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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืกืืืช_ืื_ืืขืืื] | [TOKENS: 11021] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืกืืืช ืื ืืขืืื ืื ืกืืืช ืื ืืขืืื (ืืืืืงืืช Chiesa di tutte le Nazioni) ืืื ืื ืกืืื ืคืจื ืฆืืกืงื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืช ืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืงืืจืื, ืขื ืืืจืืืชืื ืืืขืจืืืื ืฉื ืืจ ืืืืชืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืฉืื ืืจืฉืื ืืื ืื ืกืืืช ืืืืื (Chiesa dellโAgonia), ืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืงืื ืืืกืคื ืชืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืกืคื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื ืืงืชืืื, ืืื ืืืชื ืืฉื "ืื ืกืืืช ืื ืืืืืืช" ืื "ืื ืกืืืช ืื ืืขืืื". ืืื ืกืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืื 1919โ1924 ืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืืงื ืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืืฆื. ืืื ืืื ืคืืงืืื ืืืชื ื-5,000 ืืืงืจืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืื ืืฆืจืืช ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืืื ืช ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืื, ืฉืื ืขื-ืคื ืืืกืืจืช ืื ืืฆืจืืช ืืชืคืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืคืืืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืืืชืืืกืจ, ืงืืื ืืืกืืจืชื ืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืงืจืืืช. ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืืื "ืกืืข ืืืืื" ืฉืขืืื ืืชืคืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืคืืืชื: ืึทืึธึผืึนืืึผ ืึถืึพืึธืฆึตืจ ืึทืึทืช ืึผืฉึฐืืึธืึผ ืึทึผืชึพืฉึฐืืึธื ึตื ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึถืึพืชึทึผืึฐืึดืืึธืื ืฉึฐืืืึผึพืึธืึถื ืคึนึผื ืขึทื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึถืชึฐืคึทึผืึธึผืื ืึทืึดึผืงึทึผื ืึดืชึผืึน ืึถืชึพืคึถึผืึฐืจืึนืก ืึฐืึถืชึพืึทืขึฒืงึนื ืึฐืึถืชึพืืึนืึธื ึธื ืึทืึธึผืึถื ืึฐืึดืฉึฐืืชึผืึนืึตื ืึฐืึธืืึผืื ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึฒืึตืืึถื ื ึทืคึฐืฉึดืื ืึธืจึธืึพืึดื ืขึทืึพืึธืึถืช ืขึดืึฐืืึผึพืคึนื ืึผืฉึฐืืงึนืืึผื ืึทืึทึผืขึฒืึนืจ ืึฐืขึทื ืึดืฉึธึผืื ืึธืึธืึฐืึธื ืึทืึดึผืคึนึผื ืึทืจึฐืฆึธื ืึทืึดึผืชึฐืคึทึผืึตึผื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึดืึพืืึผืึทื ืึฑืืึนืช ืชึทึผืขึฒืึนืจ ืึตืขึธืึธืื ืึทืฉึธึผืืขึธื ืึทืึนึผืืชื ืึทืึนึผืืึทืจ ืึทืึธึผื ืึธืึดื ืึนึผื ืชึผืึผืึทื ืึทืขึฒืึถืจึพื ึธื ืึตืขึธืึทื ืึถืชึพืึทืึผืึนืก ืึทืึนึผืืช ืึทืึฐึพืึนื ืึถืชึพืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึฒื ึดื ืจืึนืฆึถื ืึดึผื ืึดืึพืึตืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจึพืึธืชึธึผืื ืึทืึธึผืึนื ืึทืึดึผืึฐืฆึธืึตื ืึฐืฉึตืื ึดืื ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึถืึพืคึถึผืึฐืจืึนืก ืฉึดืืึฐืขืึนื ืึฒืชึดืืฉึทืื ืึฒืึดืึพืึนื ืึธืึนืึฐืชึธึผ ืึดืฉึฐืืงึนื ืฉึธืืขึธื ืึถืึธืชื ืฉึดืืงึฐืืึผ ืึฐืึดืชึฐืคึทึผืึฐึผืืึผ ืคึถึผืึพืชึธึผืึนืืึผ ืึดืืึตื ื ึดืกึธึผืืึนื, ืึตื ืึธืจืึผืึท ืึดืื ืึฒืคึตืฆึธื ืึฐืึทืึธึผืฉึธืืจ ืจึธืคึถืื ืึทืึนึผืกึถืฃ ืึธืกืึผืจ ืึทืึดึผืชึฐืคึทึผืึตึผื ืึฐึผืึธืึฐืจืึน ืขืึนืึพืึทืคึทึผืขึทื ืึทึผืึฐึผืึธืจึดืื ืึธืึตืึธึผืื ืึทืึธึผืฉึธืื ืึทืึดึผืึฐืฆึธืึตื ืฉึตืื ึดืืช ืึฐืฉึตืื ึดืื ืึดึผื ืขึตืื ึตืืึถื ืึฐึผืึตืืึนืช ืึฐืึนื ืึธืึฐืขืึผ ืึทืึพืึทึผืขึฒื ึปืืึผื ืึทืึธึผืึนื ืคึทึผืขึทื ืฉึฐืืึดืืฉึดืืืช ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึฒืึตืืึถื ื ืึผืืึผ ืขืึนื ืึฐื ืึผืืึผ ืจึทืึพืึดื ืึดึผืึพืึธืึธื ืึทืฉึธึผืืขึธื ืึดื ึตึผื ืึถืึพืึธืึธืึธื ื ึดืึฐืกึธืจ ืึดึผืืึตื ืึทืึธึผืึดืืื ืงืึผืืึผ ืึฐื ึตืึตืึธื ืึดื ึตึผื ืึทืึผืึนืกึตืจ ืืึนืชึดื ืงึธืจึตืื ืขืึนืึถื ึผืึผ ืึฐืึทืึตึผืจ ืึดืืืึผืึธื ืึธื ืึฐืืึผื ืึถืึธื ืึดืฉึฐึผืื ึตืื ืึถืขึธืฉึธืืจ ืึฐืขึดืึผืึน ืึธืืึนื ืจึทื ืึทึผืึฒืจึธืืึนืช ืึผืึฐืึทืงึฐืืึนืช ืึตืึตืช ืจึธืืฉึตืื ืึทืึนึผืึฒื ึดืื ืึฐืึทืกึผืึนืคึฐืจึดืื ืึฐืึทืึฐึผืงึตื ึดืืื ืึฐืึทืึผืึนืกึตืจ ืึนืชืึน ื ึธืชึทื ืึธืึถื ืืึนืช ืึตืืึนืจ ืึธืึดืืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึถืฉึธึผืืงึตืืึผ ืึถื ืืึผื ืชึดึผืคึฐืฉืืึผ ืึนืชืึน ืึฐืืึนืึดืืึปืืึผ ืึทืึพืึดืึธึผืึตืื ืืึผื ืึธื ืึฐืืึผื ื ึดืึทึผืฉื ืึตืึธืื ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืจึทืึดึผื ืจึทืึดึผื ืึทืึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืืงึพืืึนื ืึทืึดึผืฉึฐืืึฐืืึผึพืืึน ืึถืชึพืึฐืึตืืึถื ืึทืึดึผืชึฐืคึฐึผืฉึปืืืึผื ืึฐืึถืึธื ืึดืึพืึธืขึนืึฐืึดืื ืึถืฆึฐืืึน ืฉึธืืึทืฃ ืึถืชึพืึทืจึฐืึผืึน ืึทืึทึผืึฐ ืึถืชึพืขึถืึถื ืึทืึนึผืึตื ืึทืึธึผืืึนื ืึทืึฐืงึทืฆึตึผืฅ ืึถืชึพืึธืึฐื ืึนื ืึทืึทึผืขึทื ืึตืฉืืึผืขึท ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึฒืึตืืึถื ืึฐึผืฆึตืืช ืขึทืึพืคึธึผืจึดืืฅ ืึฐืฆึธืืชึถื ืขึธืึทื ืึทึผืึฒืจึธืืึนืช ืึผืึฐืึทืงึฐืืึนืช ืึฐืชึธืคึฐืฉึตืื ึดืื ืึทืึฒื ึดื ืืึนื ืืึนื ืึธืึดืืชึดื ืึถืฆึฐืึฐืึถื ืึฐืึทืึตึผื ืึทึผืึดึผืงึฐืึธึผืฉื ืึฐืึนื ืึถืึฑืึทืงึฐืชึถึผื ืึดึผื ืึฒืึธื ืึฐืึทืขึทื ืึฐืึนืืช ืึดึผืึฐืจึตื ืึทืึฐึผืชืึผืึดืืื ืึทืึทึผืขึทืึฐืืึผ ืึนืชืึน ืึปึผืึธึผื ืึทืึธึผื ืึผืกืึผื ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืงืื ืื ืฉืืื ืช ืืื ืกืืื ื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืงื ืืืื ืืืช ืงืื ื ืฉื ืื ืชื ืืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืื ืืจืกื ืขื ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืกืื ื ื-614. ืืืื ื-12 ืงืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืกืืื ืฆืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื, ืื ืืื ื ื ืืฉื ืื ืืจืกื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืฉื ืช 1347. ื-1919 ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืืฆื ืขื ืืื ืืงืืกืืืก (ืจืืฉ ืืฉืืืจืช ืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฉ) ืคืจืืื ื ืื ืืืืืืืืื (Ferdinando Diotallevi), ืืืงืื ืืช ืืื ืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช. ื-1920, ืฉื ื ืืืืจ ืชืืืืช ืืขืืืืืช, ื ืืฉืคื ืขืืื ืืงืืข ืคืกืืคืก ืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืช, ืืขืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืคืกืงื ืขื ืฉื ืช 1922. ืขื ืกืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืจืืืืืืื, ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื ืืืจืคืื, ืฉืื ื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืกืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืงืืฉื ื-1924. ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืช-ืฉืื ืื ื ืื ืชื, ืืื ืื ืจืื, ืืชืงืืคืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืืงืืกืจ ืชืืืืืกืืืก ืืจืืฉืื (379-395), ืืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืก ืืงืืืฉ ืืืื ื-4 ืืฉื ืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืื ื-5. ืืืงืื ื ืืฆืื ืฉืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืคื, ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืกืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉื ืช 614, ืืืืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืืืื ื-8, ืืื ืชืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืคืืืื ื ืฉืฉืื ืืืงืื ืขื ืืชืงืืคื ืืฆืืื ืืช. ืืื ืกืืื ื ืื ืชื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืงื ืืขืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืกืคืื ืืช, ืืืงืฆื ืื ืืืช ืืื ื ืงืืข ืืคืกืืก. ืืืคืกืืก ืฉื ืืกืคืื ื ืืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื, ืืืืคืืื ืื ืกืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืืื ืืื 25.1 ืืืจืื ืืจืืืื ืขืื ืขื 16.35 ืืืจืื. ืืื ืืกืคืื ืืช ื ืืฆืื ืฉืชื ืฉืืจืืช ืื ืืช ืฉืืขื ืขืืืืื ืื ืืืช. ืงืืืจื ืฉื ืืขืืืืื ืขืื ืขื 51 ืก"ื, ืืจืืฉืืื ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืจืืช ืงืืจืื ืชืืืช. ืืกืืกืืื ื ืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืจืืื ื ืืฆืื ืืืชืจื ืืขืช ืืฉืืคืช ืืืื ื. ืชืงืจืช ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืชื ืขืฉืืื ืขืฅ ืืืงืืื ืืื ืกืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืช. ืขืืื ืงืืจืืชืื ืืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืื 60 ืก"ื, ื ืชืื ื ืืืช ืืืืงืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืช. ืืืื ืฉืืคืืข ืืืืจืื ืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืื ืกืืื ืืช ืฆืืื ืืืืจืื ืืกืืข ืืืจ, ืืื ื ืืื ื ืชืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืขืจืื. ืืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืื ืืชืขืืช ื ืืงืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืจื ืงืืจืืชืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืคืกืืก ืืืจืืื ืืื ืงืืข ื"ืกืืข ืืืืื" ืืืืื ืฉื 35 ืก"ื ืืขื ืจืฆืคืช ืืืื ื, ืืืฉืจ ืขืืฆื ืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืฆืืจืชื ืืืชืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืคืกืืก. ืืกืืข ืืฉืชืจืข ืืขืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืจืืื ืืื ืกืืื. ืจืฆืคืช ืืื ืกืืื ืจืืฆืคื ืืคืกืืคืกืื, ืืฉืจืืืื ืืื ืืฉืชืืจื ืืื ืืขืืืืื. ืงืืจืืช ืืื ืกืืื ืืืกื ืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ื-12, ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืฉื ื-500 ืฉื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืืงืื, ืืชืื ืฆืืืื ืื ืื ืืืชืจ ื ืืฆืืช ืื ืกืืื ืงืื ื. ืืืชืื ืฉืื ืงืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืกืืืื ืืช ืฉืืคืืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ื-11. ืืจื ืฉืืืืฆืืช ืืืื ื-12 ืืืืืคื ืืื ืกืืื ืืงืื ื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืงืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืื ืฆืืื ื-ืืื ื-1187 ืคืกืงื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืกืืื, ืืืืชืื ืฉืืจืื. ื-1323 ืฉืื ืืืื ืขื ืงืืืื ืฉื ืื ืกืืื ืืืงืื, ืืืืืืจื ืืชืืืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืขื ืฉื ื ืกืืื ืขืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืฆืื ืืืชืจ. ืื ืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืื ืกืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืืืจืช ืื, ื ืืฆืื ืืืจืืกืืชืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืฉื ืช 1347. ืืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ื ืื ืชื ืืืืจื ืฆืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืืจื ืืช, ื"ืกืืข ืืืืื" ื ืงืืจ ืืชืืช ืืงืืจืืช ืคืื ืชื ืืฆืคืื-ืืืจืืืช. ืืื ืกืืื ื ืื ืชื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉื ื. ืงืืจืืชืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืืื ืขืื ืขื 2.35 ืืืจืื. ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืขืืจืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืคืจืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืชื ืฉืืจืืช ืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืขืืืืื ืืื ืืืช, ืืืขืืืืื ืขืฆืื ืขืืฆืื ืืฆืืจืช ืฆืื. ืืืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืคืฆื ืืื ืกืืื, ืืืืืคื ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืชืืื ืื. ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืื ืืขืืจ ื ืงืืจ ืืคืกืืก, ืืืืืฆืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื 63 ืก"ื ืืขื ืจืฆืคืช ืืืื ื, ืืืฉืชืจืข ืขื-ืคื ื ืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืคืกืืก ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืฆืขื. ืืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืกืืข ืืืืื ืฉื 10 ืก"ื, ืฉืืืจืื 75 ืก"ื ืืจืืืื ื-60 ืก"ื. ืื ืืืคืกืืก ืืฆืคืื ื ื ืืชืจื ืคืืกืช ืกืืข ืืืชื ืืขืืืืช, ืืฉืงืข ืืืคืกืืก ืืืจืืื ืืขืื, ืืืื, ืขื ืกืืข ืืืื ืฉืฉืื ืื ืื. ืืื ืกืืื ืจืืฆืคื ืืคืืกืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ื ืคืกืืคืก ืืืืืืช. ืืื ืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืกืืืช ืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืจื ืืช ืงืื ืขื ืฆืืจ ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืช, ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืงืจืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช. ืืื ืืคืื ื ืืื ืื ื-1919 ืืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืคืงืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืืฆื, ืืกืชืืืื ื-1924. ืืชืงืจืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืกืืคืก ืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืกืืืืื ืฉื 16 ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืชืจืืืชื ืกืืืขื ืืืงืืช ืืื ืกืืื, ืืขื ืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืืจืืื, ืฆ'ืืื, ืืงืกืืงื, ืืืืืื, ืฆืจืคืช, ืกืคืจื, ืื ืืืื, ืืืืื, ืงื ืื, ืืจืื ืื, ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืจืื ื, ืืื ืืจืื, ืืืกืืจืืื ืืคืืืื. ืืฉื ืื 2012โ2013 ืฉืืคืฆื ืื ืืคืกืืคืกืื ืืชืื ืืื ื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืืฆื ืื. ืืขืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืื 18 ืืืืฉืื ืืกืชืืืื ื-5 ืื ืืืืืจ 2013, ืขื ืืกืจืช ืืืจืืขื ืฉืืกืชื ืืช ืคืกืืคืก ืืืืืช. ืืขืืืืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืืืืกืืืื, ืืืืื ื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืื ืืฉืืืจืช ืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฉ ืืืงืื ืกืืืื ืืืืืืงืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ืชืืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืจืื ื ืขืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืกื ืืืฆืืช ืืช ืืื ืกืืื. ืืฉื ืืืคืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืืื, ืืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืจืืื-ืงืืืกื ืฉื ืชืงืืคืช ืืฉื. ืืจืืืฆื ืืืงืฉ ืืืืืข ืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืื ืฉืคืงื ืืช ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืจืื ืืื, ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืฆื, ืชืงืจืชื ื ืืืื ืืืกืืช ืื ืงืืขื ืื 11 ืืืคืืช ื ืืืืืช ืื ืื 11 ืืฉืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืช ืืฆืืื. ืืฆืืข ืืฉืืื ืืคืืกืืช ืืืืืกืืจ ืฉืฉืืืื ืืงืืจืืช ืืืื ื ืืื ืกืืื, ืฆืืข ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืื ืืฆืจืืช, ืืชืงืจืช ืืคืกืืคืก ืืจืืขืช ืืืืืืื ื ืฆืืขื ืืืืื ืืื. ืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืืืืฆืืื ืืช ืขืฆื ืืื ืืกืืื. ืืืกืืข ืืืืขื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ื ืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืจืื. ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจ-ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืืคืชื ืืฉืืืื ืืงืืจืืช ืืืื ื ืืคื ืืืืื, ืืขืื ืฉืงืืจืืชืื ืืืืฆืื ืืื ืขืืฆืื ืืืื ืืจืืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืืช ืืื. ืืืื ื ื ืืืง ืืฉืืืฉื ืืขืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืฉืชื ืฉืืจืืช ืขืืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืื, ืืืขื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืคืกืืก ืืืืื ื ืงืืข ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืขืืจ ืืืจืืื. ืฉืืืฉื ืคืกืืคืกืื ื ืงืืขื ืขื ืืืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื - ืืฉืืืื ื ืจืืืช ื ืฉืืงืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืงืจืืืช, ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืจืช ืกืฆื ืช ืืืขืฆืจ ืืชืฉืืืช ืืฉื ืืืืงืฉืื: "ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืืข ืื ื ืืื" ืืชืืื, ืืืคืกืืก ืืืืื, ืืชืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืจืข ืืจื ืขื "ืกืืข ืืืืื" ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืืขื ื ืฉืืืช ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืื ืืฆืืื. ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืื ื ืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืจ. ืกืืข ืืืืื ืฉืืืคืกืืก ืืืืืง ืืืืขืืจ ืืืจืืื, ืืืงืฃ ืืืืจ ืืจืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืืจื ืืช ืืชืจ ืืงืืฆืื, ืืืฉืืืืื ืื ืขื ืคื ืืืช. ืืงืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืฆืืคืืจืื ืืืกืืืืช ืืช ืืื ืืืืงืฉืื ืืืืืง ืืช ืืืืข ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉื. ืืฉื ื ืฆืืืื ืฉื ืืจ ืืืจืื ื ืจืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืกืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืกืื ืืงืืจืื. ืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืจืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืจื ืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืจืืื. ืืืืช, ืืขืฉืืื ืืจื, ื ืจืื ืขืฅ ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฆืื, ืืืจืืขื ืืขื ืคืื ืืชืขืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืกืชืืืืื ืืืจืืขืช ืกืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืจืื. ืืชืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืงืืืข ื ืืกื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืชืืืืช. ืืขื ืืืืช ืงืืืขืื ืืืจื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืืื: "SVSTINETE HIC ET VIGILATE MECVM" ืืืื ื, "ืืืฉืืจื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืขืื ืืช ืืืืื". ืืืื ืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืชืื ืื ื ืจืืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืกืื ืืืกืืจ ืืคืจื ืฆืืกืงื ื, ืื ืจื ืืฆืื ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืืื ื ืคืชืืช ืื ื ืื ืงืืจืื ืืจื ืฉืืืฉ ืงืฉืชืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืขืืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืชืจืืช ืงืืจืื ืชืืืช. ืคืกืื ืืจืืขืช ืืืืฉืจืื ื ืืฆืืื ืขื ืืขืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืฉืชืืช ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ื. ืืืืืื ืืขื ืง ืฉืืขื ืืืืืื ืงืืืข ืคืกืืคืก ืืืชืืจ ืืช ืืฉื ืืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืจืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืื, ืฆืืข ืืืืืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืกืจ ืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื. ืฉืชื ืงืืืฆืืช ืื ื ืืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืืฉื ื ืฆืืืื ืฉื ืืฉื, ืื ืืืจืืง ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืกืืจืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืื. ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขื ืืคืฉืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื; ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืืฉืจืจื ืฉืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืฉืืจื (ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืกืคืจ ืืขืืื ืืืืื "ืืืจืืช"). ืืฉื ืืงืื ืืช ืคื ืืืชืืื ืฉื ืื ืื ื ืืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืขืื ืืคืกืืง ืฉืืชืืช ืืกืฆื ื: "PRECES SVPPLICATIONESQVE... CVM CLAMORE VALIDO ET LACRYMIS OFFERENS ET EXAVDITVS PRO SVA REVERENTIA" "ืืงืจืื ืชืคืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืื ืืฆืขืงื ืืืืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืคื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืืขื ืืืืช ืืืขืชืจ ืื ืืคื ื ืืจืืชื." ืขื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืืื ื ืจืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืคืกืืง: " ืึฐึผืึทืึธึผื ืชึทึผืขึฒืจึนื ืขึทื-ืึฒืคึดืืงึตื-ืึธืึดื, ืึตึผื ื ึทืคึฐืฉึดืื ืชึทืขึฒืจึนื ืึตืึถืืึธ ืึฑืึนืึดืื." ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืฆืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฆื ืืช ืืขืืื. ืื ืขืฆื ืืืืช ืืืข ืืืืชืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืฆืคืื ืืืฉืชืจืข ืืืื ืขื-ืคื ื ืฉืื ืฉื 1,200 ื"ืจ. ืืืืจ ืฉืืคื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉื ืืชืคืื ืขื "ืกืืข ืืืืื" ืืชืื ืืื, ืืจื ืฉืื ืืฉืชืจืข ืืชืงืืคืชื ืื ืืฉืื ืื ื ืฆืืช ืืืื ืืื ืกืืื. ืฉืืื ืช ืขืฆื ืืืืช ืื ืืชืจืื ืืืงืคืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืืืกืืื ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืคื ืืฉืื ืืืืืงืฃ, ืืืืื ื-14 ืืื ืืืืง ืืืืืืช ื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืช ืงืื ืืช. ืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืคื ืืืงืื ืืืืืงืฃ ืืฉืื ืคืจืื, ืื-1681, ืืืืชืื ืฉืืืจ ื-1666, ืืฉืืืื ืืคืจื ืฆืืกืงื ืื ืืช ืจืืืฉืช ืืืขืืืช ืื. ื-1847 ืืืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืขืฆืื, ืื-1959 ืืืืืคื ืื ืืืืจ ืืงืืืืช. ืืืงืจ ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืืงืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉืคืืจืกื ื-2012 ืชืืืจื ืฉืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืช ืขืฆื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื-12, ืืชืงืืคื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืื ืฉืืคืฆื ืื ืกืืืช ืจืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื . ืืขืฅ ืืคืื ืช ืืื ืืืจืื-ืืืจืืืช ื ืืืข ืขื ืืื ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืคืืืืืก ืืฉืืฉื ื-1964, ืืขืช ืฉืืืงืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฉ. ืืืืืืืืจืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืื, "ืืฆืืจืช ื ืืฃ ืืงืืืฉ: ืื ืกืืืช ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืงืจื ืืืื", ืืืชืจ, 21, ืชืฉืข"ื, ืขื' 69โ80. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820] | [TOKENS: 625] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื 1820 ืฉื ืช 1820 ืืื ืืฉื ื ื-20 ืืืื ื-19. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืืขืืืจืช, ืฉืืืจืื 366 ืืืื. 1 ืืื ืืืจ 1820 ืืคื ืืืื ืืืจืืืจืืื ื ืืงืืื ืืช 1 ืืื ืืืจ ืืคื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ื ื-12 ืืืื. ืื ืืชืืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืคื ืืืื ืืืจืืืจืืื ื. ืืืจืืขืื ื ืืืื ื ืคืืจื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืจืืืจืืื ื โ ืขืืจื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืืขืืื ืขืืจืืื: Nothing. ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ื, ืฉื ืช 1820 ืืชืืืื ืืืื ื"ื ืืืืช ื'ืชืง"ืฃ (ืืขืืืช ืืืช, ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืคื ืืืื ืืืจืืืจืืื ื ืืืื 12 ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืชืจ, ื-ื"ื ืืืืช). ืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืื ืืคื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ื 366 ืืืื - ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืจืืื ื ืืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืื ื - ืขืืจื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืขืืื ืขืืจืืื: Nothing. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื 1815 โข 1816 โข 1817 โข 1818 โข 1819 โข 1820 โข 1821 โข 1822 โข 1823 โข 1824 โข 1825 |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/sherutey-tiksuv-bachinuch/virtual-school/] | [TOKENS: 1915] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืจืืืืื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืจืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืขื ืื ืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืืข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืช, ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืชืืืช ืืืฉืืช. ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืจืืืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืช, ืืืื google classroom, moodle, ืงืืคืืก IL ืืืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืงืคืฆื, ืืงืคืฆื ืืืฉืืช, ืืืจื ืขืืฉืื, ืชืืืื ืืืจืืืืื, ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืืืืืช, ืืืจืืค ืืขืื. ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืื! ืฉืืืืช ืืชืฉืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืขืืฉืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืกื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืชืชืืืช ืฉืืืขืื, ืืืฉื, ืืืืื ืงืืืกืจืื, ืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืชืืื ืืืช ืชืืืืจ ืืืขืฉืจื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืจื ืืืืจื. ื ืืจืฉืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืจืืช ืชืืื ืืชืื, ืื ืื ืืืคืืขื ืืื ืชืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืืชืืืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืืื ืืืชืคืงืืืื. ืื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืขืืืช. ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืฆืืข ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืชืืื ืืืช ืขืืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืืชืืืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืฉื ืชืืืืจ ืขื ืืืจื ืืื-ืืืื, ืงืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืขืฆืืืช ืืขืื ืืืื ืืคืฉืจืืืืช. ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืฉ ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืฉืคืชืืืืช ืืื ืื ืฉืจืืฆื, ืื ืชืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืื. ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืงืคืฆื, ืืืฉื, ืชืืืืืื ืืืืชืืช ื-ืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืืืื ืฉืืขืืจืื - ืืชืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืกืื ืืืช ืืขืฉืจื ืืืจืชืื ืื. ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืืค, ืืืฉื, ืชืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืชืืืืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืกืืค ืืขืื. ืืืื ืกื ืืืชืจ ืืืชืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืฉืจืืืืช. ืืืืื. ืืคืฉืจ ืืฆืคืืช ืืฉืืขืืจื ืืขืฉืจื ืฉืคืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืจืื ืืืงืืืื ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืื ืืชืืืืืื ืจืฉืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืจืืืืื, ืขื"ื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืงืคืฆื ืืืืฉืืช. ืืืขืช ืืืงืื ืื ืืื! ืื ืชืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืขืฆืืื ืืงืืจืกืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช "ืืืฉื ืืืืืืื", ืืืฉื. ืืืืจ ืฉืชืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืื ืชืืื ื ืืขืฉืจื ืฉืืชืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื. ืืืงื ืชืืืื ืืืืคืื 6552* ืืืื ืชืชืขื ืืื ื ืื ื... ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืงืฆืจื ื... ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/sherutey-tiksuv-bachinuch/online-tutorials/] | [TOKENS: 786] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืกืจืืื ืื ืืืจืืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืื ืืืขืช 1. ืืืคืืืงืฆืืืช meet ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื (ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื). ืงืืืืช ืขืืืคืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืคืืืงืฆืื ืื.2. ืืืคืืืงืฆืืืช Teams ืฉื ืืืงืจืืกืืคื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื (ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื).3. ืืืคืืืงืฆืืืช Zoom ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื (ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื). ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืฉืฉืืืืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืคืจืืืื (ืืืื zoom ื-meet) ืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืช ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืกืืืื ืืืืื ืืคืจืืืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง, ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืฉืคืืจืื ืืขืื. ืกืจืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืงืฆืจื ื... ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News#cite_ref-443] | [TOKENS: 18442] |
Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news โ particularly news that explains to people how it affects them โ is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27โ28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3โ9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 โ March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25โ54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy DanielsโDonald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996โ2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox โ 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached โ 43% saying he should also be removed from office โ while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the TrumpโUkraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulosโthe Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trumpโthan its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" โ the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing โ a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017โ2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/sherutey-tiksuv-bachinuch/teachers-reported/distance-learning-questions/] | [TOKENS: 11168] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืืง: ืืชื ืฉืืืืื - ืื ืื ื ืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืจืฉืช ืืืชืงืืืืช ืืืื ืืืช. ืืืืจื ืืืชืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืืชื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืื (ืืืชืช ืืืืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช, ืืืฉืืืื ืฉืื ืกืื ืืจืื ื, ืฆ'ืื ืืืืืื) ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืจืื ืคืืื (ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจืคืืื ืืจืืืงืื). ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืคืขื ืืืืขื ืงืืืข ืืจืืฉ (ืืืื ืืืช) ืืฉืืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืจืคื ืืจืืืง ืื ืืื. ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืืชืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืงืื ืืช ืื ืืืืชืช ืืืืื. ืืืจืื ืืคืืืืื ืจืืืื ื ืืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืจื ZOOM, WEBEX, Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, ืืืจ ืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืืฉื"ื, ืงืืืืจื, ืืืืืคืืื'. ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืกืืจืื ืืกืจืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืจืื ืืคืืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืฉืืฉื ืืชืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืจืฆืืฃ ืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืืื ืฉืืขืืจืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืืื. ืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืช ื ืขืฉื ืืืจืื ืืคืืืืื โ ืืืจืืืช ืืงืืื ืืช. ืืฉื ืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืขื. ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืฉืืขืืจืื. ืืจืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืข ืืจืฆื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืื โ 6552*, ืืืื ื-ื: 17:00-7:30 ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืชืืงืฉืืื ืืืขืื ืชืคืงืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ โ 03-6906600, ืืืื ื-ื: 16:30-8:00 ืืงืืฉืืจ ืืืฆืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืืืขืืจ ืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืคื ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืจืืืง. ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืืงืคืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืจืืืืื ืืขืืืจื ื ืืืฆืืช. ื ืงืคืื ืื ืืืขืืืจ ืคืจืื ืืืืข ืืืฉืืื. ืคืืกืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืข. ืืืืืฅ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื. ืื. ืื ืื ืกืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืงืื ื ืืื, ืชืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืืคืืฉ ืืืคืจืืข ืืืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืช. ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืื ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืฉืชื ื ืืืืชื ืืืืชื. ืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืืืื ืืืกื ืฉืื ืืืง ืืืืื ืืืงืืฉ ืืืืืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช (ืืขืืงืจ ืืืง ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉืืื ืืงื ืื ืื ืฉืืื) ืืืืงื ืืืืืื ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช (ืชืจืืื, ืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืขืฆืืืช). Microsoft Teams, Google Meet, ZOOM ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืงืืื ืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืคืืฉ ืืืชื ืืืจืืืืื. ืืกืืจ ืืคืชืืื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฆืื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืืื. ืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืขืืจื 'ืจืืฉ ืืืืจ' ืืฉืืขืืจืื ืืกืื ืื ืืจืฆืื ืืืงืคืืื ืขื ืฉืืขืืจืื ืงืฆืจืื ืืืขื ืืื ืื โ ืื ืืืชืจ ื-20 ืืงืืช ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืื. ืืืืืฅ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืื ืืงืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืืื. ืฉืืืืฉ ื'ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืคืืื' ืืืคืฉืจ ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช ืขื ืืืืื ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช. ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืขืฆืืื. ืืืืืื, ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืจืื ืืฆืคืืื ืืจืืฉ ืฉื ืชืืืืืืื, ืืืืคืืฉ ืื ืกืื ืืจืื ื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืจื ืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืชื. ืื. ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืืข ืืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืงืฆื ืืฉืืขืืจ, ืื ืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืฉืื ืฆ'ืื ืงืืืฆืชื ืืืืคืขื ืขื ืืื ืืืืจื. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืคืขืื ืืืงืืื ืช ืฉื ืฉืืขืืจ ืื, ืืฉืื ืืืืชืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืฆืื ืืืฉืืขืืจ ืืคื ื ืืืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืืืชื. ืื ืืืืื ืฉืชืืืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืจืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืจื ื ืืืืช. ืืคืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืืืืจืืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืงืืฉืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืืชืื ืืืืจื. ืืชืืืฆืื ืืืงืื ืืืืชื ืืคื ื ืืชืืืืืื (ืืคืืืช ืจืืข ืฉืขื ืืคื ื ืชืืืืช ืืฉืืขืืจ) ืืงืืื ืืช ืคื ืืื, ืืจืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืฆ'ืื. ืืืืืื, ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืขื ืื ืืื ืืืชืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืคื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืืื ืงืฉืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืฉืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืชืคืื ืืช ืืกื ืืืืจื, ืงืฉื ืืืืจื ืืขืงืื ืืืจื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืื ืชืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืจื ืืช ืจืฉืืืช ืืชืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืกื ืืคื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืืกืื ืืขืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืจืชื. ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืจ ืกืืืืช ืืืจืื-ืืืืื ืฉืืชืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืช ืืืชื. ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืจืง ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืชืจ. ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืืืชืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืื ืืืชืืืืืืื, ื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืื ืืชืคืขืื. ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืคืกืช ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืกืช ืืคื ืขืืืื. ืืชืืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืื ืชื ื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืจืืงืืืืืืช ืืืคื ืขืืืื ืืงืืื ืื. ืชืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืขืฉื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืจืช, ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืชืื ืขื ื ืืืจ. ืืืื ืืืจืื, ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืขืจืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืชืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืชื ืกื ืืืฆืืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฆืื ืืคืจืงืืืงื ืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืจืืกืืคื ืืืกืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืขื ื ืืืงืจืืกืืคื 365 ืืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ, ืืฉ ืืคื ืืช ืืชืืืื ืขื ืจืืืช ืืชืงืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืชืงืฉืื.ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืกืืืืช ืขื ื ืืืื ืื โMicrosoft office 365 ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืืืืืืช (ืืคืืฉื ืืืืื) ืื. ืชืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืฉืืขืืจื ืืืชื ืืืจืืืืืืช (ืืคืืฉื ืืืืื) ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื โ ืืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื, ืืืฉื ื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืืื / ืืืืื ืืืคืืื ืืืคืื ืืื (ืกืืจืืคืื). ืืืืื ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืืื ืื, ืืื ืชืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืจื. ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืืขืืงืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืชืื ืื ืืืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืขื ืชืืืืืื ืขืืืชืื ืืฉืืชืคืื ืืืืืื. ืืงืืฉืืจ ืืืฆืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืฉื ืฉืืขืืจ ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ื. ืืืืืฅ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื. ืื. ืื ืื ืกืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืงืื ื ืืื, ืชืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืืคืืฉ ืืืคืจืืข ืืืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืช. ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืื ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืฉืชื ื ืืืืชื ืืืืชื. ืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืืืื ืืืกื ืฉืื ืืืง ืืืืื ืืืงืืฉ ืืืืืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช (ืืขืืงืจ ืืืง ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉืืื ืืงื ืื ืื ืฉืืื) ืืืืงื ืืืืืื ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช (ืชืจืืื, ืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืขืฆืืืช). Microsoft Teams, Google Meet, ZOOM ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืงืืื ืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืคืืฉ ืืืชื ืืืจืืืืื. ืืกืืจ ืืคืชืืื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฆืื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืืื. ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืงืืืืื ืฉืืขืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืืคืขืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉืืขืืจืื ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ืืื. ืืคืฉืจ ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืชืืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืฉืืขืช ืืฉืืขืืจืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืืื ืชืืืื ืฉืืชื ืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืจืืืื ืืฉ ืืืืฆืืื ืืืืคืืฉ.ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืจื, ืืฉ ืืขืฉืืช ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืื (ืขื ืคื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืฉื ืืฉืค"ื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืข ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื): ืื ืืื ืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืก ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืืงืืื โ ืืืืจื ืื ืกื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืืืชื. ืื ืื ืืฆืืื, ืขืืื ืืกืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืฉ ืืืขืฉืืช ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืื: ืืืืื ืขื ืืืงืจื ืืืืงื ืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืชืืงืฉืืื ืืืืคืื: 03-6906600. ืืฉ ืืคืขืื ืืงืืื ืืคืืฉ ืืืจืืืืื ืขื ืคื ืื ืืืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืช ืืกืืืื ืืืคืจืขืืช ืืกืื ืื, ืืืืืื: ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืขืงืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืืจืืขืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืคืืงืื, ืืืฃ ืฉืค"ื ืืืื ืื ืชืงืฉืื, ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืข. ืืืฉืจื ืืงืืื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืช ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืชื ืืกืคืจ. ืขื ืืืืจืื ืืงืืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืื ืชืืืืืื ืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืฉืืขืืจื ืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืืขืจืืช, ืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชื. ืชืืขืื ืื ืชืื ืื ื ืืขื ืืืขืงื ืืืจ ืืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืขืฉื ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืืืื. ืชืืืื ืื ืืืขื ืฉ ืื ืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืฉืืขืืจ ืกืื ืืจืื ื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืงืืขื. ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืจ ืืืืื ืชืืืื ื ืืงืง ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืคืืฉืื. ืืืืจ ืืืงืืืืช (VOD) ืืจืื ืืคืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืฉืืืืจืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืงืืืืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืืืชืจ ืืงืืืืช ืืคื ืืืชื, ืชืืื ืืขืช, ืฉืคื ืื ืืงืกื ืืืคืฉื. ืื ื ืืคืฉ ืืืฉื ืืืชื ื', ืืชืืืืงื ืืฉืคื ืืขืืจืืช, ื ืงืื 14 ืฉืืขืืจืื ืืืฃ ืืืชืจ. ืืืื ืกื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืงืืืื ืืจืฉืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืฆืคืืช ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืืจืื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืชืืจ ืฉืืืืจ. ืืื ืื ืืฉ ืจืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืืจืื ืืืืืฆืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื. ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืคืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืขื ืืืชื ื"ื ืืฉืคื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืจืืืช ืืื ืืขืจื ืกืืืจ ืฉื ืืจืฆืืืช ืืืืืจ ืชืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืื, ืืขืฉืจื ืืคืขืืืืืืช ืืคืื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ื-VOD. ืืฉืืขืืจืื ื ืืชื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืขืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืืงืจื ืงืคืื ืืช (ืื ืืจืืช ืืืืืง ืืคืืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืคืงื) ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืขืืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื. ืืขืจื ืื ืขืืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืขืจืืช ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืืฉืืืขืืช. ืืขืจืืช ืืฉืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืฉืืืจืื. ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืืงืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืืคื ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืืืขืื ืืงืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืคื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื. ืื. ืืื ื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืงืืืื ืืืขืืืื ืื ืืชืคืจืกืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืคืืืืื, ืืืชืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืชื ืืคืืจืื ืชืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืืืื ืืชืคืจืกื ืืืืฃ ืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืจืื ืืชืืืืืื. ืชืื ืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืคืืืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืขืืื ืืช, ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืชืืงืฉืืืช, ืืจืฆืืืช, ืกืจืืื ืื, ืืืฉืืืื ืื, ืืฉืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืขืช ืืฉืื ืื ืืืคื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื. ืืืืจื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืชืื ืคืจืืื ืชืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื, ืฉื ืกืคืงื ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืื ืืจืฉืช. ืื ืืคืจืืืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืคื"ืจ ืืจืืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืจืื ืืคืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืช ืืชืืงืฉืืืช. ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืงืืช ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื. ืืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืืืื ืจืืื. Google Classroom ืืช ืื ืืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืขืืจ ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืชืชื, ืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืช Google Classroom ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฆืื ืืคืืจืื ืขืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฃ ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืฆื ืืคืชืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืื. ืืืืฆืื ืขื ืืืกืคื ืืขื ืึดืืงืื ืืืื ืืืืกืคืช ืืกืืืื. ZOOM ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืจืฉืืช ืขืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ZOOM ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืืืืืช. ืืจืฉืืชืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืข. ืืงืืฉืืจ ืืื ืชืืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืืช ZOOM ืืืืคืื ืื ืืื. ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืฉืงื ืืจืขื ื ื ืืฆืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืข ืฉืืืืจืื ืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืชื ืคืืืืช. ืืืืจืื ื ืคืืฉืื ืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงื ืื ืฉื ื ืืฉื ืืืฉื 25-20 ืืงืืช. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืฉืืื ืขืฆืืืช ืฉื 25-20 ืืงืืช ืืืืฆืืข. ืืืืจื ื ืฉืืจืช ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืชืงืฉืื ืืืขืืจื ืืื. ืืื ืฉ"ื ืชืงืข" ืืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืืจื ืืืืจ, ืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ืืขื ื ืืืืืจื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืจื, ืืืืจื ืืืืงืช ืื ืืชื ืช ืขืืจื ืืืฉืื ื"ืฉืืขืืจ ืคืจืื ื" ืืืชืงืฉืื. ืืืชืงืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืขืฆืืืช. ืื. ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืจ ืืืืชื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฆืขืืชื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืื ืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืฉืืืืจืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืจืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ื ืืืชื ืืืืกื ื ืืง. ืืืืคืื ืืจืืืืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืจืฉืืช ืืืื ืช ืืคืจืืืืช ืืืขืจื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืคืจืกืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืืกืจืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื. ืคืจืกืื ื ืื ืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืงืคืื ืขืืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืช. ืืืืืฅ ืืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืจื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืกื ืืืื ืืืชืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืื >> ืืืืฆื ืขื My Profile (ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืืื) >> ืืืืฆื ืขื Reports (ืืืืื) >> ื ืื ืก ื-USAGE (ืฉืืืืฉ) >> ืืืืจืช ืืชืืจืืืื ืืจืฆืืืื ืืืคืงืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืช >> ืืืืฆื ืขื ืืงืฉ ืืืคืืฉ SEARCH ืืคืฉืจ ืืจืืืช ืขื ืฉืืฉื ืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืขืช ืฉืืชืืฃ ืืกื โ ืืืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืชืฆืืืช ืืืจืื. ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืฅ ืขื remove โ manage participant >> more >> remove ืืื ืื ืขืื ืืืชื ืืืืชื ืืงืื. ืืืืคืื ืืฉ ืืืืืฅ ืขื 3 ื ืงืืืืช >> ืืืืจืืช ืืคืืฉ >> ื ืขืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืืฆืื ืขื ื ืื ืกืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืชืคืื >> invite >>copy URL ืืืืืืงืื ืืช ืืงืืฉืืจ ื-WhatsApp Web ืืงืืืฆื ืืืชืืืื. ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ co-host ืชืืช setting โ ืืฉ ืื ืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืฉื host ืื ืืืคืื ืืืชื ื-host. ืืคืจืืคืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืฆืจืืื ืืืืคืืข ืืชืืืช ืขื ืกืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื: ืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืืคืขืืช ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืืงื ืืืืจืื: ืืกืจืื ืืืื ืชืืคืืข ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืืงื ืืืืจืื Breakout Rooms.ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืชืคืชื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืืจืฆืื ืืืฆื ืขื Create Rooms.ืืงืฆื ืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืฆื ืขื Open Rooms.ืืกืืฃ ืกึดืืจื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืืชืชื ืืืื. ืื ืืคืฉืจ. ืืืฉืชืชืคืื ืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืกื ืืืฉืืชืฃ. ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืฉืชืฃ ืืกื ืืืืฉ ืืชืื ืืืืจ. ื ืื ืกืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืื, ืขืืืืื ืขื ืืฉื ืืงืฉ ืืื ื (ืืขืืืจ) ืื ืฉืืงืืฉืื ืขื ืืฉื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืฆืื ืขื RENAME >> ืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืฉ. ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืขืืืื ืงืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืชืืช ืืคืืฉืื ืืงืืื ืื ืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืจืชืื ืืืชื ืืืคืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืชืคืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง. ืื ืืื ืืช ืืกืืืจื ืืืคืืฉ ืืืฆื ืชืืขืฉื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง, ืืื ื ืืฆืจื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืฉืืชืืฃ ืืืขืืจืืืช ืืืืจืื. ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืจืืืกืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉ ืขื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืฆืื: ืืืืกืืค, ืคืืจืืืื, ืืื, ืืืื. ืืื ืขืจืืฅ ืืืืจืื ืขืื ืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช. ืืืืจืื ืืฉืชืืืื ืืชืช ืืืืืื ืชืืืฉื ืฉื ืืฆืืื, ืื ืื ืืืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืจืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืชืืืื ืืืขืกืืง ืืืชื ืืืืืื. ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืกืืื ื"ืืจืืื ืืฉืืื" ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืขืืช ืจืืงื ืืฉืืฆืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืืคืขืืืืืืช, ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืฉืืขืืจืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืงืืืื. ืื ืืื ืื ื ืืขืฆืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืขืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืืชืง. ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืืข ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื ืืคืืฉ ืืืืชื ืฉืืื ืขืจื ืืืคืืฉ ืฉืืชืงืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ื ืช ืืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืกืืคืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืข ืฉืืจืื ืืืฃ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืช. ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืงืืจ ืืืฆืืจืืช.ืขื ืื ืืกืืจ ืืืคืืฅ ืืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืคืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืืจื ื.ืืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ื ืืกืจ ืื ืืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืื ืื, ืืื ืืฉ ืืคืขืื ืขื ืคื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืช, ืืืืื ื, ืืฆืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืืจ, ืืืืื, ืืกืืคืจ ืืืืืื.ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืื ื"ื ืืขืืกืง ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื. ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืื ืชืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืฉื ืืืืืื: ืืืื ืชืชืขื ืืื ื ืื ื... ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืงืฆืจื ื... ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-232] | [TOKENS: 12221] |
Contents Reddit Reddit (/หrษdษชt/ โ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโincluding photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโand discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโfor both the general front page and for individual subredditsโis determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news โ particularly news that explains to people how it affects them โ is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27โ28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3โ9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 โ March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25โ54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy DanielsโDonald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996โ2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox โ 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached โ 43% saying he should also be removed from office โ while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the TrumpโUkraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulosโthe Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trumpโthan its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" โ the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing โ a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017โ2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/sherutey-tiksuv-bachinuch/international-digital-ai-tools/] | [TOKENS: 4654] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืื AI ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืคืืขื ืืงืืืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืืขืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืชืื, ืจืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืืฉ, ืขื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืคืืจืืื.ืืืืื ื ืืืงื ืืืืฉืจื ืืงืคืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืฉื: ืคืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืข ืืื ืช ืคืจืืืืช ืื ื ืฉืืืคืื ืืืขื ืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช, ืืืกืืืข ืืืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืื.ืฉืืื ืื, ืกืืืืืช ืขื ื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืชืขืืื ืืช ืืืืคื ืชืืืจ. ืืืฉืจื ืืืฆืข ืืงืจื ืฉืืืคืช ืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืื. ืกืืืืก ืืืืฉืืจ ืขืฉืื ืืืชืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื ืขืฆืื. ืืฉืืืืฉืื: ืืืฆืื ืืืืข ืืจืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืจืื. ืืกื ื ืืืืคืฉ ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืฆืืจื ืคืืืืื, ืืชืืื ืืขืช ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืื. ืืงืื ืืืืข ืชืืฆืืชื ืืจืืืื ืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืฉืื ืืคืืืืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืืคืขืืช ืื ืืื. ืืืืจื:ืืฉืืฉ ืืื ืขืืืื ืืงืฆืืขื ืื ืืืฉ, ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืืข ืืืืคื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืชืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืงืืืื ืชืืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืขืจืื. ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืคืืขื ืืงืืืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืืขืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืชืื, ืจืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืืฉ, ืขื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืคืืจืืื.ืืืืื ื ืืืงื ืืืืฉืจื ืืงืคืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืฉื: ืื ื ืฉืืืคืื ืืืขื ืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช, ืืืกืืืข ืืืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืื.ืฉืืื ืื, ืกืืืืืช ืขื ื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืชืขืืื ืืช ืืืืคื ืชืืืจ. ืืืฉืจื ืืืฆืข ืืงืจื ืฉืืืคืช ืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืื. ืกืืืืก ืืืืฉืืจ ืขืฉืื ืืืชืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื ืขืฆืื. ืืฉืืืืฉืื: ืืืืจื:ืืฉืืฉ ืืื ืขืืืื ืืงืฆืืขื ืื ืืืฉ, ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืืข ืืืืคื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืชืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืงืืืื ืชืืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืขืจืื. ืื ืืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื AI ืืืชืืช ื'-ื': ืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืฉื ืชืืืืืื. ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื AI ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืฆืืจืื ืืื ืช ืชืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืชื ื': ืฉืืืืฉ ื"ืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื" ืืืื. ืืชืืืืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืชื ืกืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืื ืืจืง ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืื ืืืกืืจ ืขื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืืชื ื' ืขื ืืืชื ื' (ืืืื) โ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื. ืืืืจื ืืคืขืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืชืคืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืฆืืจื ืืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉืืจ ืื ืขืฆืืื ืืืื. ืืืืชื ื' - ืืชืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืขืฆืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืฆืจืช, ืืชืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืจืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืชืฉืืืืช ืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื: ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ื'ืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืคื ืืคืืืคืืจืืช ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช. ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืฆืข ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืืืืช, ืืืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืงืกืืื, ืชืจืืื, ืกืืืื, ืืชืืืช ืกืืื ืชืืื ืืฆืืจืชืืื, ืืืขื ื ืขื ืฉืืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืื ืคืืจืืืืืืช ืืืงืืคื. ื-Gemini ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืช ื ืืืื ืกืื ืฉื ืฉืคื ืืืืชืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืื ืฉืืืคื ืืืชื ืืขืืืจ ืืืจืื, ืืืืืื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืื ืืืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื, ืฉืืืืฉืื ืคืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืงื ืื ืืื ืคืืืคืืจืื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืงืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืขืืฆืืืื ืืจืคืืื ืืืืื ืื. ืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืงืืืช ืืจืืืช, ืืฆืืืช, ืกืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืคืืืจืคืืงื, ืืคื ืขืืืื ืืขืื, ืชืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืจ ืจืื ืฉื ืชืื ืืืช, ืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืฆืืืช. ืืคืืืคืืจืื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืชื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืขืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืชืืืืืื. ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืื ืืืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื, ืฉืืืืฉืื ืคืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ื'ื ืืืื (Genially) ืืื ืคืืืคืืจืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืงืืืื. ืืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืคืื ืชืืื ืืช, ืืฆืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืกืคืช "ืฉืืืืช" ืืื ืืจืืงืืืืืืช (ืืคืชืืจืื, ืืืื ืืช ืงืืคืฆืื, ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืขืื). ืืฉ ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืชืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืืคืฉืจืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืชืืฆืจืื ืืืจืืืื. ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืื ืืืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื, ืฉืืืืฉืื ืคืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืคืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืคื ืืงืืื, ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืืฆืืจ, ืืฉืชืฃ ืืืืจืื ืชืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืืืืืช. ืืืืฉืง ืืืื "ืงืืจ" ืื "ืืื ืืืืขืืช" ืฉืขืืื ืืคืฉืจ "ืืืืืืง" ืคืชืงืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืงืกื, ืชืืื ืืช, ืกืจืืื ืื, ืงืืฉืืจืื, ืืกืืืื ืืขืื. ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืจืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืชืฃ ืืืื ืืจืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืคื ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ื. ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืื ืืืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื, ืฉืืืืฉืื ืคืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ChatGPT ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืกืก ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืฉืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืขื ืืฉืชืืฉืื. ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช, ืืกืคืง ืืืืข, ืืืชืื ืืงืกืืื, ืืชืจืื ืฉืคืืช ืืขืื. ChatGPT ืืื ืืื ืจื ืชืืืืชื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืจืืช, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืื ืืืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื, ืฉืืืืฉืื ืคืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื Copilot ืืื ืขืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช (AI) ืืืฉืืื ืืชืื ืกืืืืช (Office) Microsoft 365.ืืื ืคืืขื ืืชืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืื Excel ,PowerPoint ,Word ื-Teams. ืืืจืชื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืช ืชืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืชืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืกืืืข ืื ืืกืื ืืกืืืื, ืืืฆืืจืช ืืฆืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืื ืืชืื ื ืชืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืงืืจืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืคืืืฉืืช ืื ืฉืืขืืจืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืืื. ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืื ืืืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื, ืฉืืืืฉืื ืคืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืชืชืขื ืืื ื ืื ื... ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืขืืืจ_ืืืงืจ] | [TOKENS: 913] |
ืขืืืจ ืืืงืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืงืจ ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช, ืืืืกืืืช ืืงืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืข ืืืืงืจ ืืืงืืื ืื ืขืจื ืืืืกืืืช ืืื. ืืืจื-ืืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืกืืืข ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ (ืื ืืืฉ ืกืื ืืงืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจ) ืืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืงืจืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืื ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืืืขืืื. ืกืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืขืืฉื ืขืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืกืืจืช ืขืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื โ ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืจืืืช ืืืงืืืช ื ืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืฉื ืืืฉ ืืฉืืงืืืื ืืืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืืงืจ โ ืชืื ืื ื ืืกืืืื, ืืืฆืืขื, ื ืืชืื ืชืืฆืืืชืืื ืืืกืงืช ืืืกืงื ืืช ืื ืืจืฉืืช. ืื ืืืื ืืกืืืข ืขืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืชืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืขืืื ืืืืืคืืฉ ืืืืืข ืื ืืืฅ ืขืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืื. ืืขืืชืื ืขืืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืืคื ืงืืืข ืืฆื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืกืืืข ืื ืืื ืืืงืจืื, ืืืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืขืกืง ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืืกืืื, ืืืื ืืชืืืช ืกืคืจ ืืืืจืฉ ืขืืืื ืืืงืจืืช ืื ืืืฆืืข ื ืืกืื ืืืื. ืืขืืชืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืงืืจืกืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืื ืขืืื. ืชืคืงืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ื ืืชื ืืืจื ืืื ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืื ืื (ืืจืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืชืืจืื ืืชืงืืืื), ืื ืจืง ืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืขืืืืชื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืคืจื ืกื ื ืืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืืืืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/sherutey-tiksuv-bachinuch/ict-technology-coordinator-portfolio/] | [TOKENS: 542] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืชืืง ืจืืื ืชืงืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืชืคืืกื ืฉื ืืชืคืงืื ืชืืื, ืืืื ืืกืืืืืช ืขื ื ืงืืจืกืื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืคืจืงืืืงืืช ืืคื ืืืช ืืืืืข ืืืชืจ ืืืืืื ืฆืคืื ืืืคื ืืจืื ืชื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืชืืืฉืืืชื ืืจืื ืืืื ืชืชืขื ืืื ื ืื ื... ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Machine_translation_software] | [TOKENS: 48] |
Category:Machine translation software Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. Pages in category "Machine translation software" The following 25 pages are in this category, out of 25 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_topics] | [TOKENS: 43] |
Template:United States topics This template's initial visibility currently defaults to collapsed, meaning that it is hidden apart from its title bar. To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used: |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืคืงืืืื] | [TOKENS: 1764] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืคืงืืืื ืคืงืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืกืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืข ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืชืืืื ืืืข ืงืจืืืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืื (ืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืคืจืื, ืืืฉ ืืืืจืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืื ืื, ืืขืชืืงื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืจืืคื) ืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืจืืข ืคืงืืืืืช: ืืฉืคืืื, ืชืืืืืืื ืืจืคืืื, ืฉื ืงืจืื "ืืคืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช", ืืื ืคืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ื'ืืกืืกืืช' โ ืฉืื ืกืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืฉื ืืืืืืื. ืืฉืื ืื, ืืชืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืจืืืช ื ืงืจื ืชืืืจ 'ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืช' (ืื 'ืื ืืื' ืืื ืืืืช: BA โ Bachelor of Arts, ืฉืคืืจืืฉื: ืจืืืง\ืืืืจ [ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืกืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืชืืช ืืกืืช ืืื ืกืืื ืืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืจืืืงืื] ืืืื ืืืืช). ืคืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืืืืื, ืฉืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืช: ืืงืืืง, ืจืืืจืืงื ืืืืืืงื. ืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืกืืกืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉืืืืช ืคืืืช ืืชืื ืฉืืข ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืคืืช. ืื ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืฉืจืง ืืื ืฉืื ืืืคืฉืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืฉืืขืืชื โ "ืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืืื". ืืืจืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืื ืืฉื ืจืง ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืชืงืืืื (ืืงืืืืจืืืืืื) โ ืืจืืชืืืืงื, ืืืืืืจืื, ืืืืืงื ืืืกืืจืื ืืืื. ืืคืงืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืขืืช ืกืื ืืืืืจ (ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช "ืคืงืืืื" ืืฉืืขื ืื "ืืกืื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืคืงืืืื") ืืืืฆืขืื ืขืฆืืืืื (ืืขืืืืช, ืืืชืืช ืืืืื, ืกืคืจืืื, ืืืื ื ืืืงืจ ืืืืืื). ืืจืืฉ ืืคืงืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืงืื, ืืื ืื ืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชืงืฆืืืืช. ืืคืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืชื ืกืคืจ, ืืืืื ืืืืืงืืช ืืืืืืื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืกืืจืช ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืคืงืืืื. ืืคืงืืืืืช ืื ืคืืฆืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืขื ืืจืื, ืืืขืื ืืืืืงืื, ืืืขื ืืืืข, ืืืขื ืืืืจื, ืจืคืืื, ืืฉืคืืื ืืื ืืกื. ืขื ืืืช, ืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืืืจื ืืขืฆืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืคืงืืืื ืืืขืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืืจืืช ืคืงืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช (ืืืฉื ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืฉืชื ื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืืขื ืืจืื ืืืคืงืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืจื, ืืคื ืืชืคืืกื ืืืงืืืืช). ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Teasdale] | [TOKENS: 841] |
Contents Sara Teasdale Sara Trevor Teasdale (later Filsinger; August 8, 1884 โ January 29, 1933) was an American lyric poet. She was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and used the name Filsinger after her 1914 marriage. In 1918, she won a Pulitzer Prize for her 1917 poetry collection Love Songs. Life Sara Teasdale was born on August 8, 1884. She had poor health for much of her childhood, so she was home schooled until age 9. It was at age 10 that she was well enough to begin school. She started at Mary Institute in 1898, but switched to Hosmer Hall in 1899, graduating in 1903. The Teasdale family lived at 3668 Lindell Blvd. and then 38 Kingsbury Place in St. Louis, Missouri. Both homes were designed by Sara's mother. The house on Kingsbury Place had a private suite for Sara on the second floor. Guests entered through a separate entrance and were admitted by appointment. This suite is where Sara worked, slept, and often dined alone. From 1904 to 1907, Teasdale was a member of The Potters, led by Lillie Rose Ernst, a group of female artists in their late teens and early twenties who published, from 1904 to 1907, The Potter's Wheel, a monthly artistic and literary magazine in St. Louis. Teasdale's first poem was published in William Marion Reedy's Reedy's Mirror, a local newspaper, in 1907. Her first collection of poems, Sonnets to Duse and Other Poems, was published that same year. Teasdale's second collection, Helen of Troy and Other Poems, was published in 1911. It was well received by critics, who praised its lyrical mastery and romantic subject matter. From 1911 to 1914 Teasdale was courted by several men, including the poet Vachel Lindsay, who was truly in love with her but did not feel that he could provide enough money or stability to keep her satisfied. She chose to marry Ernst Filsinger, a longtime admirer of her poetry, on December 19, 1914. Teasdale's third poetry collection, Rivers to the Sea, was published in 1915. It was a bestseller, being reprinted several times. In 1916 she and Filsinger moved to New York City, where they lived in an Upper West Side apartment on Central Park West. In 1918 she won a Pulitzer Prize for her 1917 poetry collection Love Songs. It was "made possible by a special grant from The Poetry Society"; however, the sponsoring organization now lists it as the earliest Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (inaugurated 1922). Filsinger's constant business travel caused Teasdale much loneliness. In 1929, she moved interstate for three months, thereby satisfying the criterion to gain a divorce. She did not wish to inform Filsinger, only doing so at her lawyers' insistence as the divorce was going through. Filsinger was shocked. After the divorce she moved only two blocks from her old home on Central Park West. She rekindled her friendship with Vachel Lindsay, who was now married with children. Teasdale's suicide and "I Shall Not Care" In 1933, she died by suicide, overdosing on sleeping pills, and was interred in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis. Lindsay had died by suicide two years earlier. The poem "I Shall Not Care", with themes of abandonment, bitterness, and contemplation of death, was speculated to be her suicide note, to a former lover, because of its depressing undertone. However, the poem was first published in her 1915 collection Rivers to the Sea, 18 years before her suicide. WHEN I am dead and over me bright April I shall have peace, as leafy trees are peaceful Legacy and influence Works References Translations External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics] | [TOKENS: 1702] |
Contents Template talk:United States topics Legal history of marijuana in the United States Should Legal history of marijuana in the United States be included in this template? โUser:Christopher Mann McKayuser talk 21:35, 19 May 2007 (UTC)[reply] There is a closing parentheses missing in the "society" section. โThe preceding unsigned comment was added by 129.110.241.17 (talk) 20:34, August 23, 2007 (UTC) Template title Currently, the title of this template is "Major topics in the United States". Shouldn't this be "Major topics of the United States", or even simpler "United States topics"? Regards. --Old Hoss (talk) 18:51, 26 February 2008 (UTC)[reply] Two types of separators There are two types of separators: {{ยท}} and {{โข}}. The former should be used in between parenthesized items, with the latter used between main items. I've updated two groups but more remain. 66.167.49.13 (talk) 06:51, 29 March 2008 (UTC).[reply] Sport Should aport not be included in this template? Surely it is an significant as music, film and television. โPreceding unsigned comment added by 172.200.12.203 (talk) 17:27, 18 April 2008 (UTC)[reply] How should we decide what gets included here? I feel that the inclusion of material here is somewhat haphazard- including "Uncle Sam", the "Puerto Rican independence movement", and "Pornography", while leaving out the "Iraq War", "9/11", and "Feminism". What is our rationale? In other areas of Wikipedia, we rely on reliable sources- I think we should do the same thing here. Nothing should be included here if we can't find a reliable source that declares it to be a "major topic". Also, I'm sure we can find some kind of scholarly history material or other such source that gives a list of what it considers to be "the definitive most-important topics in America". johnpseudo 20:33, 1 May 2008 (UTC)[reply] indention bug Template has an indention bug. if you put the templat in something like: ... then the template doesn't allow the succeeding text to revert back to the proper margin. Gonn wrap it in a table till someone else can mess with it. J. D. Redding 12:08, 9 July 2009 (UTC)[reply] US flag icon Best. Edit summary. Ever. Normally, I would say that WP:ICONDECORATION discourages this, but I think that the scope of the navbox would make this a good exception to the rule. I would ask that any well-meaning editors not revert this. bahamut0013wordsdeeds 02:00, 5 March 2010 (UTC)[reply] Theater? Should Theater be added to the template, maybe right next to "television/cinema"? Aristophanes68 (talk) 20:13, 29 July 2010 (UTC)[reply] Template size Is anyone else concern with the size of this template? I dont thin we need to link everything do we? The history section is so bloated its confusing.Moxy (talk) 19:25, 13 December 2012 (UTC)[reply] Why do you think the Progressive Era, a major article on political and social changes, is a mere detail? The historical section failed to provide any connection to "Category:Eras of United States history" nor to the events actually shaping them. I am also rather surprised you feel this rather small template is "bloated" at 14,332 bytes. Template:Timeline history of the British Isles is currently stable at 20,939 bytes. Dimadick (talk) 21:43, 13 December 2012 (UTC)[reply] As a comment, while I agree that this template being overstuffed is a problem, I think that this set of links is just homeless and shouldn't be moved to {{US history}}. I reverted the addition of the links there; there's no rhyme or reason for how it's picked; it's something better for the articles mentioned above. I also think that neither template should be carelessly spammed at the bottom of any article that vaguely has to do with US History or US topics - this is a HUGE number of articles which could theoretically imply this can show up anywhere. Template bloat is already a huge problem; people will ignore 6 different collapsed templates, but if the page was maintained to have just 1 relevant template, readers can pay attention. SnowFire (talk) 05:36, 16 December 2012 (UTC)[reply] Take the cabinet departments out of the "Uniformed Services" section IMO, cabinet departments like Dept. of Homeland Security and Dept. of Commerce don't belong in this part of the template. Keep Coast Guard, NOAA Corps, and Public Health Service Corps, but eliminate their parent agencies. --Orlady (talk) 21:06, 13 December 2012 (UTC)[reply] Reducing width taken by group-plus-subgroup names How about this version of the template, modified from here to remove the multiple [show]/[hide] links..? : CsDix (talk) 12:11, 13 January 2013 (UTC)[reply] Below showing how much more space the sub section version with its more coding takes up on a page- our goal should be to fine was to reduce the complexity of the coding and to find more compact solutions - not the other way around.Moxy (talk) 21:12, 17 January 2013 (UTC)[reply] May we have this (good) discussion in one place, please? This seems the most central. Or perhaps there's a better and more public place (not associated with a particular template or project)..? CsDix (talk) 12:07, 18 January 2013 (UTC)[reply] Colours Shouldn't you give the template the colours of the flag. This is my example of new colours for this template: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Navbox_United_States RainbowSilver2ndBackup (talk) 14:38, 16 June 2019 (UTC)[reply] Vice President the VP is listed under Legislature as part of the Senate. While there is some ambiguity about the exact constitutional position of the VP, the article says it is the second-highest executive position, so I think it should be grouped with the President under Executive. jonas (talk) 15:48, 18 September 2022 (UTC)[reply] Semi-protected edit request on 22 February 2024 Add the big 6 foreign intelligence agencies (CIA, NSA, NGA, NRO, DIA, ODNI) to the template and those that are already accounted for, reduce them to acronyms to save space). 69.36.132.252 (talk) 00:29, 22 February 2024 (UTC)[reply] Human Intelligence (HUMINT) and OSINT; Director, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency for Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT); Director, Defense Intelligence Agency for Measurement and Signatures Intelligence (MASINT); and Director, National Security Agency for Signals Intelligence (SIGINT). The Functional Managers for HUMINT, GEOINT, and SIGINT were designated by Executive Order (EO) 12333. The Functional Managers for OSINT and MASINT were designated by the Director of National Intelligence, who was granted the authority to establish additional Functional Managers by EO 12333." which is in the following source: https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/IC_OSINT_Strategy.pdf. As Functional Managers, DIA and NGA have the relevance to be listed alongside the functional managers that are already in the template. โ Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.36.132.253 (talk) 16:37, 21 June 2024 (UTC)[reply] |
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[SOURCE: https://www.matific.com/isr/he/home/why-matific/multilingual/] | [TOKENS: 585] |
ืชืคืจืื ื ืืืฉืืช ืืขืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืชืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืจืชืงืช ืืืืืกืกืช ืจืืืืช ืชืืื ืืืกืข ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืขืืจืช ืืชืืืืงื ืืื ืืจืืงืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืช ืฉืชืคื ืคืขืืื ืขื ืืืืคืืง ืืื ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืจืื ืืืืคืืง ืืกืืื ืืขืืื! ืืฉ ืื ื ืืช ืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืคื ืฉืืื. ืืืืคืืง ืืืื ื ืืืืขืื ื-50 ืืืื ืืช, ืืืืืชืจ ื-40 ืฉืคืืช. ืคืืจืืฉ ืืืืจ ืฉืืชืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืืื ืืช ืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืฉื ืืืขืื ื-50 ืืืื ืืช. ืื ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืคื, ืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืฉืคื ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืคืืง ืืชืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืฉืื ืืืืชืืช ืจื-ืืฉืื ืืืช, ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืฉืคืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืืชื. ืื ืฉืื ื ืืฆืืขืื ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืืฆืจ ืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ ืืืจื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Translation_websites] | [TOKENS: 53] |
Category:Translation websites Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Pages in category "Translation websites" The following 18 pages are in this category, out of 18 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News#cite_ref-447] | [TOKENS: 18442] |
Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news โ particularly news that explains to people how it affects them โ is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27โ28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3โ9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 โ March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25โ54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy DanielsโDonald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996โ2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox โ 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached โ 43% saying he should also be removed from office โ while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the TrumpโUkraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulosโthe Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trumpโthan its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" โ the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing โ a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017โ2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sandburg] | [TOKENS: 3253] |
Contents Carl Sandburg Carl August Sandburg (January 6, 1878 โ July 22, 1967) was an American poet, biographer, journalist, and editor. He won three Pulitzer Prizes: two for his poetry and one for his biography of Abraham Lincoln. During his lifetime, Sandburg was widely regarded as "a major figure in contemporary literature", especially for volumes of his collected verse, including Chicago Poems (1916), Cornhuskers (1918), and Smoke and Steel (1920). He enjoyed "unrivaled appeal as a poet in his day, perhaps because the breadth of his experiences connected him with so many strands of American life". When he died in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson observed that "Carl Sandburg was more than the voice of America, more than the poet of its strength and genius. He was America." Life Carl Sandburg was born in a three-room cottage at 313 East Third Street in Galesburg, Illinois, to Clara Mathilda (nรฉe Anderson) and August Sandberg, both of Swedish ancestry. He adopted the nickname "Charles" or โCharlieโ in elementary school and, along with his two oldest siblings, changed the spelling of the family name to "Sandburg". At the age of thirteen, Sandburg left school and began driving a milk wagon. Between approximately ages fourteen and seventeen or eighteen, he worked as a porter at the Union Hotel barbershop in Galesburg. He later returned to the milk route for eighteen months before working as a bricklayer and a farm laborer on the wheat plains of Kansas. After a period at Lombard College in Galesburg, Sandburg worked in various jobs, including as a hotel servant in Denver and a coal-heaver in Omaha, Nebraska. He began his writing career as a journalist for the Chicago Daily News and went on to write poetry, history, biographies, novels, childrenโs literature, and film reviews. He also collected and edited books of ballads and folklore. Sandburg lived primarily in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan before moving to North Carolina. During the SpanishโAmerican War, Sandburg volunteered for military service and was stationed in Puerto Rico with the 6th Illinois Infantry, landing at Guรกnica on July 25, 1898, though he did not see combat. He attended the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York for two weeks but left after failing mathematics and grammar examinations. He returned to Galesburg and entered Lombard College, leaving without a degree in 1903. Sandburg subsequently moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he worked for a newspaper and joined the Wisconsin Social Democratic Party, affiliated with the Socialist Party of America. Sandburg served as secretary to Emil Seidel, Milwaukeeโs socialist mayor from 1910 to 1912. Sandburg later stated that his experiences in Milwaukee were formative for his life and work. In 1907, Sandburg met Lilian Steichen (1883โ1977), sister of photographer Edward Steichen, at the Milwaukee Social Democratic Party office. They married the following year and had three daughters. Their first daughter, Margaret, was born in 1911. The family later lived in Harbert, Michigan; the Ravenswood neighborhood of Chicago; and then in Maywood, Illinois. From 1919 to 1930, they resided at 331 South York Street in Elmhurst, Illinois. During his years living in Chicago's western suburbs, Sandburg published several major works, including Chicago Poems (1916), Cornhuskers (1918), and Smoke and Steel (1920). He received a Pulitzer Prize in 1919, funded by a special grant from the Poetry Society of America, for Cornhuskers. He also wrote three childrenโs booksโRootabaga Stories (1922), Rootabaga Pigeons (1923), and Potato Face (1930)โas well as Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (1926), The American Songbag (1927), and Good Morning, America (1928). The Elmhurst home was later demolished; the site is now a parking lot. Sandburg moved to Michigan in 1930. In 1940, he won the Pulitzer Prize for History for Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, the four-volume sequel to The Prairie Years, and in 1951 received a second Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, for Complete Poems.[note 1] In 1945, he settled at Connemara, a 246-acre (100 ha) estate in Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina, where he lived with his wife, daughters, and grandchildren and produced a substantial portion of his later writings. On February 12, 1959, during the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincolnโs birth, Sandburg delivered an address before a joint session of Congress following actor Fredric Marchโs reading of the Gettysburg Address. Sandburg supported the civil rights movement and received the NAACP Silver Plaque Award in recognition of his contributions to civil rights. Sandburg died of natural causes in 1967 and his body was cremated. The ashes were interred under "Remembrance Rock", a granite boulder located behind his birth house in Galesburg.[note 2] Career Much of Carl Sandburg's poetry, such as "Chicago", focused on Chicago, Illinois, where he spent time as a reporter for the Chicago Daily News and The Day Book. His most famous description of the city is as "Hog Butcher for the World/Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat/Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler,/Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders." Sandburg earned Pulitzer Prizes for his collection The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg, Corn Huskers, and for his biography of Abraham Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln: The War Years). Sandburg is also remembered by generations of children for his Rootabaga Stories and Rootabaga Pigeons, a series of whimsical, sometimes melancholy stories he originally created for his own daughters. The Rootabaga Stories were born of Sandburg's desire for "American fairy tales" to match American childhood. He felt that the European stories involving royalty and knights were inappropriate, and so populated his stories with skyscrapers, trains, corn fairies and the "Five Marvelous Pretzels". In 1919, Sandburg was assigned by his editor at the Daily News to do a series of reports on the working classes and tensions among whites and African Americans. The impetus for these reports were race riots that had broken out in other American cities. Ultimately, major riots broke out in Chicago too, but much of Sandburg's writing on the issues before the riots caused him to be seen as having a prophetic voice. A visiting philanthropist, Joel Spingarn, who was also an official of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, read Sandburg's columns with interest and asked to publish them, as The Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919. Sandburg's popular multivolume biography Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, 2 vols. (1926) and Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, 4 vols. (1939) are collectively "the best-selling, most widely read, and most influential book[s] about Lincoln." The books have been through many editions, including a one-volume edition in 1954 prepared by Sandburg. Sandburg's Lincoln scholarship had an enormous impact on the popular view of Lincoln. The books were adapted by Robert E. Sherwood for his Pulitzer Prize-winning play, Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1938) and David Wolper's six-part dramatization for television, Sandburg's Lincoln (1974). He recorded excerpts from the biography and some of Lincoln's speeches for Caedmon Records in New York City in May 1957. He was awarded a Grammy Award in 1959 for Best Performance โ Documentary Or Spoken Word (Other Than Comedy) for his recording of Aaron Copland's Lincoln Portrait with the New York Philharmonic. Some historians suggest more Americans learned about Lincoln from Sandburg than from any other source. The books garnered critical praise and attention for Sandburg, including the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for History for the four-volume The War Years. But Sandburg's works on Lincoln also received substantial criticism. William E. Barton, who had published a Lincoln biography in 1925, wrote that Sandburg's book "is not history, is not even biography" because of its lack of original research and uncritical use of evidence, but Barton nevertheless thought it was "real literature and a delightful and important contribution to the ever-lengthening shelf of really good books about Lincoln." Historian Milo Milton Quaife criticized Sandburg for not documenting his sources and questioned the accuracy of The Prairie Years, noting they contain a number of factual errors. Others have complained The Prairie Years and The War Years contain too much material that is neither biography nor history, saying the books are instead "sentimental poeticizing" by Sandburg. Sandburg himself may have viewed his works more as an American epic than as a mere biography, a view also mirrored by other reviewers. Sandburg's 1927 anthology the American Songbag enjoyed enormous popularity, going through many editions, and Sandburg himself was perhaps the first American urban folk singer, accompanying himself on solo guitar at lectures and poetry recitals, and in recordings, long before the first or the second folk revival movements (of the 1940s and 1960s, respectively). According to the musicologist Judith Tick: As a populist poet, Sandburg bestowed a powerful dignity on what the '20s called the "American scene" in a book he called a "ragbag of stripes and streaks of color from nearly all ends of the earth ... rich with the diversity of the United States." Reviewed widely in journals ranging from the New Masses to Modern Music, the American Songbag influenced a number of musicians. Pete Seeger, who calls it a "landmark", saw it "almost as soon as it came out." The composer Elie Siegmeister took it to Paris with him in 1927, and he and his wife Hannah "were always singing these songs. That was home. That was where we belonged." Sandburg said he considered working on D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916), but his first film work was when he signed on to work on the production of The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) in July 1960 for a year, receiving an "in creative association with Carl Sandburg" credit on the film. Legacy Carl Sandburg's boyhood home in Galesburg is now operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as the Carl Sandburg State Historic Site. The site contains the cottage Sandburg was born in, a modern visitor center, and small garden with a large stone called Remembrance Rock, under which his and his wife's ashes are buried. Sandburg's home of 22 years in Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina, is preserved by the National Park Service as the Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site. Carl Sandburg College is located in Sandburg's birthplace of Galesburg, Illinois. Carl Sandburg High school is located in Orland park, Illinois. During the Spanish-American War, Sandburg was stationed at Camp Alger in Fairfax County, Virginia and so the county has both a Sandburg Road near the spot where the camp was located and a Carl Sandburg Middle School. On January 6, 1978, the 100th anniversary of his birth, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Sandburg. The spare design consists of a profile originally drawn by his friend William A. Smith in 1952, along with Sandburg's own distinctive autograph. The Rare Book & Manuscript Library (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) (RBML) houses the Carl Sandburg Papers. The bulk of the collection was purchased directly from Carl Sandburg and his family. In total, the RBML owns over 600 cubic feet of Sandburg's papers, including photographs, correspondence, and manuscripts. In 2011, Sandburg was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Carl Sandburg Village was a 1960s urban renewal project in the Near North Side, Chicago. Financed by the city, it is located between Clark and LaSalle St. between Division Street and North Ave. Solomon & Cordwell, architects. In 1979, Carl Sandburg Village was converted to condominium ownership. Numerous schools are named for Sandburg throughout the United States, and he was present at some of these schools' dedications. (Some years after attending the 1954 dedication of Carl Sandburg High School in Orland Park, Illinois, Sandburg returned for an unannounced visit; the school's principal at first mistook him for a hobo.)Sandburg Halls, a student residence hall at the University of WisconsinโMilwaukee, carries a plaque commemorating Sandburg's roles as an organizer for the Social Democratic Party and as personal secretary to Emil Seidel, Milwaukee's first Socialist mayor. Carl Sandburg Library opened in Livonia, Michigan, in 1961. The name was recommended by the Library Commission as an example of an American author representing the best of literature of the Midwest. Carl Sandburg had taught at the University of Michigan for a time. Galesburg opened Sandburg Mall in 1975, named in honor of Sandburg. Amtrak added the Carl Sandburg train in 2006 to supplement the Illinois Zephyr on the ChicagoโQuincy route. Carl Sandburg Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia, part of Fairfax County Public Schools, was named in honor of Sandburg in 1985. In 2000, the Chicago Public Library Foundation created the Carl Sandburg Literary Award, given annually to "an acclaimed author whose work has enhanced the publicโs awareness of the written word." Politics Carl Sandburg began his political involvement as an organizer for the Social Democratic Party of Wisconsin, affiliated with the Socialist Party of America, and served as secretary to Milwaukeeโs socialist mayor Emil Seidel from 1910 to 1912. Initially a committed socialist, he left the Socialist Party in 1917 due to disagreements with its opposition to U.S. participation in World War I, instead supporting President Woodrow Wilsonโs decision to enter the conflict. Although Sandburg continued to hold some socialist sympathiesโsuch as voting for Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in the 1920 United States presidential electionโhe later described himself as a "radical independent". During the 1920s, his political views moved to the right, and he developed a strong interest in Abraham Lincoln, whose life and leadership became central themes in his work. This interest culminated in his publication of Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (1926) and Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (1939). His study of Lincoln reflected an increasing alignment with liberalism. In the 1930s, Sandburgโs political orientation shifted toward the Democratic Party. He supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, drawing parallels between Rooseveltโs policies and Lincolnโs leadership during the Civil War. Sandburg publicly expressed his support for New Deal programs such as Social Security and federal employment initiatives through his writings and public appearances. By the 1950s, Sandburg endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections, participating in campaign activities and publicly commending Stevensonโs platform. In 1960, he supported John F. Kennedyโs presidential campaign, speaking at rallies and expressing approval of Kennedyโs New Frontier program, which he viewed as a continuation of Rooseveltโs legacy. In other media Bibliography See also References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืืจ] | [TOKENS: 3894] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืจ ืึดื ึฐืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืืืจืื โ ืื ืฉื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืจืืช. ืื ืืจืื ืื ืฆืจืืช ืืชืจืืืืืช ืืืจืืคื ืืืืขืจื ืืื ืืจ ืืื ืชืืคืขื ื ืคืืฆื ืืขืืงืจ ืืงืจื ืืืชืืช ืืืฉืชืืืืืช ืืื ืกืืื ืืงืืคืืืช, ืืื ืกืืื ืืงืชืืืืช ืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืชืืืืงืกืืช. ืืคืจืืฉื ืืื ืืจ ื ืขืฉืืช ืืืขื ืืชืขืืืช ืจืืื ืืช ืืืชืงืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืืฉืืช, ืขื ืคื ืชืคืืกืช ืื ืืืจืื, ืืืชืจืืงืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืืงืงืื ืฉืืืฆืจืื ืฉืื ืคืืชืืื ืืื ืคืืื. ืขื ืคื ืขืืงืจืื Ora et Labora ืืืืืจ "ืชืคืืื ืืขืืืื", ืืจืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืชืืืง ืืืื ืืื ืชืคืืื, ืืืืื ืืืชืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืขืืืื ืคืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืงืืืืื, ืืขืชืงืช ืกืคืจืื, ืืืคืื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืฉ ืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืชืืฆืขืช ืื ืขืืืื ืืืขื ืืงืืืื. ืืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืคืืงืื ืืื. ืืืงืืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืกืืฃ ืชืงืืคืช ืฉืืืื ืืงืืกืจืืช ืืจืืืืช ืื ืืจืื, ืืืงื ืืืืฅ ืืขืจืื ืืืืงื, ืืขืืงืจ ืื ืืจื ื ืฉืื, ืืชืื ืฉืื ืืขืืจ. ืืืง ืืืืืช ืืื ืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืคืื ืืคื ืฉืืืง ืืืืืฉืืคืื ืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจ. ืืืืจืื ื ืืชืคืชืื ื ืืืจื ืืกืื ืฉืื ื ืฉืฉืืื ืืช ืจืขืืื ืืชืื ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจื. ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ื-6 ืืฆื ืงืืืืืื ืืก ืืืืจืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ื ืืช ืคื ื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืจืืคืืืช. ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืคืืืืืืืช ืจืฆื ืืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื, ืื ืืืื ืจืืืฉื ืืืืืืชืืื ืืื ืขืงื ืืืืงืจื ืฉืืืขืืืช ืขื ืื ืืจ. ื ืืฆืจ ืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืื ืกืืื (Advocatus Ecclesiae (ืื ')) ืืืื ืื ื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืจืืกืืืงืจืืื ืฉืชืคืงืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจ ืืคื ื ืื ืฉืืจืฆื ืืืฉืชืื ืขืืื. ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืื ื ืงืจื ืืืืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืืจ ืืขืฆืื ืื ืื ืืจ ืืื ืื ืกืืื. ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืฆืจืืืื ืืชืช ืื ืคืืงืืื ืืืืง ืืืืื ืื, ืื ืฉืืจื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืืืช ืฆืืืืจ. ืืชืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืง ืืจืืืฉื ืืืคืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืชืจ. ืืื ืืจืื ืืงืชืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืื ื ืืฆืจืืื ืฉืื ืื (ืืืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืงืืื, ืืืจืืืืืื, ืืืจืืคืืกืืื, ืืืืืื ืืงื ืื ืืืคืจื ืฆืืกืงื ืื) ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืงืืื, ื ืืจืืื, ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉื. ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ื ืืจ ืืคืจืืฉืืช, ืงืืืืช ืืคืจืื ืืจืืจื ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืขื ืืื ืื ืืจืื ื ืคืจืืื. ืืื ืื ืืจืื ืงืชืืืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืจืชืืช ืืืคืขืืื (ืืขืืงืจ ืื ืืืจืืช) ืืชื ืืืืื, ืืชื ืกืคืจ ืืืชื ืืชืืืื. ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืง ืืืื ืืจืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืืคื ืืงืื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืืืืืื ื ืจืืคืื, ืืืืืขืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืกืจื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืงืืชืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืจื ื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืืง ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืจืชืืืืงืกืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืขืืกืงืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืื. ืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืกืื ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจืื. ืื ืืจ ืืจ ืกืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืขืชืืงืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืื 1500 ืฉื ืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืจ ืืืืจืชืืืืงืกื ืืจืืฉืื. ืืื ืืืืืก ืืืื ื-10 ื ืืืจืื, ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืก ืืืคื ื ืืืจืื. ืื ืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืชืื ืจืฉืช ืฉื ื-14 ืื ืืจืื ืคืขืืืื, ืืืฆืจืื ืืขื ืืืืจืงืื ืืืืื. ืื ืืจ ืืืจืชืืืืงืกื ืืคืืจืกื ื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืื ืืจ ืืืกืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืจื. ืงืืืจื ืืื ืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืชืื ืื ืืจ ืื ืื ืกืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ื-6. ืขื ืืืื ืชื, ืืื ืืคืจื ืงืื ื ืงืืจืื ืืืืฅ ืืืจืื ืืขืืจืื ื ืืืื ืืืชื ื ืงืืจื ืกืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืชืืฉืืืื. ืืื ืกืืืช, ืืืขืืงืจ ืืื ืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืฉืจืืื ืงืืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืงืจืชื. ืขื ืืืื ืงืืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืงืืืฉื ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื ืืืืืกื ืืื ืกืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช. ื ืืืจืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืจ ืืืงืฉื ืืืืงืืจ ืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืืื. ืืืง ืืื ืงืืจืื ืงืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืกืกืืืก ืฉื ืงืืืฉ ื ืืฆืจื ืืืขืื ืืช ืืืงืจืช ืืื ืืจ. ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืฉืงืืืจื ืืื ืงืืืฉ ืชืืฆืื ืขืืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืงืจืชื ืืืงืฉื ืืืืงืืจ ืืกืืื ืืงืืืฉืื ืืื. ืจืื ืืฉืคืืืช ืื ืงืืจืื ืชืจืื ืืื ืืจ ืืืขื ืชืคืืืืช ืืขืืืื ื ืฉืืช ืงืจืืืืื ืืื ืขืืืจ ืขืฆื ืืงืืืจื ืืืงืื. ืืื ืืจ ืขืฉื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืกืคื ืืชืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืื ืฉืืชืืื ืื ืืช ืืชืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืชื ืื ืืจ. ืื ืื ืืจ ืืื ืื ืืจ ืืฉ ืื ืื ืืจ ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืื, ืืื ืืจื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืชืคืงืื ืื ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืจ. ืชืงื ืื ื ืืื ืืจืื ืืฉืื ืื ืงืืขื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืกืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืขืืจืืืช ืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืคืื. ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืืจืืืจืืืก ืืจืืฉืื, ืฉืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืคืืคืืืจ, ืฆืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืคืื ืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืช ืืื ืืจ ืืื ืข ืืืืฉืืคืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืจ ืืื ืกืืื ืืืฆืืงืช. ืื ืืจืื ืืืชืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืช, ืืื ืืจ ืืื ืชืืคืขื ื ืคืืฆื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื, ืื ืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืืชื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืืง (ืืืจื-ืืกืื), ืืืฃ ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืกืืืืช ืืคืืืจืืช ืืืขืจื. ืืื ืืจ ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืคืืจืกื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืจ ืืฉืืืืื ืฉืืกืื. ืชืืคืขื ื ืคืืฆื ื ืืกืคืช ืืื ื ืืืจืืช ื'ืืื ืืกืืืช (ืื '), ืืขื ืื ืงืืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืื'ืืื ืืื ืืืืื. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืืกื] | [TOKENS: 2716] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืกื ืื ืืกื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืข ืืฆืืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืช. ืืืจื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืข ืื ืืกืืื ืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืืฆืืจ ืฉื ืขืฆืืื ืื ืชืืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉืืื. ืืขืืกืงืื ืืื ืืกื ื ืงืจืืื ืืื ืืกืื. ืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืืขืืจืืช "ืื ืืกื" ืืื ืืคืจืกืืช ืืืฆืขืืช ืืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืงืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืืืคื ืืืืืื, "ืืืืื". ืืืื ืืก ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืืืช ืขื ืื ืช ืืืฆืืจ ืชืื ืื ืืืฆืื. ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช/ืคืืืืงืืืืช, ืืืืฉืืช ืืชืืกืคืืช ืืชืื ืื ืื ืขืชืืืืื, ืืขืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืขืืืช, ืืืืืช ืืืฆืืจ, ืืืืืช ืชืืืืงื, ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืง ืืืกืชืืืงื. ืขื ืืื ืืื ืช ืืืืืืช ืืื, ืืื ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืชืคืขื ืขืฆื ืื ืืขืจืืช. ืืื ืืกืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืข ืฉื ืืืข ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืฉื ื ืืกืืื ืจืืืื ืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืฆืื ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืกืืืจืื ืืืขืืืช. ืืฆืืจืช ืืืื ืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืขืื, ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืืื ืืก ืื ืชื ืืช ืืืขืื ืืืืคื ืืขืืืง ืืืืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืคืฉืจืืื. ืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืกืืืจืื ืงืืืืื, ืืืื ืืก ืืขืจืื ืืช ืืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืฉืื ืื ืขื ืืชืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืกืจืื ืืชืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืคืชืจืื ืฉืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืคื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ. ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืกืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืืืขืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืชืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืืชืืืช ืชืืืื ืืืืฆืืจ ืฉืืื. ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืืืคืืก, ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืกืืืืืฆืื, ืืืื ืืจืก ืืืืื ืืืฅ. ืืืืงืืช ืืื ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฆืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืชืคืงื ืืจืืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืกื ืขืื ืืืื ืงืื, ืขืช ืื ื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืฆืืืช ืืื ืืจืื, ืื ืืฃ, ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื'. ืืืื ื "ืื ืืกื" ื ืืืจ ืืืืืื "ืืื ืืก", ืฉืืงืืจื ืืืื ื-14, ืืืฉืจ "ืืื ืืก" (ืืืืืืืช, ืื ืฉืืื ื ืื ืืคืขืื ืื ืืข ืืฆืืจ) ืืชืืืืก ื"ืืื ื ืื ืืขืื ืฆืืืืื". ืืืงืฉืจ ืื, ืฉืืขืช ืืืืฉื, "ืื ืืข" ืืชืืืืก ืืืืื ื ืฆืืืืช, ืืืืืจ, ืืชืงื ืืื ื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืืืืื (ืืืืืื, ืงืืคืืืื). ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืฉื ืฉืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉื, ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืฉื ืฆืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืงืืจ ืืืืื "ืื ืืข" ืืื ืขืชืืง ืขืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืงืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ingenium (ืืกืืืืืช ืฉื ืช 1250), ืฉืืฉืืขืืชื "ืืืืืช ืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืื". ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืืืฉืจ ืชืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืืื, ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื, ืืชืืืจ ืืืคื ืืืืกืฆืืคืืื ื ืืื ืืช, ื ืื ืก ืืืงืกืืงืื ืืืื ื "ืื ืืกื ืืืจืืืช" ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืคืจืืืงืืื ืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืจืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืฆืืืืช (ืื '). ืขื ืคื ืืื ืืกื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืขื ืคืื ืืืกืืจืชืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืกื ืื ืื ืืกื ืืืจืืืช, ืื ืืกืช ืืืื ืืช, ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื ืืื ืืกื ืืืืืช. ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื, ืขื ืคืื ืืชืคืฆืื ืื ืืฆืจื, ืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืฉืืื: ืื ืืกื ืืื-ืชืืืืืช ืื ืืกื ืืื-ืชืืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืชืฉืืืช ืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขื ืฃ ืขืืงืจื ืืื ืฉื ืืคืจืงืืืงื. ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืืจืืช, ืื ืืกื ืืืืช (ืื ') ืืื ืืกืช ืืจืืื (ืื ') ืืื ืขื ืคืื ืขืืงืจืืื. ืชืืืื ืื ืืกื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืกืช ืืืฆืืจ (ืื '), ืื ืืกื ืืงืืกืืืช (ืื '), ืื ืืกืช ืงืืจืืืื (ืื '), ืื ืืกืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืงืจื (ืื '), ืื ืืกืช ืจืื (ืื '), ืื ืืกืช ืืืืข (ืื '), ืื ืืกืช ื ืคื (ืื '), ืื ืืกืช ืืขืจืืืช, ืื ืืกืช ืงืื, ืื ืืกืช ืชืืื ื, ืืขืจืืืช ืื ืืื, ืื ืืกืช ืืื-ืืขืจืืืช (ืื ') ืืื ืืกื ืืจืขืื ืืช. ืืชืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืชืืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืขื ืืชืืืืื ืืืกืืจืชืืื ืืืืฆืจืืช ืขื ืคืื ืืืฉืื - ืืืืืื, ืื ืืกื ืื ืืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ (ืื ') ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืชืืืื ื ืืฉื, ืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืกื (ืื '), ืืืขื ืืกืืืื, ืืชืืงื ืื ืืกืืช (ืื ') ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืฉื ืืื ืืกื (ืื '). ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/teaching-tools/teaching-models/] | [TOKENS: 427] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืื? | ืืืฆื ืืฉืชืืฉืื? ืืืชืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืืืจืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืจื ืืงืฆืจื ื... ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/sherutey-tiksuv-bachinuch/merhav-melave-mikzoa/] | [TOKENS: 1829] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืข ืงืื ืืขื: ืืืจืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืขืืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื!ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืื ืกืืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืืื, ืืชืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืขืจืื, ืืขืืืจ ืืืชืชื.ืืืจืื ืืฆืืข ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืฉืืฉืื ืืฆืืจืื ืืืจืื ืื: ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืข ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืคืชืจืื ืืขืื, ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืฉืืง, ืืฉืืื ืขืืฆืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืชืืคืขืืช. ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืข ื ืืชื ืืืงืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืืกืืืืืช: ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืืืืช ืืชืฉืืืืช ืื ืกืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืืจืื-ืืืืื-ืืขืจืื (ืื"ื). ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฆืื ืืืืข ืืืจืื ืืคืืืืื ื ืืจืฉืื ืืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื. ืื ื ืืจืฉ ืืืข ืงืืื ืืืึผืื (Moodle), ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืชื ืกืืช ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืึผืื ืืืืืฅ ืืขืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืฉื 30 ืฉืขืืช. ืืืชืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืึผืื. ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืกืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืจืฉืืช ืขื ืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื (ืืืฉื Google Classroom, 365) ืื ืขืื ืืงืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืกืื ืืจื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืข. > ืืฆืืจืช ืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืกืืื ืืืืืื ืขืืืื ื.> ืจืื ืืกืืกืืช: ืืืจืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื.> ืจืื ืืชืงืืืช: ืืืจืื ืืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืขืงื ืืืจ ืืืืืื. 1. ืืืงื ืชืืืื ืืืคืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืคืื: 6552* ืืืืื ื-ื: 07:30-22:00ืืชืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืขืืจืืช ืืงืืฉื 1, ืื"ื ืืงืืฉื 2 (ืืขืืืื ืืืจืื) ืืื"ื ืืงืืฉื 1 (ืืชืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืชืคืขืืืืืช).2. ืืฆืคืืื ืืกืจืืื ื ืืืจืื3. ืืคืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืฆืคืืช ืืกืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืกืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืงืฆื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืคืขืื. ืืืืื. ืกืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืืขืจืืช Moodle ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืขืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืข ืงืคืื ืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืง ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืขื ื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืืกื ืช ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืชืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืื โ ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืกืืกืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืชืืืืืื. ืชืืืื ืืืื ืชืชืขื ืืื ื ืื ื... ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืงืฆืจื ื... ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/sherutey-tiksuv-bachinuch/halofot-haaraha-sviva-digitalit/] | [TOKENS: 2769] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืคืืช ืืืขืจืื ืงืื ืืขื: ืืืจืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืงืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืขืืืจ ืชืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืคืืช ืืืขืจืื (30%).ืืืขืจืืช ืืฆืืขื ืชืื ืืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืืช ืืกืื: ืืงืจ, PBL (ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืคืจืืืงืืื), ืชืืงืื, ืืืืช ืืืฆืืข, ืืืืช ืืืฆืืข ืืฉืคื ืืขืจืืืช. ืืกืืืื ืืืืืืืืืช: ื ืืชื ืืืงืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืืกืืืืืช: ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืฉืืืืช ืืชืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืช ืืืืืืืื ืชืฉืข"ื ืืืกืืจืช ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช (70%/30%) ืืืฆืข ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืืช ืืืขืจืื. ืืื ืืืงื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืืคืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืคืืชืื ืกืืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืจืืช ืฉืืืจืชื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืื. ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืขืช ืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืจืืชืื ืืืฆืืจืื ืชืืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืื ืืืืคื ืืกืืืืช ื ืชืื ื ืืืื ืืฆืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืงืืืื ืืคืืืืืืื ืืืคื ืืืจืืช ืืืงืฆืืข. ืขืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืกืืจืช ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช (70%/30%) ืืืืคื ืืืขืจืื. ืืกืืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืคืืช ื ืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืืช ืชืื ืื ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืขืืืจ ืืชืืืืืื. ืืกืืืื ืืืงืืื ืช ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืืชืงืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืื. ืืชื ืืืืื ืืชืื ื ืืช ืชืืืืื ืืื"ื (ืืืจืื-ืืืืื-ืืขืจืื) ืืคื ืฉืืงืื ืืขืชื ืืืงืฆืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืช ืืชืืืืืื ืขื ืคื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืชืช ืืขื ื ืืฆืืจืื ืืชืืืืืื. 1. ืืืงื ืชืืืื ืืืคืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืคืื: 6552* ืืืืื ื-ื: 07:30-22:00ืืชืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืขืืจืืช ืืงืืฉื 1, ืื"ื ืืงืืฉื 2 (ืืขืืืื ืืืจืื) ืืื"ื ืืงืืฉื 1 (ืืชืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืชืคืขืืืืืช).2. ืืฆืคืืื ืืกืจืืื ื ืืืจืื3. ืืคืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืกืืืื ืื ืขืฉืืจื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืจืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืฉื. ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืืชืืืช ืืืืืคืืช ืืฆืืจืื ืชืืืืืื. ืืกืืืื ืคืืชืื ืืคืืืคืืจืืช Moodle ืืืื ืืจื ืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืงืฉืืช (LMS) ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืื ืืื, ืืฉืื ืืืขืงื ืืืจ ืชืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืชืืืืืื ืืื ืจืืข ื ืชืื. ืืกืืืื ืฉืคืืชืื ืขื ืคืืืคืืจืืช Moodle ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืืจืื: ืืืืจื ืืืชืืืื. ืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืืข ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืืคื, ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืข ืื ืืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืืืื, ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืืืืข ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืจืืืื ืืงืืื ืื, ืกืจืืื ืื ืืืฆืืืช. ืืืจืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืคืืจืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืคืืช ืืืขืจืื (ืืื ืฉืื ืงืืืืืช ืื ืืืืช, ืืฉืืืืช, ืืืื, ืขืฆืืช ืืกืจืืื ืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืช ืืืืื ืชืืฆืจืื). ืืคืฉืจ ืืฆืคืืช ืืกืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืกืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืงืฆื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืคืขืื. ืกืืืืืช ืืืืคืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืขืจืืช Moodle ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืข ืงืคืื ืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืง ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืขื ื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืืกื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืชืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืืื ืึทืึผื ืืกื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืื โ ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืกืืกืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืฉืจื ืืขืืืืื ืืืชืืืืืื. ืืืืืข ืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืื ืืื: ืงืืจืก ืืืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืชืคืงืืืื (ืืืคืง ืืืฉ), ืงืืจืก ืืืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืชืคืงืืืื (ืขืื ืืชืืืจื). ืืืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืขื ืกืืืข ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืื ืืชืงืฉืื ืืืืืขืช ืืกืืืื ืืืืคืืช ืืืขืจืื. ืืืื ืชืชืขื ืืื ื ืื ื... ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืงืฆืจื ื... ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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