתחום רפואה ראשונית, שניונית, שלישונית ורביעונית, רפואה מבוססת ראיות, רפואה מגדרית, תוך שקלול והתחשבות בכלל רשומות הרפואית האישיות של החולה המטופל. תחום הרדיולוגיה עוסק בשימוש באמצעי דימות רפואי לצורך ביצוע אבחנה. הביולוגיה הסינתטית נועד לקדם בינוי מכשור מתאים בתחום ההנדסה הביו-רפואית, כמו בניית מכשור מתאים לביצוע בדיקות שונות ובהם: בדיקת אולטרה סאונד רפואית, MRI ו־CT. העוסקים בתחום הם מעבדנים רפואיים. רפואה משפטית: תחום העוסק ברפואה לצורך זיהוי והבהרה בתחום המשפט הפלילי או המשפט האזרחי. רוב העוסקים בתחום זה מתמחים בתחום הפתולוגיה. כשעיקר תרומת רופאים אלו בפענוח תיקים פתוחים או מקרי מוות מגיע בביצוע נתיחה שלאחר המוות, או ניתוח פסיכולוגי וקרימינולוגי של המואשם. רפואת חירום: תחום הכולל פעולות רפואיות דחופות, לרוב במטרה למנוע פגיעה קשה בנפש, לרבות מוות. רפואת חירום כוללת פעולות עזרה ראשונה כהנשמה, הנשמה מלאכותית מכנית והחייאה. החולים מגיעים לרוב לחדר מיון בשל מקרי חירום שונים, לרבות כשלים במערכת החיסון וזיהומים מסכני חיים. תעשיית התרופות: ענף בתחום הרפואה העוסק בפיתוח והפקת תרופות תוך חקר אימונולוגי, אנדוקרינולוגי, פרמקוגנטי וביוטכנולוגי כחלק מחקר התרופות והשלבים השונים שעל חברה המבקשת להנפיק תרופה חדשה לעבור טרם קבלת אישור ממשרד הבריאות או ה־FDA על-פי מסלולי האישור השונים (כדוגמת מסלול תרופה יתומה), כמו גם השיקולים של אותם הגופים האם להכליל תרופה זו בסל הבריאות. כחלק משלב ייצור, ניסוי ואישור התרופה על התרופה לעבור מספר תהליכים, כשהקריטיים שבהם הם: שלב הניסוי הקליני לבדיקת אפקטיביות ויעילות התרופה, שימוש בקבוצות בקרה, מדגם לרבות פלצבו, והוכחת תוקף לתרופה (פרמקולוגיה). כשבין כל ניסוי לניסוי נדרשת הפסקה של בין מספר חודשים לשנים. לעיתים נעשה גם שימוש בניסויים בבעלי חיים. אם אכן כך היה, המוצר יסומן ככזה, ויתנוסס עליו סמליל בצורת ארנב. תעשיית התרופות עושה שימוש בשקלולים שונים מתחומים שונים במטרה לבדוק השפעה פיזיולוגית סביבתית הנוגעת למחלה הנבחנת, תוך בקשה להגיע לאופטימיזציה תרופתית בייצור תרופה. זאת תוך חקר תופעות פיזיקליות ופיזיולוגיות ביצורים חיים וצמחים (אתנוביולוגיה) לצורך בדיקת השפעת הסביבה, ובעיקר אקלים, רמת קרינת שמש, כח הכבידה ומערכת השמש, פוריות הקרקע בהתפתחותם ומבנם, כגורם למחלות או שימור רמה בריאותית. ואפשרות קיומם, נביטתם ונדידתם של אורגניזמים שונים, באזורים שונים בעולם תוך שימוש בכלים שונים מתחום הביומטריה. תוך הסתייעות במחקר מתחומים שונים ובהם: מטאורולוגיה, ביולוגיה קוונטית, גאופיזיקה, אוקיינוגרפיה, ביואינפורמטיקה, ביופיזיקה, מדעי הרפואה, ביולוגיה מערכתית, פיטוגאוגרפיה, ביוגאוגרפיה, גאולוגיה, אבולוציה, אקולוגיה, קוסמולוגיה. תעשיית התרופות עוסקת במבנה ובתפקוד של מיקרואורגניזמים ונגיפים מחוללי מחלות זיהומיות העלולים לגרום לזיהום (אפידמיולוגיה), ומכאן מבקשות למצוא לתופעה תרופה אפקטיבית, בין אם כימית או ביולוגית. בין אם מדובר במחלות ממאירות הנוצרות בתהליך השכפול העצמי וההתמרה הקיים בתהליך הרבייה התאית (תוך שימוש בכלים מתחום הגנומיקה) ולגרום לגורם מסוים להפוך לנשא מחלה מסוימת, כמו איידס. או מחלות הנוצרות על ידי פלישת חיידק זר, במקרה זה התרופה תהיה לרוב חיסון. קיימים סוגים שונים של תרופות כמו קדם-תרופה. בנוסף להפקת תרופות חברות התרופות לרוב פונות גם לייצור חומרי הדברת מזיקים והתפלת מים, בין עם תוך שימוש בכימיקלים או אורגניזמים מהונדסים גנטית למטרה זו. סוגיות ברפואה ראו גם לקריאה נוספת קישורים חיצוניים כתבי עת רפואיים באנגלית: לימודי רפואה בחו"ל (אירופה): הערות שוליים
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/react-three-drei] \| [TOKENS: 135]
Communities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives Stack Overflow for Teams is now called Stack Internal. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Learn more Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Stack Internal Knowledge at work Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Subscribe to RSS To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Site design / logo © 2026 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA . rev 2026.2.19.39917
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo] \| [TOKENS: 1295]
Contents Talking Points Memo Talking Points Memo (TPM) is a liberal political news and commentary website that started as a blog created and run by Josh Marshall. It debuted on November 12, 2000. The name is a tongue-in-cheek reference to a "talking points memo" that was often discussed during the Clinton-era Monica Lewinsky scandal. TPM became one of the first online-only political news websites to launch a membership program in 2012. In 2020, the site had 35,000 members. Early years TPM was founded as a political blog in 2000 by Marshall, who until 2004 was the site's sole employee. In 2005, he incorporated TPM Media LLC, and the company began to grow. In the mid-2000s, the company launched a series of projects under the TPM umbrella. A spin-off blog, TPMCafe, debuted on May 31, 2005. This site featured a collection of blogs about a wide range of domestic and foreign policy issues written by academics, journalists, and former public officials, among others. Guest bloggers included politicians, such as then-senators Sherrod Brown, Bernie Sanders and John Kerry and at-the-time future senator Elizabeth Warren; journalists, including Ezra Klein, Dahlia Lithwick, Paul Krugman, George Packer, Ed Kilgore, Glenn Greenwald, Jonathan Chait, Peter Beinart, Emily Bazelon, Matthew Yglesias, and Michael Crowley; activist Aaron Swartz; policy experts, including Robert Reich and Dean Baker; and novelists Anne Lamott and Jonathan Franzen. TPMCafe has been described as a "social gathering place for readers to share news and opinion," and a precursor to social media. TPMmuckracker expanded on Marshall’s work, with journalists working for the TPM collective, such as Paul Kiel and Justin Rood, investigating political corruption. TPMDC, founded in January 2007, was staffed by Washington-based journalists and covered politics from the capital. TPM Media also acquired from The American Prospect "The Horse's Mouth," a blog by Greg Sargent about how major news outlets covered Washington politics. Beginning in the summer of 2006, many weekend postings were provided by anonymous blogger DK. On November 11, 2006, DK was revealed to be attorney David Kurtz, who went on to serve as an editor for the site. By 2007, TPM received an average of 400,000 page views every weekday. Coverage During George W. Bush’s presidency, TPM closely covered the administration’s effort to privatize Social Security. The site also distinguished itself in 2006 for breaking a series of stories related to the U.S. Attorneys scandal. In 2007, TPM won a George Polk Award for legal reporting for its coverage, becoming the first online-only outlet to receive the award. In 2009, TPM opened a Washington, D.C. office and joined the White House press pool to cover the Obama administration, along with several other progressive news outlets. In 2019, TPM was among the first outlets to uncover President Donald Trump’s pressure campaign on Ukrainian president Volodomyr Zelensky. In 2021, TPM was the first outlet to note that Trump had removed the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia, BJay Pak, as part of his effort to substantiate false claims of voter fraud. In 2023, TPM was the first outlet to report that Congressman George Santos had made charges on donors' credit cards without their permission. Santos later pleaded guilty to charges that he had done so. TPM is noted for its coverage of the political fringe, including militias, white nationalists, conspiracy theorists and similar groups, stating that it considers them to be “greater drivers of American politics than mainstream news coverage allows.” In 2015, TPM was early to identify Trump as a serious contender in the Republican presidential primary. Business After relying on advertising for its first decade of existence, TPM introduced a subscription service, TPM Prime, in 2012. Between 2016 and 2017, the site’s membership doubled. In 2020, the site had 35,000 members. By 2025, TPM was almost entirely member-supported, drawing more than 90 percent of its revenue from members. The site offers free memberships for students and those who cannot afford to pay. TPM’s staff unionized with Writers Guild of America, East in 2018. In 2025, TPM had 18 employees, with teams of reporters in New York and D.C. Marshall serves as editor in chief. Reception Historian Rick Perlstein in 2024 praised TPM’s coverage of conservative activists, comparing it favorably to that of the New York Times. “If you are interested in how the American right went insane, TalkingPointsMemo.com is your actual publication of record, compiling a bountiful archive of the ways ‘extremism’ and ‘mainstream’ merged in the history of the Republican Party from the dawn of President George W. Bush to the present,” he wrote. “It was born, in 2000, at a time of new vessels and styles of writing about American politics.” Editor Ben Smith in 2012 approvingly described Marshall's investment in original reporting during a time when other digital media outlets were leaning heavily on aggregation. “I think that the investment in original reporting is something he chose to do pretty early when a lot of other people were thinking aggregation was the future,” he said. Robert W. McChesney and John Nichols describe the site as taking a "more raucous and sensational" tone than traditional news media. This includes coining phrases such as "Bamboozlepalooza" to describe George W. Bush's efforts to privatize Social Security, which the blog opposed; and "bitch-slap politics" to refer to the Swiftboating of 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry. McChesney and Nichols compare the site's style to the muckraking of Upton Sinclair. The more social aspects of the site, which invite crowdsourcing, were compared to La Follette's Weekly. Tom Rosenstiel, director of the Project for Excellence in Journalism, in 2009 said "TPM is really an advocacy operation that has moved toward journalism." References
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/נבדה] \| [TOKENS: 7412]
תוכן עניינים נבדה לחצו כדי להקטין חזרה לחצו להגדלה נבדה (באנגלית: Nevada) היא מדינה בארצות הברית הנמצאת במערב היבשת, רובה ככולה בתחום אזור הזמן הפסיפי, למעט עיר אחת שנמצאת באזור זמן ההרים. השם נבדה לקוח מספרדית ומשמעו "מושלגת", קיצור שם רכס-ההרים שגובל במדינה, סיירה נבדה – "הרים מושלגים". היסטוריה בשנת 1850 הכריז הקונגרס של ארצות הברית על הקמת טריטוריית יוטה, שכללה את שטחן של המדינות יוטה, איידהו ונבדה. בשנת 1859 התגלה קמסטוק לאוד, מרבץ עשיר של זהב וכסף, והוקמה העיר וירג'יניה סיטי בשל הגעתם של כורים רבים ואחריהם גם סוחרים ויזמים לאזור. ב-2 במרץ 1861 נפרדה נבדה מטריטוריית יוטה ונקראה בשם "נבדה". ב-31 באוקטובר 1864, שמונה ימים לפני הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1864, הפכה נבדה למדינה ה-36 של ארצות הברית. טריטוריית נבדה הוכרזה כמדינה על אף אוכלוסייתה הקטנה, פחות מ-40,000 תושבים, זאת על מנת לאפשר את ניצחונו של אברהם לינקולן בבחירות וניצחון המפלגה הרפובליקנית בקונגרס, בשל תמיכתם של הכורים במפלגה זו. גבולות המדינה הנוכחיים נקבעו ב-5 במאי 1866 כאשר צורף למדינה מחוז פה אוטה שהיה בטריטוריית אריזונה, מערבית לנהר הקולורדו, בעקבות גילוי זהב במחוז. אזור זה מהווה היום את מחוז קלארק של נבדה. 87% מאדמות המדינה הם שטחים פדרליים, בשל היות מרבית המדינה מדברית, תופעה שמנעה חלוקת שטחים חקלאיים. הימורים היו חוקיים בנבדה החל מהקמת ערי הכורים הראשונות. הם נאסרו בשנת 1909, אולם בשל הירידה בהכנסות המדינה מכרייה, ולאחר השפל הכלכלי הגדול של שנת 1929, הותרו מחדש במדינה בשנת 1931, מתוך כוונה שההיתר יבוטל לאחר שתתייצב כלכלת המדינה. עם זאת, לאחר ההצלחה הכלכלית של המדינה הוחלט להשאיר את ההימורים חוקיים. גאוגרפיה נבדה גובלת בצפונה באורגון ואיידהו, במערבה בקליפורניה, במזרחה ביוטה ובדרום-מזרחה באריזונה. לאורך גבולה של נבדה עם אריזונה זורם נהר הקולורדו, ועליו הוקם סכר הובר. בירתה של מדינת נבדה היא העיר קרסון סיטי. בהקמתה נבדה כללה 9 מחוזות. עם הזמן חלק מהמחוזות פוצלו. השינוי האחרון בוצע בשנת 1919 כאשר הוקם מחוז פרשנינג ומספר המחוזות הגיע ל-16. שטחה של נבדה הוא הררי, וכולל משטחי עשב ומדבריות. המקום הגבוה במדינה הוא פסגת באונדרי (Boundary Peak, "פסגת הגבול") והוא ממוקם כקילומטר מגבול נבדה-קליפורניה, ברכס ההרים הלבנים. אקלימה של נבדה מדברי יבש. חלקה הדרומי של המדינה נמצא במדבר מוהאבי. אקלים נבדה היא המדינה היבשה ביותר בארצות הברית. כמות המשקעים השנתית בה היא בערך 180 מ"מ. רוב האזורים מדבריים וצחיחים, ולמעט עמק לאס וגאס, הטמפרטורות הממוצעות במדינה בקיץ הן C°‏ 22. ביוני 1994 נמדדו הטמפרטורות הגבוהות ביותר במדינה: C°‏ 52. זו הטמפרטורה השלישית הגבוהה ביותר שנמדדה אי פעם בארצות הברית כולה אחרי C°‏ 53 שנמדדו באריזונה ו-C°‏ 57 בקליפורניה. ב-1937 נמדדו C°‏ 50- והיו אלו הטמפרטורות הנמוכות ביותר שנמדדו במדינה. ממשל ופוליטיקה נבדה היא רפובליקה ובה שלוש רשויות שלטון: מבצעת – מושל מדינת נבדה, מחוקקת – המורכבת משני בתים: האספה הלאומית של נבדה וסנאט נבדה, ושופטת, בראשה עומד בית המשפט העליון של נבדה. המדינה מאפשרת התערבות ישירה של האזרחים על ידי יוזמה אזרחית, משאל עם, Recall Election ואישור חוק. בירת המדינה הנוכחית היא קרסון סיטי. הרשות המבצעת בנבדה מורכבת מהמושל, סגן המושל, התובע הראשי, מזכיר המדינה, שר האוצר, State Controller, State treasurer, Insurance Commissioner, ושר החינוך. כל בעלי התפקידים נבחרים בנפרד לתקופה של ארבע שנים, ויכולים להיבחר לשתי קדנציות בלבד. ייתכן מצב בו ברשות המבצעת יושבים נבחרים ממפלגות שונות. הבחירות לתפקידים מתקיימות באותו הזמן. בבית המחוקקים 21 חברי סנאט הנבחרים לתקופה של ארבע שנים ו-42 חברי אספה מחוקקת הנבחרים לתקופה של שנתיים. בחירות נערכות מדי שנתיים, ומחצית מחברי הסנאט מועמדים לבחירה בכל מערכת בחירות. ב-2018 הפכה נבדה לראשונה בארצות הברית עם רוב נשי בבית המחוקקים שלה: נשים מחזיקות ב-9 מתוך 21 מושבים בסנאט, ועם 23 מתוך 42 חברי האספה הכללית המחוקקת. בבית המשפט העליון של נבדה שבעה שופטים, הממונים על ידי המושל ומאושרים על ידי בית המחוקקים. שיטת המשפט היא שיטת המשפט המקובל האנגלי, אך ישנה השפעה של המשפט האזרחי הספרדי. נבדה נחשבת למדינה מתנדנדת שאינה נאמנה למפלגה אחת. מאז מערכת הבחירות ב-1992, נתנה נבדה את קולותיה שש פעמים למועמד הדמוקרטי (זכו בה ביל קלינטון, ברק אובמה, הילרי קלינטון וג'ו ביידן) ופעמיים למועמד רפובליקני (זכו בה ג'ורג' ווקר בוש בשתי מערכות הבחירות בהן התמודד ודונלד טראמפ בבחירות 2024). נבדה כמעט תמיד בוחרת את הנשיא המנצח מאז 1912 עד ל-2012, למעט פעם אחת בשנת 1976, שם בחרו תושבי נבדה במפסיד ג'רלד פורד ולא במנצח ג'ימי קרטר. נתון זה נתן למדינה מעמד של פעמון פוליטי עד 2016, אז העניקו תושבי נבדה את רוב קולותיהם להילרי קלינטון, שהפסידה. לנבדה 6 קולות (אלקטורליים) – 2 סנאטורים ו-4 חברי בית הנבחרים בבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית. הסנאטוריות המייצגות את המדינה הן קתרין קורטז מסטו וג'קי רוזן הדמוקרטיות, ונציגי המדינה בקונגרס הם דינה טייטוס, מארק אמודיי, סוזי לי וסטיבן הורספורד. בשל הגידול המשמעותי באוכלוסיית העיר לאס וגאס קיים הבדל ניכר בעמדות הפוליטיות בין דרומה של נבדה וצפונה. בעוד שחלקה הצפוני של המדינה, בו נמצאת הבירה, שמרני יותר, דרומה של נבדה, בה חיה מרבית האוכלוסייה, רואה באנשי השלטון המתגוררים בצפון כשלטון של מיעוט שמרני על רוב ליברלי יותר בדעותיו. בנבדה חוקי אלכוהול ליברליים מאוד, ומותר למכור אותו 24 שעות ביממה. כמו כן, משנת 2016 עסקים מורשים במדינה יכולים למכור מריחואנה רפואית. שימוש ומכירה של שאר הסמים שאינם אלכוהול מובילים לעונשים קשים. היא נותרה המדינה היחידה שעדיין מקיימת גזר דין מינימלי על צורכי סמים. בדצמבר 2006 נכנס לתוקף במדינה "חוק האוויר הפנימי של נבדה נקייה" האוסר עישון במקומות עבודה ובמקומות ציבוריים, אפילו בברים העישון אסור אלא אם כן לא מוגש שם אוכל. עישון מותר בבתי קזינו, חדרי מלון מסוימים, חדרי זנות וחנויות טבק. עסקים רבים נוטים שלא להקשיב לחוק זה ואין אכיפה רחבה על החוק. בשנת 2006 שיעור הפשע במדינה היה גבוה ב-24% מהממוצע הארצי, מאז השיעור פחת. פשעי רכוש היוו 85% מכלל הפשע שהיה גבוה ב-21% מהממוצע הארצי, 20.3% היו פשעים אלימים. כלכלה התוצר המדינתי הגולמי של מדינת נבדה לשנת 1999 היה 88 מיליארד דולרים. נבדה הייתה בשנה זו במקום ה-32 בין מדינות ארצות הברית בגובה התוצר הלאומי הגולמי. ההכנסה הממוצעת לנפש לשנת 2000 הייתה 30,529 דולרים לשנה, ובכך ממוקמת מדינת נבדה במקום ה-14 מבין מדינות ארצות הברית. כלכלת המדינה מתבססת על חקלאות ועל תיירות (המבוססת על חיי לילה והימורים). בנבדה יש מספר חדרי מלון לנפש הגדול בין כל מדינות בארצות הברית. על פי איגוד המלונות האמריקאי בנבדה 187,301 חדרי מלון מתוך 584 חדרי מלון (עם 15 חדרים ומעלה). המדינה מדורגת ממש לאחר קליפורניה, טקסס, ניו יורק ופלורידה אך במדינות אלו יש הרבה יותר תושבים מבנבדה. אם לחשב לפי אחוזים, בנבדה יש חדר מלון אחד על כל 14 תושבים הרבה מעל הממוצע הארצי עם חדר מלון לכל 67 תושבים. הגידולים החקלאיים המיוצאים מהמדינה הם בקר, חציר, חלב ומוצריו ותפוחי אדמה. התעשייה העיקרית בנבדה היא מכונות ומוצרי חשמל. נבדה היא המדינה היחידה בארצות הברית שבה הזנות חוקית, למעט במחוזות ואשו (Washoe) וקלארק (Clark) שם אינה חוקית. אמנם הזנות אינה ענף כלכלי עיקרי במדינה, אך נבדה היא המדינה היחידה בארצות הברית בה הזנות מוסדרת כחוק, ויש עליה רגולציה. תעשיית ההימורים מהווה חלק משמעותי בכלכלת נבדה. מרכז העיקרי הוא העיר לאס וגאס, אך בתי קזינו קיימים גם בערים נוספות (ג'קפוט) נכון ל-2014 שיעור האבטלה במדינה עומד על 6.8%. דמוגרפיה אוכלוסיית נבדה חוותה צמיחה משמעותית בשנים האחרונות, בעיקר בשל הגירה פנימית מאזורים אחרים בארצות הברית. רוב האוכלוסייה מתגוררת באזורים העירוניים הגדולים, בעיקר בלאס וגאס ורינו. האוכלוסייה בנבדה מגוונת מבחינה אתנית, עם קהילות לטיניות, אסיאתיות ואפרו-אמריקאיות משמעותיות. שיעור הילודה בנבדה גבוה יחסית לממוצע הארצי. למרות שיעור הילודה הגבוה, גם שיעור האוכלוסייה המבוגרת בנבדה גבוה יחסית, בעיקר בשל הגעתם של פנסיונרים. לפי מפקד האוכלוסין הערכות הן כי ביולי 2019 מספר התושבים הם 3,080,156, עלייה של 45,764 מ-2018, ו-379,605 מ-2010. בנבדה היה את הגידול הכי גבוה בארצות הברית באוכלוסייה בשנת 18–2017. במפקד של 2010 דווח על 6.9% מהאוכלוסייה מתחת לגיל 5, 24.6% מתחת לגיל 18, 12% היו בני 65 ומעלה. נשים מהוות 49.5% מהאוכלוסייה. נבדה היא אחת מהמדינות הריכוזיות ביותר בארצות הברית כאשר 70ֵ% מהאוכלוסייה גרים במחוז קלארק שהוא בעצם האזור המטרופוליני לאס וגאס. עוד 16% גרים סביב העיר רינו. כך שלהוציא שני אזורים אלו, שאר נבאדה דלילת אוכלוסין. מאז 1950, שיעור האוכלוסייה שנולדה בנבדה מעולם לא הגיע אפילו ל-27%. נכון לשנת 2012 רק 25% מתושבי המדינה נולדו בה, הנתון נמוך ביותר מכל מדינות ארצות הברית. מספר גדול של התושבים הם ילידי קליפורניה הסמוכה מה שגורם לחלקם להחשיב את נבדה כקליפורנית[דרוש מקור]. השכלה בנבדה פועלות האוניברסיטאות והמכללות הבאות: סמלי המדינה ראו גם קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/users/17039707/boon-jefferson-brigoli] \| [TOKENS: 122]
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News#cite_ref-422] \| [TOKENS: 18442]
Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27–28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3–9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 – March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25–54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996–2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox – 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached – 43% saying he should also be removed from office – while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the Trump–Ukraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulos—the Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trump—than its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" – the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing – a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017–2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links
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Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27–28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3–9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 – March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25–54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996–2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox – 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached – 43% saying he should also be removed from office – while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the Trump–Ukraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulos—the Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trump—than its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" – the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing – a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017–2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-210] \| [TOKENS: 12221]
Contents Reddit Reddit (/ˈrɛdɪt/ ⓘ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condé Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condé Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condé Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condé Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated content—including photos, videos, links, and text-based posts—and discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rank—for both the general front page and for individual subreddits—is determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condé Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condé Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condé Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_OS] \| [TOKENS: 648]
Contents Nothing OS Nothing OS is a user interface (UI) developed by Nothing Technology Limited for Android devices from 2022 running Android 12 and later. It is exclusively made for Nothing and CMF phones.[citation needed] This skin was first developed for Phone (1). History On 23 March 2022 during Nothing's keynote speech on their first smartphone, Nothing announced their user interface for Android, Nothing OS. Nothing OS 1.5 was released with version 1.5.2 on 16 February 2023, powered by Android 13. It has improved performance and glyph interface. The update introduces a new weather app, and other features, including improvements to the performance and other Android 13 features, like Android's new QR Code reader, according to The Verge. It was officially released to the public on 22 February 2023, via a press release by Nothing. Nothing OS 1.5.3 was released on 14 March 2023, bringing support for the Nothing Ear 2. Nothing OS 1.5.4 was released on 5 May 2023, users can send feedback to Nothing about the software experience from within the phone. The Bluetooth functionality in Quick Settings gives quick access to paired devices. Users can now scan UPI QR codes with the camera app and make payments directly. Nothing OS 2.0 was released on 28 August 2023. New features include a monochromatic icon pack and updating the Glyph Interface to version 2. Glyph Torch can be used as a flashlight, and essential Notifications allows select contacts and apps to leave a persistent notification. Nothing OS 2.5 was released on 15 December 2023 based on Android 14, bringing customization features for wallpapers, new gestures and widgets, and quality of life improvements. Nothing OS 3.0 was released on 19 December 2024 based on Android 15, new features include shared widgets, Nothing Gallery, and improved quick settings. The update came pre-installed on the Phone 3a/3a Pro. Nothing OS 4.0 Beta was released on 1 October 2025 for the Nothing Phone (2), (2a) series, and the (3), and released on 24 October 2025 for the (3a) series based on Android 16. Refined UI elements bring smoother animations and a deeper "Extra Dark Mode" for a cleaner, more fluid experience. The update improves multitasking with an enhanced "Pop-up View" that allows for quick switching between two floating apps. A new lock screen feature called "Lock Glimpse" provides dynamically curated wallpapers and personalized content. The TrueLens Engine upgrades the camera and gallery apps with new controls, a "Stretch" preset developed with photographer Jordan Hemingway, and a more intuitive layout. System performance is also enhanced, with faster app launch times, better connectivity, and improved responsiveness. List of devices (Note: The Nothing Phone (2), (2a)/(2a) Plus, (3a)/(3a) Pro, and the (3) all have access to Nothing OS 4.0 Open Beta (Android 16)) References
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier] \| [TOKENS: 1289]
Contents The Post and Courier The Post and Courier is the main daily newspaper in Charleston, South Carolina. It traces its ancestry to three newspapers: the Charleston Courier, founded in 1803; the Charleston Daily News, founded 1865; and The Evening Post, founded 1894. Through the Courier, it brands itself as the oldest daily newspaper in the South and one of the oldest continuously operating newspapers in the United States. It is the flagship newspaper of Evening Post Industries, which is owned by the Manigault family of Charleston, descendants of Peter Manigault. It is the largest newspaper in South Carolina, followed by Columbia's The State and The Greenville News. It has newsrooms in Greenville, Columbia, Spartanburg, Myrtle Beach, Hilton Head Island, and elsewhere in the state. History The Charleston Courier was founded in 1803. The founder of the Courier, Aaron Smith Willington, came from Massachusetts with newspaper experience. In the early 19th century, he was known to row out to meet ships from London, Liverpool, Havre, and New York City to get the news earlier than other Charleston papers. He also had a translator working for him, so he could copy items from the Havana newspapers. Rudolph Septimus Siegling also served as editor during the 1800s. The Charleston Daily News, founded in 1865, merged with it to form the News and Courier in 1873. The Evening Post was founded in 1894, but quickly ran into financial trouble. In 1896, rice planter Arthur Manigault stepped in to rescue the paper. The paper and its successors have been in the hands of the Manigault family for four generations. In 1926, Manigault's son, Robert, bought The News and Courier. During the Civil Rights era, the News and Courier was virulently segregationist, to the extent that Time described it as the most segregationist newspaper in the South. Its editor, Thomas R. Waring Jr., was a staunch segregationist, as was staffer W. D. Workman Jr., who ran for public office in a campaign that united South Carolina's divided racial and economic conservatives. By 1991, it was apparent Charleston could no longer support two newspapers; the News and Courier and Evening Post had shared their editorial staff since the 1980s.[citation needed] They were merged into a single morning newspaper, The Post and Courier.[citation needed] The paper acquired several sisters in the 1990s when its parent bought other newspapers and television stations. In 2008 and 2009, newspaper officials reacted to declines in revenue with cost-cutting efforts. In 2008, they offered a buyout to employees, a bid to streamline the company and reduce expenses. 64 full-time employees left, shrinking the workforce to 381 by the start of 2009. This was deemed insufficient, so on February 6, 2009, the company laid off 25 employees and on March 23, Evening Post Publishing Co., the parent company of the paper, announced a company-wide furlough that would force all employees to take five days' unpaid leave in the second quarter of 2009. The newspaper said the move was necessary to reduce expenses "because of the continued weakness of the economy and the impact on advertising". In July 2021, the Post and Courier began moving its offices to 148 Williman Street. In February 2025, the paper eliminated its Monday and Tuesday print days. Awards The newspaper has won a number of awards. In 2015, the newspaper won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for coverage of domestic violence.[citation needed] In 2019, Tony Bartelme won the inaugural Victor K. McElheny Knight Science Journalism Award for a story about climate change and the Gulf Stream.[citation needed] In 2016, a team of reporters won a Scripps Howard Foundation Award for an investigation into police shootings.[citation needed] In 2018, the newspaper won the American Society of News Editors Deborah Howell Award for a story about the demise of the Piggly Wiggly Carolina grocery chain.[citation needed] In 2017, the American Geophysical Union awarded Tony Bartelme its Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism for "Every Other Breath," a series about climate change.[citation needed] In 2008, the newspaper won national awards from the Society of Professional Journalists and American Society of Newspaper Editors for coverage of the Charleston Sofa Super Store fire. In 2008, Reporter Tony Bartelme also won the Gerald Loeb Award for a story about the effect of China's growth on local economies. The newspaper works to expose corruption and shrink local news deserts with its Uncovered project, a partnership with more than 18 South Carolina newspapers. The project won the South Carolina Press Association's top award for Public Service in 2021.[citation needed] Circulation figures The reported numbers for The Post and Courier's circulation as of the six months ended September 30, 2009, were 86,084 daily and 94,940 on Sundays. This is down some 13% from the period ended March 31, 2008, which were 99,459 daily and 110,289 on Sunday. At the start of 2009, The Post and Courier's circulation figures were down to 94,647 for dailies and 97,549 for Sundays, 4.8% down from the previous year's figures. By the end of 2012, the circulation figures (including paid and non-paid) had declined to 82,266 for dailies and 92,062 for Sundays. For the 4th quarter of 2015, paid circulation had dropped to 68,400 for Sundays and 56,000-57,000 for dailies as reported by the Alliance for Audited Media. In the first quarter of 2020, audited daily and Sunday circulation totals were at 45,016 and 51,190, respectively. Charleston Scene The newspaper includes Charleston Scene, a Thursday section with entertainment, music and food reviews for the local area. Founded as Preview, it received its current name with the issue of March 11, 2010. See also Notes External links
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79893435/terraform-dynamic-loop-creates-only-last-entry-in-list] \| [TOKENS: 387]
Communities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives Stack Overflow for Teams is now called Stack Internal. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Learn more Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Stack Internal Knowledge at work Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Terraform Dynamic loop creates only last entry in list I am trying to add pci devices in a loop in Terraform. It looks like only the laast entry in the list is added. I have as variables: and my dynamic is: and I do not get 2 devices, but only the last one in the list, every time. Would be great if somebody knows why, thanks! 1 Answer 1 The count.index in dynamic block refers to the outer resource's count index (which is likely 0 every time), so every iteration of the loop generates hostpci0 and each one overwrites the previous, leaving you with only the last entry. As inside a dynamic block the iterator exposes a .key attribute (the index for lists, or the map key for maps), so use hostpci.key instead. Comments Add a comment Your Answer Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! But avoid … To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Required, but never shown Required, but never shown By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy. Start asking to get answers Find the answer to your question by asking. Explore related questions See similar questions with these tags. Subscribe to RSS To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Site design / logo © 2026 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA . rev 2026.2.19.39917
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News#cite_ref-423] \| [TOKENS: 18442]
Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27–28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3–9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 – March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25–54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996–2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox – 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached – 43% saying he should also be removed from office – while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the Trump–Ukraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulos—the Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trump—than its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" – the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing – a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017–2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972657-8] \| [TOKENS: 380]
Contents Book sources This page allows users to search multiple sources for a book given a 10- or 13-digit International Standard Book Number. Spaces and dashes in the ISBN do not matter. This page links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources where you will be able to search for the book by its International Standard Book Number (ISBN). Online text Google Books and other retail sources below may be helpful if you want to verify citations in Wikipedia articles, because they often let you search an online version of the book for specific words or phrases, or you can browse through the book (although for copyright reasons the entire book is usually not available). At the Open Library (part of the Internet Archive) you can borrow and read entire books online. Online databases Subscription eBook databases Libraries Alabama Alaska California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Washington state Wisconsin Bookselling and swapping Find your book on a site that compiles results from other online sites: These sites allow you to search the catalogs of many individual booksellers: Non-English book sources If the book you are looking for is in a language other than English, you might find it helpful to look at the equivalent pages on other Wikipedias, linked below – they are more likely to have sources appropriate for that language. Find other editions The WorldCat xISBN tool for finding other editions is no longer available. However, there is often a "view all editions" link on the results page from an ISBN search. Google books often lists other editions of a book and related books under the "about this book" link. You can convert between 10 and 13 digit ISBNs with these tools: Find on Wikipedia See also Get free access to research! Research tools and services Outreach Get involved
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/קולורדו] \| [TOKENS: 6702]
תוכן עניינים קולורדו לחצו כדי להקטין חזרה לחצו להגדלה קולורדו (באנגלית: Colorado ‏האזנהⓘ‏Ⓘ‏) היא מדינה במערב ארצות הברית. בירת המדינה היא דנוור והיא גם העיר הגדולה במדינה. מקור שמה של המדינה נובע מנהר הקולורדו הזורם בתחומה. הנהר מוביל סחופת טין אדומה מההרים ולפיכך נקרא על ידי המגלים הספרדים ריו קולורדו – "הנהר (בעל הצבע) האדום". היסטוריה השטח שבו נמצאת המדינה נרכש על ידי ארצות הברית בשנת 1803 במסגרת רכישת לואיזיאנה והחכירה המקסיקנית של שנת 1848. בעקבות הבהלה לזהב של קולורדו בשנת 1859 גדלה אוכלוסיית המדינה. טריטוריית קולורדו נוצרה ב-28 בפברואר 1861 והפכה למדינה בשנת 1876. נשים קיבלו זכות הצבעה במדינה ב-7 בנובמבר 1893. בנובמבר 2012 הצביעו אזרחי קולורדו בעד תיקון חוק שיאפשר לגליזציה של מריחואנה. בכך הפכו מדינת קולורדו ומדינת וושינגטון למדינות הראשונות בארצות הברית בהן צריכת מריחואנה לשם הנאה נעשית כחוק. עם תחילת שנת 2014 עבר תיקון החוק המאפשר צריכת מריחואנה לשם הנאה לשלב היישום ובהתאם להוראות החוק נפתחו מספר חנויות לממכר מריחואנה. גאוגרפיה ואקלים קולורדו היא אחת משלוש מדינות (האחרות הן ויומינג ויוטה) שגבולותיהן מוגדרים אך ורק על ידי קווי רוחב וקווי אורך: היא משתרעת בין קווי הרוחב 37° ו-41° צפון, ובין קווי האורך 102° ו-109° מערב. היא גובלת בנברסקה מצפון-מזרח, בוויומינג מצפון, ביוטה ממערב, בניו מקסיקו מדרום, באוקלהומה מדרום-מזרח ובקנזס ממזרח. קולורדו היא המדינה בעלת הגובה הממוצע הגבוה ביותר בארצות הברית. מזרחית להרי הרוקי נמצאים מישורי קולורדו – חלק מהמישורים הגדולים. גובה המישור מעל פני הים נע בין 1,000 ל-2,000 מטרים. כמות המשקעים באזור מועטה יחסית (כ-380 מ"מ בשנה), ורוב שטח המישורים משמש לרעיית בקר. מערבית למישורים נמצא ה"רכס הקדמי" (Front Range) של הרי הרוקי, ובו פסגת לונג, הר אוונס, פסגת פייק והפסגות הספרדיות. אזור זה מיוער ומשמש לכריתת עצים. מערבית לפסגות אלה נמצא קו פרשת המים של אמריקה. באזור הרי הרוקי המצויים במדינה ישנם מספר פארקים גדולים וכן שמורות טבע רבות. האזור שופע מים, ונמצאים בו הנהר נורת פלאט הזורם לוויומינג, וכן עמק סן לואי – אחד מיובלי הריו גראנדה הזורם לניו מקסיקו. הרי הרוקי בשטח המדינה כוללים 54 פסגות שגובהן מעל 4,200 מטרים. הרים אלה מיוערים, ובחורף מכוסים שלג. באזור אתרי סקי רבים ובהם אספן ווייל. במורדות המערביים של הרי הרוקי זורם נהר הקולורדו, במורדות המזרחיים זורם נהר ארקנסו ובדרום המדינה נמצאים הרי סן חואן ורמת קולורדו. באופן כללי, שינויי מזג אוויר קיצוני נפוצים מאוד במדינה אם כי שינויים אלו פחות נפוצים בחלקים המאוכלסים במדינה. ברד נפוץ מאוד בהרי המזרח ובמישורים בעיקר בחלק הצפון מזרחי של המדינה. ברד הוא הסיכון הנפוץ ביותר במדינה ואף עלול לגרום לפגיעה בבני אדם כמו גם לנזקים ברכוש. המישור המזרחי ספג כמה מנזקי הברד הקשים בהיסטוריה של צפון אמריקה, דוגמאות לכך הן סופות ברד קשות שתקפו את דנוור ביולי 1990 ובמאי 2017 כשהאחרון הוא היקר ביותר בהיסטוריה שהיה אי פעם במדינה. כמו כן האזור נתון לעיתים קרובות לסופות טורנדו. האזורים גם רגישים לשיטפונות הנגרמים כתוצאה מסופות רעמים רבות והן בגלל התכה מהירה של השלג בהרים במזג אוויר חם. מזג אוויר חם נפוץ בבירה דנוור וב-2008 נשבר שיא כאשר ב-24 ימים רצופים היו בעיר מעל ל-32 מעלות צלזיוס. חלקים גדולים מהמדינה יבשים מאוד וממוצע הגשמים השנתי הוא 430 מ"מ בשנה. רק לעיתים רחוקות המדינה חווה תקופה בה חלק מסוים אינו נמצא בבצורת מסוימת. מחסור זה תורם לעיתים לשריפות במדינה, ב-2002 התרחשה במדינה אחת השריפות הגדולות בהיסטוריה של ארצות הברית. שריפות גדולות אירעו גם ב-2010, ב-2012 וב-2013. בשנת 2020 אירעו שלוש השריפות הגדולות ביותר בהיסטוריה של קולורדו, וב-2021 אירעה שריפה שאומנם לא הייתה הגדולה ביותר בתולדות קולורדו אך הייתה ההרסנית ביותר, מבחינת נזק למבנים. לעומתם, בפסגות הרי הרוקי יש קור ושלג כבד, הנערם על הקרקע במשך מספר חודשים בשנה מבלי להפשיר. דבר זה הביא להקמת עיירות סקי רבות באזור. דמוגרפיה נכון ל-2019 ההערכות הן שמספר התושבים במדינה הוא 5,758,736, עלייה של 14.5% מאז 2010. הבירה והעיר המאוכלסת ביותר היא דנוור עם 715,522 תושבים (נכון לאפריל 2020). בשנת 2017 רשמה קולורדו את שיעור הפריון השני הנמוך ביותר בארצות הברית מחוץ לניו אינגלנד, אחרי אורגון, עם 1.63 ילדים לאישה. קולורדו היא המדינה בעלת שיעורי ההשמנה הנמוכים ביותר בארצות הברית עם 18% מהאוכלוסייה שסובלים מהשמנת יתר נכון ל-2007. כמו כן, היא המדינה בעלת תוחלת החיים הארוכה ביותר בארצות הברית עם ממוצע של 80.21 נכון לשנת 2014. פוליטיקה וממשל קולורדו היא רפובליקה ובה שלוש רשויות שלטון: מבצעת – מושל מדינת קולורדו, מחוקקת – המורכבת משני בתים: האספה הלאומית של קולורדו וסנאט קולורדו, ושופטת, בראשה עומד בית המשפט העליון של קולורדו. המדינה מאפשרת התערבות ישירה של האזרחים על ידי יוזמה אזרחית, משאל עם, Recall Election ואישור חוק. בירת המדינה היא דנוור. הרשות המבצעת בקולורדו מורכבת מהמושל, סגן המושל, התובע הראשי, מזכיר המדינה, שר האוצר, State Controller, State treasurer, Insurance Commissioner, ושר החינוך. כל בעלי התפקידים נבחרים בנפרד לתקופה של ארבע שנים, ויכולים להיבחר לשתי קדנציות בלבד. ייתכן מצב בו ברשות המבצעת יושבים נבחרים ממפלגות שונות. הבחירות לתפקידים מתקיימות באותו הזמן. מושל קולורדו הנוכחי הוא ג'ארד פוליס, חבר המפלגה הדמוקרטית. בבית המחוקקים 35 חברי סנאט הנבחרים לתקופה של ארבע שנים ו-65 חברי אספה מחוקקת הנבחרים לתקופה של שנתיים. בחירות מתקיימות מדי שנתיים וכמחצית מחברי הסנאט מועמדים לבחירה בכל מערכת בחירות. למפלגה הדמוקרטית רוב בשני בתי המחוקקים. בבית המשפט העליון של קולורדו שבעה שופטים, הממונים על ידי המושל ומאושרים על ידי בית המחוקקים. שיטת המשפט היא שיטת המשפט המקובל האנגלי, אך ישנה השפעה גם להמשפט האזרחי הספרדי. קולורדו נחשבת למדינה מתנדנדת, אשר אינה נאמנה למפלגה אחת. במאה השנים האחרונות נבחרו בה 17 מושלים דמוקרטים ו-12 מושלים רפובליקנים. מאז מערכת הבחירות ב-1992, זכו בה המועמדים הדמוקרטים והרפובליקנים שלוש פעמים כל אחת. בבחירות ב-2012, ניצח ברק אובמה בקולורדו כשזכה ברוב של 51.49% קולות המדינה. לפוליטיקה בקולורדו יש ניגוד של ערים שמרניות, כמו קולורדו ספרינגס, וערים ליברליות, כמו בולדר ודנוור. לקולורדו תשעה קולות (אלקטורליים) בבחירות לנשיאות, שני סנאטורים ושבעה חברי בית הנבחרים. הסנאטורים המייצגים את המדינה הם מייקל בנט הדמוקרטי (מאז 2009), שמוצאו יהודי, וג'ון היקנלופר הדמוקרטי (מאז 2020) שכיהן עד 2018 כמושל קולורדו ולפני כן כראש עיריית דנוור. כלכלה במאה ה-19 התבססה כלכלת המדינה על כרייה, והחל מסופה החלה להתפתח במדינה חקלאות (המבוססת על השקיה) וגידול בקר, שהפך למרכיב עיקרי בכלכלת המדינה. הענפים החקלאיים כוללים צאן, חיטה, חלב ומוצריו, תירס וחציר. בימינו מהווה הממשל הפדרלי מרכיב עיקרי בכלכלת המדינה. במדינה נמצא פיקוד הגנת האוויר והחלל של צפון אמריקה (נוראד) ובסיסים רבים של חיל האוויר של ארצות הברית בקולורדו ספרינגס, כמו כן נמצא המכון הלאומי של ארצות הברית למידות וטכנולוגיה בבולדר, והסקר הגאולוגי של ארצות הברית בלייקווד. בית המשפט לערעורים של המחוז העשירי של ארצות הברית נמצא בדנוור, כמו כן מצויים במדינה בתי כלא פדרליים בקניון סיטי. במדינה מספר רב של יערות לאומיים ושמורות טבע, ורבים מועסקים בשמירה עליהם. גם בימינו מהווים המכרות חלק מכלכלת המדינה, ובין היתר נכרים בהן פחם לסוגיו (ליגניט, פחם ביטומני ופחם תת-ביטומני) ומוליבדנום. הגיוון הגאוגרפי הייחודי במדינה מושך אליה מיליוני תיירים מדי שנה, ב-2018 ביקרו במדינה 85.2 מיליון תיירים, כאשר נתון זה הכניס למדינה כ-22.3 מיליארד דולר. התוצר הגולמי במדינה בשנת 2015 היה 318,600 מיליון דולר. ההכנסה השנתית החציונית למשק בית בשנת 2016 הייתה 70,666 דולר (מקום 8 במדינה), ההכנסה לנפש לשנת 2010 הייתה 51,940 דולר (המקום ה-11 בארצות הברית). נכון לדצמבר 2018 שיעור האבטלה במדינה עמד על 4.2%. אתרים בעלי חשיבות ספורט קולורדו היא המדינה עם הכי מעט תושבים שאף על פי כן יש לה קבוצה אחת לפחות בכל אחת מהליגות המקצועיות הגדולות בארצות הברית. השכלה סמלי המדינה ראו גם קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/users/2336273/peter-talen] \| [TOKENS: 122]
Communities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives Stack Overflow for Teams is now called Stack Internal. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Learn more Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Stack Internal Knowledge at work Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Stats Badges Top tags Top posts Site design / logo © 2026 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA . rev 2026.2.19.39917
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_OS] \| [TOKENS: 715]
Contents Origin OS Origin OS, also known as OriginOS (stylized in all lowercase as orıgınos), is an Android-based operating system by Vivo, a Chinese multinational technology company. It was officially released on November 18, 2020. It replaced the operating system on their Vivo and iQOO phones, and is the successor to Funtouch OS. Design Origin OS is the successor of Funtouch OS. Its design style is flatter and more visual. It also provides a "parallel space" design for users who like the original Funtouch OS. Users can switch between the traditional interface and the new interface. At the same time, Origin OS supports customizing the size, length, etc. of application icons, which is officially called the Klotski Grid system. Origin OS also has special features such as "atomic components" and "behavioral wallpapers". The former can be regarded as an upgraded version of the desktop widgets of Android and iOS. The latter is linked to the number of walking steps, and the changes in the desktop dynamic wallpaper are controlled by the number of walking steps. Version history Origin OS 1.0 is based on the Android 11 operating system. It was first installed on the Vivo X60 series and would later be gradually adapted to other Vivo phones. Origin OS Ocean (2.0) is based on the Android 12 operating system. This version does not follow the traditional digital iteration method but uses Ocean as the new version name. Origin OS 3 (3.0) is based on Android 13 operating system. Origin OS 4 (4.0) is based on the Android 14 operating system and adds the "Blue Heart Little V" global intelligent assistance function. According to the official website, Lanxin Xiao V, or Xiao V (AI Assistant), is developed based on AI technology and can bring more useful system intelligence experiences to users. Origin OS 4 also further optimizes response time, UI design, and adds vivo Sans fonts. Origin OS 5 (5.0) is based on the Android 15 operating system. Origin OS 6 (6.0) is based on the Android 16 operating system, featuring Dynamic Glow. Textures respond and details come alive under the play of light. It introduces morphing animations with water droplet effects. With the Snap-up engine, the system can detect ticketing windows (e.g., concert, movie, flight, or train tickets) and automatically process purchases. It also offers a 5-year smooth experience with the Origin Smooth Engine. Development and release Vivo officially on November 18 2020, at the Vivo Developer Conference in Shenzhen, China. It was done with the motive to address the feedback of the users regarding Funtouch OS and to go along with modern trends in Android customization. The new Origin OS comes pre-installed on the Vivo X60 series, which was one of the first sets of devices to use this new operating system. The system has been upgraded over time to continue improving its performance, adding more options for user customization, and providing better security, although Origin OS remains only available in China, where it has not yet had an official rollout elsewhere. The move further forms part of the broader efforts by Vivo to strengthen in-house software development and reduce reliance on third-party software providers. This is also a means by which the company can create a more localized user experience for its market in China. Now, Vivo has finally planned or announced to extend the scope to international markets. Notes References
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA] \| [TOKENS: 34188]
תוכן עניינים גילוי עריות בעברית מודרנית גילוי עריות הוא קיום יחסי מין בין קרובי משפחה, דהיינו יחסים מיניים בין אב לבתו או בנו, בין אם לבתה או בנה, בין אח לאחות וכדומה. על אף שבמקור לקוח המושג מהשפה המקראית, שבה הוא משמש לציון כל מעשה יחסי אישות שאסור על פי המקרא. לעיתים משתמשים במושג זה גם לקרובים הקשורים בזיקה, כגון אנשים המתגוררים באותו הבית, הקשורים באימוץ או נישואין, ואנשים בני אותו השבט או השושלת. האיסור על קיום יחסי מין בין קרובי משפחה הוא טאבו נפוץ מאוד בתרבויות האנושיות בעבר ובהווה, והוא אף נחשב לטאבו האוניברסלי הראשון (ולא קניבליזם, כפי שנהוג לחשוב). האנתרופולוג מרווין האריס מציין שעצם הצורך בחוק נגד גילוי עריות, והעובדה שקיימים עבריינים רבים על החוק למרות העונש, מעידים שבמקביל לסלידה האוניברסלית קיימת משיכה אוניברסלית. תפיסה זו מבוססת כבר על טענותיו של זיגמונד פרויד. אך האנתרופולג דונלד בראון ציין שמחקרים שנערכו באמצע המאה העשרים הראו אחרת. ביניהם בולטים מחקרים שנעשו בקיבוצים ישראליים, והראו שבין ילדים וילדות שגודלו באותו בית ילדים בדומה לאחים ולאחיות, לא היו כמעט קשרים מיניים עם התבגרותם. כך או כך, רק במקרים ספורים בהיסטוריה האנושית היה גילוי העריות מנהג מקובל (אולי הידועים מביניהם בחצרות המלוכה של מצרים העתיקה, של פרס העתיקה ומנהג דומה בחצר המלוכה האצטקית). אף על פי כן, הגדרת "קרוב משפחה" לעניין האיסור על גילוי עריות משתנה מתרבות לתרבות. בעוד שביהדות אסור להנשא לצאצאים ישירים עולמית ("שאברהם אסור בכל נשי ישראל, ושרה אסורה בכל אנשי ישראל"), עם חריגים בדרגה שנייה כנישואי בת דודה ואחיינית, בנצרות הקתולית אסור להתחתן עם כל קרובי המשפחה עד דרגה שביעית. עם זאת, יחסי מין עם קרוב מדרגה ראשונה (כגון הורה או אח), אסורים באופן כמעט אוניברסלי. כיום, ברוב החברות המודרניות קיימים חוקים הנוגעים לגילוי עריות או הגבלות חברתיות על נישואי קרובים. בחברות בהן החוק אוסר על גילוי עריות, גם כאשר מתרחש מקרה של גילוי עריות הנעשה בהסכמת שני הצדדים, המעשה עדיין יוגדר כפשע, אך כפשע ללא קורבן. ילדים שנולדו כתוצאה מגילוי עריות נחשבו בעבר כילדים בלתי חוקיים, וכיום בחלק מהחברות הם עדיין נחשבים ככאלו. ברוב המקרים הללו להורים לא הייתה אפשרות להתחתן, שכן נישואין אלו נחשבו לנישואי עריות והיו גם הם אסורים. טרמינולוגיה מקור הביטוי העברי "גילוי עריות", באיסור לגלות ערווה, כמופיע בספר ויקרא "אִישׁ אִישׁ אֶל כָּל שְׁאֵר בְּשָׂרוֹ לֹא תִקְרְבוּ לְגַלּוֹת עֶרְוָה אֲנִי ה'" (ויקרא, י"ח, ו'). המילה עריות מגיעה מלשון עריה, שמשמעה עירום. מילה נוספת מאותו השורש היא ערווה, שמשמעה גם איברי מין. באנגלית גילוי עריות נקרא Incest, הנגזר מהמילה הלטינית Incestus, אשר לה משמעות כללית של "טמא, בלתי צנוע". המושג Incestus החל להופיע בשפה האנגלית בין המאה ה-11 לספירה לבין המאה ה-15 לספירה (תקופה בה כונתה השפה האנגלית בשם "אנגלית תיכונה"). לפני הגעת המושג הלטיני, גילוי עריות היה ידוע באנגלית העתיקה בשם Sib-Leger (המונח Sibb נובע מהמילה ‘sibling’ שפירושה באנגלית עתיקה קרבת דם, המונח Leger נובע מהמושג ‘to lie’, משמעו לשכב), או mǣġhǣmed (משמעו יחסי מין הוריים), אך עם הזמן, שתי המילים הללו יצאו משימוש. היסטוריה בסין העתיקה, בני דודים מדרגה ראשונה בעלי אותם שמות משפחה (כלומר, אלו שנולדו לאחיו של האב) לא הורשו להינשא, והדבר נחשב לטאבו (נקרא "Name-Incest"), בעוד בני דודים בעלי שמות משפחה שונים (כלומר, בני דודים מצד האם או אלו שנולדו לאחיותיו של האב) הורשו להתחתן. גילוי עריות של שם המשפחה נחשב למעשה שחושף את האב, את האם ואת צאצאיהם לאסונות נוראיים. הדבר נאסר במיוחד על בני המלוכה, אך על פי הספרות הסינית העתיקה גילוי עריות שכזה מעולם לא התרחש גם בקרב בני העם, דבר שככל הנראה אינו נכון. מקרה מפורסם מאותה תקופה הוא המקרה של הנסיך ווי (Wei), אשר בשנת 494 לפני הספירה נישא לנאן-צ'ו (Nan-tzu), אישה ידועה לשמצה עקב יחסי גילוי העריות שקיימה עם אחיה. על מנת לספק את אשתו, הנסיך אף הזמין את אותו אח לשהות בחצר המלוכה לאחר הנישואין. המקרה היה כה מפורסם, שהאיכרים באותה תקופה אף נהגו לשיר עליו שירים בעת עבודתם בשדות. ככל הנראה למרות הטאבו, מקרים של גילוי עריות אכן התרחשו בחצרות המלוכה. בשלב מאוחר יותר, בתקופת חצר המלוכה של הקיסר האן (Han) התופעה הפכה לנדירה ביותר, וחוק העונשין של אותה תקופה אף הגדיר גילוי עריות כ"פשע לא אנושי" והעונש עליו היה מוות באחת הדרכים החמורות ביותר. במצרים העתיקה הייתה אמונה חזקה בטוהר הדם וכתוצאה מכך, בני מעמד האצולה נהגו לקיים יחסי מין זה עם זה בלבד, על מנת לשמור על השושלת ומתוך מחשבה כי הורים מאותה משפחה יביאו לעולם צאצאים בריאים ומשובחים יותר. על כן, ההקפדה על גילוי עריות הייתה כמעט טוטאלית, בין אם מדובר בגילוי עריות בין אחים, חצאי אחים או בני דודים. על מנת להגיע למעמד הפרעונים, גבר היה צריך להינשא לנסיכה, דבר שהביא לא פעם לכך שגבר נישא לאחותו לשם השגת התואר. כיום ידוע שנישואי אחים היו נפוצים בקרב כלל המעמדות במצרים גם בתקופה היוונית-רומית. פפירוסים רבים והצהרות מפקד רומיות מעידים על בעלים ונשים רבים שהיו אח ואחות, מאותו אב ואם. קיימים מספר מקרים מפורסמים מאותה התקופה, אחד הוא המלך תות ענח' אמון, שהיה בן לגילוי עריות בין המלך ואחותו. מקום קבורתו נמצא בשנת 1922, ומומחים אשר חקרו את הדי אן איי של המלך, גילו שסבל ממומים רבים כתוצאה מגילוי העריות במשפחתו, ביניהם חיך שסוע, עיוותים בשרירי ועצמות הרגליים, חוסר יכולת להביא ילדים בריאים לעולם וככל הנראה גם מותו הצעיר קשור לכך (נפטר בגיל 19). מקרה מפורסם נוסף הוא זה של קלאופטרה השביעית (אהובתו של יוליוס קיסר ומרקוס אנטוניוס), אשר הייתה נשואה לאחיה תלמי ה-13, ולאחר שהוא נרצח היא נישאה לאחיה השני, תלמי ה-14 (אם כי נישואים אלו היו פיקטיביים בלבד), ובת להורים אחים. ביוון העתיקה ידוע כי ליאונידס מלך ספרטה, גיבור הקרב האגדי של תרמופילאי, היה נשוי לאחייניתו גורגו, בת אחיו למחצה קלאומנס. החוק היווני אפשר נישואי אח ואחות אם היו מאימהות שונות. במיתולוגיה היוונית קיימים לא מעט סיפורים של גילוי עריות. המפורסם מביניהם הוא המשל של אדיפוס המלך, המגולל סיפור של גילוי עריות הנעשה בשוגג בין אם ובנה, מסתיים באסון ומציג איסורים עתיקים נגד גילוי עריות, כאשר אדיפוס נענש על מעשי גילוי העריות ועוקר את עיניו. גילוי עריות נוסף במיתולוגיה מופיע בגרסתו המקובלת של סיפור הולדתו של אדוניס, בו אמו סמירנה מכעיסה את האלה אפרודיטה, וזו גורמת לה להתאהב נואשות באביה קינרס מלך קפריסין, איתו סמירנה מקיימת יחסי מין ללא ידיעתו במסווה של זונה. ברומא העתיקה גילויי עריות התקבלו בעין לא יפה ונחשבו לחטא שנעשה נגד חוקי האלים והאדם. המשפט האזרחי הרומי אסר נישואין בתוך ארבע דרגות קרבת דם, וחוקים אזרחיים אסרו כל סוג של נישואין בין הורים לילדים. בשנת 295 לספירה גילוי עריות נאסר באופן מפורש על ידי צו קיסרי, אשר הבחין בין שני סוגים של גילוי עריות, שאינם שווים במשקלם, אחד תקף עבור רומאים ולא רומאים באימפריה, והשני מתייחס לרומאים בלבד. כך, למשל, מצרי יכול היה להתחתן עם דודתו, בעוד על רומאי הדבר נאסר. אף על פי שמעשה גילוי העריות נחשב כלא מקובל באימפריה הרומית, נפוצו שמועות על כך שהקיסר הרומי קליגולה קיים יחסי מין עם שלוש אחיותיו (יוליה ליווילה, דרוסילה ואגריפינה הצעירה). בנוסף, הקיסר קלאודיוס, לאחר שהוציא להורג את אשתו מסלינה, נשא לאישה את בת אחיו, אגריפינה הצעירה, ושינה את החוק כך שאיחוד לא חוקי זה יתאפשר. למרות זאת, החוק האוסר נישואין לבת האחות נותר כשהיה. הטאבו נגד גילוי עריות ברומא העתיקה בא לידי ביטוי בעובדה שפוליטיקאים היו מאשימים אחרים בגילוי עריות (לעיתים קרובות האשמות שווא) כעלבון וכאמצעי לשלילת זכויות פוליטיות. אדם שנישא בנישואי עריות (כלומר נישא לקרובת משפחה) באופן גלוי, נענש על כך באופן קל יותר מאשר אדם שנישא בנישואי עריות בסתר. זאת מכיוון, שניתן היה לומר על נישואין שנעשו בסתר כי הם נעשים במכוון נגד החוק. על פי החוק, גבר שנישא בנישואי עריות לא הוכר כמי שיש לו אישה או ילדים, בעוד האישה כן הוכרה כאימם של הילדים. במיתולוגיה הנורדית ניתן למצוא נושאים הקשורים בנישואי אח ואחות. דוגמה בולטת לכך ניתן למצוא בסיפור נישואיהם של ניורד ואחותו (ששמה אינו ידוע), אשר היו הוריהם של פריה ופרייר. בהמשך הסיפור לוקי מאשים את פריה ופרייר בקיום יחסי מין. בספר בראשית מסופר על נחור, בן תרח, אשר נישא למילכה, בת אחיו הרן. בסיפורו של לוט, בספר בראשית, מסופר כי לוט התגורר באזור מבודד לאחר חורבן סדום ועמורה. שתי בנותיו, אשר טעו לחשוב כי העולם כולו נחרב, השקו את לוט ביין ושכבו עמו, על מנת לדאוג להמשכיות המין האנושי (מכאן השתרש הביטוי "שיכור כלוט"). ממעשים אלו, על פי המקרא, נוצרו שני עמים, מואב ועמון. בספר שמואל מסופר על אמנון, בנו הבכור של דוד המלך, אשר אנס את אחותו למחצה, תמר. לאחר היוודע מקרה האונס נקט דוד בעמדה סבילה ולא הפעיל את סמכותו כהורה ומלך על מנת להעניש את האנס או לנסות ולתקן את העוול. אבשלום, בנו של דוד, לקח על עצמו את תפקיד תיקון העוול. אבשלום הכניס את תמר לביתו ומנע מגע בינה ובין אמנון. לאחר שנתיים בהן ישבה תמר בבית אבשלום, ארגן אבשלום חגיגה בביתו לרגל הגז בבעל חצור והזמין את כל אחיו הנסיכים למשתה. קודם לכן נתן אבשלום הוראה למשרתיו להרוג את אמנון כאשר יהיה שיכור. לאחר ביצוע הרצח ברח אבשלום לבית סבו המלך תלמי בגשור. בספר היובלים מסופר על כך שקין התחתן עם אחותו אוון, אשר בעקבות הנישואין נידונה גם היא לגורל מביש. מלכים רבים באירופה ניהלו יחסים דיפלומטיים בהסתמך על נישואין פוליטיים, דבר שהביא לא פעם למצבים בהם בני דודים רחוקים (ואפילו בני דודים ראשונים) נישאו. הדבר התרחש בעיקר בבתי המלוכה הבסבורג (Habsburg), הוהנצולרן (Hohenzollern), סבויה (Savoy) ובורבון (Bourbon). עם זאת, יחסים בין אחים, אשר עשויים היו להיות נסבלים בתרבויות אחרות, נחשבו באירופה למתועבים. לדוגמה, ההאשמה שאן בולין ואחיה ג'ורג' בולין ביצעו גילוי עריות, הייתה אחת הסיבות ששני האחים הוצאו להורג במאי 1536. נישואי עריות נראו גם בבתי המלוכה של יפן העתיקה וקוריאה, באינקה בפרו, בהוואי העתיקה, ובזמנים מסוימים גם במרכז אפריקה, במקסיקו ובתאילנד.כמו הפרעונים במצרים העתיקה, כך גם שליטי האינקה נהגו להינשא לאחיותיהם. ואיינה קאפאק (Huayna Capac), לדוגמה, היה בנם של טופה אינקה יופאנקי ואחותו-אשתו של האינקה. במחוז ההודי הדרומי טמיל נדו (Tamil Nadu), נפוצים עד היום נישואין בין גברים ובנות אחיותיהם. שכיחות וסטטיסטיקה גילוי עריות בין מבוגר לאדם המצוי מתחת לגיל ההסכמה, נחשב לצורה של התעללות מינית בילדים, אשר הוכחה כאחת הצורות הקיצוניות ביותר של התעללות בילדות. לעיתים קרובות צורת התעללות זו מביאה לטראומה פסיכולוגית חמורה וארוכת טווח, במיוחד במקרים של גילוי עריות הנעשה על ידי אחד ההורים. קשה להעריך את שכיחות התופעה, שכן משערים שמקרים רבים מעולם לא דווחו כך שסביר שההערכות הקיימות היום הן הערכות חסר. חוקרים מעריכים שהתעללות מינית בילדות (מכל הסוגים) מתרחשת לכ-10% מהבנים ולכ-25% מהבנות באוכלוסייה. מחקר מסוים מצא כי מתוך מבצעי התעללות מינית בילדים, יותר מ-70% מהתוקפים הם בני משפחה או מכרים של המשפחה. במחקר אחר נמצאו אחוזים גבוהים יותר, לפיהם 30% מעברייני המין הם קרובי משפחה של הקורבן, 60% הם מכרים של המשפחה (כמו שכנים, חברים או שמרטפים) ו-10% מהתוקפים הם זרים. גילוי עריות בין אב לבתו היה במשך שנים רבות הצורה הנפוצה והנלמדת ביותר של גילוי עריות. לאחרונה, מחקרים מציעים כי גילוי עריות בין אחים, במיוחד מקרים של אחים גדולים המקיימים יחסים מיניים עם אחים צעירים, הוא הצורה הנפוצה ביותר של גילוי עריות. קיימות הערכות שגילוי עריות בין אחים נפוץ פי 5 יותר מגילוי עריות בין הורה לילד. כמה מחקרים מציעים שמתבגרים המבצעים התעללות באחים בוחרים לרוב קורבנות צעירים, מתעללים בקורבנות על פני תקופה ארוכה יותר, משתמשים באלימות קשה יותר ומבצעים את ההתעללות בתדירות גבוהה יותר מאשר מבצעים מבוגרים. בהתעללות אחים יש שיעור גבוה יותר של מעשי חדירה לעומת מקרי התעללות של אבות או אבות חורגים. כמו כן, גילוי עריות שנעשה על ידי אח בוגר או אב מביאים לדיווח על רמת מצוקה גבוהה יותר אצל הקורבן, לעומת מקרי אב חורג. בניגוד לאמונה שגילוי עריות נפוץ יותר בקרב משפחות ממעמד סוציו-אקונומי נמוך, מחקרים מראים כי התופעה מתרחשת בכל השכבות הסוציו-אקונומיות, ללא הבדל ברמת ההכנסה או ההשכלה של בני המשפחה. בנוסף לכך, התופעה מתרחשת בכל המקומות ללא הבדל של מוצא אתני או הבדלי דת ומסורת. הנפגעים הם בנים ובנות, תינוקות ומתבגרים. גילויי עריות מתרחשים בין אבות ובנות, אבות ובנים, אמהות ובנות, ואמהות ובנים. כמו כן, מבצעי גילוי העריות יכולים להיות דודים, דודות, בני דודים, אחיינים, אחייניות, הורים חורגים, ילדים חורגים, סבים ונכדים. עקב כך, לא ניתן למצוא מאפיין דמוגרפי או משפחתי שיסייע לזהות ילדים שעברו התעללות מינית. על פי נתוני איגוד מרכזי הסיוע לנפגעות ונפגעי תקיפה מינית בישראל, בשנת 2014 הגיעו 40,000 פניות למרכזי הסיוע, מתוכן 24% דיווחו על פגיעה מינית על ידי בן-משפחה קרוב. מתוך 5,548 פניות שהתקבלו על פוגעים מסוימים, 26% דיווחו על הורה/ בן משפחה. על פי נתוני משטרת ישראל, מתוך 5,974 תיקי עבירות מין שנפתחו במשטרה בשנת 2014, 855 מהם (כ-14.3 אחוזים) דיווחו על עבירות מין בתוך המשפחה. על פי נתוני הפרקליטות, בשנת 2014 הוגשו 701 כתבי אישום הכוללים בתוכם עבירות מין המעוגנות בחוק העונשין, מתוכם 7.9% כללו עבירות מין במשפחה וביד אחראי על חסר ישע. מספר הערכות מדברות על 20 מיליון אמריקאים שנחשפו לגילוי עריות בידי הוריהם, כלומר 1 מתוך 10. הגיל הממוצע לתקיפה מינית במשפחה עומד על 11. סקר שנערך בפינלנד בשנת 1992 אשר בדק גילוי עריות בין אב לבתו, מצא כי מבין 9,000 נערות תיכון בנות 15 שמילאו את השאלונים, מבין הבנות שמתגוררות עם אביהן הביולוגי 0.2% דיווחו על גילוי עריות. מבין הבנות שמתגוררת עם אב חורג, 3.7% דיווחו על התנסות מינית עמו. בסיכום הסקר צוין כי "רגשותיהן של הנערות בנוגע לניסיון המיני הם שליליים באופן מובהק". יש הטוענים כי התעללות מינית בבנים בידי נשים אינה נחשפת לעיתים קרובות, עקב סטריאוטיפים, הכחשה חברתית והיעדר יחסי של מחקר על התעללות מינית בבנים. מקרי התעללות מינית של בנים בידי אימהותיהם או קרובות משפחה אחרות, מדווחים ונחקרים במידה פחותה משמעותית מיתר צורות ההתעללות. באופן דומה, יש החושדים כי גם יחסים בלתי נאותים בין אימהות לבנותיהן אינם נחשפים דיים. סוגים גילוי עריות בין מבוגר וילד נחשב לצורה של התעללות מינית בילדים ובמשך שנים רבות זו הייתה הצורה המדווחת ביותר של גילוי עריות. שכיחות מקרי גילוי עריות בין הורים וילדיהם הוא דבר שקשה להעריך עקב הסודיות והפרטיות המאפיינים את הנושא. גילוי עריות של אב-בת או אב חורג-בת חורגת, הוא הסוג הנפוץ ביותר של גילוי עריות מבוגר-ילד שדווח, וקיימים גם מקרים של אם-בן, אב-בן ואם-בת, אך אלו פחות נפוצים. מחקרים רבים מצאו כי אבות חורגים נוטים לעסוק בצורה כזו של גילוי עריות הרבה יותר מאבות ביולוגים. מחקר נוסף על נשים בוגרות בסן פרנסיסקו העריך ש-17% מהנשים חוו התעללות מצד אביהן החורג ו-2% חוו התעללות מצד אביהן הביולוגי. תופעה זו מוסברת לרוב על ידי אפקט וסטרמרק, לפיו כאשר שני אנשים גרים בסמיכות במהלך השנים הראשונות של חייהם (ככל הנראה גילאי 0–6), אחד מהם או שניהם לרוב לא יחושו משיכה מינית זה כלפי זו. גילוי עריות בין אב לבן דווח בתדירות נמוכה יותר, אך סביר שהדבר קשור בחוסר דיווח רב יותר במקרים כאלו. קיים היסוס רב בדיווח על גילוי עריות, והיסוס זה גובר משמעותית בקרב נפגעים בנים, אשר חוששים מדיווח על הפרטים המיניים של המקרה וחוששים שהדבר יצביע לאחרים על חולשתם או על נטיות הומוסקסואליות, שעלולות לגרום לתיוג חברתי שלילי. בסיפור חדשותי שפורסם ב-1999, דיווחו ה-BBC: "חיי משפחה מלוכדים בהודו, ממסכים על כמות מדאיגה של התעללות מינית בילדות ומתבגרות על ידי קרובי משפחה, כפי שמצביע דו"ח חדש. בסקר שנערך על ידי ארגון שפועל בדלהי ונקרא RAHI עלה כי 76% מהנשאלים עברו התעללות בילדות, 40% מתוכם על ידי בן משפחה". הכתבה ממשיכה ומתארת שכיום לא קיים בהודו חוק המכסה מקרים של התעללות מינית בילדים על ידי זרים, קל וחומר על ידי בני משפחה. ההגדרה המשפטית לאונס דורשת הצגת הוכחה שהאנס חדר לקורבן, גם אם מדובר בילד צעיר. שופטים מסוימים אף אמרו שבלתי אפשרי שאבות יאנסו את בנותיהם, גם כאשר הוצגו לכך הוכחות. בהודו כל הקשור למשפחה נחשב לקדוש, ואם מתרחשת התעללות כלשהי הסביבה תתייחס אליה בספקנות רבה וחוסר אמון. על פי המרכז הלאומי לקורבנות פשע (National Center for Victims of Crime), כמות גדולה ממקרי האונס שמבוצעים בארצות הברית נעשים על ידי קרוב משפחה: "מחקר מצביע על כך ש-46% מהילדים שנאנסים הם קורבנות של בני משפחה. רוב קורבנות האונס האמריקאים (61%) נאנסים לפני גיל 18; יתר על כן, 29% מכלל מקרי האונס מתרחשים כאשר הקורבן בן פחות מ-11 שנים. 11% מקורבנות האונס נאנסים על ידי אביהם או אביהם החורג, ו-16% נוספים נאנסים על ידי קרוב משפחה אחר". מחקר שנעשה בקורבנות גילוי עריות מצא "תכונות משותפות" בתוך המשפחות טרם התרחשות גילוי עריות אב-בת, בין התכונות נמצא ניכור בין האם לבת, דומיננטיות אבהית קיצונית והעברה של חלק מאחריות המשפחתית המסורתית של האם לבת. מחקרים מצאו שאבות המתעללים בילד אחד או בכל ילדיהם, מעלים סיבות שונות למעשיהם. סיבות נפוצות שמנו אבות אלו, כללו: הפקרות מינית של האב, משיכה עזה לילדים (פדופיליה) ונגישות ילדיהם למימוש חשקיהם, היעדר סיפוק מיני במערכת הזוגיות בה נמצא האב והפניית תשוקותיו המיניות לבתו. הסברים אלה אינם מהווים פטור מאחריות חוקית למעשה וכן, הם אינם מהווים פטור מאחריות מוסרית, רגשית והורית למעשה. האבות עושים שימוש בסמכותם במשפחה על מנת לשלוט בילדיהם ולהשיג מהם סיפוק מיני. לעיתים תכופות השגת עזרה היא אתגר גדול עבור קורבנות גילוי עריות, אך כאשר המתעלל פוגע גם באחיהם, הקורבנות לעיתים חושפים את ההתעללות. מחקר מראה כי כאשר בת מאמינה שאחותה הצעירה מאוימת על ידי אותה התעללות, יש סיכוי גבוה יותר שהיא תדווח על העניין. מרבית האנשים ייטו לתפוס קרבה בין אב לבת כיותר מינית מאשר אותה קרבה אצל אם ובן. אם בת תנוח או תישן באותה מיטה עם אביה, אנשים רבים יאמרו שהדבר אינו תקין, אך כפי שקמפל וקמפל מציגים במחקרם: "אם שמאפשרת לבנה לישון עימה במיטה אולי תחשב כמפנקת מדי, אך לא תחשב כפועלת מתוך דחפים לא מודעים של גילוי עריות". אבות אשר מתעללים מינית בבנותיהם לרוב אינם מרגישים כלפיהן חמלה ואינם מזהים שקיימת כל תוצאה להתעללותם. מתעללים רבים עלולים להיבהל מהתנהגותם, אך לא מספיק על מנת להפסיקה. לרבים מהאבות המתעללים יש צורך עמוק וקבוע באהבה ותשומת לב ללא תנאי. בחלק מהמקרים הם רואים את גילוי העריות, כמו אונס, כמעשה של כוח ושליטה. בניגוד לטענותיהם של חוקרים רבים, אימהות בבית בו מתבצע גילוי עריות אב-בת, לא תמיד יודעות על כך. בבתים כאלו אימהות רבות מוותרות על כוחן ונותנות לבעליהן לשלוט בהן, וכך אין בכוחן למנוע את ההתעללות והן הופכות לשותפות פסיביות למעשה. במקרים כאלו הגברים לרוב מחפשים אחר שליטה וכוח, בנוסף לאהבה ללא תנאי, והם יכולים להשיג זאת בצורה הקלה ביותר על ידי הובלת האם להכחשה שמשהו אינו כשורה. במקרים של גילוי עריות אם-בן האב לרוב נעדר מהבית. האם סומכת על הבן שיהיה "הגבר בבית", וידאג לכל העניינים כפי שגבר "אמור לעשות". הבן עלול לאהוב את אימו, אך לשנוא את העובדה שהיא מכריחה אותו "לשחק" את תפקיד האב. יש חוקרים הטוענים שמכיוון שבמקרים אלו לרוב מעורבת פחות אלימות פיזית (או שאין אלימות כלל), הבן נושא בתוכו יותר רגשות אשמה ולכן הוא חש שעליו לשאת בחלק מהאחריות למעשה. מקרים רבים כאלו קשים לחשיפה, מכיוון שבנים רבים לא בטוחים שעברו התעללות. מבוגרים שכילדים נפלו קורבן לגילוי עריות על ידי מבוגרים סובלים לעיתים קרובות מהערכה עצמית נמוכה, קשיים ביחסים בין-אישיים ובעיות בתפקוד מיני והם נמצאים בסיכון גבוה לפיתוח הפרעות נפשיות, הכוללות דיכאון, חרדה, תגובות הימנעות פוביות, הפרעות סומטופורמיות (הפרעות פסיכולוגיות המתבטאות בסימפטומים גופניים שונים), הפרעות התמכרות, הפרעת אישיות גבולית והפרעת דחק פוסט טראומטית מורכבת. מחקר שנעשה ב-1994 על גברים שורדי התעללות מינית בילדות, מצא שלמעלה מ-80% השתמשו במהלך חייהם בחומרים ממכרים, ל-50% מהם היו מחשבות אובדניות, 23% ניסו להתאבד וכמעט 70% קיבלו טיפול פסיכולוגי. 31% מהם התעללו באופן אלים בקורבן אחר. מחקר אחר שבחן שורדי גילוי עריות אשר נפגעו על ידי אמהותיהם (93 נשים ו-9 גברים), מצא ש-60% מהנשים ו-25% מהגברים סבלו מהפרעות אכילה ו-80% מהנשים וכל הגברים דיווחו על בעיות מיניות בחייהם הבוגרים. בנוסף, כמעט שני שלישים מהנשים דיווחו כי הן לעולם או כמעט ולא הולכות לבדיקה אצל רופא או רופא שיניים, מכיוון שהבדיקה מפחידה מדי עבורן. ביפן קיימת טעות נפוצה לפיה גילוי עריות בין אם לבנה הוא נפוץ, טעות הנגרמת עקב תיאור הנושא בעיתונות ובתקשורת הפופולרית ועקב התפקיד המשמעותי של האם בהצלחת בנה בבית הספר. האמונה היא כי ילדים עסוקים מאוד בחינוך ורבים מהם אף הולכים מדי יום לבתי ספר לדקדוק בשעות הערב, לכן עדיף לאם לספק לבנה שירותים מיניים מאשר לאפשר לו לבזבז זמן חשוב ואנרגיה רגשית בהתנסות בקשרים עם בנות גילו. בנוסף, קו טלפון חם לבני נוער קיבל כמה שיחות מבנים שטענו לגילוי עריות עם אימם, דבר שהוביל למחשבה כי גילוי עריות אם-בן הוא הצורה הדומיננטית של התעללות מינית ביפן. הראיות לעומת זאת, מראות אחרת. מחקר בסטטיסטיקת קורבנות במשטרה ומערכות הבריאות מבטל את הטענה כי זוהי תופעה שכיחה ומראה כי רובם המכריע של מקרי ההתעללות המינית, כולל גילוי עריות, מבוצע ביפן על ידי גברים ונגד בנות צעירות. כעדות תומכת ניתן לראות כי קיים ייצוג גדול מאוד לדמות "תלמידת בית הספר" בפורנוגרפיה ובזנות ביפן. גילוי עריות בין אחים בילדות נחשב לנפוץ אך מדווח רק לעיתים רחוקות. גילוי עריות זה נחשב להתעללות מינית בין ילדים, כאשר הוא מתרחש שלא בהסכמה, ללא שוויון, או כתוצאה מכפייה. התעללות שכזו נחשבת לצורה הנפוצה ביותר של התעללות בתוך המשפחה. הצורה הנפוצה ביותר לגילוי עריות מסוג זה שדווחה היא של ניצול לרעה של אח או אחות צעירים על ידי אח בוגר. מחקר שנעשה בשנת 2006 העלה שלחלק גדול מהמבוגרים שהיו בילדותם קורבן לגילוי עריות בין אחים, יש כיום אמונות "מעוותות" או "מופרעות" (כגון אמונה שהמעשה היה "נורמלי"), הן על החוויה שהם בעצמם עברו והן על נושא ההתעללות המינית באופן כללי. גילוי עריות בין אחים נפוץ בעיקר במשפחות בהן אחד מההורים או שניהם נעדר לעיתים קרובות או אינו פנוי רגשית. העדר של האב בפרט נמצא כמרכיב משמעותי ברוב המקרים של התעללות מינית בין אחים. ההשפעות המזיקות על ההתפתחות בילדות ועל תסמינים בבגרות, הנובעות מגילוי עריות בין אחים, דומות להשפעות של גילוי עריות אב-בת והן כוללות שימוש בחומרים ממכרים, דיכאון, אובדנות והפרעות אכילה. פעמים רבות ילדים אינם מדווחים להוריהם או למבוגר אחראי אחר על התעללות מינית באופן כללי והדבר תקף גם למקרים של התעללות מינית שהם חווים מאחיהם. לחוסר הדיווח ישנן סיבות רבות. להלן חלק מהסיבות: בתחילה הקורבנות יכולים שלא להבין כי מדובר בהתנהגות מתעללת; אם המתעלל הוא אח או אחות בוגרים, אלו יכולים להשתמש בכוח ובסמכות שלהם בתור "האחים הגדולים" על מנת לשמור שהקורבן לא יספר על ההתעללות; המתעלל עלול לאיים על הקורבנות בנקמה פיזית או רגשית אם יספרו; קורבנות יכולים להרגיש שהם אחראים להתעללות או לכך שלא התנגדו כאשר ההתעללות התחילה; או, שהסביבה המשפחתית יכולה להיות כזו שאינה מעודדת את חשיפת ההתעללות. פעילות מינית בין קרובי משפחה מבוגרים מיוחסת לעיתים למשיכה מינית גנטית, היא משיכה מינית בין קרובים אשר נפגשים לראשונה כבוגרים. צורה זו של גילוי עריות אינה מדווחת הרבה, אך הראיות מצביעות על כך שהיא קיימת, ככל הנראה לעיתים קרובות יותר משרבים חושבים. קיימים אתרי אינטרנט שונים שמספקים תמיכה לזוגות של גילויי עריות. אנשים שתומכים בגילוי עריות בהסכמה בין בוגרים מותחים גבול ברור בין התנהגות שנעשית בהסכמה לבין אונס, התעללות מינית בילדים וגילוי עריות פוגעני. לדבריו של משתתף ביחסי גילוי עריות שכאלו, אשר צוטט במאמר שהתפרסם באתר "The Guardian": "אתה לא יכול לשלוט במי אתה מתאהב, זה פשוט קורה. התאהבתי באחותי ואני לא מתבייש... אני רק מרחם על אמא ואבא שלי, אני מקווה שהם יוכלו להיות שמחים בשבילנו. אנחנו אוהבים אחד את השני. מה שקורה בינינו שונה לגמרי ממקרה של איזה זקן שמנסה לשכב עם הבן בן השלוש שלו, זה רע ומגעיל... כמובן שאנחנו עושים זאת בהסכמה, זה הדבר החשוב ביותר. אנחנו לא סוטים. מה שיש לנו הוא הדבר היפה ביותר בעולם". בעקבות מספר מקרים שהגיעו לבית המשפט, פורסמו בארצות הברית כתבות שונות אשר דנות בשאלה המוסרית והמשפטית של יחסי גילוי עריות בהסכמה בין בוגרים, ובחלקם אף הוצע שיחסים אלו צריכים להיות מוגנים תחת החוק לפרטיות. בהולנד מבחינה חוקית ניתן להתחתן עם אחיין/אחיינית, אך רק באישור מפורש של ממשלת הולנד, בשל הסיכון האפשרי של פגמים גנטיים בקרב הצאצאים. נישואין שכאלו מתרחשים בהולנד בעיקר בקרב מהגרים זרים. בחודש נובמבר 2008, הודיע המכון המדעי של המפלגה הנוצרית-דמוקרטית (CDA), כי הוא מבקש לאסור על קיום נישואין בין אחיינים ואחייניות. בבריטניה, החוק נגד גילוי עריות כולל בתוכו רק יחסי מין עם הורה, סב, ילד או אח, אך לאחרונה הוספה עבירה של "יחסי מין עם בן משפחה מבוגר", אשר כוללת בתוכה גם חצאי-אחים, דודים, דודות, אחיינים ואחייניות. המקרה המפורסם ביותר בשנים האחרונות של גילוי עריות בין אחים בוגרים, הוא המקרה של פטריק סטובינג וסוזן קרולווסקי, אח ואחות מגרמניה. עקב התנהגות אלימה של אביהם, פטריק הוצא מביתו בגיל 3 למשפחת אומנה אשר בהמשך אימצה אותו. בגיל 23 הוא גילה על הוריו הביולוגיים, יצר קשר עם אמו, ופגש לראשונה אותה ואת אחותו בת ה-16 סוזן. זמן קצר לאחר מכן, עבר פטריק להתגורר עם משפחתו הביולוגית. לאחר 6 חודשים, נפטרה אמם, והאחים התקרבו באופן אינטימי וב-2001 הביאו לעולם את ילדם הראשון. עד שנת 2004 נולדו להם 4 ילדים משותפים. מכיוון שנושא מערכת היחסים של השניים עלה שוב ושוב לכותרות, ומכיוון שהזוג עמד שוב ושוב בפני האשמות פליליות ואף ריצה עונש מאסר, החלו חלק מתושבי גרמניה לתהות האם מבוגרים המבצעים גילוי עריות בהסכמה צריכים בכלל להיענש. במאמר שהתפרסם אודותיהם עלה כי הזוג מאושר ביחד והשניים רוצים להמשיך ולחיות יחדיו. על פי רישומי בית המשפט, שלושת הילדים הראשונים סובלים ממוגבלות פיזית ונפשית, ולכן הועברו למשפחות אומנה. באפריל 2012, בבית המשפט האירופאי לזכויות האדם (The European Court of Human Rights), הפסיד פטריק סטובינג בתיק בו טען שהרשעותיו הקודמות היוו פגיעה בזכותו לפרטיות ובחיי משפחתו. ב-24 בספטמבר 2014, המועצה הגרמנית לאתיקה (The German Ethics Council) המליצה לממשלה לבטל חוקים האוסרים גילוי עריות בין אחים, בטענה כי איסורים אלו מביאים לפגיעה באזרחים. חברות מסוימות מתייחסות באופן שונה כלפי יחסים בין אחים מלאים לעומת יחסים בין אחים למחצה (אחים מהורה אחד). בחברות קדומות התרחשו נישואין בין אחים מלאים ואחים למחצה. נישואין ויחסי מין בין בני דודים מדרגה ראשונה נחשבים כגילוי עריות בתרבויות מסוימות בעולם, אך בתרבויות אחרות הם מקובלים. נכון להיום, 24 מדינות בארצות הברית אוסרות על נישואין בין בני דודים מדרגה ראשונה ו-7 מדינות נוספות מתירות אותם רק בנסיבות מיוחדות. לעומת זאת, בריטניה מתירה נישואין ויחסי מין בין בני דודים מדרגה ראשונה. במקומות מסוימים נישואי בני דודים הם נדירים ומהווים פחות מ-1% מהנישואין באירופה המערבית, בצפון אמריקה ובאיי האוקיינוס השקט (אוקיאנה), בזמן שהם מגיעים לכ-9% בדרום אמריקה, במזרח אסיה ובדרום אירופה, וכ-50% באזורים במזרח התיכון, בצפון אפריקה ובדרום אסיה. בסקירה של 48 מחקרים שנעשו על ילדים להורים בני דודים, עלה כי שיעורי המומים המולדים היה כפול מזה של זוגות שאינם קשורים משפחתית, אך עדיין נמוך יחסית: נמצאו מומים בקרב 4% מהתינוקות של הורים בני דודים, לעומת 2% באוכלוסייה הכללית. לפיכך, כ-96% מהתינוקות שנולדו להורים בני דודים, היו בריאים. תרבויות מסוימות כוללות קרובים באמצעות נישואין תחת האיסור לגילוי עריות וניתן לראות כי במקומות רבים הדין כלפי משפחה חורגת, כמו הורה חורג, דומה לדין כלפי משפחה ביולוגית. בחוק האיסלמי, אסורים נישואין על קרובים בקרבת דם. אלו כוללים הורים, ילדים, אחים, דודים ואחיינים. איסור זה תקף גם עבור מי שמקושר למשפחה דרך נישואין כמו הורה חורג, ילד חורג, אח חורג, וכו'. השלכות מכיוון שגילוי עריות מהווה טאבו כמעט בכל חברה, לעיתים קרובות קורבנות גילוי העריות מסתירים את המעשה שנעשה בהם מתוך אשמה, בושה, פחד, לחץ חברתי ומשפחתי ומכיוון שהמתעלל כופה עליהם לשמור את הסוד. מעבר לכך, נפגעי גילוי עריות לרוב מסרבים לגלות שהם עוברים התעללות בשל מגוון סיבות: ראשית, חשיפת ההתעללות עלולה לנפץ את דימויו החיובי של המתעלל בעיני הקורבן ולעמת את הקורבן עם הנזק שנעשה לו. שנית, הקורבן עשוי לרצות להגן על המתעלל מכיוון שהאדם המתעלל נמצא בעמדה של אמון וסמכות כלפיהם. לעיתים קרובות, הקורבן אינו מבין, או מכחיש, שמשהו לא בסדר בהתנהגות בה הוא נתקל בביתו. קורבנות צעירים רבים מאמינים ומקבלים את הסבריו של המתעלל, כמו הסבר שמעשיו הם מעין "חוויית למידה" אשר מתרחשת בכל משפחה על ידי בן משפחה מבוגר. הקורבנות עלולים לחשוש שאם הם יתלוננו לא יאמינו להם, יאשימו אותם ואף יענישו אותם. מחקרים שנעשו לאחרונה מראים שחלק מקורבנות גילוי עריות עלולים לסבול מאובדן זיכרון ביו-כימי (Biochemically-Induced Amnesia). מצב זה יכול להיות מופעל על ידי טראומה קשה, כמו תקיפה מינית, אשר גורמת לגוף ליצור מספר שינויים אנדוקרינים, הקשורים בהורמונים) ונוירנוליים מורכבים, המביאים להיווצרות אמנזיה מוחלטת או חלקית של האירוע. עקב כך, מודחק כל זיכרון מיידי או סמוי של התקרית או התקריות. מעבר לאלו, הפרעת דחק פוסט-טראומטית, הכוללת אמנזיה, סיוטים ופלשבקים, רווחת מאוד בקרב שורדי גילוי עריות. מחקר מצא כי לעומת ילדים שהותקפו מינית על ידי אדם זר, שורדי גילוי עריות נוטים לחוש בחייהם יותר רגשות אשם ובושה, וסובלים יותר מהערכה עצמית נמוכה, דיכאון והתנהגות הרסנית (כגון שימוש בסמים). טיפול בין אם קורבן גילוי העריות עבר אירוע בודד של התעללות או תקיפה, ובין אם עבר תקיפה מתמשכת על פני תקופת זמן ארוכה, תהליך ההחלמה יכול להיות כואב וקשה באופן יוצא דופן. תהליך ההחלמה מתחיל בהודאה בהתעללות ובהכרה שנדרשים עזרה ותמיכה. קיימים גופים שונים שמסייעים לנפגעי גילוי עריות, אליהם יכולים לפנות ילדים ומבוגרים. משאבים לסיוע לנפגעי עזרה ותמיכה כוללים ספרים, קבוצות לעזרה עצמית, סדנאות, תוכניות טיפול קצרות וארוכות טווח וסעד משפטי. שורדי גילוי עריות רבים בעולם יצרו קבוצות לעזרה עצמית או תמיכה, שם יחד עם שורדים נוספים הם יכולים לדבר על חוויותיהם ולמצוא מודל לחיקוי. הסיכון הביולוגי בגילוי עריות ילדים שנולדו כתוצאה מזיווג בין קרובי משפחה נמצאים בסיכון גבוה יותר למומים מולדים, משום שהזיווג מגדיל את הסיכוי להימצאותם של יותר תאי זיגוטה שיהיו הומוזיגוטים ובהם אללים רצסיבים מזיקים או פגומים המייצרים מחלות שכאלו (מכיוון שמדובר באללים רציסיביים הגן הפגום יבוא לידי ביטוי רק בהימצא שני אללים מזיקים). מכיוון שאללים אלו נדירים יחסית באוכלוסייה, יש סיכוי נמוך מאוד ששני בני זוג שאינם קשורים משפחתית יישאו את אותו אלל מזיק. עם זאת, מכיוון שקרובי משפחה שותפים לכמות גדולה של אללים (שכן הם נושאים מטען גנטי דומה), ההסתברות ששני הורים קרובי משפחה יישאו את אותם אללים מזיקים הוא גבוה משמעותית ביחס למי שאינם קרובי משפחה. בניגוד לדעה הרווחת, הזיווג כשלעצמו אינו משנה את השכיחות של האללים, אלא מגדיל את חלקם היחסי של ההומוזיגוט בהשוואה להטרוזיגוט. עם זאת, מכיוון שהשיעור המוגבר של ההומוזיגוטים המזיקים חשוף להליך הברירה הטבעית, בטווח הארוך השכיחות שלהם אכן עולה בקרב ענף משפחתי שבו מתקיימים יחסי גילוי עריות. בטווח הקצר, יחסי מין בתוך המשפחה עלולים להביא לעלייה בהפלות טבעיות, במקרי מוות סביב הלידה ובלידת תינוקות הסובלים ממומים מולדים. לפיכך, ככל שבני הזוג קרובים יותר משפחתית, כך יהיו תוצאות ביולוגיות חמורות יותר לזיווג. עובדה זו עשויה להסביר מדוע זיווג בין קרובי משפחה כמו אחים הוא פחות נפוץ מאשר זיווג קרובי משפחה רחוקים יותר, כמו בני דודים. כמו כן, יכולות להיות השפעות מזיקות אחרות מלבד אלו הנגרמות על ידי מחלות רצסיביות. למשל, מערכת חיסונית דומה אצל שני ההורים עשויה להביא לכך שהמערכת החיסונית של ילדם תהיה פגיעה יותר למחלות זיהומיות. מחקר משנת 1994 מצא ששיעור התמותה בקרב ילדים להורים בני דודים עמד על 4.4%. ילדים לגילוי עריות ילד-הורה או גילוי עריות בין אחים מצויים בסיכון גבוה יותר מזה של ילדים להורים בני דודים. מחקרים מראים כי 20-36% מילדים אלו ימותו או יסבלו ממוגבלות חמורה עקב גילוי העריות. מחקר שנעשה על 29 ילדים לגילוי עריות אב-בת או אחים מצא ש-20 מתוכם סבלו ממומים מולדים, כולל ארבעה שניתן לייחס את מצבם ישירות למחלות רצסיביות הנגרמות מהימצאותם של שני אללים מזיקים זהים. אצל בעלי חיים סוגים רבים של יונקים, כולל הפרימטים הקרובים ביותר למין האנושי, נוטים להימנע מהזדווגות עם קרובי משפחה, במיוחד אם ישנם שותפים חלופיים למין. ידוע שצבועים נוטשים את הלהקה שלהם בהגיעם לבגרות מלאה, על מנת למצוא נקבה מלהקה אחרת, ובהתאם גם נקבת הצבוע מזדווגת רק עם צבוע שאינו מלהקתה. דבר דומה קורה אצל חתולי הבר, אשר בהגיעם לבגרות נודדים מרחק רב מאמם, דבר שמקטין את הסיכוי שבהמשך יפגשו את אמם או אחותם. בקרב למורים נמצא שנקבת הלמור יודעת לזהות ולדחות קרובי משפחה על ידי קליטת הפרומונים שלהם. עכברים נמנעים מהדזווגות עם עכברים אחרים שריח השתן שלהם דומה לזה שלהם ונקבת העכבר מבצעת הפלה אם הרתה במקרה לאחיה. עם זאת, נצפו מקרים בהם שימפנזים שהיו מפוחדים ניסו להזדווג עם אימותיהם, שלפעמים נענו ולפעמים דחו את הניסיון. בחוק הישראלי בישראל, מעשי גילוי עריות ללא הסכמה ובחסרי ישע הם מנוגדים לחוק ואיסור זה מעוגן בחוק העונשין, תחת חלק ב' (עבירות), פרק י' (פגיעות בגוף), סימן ה' (עבירות מין), בסעיף 351 לחוק העונשין: 351. עבירות מין במשפחה ובידי אחראי על חסר ישע בישראל לא קיים איסור פלילי על גילוי עריות בקרב בני 21 ומעלה. במקרה שמי מהמעורבים בגילוי עריות מדרגה קרובה (הורה-בן/בת, אחים/אחיות, סב/סבתא-נכד/נכדה) מתחת לגיל 21 או במקרה של ניצול יחסי תלות או מרות, הדבר מהווה עבירה. חוקים הדומים לחוק הישראלי קיימים במספר מדינות, אולם ברבות אחרות קיימים חוקים האוסרים במפורש על גילוי עריות מדרגה קרובה בכל גיל ובכל מצב. כך למשל, בגרמניה בשנת 2006 הורשעו אח ואחות בגילוי עריות והאח נדון לשנתיים וחצי מאסר. בית הדין האירופי לזכויות אדם בשטרסבורג שבצרפת דחה באפריל 2012 את עתירתו של האח, פטריק סטובינג מהעיר לייפציג, על הרשעתו בקיום יחסים אסורים עם אחותו הביולוגית, סוזאן קרולווסקי. האח ריצה את עונש מאסרו במלואו, כשלוש שנים, לאחר ששניהם הביאו לעולם ארבעה ילדים. העתירה התבססה על הזכות לכיבוד הפרטיות וחיי המשפחה, המובטחת באמנת זכויות האדם האירופית. בית המשפט קבע כי אף על פי שגרמניה פגעה בזכות זו במקרה זה, אין לקבל את העתירה, משום שהפגיעה הייתה במטרה "להגן על המוסר והזכויות של האחרים". גילוי עריות בדתות ביהדות, מושג גילוי העריות רחב וכולל בנוסף לאיסור קרובי משפחה, גם יחסי מין עם אישה נשואה, איסור משכב זכר ומשכב בהמה, ולפי חלק מהדעות, את האיסור על קיום יחסי מין עם כל אישה בעת טומאת נידתה. הרמב"ם מונה 24 מצוות לא תעשה שונות שהן איסורי עריות. מהתורה ("ראשונות לעריות") ישנו איסור על 11 קרובות משפחתו של גבר: אימו, אחותו, בתו, אשת אביו, אשת אחיו, ואשת דודיו, דודותיו, כלתו ונכדותיו, וכן על שבע קרובות משפחת אשתו שנוצרו בשל זיקת הנישואין: אמה, סבתותיה מצד אמה ואביה, בתה ונכדותיה מצד בנותיה ובניה, ואחותה (רמב"ם הלכות איסורי ביאה ב ז). מדרבנן ("שניות לעריות") קיימים 20 סיווגים נוספים של קרובות משפחה, שרובן מתייחסות לאבות האדם וצאצאיו הרחוקים יותר, כדוגמת סבתו, הסבתא רבתא שלו ואשתו, ומאידך כלת הנכד ונינה. על פי רוב הפוסקים, הטווח של חלק מהאיסורים הללו הוא עולמי, עד סוף כל הדורות לשני הכיוונים. מאידך, נישואי בני דודים מותרים וכן נישואי דוד ואחייניתו. גילוי עריות נחשב ביהדות לאחד מהחטאים החמורים ביותר: הוא אחת משלוש העבירות שהן בגדר "ייהרג ובל יעבור" ועונשן במיתת בית דין או כרת. משכב זכר נחשב לאחד מאיסורי העריות ביהדות, ומכאן החומרה שהיהדות רואה בהומוסקסואליות. ילד שנולד כתוצאה מגילוי עריות הוא ממזר, שאינו יכול לשאת אלא ממזרת או שאר חסרי ייחוס (ראו: עשרת היוחסין). היהדות קובעת כי גם על בני עמים אחרים נאסרו חלק מהעריות, הנלמדות מהפסוק שנאמר על אדם וחוה: "עַל כֵּן יַעֲזָב אִישׁ אֶת אָבִיו וְאֶת אִמּוֹ וְדָבַק בְּאִשְׁתּוֹ וְהָיוּ לְבָשָׂר אֶחָד": אימו, אחותו מאימו, ביתו, אישה הנשואה לאחר, זכר ובהמה. לפיכך איסור זה הוא אחד משבע מצוות בני נח האוניברסליות. הכנסייה הקתולית לרוב אינה מתירה נישואין אם קיים ספק אם בני הזוג קשורים זה לזה על ידי קרבת דם. לאורך השנים השתנתה הגדרת גילוי העריות. בשנת 1215, למשל, עשתה המועצה הלטראנית הרביעית (The Fourth Lateran Council) ניסיון לעגן בחוק איסור על נישואין שיגיעו עד בני דודים מדרגה שלישית, ואף בני דודים מדרגה רביעית. בכנסייה האורתודוקסית המזרחית (Eastern Orthodox Church), אסורים הנישואין בין בני דודים מדרגה שנייה או דרגה קרובה יותר, ובין דודים או דודות מדרגה שנייה לאחיינים או אחייניות מדרגה שנייה, או דרגה קרובה יותר. נישואין עם הסנדק או בת הזוג של אח שנפטר אסורים גם הם, אך נישואין עם ילד או ילדה חורגים מותרים. ספר התפילות של הכנסייה האנגליקנית מתיר נישואין של בני דודים מדרגה ראשונה והלאה. בפרשת הנשים בקוראן מפורטים איסורי גילוי העריות שברובם חופפים את האיסורים ביהדות. אסורות האם, הבת (כולל בנות חורגות), האחות, הדודות, אחייניות, החותנות וכן מיניקות ו"אחיות ליניקה", כלומר, מי שהונקה מאותה מינקת. בדומה לחוקי העריות ביהדות, אסורה גם אשת האב ונישואין לשתי אחיות בו זמנית. בשונה מההלכה היהודית, אוסר האסלאם נישואין לאחיינית ולעומת זאת מתיר את נכדתה של האישה. לא תיקחו (לנשים) את (הנשים) אשר לקחו אבותיכם.. אסורות עליכם: אימותיכם ובנותיכם ואחיותיכם ודודותיכם אחיות אביכם ואחיות אמכם ובנות האח ובנות האחות ואימותיכם אשר הניקו אתכם ואחיותכם ליניקה, ואמות נשיכם ובנותיכם החורגות החוסות בכם ילידות נשיכם אשר באתם אליהן.. ונשי בניכם אשר מחלציכם (יצאו), ולא תיקחו שתי אחיות – קוראן, פרשת הנשים כ"ו-כ"ז, תרגום יוסף יואל ריבלין מקור האיסור על גילוי עריות אנתרופולוגים תוהים זה שנים מהו מקורו של האיסור הכמעט-אוניברסלי על גילוי עריות. פסיכולוגים ואנתרופולוגים שונים הציעו מגוון הסברים לתופעה. אנתרופולוגים ביולוגיים טענו כי מקור האיסור הוא אבולוציוני - אוכלוסיות של בעלי חיים (ובכללם האדם) שלא נהוג בהן יחסי גילוי עריות, ייבררו על ידי הברירה הטבעית ויישרדו, שכן יש בהן שכיחות נמוכה יותר של מומים גנטיים וישנו מגוון גנטי גדול. ברבים מהצמחים ובעלי החיים ישנם מנגנונים שנועדו למנוע "גילוי עריות". בצמחים אנדרוגיניים שיכולים לבצע האבקה עצמית, ישנם מנגנונים שמונעים זאת, למשל הבשלת אבקנים ועלי (איבר הרבייה הנקבי בפרח) באותו צמח במועדים שונים, מבנה פרח שאינו מאפשר האבקה עצמית, או "מפתח" התאמה בין זרעי אבקנים ועמודי עלי. בחלזונות שרובם הרמאפרודיטים ישנה העדפה להזדווגות בין שניים ולא להתרבות בדרך של הפריה עצמית. האנתרופולוג אדוארד ווסטרמארק טען כי קירבה מולידה סלידה (Familiarity Breeds Contempt) - אנשים המבלים את רוב זמנם יחדיו מילדות, כמו בני אותה משפחה, מפתחים סלידה הדדית ואינם רואים זה בזה בני זוג מתאימים להזדווגות. עמדה זו קיבלה חיזוק ניכר ממחקרים על הלינה המשותפת בקיבוצים. במערכת זו התקיים מצב בו בני שכבת גיל שאינם קרובי משפחה גדלים יחדיו, ואף נמצאים בסיטואציה שהם בני הזוג הזמינים ביותר זה לזה - אך מחקרים הראו כי שיעור הנישואין בין בני אותה שכבת גיל נמוך מאוד (סקר שהקיף 2,769 זוגות נשואים ב-211 קיבוצים מצא רק 14 זוגות בהם בני הזוג גדלו יחד באותו בית ילדים). טענה זו נזכרה כבר בתלמוד, כאגדה מיתולוגית על מקור התופעה: יצר המין נתפס בידי אנשי כנסת הגדולה, שפצעו אותו בעינו. פציעה זו גרמה לבני האדם לא להימשך לקרובותיהם. האנתרופולוג ברוניסלב מלינובסקי הניח כי לאיסור על גילוי עריות, כמו לכל רכיב בחברה לפי גישת הפונקציונליזם הסטרוקטורלי, יש תפקיד בקיומה התקין של החברה. התפקיד שייחס מלינובסקי לאיסור גילוי העריות הוא מניעת בלבול תפקידים במשפחה. לפי טענה זו, המשפחה מורכבת ממספר תפקידים שונים, ובעיקר אב, אם וילדים. האם והאב אמורים לקיים ביניהם יחסי מין, וקיום יחסי מין בין כל זוג אחר במשפחה יצור בלבול תפקידים ולכן דיסהרמוניה במערכת. לפי האנתרופולוג קלוד לוי שטראוס, לאיסור גילוי העריות תפקיד מפתח בעיצוב החברה האנושית. איסור זה מונע מהמשפחה לתפקד כיחידה אוטרקית, שכן פרטיה מחויבים להתרבות בעזרת פרטים מקבוצות אחרות, וכך נוצר מנגנון של חליפין בין קבוצות ושדרכו מתקיימות הגדרת הקבוצה, מערכת של תקשורת, של מסחר ואף של פוליטיקה. האיסור על גילוי עריות גורם, לפי לוי שטראוס, להפיכתה של הפונקציה הביולוגית של רבייה למערכת האנתרופולוגית של שארות. האנתרופולוג מרווין האריס שיער שהתפתחות הטאבו התרחשה עוד בשלב מוקדם של האבולוציה של האדם. הוא סבר שבין קבוצות של הומינינים מאותו מין טקסונומי התקיימו מערכות חליפין שכללו גם העברה של בני אדם בין הקבוצות. האריס שיער, כי על מנת שמערכת חליפין זו תתפקד כראוי, סביר להניח שהתפתח בקרב הקבוצות טאבו על גילוי עריות. מקרים מפורסמים בעולם ראו גם לקריאה נוספת קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-214] \| [TOKENS: 12221]
Contents Reddit Reddit (/ˈrɛdɪt/ ⓘ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condé Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condé Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condé Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condé Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated content—including photos, videos, links, and text-based posts—and discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rank—for both the general front page and for individual subreddits—is determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condé Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condé Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condé Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/בירת_התרבות_הערבית] \| [TOKENS: 324]
תוכן עניינים בירת התרבות הערבית בירת התרבות הערבית (בערבית: عاصمة الثقافة العربية) היא יוזמה של ארגון אונסק"ו במסגרת תוכנית הבירות התרבותיות, שמטרתה לקדם את התרבות הערבית ולקדם שיתוף פעולה במדינות ערב. היוזמה החלה בשנת 1996, ובמסגרתה נבחרת מדי שנה עיר ערבית המשמשת כמוקד לפעילות תרבותית. רשימת בירות התרבות הערביות ראו גם קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News#cite_ref-426] \| [TOKENS: 18442]
Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27–28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3–9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 – March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25–54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996–2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox – 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached – 43% saying he should also be removed from office – while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the Trump–Ukraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulos—the Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trump—than its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" – the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing – a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017–2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%94%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA] \| [TOKENS: 1356]
תוכן עניינים זהות לאומית זהות לאומית היא הזהות ותחושת ההשתייכות של אדם למדינה אחת או לאומה אחת המשותפת לקבוצת אנשים. לדוגמה, בעוד שאדם בעל אזרחות ישראלית יכול לומר על עצמו כי הוא ישראלי, לעיתים גם כאשר אדם גדל בקהילה ישראלית הוא יוכל לומר שהוא מרגיש ישראלי. זהות לאומית אינה תכונה מולדת. מחקרים שונים הוכיחו כי הזהות הלאומית של אדם היא תוצאה ישירה של הנוכחות היום-יומית של אלמנטים בעלי "מכנה משותף" אותם חולקים אנשים המשתייכים לאותה המדינה או האומה: סמלים לאומיים, שפה, צבעים לאומיים, ההיסטוריה של האומה, תודעה לאומית, קשרי דם, תרבות, מוזיקה, רדיו, טלוויזיה וכדומה. ישנן גישות רוחניות המזהות בני עם מסוים כחולקים מטען רוחני משותף. על פי גישות אלו הזהות הלאומית היא חשיפה של תשתית של זהות קיימת ולא יצירה של זהות חדשה. יצוין כי תחושת הזהות הלאומית של רוב האזרחים של מדינה אחת, או אומה אחת, נוטה להתחזק כאשר היא מאוימת מבחינה צבאית. תחושת ההשתייכות לאומה הכרחית ככל שהאיום החיצוני מתבהר.[דרוש מקור] ישנם מקרים שבהם הזהות הלאומית מתנגשת עם הזהות האזרחית של האדם. לדוגמה, רבים מערביי ישראל משייכים עצמם או משויכים ללאום הערבי או הפלסטיני, בעוד שהם אזרחים בישראל, אשר מצויה בסכסוך עמם. כמו כן, ישנם מקרים שבהם מדוכאת הזהות הלאומית של קבוצה מסוימת על ידי השלטון במדינה שבה היא חיה. דוגמה בולטת לכך הייתה בקרב הקטלאנים תחת משטרו של פרנסיסקו פרנקו, שהשתמשו בקבוצות הספורט של ברצלונה על מנת להביע את הזהות הלאומית שלהם בעת שנאסר עליהם ללמד את שפתם, השפה הקטלאנית, ולהציג סממנים לאומיים אחרים. ראו גם קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים
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[SOURCE: https://stackoverflow.com/questions?tab=newest&pagesize=15] \| [TOKENS: 121]
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_בפברואר] \| [TOKENS: 199]
תוכן עניינים 2 בפברואר 2 בפברואר הוא היום ה-33 בשנה, בשבוע ה-5 בלוח הגרגוריאני. עד לסיום השנה, נשארו עוד 332 ימים (333 בשנה מעוברת). אירועים היסטוריים ביום זה נולדו נפטרו חגים ואירועים החלים ביום זה קישורים חיצוניים
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/אונר"א] \| [TOKENS: 24236]
תוכן עניינים אונר"א אונר"א (ראשי תיבות של סוכנות הסעד והתעסוקה של האו"ם לפליטי פלסטין במזרח הקרוב; באנגלית: UNRWA; ראשי תיבות של: United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East) היא גוף מטעם האומות המאוחדות שעוסק במתן שירותים לפליטים פלסטינים. הסוכנות הוקמה בנפרד מנציבות האו"ם לפליטים (UNHCR), שמטרתה לטפל בכלל הפליטים בעולם. אונר"א כפופה לנציבות האו"ם לפליטים, ואחת לשלוש שנים מחדשים את המנדט לפעילותה. המנדט חודש ברציפות והוא תקף עד 30 ביוני 2026. אונר"א פועלת בחמישה אזורים: רצועת עזה, הגדה המערבית (לרבות מזרח ירושלים), ירדן, סוריה ולבנון. במהלך סבבי הלחימה בין צה"ל לחמאס, ברצועת עזה, ובמיוחד במלחמת חרבות ברזל, הציג דובר צה"ל עדויות שונות המצביעות על שיתוף פעולה בין מספר עובדי אונר"א לבין פעילות הטרור הרצחנית של חמאס. אונר"א הכחישה את רוב הטענות וטענה לדיסאינפורמציה. היסטוריה סוכנות הסעד והתעסוקה של האו"ם לפליטי פלסטין במזרח הקרוב הוקמה ב-8 בדצמבר 1949 בעקבות מלחמת העצמאות, במטרה לספק קורת גג, שירותי סעד ובריאות לפליטים פלסטינים. הסוכנות הוקמה על סמך החלטה 302 של העצרת הכללית של האו"ם. כשנה לפני כן, ב־19 בנובמבר 1948, בהחלטה 212 קראה העצרת הכללית לסייע לכחצי מיליון הפליטים הפלסטינים והמנדט לטיפול בפליטים הפלסטינים ניתן לנציבות האו"ם לפליטים כולל תקציב ייעודי. בדצמבר 1948 החליטה העצרת הכללית להקים את "ארגון הסעד של האו"ם לפליטים מפלסטין במזרח התיכון" (UNRPR – UN Relief for Palestine Refugees), שהחל לפעול לחלוקת סיוע לפליטים הנזקקים בתיאום עם מוסדות אחרים: "הוועדה הבין-לאומית של הצלב האדום", "הליגה של חברות הצלב האדום", ו"ועדת השירות של הידידים האמריקנים" (הקווייקרים). אולם ה-UNRPR לא האריך ימים, ובמקומו הוקמה אונר"א. שני מהלכים הובילו להקמת אונר"א כסוכנות עצמאית במנותק מנציבות האו"ם לפליטים: משלחת קלאפ ועמדת מדינות העימות עם ישראל. ההמלצה של משלחת בראשות גורדון קלאפ ראתה בטיפול בפליטים את השער להשפעה פוליטית וכלכלית מערבית, ובמיוחד אמריקאית, במזרח הקרוב לקראת שלום ויציבות כלכלית. קלאפ טען שהתפתחות כלכלית אזורית היא תנאי הכרחי לשיקום הפליטים בטווח הארוך. מדינות ערב הבינו שהציפייה מהן היא לקלוט את הפליטים, ועל כן פעלו לתקן את דו"ח הביניים של קלאפ בארבעה נושאים: להדגיש את נושא החזרה של הפליטים לבתיהם, לשנות את שמה של סוכנות האו"ם המוצעת כך שתכלול את המילה פלסטין, לחייב התייעצות עם מדינות האזור ותקצוב גמיש. ב-8 בדצמבר 1949 אישרה עצרת האו"ם את הקמת אונר"א בהחלטה 302 (IV) בתמיכת מדינת ישראל ומדינות ערב. הגוש המזרחי ודרום אפריקה נמנעו בהצבעה. לטענת עינת וילף, מחברת משותפת של הספר "מלחמת זכות השיבה", אונר"א הייתה אמורה להיות סוכנות זמנית שתפעל במשך 3–4 שנים, ואז תיסגר, בדומה לסוכנות זמנית אחרת שקמה באותה תקופה ליישוב הפליטים הקוריאנים ממלחמת העולם השנייה. אך בניגוד למקרה הקוריאני, מדינות ערב סירבו לקלוט והפליטים עצמם סירבו להיקלט במדינות אלו מאי רצון להשלים עם תוצאות המלחמה, ומימון הארגון בידי מדינות המערב נמשך בתקווה לשקט ומחשש שמדינות ערב יתקרבו לגוש הסובייטי. אונר"א החלה לפעול בשטח ב-1 במאי 1950 כסוכנות סעד זמנית. עם תחילת פעילותה, תפקידה הראשוני כלל "סיוע ישיר ובניית תשתיות" לפליטי פלסטין, במטרה "למנוע רעב ומצוקה ... ולקדם שלום ויציבות". בדצמבר 1950 הוגשו לעצרת הכללית של האו"ם דו"חות ממנהל אונר"א, שהדגישו שהמצב לא השתנה ועל כן הוחלט (החלטה 393 (V)) להגדיל את תפקידה של הסוכנות לשילוב מחודש של הפליטים בכלכלת המזרח הקרוב באמצעות השבתם לפלסטין או יישובם מחדש. בשנים הראשונות עיקר עיסוקו של הארגון היה מתן סיוע בסיסי לפליטים. ניסיונות לשקם את הפליטים נתקלו בקשיים בגלל התנגדות המדינות בהם נמצאו הפליטים שהתעקשו על כך שהפליטים צריכים לחזור לבתיהם. בדו"ח שפורסם בספטמבר 1952 נמסר שהייתה התקדמות בחתימה על הסכמים עם מספר מדינות, במיוחד ממלכת ירדן, על העסקה של הפליטים. תוכנית התעסוקה של הפליטים בירדן כללה מתן עבודה לכ-150,000 פליטים. עם הקמת אונר"א בשנת 1950 נכללו בהגדרה כ-750,000 פליטים. נכון לשנת 2023, נכללים בהגדרה זו 5.9 מיליון פליטים. מהם 2.4 מיליון בירדן, 1.6 מיליון ברצועת עזה, 901 אלף בגדה המערבית, 580 אלף בסוריה, ו-487 אלף בלבנון. עד לשנת 1952 אונר"א סיפקה גם את צורכיהם של קהילות יהודיות שנעקרו במהלך המלחמה. בשנה זו העבירה אונר"א למדינת ישראל את האחריות על הפליטים בשטחה, שמספרם עמד אז על כ־17,000 (מתוכם כ־16,500 ערבים). מעמד משפטי לאונר"א אין מעמד של ארגון מומחה של האו"ם. הארגון שואב את סמכותו החוקית משלושה מקורות: כגוף משני של נציבות האו"ם לפליטים, החלטת העצרת הכללית של האו"ם על הקמת הארגון, ודיווחים קבועים לעצרת האו"ם. בניגוד לנציבות האו"ם לפליטים ולסוכנויות אחרות של האו"ם, אין לאונר"א מסמך עקרונות או חוקה המשמש כבסיס משפטי לפעילותו. אונר"א נחשב מבחינה טכנית כארגון זמני. העצרת הכללית של האו"ם מקבלת מדי שנה סדרה של החלטות העוסקות באחריות הארגון, תפקידיו והתקציבים שיקבל. המנדט של אונר"א מתחדש כל שלוש שנים, ולאחרונה חודש עד ל-30 ביוני 2026. הגדרת הפליט לפי אונר"א להבדיל מההגדרה של פליט על פי האמנה בדבר מעמדם של פליטים אשר חלה על כלל הפליטים בעולם, הגדרתה של אונר"א לפליט מתייחסת לטריטוריה ולתקופה מוגדרת: פליטי פלסטין הם אנשים אשר מקום מגוריהם הרגיל, מיוני 1946 עד מאי 1948, היה פלשתינה, ואשר איבדו את בתיהם ואת מקור מחייתם כתוצאה מן הסכסוך ב-1948. החל משנת 1991, עצרת האו"ם מקבלת החלטה שנתית המכלילה גם פליטים פלסטינים ממלחמת ששת הימים ועימותים מאוחרים יותר במנדט של אונר"א. המנדט שניתן לאונר"א אינו כולל טיפול בהשבת הפלסטינים למקום מגוריהם בפלסטין. נכון לשנת 2014, הגדרת הפליט של אונר"א אינה עוסקת בהגנה על פליטים אלא במתן שירותים. בשנת 2019, לפי רישומי אונר"א, היו 5.6 מיליון אנשים הזכאים לסיועה. בשונה למנדט נציבות האו"ם לפליטים, אונר"א הגדירה את האוכלוסייה שהיא מספקת לה שירותים כפליטי פלסטין (לפי ההגדרה למעלה), אך גם צאצאיהם מצד האב, כולל ילדים שאומצו חוקית. הבדל נוסף הוא שקבלת אזרחות מדינה אחרת איננה פוגעת במעמד הפליט הפלסטיני על פי אונר"א. לדוגמה, רוב הפליטים הפלסטינים בירדן (שני מיליון אנשים, ציבור הפליטים הפלסטינים הגדול ביותר), נחשבים הן אזרחים ירדנים והן פליטים לפי הגדרות אונר"א. מרביתם, גרים במחנות פליטים של הסוכנות ומקבלים ממנה שירותים. במקביל הם יכולים להצביע לפרלמנט הירדני ולעבוד בכל עבודה. בעקבות כיבוש יהודה ושומרון מידי ירדן וכיבוש רצועת עזה מידי מצרים בידי ישראל במלחמת ששת הימים, כתב נציב אונר"א, ד"ר לורנס מיקלמור (אנ'), למיכאל קומיי, היועץ הפוליטי של שר החוץ הישראלי, ב-14 ביוני 1967: "על פי בקשת ממשלת ישראל, אונר"א תמשיך בסיוע לפליטים הפלסטינים, בשיתוף פעולה מלא של רשויות ישראל, בגדה המערבית וברצועת עזה. ממשלת ישראל תקל על משימתה של אונר"א כמיטב יכולתה, בלא לגרוע מתקנות או הסדרים שייתכן שיידרשו משיקולי ביטחון צבאי." המכתב חזר על תוכן שיחה בין השניים. במכתב התגובה שלו כתב קומיי: "אני מסכים שמכתבך ותשובה זו מהווים הסכם זמני בין אונר"א לממשלת ישראל, שיישאר בתוקף עד להחלפתו או לביטולו". חלופת מכתבים זו שימשה מאז כבסיס היחסים בין ישראל לאונר"א. פעילות אונר"א הסקר הכלכלי הראשוני שערכה הסוכנות, המליץ לפתח פרויקטים פיתוח רחבים במדינות הערביות המארחות על מנת ליישב את הפליטים הפלסטינים, אולם מדינות ערב התנגדו לתוכנית זו. מאז 1949, אונר"א ביצע מספר גדול של פרויקטים בארבעה תחומים עיקריים: סעד ישיר, סיוע טכני כלכלי, סיוע טכני חינוכי וסיוע פיננסי. הפעילות הראשונה של אונר"א הייתה הקמת בתי ספר במחנות הפליטים. את שירותי הארגון מספקים 30,000 עובדים, נכון ל-2023. בבחירות לאיגוד העובדים של אונר"א בעזה שנערכו בספטמבר 2012 זכתה "הרשימה המקצועית" המזוהה עם חמאס ב-25 מתוך 27 המושבים. אונר"א מפעילה יותר מ–700 בתי ספר יסודיים ועל-יסודיים במחנות פליטים פלסטינים בעולם. מתוכם 284 בתי ספר ברצועת עזה, בהם לומדים יותר ממחצית ילדי הרצועה, ועוד כמה ביהודה ושומרון. המערכת מקבלת אישור לספרי הלימוד מטעם הרשות הפלסטינית. נכון לשנת 2023 עיקר התקציב של אונר"א (כ-60%) מוקדש להפעלת בתי הספר, ולומדים בהם כ־543 אלף תלמידים. מתוכם כ-294 אלף תלמידים ברצועת עזה, 46 אלף בגדה המערבית, 113 אלף בירדן, 49 אלף בסוריה, ו-39 אלף בלבנון. על פי עינת וילף, חומר הלימוד של הארגון מעודד הסתה וכולל את הצגת ישראל כישות זמנית שיש לסלקה, תוכן בעייתי הכולל הסתה לאלימות, גלוריפיקציה של טרוריסטים ופיגועי התאבדות, דמוניזציה של ישראל ועידוד אנטישמיות. אונר"א מטפלת ב-59 מחנות פליטים פלסטינים, הנמצאים בסוריה, בלבנון, בירדן, בירושלים, באזורי יהודה ושומרון וברצועת עזה. במחנות אלה מתגוררים כשליש מסך כל הפליטים הרשומים. פליטים לא רשומים ופליטים שחיים מחוץ למדינות אלו לא מטופלים על ידי אונר"א. הארגון מקיים קייטנות קיץ ברצועת עזה בהן מתקיימות פעילויות ספורט ונופש. בזמני משבר אונר"א מחלקת מזון לתושבים נזקקים. אונר"א פועלת בשיתוף פעולה עם תוכנית המזון העולמית לצמצום הונאה וכפל-ניצול בתוכניות חלוקת המזון שהארגונים מפעילים בקרב הפלסטינים. במלחמת חרבות ברזל גילו תושבים מחסן של הארגון שבו נאגר מזון שלא חולק והדבר עורר ביקורת על הארגון. בנוסף לפעילות ההומניטרית והחינוכית, לאונר"א מחלקה של מיקרו מימון לעסקים קטנים, הלוואות, ופרויקטי תשתיות – בעיקר במחנות הפליטים על ידי מתן השקעות הון והלוואות הון חוזר בתעריפים מסחריים. התוכנית שואפת להיות קרובה ככל האפשר לתמיכה עצמית. מחלקת המיקרו-מימון הוקמה ב-1991 כדי לספק שירותי מיקרו-מימון לפליטים פלסטינים, וכן לקבוצות עניות או קבוצות שוליים המתגוררות ועובדות בסמיכות אליהם. לאחר שהחלה את פעילותה בשטחים הפלסטיניים, היא נותרה המתווך הפיננסי החוץ-בנקאי הגדול ביותר בגדה המערבית ובעזה. הנתונים המצטברים, נכון לשנת 2023 הם: מימון הפעילות על פי אונר"א, תקציבה השנתי בשנים 2014–2015 היה כמיליארד דולרים, שמקורם בעיקר במדינות תורמות, שהעיקריות שבהן הן ארצות הברית, קנדה, האיחוד האירופי, בריטניה ושוודיה. רובו של התקציב מוצא על תשלום לאנשי הצוות (328.2 מיליון דולר ב-2007) ומיעוטו לפעולות של הארגון (73.8 מיליון דולר ב-2007). נטען ששכרו של עובד ממדינה אחרת בשליחות ברצועת עזה יכול להגיע ל-20,000 דולר בחודש. בינואר 2018 הקפיא ממשל דונלד טראמפ 65 מיליון דולר מתקציב אונר"א מתוך 125 מיליון דולר שתוכננו במקור. גורמים בממשל ודוברת מחלקת המדינה של ארצות הברית הודיעו שכספי התקציב שיעברו לאונר"א אמורים לשמש לתוכניות חיוניות של חינוך ובריאות, ואילו יתר הכסף יושהה עד לבחינה מעמיקה של התנהלות אונר"א, כולל האופן שבו היא פועלת וממומנת. ב-31 באוגוסט 2018 הודיעה ארצות הברית על הפסקת המימון לאונר"א וכן על רפורמה במעמד ה"פליטות" של הפלסטינים. עם זאת בישראל חששו מפני השפעת המהלך ופעלו לסכלו. מערכת הביטחון הזהירה את הדרג המדיני כי קיצוץ באונר"א יגרום לפיטורי אלפי מורים, יפגע בכלכלה הפלסטינית (בעיקר בעזה) ויעודד בני נוער חסרי מעש. החשש היה כי צעדים אלה יחזקו את חמאס וכן יגרמו לתקריות רבות יותר עם כוחות צה"ל. לפי עינת וילף ישראל נאבקה נגד כוונת טרמאפ לקצץ את תקציב הארגון ובירכה אותו רק לאחר שהבינה שהוא נחוש לבצע את המהלך בכל מקרה. לאחר ביצוע המהלך פנתה ישראל לגרמניה כדי שזו תגדיל את המימון באופן שיפצה על הפחתת המימון של ארצות הברית. באוגוסט 2019 הודיעו בלגיה, הולנד ושווייץ, שיקפיאו את המימון שלהן לאונר"א, בעקבות דו"חות פנימיים של הארגון שדלפו לאל-ג'זירה והצביעו על שחיתויות חמורות שמתקיימות בצמרת הארגון. בשנת 2019 ביקשה ממשלת ישראל מגרמניה להגדיל את תמיכתה באונר"א מ-18 ל-100 מיליון דולר. עם זאת נכון לשנת 2022 כל המדינות האלה המשיכו לתרום לארגון – בלגיה 12 מיליון ושווייץ והולנד מעל 21 מיליון כל אחת. בנובמבר 2019, בעקבות חקירות השחיתות, הושעה מנכ"ל הארגון ולאחר מכן הודיע על התפטרותו. חרף הליקויים בפעילות הארגון, אותו חודש הוארך המנדט של הסוכנות ברוב גדול. בשנת 2020, על רקע המשבר הכלכלי של מגפת הקורונה וחתימת הסכמי אברהם, צמצמו גם בחריין ואיחוד האמירויות את תמיכתן באונר"א כמעט לחלוטין. במאי 2022 הודיע האיחוד האירופי על קיצוץ במימון השנתי לשנים 2022–2024 ב-40% עקב הסתה בתכני הלימוד של הארגון (ממימון של כ-135 מיליון דולר בשנה בממוצע למימון של 82 מיליון דולר). תקציב הארגון נכון לשנת 2022 עמד על 1.1 מיליארד דולר. מהם 344 מיליוני דולרים מארצות הברית, 202 מגרמניה, 114 מהאיחוד האירופאי, ו-61 מיליון משוודיה. מדינות נוספות כדוגמת נורווגיה, יפן, צרפת, הולנד, בריטניה, טורקיה וערב הסעודית תורמות סכומים של מעל 20 מיליון דולר כל אחת ומדינות נוספות תורמות סכומים נמוכים יותר, בהן כווית (12) וקטר (10). רוב כספי הארגון – 58% – מיועדים להפעלת בתי הספר, עוד 15% מופנים לבריאות, 13% מופנים לשירותי תמיכה, 6% מופנים לסעד ושירותים חברתיים, 4% לשיפור תשתיות ו-4% לשימושים אחרים. בעקבות מעורבות 12 עובדי אונר"א במתקפת הפתע על ישראל, בנק לאומי הקפיא את החשבונות של אונר"א. בפברואר 2025 חתם נשיא ארצות הברית, דונלד טראמפ על צו נשיאותי שעוצר את המימון של ארצות הברית לאונר"א. ביקורת על פעילות אונר"א תפקידו של הארגון בעיני רבים, כולל בעיני הפלסטינים עצמם, שנוי במחלוקת. ישנה ביקורת נרחבת על אמינות הרישום, טכניקות איסוף הנתונים, וההגדרות הנוגעות לפליטים הפלסטינים על ידי אונר"א. נטען גם כי היא מעסיקה טרוריסטים פלסטינים ידועים, מנציחה את תלות הפלסטינים, מבצעת הסתה נגד ישראל, ומנתבת כסף מממשלות מערביות אל הרשות הפלסטינית על-מנת שזו תוכל לרכוש נשק למחבלים. מדינת ישראל אף תיעדה מקרים בהם אונר"א שימשה ככיסוי לפעילות מחבלים. בדצמבר 2018 מסרה ועדת אתיקה מטעם סוכנות של האו"ם למזכ"ל האו"ם דו"ח חריף נגד מנכ"ל אונר"א ובכירים נוספים, ואף קראה להדיח את צמרת אונר"א. בשנת 2004 היו לפי רישומי אונר"א, ארבעה מיליון אנשים הזכאים לסיועה. אונר"א מטפלת ב-59 מחנות פליטים פלסטינים, הנמצאים בסוריה, לבנון, ירדן, ירושלים, אזורי יהודה ושומרון ורצועת עזה. היסטוריונים, כמו מרתה גלהורן ווולטר פינר, מאשימים את אונר"א בעיוות מכוון של הסטטיסטיקה על הפליטים. פינר למשל, בשנת 1959 כתב כי לפי מחקרו מספר הפליטים בפועל היה רק 367,000.‏ נכון ל-2018 אונר"א מדווחת כי היא מטפלת בכחמישה מיליון בני אדם, כשב-1948 הוגדרו על ידיה 700,000 בני אדם כפליטים כתוצאה מהסכסוך הערבי ישראלי. זאת כאשר ב-2018 פורסם כי בדו"ח פנימי של מחלקת המדינה של ארצות הברית מוערך המספר האמיתי בכ-20,000 בני אדם. נכון למרץ 2023 רשומים באונר"א 489,292 בני אדם כפליטים בלבנון. בנוסף להם נמצאים בלבנון 31,400 פליטים פלסטינים שהגיעו מסוריה. עוד מעריכה אונר"א ב-2023 את מספר הנזקקים לשרותיה בלבנון בכ-200,000 פליטים בשנה ואת סה"כ הפליטים הפלסטינים במדינה בכ-250,000. חמש שנים קודם לכן, ב-2017, במפקד האוכלוסין הלבנוני היו רשומים 174,422 בני אדם כפליטים בכלל. לדברי נציגת אונר"א בלבנון רשומים אצלם כלל הנרשמים מכלל השנים, אבל אין מידע ורישום על העוזבים והמתים ועל מי שנמצא בפועל כיום בלבנון. כמו כן גם פליטים שעזבו את לבנון נוהגים לרשום את ילדיהם שנולדו מחוץ ללבנון במוסדות אונר"א במדינה. על פי המכון למחקרי ביטחון לאומי, בשנת 2018 אונר"א הוציאה $201 בממוצע לכל פליט פלסטיני, בעוד שנציבות האו"ם לפליטים הוציאה $122 בממוצע לכל פליט משאר העולם. כמות העובדים של UNHCR היא כ-16,800 איש המטפלים ב-70.5 מיליון פליטים בעוד אונר"א מעסיקה כ-32,000 עובדים המטפלים בכ-5.4 מיליון בני אדם. בשנת 2006, פנו שני חברי קונגרס, מארק קירק וסטיב רוטמן למזכירת המדינה האמריקאית, קונדוליזה רייס, וקראו לה להגביר את הפיקוח על אונר"א לאחר שדו"ח פנימי חשף מנגנוני ניהול לא תקינים וכן ביקשו לבדוק האם פעילות הארגון עומדת בעמידה בחוקים הפדרליים למניעת טרור. בנייר עמדה שפרסם מכון וושינגטון למדיניות המזרח התיכון ב-2009 נכתב בין היתר כי, "אין גם שום הצדקה לבזבוז של מיליוני דולרים לסיוע הומניטרי הניתנים כתרומה עבור אלו שיכולים להרשות לעצמם לשלם עבור שירותי אונר"א, וישנם רבים כאלה". רבים, בעיקר בישראל, אך גם במדינות ערב, רואים בארגון גוף המנציח את בעיית הפליטים הפלסטינים, מאחר שבמקום לסייע להם להיקלט במדינות בהן נמצאים מחנות הפליטים (כמו בלבנון ובירדן), הם מסייעים למעשה בשימור מצבם. אונר"א מעניקה שירותי חינוך, תעסוקה, בריאות ורווחה במסגרות המשרתות בלעדית את צאצאי הפליטים, ומעודדת את הזכאים לשירותיה שלא לפנות למערכות הסיוע המקומיות במדינות מושבם לקבלת שירותים מקבילים. כפילות מערכתית זו יוצרת פערים כלכליים עמוקים בין תושבים המקבלים את עזרת הארגון לבין אזרחי המדינה, והאיבה הטבעית הנוצרת מפערים אלו מנותבת להנצחת השאיפה העממית לחיסול מדינת ישראל, בהיותה ה"חטא הקדמון" האשמה בנכבה. על פי לינדזי, "אונר"א מעדיפה להיות כבולה למחשבה הפוליטית הפלסטינית שמועלית על ידי אלו המתכוונים להגשים את תביעת שיבתם לאדמה שהיא כיום מדינת ישראל". תכליתה של נציבות האו"ם לפליטים היא שילוב הפליטים במדינות שבהן הם שוהים, תכלית שמדינות ערב התנגדו לה. מבחינה זאת, על פי מבקריה, אונר"א (שהוקמה בלחץ מדינות ערב) אכן הוקמה במטרה שלא ליישב את הפליטים באורח קבע במדינות אליהן הגיעו. על פי ד"ר עינת וילף אונר"א הוא "ארגון פלסטיני עוין הפועל להנצחת חלום השיבה... תחת כסות דקיקה של פעילות הומניטרית מקיים אונר"א פעילות פוליטית מובהקת, שכל מטרתה להנציח את מצב הפליטות הפלסטיני ולטפח את חלום השיבה. כך אונר"א מקיים ומפתח את התשתית הרעיונית שעליה גדל הדור הבא של מי שנאבקים נגד ישראל". דוד בדין, ממרכז בדין לחקר מדיניות המזרח התיכון טען כי הוא דורש שינוי בתכני הלימוד של אונר"א מאז שנת 1987. המרכז דורש ביטול תוכניות לימודים הכוללות עקרונות של ג'יהאד וזכות השיבה בכוח הנשק, הפסקת הכשרה צבאית בבתי הספר של אונר"א ולפטר מורים ועובדים המזוהים עם ארגון חמאס. על פי דו"חות שנכתבו על ספרי הלימוד של אונר"א, חלק מהספרים מכילים תכנים לאומניים המדגישים את זכות השיבה, תכנים אנטישמיים, הסתה נגד ישראל ושלילת קיומה, גלוריפיקציה של טרור ופיגועי התאבדות. חלק מספרי הלימוד הרשמיים בבתי הספר של אונר"א, מחנכים לג'יהאד נגד ישראל. תכנים נגד ישראל ובעד ג'יהאד מופיעים גם בתוכן נייטרלי כמו הוראת לשון או מתמטיקה. בעקבות הביקורת, טען הארגון כי הוא הפחית את כמות התכנים הקוראים מפורשות למאבק מזוין, אך הם עדיין כוללים דברי שבח למחבלים שביצעו פיגועי התאבדות. לפי מרכוס שף, מנכ"ל Impcat-Se, בעוד ברוב המדינות הסוניות התכנים נגד ישראל ויהודים עברו תהליך של התמתנות, ברשות הפלסטינית ואונר"א התכנים הלכו והקצינו, במיוחד מאז 2014–2016. ב-2019 יצא דו"ח חריף של ועדת האו"ם למיגור אפליה גזעית המציג תכנים המכילים הסתה לשנאה, אלימות ואנטישמיות בתוכנית הלימודים של הרשות הפלסטינית ושל אונר"א, וקורא להסירם. בשנת 2020 הציג שגריר ישראל באו"ם גלעד ארדן קטעים נבחרים מתוך ספרי הלימוד שעסקו בסוגיות אלה לנציגי אונר"א ודרש לשנותם. בינואר 2021 פרסם המכון לניטור שלום וסובלנות תרבותית בחינוך בית ספרי (IMPACT-se), מכון מחקר ומדיניות ישראלי המנתח תוכניות לימודים בבתי ספר, דו"ח שתיאר תכנים בספרי הלימוד של אונר"א המפרים את עקרונות הנייטרליות של האו"ם שאונר"א אמורה לתת להם עדיפות. למשל, על פי הדו"ח מופצות בחומר החינוכי תאוריות קונספירציה, כגון טענות כי "הציונים" הציתו בכוונה את מסגד אל-אקצא או טענה כי ישראל משליכה בכוונה פסולת רדיואקטיבית ורעילה בגדה המערבית. בסוף ינואר 2021, הודיעו קנדה ואוסטרליה על פתיחת חקירות מול הארגון, ובריטניה אישרה שחומרי הלימוד מכילים חומרים מסיתים. באפריל 2021 העביר האיחוד האירופי גינוי חריף של אונר"א, בגין שימוש בחומרי חינוך המסיתים לשנאה ואלימות מול ישראל ומול יהודים. האיחוד גם התנה את המשך מימון הארגון בהתאמת תוכני החינוך לערכי האו"ם של שלום וסובלנות. במאי 2021, בעדות שנתן בקונגרס, טען מזכיר המדינה האמריקני אנתוני בלינקן כי אונר"א מפיצה תוכני לימוד אנטישמיים ואנטי ישראליים, וכי יש צורך ברפורמות בארגון. במאי 2022 גינה האיחוד האירופי בהחלטה תקדימית את סוכנות הפליטים על שימושה בחומרי חינוך המסיתים לשנאה ולאלימות נגד ישראל ונגד יהודים בבתי הספר של האו"ם בגדה המערבית ובעזה, וקיצץ כ-40% מתמיכתו השנתית בארגון. ביולי 2022 פרסם ארגון UN WATCH דו"ח המתעד 113 מקרים של הסתה לאנטישמיות וטרור בקרב מורים ופעילים באונר"א, רבים מהם מורים מהרשות הפלסטינית, בהם גם פרסום תכנים נאו-נאציים. במרץ 2023 פורסם ד"וח של UN Watch ושל IMPACT-se שחשף 47 מקרים חדשים של הסתה על ידי צוות אונר"א. מרכז בדין לחקר מדיניות המזרח התיכון הפיק מספר סרטים תיעודיים על אונר"א, בהם נטען שהארגון מעניק הכשרה צבאית לילדים. בשנת 2003 פרסמה ישראל לעיתונים מסמך שתיעד פעולות של אונר"א המשמשות ככיסוי לפעולות חבלניות פלסטיניות, לרבות הברחת נשק באמבולנסים של האו"ם וקיום פגישות של התנזים במבנים של האו"ם. אונר"א, מצידה, האשימה את ישראל בהפרעה לפעילותה ההומניטרית.[דרוש מקור] ביקורת נמתחה על הארגון בעקבות הפצת סרטונים רבים המתעדים שימוש של אמבולנסים של אונר"א בידי מחבלים להובלת אנשים ואמצעי לחימה במהלך האינתיפאדה השנייה ולאחריה, וכן בשל הודאתו של מזכ"ל אונר"א פיטר האנסן כי הארגון מעסיק פעילי חמאס. במבצע עופרת יצוקה הופגז מטה אונר"א ב-15 בינואר 2009 לאחר שלטענת צה"ל, נורו ממנו טילים אל עבר כוחותיו. אך התברר כי מערכת איכון של צה"ל זיהתה שיגור רקטה מחצר בית הצמודה לחצר בית הספר של אונר"א שבו שהו האזרחים ולא מחצר בית הספר עצמו. בדו"ח שפורסם, היועץ המשפטי של אונר"א לשעבר, שהוא גם חוקר עבור מכון וושינגטון למדיניות המזרח התיכון, ג'יימס ג' לינדזי, ציין: "אונר"א לא נקטה צעדים כדי לזהות ולדחות מחבלים משורות הסגל שלה או ממקבלי השירות שלה, ולא צעדים כדי למנוע מחברי ארגונים כגון חמאס מלהצטרף אל הצוות שלה. לאונר"א אין שום בדיקות ביטחוניות לפני העסקת עובדים ואינה מפקחת על ההתנהגות מחוץ לזמן העבודה של עובדיה כדי להבטיח תאימות עם החוקים נגד טרור של הארגון". לינדזי גם ציין כי "ארצות הברית, למרות המימון של כמעט 75 אחוז מהתקציב הראשוני של אונר"א, ההופכים אותה לתורמת הגדולה ביותר שלה, נכשלה באופן רב בלהתאים את אונר"א למטרות מדיניות החוץ של ארצות הברית." בשנת 2014, במהלך מבצע צוק איתן, נתגלו על ידי אנשי אונר"א רקטות בבתי ספר של הארגון, דבר שגונה על ידי הארגון. כמו כן, במבנה ששימש כמרפאה של אונר"א היה פיר מנהרה והמבנה היה ממולכד. שלושה חיילי יחידת מגלן נהרגו בפיצוץ המבנה. במהלך 2017 מצא הארגון כי מתחת לשלושה בתי ספר שונים של הארגון ברצועת עזה נחפרו מנהרות טרור. ב-26 בינואר 2024 הודיעה אונר"א כי ישראל הציגה בפניה מידע על מעורבותם של שנים עשר מעובדיה בטבח שבעה באוקטובר, בהמשך הצהיר הנציב הכללי של אונר"א, פיליפ לזאריני, שהארגון פיטר את העובדים אשר להם יוחסו הטענות, וכי כל חבר בארגון שיימצא כי עוסק בפעולות טרור יצטרך להתמודד עם ההשלכות לכך. ישראל טוענת גם שנעשה שימוש במתקנים ובכלי רכב של אונר"א לצורך ביצוע המתקפה. הוול סטריט ג'ורנל דיווח ב-2 בפברואר 2024 כי מקורות מודיעין ישראלים מעריכים שכ־1,200 מעובדי אונר"א ברצועת עזה חברים בחמאס או בג'יהאד האסלאמי, או קשורים לארגונים אלה, בין אם בזרוע האזרחית או בזרוע הצבאית. ישראל הציגה ראיות על פיהן שלפחות 12 מעובדי הארגון השתתפו בטבח, ביניהן הקלטות וצילומיםשל מספר עובדי אונר"א משתתפים בהרס ובאלימות ביום הטבח. באחד הסרטונים נראה עובד של הארגון חוטף גופת אזרח ישראלי מקיבוץ בארי. ב-5 באוגוסט 2024 פרסם האו"ם את ממצאי החקירה שנערכה בנושא, והודיע כי מתוך 19 עובדים שנחקרו, 9 עובדי אונר"א יפוטרו היות שנמצא שייתכן והשתתפו בטבח ב-7 באוקטובר 2023. ההאשמות בדבר מעורבותם של חברי אונר"א במעשי הטבח הובילה לגינוי בין-לאומי. מדינות רבות, כולל ארצות הברית, גרמניה, שוודיה, יפן, צרפת, שווייצריה, בריטניה, קנדה, הולנד, אוסטרליה, איטליה, פינלנד, גרמניה, ניו זילנד, רומניה, אסטוניה והולנד הודיעו על הקפאת תרומותיהן עד לתום הבדיקה. בעקבות זאת הודיעו ספרד ופורטוגל על העברת תרומות כדי לסייע לפלסטינים בעזה. דובר אונר"א התריע כי הקפאת המימון תוביל לכך שהסוכנות לא תוכל לתת סיוע אחרי חודש פברואר 2024 בעזה, וכי הקפאת המימון תשפיע על פעילות הסוכנות לא רק בעזה. קציני צה"ל הביעו את חששם מסגירת אונר"א ללא גוף שיכול להחליף אותה. לטענת מכוני מחקר העוקבים אחר הארגון[דרושה הבהרה] ישנם מחבלי נוח'בה שהם בוגרי בתי הספר של אונר"א או עובדים בו. לפי מחקר של IMPACT-se לפחות 20 מורים של אונר"א שיבחו את הטבח שביצעו מחבלי חמאס ב־7 באוקטובר. בעקבות הדברים, החליט הפרלמנט בשווייץ על קיצוץ 21 מיליון דולר מהתקציב השנתי שהמדינה תורמת לארגון. לפי אחד החטופים, הוא הוחזק כבן ערובה על ידי מורה עובד אונר"א. בפברואר 2024 אותרו בתוך המטה המרכזי של אונר"א אמצעי לחימה, אמצעי מודיעין ומסמכים ובסמוך כניסה למנהרה העוברת מתחת למטה. המשרדים שימשו גם את החמאס. מנכ"ל אונר"א, פיליפ לזאריני, טען כי צוות אונר"א עזב את המטה בעזה ב-12 באוקטובר 2023 בעקבות דרישת פינוי של ישראל. על פי לזאריני עד תחילת יוני 2024 נהרגו במלחמה לפחות 192 עובדי אונר"א, מעל 170 מתחמים של הארגון נפגעו, וכ-450 עקורים שמצאו מקלט במתקנים של אונר"א נהרגו. פתח שריף אבו אל-אמין, מנהיג חמאס בלבנון, היה ראש ארגון המורים של אונר"א בלבנון ובמסגרת תפקידו הילל את טבח 7 באוקטובר בכרוז שפרסם. הוא נהרג בסיכול ממוקד ב-30 בספטמבר 2024. יחסי ישראל-אונר"א ביולי 1952 הועברה האחריות על הפליטים הפלסטינים בשטח ישראל מידי אונר"א לידי מדינת ישראל; מספרם עמד אז על כ־17,000 (מתוכם כ־16,500 ערבים. בעקבות כיבוש יהודה ושומרון מידי ירדן וכיבוש רצועת עזה מידי מצרים בידי ישראל במלחמת ששת הימים, כתב נציב אונר"א, ד"ר לורנס מיקלמור (אנ'), למיכאל קומיי, היועץ הפוליטי של שר החוץ הישראלי, ב-14 ביוני 1967: "על פי בקשת ממשלת ישראל, אונר"א תמשיך בסיוע לפליטים הפלסטינים, בשיתוף פעולה מלא של רשויות ישראל, בגדה המערבית וברצועת עזה. ממשלת ישראל תקל על משימתה של אונר"א כמיטב יכולתה, בלא לגרוע מתקנות או הסדרים שייתכן שיידרשו משיקולי ביטחון צבאי." המכתב חזר על תוכן שיחה בין השניים. במכתב התגובה שלו כתב קומיי: "אני מסכים שמכתבך ותשובה זו מהווים הסכם זמני בין אונר"א לממשלת ישראל, שיישאר בתוקף עד להחלפתו או לביטולו". חלופת מכתבים זו שימשה מאז כבסיס היחסים בין ישראל לאונר"א. ב-28 באוקטובר 2024 חוקקה הכנסת את החוק להפסקת פעילות אונר"א בשטח מדינת ישראל. בנוסף נחקק "חוק להפסקת פעילות אונר"א, תשפ"ה-2024; פקיעת חילוף האיגרות בין ישראל ובין אונר"א" שאוסר על מגע של רשויות ישראליות ואישי ציבור ישראלים עם הארגון ולמעשה מבטל הקלות שונות שניתנו לארגון במסגרת הבנות קודמות עמו. מרבית התגובות לאישור החוק הישראלי ברחבי העולם היו שליליות ומודאגות. פיליפ לזאריני, המנהל הכללי של אונר"א כינה את החקיקה "תקדים מסוכן" שיוצא נגד מגילת האו"ם ומפר את המחויבות של ישראל על פי המשפט הבין-לאומי. קיר סטארמר, ראש ממשלת בריטניה, הביע דאגה עמוקה מן החקיקה והדגיש כי, "חקיקה זו עלולה להפוך את עבודתה החיונית של אונר"א למען הפלסטינים לבלתי אפשרית, ולסכן את כל סיוע הומניטרי בין-לאומי בעזה[דרושה הבהרה] ואספקת שירותי בריאות וחינוך חיוניים בגדה המערבית. גם דובר מחלקת המדינה האמריקנית, מתיו מילר, אמר כי וושינגטון "מודאגת מאוד" מההצבעה והפצירה בישראל "להשהות את יישום" החקיקה, שעלולה להיות לה "השלכות על פי החוק האמריקאי" ועל המדיניות האמריקאית. גם אירלנד, נורווגיה, סלובניה וספרד גינו את החקיקה, תוך שהן מדגישות כי הוא "יוצר תקדים חמור מאוד לפעילות האו"ם ולכל מערכת שיתופית בין-לאומית", כפי שצוין בהצהרה משותפת של ארבע המדינות שפורסמה. מנגד, במהלך השימוע בקונגרס למועמדת לתפקיד שגרירת ארצות הברית באו"ם אליס סטפניק, הבהירה סטפניק "אני תומכת בהסרת מימון מוחלטת של אונר"א!" בדצמבר 2024, ערב כניסת החוק לתוקף, הודיע שר הסיוע השוודי בנג'מין דוסה כי שוודיה תפסיק את המימון שלה לאונר"א ותפנה את הסיוע ההומניטרי שלה לפלסטינים באמצעות ערוצים אחרים. בתחילת פברואר 2025, עם כניסת החוק לתוקף, חברי פרלמנט מ-14 מדינות באירופה שיגרו מכתב למזכ"ל האו"ם ובו דרשו לבטל את מעמדה של אונר"א כסוכנות או"ם מכיוון ש""אונר"א הפרה את כל משימותיה וסייעה לארגון טרור להסתיר בני ערובה, דבר שמגונה מאוד מבחינה פוליטית, מוסרית ומשפטית". בפרק הזמן שבין אישור החוק לכניסתו לתוקף, הקימה עיריית ירושלים "צוות מומחים" "פעילי שטח" לבניית חלופות לפעילות אונר"א בתחומי החינוך, בריאות, רווחה ותברואה ובמקביל פורסם מכרז למתן שירותים רפואיים לאלו שבעבר צרכו אותם מאונר"א. מבחינה תקציבית היערכות עיריית ירושלים כללה הקצאת 20 מיליון ש"ח להכשרת קרקע להקמת קריית חינוך עבור הילדים במחנה שועפאט, והקצאת 3.5 מיליון ש"ח לעיבוי טיפות החלב הקיימות והקמת מבנה רב-תכליתי במחנה שועפאט שיספק שירותי בריאות מתקדמים. עם כניסת החוק לתוקף שיגר השר מאיר פורוש מכתב רשמי בו נאמר: "ירושלים ערוכה ליציאת הארגון מהעיר, מברכת על כך ועתידה לספק שירותים טובים יותר לתושבי מזרח העיר... אנו מחויבים להציע שירותים ראויים לתושבי מזרח ירושלים בדיוק כפי שאנו מחויבים לכלל תושבי ישראל ללא הבדלי דת או לאום". כחלק מההיערכות, בשלב הראשון התלמידים שלמדו במוסדות של אונר"א ישולבו במוסדות עירוניים, ובהמשך יוקמו מוסדות חינוך חדשים עבורם ועבור תלמידים נוספים באותם אזורים. ראו גם לקריאה נוספת קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOS_(operating_system)] \| [TOKENS: 168]
Contents XOS (operating system) XOS is an Android-based operating system developed by Hong Kong–based Chinese mobile phone manufacturer Infinix Mobile, a subsidiary of Transsion Holdings. The operating system is developed for use in the company's smartphones and tablet computers. Debuted initially as XUI in 2015, the operating system changed its name to XOS in 2016. Claims from the company about unique user customization capabilities are made. As with the original Android OS, XOS supports a wide range of customizations to the system interface. The original XUI 1.0 is based on Android 5.1. Later releases are based on newer Android operating systems. The operating system includes pre-installed applications in all of its versions. .. History release 8.1.0 Oreo See also References
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