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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)] | [TOKENS: 3605]
Contents Third party (U.S. politics) Third party, or minor party, is a term used in the United States' two-party system for political parties other than the Democratic and Republican parties. The Electoral College for presidential elections and the plurality voting system for most other elections have established a two-party system in American politics. Third parties are most often encountered in presidential elections and while third-party candidates rarely win elections, they can have an effect on them through vote splitting and other impacts. With few exceptions, the U.S. system has two major parties which have won, on average, 98% of all state and federal seats. According to Duverger's law two main political parties emerge in political systems with plurality voting in single-member districts. In this case, votes for minor parties can potentially be regarded as splitting votes away from the most similar major party. Third party vote splitting exceeded a president's margin of victory in three elections: 1844, 2000, and 2016. There have only been a few rare elections where a minor party was competitive with the major parties, occasionally replacing one of the major parties in the 19th century. No third-party candidate has won the presidency since the Republican Party became the second major party in 1856 and won in 1860. Since then, a third-party candidate won states in five elections: 1892, 1912, 1924, 1948, and 1968. 1992 was the last time a third-party candidate placed second in any state, and 1996 was the last time a third-party candidate got over 5% of the vote nationally. Notable exceptions Greens, Libertarians, and others have elected state legislators and local officials. The Socialist Party elected hundreds of local officials in 169 cities in 33 states by 1912, including Milwaukee, Wisconsin; New Haven, Connecticut; Reading, Pennsylvania; and Schenectady, New York. There have been governors elected as independents, and from such parties as Progressive, Reform, Farmer-Labor, Populist, and Prohibition. After losing a Republican primary in 2010, Bill Walker of Alaska won a single term in 2014 as an independent by joining forces with the Democratic nominee. In 1998, wrestler Jesse Ventura was elected governor of Minnesota on the Reform Party ticket. Sometimes a national officeholder that is not a member of any party is elected. Previously, Senator Lisa Murkowski won re-election in 2010 as a write-in candidate after losing the Republican primary to a Tea party candidate, and Senator Joe Lieberman ran and won reelection to the Senate as an "Independent Democrat" in 2006 after losing the Democratic primary. As of 2025, there are only two U.S. senators, Angus King and Bernie Sanders, who identify as Independent and both caucus with the Democrats. The last time a third-party candidate carried any states in a presidential race was George Wallace in 1968, while the last third-party candidate to finish runner-up or greater was former president Teddy Roosevelt's 2nd-place finish on the Bull Moose Party ticket in 1912. The only three U.S. presidents without a major party affiliation upon election were George Washington, John Tyler, and Andrew Johnson, and only Washington served his entire tenure as an independent. Neither of the other two were ever elected president in their own right, both being vice presidents who ascended to office upon the death of the president, and both became independents because they were unpopular with their parties. John Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket in 1840 with William Henry Harrison, but was expelled by his own party. Johnson was the running mate for Abraham Lincoln, who was reelected on the National Union ticket in 1864; it was a temporary name for the Republican Party. More favorable electoral systems for third parties Electoral fusion in the United States is an arrangement where two or more United States political parties on a ballot list the same candidate, allowing that candidate to receive votes on multiple party lines in the same election. Electoral fusion is also known as fusion voting, cross endorsement, multiple party nomination, multi-party nomination, plural nomination and ballot freedom. Electoral fusion was once widespread in the U.S. and legal in every state. However, as of 2024, it remains legal and common only in New York and Connecticut. Ranked-choice voting (RCV) can refer to one of several ranked voting methods used in some cities and states in the United States. The term is not strictly defined, but most often refers to instant-runoff voting (IRV) or single transferable vote (STV), the main difference being whether only one winner or multiple winners are elected. At the federal and state level, instant-runoff voting is used for congressional and presidential elections in Maine; state, congressional, and presidential general elections in Alaska; and special congressional elections in Hawaii. Since 2025, it is also used for all elections in the District of Columbia. Single transferable voting, only possible in multi-winner contests, is not currently used in state or congressional elections. It is used to elect city councillors in Portland, Oregon, Cambridge, Mass., and several other cities. As of April 2025, RCV is used for local elections in 47 US cities including Salt Lake City and Seattle. It has also been used by some state political parties in party-run primaries and nominating conventions. As a contingency in the case of a runoff election, ranked ballots are used by overseas voters in six states. Since 2020, voters in seven states have rejected ballot initiatives that would have implemented, or allowed legislatures to implement, ranked choice voting. As of June 2025, ranked-choice voting has also been banned in seventeen states. Notwithstanding apparent efforts by RCV advocates to implement RCV in all elections, there exists much public, private, and academic hesitation as to the viability of such an undertaking. Complexity, cost, possible promotion of strategic voting, and issues of transparency are among issues cited as barriers to adoption. Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters can approve of as many candidates as they like instead of choosing one. The method is designed to eliminate vote-splitting while keeping election administration simple and easy-to-count (requiring only a single score for each candidate). Approval voting has been used in both organizational and political elections to improve representativeness and voter satisfaction. Critics of approval voting have argued the simple ballot format is a disadvantage, as it forces a binary choice for each candidate (instead of the expressive grades of other rated voting rules). Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Median voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results Proportional representation (PR) is achieved by any electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions (political parties) among voters. The term is also used for any of the various electoral systems that produce proportional representation. The aim of such systems is that all votes cast contribute to the result so that each representative in an assembly is mandated by a roughly equal number of voters, and therefore all votes have equal weight. Under other election systems, a slight majority in a district โ€“ or even simply a plurality โ€“ is all that is needed to elect a member or group of members. PR systems provide balanced representation to different factions, usually defined by parties, reflecting how votes were cast. Where only a choice of parties is allowed, the seats are allocated to parties in proportion to the vote tally or vote share each party receives. Exact proportionality is never achieved under PR systems, except by chance. The use of electoral thresholds that are intended to limit the representation of small, often extreme parties reduces proportionality in list systems, and any insufficiency in the number of levelling seats reduces proportionality in mixed-member proportional (MMP) or additional-member systems. Under single-transferable-vote (STV) or party-list PR systems, small districts with few seats in each allow local representation but may reduce proportionality. Other sources of disproportionality arise from electoral tactics, such as party splitting in some MMP systems, where the voters' true intent is difficult to determine. Nonetheless, PR systems approximate proportionality much better than single-member plurality voting (SMP) and block voting. PR systems also are more resistant to gerrymandering and other forms of manipulation. Some PR systems do not necessitate the use of parties; others do. The most widely used families of PR electoral systems are party-list PR, used in 85 countries; mixed-member PR (MMP), used in 7 countries; and single transferable vote (STV), used in Ireland, Malta, the Australian Senate, and the Indian Rajya Sabha. Proportional representation systems are used at all levels of government and are also used for elections to non-governmental bodies, such as corporate boards. Barriers to third party success In winner-take-all (or plurality voting), the candidate with the largest number of votes wins, even if the margin of victory is extremely narrow or the proportion of votes received is not a majority. Unlike in proportional representation, runners-up do not gain representation in a first-past-the-post system. In the United States, systems of proportional representation are uncommon, especially above the local level and are entirely absent at the national level (even though states like Maine have introduced systems like ranked-choice voting, which ensures that the voice of third party voters is heard in case none of the candidates receives a majority of preferences). In Presidential elections, the majority requirement of the Electoral College, and the Constitutional provision for the House of Representatives to decide the election if no candidate receives a majority, serves as a further disincentive to third party candidacies. In the United States, if an interest group is at odds with its traditional party, it has the option of running sympathetic candidates in primaries. Candidates failing in the primary may form or join a third party. Because of the difficulties third parties face in gaining any representation, third parties tend to exist to promote a specific issue or personality. Often, the intent is to force national public attention on such an issue. Then, one or both of the major parties may rise to commit for or against the matter at hand, or at least weigh in. H. Ross Perot eventually founded a third party, the Reform Party, to support his 1996 campaign. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt made a spirited run for the presidency on the Progressive Party ticket, but he never made any efforts to help Progressive congressional candidates in 1914, and in the 1916 election, he supported the Republicans. Micah Sifry argues that despite years of discontentment with the two major parties in the United States, third parties should try to arise organically at the local level in places where ranked-choice voting and other more democratic systems can build momentum, rather than starting with the presidency, a proposition incredibly unlikely to succeed. However, this ignores that in some states a third party is required to have a presidential candidate in order to also run local level candidates.[citation needed] Strategic voting often leads to a third-party that underperforms its poll numbers with voters wanting to make sure their vote helps determine the winner. In response, some third-party candidates express ambivalence about which major party they prefer and their possible role as spoiler or deny the possibility. The US presidential elections most consistently cited as having been spoiled by third-party candidates are 1844, 2000, and 2016.This phenomenon becomes more controversial when a third-party candidate receives help from supporters of another candidate hoping they play a spoiler role. Nationally, ballot access laws require candidates to pay registration fees and provide signatures if a party has not garnered a certain percentage of votes in previous elections. In recent presidential elections, Ross Perot appeared on all 50 state ballots as an independent in 1992 and the candidate of the Reform Party in 1996. Perot, a billionaire, was able to provide significant funds for his campaigns. Patrick Buchanan appeared on all 50 state ballots in the 2000 election, largely on the basis of Perot's performance as the Reform Party's candidate four years prior. The Libertarian Party has appeared on the ballot in at least 46 states in every election since 1980, except for 1984 when David Bergland gained access in only 36 states. In 1980, 1992, 1996, 2016, and 2020 the party made the ballot in all 50 states and D.C. The Green Party gained access to 44 state ballots in 2000 but only 27 in 2004. The Constitution Party appeared on 42 state ballots in 2004. Ralph Nader, running as an independent in 2004, appeared on 34 state ballots. In 2008, Nader appeared on 45 state ballots and the D.C. ballot. Presidential debates between the nominees of the two major parties first occurred in 1960, then after three cycles without debates, resumed in 1976. Third party or independent candidates have been in debates in only two cycles. Ronald Reagan and John Anderson debated in 1980, but incumbent President Carter refused to appear with Anderson, and Anderson was excluded from the subsequent debate between Reagan and Carter. Independent Ross Perot was included in all three of the debates with Republican George H. W. Bush and Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992, largely at the behest of the Bush campaign.[citation needed] His participation helped Perot climb from 7% before the debates to 19% on Election Day. Perot did not participate in the 1996 debates. In 2000, revised debate access rules made it even harder for third-party candidates to gain access by stipulating that, besides being on enough state ballots to win an Electoral College majority, debate participants must clear 15% in pre-debate opinion polls. This rule has been in effect since 2000. The 15% criterion, had it been in place, would have prevented Anderson and Perot from participating in the debates in which they appeared. Debates in other state and federal elections often exclude independent and third-party candidates, and the Supreme Court has upheld this practice in several cases. The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) is a private company. The Free & Equal Elections Foundation hosts various debates and forums with third-party candidates during presidential elections. They can draw attention to issues that may be ignored by the majority parties. If such an issue finds acceptance with the voters, one or more of the major parties may adopt the issue into its own party platform. A third-party candidate will sometimes strike a chord with a section of voters in a particular election, bringing an issue to national prominence and amount a significant proportion of the popular vote. Major parties often respond to this by adopting this issue in a subsequent election. After 1968, under President Nixon the Republican Party adopted a "Southern Strategy" to win the support of conservative Democrats opposed to the Civil Rights Movement and resulting legislation and to neutralize right-wing third-party movements. This can be seen as a response to the popularity of segregationist candidate George Wallace who gained 13.5% of the popular vote in the 1968 election for the American Independent Party. In 1996, both the Democrats and the Republicans agreed to deficit reduction on the back of Ross Perot's popularity in the 1992 election. This severely undermined Perot's campaign in the 1996 election.[citation needed] However, changing positions can be costly for a major party. For example, in the US 2000 Presidential election Magee predicts that Gore shifted his positions to the left to account for Nader, which lost him some valuable centrist voters to Bush. In cases with an extreme minor candidate, not changing positions can help to reframe the more competitive candidate as moderate, helping to attract the most valuable swing voters from their top competitor while losing some voters on the extreme to the less competitive minor candidate. Current U.S. third parties This section includes only parties that have actually run candidates under their name in recent years. This section includes any party that advocates positions associated with American conservatism, including both Old Right and New Right ideologies. This section includes any party that is independent, populist, or any other that either rejects leftโ€“right politics or does not have a party platform. This section includes any party that has a left-liberal, progressive, social democratic, democratic socialist, or Marxist platform. This section includes parties that primarily advocate for granting special privileges or consideration to members of a certain race, ethnic group, religion etc. Also included in this category are various parties found in and confined to Native American reservations, almost all of which are solely devoted to the furthering of the tribes to which the reservations were assigned. An example of a particularly powerful tribal nationalist party is the Seneca Party that operates on the Seneca Nation of New York's reservations. This section includes parties that primarily advocate for Independence from the United States. (Specific party platforms may range from left wing to right wing). This section includes parties that primarily advocate single-issue politics (though they may have a more detailed platform) or may seek to attract protest votes rather than to mount serious political campaigns or advocacy. Electoral results In 2023 and 2024, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. initially polled higher than any third-party presidential candidate since Ross Perot in the 1992 and 1996 elections. As Democrat Joe Biden withdrew from the race and the election grew closer, his poll numbers and notoriety would drop drastically. Maps Notes References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_note-ืฆื™ืžื•ืงื™-263] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘-1993 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉ ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืŸ 1996โ€“1999 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข; ื‘ื™ืŸ 2009โ€“2021 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ; ื•ืžืื– ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2002 ื‘ื”ืŸ ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื•ืื™ ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2003โ€“2005, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื”, ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020, ื ื—ืชืžื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืจื›ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ืจืขื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ, ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘-2023 ืื™ืจืข ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ื‘-2025 ืชืงืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2005 ืœ-2013 ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020, ืงื™ื“ื•ื "ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช" ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ื•ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืื– ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืชื™ืง 1000, ืชื™ืง 2000 ื•ืชื™ืง 4000. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืฉื ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ (ICC) ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ื ื’ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื” (ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกื’ืœ; 1912โ€“2000) ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• (1910โ€“2012) ื•ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•, ื”ืคืจื“ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืกื’ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืž-1955 ื‘ืงื˜ืžื•ืŸ. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื "ื‘ื™ื‘ื™" ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ. ืื—ื•ืชื• ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื•[ื] ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ "ื‘ื™" ื›ืงืจื™ืืช ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืง ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”-60 ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืจื” ื‘ืฆ'ืœื˜ื ื”ื, ืคืจื•ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืฉื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1967 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ืขื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื•ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืจื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชืฉื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชื•ืคืช ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก 4 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืคืชื— ื‘ืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13, ื‘ืขืช ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืกื™ื™ื ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื—ื™"ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก "ืกื‘ื ื”", ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื” ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื ืชืงืข ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจ. ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื’ืชื•, ืขื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ืฉ ืœืขื–ืจืชื ื•ื—ื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1972 ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืกืจืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื—ื–ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT ืฉื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจืช ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื" ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ 1981. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช (B.S.A.D) ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT ื‘-1974, ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ MIT ืกืœื•ืืŸ ื‘-1976. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืฃ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขื ื–ืื‘ ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ืจ ืชื•ืจื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ึพMIT ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืขืกืงื™, "ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ืค". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื›ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• "ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืื™" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืชืื™". ื ื™ืชืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื—ืชื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื•. ื‘-1976 ืฉื›ืœ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•, ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืกื•ืฃ 1976 ื•ืขื“ 1980 ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืขืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-1980 ื–ื›ื” ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืขื“ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1979โ€“1982 ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื "ืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืจ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื•ึน ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืžื ื•ืชื• ื›ืฆื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™., ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžื™ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1982โ€“1984. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื ืก ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ, ืžื™ืœื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืขื“ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืงื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืชื‘ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘-1988 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘-1988, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“". ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืืช ื™ื’ืืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-12, ื•ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืฆืฆื• ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•"ื, ื’ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘-1991 ื ืžื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™, ืขื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-1992, ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืคืœืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘-1993 ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” "ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช". ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ "ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื" ื ื™ืกื” ืœืกื—ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืฉืชื•. ื”ืจืžื™ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื”, ื”ืขืžื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื•ื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” ืงืฆื‘, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœ-52.1% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (72,705 ืžืชื•ืš 139,522 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื). ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืž-1993 ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘', ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1995. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืจืขื ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื—ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉื ืืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ "ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช", ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ. ื‘-29 ื‘ืžืื™ 1996 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฆื—ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›-29,000 ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื— ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 1.4%, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื’ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืคืขืœ ืœืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื‘ ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืชืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœ"ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“-ื’ืฉืจ-ืฆื•ืžืช". ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืคืจืก ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ื ืจื’ื–, ืžื” ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื ื‘ื™ ื–ืขื" ื•ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ ืงืื ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘"ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง: "ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื, ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื’ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืคืจืก ื™ื—ืœืง ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 47 ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžึพ18 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1996 ืขื“ ืœึพ6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1999. ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืžืกืจื” ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘'. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืจื–, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช. ื‘-24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 17 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื›ืžืื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืชื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœื•ืจื•ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืคืจืช ืชื—ืช ืžืกื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืชื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืคืชื— ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช "ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืœืข ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•". ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื• ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืงืจื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืœืขืจืคืืช ืœืคืกื’ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืคืกื’ื” ืกืœืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1997. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืกื’ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžืขื˜ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ืงืจืื• "ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช". ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1997 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—'ืืœื“ ืžืฉืขืœ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื ืขืœืชื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื™ "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื” ื ืชืคืกื•. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื, ืฉืœื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืจื•ืคืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืขืœ ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืื—ืžื“ ื™ืืกื™ืŸ. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื’ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื ืื‘ื• ืžืจื–ื•ืง, ืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืžืืก ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชืชื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื•, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื ืจืฆื—ื• 4 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืขื“ 2008. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืงืช ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ื™ื ืก ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื•ืื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1998. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ, ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื›ืœืœื” 13% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ C ืฉื‘ื’ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ A ื•-B,โ€ 1% ื•-12% ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ื•ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื ืžืœ ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: โ€ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ื™ืงื‘ืœื•, ืœื ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื•.โ€ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืžืงื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘"ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื—ืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื“ืจ, ื ืฉืœื— ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื“ื ื™ืก ืจื•ืก ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง, ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžืชื, ื›ืœืœื” ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช 1967, ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืงื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื: ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื (4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997), ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ (23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997) ื•ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช (5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1997) ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• 12 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคืงืคื•ืง ืฉื‘ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื– ืœื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื•, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืฉืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืงื™ื“ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•, ืฉืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ืจื™ ืคืืœื•ื•ืœ (ืื ') ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ ืื•ืฆืจ: ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ" ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ืฉื ืงื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 1998, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืจืขื•ืขื™ื ืขืžื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ื•ื—ืชืจ ืœืžืžืฉ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™. ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ", ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืคื ืกื™ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ืกื™ื” ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช, ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "Yes" ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœึปื•ึผื•ึผ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื™ืžื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ืจืฆื— ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืื™ ื’ืจื ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ื—ืœืง ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืกืคืง ืœื• ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื”ืžื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืก ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืืœื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืกื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื•.[ื‘] ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืื”ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™. ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ืœื•. ื”ื”ืชืžืจืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื•. ืžืชื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘-21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1998 ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกื™ื•ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืช ืื™-ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”; ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืœืจื•ืฅ ื ื’ื“ื•; ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืขื–ืžื™ ื‘ืฉืืจื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืฉื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืง, ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื™ 1999, ื›ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 56% ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื• ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืชืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ื‘ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื•ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืขืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ืขื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื—ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืžืืœ.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1999 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื˜ืž ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจืช "ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืคื™ื•ืœ". ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืง ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืื—ืจืช ืœื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”. ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื”, ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืœ"ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ" ื•ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืงืจื ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืขืจื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2002 ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™" ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 24%. ืขื ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2003, ื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืกื™ืจื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื• ื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ืื•ืฆืจ, ืขืจืš ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืชืงื™ืคื”, ื•ืงื™ื“ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืง ืœ"ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจื–ื” (ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™) ื”ืกื•ื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืŸ (ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™)". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ืžื•, ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืก ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืžืก ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืข 2004 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ืžืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (25% ืœืขื•ืžืช 36%) ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2010 ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื (44% ืœืขื•ืžืช 50%). (ืžื’ืžื” ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืขืœื” ืœ-48% ื•ืœ-50% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ืื•ืœื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืก ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืขื“ ื›-40,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.) ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš, ืืš ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืœื”. ืขืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื•ืงืคื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 147 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ืž-15% ืœ-20% ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2007 ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื— ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2004 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืข"ืž ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 17%. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ("ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”") ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืคืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ื” ื–ื• (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืคืจื˜), ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“-ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื—ืื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ ืงื ืคื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘-2003 ื”ื•ื ืคืงื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืžื ื™ื•ืช "ืืœ ืขืœ", ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื“ื“ื™ ื•ืื™ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2004 ืžื›ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช "ืฆื™ื" (50% ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”) ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืœื™ ื•ืกืžื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืžื”ืœืš, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื™ืงื™ ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ "ืขืกืงืช ื”ืฉืงืฉื•ืงื”", ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขืจื” ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื ืคืžืŸ, ืชืžื•ืจืช 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื›-80% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืกื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ื ืžื›ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ืคืงืก, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกืื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื ืžืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืขืœื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื›ืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื’ืžืœื• ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื ืžืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ื•ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืงื‘ืข ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื ื›ืฉืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืœืืžืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืงืจืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื“ืœืช ืคืจืขื•ืŸ, ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืขืœืื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืงื™ื“ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื›ืจ". ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืžื•ืžืฉื• ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื ืืœืฆื• ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ื•ืืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2002 ืœ-2004 ืขืœื” ื‘ื›-10%, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื” ืœ-12%. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2002 ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ. ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื ื‘ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ (ืืฃ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”), ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืžื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ืจืฉื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•, ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ืื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื™ื—ืก ื“ื•-ืขืจื›ื™ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืฆื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืืœ ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ื›ืฉืขืœืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื“ื”, ืืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื™ืชืคื˜ืจ ืื ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ืืช ื”ืชื ืขืจื•ืชื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘, ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื—ืจืคืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ ื•ืชื‘ืข ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005, ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืžืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื‘ืขื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืงื•ื "ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉ"ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื‘ื›ืจ" ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื‘-30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื "ืฉืžืืœื” ืžืžืจืฆ". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืœื ื“ืื• ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืงื“ื™ืžื”", ื”ืคืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”. ืžื•ืœื• ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฅ ื•ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ. ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื•, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืคื–, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ืงื“ื™ืžื”". ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-19 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืขื 44% ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื•ืœ 33% ืœืฉืœื•ื, 12% ืœืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•-9% ืœื›ืฅ). ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2006 ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืžืขืชื” ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉื ื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื—ื“ ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ื™ื• ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื ื ืงื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืฆืขื“ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™" ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืื–. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืžืŸ ืžืคืœื” ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘-12 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื–ืืช ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืœื ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื”, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืฉื ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื ืฉืงืคืช ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืžืชื—ืžืฉืช ื‘ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื–, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื ื™ ื“ื ื•ืŸ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 72.8% ื•ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื•, ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืืงื•ื ื™ืก, ืœื“ื—ื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-36, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-20. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื ื—ืœืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ. ืžื—ืœื™ืคืชื•, ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื™ื‘ื ื™, ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืคื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืกืืžื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”". ื‘-3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”", ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ืจืงื˜ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืชืคืขืœ ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื”, ื•ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘-2020 ืฉื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื•, ืขืงื‘ ืกืงืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื•ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ื–ื›ื” ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ื‘-27 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืื—ืจื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืžื ื™-ื“ืชื™, ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช (65 ื—"ื›ื™ื), ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉ"ืก, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2009 ื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื” 30 ืฉืจื™ื ื•-9 ืกื’ื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช "ื ืื•ื ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ", ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื ืื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืชืคื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2010 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื”ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉ"ื—. ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• "ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื... ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ืคืกืงื” ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”, ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ ืœืขื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื™ 2010. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืขืžื™ื ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืžืืก, ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 10 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ืื™ืจืขื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืžืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืขื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื‘ืื•"ื, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืื•"ื ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืœื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงืจื ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืขืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื•ื˜ื• ืžืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื—ืจืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘-29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 67/19 ืฉืœื”) ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื•"ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืื– ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื•. ืœื“ื™ื“ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงื‘ืข. ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืžืืก - ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื’ืœืขื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืชืžื•ืจืช 1,027 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืื—ืžื“ ื’'ืขื‘ืจื™, ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืช ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื—'ืืœื“ ืžืฉืขืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืืจื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื“ 2011, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืืจืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืชืžืกื•ืจ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืœืฉื˜ื— ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืชื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื’ื ืขื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืš ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืชืงื™ืคืชื ืฉืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1993. ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011, ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ โ€ืื™ืจืืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื ืื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื•โ€. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืื™ืจืขื• ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื”ืื‘ 3, ื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœ"ืžื•ืกื“", ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉืื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ื‘-27 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 90% ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ืื“ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›"ืฉืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช". ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื’ืจื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžืกื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2010 ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื’ื ื”ืžืก ืขืœ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ืคืจ ืขื™ื ื™, ืขืœ ืขืกืงืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉืง ืฉืœื” ืฆืžื— ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ืฉืงืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืžื•ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜"ื— ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื™ื™ืกื•ืฃ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ื—ืงืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช "ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื•ืœื™ืœื ื“", ื•ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 2010 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ (OECD). ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™-ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ืคืจืฆื” ืžื—ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื˜ืจื›ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืื”, ื•ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืœ 3, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืžื™ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืข"ืž, ืžืก ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืง ื•ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœ-39 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ. ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืขืœืื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื ื“ื—ืชื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืžื’ืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ืกื ื• ืจืง ื›-700,000 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื (ื›-10%) ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›-4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื” ื”ืฉืจืคื” ื‘ื›ืจืžืœ ื‘ื” ื ืกืคื• 44 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›-17,000 ืื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-25 ืงืž"ืจ (25,000 ื“ื•ื ื) ื•ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืื’ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ื•ืงื ืžื˜ื” ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื•"ืค ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-36 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2008, ื•ืœื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ-ื›ื ืกืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœื• ื›-75% ืžื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช 2013, ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืื™ื—ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•"ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘-31 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-19 ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืœื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2013. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2013 ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” - ืฉื•ื—ื— ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืจื’'ืค ื˜ืื™ืค ืืจื“ื•ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ ืœืขื–ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2014 ื ืจืื• ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ืจื“ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืืจื“ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืฉื™ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืคื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ืื–ื”ืจืช ืžืกืข ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”โ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื-ืกื™ืกื™. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื•ืจืฆื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ืขืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก, ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืื—ื™ื ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-400 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื›-50 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืœื™ืงื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื. ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ืœืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-3 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ืจื” ื—ืžืืก ืืœืคื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืจื’ืžื” ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกืžืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื’'ืืขื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืจืคืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ื›ืจื” ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื“ืจืฉ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ืงื˜ืจ ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘, ืืš ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘-26 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื›ืฉืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื•ื‘. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืฆื“ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• 6 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืื•ืžื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืฆืคื™ ืœื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœ 4.9% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื—ืœืงื” ื‘-2013 ื•ื—ืœืงื” ื‘-2014. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2013 ืื•ืฉืจื” ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื•ืฉืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืžืื™ 2014 ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœื•ืงืจ, ืœืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื•ืช. ืืœื” ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืงื•ื˜. ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืจืฉื• ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืชืจ ืฉืจื™ "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“" ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœ-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืชื›ื ื ื• "ืคื•ื˜ืฉ" ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืง "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื‘ื™ื‘ื™: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™" ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื˜ืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืืช ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ "ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืกืจื• ืœื• ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื• ืคื•ื˜ืฉ". ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ืœื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘-30 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืœืš ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจืฆืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืจืกื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืฉืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื• ืืžืจ: โ€ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงืœืคื™. ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื. ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ V15, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ืฆื• 8", ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืืชื›ื, ืฆืื• ืœืงืœืคื™โ€. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, "ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื", ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2015, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”-34 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื•, ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื” ืฉื ืฉืขื ื” ืขืœ 61 ื—"ื›ื™ื. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื ื”, ื‘-26 ื‘ืžืื™ 2016, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืขืœื” ืœ-66. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ). ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 2016 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™, ืื– ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ "ื˜ื™ื™ื" ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ ืืœ-ืืงืฆื, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื’ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื“ืขืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืžื“ืืŸ. ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”-37, ื‘-20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื—ื’' ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืจืง ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื, ืืš ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื– ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ืกืชื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ืฉืง ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ 2016 ืžื™ื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” "ื ื’ืจืจืช ื•ืžืชืœื”ืžืช". ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื’ื ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืื™ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘-2018 ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืžืœ"ื˜ ืžืชืื‘ื“ ืื™ืจืื ื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ ืชืงื™ืคืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” T-4 ื•ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ, ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘-30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืื•ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื• ื—ืฉืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืžื˜ื”ืจืืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจืืŸ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ ื™ืจื• ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช 20 ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื•ืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื™ืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื•ืจืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 2018 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-220 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื”, ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื ืคืฅ ื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ืœ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืคืจ "ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”" ืœืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืืช ื‘ื”ืื ืื‘ื• ืืœ-ืขื˜ื, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงื•ื“ืก", ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™". ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืจื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ื”ื—ืžืืก. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืงื˜ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืืก, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืงื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 2019 ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืืก. ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ืœื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ". ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืื’ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžืงื˜ืจ ืœื—ืžืืก ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืคืจืฉื” ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืž-18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื•ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืš ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื‘-10 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ืœืฉื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืชืจืขื” ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ื ื“ื‘ ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืจื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ืืž"ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืขื™ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื™ืžื ืข ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 2334 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช "ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืกื ื’ืœ, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืกืงื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2018 ื ืขืจืš ื˜ืงืก ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื˜ืจืืžืค ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืžืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ื•ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื•ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื›ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื—ืชื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืขืœ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœื• ("ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžืื”"). ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืชืงืจืจื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื ืจื ื“ืจื” ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื“ืŸ ืขื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืžืงืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜, ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื’ืจืื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”: ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2016 ืขืจืš ืกื‘ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืœืจื’ืœ 40 ืฉื ื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”, ืœืฆื“ ืคืกื’ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ืขื ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017 ื ืื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” (ืื ') ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืžืืœื™. ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืงื ื™ืื˜ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื™ืฆื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืก ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2017 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื, ื’ืœืขื“ ืืจื“ืŸ, ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืจืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืžืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื” ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžื ืขืช ืžืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ืง ืœืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืช. ื‘-2 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื—ื–ืจื” ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืžื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื” "ืœื—ืฅ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”" ืœืกื’ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืืš ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™, ืžื•ืœ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืชื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืœื ืฉื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื• ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืงื“ื ื•ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืงื‘ ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื–ืง, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2016 ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ืืช ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื–ืง, ื•ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื”ืคืš ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ืžืื™ ืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื•ื‘ ืงืจื ื›ืฉืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2015 ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ: ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2017 ืคืขืœ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืžืฉื” ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื™ืงื•ื ืœืœื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ืงื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืคืจื“. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“, ืืš ื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ (ื•ื‘-2018 ืืฃ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช), ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืงื ืขื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2015, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืกื™ืขืช "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“", ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื™ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš, ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2020 ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืกื’ืจ ืืจืฆื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืชื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืž-29.9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ืœ-54 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019, ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื–, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื, ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื’ื– ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื•. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื‘-27 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกืœ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ืืš ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื•. ื‘ืžืื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016, ื—ืชืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019, ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” "ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ" ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ. ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ื•ื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017. ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืื™ืจื™ื• ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืื• ืงืฆื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืฉืœื ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืš 600,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœื ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื ืจืฉืžื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘-24 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ื”ืžืื•ืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-21. ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019. ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืจื™ืฆืชืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืฉืจื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”-28 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019, "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื–ื›ื” ืœ-35 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืงื™ืขืช ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ื–ื ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืจืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื•ืœื ื•". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื–ื”ื•ืช" ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื’ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœ-32 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช 38 ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื•ืœื ื•" ื•ืœืœื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื”ืŸ, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™". ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืžืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ 55 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช 54 ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขืœื” ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ืชืคื–ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื ืขืจื›ื• ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“", ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœ-72.5% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2020 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœ-36 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื ืฅ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืžืœืฆืชื ืฉืœ 61 ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ื ืฅ, ื•ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื‘-7 ื‘ืžืื™, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 72 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืฉื ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ืคื•ืจืกื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื‘-17 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021, ืืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื•. ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืžืขื ืงื™ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืกื’ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื ืืฉื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืกื’ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืจืœื, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขื ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื—ืกื ื™ื ืœื ืคืฉ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืื”". ืื•ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืคืจืง ืขื ื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื" ืžื•ืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉ. ื‘-13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2020 ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืื™ื“ ืืืœ ื ื”ื™ืืŸ, ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืจืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืœืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ื—. ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื ืจืžืœ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื• "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื". ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื ื—ืชื ื‘-15 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช) ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-10 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื‘-22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื ื—ืชื ื‘ืจื‘ืื˜ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืจื•ืงื•. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื“ืจืš ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื“ืืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 (ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืคืชืื— ืืœ-ื‘ื•ืจื”ืืŸ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ื—ืžื“ื•ื› ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ื ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื. ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021 ื—ืชืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื". ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฆื“ืง ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืž-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ, ื™"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื ืกืคื• 45 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• 102 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-6 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืžื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคืชื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-23 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืž-36 ืœ-30, ืืš ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“, ืขื 17 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืคื™ื“, ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-12 ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื ืžื ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืงื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืจืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื ืขื“ืจื•, ื’ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืขืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื“ืžื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืืคื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื– ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื’ื ืœืœื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ื–ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘-2019. ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ืœืง ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืฉื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™", ื•ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™-ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืื’ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•. ื‘-29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืกืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ืœืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื’ ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืก. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื“ืจืขื™ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืขื“ ืœื•: ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2023 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื“ืจืช ืคืกื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื›ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘-ืžื™ืืจื”, ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืืช "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช", ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื™ืืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ื™ืฆืจื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื—ืื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ. ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืชืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืœื”. ื ืฉื™ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื. ื—ืœืง ืžืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื™ื™ืžื• ืœืจื“ืช ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ "ืžื—ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื" ืฉืื™ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ืœืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ื•ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื›ื•ื ื• "ืœื™ืœ ื’ืœื ื˜". ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžื—ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื”ื•ืฉื”ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” "ืชืจื’ื™ืœ" ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉืชื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ื”ื’. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืœื”ืจืจ, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืืš ื”ื–ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงืงื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ื›ืื•ืช ืžื—ืื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื’ืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื™ืจื™ ื•ื“ืจื™ืกื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืขื™ื. ื‘ึพ9โ€“13 ื‘ืžืื™, ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื™ื–ื ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ื•ื—ืฅ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงื•ื“ืก. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื”". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ืžืฆื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื“ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ืกืœืžืืŸ ืืืœ ืกืขื•ื“. ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืœื™ื•ื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ 60%. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื”, ืœืคื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2024 ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืคืขืœื” ืื• ื’ื™ืฉืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื›ืžื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืคืฆืฆื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช "ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš - ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”" - ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2024 ืฉืœื—ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก ืœื—ืงืจ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”: "ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื–ืืช, ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืš ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืžื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ื•ืกื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื›ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื ืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2024 ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื•ื“ื™'ืก, ืคื™ืฅ' ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื“ ืื ื“ ืคื•ืจืก) ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ S&P ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2025. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื“ื™'ืก ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืขืœืืช ืžืก ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืž-17% ืœ-18%. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื™ื•ืขืฆื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-38% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข OECD. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ืฉืคื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘-ืžื™ืืจื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”. ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025, ืœืงืจืืช ืคืจืกื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื›ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 17% ืขืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืงื‘ืขื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืจืืฉื™ ืฉื‘"ื› ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ "ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-2018 ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืœืœื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื ืงืื™, ืžืงื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื˜ืจ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกืœืžื”. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืขืช ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื˜ืขืŸ: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืืก." ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื›, ื ื“ื‘ ืืจื’ืžืŸ, ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืขื–ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืจื™ืช".[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืชื•ืขื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004, ื–ืืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื”ื ืคืงืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกืžืš ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช โ€œืกื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืืก, ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืชืจืขื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš. ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™ 2023 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืขืจื™ืคื”" ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืื—ืช ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื ื—ื” ืœืงื“ื ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023, ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื“, ืคืชื—ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื "ื—ืžืืก" ื•"ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื›-4,300 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจื• ื›-6,000 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ืœื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ ื•ืœืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ืž-119 ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ, ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื”ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ืื•ื ืก, ืจืฆื—ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื• 1,173 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘-779 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ื—ื˜ืคื• ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›-251 ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื, ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ื ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื™ืž"ืž ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-1,609 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 329 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, 58 ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•-10 ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ื ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื 29 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•-22 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืืœืคื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื ื’ืจื ื”ืจืก ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ื”ืœื™ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื”, ื ืœื—ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ื—ื•ืช'ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื—ืžืืก, ืืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ืกืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘"ืฉืืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" ืœืคืจื™ืฆืชื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื™ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจืฉืช NBC ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื•ืืžืจ: "ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช [...] ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”". ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•"ื— ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ", ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื“ืจืช ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื• ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ืžืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ "ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื“"ื› ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืชื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื” ื‘-7.10.23". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2024 ื˜ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื–ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’'ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืžืœื” ื”ืืจื™ืก ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื‘-19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2024, ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืคื’ืข ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื‘-4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2025 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื‘ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื™ืงื— ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืชืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›"ืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ" ืชื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™ 2025 ื›ื™ื ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ, ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™, ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ". ื”ื ืื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื "ื ืื•ื ื”ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื" ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื™ื: โ€ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืชื›ื, ืขื ืžื” ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ? [...] ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-35? ืขื ืžื”? ืขื ื˜ื ืงื™ื? ืขื ืžื”? ื”ื ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื, ืงืœืฆ'ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื ื“ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช.โ€ ื‘-12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ 60 ื™ื•ื. ืž-2015 ืขื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-2018 ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื"ื ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ื”, ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ 3.67%, ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ 300 ืง"ื’. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื˜ืจืืžืค ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื‘-2018 ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืื™ ืคืจืกืžื” ืกื‘ื"ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ 408.6 ืง"ื’ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœ 60%. ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืžืœืื™ ื–ื” ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉ, ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืชื• ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘' ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก, ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื ืฉืงื•, ื•ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025, ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืกื™ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-35 ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื”, ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2025 ื”ื•ืจื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื• ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื•ืืชืจื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืจืืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืงื“ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืกืœืืžื™, ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฆื‘ื ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืืงืจื™, ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื—ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื• 30 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื•ืชืงืคื” ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืคืกืงื•. ื‘-5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื”ืืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœ, ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื•ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืกืžืš ืคืจืกืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš ืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืงื•ื˜ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš "ืฉืงืจื™ ื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™", ื•ื›ืš ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ื ื—"ื› ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืš. ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืคืœื™ืœื™ื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื™ืงื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื• ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1997, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืงื ื•ื ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืคืชื—ื” ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœื• ืชืžื™ื”ื•ืช". ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื™, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1999, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืงื‘ืœืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื‘ื ืจ ืขืžื“ื™, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2000 ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืžื” ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื™, ืขืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื•ืงืจ, ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืžืงื•ืจ", ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2008 ื ืกืขื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘-2002. ื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›"ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืจืก", ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ื ื—ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื: "ืชื™ืง 1000", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืฉื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืืจื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืฆ'ืŸ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคืืงืจ ื•"ืชื™ืง 2000" ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•"ืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืก, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื“ โ€“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื–ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื• ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืฆืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช "ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืž"ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื”, ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช", ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2017, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื, ืžืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช", ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2018, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื. ื‘"ืชื™ืง 1000" ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘"ืชื™ืง 2000" ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืกืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืคืขืœืชื™ ื ื’ื“ื" ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื—ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง "ืชื™ืง 4000", ื”ื•ื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืœื”ื‘ 433 ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื™ 2017. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื•: ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืกื˜ืœื” ื”ื ื“ืœืจ, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ื™ืจ ื—ืคืฅ. ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2018 ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืจื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื•ื—ื“. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ื—ืคืฅ, ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืขื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื›ืš ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืžื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื” ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจืžื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืชืจ 'ื•ื•ืืœื”' ืกื™ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืขืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืขื ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื 1000, 2000 ื•-4000 ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื“ืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืœื ืชืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืžืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจื˜ืจื™ื“ื’'. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืงื‘ืขื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ 300 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ื ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืข, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื: ื‘ืชื™ืง 1000 ื•-2000 ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื™ืง 4000 ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืžืกืข ืฆื™ื“ ื ื’ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ืคืกื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ืืช ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืง 4000 ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ 1000 ื•-2000. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง (ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”). ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืœื›ืช ื“ืจืขื™-ืคื ื—ืกื™. ื‘-2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง โ€“ ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘-30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ื—ื ื™ื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’. ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื ื™ืžืง: ื‘ืžืื™ 2024 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื”ืื’ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื• ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืช ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืขื‘ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืจืฆื—, ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื• ืจืฆื— ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื”. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก - ื™ื—ื™ื ืกื ื•ื•ืืจ, ืืกืžืขื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื“ืฃ. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื” ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืจืฆื—, ืจื“ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉ-124 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ืœื”ืื’ ืื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื—ื•ืžืŸ. ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื” ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืคื ื•ืกื•ืคืจ. ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืœื™ืฉืข, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืจื™ื (ืžื™ืงื™) ื•ื™ื™ืกืžืŸ (ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืŸ) ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972. ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช, ื ื•ืขื”, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจื•ื˜, ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘; ืžื‘ืชื• ื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979 ื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื•ื™ื™ืกืžืŸ. ื‘-1981 ื ื™ืฉื ืœืคืœื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืื•"ื, ืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื‘-1989. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1991 ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฉืจื” ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื“ื™ื™ืœืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘"ืืœ ืขืœ". ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื ืš ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื–ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื•ืื‘ื ืจ. ื‘-2002 ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘-2007 ืจื›ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• 1.7% ืžืžื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช NMDM, ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื“ืŸ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืชืžื•ืจืช 600 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘-2010 ืžื›ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ืจืช 4.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 13.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ืขืœ ืคื™ "ืคื•ืจื‘ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื”ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืžื“ ื‘-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืขื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ืฉืขืจื›ืŸ ื›-25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2023โ€“2024, ืขื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืงื•ืฆื‘ ืœื‘, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืข ืžืคืฉืขืชื™ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื”ืกืจืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2024 ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื›ื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2018โ€“2023, ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื™ื’ืืœ ืกืจื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื•ืœืง ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืจื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืš 279 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—. ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017, ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืกืจื ื” ืœืฉืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ 15 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืกืจื ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืจื ื” ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื“ื—ื”. ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืจื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืš 200 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื™ืœ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื• ืขืžื™ืช ืžืจืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืชืคืขืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื•. ื‘ืžืื™ 2023, ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืคืฉืจื”, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฉืš ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื•ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื™ืคืจืกื ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื—ื“ ืืช ืžืจืจื™ ืื• ืืช ื™ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2022 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื ื™ืื™ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื”ื "ื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™". ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ืืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• 62,500 ืฉ"ื— ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจืžืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืจืฆื™ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืจืฆื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ื ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืชืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ 50 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืจืฆื™ ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืš ืงื‘ืข ืฉืืจืฆื™ ื™ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžืจื•ืŸ 290 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืจื’ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื ื’ื“ ืคืขื™ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ืจืกืœืจ, ืขืœ ืกืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืงื˜ืจ, ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืชื” ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืจืกืœืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื” ื’ื™ื™ืก 500 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžื— ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-750 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืฉืชืจืžื• ื›-4,800 ืื™ืฉ. ืกืคืจื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื•: ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” "ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื”ืจื–ื”" ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืงืจื "ื”ื ืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™", ื•ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืงื“ืžื” ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ืžื”ืžื•"ืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื’ื ื– ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• โ€ข ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื โ€ข ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืงืช โ€ข ื”ืฉืจื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘, ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืกืจืœืื•ืฃ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื™ืงื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›"ืฅ โ€ข ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื“ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ืช ืกื˜ืจื•ืง โ€ข ื”ืฉืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ืกื™ืœืžืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื•ืื‘ ืงื™ืฉ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืงืจืขื™ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ืจื™ ืจื’ื‘ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ โ€ข ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ: ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€ข ืžืฉื•ืœื ื ื”ืจื™ โ€ข ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ื—ืžื“ ืขืžืืจ โ€ข ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš: ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA] | [TOKENS: 13246]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื“ื ื—ืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ืจื’ืขื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื“ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื ื›ื ืก ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ"- ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื”ืจ ื•ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžืกื›ื ื•, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื ื˜ืจืœื• ืื• ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื•ืคืจืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื“ืจื•ืš ื•ื–ืจื™ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื” ืื• ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืจื›ื– ืจืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ืฉื ืœื‘ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื•ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืืช ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื: "ื”ื‘ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ืš ื”ืฉื›ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื•" (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืขื‘ ื, ื•ืžืกื›ืช ื™ื•ืžื ืคื” ื‘). ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืขื ืช "ืชืงื™ืคื”". ื™ืฉื ื ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•, ื›ืžื•: ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช โ€“ ื ืงื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžืžื–ืขืจืช ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื ืงื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉืฆืคื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืชืงืฃ, ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ, ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืงืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืคืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืฅ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื›ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ืจืฉืื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืืฃ ืื ืืœื” ื™ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืฅ. ืื ื”ืคื•ืจืฅ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืจืง ืกื›ื ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื”ืจื™ื’ืชื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™, ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ื™ื’ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืœื ืชื•ื˜ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืืฉื ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื. ืกื™ื™ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 18 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™, 1936, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 22 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ, ืชืฉืœ"ื–-1977. ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1992 ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืงืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื-ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืื“ื ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื ืชื•. ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 37 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื” ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื ื— ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994 ืชื•ืงืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื ื—ืงืง ืกืขื™ืฃ 34ื™, ืœืคื™ื• โ€ืœื ื™ื™ืฉื ืื“ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืชืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ...โ€. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื™ ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืชื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืœื• ืกื™ื™ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘"ื”ื’ื ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืช ืขืกืง ื•ืžืฉืง ื—ืงืœืื™ ืžื’ื•ื“ืจ". ืกื™ื™ื’ ื–ื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ โ€ืœื ื™ื™ืฉื ืื“ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืคืจืฅ ืื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืกืง ืื• ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืจ, ืฉืœื• ืื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื•, ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื‘ื™ืจื”...โ€. ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ ื•ืชืจืกื™ืก ื’ื– ืžื“ืžื™ืข, ืฉื•ืงืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ืืœื”, ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืืงื“ื— ืื™ืฉื™. ืืช ื—ืœืงื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™, ืœื—ืœืงื ื ื“ืจืฉ ื’ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ (ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืœืœื ื ืฉืง ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื’ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ืข. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื ืฉืงืคื” ืœื• ื›ืœ ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื‘ืื” ืžืชื•ืš ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื–ื• ืงืžื” ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34ื™ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื•ืกืขื™ืฃ 34ื™ื— ืœื—ื•ืง, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื–ื•, ื ืืฉื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ื›ื™ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชื ืื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืืžื™ืชื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉื ื”ืจืฉืขื” ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื” โ€“ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉื ื”ืจืฉืขื”, ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™, ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื” ืฉื•ืœืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื“ืžื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉื•ืœืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืกืขื™ืฃ 2(4) ืœืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืงื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื•ื™ื‘ (ืกืขื™ืฃ 51 ืœืžื’ื™ืœื”). ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืžื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืœื ืœืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช. ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช: ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ืœืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื, ืคื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื ื ืœืžื“ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ื•ื—ืจืฃ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœืื™ืœื• ืžื”ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ื›ืื—ื“, ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉื ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืœื•. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืขืœื• ื•ืฆืฆื• ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ื’ื ืชื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื™ื–ื•ื, ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืจื• ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื’ื ืชื™. ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช: ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืฉื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื• ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืจื’ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื•ืชืจ 'ื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช' ืื• 'ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช'. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ 'ืฉืฉื” ืืœื™ ืงืจื‘' ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืงื“ื— ื”ื›ื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื• โ€“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช ืืžื ื, ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืขืช ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื’ ืื™ ืฆ'ื•ืืŸ ื•ืคื™ ื’ื•ืื” ื’'ืื ื’ ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื’ืข ื™ื–ื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืฆ'ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ืžืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจืš ื›ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™. ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืชืงืคืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื™ืš, ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืช, ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืชืขืœื” ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช. ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช: ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”, ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืง. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืชืจื’ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ื—ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™. ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืชื— ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืชืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืขืœ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืŸ- ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืืžืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ื ืฉื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’'ื• ื’'ื™ื˜ืกื• ื•ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1918, ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช, ืื™ืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื’ืŸ. ื‘ึพ1940, ืขื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื, ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื’ืžื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืชืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ื. ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื“ื’ืœื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื›ื ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื–ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช . ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืคื ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื . ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ืžืกืžืœืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžื’ื“ืจื™- ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกืงืกื™ ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ื•ื’'ื• ื’'ื™ื˜ืกื•, ื•ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืขืชื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช. ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื. ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืงืจืื• ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื, ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื. ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื• ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช- ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืื•ืชื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™- ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ื. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Empowerment Self-Defense โ€“ ESD), ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืช. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืœืžื“ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ืงืฉืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืจืง ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช. ESD ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช, ื”ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™-ื”ืกืœืžื” ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื›ืœื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉื™, ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ. ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืืฃ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”. ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชืงืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ, ื•ื–ื• ืืฉืžืชืŸ ืฉื ืคื’ืขื•. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื•/ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข, ื”ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืžืขืœ ืœ-85% ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ืคื’ืข/ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื, ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื, ืขืžื™ืชื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืฉืžื” ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” - ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื—ื“, ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืขื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืจื™ืคื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ืœืชืช ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื•, ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืžืคื ื™ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•, ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช- ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืกืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื ืชืคืกืช, ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื, ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื. ื ืžืฆื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจืก, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื ืก ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื: ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื”ื›ื•ืช, ืœื‘ืขื•ื˜, ืœื ืฉื•ืš; ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœื ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”, ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžื›ื•ืช; ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ ืฆืขืงื•ืช ื•ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข. ืื™ื•ื ื”ืื•ื ืก ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื. ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืžืฆื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข. ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื, ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœืŸ. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ื•ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ื“ื’ืฉ ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ืชืงืคื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืชืงืคื•, ืืœื ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื”, ื•ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืคื’ืขืช ืขืฉืชื” ืื• ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืืฉืžื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื•ืช. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ืชืช ืืœ ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ื•ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆื‘ืจื” ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืชืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฆืฆื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื’ื‘" (1881) ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ืžื ืขื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘, ืื•ื“ืกื”, ื•ืจืฉื” ื•ืขื•ื“, ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคืจืขื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ (1903) ื”ื•ืืฆื” ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื”ืคื›ืช 1905 ืื– ื”ื•ืคื ื” ื–ืขื ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื ืฉืง ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื• (ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ื“ืกื”, ื–'ื™ื˜ื•ืžื™ืจ, ื™ืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ื’ืจืื“, ื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœืื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“). ื‘-1917, ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ื”ืคืขื ื ืชืžื›ื” ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืจืงื• ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืžืชืคื•ืจืจ. ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers] | [TOKENS: 168]
Diffusers documentation Diffusers Diffusers and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Diffusers Diffusers is a library of state-of-the-art pretrained diffusion models for generating videos, images, and audio. The library revolves around the DiffusionPipeline, an API designed for: Diffusers also comes with optimizations - such as offloading and quantization - to ensure even the largest models are accessible on memory-constrained devices. If memory is not an issue, Diffusers supports torch.compile to boost inference speed. Get started right away with a Diffusers model on the Hub today! Learn If youโ€™re a beginner, we recommend starting with the Hugging Face Diffusion Models Course. Youโ€™ll learn the theory behind diffusion models, and learn how to use the Diffusers library to generate images, fine-tune your own models, and more.
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States] | [TOKENS: 1090]
Contents List of federal political scandals in the United States This article provides a list of political scandals that involve officials from the government of the United States, sorted from oldest to most recent. Scope and organization of political scandals This article is organized by presidential terms in order, older to recent, and then divided into scandals of the federal Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of government. Members of both parties are listed under the term of the president in office at the time the scandal took place, even though they may not be connected with the presiding president. In this article, the term "politician" (a person who is professionally involved in politics) includes not only those elected, but also party officials, candidates for office, their staffs and appointees. Please note that every president directly selects, appoints or hires several thousand people. Each of those selects thousands more. Private citizens should only be mentioned when they are closely linked to the scandal or politician, such as Jack Abramoff. This list also does not include crimes that occur outside the politician's tenure (such as before or after their term in office) unless they specifically stem from acts made while in office and discovered later. Scandal is defined as "loss of or damage to reputation caused by actual or apparent violation of morality or propriety". Scandals are separate from 'controversies', (which implies two differing points of view) and 'unpopularity'. Many decisions are controversial, many decisions are unpopular, that alone does not make them scandals. Breaking the law is a scandal. The finding of a court is the sole method used to determine a violation of law, but it is not the sole method of determining a scandal. Also included as scandals are politicians who resign, quit, run, or commit suicide while being investigated or threatened with investigation. Notoriety is a major determinant of a scandal, that is, the amount of press dedicated to it. Misunderstandings, breaches of ethics, unproven crimes or cover-ups may or may not result in inclusion depending on the standing of the accused, the amount of publicity generated, and the seriousness of the crime, if any. Drunk driving may be a conviction, but is usually too minor and too common to mention unless there are multiple convictions and/or jail time. Given the political nature of Congress in which the leading party has determining power, politicians who are rebuked, denounced, censured, admonished, condemned, suspended, reprimanded, found in contempt, found to have acted improperly, or used poor judgement are not included unless the scandal is exceptional or leads to expulsion or conviction. Government under the Articles of Confederation (1777โ€“1789) George Washington administrations (1789โ€“1797) John Adams administration (1797โ€“1801) Thomas Jefferson administrations (1801โ€“1809) James Monroe administrations (1817โ€“1825) Andrew Jackson administrations (1829โ€“1837) see Andrew Jackson administration controversies John Tyler administration (1841โ€“1845) Zachary Taylor administration (1849โ€“1850) Franklin Pierce administration (1853-1857) James Buchanan administration (1857โ€“1861) Executive branch Abraham Lincoln (R) administration (1861โ€“1865) Andrew Johnson (D) administration (1865โ€“1869) Ulysses S. Grant (R) administrations (1869โ€“1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (R) administration (1877โ€“1881) James A. Garfield (R) administration (1881) Chester A. Arthur (R) administration (1881โ€“1885) Grover Cleveland (D) administration (1885โ€“1889) William McKinley (R) administration (1897โ€“1901) Theodore Roosevelt (R) administrations (1901โ€“1909) William Howard Taft (R) administration (1909โ€“1913) Woodrow Wilson (D) administrations (1913โ€“1921) further information see Woodrow Wilson administration controversies Warren G. Harding (R) administration (1921โ€“1923) Calvin Coolidge (R) administrations (1923โ€“1929) Herbert Hoover (R) administration (1929โ€“1933) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (D) administrations (1933โ€“1945) Harry S. Truman (D) administrations (1945โ€“1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) administrations (1953โ€“1961) John F. Kennedy (D) administration (1961โ€“1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (D) administrations (1963โ€“1969) see Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies Richard Nixon (R) administrations (1969โ€“1974) Gerald Ford (R) administration (1974โ€“1977) Jimmy Carter administration (D) (1977โ€“1981) Ronald Reagan (R) administrations (1981โ€“1989) George H. W. Bush (R) administration (1989โ€“1993) Bill Clinton (D) administrations (1993โ€“2001) George W. Bush (R) administrations (2001โ€“2009) Barack Obama (D) administrations (2009โ€“2017) Donald Trump (R) first administration (2017โ€“2021) Joe Biden (D) administration (2021โ€“2025) Donald Trump (R) Second administration (2025โ€“2029) See also References Bibliography
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื™ืช_ื”ืกืคืจ_ืกื_ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ_ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข_ื•ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”] | [TOKENS: 10798]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” โ€“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืข"ืฉ ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ื ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘-1989. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื ืงืจื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ื•ืžืฉื ืช 1996 ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืกื™ ืื•ืกืงืจ, ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื• ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉ ืžื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019, ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“. ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉืชื•, ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ื“ื ื” ื‘ืœื ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022 ืœืžืฉื›ื ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืื•ื’ื“ ื›ืขืžื•ืชื”. ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ. ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›-170 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื: ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช 75 ืžื•ืจื™ื, 30 ื—ื•ื ื›ื™ื, ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืกื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืจืฆื™ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•-23 ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืืชืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2025 ืžืขืœ 1,000 ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”]. 75% ืžื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›-30 ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื, ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœื›-400 ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืกืจื˜ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืงืจื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›-100 ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื (ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืงืืŸ, ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื• ื•ืขื•ื“), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™, ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1989 ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ืื– ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื“ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ื ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืคื ื” ืœืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื˜ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœืง, ื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1989 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืจื ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœ ืืช: ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืื•ื, ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืžืŸ, ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ืงืกืžืŸ, ืื•ืจื ื” ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ, ืื™ื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ืžื™ ื•ืจื ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ - ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ืžืฉื—ืง: ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื ืฉืจ, ื‘ืชื™ื” ื’ื•ืจ, ืงื•ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื‘, ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืœื• ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ - ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜; ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืžืŸ - ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื; ืืฉืจ ื˜ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข; ื—ื’ื™ ืคื™ื ืกืงืจ, ืื•ืจื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื™ื ืงืœื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขื ืจ ืคืจืžื™ื ื’ืจ - ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1991โ€“1992, ืคื™ืชื— ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฅ ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ. ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ 6 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1992 ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืขืจื‘ื™ ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืง ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืงืจื ื• ื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื’ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืฉื‘ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ืช (ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื–ื›ื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื• ื‘-12 ืžืชื•ืš 13 ืคืจืกื™ื). ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืคืง ื•ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžื“ืžื•ื ื™, ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืžืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” "ื‘ืช ื™ื ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง" ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืงืฉืช". ื‘-1994 ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ืคืฆืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1993โ€“2005 ื”ื•ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 2, ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ "ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืช" ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ืืช. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ - ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืฉืื™ืคืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™. ื‘-1999 ื”ื•ืงื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ื ืœื‘ืžืื™ื, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”. ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2001. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2003 ื”ื•ืงื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืงื” ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™, ืฉืžื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืื™ื, ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืฆืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘-2004 ื™ืฆื DVD ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื (1990โ€“2004) ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก-ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ. ื‘-2005 ื™ืฆื ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ "ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืง", ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืง ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2008 ื”ืฉื™ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืช ืื’ืฃ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื‘-2009 ื™ืฆื DVD ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื (1990โ€“2009) ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก-ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2011 ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืงืฉืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข", ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืงืฉืช" ืฉืขืจืš ื‘-1968 ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื”ืจืŸ ืืžื™ืจ. ื‘-2016 ื™ืฆื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื“ื ื™ โ€“Short Film Studies, 2016 ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, "ืœื™ืœ ื’ื™ื•ืก" ืฉืœ ื ืขืžื™ ืœื‘ืืจื™ ื•"ืงืจื‘ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื", ืฉืœ ืกื™ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2017 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช "15 ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื" ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืจื™ืคื•ืจื˜ืจ". ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019, ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื“ื ื” ื‘ืœื ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืจื ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ. ื‘-2020, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ื™ื–ืžื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ืืช ืžื™ื–ื "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“", ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืขื ืง ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉื™ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื” ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืงืฆืจื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021/2 ืฉื•ื“ืจื• 100 ืกืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘-Yes ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2021 ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืœื ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2022 ืคืชื— ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืžืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืงื•ืจืกื™ ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2022 ื”ืฉื™ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืžืช ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืœืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก, ืกืจื˜ื™ ืคืจืžืื•ื ื˜ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืžืคืชื—ื™ื 8 ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2022, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 33 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื•, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืžืฉื›ื ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื•. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืŸ 7 ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›-4,000 ืž"ืจ ื•ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื›ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžืงืžืคื•ืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœืžืจื›ื– ืืจืฆื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื ื™ืกืŸ ื ืชื™ื‘, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023, ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืช ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื. ื—ืžืžื•ืช ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ 12 ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื—ืžืžื”, ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื›-70% ืžืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื•ืคืงื•, ื”ื•ืงืจื ื• ื•ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•, ื•ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. ื›-10 ืžืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื•ืงืจื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืงืืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: "ืจืืŸ" ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืœืงื•ื˜, ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘, 2013; "ื”ื’ื ื ืช (ืกืจื˜, 2014) ืฉืœ ื ื“ื‘ ืœืคื™ื“, 2013; "ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ" ืฉืœ ืœืืกืœื• ื ืžืฉ, 2014; "ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื™ื•ื", ืฉืœ ืืกืฃ ืคื•ืœื•ื ืกืงื™, 2016 ื•"ื”ืžืชืžื—ื”" ืฉืœ ื‘ื• ื’'ืื ืคื ื’. ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืœืืกืœื• ื ืžืฉ, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืงืืŸ, ื‘ืคืจืก ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015.ืกืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื˜ื” ืงื•ืกื™ืื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”" ื–ื›ื” ื‘-2021 ื‘ืคืจืก ืžืฆืœืžืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืงืืŸ. ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช ืœื—ืžืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืกืื ื“ื ืก (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื• (ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”). ื™ื•ื–ื ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืจื ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ. ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจ ืืœื“ืจ. 12 ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืขื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื™ืชืช ืืžืŸ ืขื ื‘ืžืื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขืžื ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืžื”. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื ืงืœื™ื™ืจ ื“ืื•ื ืก (ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”), ื–'ืืง ืืงืฉื•ื˜ื™ (ืฆืจืคืช) ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื™ื™ืœืจ (ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”) ื•ืฉืจื™ ืชื•ืจื’'ืžืŸ (ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื’ื ืื‘ื™ ื ืฉืจ, ืขืจืŸ ืจื™ืงืœื™ืก, ื’'ื™ื ื• ื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื” (ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”) ื•ืงื•ื‘ื™ ื’ืœ ืจื“ืื™ (ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืคื™ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื˜ืงืก ื ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืžื”, ื•ื‘ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื–ื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2022 ื”ืฉื™ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืžืช ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืœืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื“ื ื” ื‘ืœื ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ืจื™ืช ื–ืžื™ืจ. ื–ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืžืช ื”ืกื“ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจ ืืœื“ืจ. ื—ืžืžืช ื”ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก, ืกืจื˜ื™ ืคืจืžืื•ื ื˜, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช New Mandate Films, ืกืจื˜ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ืงื™ื ื’, ื”ืžื™ื–ื ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ 8 ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ื ื— ืกื˜ื•ืœืžืŸ, ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ืก ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืื•ืกื™ ื ืฉืจื™, ื“ืจื•ืจ ืžืฉืขื ื™, ื“ืคื ื” ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก, ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื•ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ ื’'ื• ืคืจืฆ'ื™ื•. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืžืžืช ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ Scripted Israel ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืกืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื›-470 ืคืจืกื™ื ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื–ื›ื” ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ" ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืขื“ ืงื™ื“ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™"ื“, ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”-"Cinรฉfondation", ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืงืืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืกืจื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื–ื›ื” ื’ื ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืื ื”" ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื•. ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืขืจื›ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื›-210 ื”ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›-55 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง (1996), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืจื•ื˜ืจื“ื (1997), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื ื” (1999), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” (1999), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ืื“ื•ืœื™ื“, ืกืคืจื“ (2000), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ (2004), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืžืœื‘ื•ืจืŸ (2004), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืคื™ืค"ื-ื‘ื™ืืจื™ืฅ (ืฆืจืคืช, 2004), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืคื˜ื•ื ืก (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, 2005), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (2005), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืงืœืจืžื•ื ื˜-ืคืจืื ื“, ืฆืจืคืช (2005), ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืกืจื™ื™ื‘ื• (2008) ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' (2016). ืจื ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2004-2000 ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” GEECT. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื–ื ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืœืกื™ื ืงื™, ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœืื‘ื”. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2007 ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœื”ื‘ืืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืงื™ื. ื”ืื•ืจื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื™ื ืฅ'. ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื˜ื•ื“ ืกื•ืœื•ื ื“ื– (ืžืจืฅ 2008), ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื“ืจืก (ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2009), ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืชื™ืื• ืื ื’ืœื•ืคื•ืœื•ืก ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจ (ืžืื™ 2011), ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ ื–'ืืŸ-ืงืœื•ื“ ืงืืจื™ื™ืจ (ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012), ื”ืฆืœื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืื“ ืœื—ืžืŸ (ืืคืจื™ืœ 2012), ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืžื™ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื ื“ืจื™ (ืืคืจื™ืœ 2014) ื•ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ืง, ื™ืืŸ ื”ืจืœืŸ (2016). ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช 25 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืงืจืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืคื™ืฆ'ืจ (ืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื) ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื• โ€“ ืงืจืŸ ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืœืคื™ืฆ'ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ โ€“ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ARP โ€“ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืคื™ืฆ'ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 3 ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015 ื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื•ืงืจืŸ ื’ืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ืงืฆืจ, ื”ืžืชืคืจืกืžืช ืžื“ื™ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 150 ืืœืฃ โ‚ช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื•ื”ืงืจื ืชื• ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืœืžืช", ืกืจื˜ ื”ื’ืžืจ ืฉืœ ืชืžืจ ืงื™ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2022 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื ื›"ืœ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื˜ื“ ืกืจื ื“ื•ืก, ื•ืขืจืš ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื’. "ื•ืจืื™ื™ื˜ื™ (ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ)" ืงื‘ืข ื‘-2019 ื›ื™ ืกื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืž-50 ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2017โ€“2023 ื“ื™ืจื’ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ "ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืจื™ืคื•ืจื˜ืจ" ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) - 7 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/safetensors] | [TOKENS: 160]
Safetensors documentation Safetensors Safetensors and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Safetensors Safetensors is a new simple format for storing tensors safely (as opposed to pickle) and that is still fast (zero-copy). Safetensors is really fast ๐Ÿš€. Installation with pip: with conda: Usage Loading only part of the tensors (interesting when running on multiple GPU) Format Letโ€™s say you have safetensors file named model.safetensors, then model.safetensors will have the following internal format: Featured Projects Safetensors is being used widely at leading AI enterprises, such as Hugging Face, EleutherAI, and StabilityAI. Here is a non-exhaustive list of projects that are using safetensors:
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ืฆืœืืœ,_ืืงื“ืžื™ื”_ืœืืžื ื•ืช_ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘_ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื] | [TOKENS: 21391]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืืžื ื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืš,(ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•), ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงืจืžื™ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคื ื”, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช. ื‘ึฐึผืฆึทืœึฐืึตืœ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1906 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ืฉืฅ ื›"ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช" ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกื’ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื• ืœื• ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคื™ืกื•ืœ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-2,500 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช: ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงืจืžื™ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืš (ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•), ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคื ื”, ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™, ืชื•ืืจ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืคืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจืฅ 2023 ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืžืคื•ืก ืข"ืฉ ื’'ืง, ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื•ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืžืชื—ื ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืกืคืจื, ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืขื” ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืกืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื˜ืœื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื” ื ืœืžื“ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืจืงืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื™ ืจื’ืœ, ืืš ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื•ื ื•ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ" ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขืœื• ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช, ืจืงืžื”, ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืขืฅ, ืื‘ืŸ ืื• ืฉื ื”ื‘. ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืœืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื, ืฉืขื•ื˜ืจื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ "ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืœืื›ื”", ืฉื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 1882 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื›ื™"ื—". ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืคืชื—ื• ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ืื• ืงืœืืกื™ ื•ื‘ืืจื•ืงื™. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช" ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืืกืคื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืงื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืืชื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืืžื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ืฅ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ื, ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืœื™ื‘, ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1901 ื‘ื‘ื–ืœ ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ืงืจื ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœ"ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื" ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” "ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™". ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ื ืชืคืฉื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืืจื’ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขืจืœืื’" ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ืฉืฅ. ืฉืฅ, ื™ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื•ืจื ืื™ ืฉืœื™ื“ ืงื•ื‘ื ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื, ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื”. ืฉืฅ ื–ื›ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืคืกืœื• "ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™", ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ืกื™ืš ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”, ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืคืกืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื•ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืช 1903 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ืฉืฅ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืฅ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืฉื ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืจื™, ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื™ื•. ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉืฅ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืžืžื’ืžื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืชื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืชื•ื“ืขืชื• ื–ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืกื ื˜ ืœื•ืื™ืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1904. ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื–ื• ืจืื” ืฉืฅ ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื• ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžืื™. ืขื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1904 ื”ื—ืœ ืฉืฅ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1905 ืฉื”ื” ืฉืฅ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฆืงืช ื›ืžื” ืžืคืกืœื™ื•. ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ืฉื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืฉืฅ ืขื ืขืกืงื ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื ืื•ื˜ื• ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืคืจื ืฅ ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืฉืคืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื—ื–ื•ื ื•. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ "ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช", ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืฅ ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืกืžืš ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืืœื˜ื ื•ื™ื™ืœื ื“" (1906), ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืฉืฅ, ืืคืจื™ื ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืœื™ืืŸ, ื”ืจืžืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืง, ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื”ื™ืœื“ืกื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื•ื–ืœื™ื’ ืกื•ืกืงื™ืŸ. ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืจืืชื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื"ื™ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื›ืกืคื™ "ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”" ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจื ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื‘ื–ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘-8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1905 ื ืจืฉื "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ" ื›ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช-ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช". ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1905 ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฅ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืื•ืœื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ "ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื" ื•ืคืจืขื•ืช "ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช" ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืกืง ืฉืฅ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขื–ืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื• ื•ืืœ ืœื™ืœื™ืืŸ ื›ืกื’ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ - ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ - ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืฅ ื•ืœื™ืœื™ืืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1906 ื“ืจืš ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื•ืื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘-19 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืฉืงืคื”". ื‘-18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉืฅ, ืขืœ ืคื™ "ื”ืฉืงืคื”", 40 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื›-400 ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ. ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืฅ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจ. ื‘ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืจืื” ืฉืฅ ืืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืคืจื ืกื” ืœื›ืืœืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืงื ืžืจืืฉ ื›ืžื•ืกื“ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ: ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืขืจื‘ ืœื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ, ื”ืขืฅ, ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื•ื”ืื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืคืชื— ื‘-1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1906. ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขืฉืจื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•"ืœ: ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”, ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืžืœืื›ื” ื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืขืจื‘ ืœืคื•ืขืœื™ื. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืฅ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืกืชืชื•ืช. ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืืœื• ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ืžืœืื›ืชื ืžืกืชืชื™ื ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœืžื• ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘"ื‘ืฆืœืืœ". ืžืฉื ืคืชื— "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ" ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช: ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”. ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื—ืœืงื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช - ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœ"ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช" (ื“ื’ืžื™ื), ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” - ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช - ื›ื™ืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืขืจื‘. ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืืš ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ื’ื ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ืจ, ืžืœืื›ืช ื ื•ื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืงืช ื’ื‘ืก ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ ืฉืฅ. ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื›ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื”, ืœืžื“ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœืคื™ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ืช ื˜ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืฉื™ื. ืืช ืžืฉื›ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื™ืืจื” ืจื—ืœ ื™ื ืื™ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™, ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช: "...ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืจื™ืง. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ 'ื‘ืฆืœืืœ', ืขื“ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืข ืžืฉืœื•... ืžื” ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ ื”ืžืžื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”...ื’ื–ื•ื–ื˜ืจืื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืฆืจ - ืขืฆื™ื. ื‘ืกืžื•ืš - ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืฉื™ืช - ื›ื™ืคื” ืจืžื”, ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฉื ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื ืืฆืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ืฆืจ ื–ื•." ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ื“ื’ืžื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘"ื‘ืฆืœืืœ". ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœื™ืืŸ "ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืช" (1906), ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืชื ื” ืœื“ื•ื“ ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืฉื™ืงืฃ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื• ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืืจ ื ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื "ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื" ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื–ื” ืœื ื ืืจื’ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืœืฉืฅ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืœื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืื•ืœื ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1907 ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืžืžืฉืจืชื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื” ืขืœ ืจืžืชื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืขืคืจืช ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ืงืจื‘ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืืœ ืืคืจื™ื ื›ื”ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืก, ืžื ื”ืœ "ื—ื‘ืจืช ืขื–ืจื”" ื•ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืฅ ื•ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืงืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืฅ ืืœื™ื•. ืขื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืฉืฅ ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ืœืฉื ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืœืžื•ืกื“. ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1906 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืœืืœ. ืจืง ื‘-1908 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื™ื ืฉืจื›ืฉื” ืžืืคื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ื• ืฉืงื™ืจ, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืคืขืœื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ืช (ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ). ื›ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืžื ื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ", ืฉื”ืชื•ื• ืฉืฅ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืืžื ื™ื. ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืืจื’ืŸ ืฉืฅ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912 "ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ" ืœื™ื“ ืฉืขืจ ื™ืคื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ. ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1911 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืœื›-259. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›-70 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 12 ืฉื”ื•ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืขืœื™ื. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืžื•ืจื™ืก, ืžื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจืืกืงื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื ืฉืขื ื• ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืขืžืœื ื™ืช. ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ "ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ" ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1910 ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืฆื•ืจืคื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื™ืžืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืคืจืกื•ื‘, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืžืœืื›ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืชืชื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1908 ื ืคื˜ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืจื’, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1907. ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืฅ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื•ืฉ ืžืฉืจื” ื–ื• ื›ืจ ืœืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืฅ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืคืงื— ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืจื’, ืฉืืžื ื•ืชื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™-ืืงื“ืžื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืืจ ื ื•ื‘ื•" ื•ื”"ื™ื•ื’ื ื“ืกื˜ื™ืœ" ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืื•-ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช "ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช" ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื–ืื‘ ืจื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912 ื•ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืžึดึผืงึฐืฉึธื” (ืจื™ืงื•ืข ื•ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜), ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื•ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื. ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื”ืคืš ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืืจื™ื—ื™ ืงืจืžื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื›ื™ืกื ืืœื™ื”ื• (1916โ€“1925) ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘-1921 ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื“ื•ื“. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” "ืžื ื•ืจื”" ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืจื‘ืŸ ืขื ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” "ืฉืจื"ืจ" ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืฃ ื™ื—ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื™. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ" ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ืœืฉื ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ืคืŸ, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ"ื‘ืฆืœืืœ" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1913, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืœืืœื™ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช-ืกืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืฅ ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืื™ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืžืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืžื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื, ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืชื•. ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1912 ืฆืžื— ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœ-380 ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื•ื ืคืชื—ื• ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืฅ, ืกื“ื ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืžื—ืœืงืช ืชื—ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื ืžื ื• ืืžื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื”, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ื“, ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื•ืจ, ืืจื™ืš ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื•ื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจ-ืื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืฅ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ('ื‘ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ืช' ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”) ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื•. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ืชืจืžื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื ืชืจืžื• ืœื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืกืฃ ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื”ืจื•ื ื™. ืื”ืจื•ื ื™, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”'ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ', ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื›ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืชืจื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืคื•ื—ืœืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืกืฃ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื—ืœืงื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื—ื ืงื™ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื”ืจื•ื ื™. ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืจื›ื– ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื ืขืจื›ื• ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฉืคื™ื. ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื” "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ" ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ืฉืฅ ื ื™ื”ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ", ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ ื ืื‘ืงื• ืฉืฅ ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ืขื ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืคืจื™ืฆืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1914 ื”ืงืฉืชื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1915 ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช. ื‘-1916 ืืฃ ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื‘ "ื›ืจืžืœ ืžื–ืจื—ื™" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื ื” "ืขึตืžึตืœึดื™ื”" ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื›ืจื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืฉื™ืื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-1917, ืื– ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื’ืœื” ืœื“ืžืฉืง ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฆืคืช. ืขื ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœืœื ืฉืฅ, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘-1919. ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœ"ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื" ื”ืงืฉืชื” ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื• ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘"ื‘ืฆืœืืœ". ื ืคืกืงื” ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืฉืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืฉืฅ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื’ื ืžืฆื‘ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืข, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื• ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื• ื ืกื’ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื›ืœืœื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืฉืขืจื™ื”ื. ื‘-1 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1921 ื ืกื’ืจื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ืฉื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช 70 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื 25 ืคื•ืขืœื™ื. ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1922. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืฉืฅ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื›ืขืช ื’ื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื•ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืืžื ื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1921 ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื•ื’ื• ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื“ืืก ืื™ื“ืฉืข ืคืืœืง" ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘-6 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1925 ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื" ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืฅ. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1927 ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื ืกื’ืจ ืขืงื‘ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘-1928 ื ืคืชื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช "ื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ". ื‘-1929 ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื ืกื’ืจ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™. ื‘-1930 ื ืกืข ืฉืฅ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ. ื‘-1932 ื ืคื˜ืจ ืฉืฅ ื‘ื“ื ื•ื•ืจ, ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 66 ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื’ื™ืจืช "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ืฉืฅ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929, ืขืžื“ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžืžื•ื ื. ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ืชื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘"ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช" ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”"ื™ืฉืŸ", ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”"ื—ื“ืฉ" ื”ื™ื• ื—ืคื™ื ืžืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ื’ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืคืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืคื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื•ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ืขืœืžื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืื•ื”ืื•ืก ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื”. ืืจืชื•ืจ ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืฉืžื ื” ืžืœื‘ื“ื• ื’ื ืืช ืื ื” ื˜ื™ื›ื•, ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื˜ื™ื›ื•, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืจื™ื, ืคืจื•ืค' ืœ"ื ืžืื™ืจ, ื—.ื. ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ (ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืจื ืจ ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ, ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืœื ื“ื•ืืจ, ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื•ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืง. ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ ืคืขืœ ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”-ื™"ื˜, ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘-1935 ื‘ืœื•ืฆืจืŸ, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื’ื "ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ", ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืคื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ืืœ ื”ืงืง"ืœ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื”ื ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืจื ืœืชืจืขื•ืžืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืฉื›ืจื• ืขื“ ืื– ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื‘-30 ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืชื›ื ืก ื•ืขื“ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื“"ืจ ืžืงืก ืื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ืจื” ืื˜ื™ื ื’ื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื, ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืื ื” ื˜ื™ื›ื•, ื”ืœื ื” ื›ื’ืŸ, ื“"ืจ ืœื•ืจื™ื, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ืจืงื™ืก, ืž. ืงืจื™ื ื™ืŸ ื•ืž. ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ. ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘-22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืกื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื• ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ 22 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื˜ืงืก ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื ืขืจืš ื‘-22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1935 (ื“' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื•). ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืจื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื• ื‘-1940, ื•ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ (ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1937โ€“1965, ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื‘-1940 ื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืกื“ื ื” ืœืœื™ืชื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืคื•ืก "ื’ืจืคื™ืงื”". ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช "ื›ืจื–ืช-ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜" (Sachplakat) ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ื™ื™ืกื“ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืžื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื•ืœืคืจื˜ (ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1935โ€“1956) ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ืฅ ื’ื•ืžื‘ืœ (ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1936โ€“1955). ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืฉืชืœืžื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงื ืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ืฉื™, ื™ื•ื“ืื™ืงื” ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืœืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ื›ืžืชื ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืืจื™ ืก. ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘-1948. ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืชื‘ (ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”) ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืงืœื™ื’ืจืฃ ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ื™ืจื—ืžื™ืืœ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ. ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืงืžืช "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ", ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืช. ื ื— ืื•ืคื™ืจ, ืžื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืžืขื™ื“: "ืœืžื“ื ื• ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืœืžื“ื ื• ื’ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื ืœืžื“ื• โ€“ ื”ืขื‘ืจ (ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ึพื”ืขื‘ืจื™), ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” (ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื•) ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“.ืด ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ (ืคื™ืกื•ืœ) ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ ื•ื–ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืžืชื›ืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื‘ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืžืจ. ื‘-1941 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืœื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืจ. ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืฉืชืœืžื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ื’ืช ื™ื“, ืจืงืžื”, ื”ื›ื ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942 ืคืจืกื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืจื“ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื”ืœ "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ" ืžื–ื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžืืžืจ ืžืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช, ืžืชื›ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉื ืคืชื—ื” ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ - ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืืจื™ื’ืช ื™ื“. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” โ€“ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืืจื™ื’ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืืš ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื: ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืืจื™ื’ื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช: "ืžืฉื›ื™ืช" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืื•ึผืžื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช, ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืœ ื ื—ืžื” ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ (ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ืื– ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื”), ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ืจืงืžืช ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœ "ืืชื". ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืช, ื”ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”"ื‘ืื•ื”ืื•ืก", ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื›ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ืžื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื›ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ืกื• ืจื•ื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ" ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืขืกืงื• ื›ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ื™ ืžืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื•ืื”. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืฉืœื ืกื’ืจ ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ื•, ื ื•ืชืจื• ื›-20 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื“ื ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช). ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• 16 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืื›ืกื ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 ื”ื•ืงื ืกื ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ื”ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืื˜ ืฉื ืฉื›ืจ ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืกื ื™ืฃ ืœื™ืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ ื•ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืื•ืœ, ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืคืกืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ืคืง ื•ื”ืคืกืœ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืคืœื•ืžื‘ื• ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961. ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ืคืขืœ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืžืคื•ืก ืข"ืฉ ื’'ืง, ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื•ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœ-2,500 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™. ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืืžื ื•ืช (.B.F.A), ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” (.B.Arch), ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงืจืžื™ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช (.B.F.A), ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ (.B.Des), ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคื ื” (.B.F.A), ืฆื™ืœื•ื (.B.F.A), ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช (.B.Des), ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืš (ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•) (.B.F.A) ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช (.B.A). ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™: ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช (.M.F.A), ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ (M.Urb.Des.), ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ (M.Des.), ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช (M.A.) ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช (M.Des.). ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื ืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ื”ื’ืžืจ. ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ: ื”ืงืžืช ืงืžืคื•ืก ื’'ืง ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื•ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ื—ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื ื’'ืง, ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื•ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœ, ื‘ืžืชื—ื ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ SANAA. ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 13 ื“ื•ื ื ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœื• 42,000 ืž"ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืงื•ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ ืฉืœ ื›-4 ืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›โ€“8,700 ืž"ืจ. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืชืคืจืก ืขืœ ืฉืฉ ืงื•ืžื•ืช โ€“ ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉื ืขืจืžื• ื‘ืชืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื”. ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื•ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืืš ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจืš" ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืกื“ื ืื•ืช, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืชืฆื•ื’ื”, ืžืชื—ื ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืคื™ื˜ืจื™ื”. ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023. ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื•ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื, ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืฅ, ื•ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื‘ 2000. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืกืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžืชื—ื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืกืŸ" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ (ืฉืฉื›ื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื), ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช). ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ "ืืžืŸ", ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจื•ืžืžื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื ื—ื ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืงืช. ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ืจื“ื™, ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืคืจืก ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื”ื” ืœื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ืขืžื•ืชื” ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื— (ืข"ืจ) ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื•ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืงืžืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ืงืžืคื•ืก ื’'ืง ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื•ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœ (ืฉื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“), ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ. ืžืื– 2023 ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•"ืจ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื ื“ื‘ ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface_hub] | [TOKENS: 369]
Hub Python Library documentation ๐Ÿค— Hub client library Hub Python Library and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started ๐Ÿค— Hub client library The huggingface_hub library allows you to interact with the Hugging Face Hub, a machine learning platform for creators and collaborators. Discover pre-trained models and datasets for your projects or play with the hundreds of machine learning apps hosted on the Hub. You can also create and share your own models and datasets with the community. The huggingface_hub library provides a simple way to do all these things with Python. Read the quick start guide to get up and running with the huggingface_hub library. You will learn how to download files from the Hub, create a repository, and upload files to the Hub. Keep reading to learn more about how to manage your repositories on the ๐Ÿค— Hub, how to interact in discussions or even how to run inference. Practical guides to help you achieve a specific goal. Take a look at these guides to learn how to use huggingface_hub to solve real-world problems. Exhaustive and technical description of huggingface_hub classes and methods. High-level explanations for building a better understanding of huggingface_hub philosophy. Contribute All contributions to the huggingface_hub are welcomed and equally valued! ๐Ÿค— Besides adding or fixing existing issues in the code, you can also help improve the documentation by making sure it is accurate and up-to-date, help answer questions on issues, and request new features you think will improve the library. Take a look at the contribution guide to learn more about how to submit a new issue or feature request, how to submit a pull request, and how to test your contributions to make sure everything works as expected. Contributors should also be respectful of our code of conduct to create an inclusive and welcoming collaborative space for everyone.
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers] | [TOKENS: 73]
Tokenizers documentation Tokenizers Tokenizers and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Tokenizers Fast State-of-the-art tokenizers, optimized for both research and production ๐Ÿค— Tokenizers provides an implementation of todayโ€™s most used tokenizers, with a focus on performance and versatility. These tokenizers are also used in ๐Ÿค— Transformers. Main features:
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fox_television_affiliates_(table)] | [TOKENS: 71]
Contents List of Fox Broadcasting Company affiliates The following is a list of affiliates for the Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox), a television network based in the United States. All affiliates owned by the network's Fox Television Stations division are owned-and-operated stations. Stations are listed in alphabetical order by state, district or territory and media market. Affiliate stations Notes See also References
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Kids_TV] | [TOKENS: 1989]
Contents 4Kids TV 4Kids TV (often stylized as 4K!DSTV and formerly known as FoxBox from September 14, 2002 to January 15, 2005) was an American television programming block and Internet-based video on demand children's network operated by News Corporation and 4Kids Entertainment. It originated as a weekly block on Saturday mornings on the Fox network, which was created out of a four-year agreement reached on January 22, 2002, between 4Kids Entertainment and Fox to lease the four-hour Saturday morning time slot occupied by the network's existing children's program block, Fox Kids. It was targeted at children aged 7โ€“11. The 4Kids TV block was part of the Fox network schedule, although it was syndicated to other broadcast television stations in certain markets where a Fox affiliate declined to air it. History The block aired a preview special on September 1, 2002, and was formally launched on September 14, 2002, under the name FoxBox, a joint venture between News Corporation and 4Kids Entertainment, replacing Fox Kids, which the network announced it would discontinue as a result of the 2001 purchase of Fox Family Worldwide by The Walt Disney Company (which resulted in much of the content featured on the block moving to Disney's networks and blocks). The block was rebranded as 4Kids TV on January 22, 2005. 4Kids Entertainment was fully responsible for the content of the block and collected all of the advertising revenue accrued from it. However, Fox's standards and practices department still handled content approval and responsibility of editing the series to meet FCC broadcast standards. The programming block aired on Saturday mornings in most areas of the United States, though some stations carried it on Sundays (often due to scheduling conflicts resulting from the block airing on stations affiliated with other minor networks that had their own older children's anime program blocks which competed with FoxBox/4Kids TV, including the Kids' WB on The WB and later The CW, and for its first year, the Disney's One Too block on UPN). On October 2, 2007, 4Kids Entertainment announced it would program a competing Saturday morning lineup for The CW, the new block, The CW4Kids (later renamed Toonzai, with the original name becoming a secondary brand), premiered on May 24, 2008, replacing the Kids' WB programming block, which had been carried over to The CW from one of its predecessors, The WB, when it launched on September 23, 2006. The block was renamed as Toonzai on August 14, 2010, and continued to air until it ended August 18, 2012, being replaced by Vortexx a week later and the block continued to air until it ended on September 27, 2014. On November 10, 2008, 4Kids Entertainment announced that 4Kids TV would conclude at the end of the year due to intervening conflicts between Fox and 4Kids, as the latter company had not paid the network for the time lease for some time, while the network was unable to maintain the guaranteed 90% clearance for the block due to affiliate refusals and an inability to secure secondary affiliates to carry the programming in markets where the Fox station denied clearance for the block. 4Kids TV ended on December 27, 2008, ending Fox's nearly two-decade commitment to children's animation programming.[failed verification] Fox announced that the four-hour time period would no longer be used for children's programming, owing that it was no longer viable due to the insurmountable competition from children's cable channels (such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and Disney Channel). On January 3, 2009, the network gave two hours of the programming time that the 4Kids TV block occupied back to its affiliates, while the other two hours would be retained by the network for a paid programming block titled Weekend Marketplace, which replaced 4Kids TV on January 3, 2009. The 4KidsTV logo now only exists as the closing logo for 4Kids Entertainment for shows produced by the company distributed outside of the United States (particularly those made before the 2012 auction of most of 4Kids' assets to Saban Brands). Fox would reverse course and indirectly resume airing children's programming for the first time since 4Kids TV ended through an agreement announced on December 17, 2013, when it signed a deal with Steve Rotfeld Productions to launch Xploration Station, a two-hour block of live-action educational programs focused on the STEM fields, which debuted on September 13, 2014. As the block accounts for two of the three weekly hours of educational programming required by the Federal Communications Commission's Children's Television Act, the Fox affiliates that opted against airing 4Kids TV, Fox Kids, or Weekend Marketplace (including those owned by the network that were acquired through its 1996 merger with New World Communications and those acquired through that deal that were owned by Tribune Broadcasting, now Nexstar Media Group) elected to run Xploration Station as it is an E/I-compliant lineup syndicated primarily to the network's affiliates, relieving them of taking on the full burden of purchasing educational programming aimed at children from the syndication market (although some Fox stations, including those owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Groupโ€”the vast majority of its stations had carried Fox's previous children's blocks, decided to decline the block anyway due to existing commitments to syndicated programs compliant with Children's Television Act recommendations). As of 2024, some former 4Kids TV shows (such as Chaotic (only in Spanish), Dinosaur King, G.I. Joe: Sigma 6, Sonic X, and various entries in the Yu-Gi-Oh! franchise) are made available to stream via the free ad-supported Tubi streaming service, which launched on April 1, 2014 and was later acquired by Fox Corporation (which had recently been spun off from 21st Century Fox following that companyโ€™s acquisition by Disney one year prior in March 2019) on April 20, 2020. Sonic X is alao available on Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, Pluto TV, and Crackle respectively, though the latter service only carries seasons 1 and 2. Netflix also carried the first two seasons of Sonic X between December 2019 and December 2024, and again since December 2025. In addition, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is made available to stream on both the free ad-supported Pluto TV and subscription-based Paramount+ streaming services owned by Paramount Skydance following that property's 2009 acquisition by Nickelodeon, while various entries in the Yu-Gi-Oh! franchise and the English-language version of Chaotic are on NBCUniversal's Peacock streaming service. Programming โ€ก - Program transitioned to 4Kids TV โ€  - Program transitioned from FoxBox 4KidsTV.com 4Kids launched an online video player on its website on September 8, 2007, and gradually added full-length episodes as well as additional video clips and online-exclusive content. Relationship with Fox and broadcast ambiguities The block had a somewhat infrequent relationship to the Fox network. The programming was produced for Fox and offered to the network's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates first, so the Fox station in any given area had the right of first refusal. In the event that a Fox affiliate or in some cases, an O&O of the networkโ€”opted not to carry 4Kids TV, the block then became available for the local broadcast rights to be acquired by another television station. In fact, it was due in part to these carriage ambiguities that 4Kids dissolved the block in 2008, as they had been promised clearance on at least 90% of Fox's stations. Most of Fox's owned-and-operated stations opted to carry 4Kids TV (these were mainly stations that had been owned by the network since Fox launched in October 1986 or were Fox charter affiliates that Fox Television Stations had acquired since that point). However dating back to the existence of the Fox Kids block, the twelve stations that Fox acquired from New World Communications in 1996 (and had earlier affiliated with the network through a 1994 multi-station affiliation dealโ€”which prior to then, had been affiliated with ABC, NBC, or CBS) generally did not air 4Kids TV. In some of the New World markets, 4Kids was not carried on any station. In a majority of these markets, an independent station carried the block; in others, it was carried by either a WB or UPN affiliate, and later a MyNetworkTV or CW affiliate. The only exception was in St. Louis, Missouri, where Fox O&O (now affiliate) KTVI carried the block (although it aired 4Kids TV two hours earlier than the network's recommended scheduling for the block, beginning at 5:00 a.m., due to the station's Saturday morning newscast). Some of 4Kids TV's programming (such as Winx Club, The Adrenaline Project, Magical DoReMi, Stargate Infinity, reruns of Back to the Future: the Animated Series, and Cubix) met the criteria to be considered educational and informational under the requirements defined by the Children's Television Act, and counted toward the three-hour-per-week mandatory educational children's programming quotas outlined by the Federal Communications Commission. Note: These CW affiliates ran 4Kids TV on Sundays, due to their obligation to carry their primary network's children's lineup on Saturday as scheduled. See also Notes References External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xploration_Station] | [TOKENS: 589]
Contents Xploration Station Xploration Station is an American syndicated programming block that is programmed by Steve Rotfeld Productions, distributed by Fox, Ion Television and debuted on September 13, 2014. It airs weekends (typically on Saturday mornings), primarily on Fox-affiliated stations. Aimed towards teenagers, the block consists of six half-hour shows focusing on the STEM fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. All of the programs in the three-hour block are produced to meet federally mandated educational programming guidelines. Boat Rocker Rights owns the shows' international rights. History On December 17, 2013, Steve Rotfeld Productions announced that it would launch a two-hour syndicated block of live-action educational programs under the working title Xploration Nation, with Fox Television Stations and Tribune Broadcasting initially set to carry the block across their respective Fox owned-and-operated and affiliated stations. The block, aimed towards teenagers between 13 and 16 years of age, features programs focused on the STEM fields โ€“ such as marine biology, astronomy, and animal science. Production on one of the four shows, Xploration Outer Space, began in April 2014. The block, by then renamed Xploration Station, premiered on September 13, 2014. On Fox owned and operated stations, Xploration Station replaced Weekend Marketplace, a two-hour block of infomercials first introduced in January 2009 following the closure of 4Kids TV due to conflicts between Fox and the block's programmer 4Kids Entertainment. On January 20, 2015, Fox Television Stations renewed the block for the group's Fox owned-and-operated stations through 2017. The block was made available worldwide with the pick up of non-US distribution by Boat Rocker Rights in February 2016. One of the more notable holdouts for Xploration Station in its first two seasons was Fox's largest affiliate group, Sinclair Broadcast Group. In September 2016, Sinclair began to carry Xploration Station on their Fox stations and two other Sinclair stations associated with a netlet under a five-year agreement with Steve Rotfeld Productions. Starting in 2016, Xploration Station expanded its programming block to three hours. Programming NOTE: Some stations usually only air one program, or have a different schedule due to public affairs, wanting to make room for other programs to air, or news broadcasting. Reception Animal Science was nominated in 2014 for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Series. At the 45th Daytime Emmy Awards, Xploration Earth 2050 won the award for Outstanding Special Class Series. At the 46th Daytime Emmy Awards, Weird but True! won the award for Outstanding Education or Informational Series. Second Chance Pets broadcasts on Hong Kongโ€“based station ViuTV. Xploration Awesome Planet broadcasts on New Zealand's TVNZ Duke. References External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™_-_ืžื›ืœืœื”_ืืงื“ืžื™ืช_ืœื”ื ื“ืกื”_ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื] | [TOKENS: 3181]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ - ืžื›ืœืœื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืžื›ืœืœื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื. ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999 ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชืฉ"ืค, ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื” ื›-1,600 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ื›-40 ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™. ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืžื›ืœืœื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœืœืช "ื‘ื–ืง". ืžื›ืœืœืช ื‘ื–ืง ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืคืงื˜ื” (ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืคืงื˜ื”, ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1946โ€“1948), ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ืื™ ื‘ื–ืง ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืคืงื˜ื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืžื•ืกืžืš ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœ"ื”ื’ื ื”" ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1941 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื ื•ืช, ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืืœื—ื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื• 11 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืคืงื˜ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื—ืœืง ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื’ื™ื™ืก ื•ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืชื—ื ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืคืขืœ ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ืื™ ื‘ื–ืง ืฉืœื™ื“ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช". ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” 460 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืขืœื” ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื–ืง ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘-1980 ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืคืขืœื• ืขื“ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชื•ืืจ ื˜ื›ื ืื™ (ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื’) ืื• ื”ื ื“ืกืื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•ื˜ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืงืฆื™ื” (ืœืืœื• ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื“), ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื–ืง. ืจื•ื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989 ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื” 15%. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื–ืง ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืœืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1998 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื ืขืžื•ืชื” ืจืฉื•ืžื”; ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชืฉ"ืก (2000/2001). ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื•ื›ืกืœืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื ืฉื™ืื”, ืขื“ ืœื”ื—ืœืคืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2012 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ. ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ื•ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2004, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืœืžื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžื›ืœืœืช ื‘ื–ืง (ืขื“ ืื– ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื’ื‘ืขืช ืจื). ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2013 ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืชืจื ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืžืคื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉ, ืืฉืจ ื™ืชืคืจืก ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ึพ30 ื“ื•ื ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืžืื™ืฅ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื ืง ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›-11,000 ืž"ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017, ื ืขืจืš ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœืžื’ื“ืœ ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 18 ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื• ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœื›-350 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2020. ื‘-2021 ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืกื ื˜ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื‘ืžืขื ืง ืฉืœ 6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื "ืžืื™ืฆื™ ืžื“ืข" ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” 15 ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื .B.Sc ื•- .M.Sc ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื: ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ (ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืืงื“ืžื™) ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2010, ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืžืœื’ืช ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืœืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื”). ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_note-265] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘-1993 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉ ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืŸ 1996โ€“1999 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข; ื‘ื™ืŸ 2009โ€“2021 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ; ื•ืžืื– ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2002 ื‘ื”ืŸ ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื•ืื™ ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2003โ€“2005, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื”, ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020, ื ื—ืชืžื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืจื›ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ืจืขื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ, ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘-2023 ืื™ืจืข ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ื‘-2025 ืชืงืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2005 ืœ-2013 ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020, ืงื™ื“ื•ื "ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช" ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ื•ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืื– ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืชื™ืง 1000, ืชื™ืง 2000 ื•ืชื™ืง 4000. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืฉื ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ (ICC) ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ื ื’ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื” (ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกื’ืœ; 1912โ€“2000) ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• (1910โ€“2012) ื•ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•, ื”ืคืจื“ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืกื’ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืž-1955 ื‘ืงื˜ืžื•ืŸ. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื "ื‘ื™ื‘ื™" ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ. ืื—ื•ืชื• ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื•[ื] ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ "ื‘ื™" ื›ืงืจื™ืืช ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืง ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”-60 ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืจื” ื‘ืฆ'ืœื˜ื ื”ื, ืคืจื•ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืฉื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1967 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ืขื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื•ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืจื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชืฉื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชื•ืคืช ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก 4 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืคืชื— ื‘ืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13, ื‘ืขืช ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืกื™ื™ื ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื—ื™"ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก "ืกื‘ื ื”", ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื” ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื ืชืงืข ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจ. ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื’ืชื•, ืขื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ืฉ ืœืขื–ืจืชื ื•ื—ื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1972 ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืกืจืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื—ื–ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT ืฉื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจืช ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื" ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ 1981. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช (B.S.A.D) ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT ื‘-1974, ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ MIT ืกืœื•ืืŸ ื‘-1976. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืฃ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขื ื–ืื‘ ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ืจ ืชื•ืจื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ึพMIT ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืขืกืงื™, "ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ืค". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื›ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• "ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืื™" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืชืื™". ื ื™ืชืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื—ืชื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื•. ื‘-1976 ืฉื›ืœ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•, ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืกื•ืฃ 1976 ื•ืขื“ 1980 ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืขืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-1980 ื–ื›ื” ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืขื“ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1979โ€“1982 ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื "ืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืจ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื•ึน ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืžื ื•ืชื• ื›ืฆื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™., ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžื™ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1982โ€“1984. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื ืก ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ, ืžื™ืœื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืขื“ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืงื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืชื‘ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘-1988 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘-1988, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“". ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืืช ื™ื’ืืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-12, ื•ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืฆืฆื• ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•"ื, ื’ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘-1991 ื ืžื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™, ืขื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-1992, ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืคืœืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘-1993 ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” "ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช". ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ "ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื" ื ื™ืกื” ืœืกื—ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืฉืชื•. ื”ืจืžื™ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื”, ื”ืขืžื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื•ื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” ืงืฆื‘, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœ-52.1% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (72,705 ืžืชื•ืš 139,522 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื). ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืž-1993 ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘', ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1995. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืจืขื ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื—ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉื ืืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ "ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช", ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ. ื‘-29 ื‘ืžืื™ 1996 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฆื—ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›-29,000 ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื— ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 1.4%, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื’ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืคืขืœ ืœืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื‘ ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืชืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœ"ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“-ื’ืฉืจ-ืฆื•ืžืช". ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืคืจืก ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ื ืจื’ื–, ืžื” ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื ื‘ื™ ื–ืขื" ื•ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ ืงืื ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘"ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง: "ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื, ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื’ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืคืจืก ื™ื—ืœืง ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 47 ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžึพ18 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1996 ืขื“ ืœึพ6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1999. ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืžืกืจื” ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘'. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืจื–, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช. ื‘-24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 17 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื›ืžืื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืชื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœื•ืจื•ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืคืจืช ืชื—ืช ืžืกื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืชื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืคืชื— ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช "ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืœืข ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•". ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื• ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืงืจื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืœืขืจืคืืช ืœืคืกื’ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืคืกื’ื” ืกืœืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1997. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืกื’ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžืขื˜ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ืงืจืื• "ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช". ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1997 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—'ืืœื“ ืžืฉืขืœ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื ืขืœืชื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื™ "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื” ื ืชืคืกื•. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื, ืฉืœื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืจื•ืคืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืขืœ ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืื—ืžื“ ื™ืืกื™ืŸ. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื’ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื ืื‘ื• ืžืจื–ื•ืง, ืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืžืืก ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชืชื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื•, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื ืจืฆื—ื• 4 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืขื“ 2008. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืงืช ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ื™ื ืก ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื•ืื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1998. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ, ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื›ืœืœื” 13% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ C ืฉื‘ื’ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ A ื•-B,โ€ 1% ื•-12% ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ื•ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื ืžืœ ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: โ€ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ื™ืงื‘ืœื•, ืœื ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื•.โ€ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืžืงื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘"ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื—ืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื“ืจ, ื ืฉืœื— ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื“ื ื™ืก ืจื•ืก ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง, ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžืชื, ื›ืœืœื” ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช 1967, ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืงื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื: ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื (4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997), ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ (23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997) ื•ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช (5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1997) ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• 12 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคืงืคื•ืง ืฉื‘ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื– ืœื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื•, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืฉืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืงื™ื“ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•, ืฉืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ืจื™ ืคืืœื•ื•ืœ (ืื ') ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ ืื•ืฆืจ: ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ" ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ืฉื ืงื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 1998, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืจืขื•ืขื™ื ืขืžื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ื•ื—ืชืจ ืœืžืžืฉ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™. ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ", ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืคื ืกื™ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ืกื™ื” ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช, ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "Yes" ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœึปื•ึผื•ึผ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื™ืžื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ืจืฆื— ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืื™ ื’ืจื ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ื—ืœืง ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืกืคืง ืœื• ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื”ืžื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืก ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืืœื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืกื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื•.[ื‘] ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืื”ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™. ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ืœื•. ื”ื”ืชืžืจืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื•. ืžืชื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘-21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1998 ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกื™ื•ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืช ืื™-ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”; ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืœืจื•ืฅ ื ื’ื“ื•; ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืขื–ืžื™ ื‘ืฉืืจื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืฉื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืง, ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื™ 1999, ื›ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 56% ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื• ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืชืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ื‘ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื•ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืขืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ืขื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื—ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืžืืœ.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1999 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื˜ืž ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจืช "ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืคื™ื•ืœ". ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืง ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืื—ืจืช ืœื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”. ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื”, ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืœ"ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ" ื•ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืงืจื ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืขืจื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2002 ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™" ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 24%. ืขื ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2003, ื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืกื™ืจื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื• ื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ืื•ืฆืจ, ืขืจืš ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืชืงื™ืคื”, ื•ืงื™ื“ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืง ืœ"ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจื–ื” (ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™) ื”ืกื•ื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืŸ (ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™)". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ืžื•, ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืก ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืžืก ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืข 2004 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ืžืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (25% ืœืขื•ืžืช 36%) ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2010 ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื (44% ืœืขื•ืžืช 50%). (ืžื’ืžื” ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืขืœื” ืœ-48% ื•ืœ-50% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ืื•ืœื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืก ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืขื“ ื›-40,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.) ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš, ืืš ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืœื”. ืขืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื•ืงืคื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 147 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ืž-15% ืœ-20% ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2007 ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื— ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2004 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืข"ืž ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 17%. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ("ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”") ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืคืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ื” ื–ื• (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืคืจื˜), ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“-ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื—ืื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ ืงื ืคื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘-2003 ื”ื•ื ืคืงื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืžื ื™ื•ืช "ืืœ ืขืœ", ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื“ื“ื™ ื•ืื™ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2004 ืžื›ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช "ืฆื™ื" (50% ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”) ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืœื™ ื•ืกืžื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืžื”ืœืš, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื™ืงื™ ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ "ืขืกืงืช ื”ืฉืงืฉื•ืงื”", ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขืจื” ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื ืคืžืŸ, ืชืžื•ืจืช 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื›-80% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืกื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ื ืžื›ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ืคืงืก, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกืื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื ืžืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืขืœื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื›ืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื’ืžืœื• ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื ืžืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ื•ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืงื‘ืข ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื ื›ืฉืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืœืืžืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืงืจืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื“ืœืช ืคืจืขื•ืŸ, ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืขืœืื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืงื™ื“ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื›ืจ". ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืžื•ืžืฉื• ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื ืืœืฆื• ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ื•ืืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2002 ืœ-2004 ืขืœื” ื‘ื›-10%, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื” ืœ-12%. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2002 ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ. ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื ื‘ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ (ืืฃ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”), ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืžื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ืจืฉื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•, ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ืื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื™ื—ืก ื“ื•-ืขืจื›ื™ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืฆื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืืœ ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ื›ืฉืขืœืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื“ื”, ืืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื™ืชืคื˜ืจ ืื ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ืืช ื”ืชื ืขืจื•ืชื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘, ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื—ืจืคืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ ื•ืชื‘ืข ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005, ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืžืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื‘ืขื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืงื•ื "ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉ"ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื‘ื›ืจ" ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื‘-30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื "ืฉืžืืœื” ืžืžืจืฆ". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืœื ื“ืื• ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืงื“ื™ืžื”", ื”ืคืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”. ืžื•ืœื• ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฅ ื•ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ. ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื•, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืคื–, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ืงื“ื™ืžื”". ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-19 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืขื 44% ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื•ืœ 33% ืœืฉืœื•ื, 12% ืœืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•-9% ืœื›ืฅ). ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2006 ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืžืขืชื” ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉื ื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื—ื“ ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ื™ื• ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื ื ืงื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืฆืขื“ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™" ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืื–. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืžืŸ ืžืคืœื” ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘-12 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื–ืืช ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืœื ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื”, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืฉื ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื ืฉืงืคืช ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืžืชื—ืžืฉืช ื‘ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื–, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื ื™ ื“ื ื•ืŸ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 72.8% ื•ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื•, ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืืงื•ื ื™ืก, ืœื“ื—ื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-36, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-20. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื ื—ืœืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ. ืžื—ืœื™ืคืชื•, ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื™ื‘ื ื™, ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืคื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืกืืžื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”". ื‘-3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”", ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ืจืงื˜ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืชืคืขืœ ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื”, ื•ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘-2020 ืฉื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื•, ืขืงื‘ ืกืงืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื•ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ื–ื›ื” ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ื‘-27 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืื—ืจื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืžื ื™-ื“ืชื™, ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช (65 ื—"ื›ื™ื), ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉ"ืก, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2009 ื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื” 30 ืฉืจื™ื ื•-9 ืกื’ื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช "ื ืื•ื ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ", ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื ืื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืชืคื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2010 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื”ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉ"ื—. ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• "ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื... ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ืคืกืงื” ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”, ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ ืœืขื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื™ 2010. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืขืžื™ื ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืžืืก, ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 10 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ืื™ืจืขื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืžืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืขื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื‘ืื•"ื, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืื•"ื ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืœื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงืจื ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืขืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื•ื˜ื• ืžืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื—ืจืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘-29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 67/19 ืฉืœื”) ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื•"ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืื– ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื•. ืœื“ื™ื“ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงื‘ืข. ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืžืืก - ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื’ืœืขื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืชืžื•ืจืช 1,027 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืื—ืžื“ ื’'ืขื‘ืจื™, ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืช ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื—'ืืœื“ ืžืฉืขืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืืจื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื“ 2011, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืืจืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืชืžืกื•ืจ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืœืฉื˜ื— ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืชื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื’ื ืขื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืš ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืชืงื™ืคืชื ืฉืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1993. ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011, ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ โ€ืื™ืจืืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื ืื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื•โ€. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืื™ืจืขื• ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื”ืื‘ 3, ื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœ"ืžื•ืกื“", ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉืื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ื‘-27 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 90% ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ืื“ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›"ืฉืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช". ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื’ืจื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžืกื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2010 ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื’ื ื”ืžืก ืขืœ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ืคืจ ืขื™ื ื™, ืขืœ ืขืกืงืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉืง ืฉืœื” ืฆืžื— ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ืฉืงืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืžื•ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜"ื— ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื™ื™ืกื•ืฃ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ื—ืงืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช "ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื•ืœื™ืœื ื“", ื•ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 2010 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ (OECD). ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™-ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ืคืจืฆื” ืžื—ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื˜ืจื›ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืื”, ื•ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืœ 3, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืžื™ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืข"ืž, ืžืก ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืง ื•ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœ-39 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ. ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืขืœืื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื ื“ื—ืชื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืžื’ืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ืกื ื• ืจืง ื›-700,000 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื (ื›-10%) ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›-4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื” ื”ืฉืจืคื” ื‘ื›ืจืžืœ ื‘ื” ื ืกืคื• 44 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›-17,000 ืื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-25 ืงืž"ืจ (25,000 ื“ื•ื ื) ื•ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืื’ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ื•ืงื ืžื˜ื” ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื•"ืค ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-36 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2008, ื•ืœื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ-ื›ื ืกืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœื• ื›-75% ืžื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช 2013, ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืื™ื—ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•"ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘-31 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-19 ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืœื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2013. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2013 ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” - ืฉื•ื—ื— ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืจื’'ืค ื˜ืื™ืค ืืจื“ื•ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ ืœืขื–ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2014 ื ืจืื• ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ืจื“ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืืจื“ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืฉื™ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืคื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ืื–ื”ืจืช ืžืกืข ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”โ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื-ืกื™ืกื™. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื•ืจืฆื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ืขืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก, ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืื—ื™ื ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-400 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื›-50 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืœื™ืงื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื. ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ืœืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-3 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ืจื” ื—ืžืืก ืืœืคื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืจื’ืžื” ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกืžืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื’'ืืขื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืจืคืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ื›ืจื” ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื“ืจืฉ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ืงื˜ืจ ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘, ืืš ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘-26 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื›ืฉืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื•ื‘. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืฆื“ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• 6 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืื•ืžื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืฆืคื™ ืœื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœ 4.9% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื—ืœืงื” ื‘-2013 ื•ื—ืœืงื” ื‘-2014. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2013 ืื•ืฉืจื” ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื•ืฉืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืžืื™ 2014 ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœื•ืงืจ, ืœืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื•ืช. ืืœื” ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืงื•ื˜. ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืจืฉื• ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืชืจ ืฉืจื™ "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“" ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœ-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืชื›ื ื ื• "ืคื•ื˜ืฉ" ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืง "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื‘ื™ื‘ื™: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™" ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื˜ืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืืช ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ "ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืกืจื• ืœื• ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื• ืคื•ื˜ืฉ". ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ืœื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘-30 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืœืš ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจืฆืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืจืกื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืฉืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื• ืืžืจ: โ€ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงืœืคื™. ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื. ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ V15, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ืฆื• 8", ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืืชื›ื, ืฆืื• ืœืงืœืคื™โ€. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, "ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื", ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2015, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”-34 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื•, ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื” ืฉื ืฉืขื ื” ืขืœ 61 ื—"ื›ื™ื. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื ื”, ื‘-26 ื‘ืžืื™ 2016, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืขืœื” ืœ-66. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ). ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 2016 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™, ืื– ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ "ื˜ื™ื™ื" ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ ืืœ-ืืงืฆื, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื’ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื“ืขืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืžื“ืืŸ. ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”-37, ื‘-20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื—ื’' ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืจืง ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื, ืืš ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื– ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ืกืชื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ืฉืง ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ 2016 ืžื™ื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” "ื ื’ืจืจืช ื•ืžืชืœื”ืžืช". ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื’ื ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืื™ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘-2018 ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืžืœ"ื˜ ืžืชืื‘ื“ ืื™ืจืื ื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ ืชืงื™ืคืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” T-4 ื•ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ, ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘-30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืื•ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื• ื—ืฉืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืžื˜ื”ืจืืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจืืŸ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ ื™ืจื• ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช 20 ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื•ืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื™ืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื•ืจืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 2018 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-220 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื”, ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื ืคืฅ ื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ืœ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืคืจ "ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”" ืœืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืืช ื‘ื”ืื ืื‘ื• ืืœ-ืขื˜ื, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงื•ื“ืก", ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™". ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืจื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ื”ื—ืžืืก. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืงื˜ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืืก, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืงื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 2019 ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืืก. ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ืœื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ". ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืื’ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžืงื˜ืจ ืœื—ืžืืก ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืคืจืฉื” ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืž-18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื•ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืš ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื‘-10 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ืœืฉื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืชืจืขื” ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ื ื“ื‘ ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืจื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ืืž"ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืขื™ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื™ืžื ืข ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 2334 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช "ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืกื ื’ืœ, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืกืงื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2018 ื ืขืจืš ื˜ืงืก ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื˜ืจืืžืค ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืžืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ื•ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื•ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื›ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื—ืชื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืขืœ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœื• ("ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžืื”"). ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืชืงืจืจื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื ืจื ื“ืจื” ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื“ืŸ ืขื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืžืงืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜, ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื’ืจืื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”: ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2016 ืขืจืš ืกื‘ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืœืจื’ืœ 40 ืฉื ื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”, ืœืฆื“ ืคืกื’ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ืขื ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017 ื ืื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” (ืื ') ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืžืืœื™. ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืงื ื™ืื˜ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื™ืฆื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืก ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2017 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื, ื’ืœืขื“ ืืจื“ืŸ, ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืจืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืžืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื” ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžื ืขืช ืžืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ืง ืœืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืช. ื‘-2 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื—ื–ืจื” ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืžื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื” "ืœื—ืฅ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”" ืœืกื’ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืืš ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™, ืžื•ืœ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืชื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืœื ืฉื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื• ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืงื“ื ื•ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืงื‘ ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื–ืง, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2016 ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ืืช ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื–ืง, ื•ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื”ืคืš ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ืžืื™ ืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื•ื‘ ืงืจื ื›ืฉืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2015 ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ: ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2017 ืคืขืœ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืžืฉื” ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื™ืงื•ื ืœืœื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ืงื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืคืจื“. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“, ืืš ื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ (ื•ื‘-2018 ืืฃ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช), ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืงื ืขื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2015, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืกื™ืขืช "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“", ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื™ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš, ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2020 ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืกื’ืจ ืืจืฆื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืชื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืž-29.9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ืœ-54 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019, ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื–, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื, ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื’ื– ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื•. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื‘-27 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกืœ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ืืš ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื•. ื‘ืžืื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016, ื—ืชืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019, ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” "ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ" ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ. ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ื•ื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017. ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืื™ืจื™ื• ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืื• ืงืฆื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืฉืœื ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืš 600,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœื ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื ืจืฉืžื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘-24 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ื”ืžืื•ืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-21. ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019. ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืจื™ืฆืชืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืฉืจื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”-28 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019, "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื–ื›ื” ืœ-35 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืงื™ืขืช ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ื–ื ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืจืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื•ืœื ื•". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื–ื”ื•ืช" ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื’ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœ-32 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช 38 ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื•ืœื ื•" ื•ืœืœื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื”ืŸ, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™". ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืžืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ 55 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช 54 ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขืœื” ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ืชืคื–ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื ืขืจื›ื• ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“", ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœ-72.5% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2020 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœ-36 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื ืฅ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืžืœืฆืชื ืฉืœ 61 ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ื ืฅ, ื•ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื‘-7 ื‘ืžืื™, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 72 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืฉื ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ืคื•ืจืกื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื‘-17 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021, ืืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื•. ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืžืขื ืงื™ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืกื’ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื ืืฉื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืกื’ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืจืœื, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขื ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื—ืกื ื™ื ืœื ืคืฉ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืื”". ืื•ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืคืจืง ืขื ื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื" ืžื•ืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉ. ื‘-13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2020 ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืื™ื“ ืืืœ ื ื”ื™ืืŸ, ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืจืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืœืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ื—. ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื ืจืžืœ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื• "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื". ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื ื—ืชื ื‘-15 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช) ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-10 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื‘-22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื ื—ืชื ื‘ืจื‘ืื˜ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืจื•ืงื•. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื“ืจืš ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื“ืืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 (ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืคืชืื— ืืœ-ื‘ื•ืจื”ืืŸ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ื—ืžื“ื•ื› ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ื ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื. ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021 ื—ืชืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื". ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฆื“ืง ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืž-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ, ื™"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื ืกืคื• 45 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• 102 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-6 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืžื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคืชื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-23 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืž-36 ืœ-30, ืืš ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“, ืขื 17 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืคื™ื“, ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-12 ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื ืžื ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืงื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืจืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื ืขื“ืจื•, ื’ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืขืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื“ืžื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืืคื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื– ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื’ื ืœืœื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ื–ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘-2019. ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ืœืง ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืฉื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™", ื•ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™-ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืื’ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•. ื‘-29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืกืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ืœืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื’ ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืก. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื“ืจืขื™ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืขื“ ืœื•: ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2023 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื“ืจืช ืคืกื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื›ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘-ืžื™ืืจื”, ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืืช "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช", ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื™ืืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ื™ืฆืจื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื—ืื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ. ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืชืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืœื”. ื ืฉื™ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื. ื—ืœืง ืžืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื™ื™ืžื• ืœืจื“ืช ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ "ืžื—ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื" ืฉืื™ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ืœืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ื•ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื›ื•ื ื• "ืœื™ืœ ื’ืœื ื˜". ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžื—ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื”ื•ืฉื”ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” "ืชืจื’ื™ืœ" ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉืชื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ื”ื’. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืœื”ืจืจ, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืืš ื”ื–ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงืงื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ื›ืื•ืช ืžื—ืื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื’ืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื™ืจื™ ื•ื“ืจื™ืกื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืขื™ื. ื‘ึพ9โ€“13 ื‘ืžืื™, ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื™ื–ื ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ื•ื—ืฅ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงื•ื“ืก. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื”". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ืžืฆื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื“ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ืกืœืžืืŸ ืืืœ ืกืขื•ื“. ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืœื™ื•ื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ 60%. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื”, ืœืคื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2024 ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืคืขืœื” ืื• ื’ื™ืฉืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื›ืžื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืคืฆืฆื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช "ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš - ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”" - ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2024 ืฉืœื—ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก ืœื—ืงืจ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”: "ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื–ืืช, ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืš ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืžื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ื•ืกื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื›ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื ืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2024 ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื•ื“ื™'ืก, ืคื™ืฅ' ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื“ ืื ื“ ืคื•ืจืก) ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ S&P ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2025. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื“ื™'ืก ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืขืœืืช ืžืก ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืž-17% ืœ-18%. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื™ื•ืขืฆื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-38% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข OECD. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ืฉืคื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘-ืžื™ืืจื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”. ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025, ืœืงืจืืช ืคืจืกื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื›ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 17% ืขืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืงื‘ืขื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืจืืฉื™ ืฉื‘"ื› ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ "ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-2018 ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืœืœื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื ืงืื™, ืžืงื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื˜ืจ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกืœืžื”. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืขืช ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื˜ืขืŸ: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืืก." ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื›, ื ื“ื‘ ืืจื’ืžืŸ, ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืขื–ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืจื™ืช".[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืชื•ืขื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004, ื–ืืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื”ื ืคืงืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกืžืš ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช โ€œืกื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืืก, ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืชืจืขื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš. ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™ 2023 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืขืจื™ืคื”" ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืื—ืช ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื ื—ื” ืœืงื“ื ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023, ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื“, ืคืชื—ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื "ื—ืžืืก" ื•"ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื›-4,300 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจื• ื›-6,000 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ืœื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ ื•ืœืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ืž-119 ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ, ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื”ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ืื•ื ืก, ืจืฆื—ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื• 1,173 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘-779 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ื—ื˜ืคื• ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›-251 ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื, ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ื ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื™ืž"ืž ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-1,609 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 329 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, 58 ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•-10 ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ื ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื 29 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•-22 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืืœืคื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื ื’ืจื ื”ืจืก ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ื”ืœื™ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื”, ื ืœื—ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ื—ื•ืช'ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื—ืžืืก, ืืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ืกืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘"ืฉืืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" ืœืคืจื™ืฆืชื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื™ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจืฉืช NBC ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื•ืืžืจ: "ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช [...] ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”". ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•"ื— ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ", ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื“ืจืช ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื• ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ืžืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ "ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื“"ื› ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืชื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื” ื‘-7.10.23". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2024 ื˜ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื–ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’'ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืžืœื” ื”ืืจื™ืก ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื‘-19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2024, ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืคื’ืข ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื‘-4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2025 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื‘ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื™ืงื— ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืชืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›"ืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ" ืชื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™ 2025 ื›ื™ื ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ, ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™, ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ". ื”ื ืื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื "ื ืื•ื ื”ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื" ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื™ื: โ€ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืชื›ื, ืขื ืžื” ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ? [...] ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-35? ืขื ืžื”? ืขื ื˜ื ืงื™ื? ืขื ืžื”? ื”ื ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื, ืงืœืฆ'ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื ื“ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช.โ€ ื‘-12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ 60 ื™ื•ื. ืž-2015 ืขื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-2018 ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื"ื ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ื”, ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ 3.67%, ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ 300 ืง"ื’. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื˜ืจืืžืค ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื‘-2018 ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืื™ ืคืจืกืžื” ืกื‘ื"ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ 408.6 ืง"ื’ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœ 60%. ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืžืœืื™ ื–ื” ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉ, ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืชื• ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘' ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก, ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื ืฉืงื•, ื•ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025, ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืกื™ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-35 ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื”, ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2025 ื”ื•ืจื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื• ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื•ืืชืจื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืจืืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืงื“ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืกืœืืžื™, ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฆื‘ื ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืืงืจื™, ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื—ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื• 30 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื•ืชืงืคื” ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืคืกืงื•. ื‘-5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื”ืืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœ, ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื•ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืกืžืš ืคืจืกืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš ืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืงื•ื˜ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš "ืฉืงืจื™ ื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™", ื•ื›ืš ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ื ื—"ื› ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืš. ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืคืœื™ืœื™ื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื™ืงื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื• ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1997, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืงื ื•ื ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืคืชื—ื” ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœื• ืชืžื™ื”ื•ืช". ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื™, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1999, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืงื‘ืœืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื‘ื ืจ ืขืžื“ื™, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2000 ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืžื” ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื™, ืขืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื•ืงืจ, ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืžืงื•ืจ", ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2008 ื ืกืขื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘-2002. ื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›"ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืจืก", ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ื ื—ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื: "ืชื™ืง 1000", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืฉื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืืจื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืฆ'ืŸ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคืืงืจ ื•"ืชื™ืง 2000" ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•"ืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืก, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื“ โ€“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื–ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื• ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืฆืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช "ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืž"ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื”, ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช", ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2017, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื, ืžืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช", ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2018, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื. ื‘"ืชื™ืง 1000" ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘"ืชื™ืง 2000" ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืกืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืคืขืœืชื™ ื ื’ื“ื" ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื—ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง "ืชื™ืง 4000", ื”ื•ื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืœื”ื‘ 433 ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื™ 2017. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื•: ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืกื˜ืœื” ื”ื ื“ืœืจ, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ื™ืจ ื—ืคืฅ. ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2018 ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืจื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื•ื—ื“. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ื—ืคืฅ, ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืขื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื›ืš ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืžื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื” ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจืžื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืชืจ 'ื•ื•ืืœื”' ืกื™ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืขืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืขื ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื 1000, 2000 ื•-4000 ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื“ืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืœื ืชืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืžืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจื˜ืจื™ื“ื’'. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืงื‘ืขื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ 300 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ื ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืข, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื: ื‘ืชื™ืง 1000 ื•-2000 ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื™ืง 4000 ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืžืกืข ืฆื™ื“ ื ื’ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ืคืกื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ืืช ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืง 4000 ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ 1000 ื•-2000. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง (ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”). ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืœื›ืช ื“ืจืขื™-ืคื ื—ืกื™. ื‘-2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง โ€“ ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘-30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ื—ื ื™ื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’. ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื ื™ืžืง: ื‘ืžืื™ 2024 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื”ืื’ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื• ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืช ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืขื‘ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืจืฆื—, ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื• ืจืฆื— ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื”. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก - ื™ื—ื™ื ืกื ื•ื•ืืจ, ืืกืžืขื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื“ืฃ. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื” ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืจืฆื—, ืจื“ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉ-124 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ืœื”ืื’ ืื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื—ื•ืžืŸ. ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื” ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืคื ื•ืกื•ืคืจ. ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืœื™ืฉืข, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืจื™ื (ืžื™ืงื™) ื•ื™ื™ืกืžืŸ (ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืŸ) ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972. ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช, ื ื•ืขื”, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจื•ื˜, ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘; ืžื‘ืชื• ื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979 ื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื•ื™ื™ืกืžืŸ. ื‘-1981 ื ื™ืฉื ืœืคืœื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืื•"ื, ืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื‘-1989. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1991 ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฉืจื” ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื“ื™ื™ืœืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘"ืืœ ืขืœ". ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื ืš ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื–ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื•ืื‘ื ืจ. ื‘-2002 ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘-2007 ืจื›ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• 1.7% ืžืžื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช NMDM, ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื“ืŸ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืชืžื•ืจืช 600 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘-2010 ืžื›ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ืจืช 4.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 13.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ืขืœ ืคื™ "ืคื•ืจื‘ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื”ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืžื“ ื‘-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืขื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ืฉืขืจื›ืŸ ื›-25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2023โ€“2024, ืขื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืงื•ืฆื‘ ืœื‘, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืข ืžืคืฉืขืชื™ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื”ืกืจืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2024 ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื›ื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2018โ€“2023, ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื™ื’ืืœ ืกืจื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื•ืœืง ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืจื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืš 279 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—. ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017, ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืกืจื ื” ืœืฉืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ 15 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืกืจื ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืจื ื” ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื“ื—ื”. ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืจื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืš 200 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื™ืœ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื• ืขืžื™ืช ืžืจืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืชืคืขืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื•. ื‘ืžืื™ 2023, ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืคืฉืจื”, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฉืš ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื•ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื™ืคืจืกื ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื—ื“ ืืช ืžืจืจื™ ืื• ืืช ื™ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2022 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื ื™ืื™ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื”ื "ื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™". ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ืืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• 62,500 ืฉ"ื— ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจืžืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืจืฆื™ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืจืฆื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ื ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืชืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ 50 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืจืฆื™ ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืš ืงื‘ืข ืฉืืจืฆื™ ื™ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžืจื•ืŸ 290 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืจื’ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื ื’ื“ ืคืขื™ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ืจืกืœืจ, ืขืœ ืกืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืงื˜ืจ, ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืชื” ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืจืกืœืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื” ื’ื™ื™ืก 500 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžื— ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-750 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืฉืชืจืžื• ื›-4,800 ืื™ืฉ. ืกืคืจื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื•: ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” "ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื”ืจื–ื”" ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืงืจื "ื”ื ืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™", ื•ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืงื“ืžื” ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ืžื”ืžื•"ืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื’ื ื– ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• โ€ข ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื โ€ข ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืงืช โ€ข ื”ืฉืจื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘, ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืกืจืœืื•ืฃ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื™ืงื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›"ืฅ โ€ข ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื“ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ืช ืกื˜ืจื•ืง โ€ข ื”ืฉืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ืกื™ืœืžืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื•ืื‘ ืงื™ืฉ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืงืจืขื™ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ืจื™ ืจื’ื‘ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ โ€ข ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ: ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€ข ืžืฉื•ืœื ื ื”ืจื™ โ€ข ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ื—ืžื“ ืขืžืืจ โ€ข ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš: ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_note-266] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘-1993 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉ ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืŸ 1996โ€“1999 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข; ื‘ื™ืŸ 2009โ€“2021 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ; ื•ืžืื– ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2002 ื‘ื”ืŸ ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื•ืื™ ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2003โ€“2005, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื”, ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020, ื ื—ืชืžื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืจื›ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ืจืขื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ, ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘-2023 ืื™ืจืข ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ื‘-2025 ืชืงืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2005 ืœ-2013 ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020, ืงื™ื“ื•ื "ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช" ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ื•ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืื– ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืชื™ืง 1000, ืชื™ืง 2000 ื•ืชื™ืง 4000. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืฉื ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ (ICC) ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ื ื’ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื” (ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกื’ืœ; 1912โ€“2000) ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• (1910โ€“2012) ื•ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•, ื”ืคืจื“ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืกื’ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืž-1955 ื‘ืงื˜ืžื•ืŸ. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื "ื‘ื™ื‘ื™" ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ. ืื—ื•ืชื• ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื•[ื] ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ "ื‘ื™" ื›ืงืจื™ืืช ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืง ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”-60 ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืจื” ื‘ืฆ'ืœื˜ื ื”ื, ืคืจื•ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืฉื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1967 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ืขื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื•ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืจื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชืฉื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชื•ืคืช ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก 4 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืคืชื— ื‘ืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13, ื‘ืขืช ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืกื™ื™ื ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื—ื™"ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก "ืกื‘ื ื”", ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื” ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื ืชืงืข ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจ. ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื’ืชื•, ืขื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ืฉ ืœืขื–ืจืชื ื•ื—ื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1972 ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืกืจืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื—ื–ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT ืฉื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจืช ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื" ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ 1981. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช (B.S.A.D) ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT ื‘-1974, ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ MIT ืกืœื•ืืŸ ื‘-1976. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืฃ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขื ื–ืื‘ ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ืจ ืชื•ืจื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ึพMIT ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืขืกืงื™, "ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ืค". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื›ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• "ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืื™" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืชืื™". ื ื™ืชืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื—ืชื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื•. ื‘-1976 ืฉื›ืœ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•, ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืกื•ืฃ 1976 ื•ืขื“ 1980 ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืขืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-1980 ื–ื›ื” ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืขื“ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1979โ€“1982 ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื "ืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืจ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื•ึน ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืžื ื•ืชื• ื›ืฆื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™., ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžื™ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1982โ€“1984. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื ืก ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ, ืžื™ืœื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืขื“ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืงื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืชื‘ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘-1988 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘-1988, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“". ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืืช ื™ื’ืืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-12, ื•ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืฆืฆื• ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•"ื, ื’ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘-1991 ื ืžื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™, ืขื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-1992, ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืคืœืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘-1993 ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” "ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช". ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ "ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื" ื ื™ืกื” ืœืกื—ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืฉืชื•. ื”ืจืžื™ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื”, ื”ืขืžื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื•ื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” ืงืฆื‘, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœ-52.1% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (72,705 ืžืชื•ืš 139,522 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื). ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืž-1993 ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘', ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1995. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืจืขื ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื—ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉื ืืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ "ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช", ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ. ื‘-29 ื‘ืžืื™ 1996 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฆื—ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›-29,000 ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื— ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 1.4%, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื’ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืคืขืœ ืœืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื‘ ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืชืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœ"ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“-ื’ืฉืจ-ืฆื•ืžืช". ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืคืจืก ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ื ืจื’ื–, ืžื” ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื ื‘ื™ ื–ืขื" ื•ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ ืงืื ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘"ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง: "ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื, ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื’ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืคืจืก ื™ื—ืœืง ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 47 ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžึพ18 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1996 ืขื“ ืœึพ6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1999. ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืžืกืจื” ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘'. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืจื–, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช. ื‘-24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 17 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื›ืžืื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืชื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœื•ืจื•ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืคืจืช ืชื—ืช ืžืกื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืชื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืคืชื— ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช "ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืœืข ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•". ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื• ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืงืจื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืœืขืจืคืืช ืœืคืกื’ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืคืกื’ื” ืกืœืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1997. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืกื’ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžืขื˜ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ืงืจืื• "ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช". ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1997 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—'ืืœื“ ืžืฉืขืœ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื ืขืœืชื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื™ "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื” ื ืชืคืกื•. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื, ืฉืœื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืจื•ืคืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืขืœ ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืื—ืžื“ ื™ืืกื™ืŸ. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื’ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื ืื‘ื• ืžืจื–ื•ืง, ืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืžืืก ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชืชื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื•, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื ืจืฆื—ื• 4 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืขื“ 2008. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืงืช ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ื™ื ืก ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื•ืื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1998. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ, ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื›ืœืœื” 13% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ C ืฉื‘ื’ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ A ื•-B,โ€ 1% ื•-12% ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ื•ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื ืžืœ ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: โ€ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ื™ืงื‘ืœื•, ืœื ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื•.โ€ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืžืงื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘"ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื—ืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื“ืจ, ื ืฉืœื— ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื“ื ื™ืก ืจื•ืก ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง, ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžืชื, ื›ืœืœื” ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช 1967, ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืงื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื: ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื (4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997), ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ (23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997) ื•ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช (5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1997) ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• 12 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคืงืคื•ืง ืฉื‘ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื– ืœื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื•, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืฉืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืงื™ื“ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•, ืฉืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ืจื™ ืคืืœื•ื•ืœ (ืื ') ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ ืื•ืฆืจ: ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ" ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ืฉื ืงื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 1998, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืจืขื•ืขื™ื ืขืžื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ื•ื—ืชืจ ืœืžืžืฉ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™. ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ", ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืคื ืกื™ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ืกื™ื” ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช, ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "Yes" ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœึปื•ึผื•ึผ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื™ืžื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ืจืฆื— ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืื™ ื’ืจื ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ื—ืœืง ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืกืคืง ืœื• ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื”ืžื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืก ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืืœื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืกื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื•.[ื‘] ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืื”ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™. ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ืœื•. ื”ื”ืชืžืจืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื•. ืžืชื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘-21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1998 ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกื™ื•ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืช ืื™-ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”; ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืœืจื•ืฅ ื ื’ื“ื•; ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืขื–ืžื™ ื‘ืฉืืจื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืฉื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืง, ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื™ 1999, ื›ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 56% ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื• ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืชืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ื‘ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื•ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืขืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ืขื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื—ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืžืืœ.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1999 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื˜ืž ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจืช "ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืคื™ื•ืœ". ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืง ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืื—ืจืช ืœื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”. ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื”, ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืœ"ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ" ื•ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืงืจื ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืขืจื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2002 ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™" ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 24%. ืขื ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2003, ื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืกื™ืจื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื• ื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ืื•ืฆืจ, ืขืจืš ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืชืงื™ืคื”, ื•ืงื™ื“ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืง ืœ"ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจื–ื” (ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™) ื”ืกื•ื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืŸ (ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™)". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ืžื•, ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืก ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืžืก ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืข 2004 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ืžืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (25% ืœืขื•ืžืช 36%) ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2010 ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื (44% ืœืขื•ืžืช 50%). (ืžื’ืžื” ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืขืœื” ืœ-48% ื•ืœ-50% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ืื•ืœื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืก ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืขื“ ื›-40,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.) ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš, ืืš ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืœื”. ืขืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื•ืงืคื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 147 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ืž-15% ืœ-20% ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2007 ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื— ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2004 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืข"ืž ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 17%. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ("ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”") ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืคืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ื” ื–ื• (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืคืจื˜), ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“-ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื—ืื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ ืงื ืคื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘-2003 ื”ื•ื ืคืงื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืžื ื™ื•ืช "ืืœ ืขืœ", ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื“ื“ื™ ื•ืื™ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2004 ืžื›ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช "ืฆื™ื" (50% ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”) ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืœื™ ื•ืกืžื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืžื”ืœืš, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื™ืงื™ ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ "ืขืกืงืช ื”ืฉืงืฉื•ืงื”", ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขืจื” ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื ืคืžืŸ, ืชืžื•ืจืช 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื›-80% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืกื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ื ืžื›ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ืคืงืก, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกืื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื ืžืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืขืœื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื›ืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื’ืžืœื• ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื ืžืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ื•ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืงื‘ืข ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื ื›ืฉืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืœืืžืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืงืจืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื“ืœืช ืคืจืขื•ืŸ, ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืขืœืื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืงื™ื“ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื›ืจ". ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืžื•ืžืฉื• ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื ืืœืฆื• ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ื•ืืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2002 ืœ-2004 ืขืœื” ื‘ื›-10%, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื” ืœ-12%. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2002 ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ. ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื ื‘ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ (ืืฃ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”), ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืžื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ืจืฉื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•, ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ืื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื™ื—ืก ื“ื•-ืขืจื›ื™ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืฆื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืืœ ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ื›ืฉืขืœืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื“ื”, ืืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื™ืชืคื˜ืจ ืื ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ืืช ื”ืชื ืขืจื•ืชื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘, ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื—ืจืคืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ ื•ืชื‘ืข ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005, ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืžืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื‘ืขื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืงื•ื "ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉ"ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื‘ื›ืจ" ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื‘-30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื "ืฉืžืืœื” ืžืžืจืฆ". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืœื ื“ืื• ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืงื“ื™ืžื”", ื”ืคืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”. ืžื•ืœื• ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฅ ื•ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ. ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื•, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืคื–, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ืงื“ื™ืžื”". ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-19 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืขื 44% ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื•ืœ 33% ืœืฉืœื•ื, 12% ืœืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•-9% ืœื›ืฅ). ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2006 ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืžืขืชื” ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉื ื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื—ื“ ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ื™ื• ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื ื ืงื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืฆืขื“ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™" ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืื–. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืžืŸ ืžืคืœื” ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘-12 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื–ืืช ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืœื ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื”, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืฉื ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื ืฉืงืคืช ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืžืชื—ืžืฉืช ื‘ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื–, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื ื™ ื“ื ื•ืŸ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 72.8% ื•ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื•, ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืืงื•ื ื™ืก, ืœื“ื—ื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-36, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-20. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื ื—ืœืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ. ืžื—ืœื™ืคืชื•, ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื™ื‘ื ื™, ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืคื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืกืืžื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”". ื‘-3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”", ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ืจืงื˜ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืชืคืขืœ ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื”, ื•ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘-2020 ืฉื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื•, ืขืงื‘ ืกืงืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื•ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ื–ื›ื” ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ื‘-27 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืื—ืจื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืžื ื™-ื“ืชื™, ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช (65 ื—"ื›ื™ื), ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉ"ืก, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2009 ื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื” 30 ืฉืจื™ื ื•-9 ืกื’ื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช "ื ืื•ื ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ", ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื ืื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืชืคื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2010 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื”ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉ"ื—. ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• "ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื... ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ืคืกืงื” ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”, ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ ืœืขื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื™ 2010. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืขืžื™ื ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืžืืก, ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 10 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ืื™ืจืขื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืžืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืขื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื‘ืื•"ื, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืื•"ื ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืœื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงืจื ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืขืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื•ื˜ื• ืžืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื—ืจืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘-29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 67/19 ืฉืœื”) ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื•"ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืื– ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื•. ืœื“ื™ื“ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงื‘ืข. ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืžืืก - ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื’ืœืขื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืชืžื•ืจืช 1,027 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืื—ืžื“ ื’'ืขื‘ืจื™, ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืช ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื—'ืืœื“ ืžืฉืขืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืืจื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื“ 2011, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืืจืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืชืžืกื•ืจ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืœืฉื˜ื— ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืชื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื’ื ืขื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืš ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืชืงื™ืคืชื ืฉืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1993. ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011, ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ โ€ืื™ืจืืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื ืื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื•โ€. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืื™ืจืขื• ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื”ืื‘ 3, ื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœ"ืžื•ืกื“", ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉืื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ื‘-27 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 90% ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ืื“ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›"ืฉืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช". ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื’ืจื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžืกื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2010 ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื’ื ื”ืžืก ืขืœ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ืคืจ ืขื™ื ื™, ืขืœ ืขืกืงืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉืง ืฉืœื” ืฆืžื— ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ืฉืงืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืžื•ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜"ื— ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื™ื™ืกื•ืฃ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ื—ืงืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช "ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื•ืœื™ืœื ื“", ื•ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 2010 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ (OECD). ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™-ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ืคืจืฆื” ืžื—ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื˜ืจื›ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืื”, ื•ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืœ 3, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืžื™ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืข"ืž, ืžืก ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืง ื•ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœ-39 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ. ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืขืœืื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื ื“ื—ืชื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืžื’ืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ืกื ื• ืจืง ื›-700,000 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื (ื›-10%) ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›-4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื” ื”ืฉืจืคื” ื‘ื›ืจืžืœ ื‘ื” ื ืกืคื• 44 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›-17,000 ืื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-25 ืงืž"ืจ (25,000 ื“ื•ื ื) ื•ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืื’ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ื•ืงื ืžื˜ื” ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื•"ืค ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-36 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2008, ื•ืœื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ-ื›ื ืกืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœื• ื›-75% ืžื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช 2013, ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืื™ื—ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•"ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘-31 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-19 ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืœื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2013. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2013 ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” - ืฉื•ื—ื— ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืจื’'ืค ื˜ืื™ืค ืืจื“ื•ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ ืœืขื–ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2014 ื ืจืื• ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ืจื“ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืืจื“ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืฉื™ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืคื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ืื–ื”ืจืช ืžืกืข ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”โ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื-ืกื™ืกื™. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื•ืจืฆื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ืขืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก, ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืื—ื™ื ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-400 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื›-50 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืœื™ืงื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื. ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ืœืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-3 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ืจื” ื—ืžืืก ืืœืคื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืจื’ืžื” ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกืžืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื’'ืืขื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืจืคืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ื›ืจื” ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื“ืจืฉ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ืงื˜ืจ ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘, ืืš ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘-26 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื›ืฉืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื•ื‘. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืฆื“ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• 6 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืื•ืžื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืฆืคื™ ืœื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœ 4.9% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื—ืœืงื” ื‘-2013 ื•ื—ืœืงื” ื‘-2014. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2013 ืื•ืฉืจื” ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื•ืฉืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืžืื™ 2014 ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœื•ืงืจ, ืœืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื•ืช. ืืœื” ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืงื•ื˜. ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืจืฉื• ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืชืจ ืฉืจื™ "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“" ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœ-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืชื›ื ื ื• "ืคื•ื˜ืฉ" ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืง "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื‘ื™ื‘ื™: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™" ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื˜ืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืืช ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ "ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืกืจื• ืœื• ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื• ืคื•ื˜ืฉ". ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ืœื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘-30 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืœืš ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจืฆืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืจืกื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืฉืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื• ืืžืจ: โ€ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงืœืคื™. ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื. ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ V15, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ืฆื• 8", ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืืชื›ื, ืฆืื• ืœืงืœืคื™โ€. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, "ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื", ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2015, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”-34 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื•, ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื” ืฉื ืฉืขื ื” ืขืœ 61 ื—"ื›ื™ื. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื ื”, ื‘-26 ื‘ืžืื™ 2016, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืขืœื” ืœ-66. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ). ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 2016 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™, ืื– ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ "ื˜ื™ื™ื" ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ ืืœ-ืืงืฆื, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื’ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื“ืขืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืžื“ืืŸ. ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”-37, ื‘-20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื—ื’' ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืจืง ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื, ืืš ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื– ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ืกืชื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ืฉืง ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ 2016 ืžื™ื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” "ื ื’ืจืจืช ื•ืžืชืœื”ืžืช". ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื’ื ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืื™ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘-2018 ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืžืœ"ื˜ ืžืชืื‘ื“ ืื™ืจืื ื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ ืชืงื™ืคืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” T-4 ื•ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ, ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘-30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืื•ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื• ื—ืฉืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืžื˜ื”ืจืืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจืืŸ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ ื™ืจื• ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช 20 ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื•ืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื™ืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื•ืจืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 2018 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-220 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื”, ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื ืคืฅ ื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ืœ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืคืจ "ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”" ืœืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืืช ื‘ื”ืื ืื‘ื• ืืœ-ืขื˜ื, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงื•ื“ืก", ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™". ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืจื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ื”ื—ืžืืก. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืงื˜ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืืก, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืงื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 2019 ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืืก. ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ืœื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ". ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืื’ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžืงื˜ืจ ืœื—ืžืืก ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืคืจืฉื” ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืž-18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื•ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืš ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื‘-10 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ืœืฉื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืชืจืขื” ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ื ื“ื‘ ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืจื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ืืž"ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืขื™ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื™ืžื ืข ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 2334 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช "ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืกื ื’ืœ, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืกืงื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2018 ื ืขืจืš ื˜ืงืก ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื˜ืจืืžืค ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืžืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ื•ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื•ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื›ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื—ืชื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืขืœ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœื• ("ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžืื”"). ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืชืงืจืจื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื ืจื ื“ืจื” ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื“ืŸ ืขื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืžืงืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜, ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื’ืจืื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”: ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2016 ืขืจืš ืกื‘ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืœืจื’ืœ 40 ืฉื ื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”, ืœืฆื“ ืคืกื’ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ืขื ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017 ื ืื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” (ืื ') ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืžืืœื™. ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืงื ื™ืื˜ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื™ืฆื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืก ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2017 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื, ื’ืœืขื“ ืืจื“ืŸ, ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืจืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืžืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื” ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžื ืขืช ืžืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ืง ืœืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืช. ื‘-2 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื—ื–ืจื” ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืžื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื” "ืœื—ืฅ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”" ืœืกื’ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืืš ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™, ืžื•ืœ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืชื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืœื ืฉื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื• ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืงื“ื ื•ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืงื‘ ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื–ืง, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2016 ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ืืช ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื–ืง, ื•ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื”ืคืš ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ืžืื™ ืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื•ื‘ ืงืจื ื›ืฉืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2015 ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ: ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2017 ืคืขืœ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืžืฉื” ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื™ืงื•ื ืœืœื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ืงื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืคืจื“. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“, ืืš ื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ (ื•ื‘-2018 ืืฃ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช), ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืงื ืขื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2015, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืกื™ืขืช "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“", ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื™ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš, ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2020 ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืกื’ืจ ืืจืฆื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืชื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืž-29.9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ืœ-54 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019, ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื–, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื, ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื’ื– ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื•. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื‘-27 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกืœ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ืืš ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื•. ื‘ืžืื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016, ื—ืชืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019, ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” "ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ" ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ. ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ื•ื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017. ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืื™ืจื™ื• ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืื• ืงืฆื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืฉืœื ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืš 600,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœื ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื ืจืฉืžื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘-24 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ื”ืžืื•ืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-21. ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019. ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืจื™ืฆืชืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืฉืจื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”-28 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019, "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื–ื›ื” ืœ-35 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืงื™ืขืช ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ื–ื ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืจืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื•ืœื ื•". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื–ื”ื•ืช" ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื’ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœ-32 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช 38 ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื•ืœื ื•" ื•ืœืœื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื”ืŸ, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™". ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืžืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ 55 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช 54 ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขืœื” ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ืชืคื–ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื ืขืจื›ื• ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“", ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœ-72.5% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2020 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœ-36 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื ืฅ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืžืœืฆืชื ืฉืœ 61 ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ื ืฅ, ื•ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื‘-7 ื‘ืžืื™, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 72 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืฉื ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ืคื•ืจืกื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื‘-17 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021, ืืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื•. ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืžืขื ืงื™ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืกื’ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื ืืฉื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืกื’ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืจืœื, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขื ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื—ืกื ื™ื ืœื ืคืฉ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืื”". ืื•ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืคืจืง ืขื ื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื" ืžื•ืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉ. ื‘-13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2020 ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืื™ื“ ืืืœ ื ื”ื™ืืŸ, ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืจืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืœืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ื—. ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื ืจืžืœ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื• "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื". ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื ื—ืชื ื‘-15 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช) ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-10 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื‘-22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื ื—ืชื ื‘ืจื‘ืื˜ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืจื•ืงื•. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื“ืจืš ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื“ืืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 (ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืคืชืื— ืืœ-ื‘ื•ืจื”ืืŸ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ื—ืžื“ื•ื› ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ื ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื. ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021 ื—ืชืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื". ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฆื“ืง ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืž-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ, ื™"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื ืกืคื• 45 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• 102 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-6 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืžื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคืชื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-23 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืž-36 ืœ-30, ืืš ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“, ืขื 17 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืคื™ื“, ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-12 ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื ืžื ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืงื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืจืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื ืขื“ืจื•, ื’ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืขืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื“ืžื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืืคื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื– ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื’ื ืœืœื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ื–ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘-2019. ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ืœืง ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืฉื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™", ื•ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™-ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืื’ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•. ื‘-29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืกืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ืœืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื’ ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืก. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื“ืจืขื™ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืขื“ ืœื•: ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2023 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื“ืจืช ืคืกื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื›ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘-ืžื™ืืจื”, ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืืช "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช", ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื™ืืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ื™ืฆืจื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื—ืื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ. ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืชืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืœื”. ื ืฉื™ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื. ื—ืœืง ืžืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื™ื™ืžื• ืœืจื“ืช ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ "ืžื—ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื" ืฉืื™ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ืœืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ื•ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื›ื•ื ื• "ืœื™ืœ ื’ืœื ื˜". ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžื—ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื”ื•ืฉื”ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” "ืชืจื’ื™ืœ" ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉืชื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ื”ื’. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืœื”ืจืจ, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืืš ื”ื–ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงืงื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ื›ืื•ืช ืžื—ืื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื’ืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื™ืจื™ ื•ื“ืจื™ืกื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืขื™ื. ื‘ึพ9โ€“13 ื‘ืžืื™, ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื™ื–ื ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ื•ื—ืฅ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงื•ื“ืก. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื”". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ืžืฆื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื“ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ืกืœืžืืŸ ืืืœ ืกืขื•ื“. ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืœื™ื•ื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ 60%. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื”, ืœืคื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2024 ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืคืขืœื” ืื• ื’ื™ืฉืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื›ืžื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืคืฆืฆื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช "ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš - ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”" - ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2024 ืฉืœื—ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก ืœื—ืงืจ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”: "ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื–ืืช, ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืš ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืžื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ื•ืกื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื›ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื ืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2024 ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื•ื“ื™'ืก, ืคื™ืฅ' ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื“ ืื ื“ ืคื•ืจืก) ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ S&P ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2025. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื“ื™'ืก ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืขืœืืช ืžืก ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืž-17% ืœ-18%. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื™ื•ืขืฆื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-38% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข OECD. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ืฉืคื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘-ืžื™ืืจื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”. ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025, ืœืงืจืืช ืคืจืกื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื›ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 17% ืขืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืงื‘ืขื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืจืืฉื™ ืฉื‘"ื› ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ "ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-2018 ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืœืœื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื ืงืื™, ืžืงื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื˜ืจ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกืœืžื”. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืขืช ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื˜ืขืŸ: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืืก." ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื›, ื ื“ื‘ ืืจื’ืžืŸ, ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืขื–ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืจื™ืช".[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืชื•ืขื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004, ื–ืืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื”ื ืคืงืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกืžืš ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช โ€œืกื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืืก, ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืชืจืขื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš. ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™ 2023 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืขืจื™ืคื”" ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืื—ืช ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื ื—ื” ืœืงื“ื ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023, ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื“, ืคืชื—ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื "ื—ืžืืก" ื•"ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื›-4,300 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจื• ื›-6,000 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ืœื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ ื•ืœืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ืž-119 ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ, ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื”ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ืื•ื ืก, ืจืฆื—ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื• 1,173 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘-779 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ื—ื˜ืคื• ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›-251 ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื, ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ื ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื™ืž"ืž ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-1,609 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 329 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, 58 ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•-10 ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ื ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื 29 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•-22 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืืœืคื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื ื’ืจื ื”ืจืก ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ื”ืœื™ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื”, ื ืœื—ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ื—ื•ืช'ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื—ืžืืก, ืืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ืกืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘"ืฉืืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" ืœืคืจื™ืฆืชื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื™ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจืฉืช NBC ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื•ืืžืจ: "ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช [...] ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”". ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•"ื— ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ", ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื“ืจืช ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื• ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ืžืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ "ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื“"ื› ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืชื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื” ื‘-7.10.23". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2024 ื˜ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื–ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’'ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืžืœื” ื”ืืจื™ืก ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื‘-19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2024, ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืคื’ืข ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื‘-4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2025 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื‘ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื™ืงื— ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืชืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›"ืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ" ืชื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™ 2025 ื›ื™ื ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ, ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™, ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ". ื”ื ืื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื "ื ืื•ื ื”ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื" ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื™ื: โ€ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืชื›ื, ืขื ืžื” ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ? [...] ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-35? ืขื ืžื”? ืขื ื˜ื ืงื™ื? ืขื ืžื”? ื”ื ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื, ืงืœืฆ'ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื ื“ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช.โ€ ื‘-12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ 60 ื™ื•ื. ืž-2015 ืขื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-2018 ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื"ื ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ื”, ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ 3.67%, ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ 300 ืง"ื’. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื˜ืจืืžืค ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื‘-2018 ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืื™ ืคืจืกืžื” ืกื‘ื"ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ 408.6 ืง"ื’ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœ 60%. ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืžืœืื™ ื–ื” ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉ, ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืชื• ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘' ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก, ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื ืฉืงื•, ื•ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025, ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืกื™ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-35 ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื”, ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2025 ื”ื•ืจื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื• ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื•ืืชืจื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืจืืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืงื“ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืกืœืืžื™, ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฆื‘ื ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืืงืจื™, ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื—ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื• 30 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื•ืชืงืคื” ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืคืกืงื•. ื‘-5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื”ืืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœ, ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื•ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืกืžืš ืคืจืกืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš ืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืงื•ื˜ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš "ืฉืงืจื™ ื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™", ื•ื›ืš ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ื ื—"ื› ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืš. ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืคืœื™ืœื™ื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื™ืงื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื• ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1997, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืงื ื•ื ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืคืชื—ื” ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœื• ืชืžื™ื”ื•ืช". ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื™, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1999, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืงื‘ืœืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื‘ื ืจ ืขืžื“ื™, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2000 ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืžื” ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื™, ืขืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื•ืงืจ, ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืžืงื•ืจ", ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2008 ื ืกืขื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘-2002. ื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›"ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืจืก", ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ื ื—ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื: "ืชื™ืง 1000", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืฉื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืืจื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืฆ'ืŸ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคืืงืจ ื•"ืชื™ืง 2000" ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•"ืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืก, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื“ โ€“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื–ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื• ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืฆืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช "ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืž"ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื”, ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช", ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2017, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื, ืžืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช", ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2018, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื. ื‘"ืชื™ืง 1000" ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘"ืชื™ืง 2000" ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืกืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืคืขืœืชื™ ื ื’ื“ื" ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื—ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง "ืชื™ืง 4000", ื”ื•ื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืœื”ื‘ 433 ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื™ 2017. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื•: ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืกื˜ืœื” ื”ื ื“ืœืจ, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ื™ืจ ื—ืคืฅ. ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2018 ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืจื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื•ื—ื“. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ื—ืคืฅ, ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืขื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื›ืš ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืžื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื” ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจืžื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืชืจ 'ื•ื•ืืœื”' ืกื™ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืขืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืขื ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื 1000, 2000 ื•-4000 ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื“ืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืœื ืชืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืžืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจื˜ืจื™ื“ื’'. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืงื‘ืขื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ 300 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ื ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืข, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื: ื‘ืชื™ืง 1000 ื•-2000 ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื™ืง 4000 ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืžืกืข ืฆื™ื“ ื ื’ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ืคืกื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ืืช ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืง 4000 ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ 1000 ื•-2000. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง (ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”). ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืœื›ืช ื“ืจืขื™-ืคื ื—ืกื™. ื‘-2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง โ€“ ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘-30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ื—ื ื™ื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’. ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื ื™ืžืง: ื‘ืžืื™ 2024 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื”ืื’ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื• ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืช ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืขื‘ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืจืฆื—, ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื• ืจืฆื— ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื”. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก - ื™ื—ื™ื ืกื ื•ื•ืืจ, ืืกืžืขื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื“ืฃ. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื” ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืจืฆื—, ืจื“ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉ-124 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ืœื”ืื’ ืื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื—ื•ืžืŸ. ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื” ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืคื ื•ืกื•ืคืจ. ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืœื™ืฉืข, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืจื™ื (ืžื™ืงื™) ื•ื™ื™ืกืžืŸ (ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืŸ) ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972. ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช, ื ื•ืขื”, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจื•ื˜, ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘; ืžื‘ืชื• ื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979 ื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื•ื™ื™ืกืžืŸ. ื‘-1981 ื ื™ืฉื ืœืคืœื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืื•"ื, ืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื‘-1989. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1991 ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฉืจื” ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื“ื™ื™ืœืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘"ืืœ ืขืœ". ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื ืš ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื–ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื•ืื‘ื ืจ. ื‘-2002 ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘-2007 ืจื›ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• 1.7% ืžืžื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช NMDM, ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื“ืŸ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืชืžื•ืจืช 600 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘-2010 ืžื›ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ืจืช 4.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 13.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ืขืœ ืคื™ "ืคื•ืจื‘ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื”ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืžื“ ื‘-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืขื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ืฉืขืจื›ืŸ ื›-25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2023โ€“2024, ืขื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืงื•ืฆื‘ ืœื‘, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืข ืžืคืฉืขืชื™ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื”ืกืจืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2024 ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื›ื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2018โ€“2023, ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื™ื’ืืœ ืกืจื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื•ืœืง ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืจื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืš 279 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—. ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017, ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืกืจื ื” ืœืฉืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ 15 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืกืจื ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืจื ื” ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื“ื—ื”. ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืจื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืš 200 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื™ืœ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื• ืขืžื™ืช ืžืจืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืชืคืขืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื•. ื‘ืžืื™ 2023, ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืคืฉืจื”, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฉืš ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื•ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื™ืคืจืกื ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื—ื“ ืืช ืžืจืจื™ ืื• ืืช ื™ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2022 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื ื™ืื™ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื”ื "ื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™". ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ืืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• 62,500 ืฉ"ื— ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจืžืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืจืฆื™ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืจืฆื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ื ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืชืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ 50 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืจืฆื™ ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืš ืงื‘ืข ืฉืืจืฆื™ ื™ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžืจื•ืŸ 290 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืจื’ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื ื’ื“ ืคืขื™ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ืจืกืœืจ, ืขืœ ืกืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืงื˜ืจ, ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืชื” ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืจืกืœืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื” ื’ื™ื™ืก 500 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžื— ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-750 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืฉืชืจืžื• ื›-4,800 ืื™ืฉ. ืกืคืจื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื•: ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” "ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื”ืจื–ื”" ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืงืจื "ื”ื ืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™", ื•ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืงื“ืžื” ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ืžื”ืžื•"ืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื’ื ื– ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• โ€ข ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื โ€ข ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืงืช โ€ข ื”ืฉืจื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘, ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืกืจืœืื•ืฃ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื™ืงื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›"ืฅ โ€ข ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื“ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ืช ืกื˜ืจื•ืง โ€ข ื”ืฉืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ืกื™ืœืžืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื•ืื‘ ืงื™ืฉ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืงืจืขื™ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ืจื™ ืจื’ื‘ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ โ€ข ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ: ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€ข ืžืฉื•ืœื ื ื”ืจื™ โ€ข ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ื—ืžื“ ืขืžืืจ โ€ข ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš: ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/trl] | [TOKENS: 500]
TRL documentation TRL - Transformer Reinforcement Learning TRL and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started TRL - Transformer Reinforcement Learning TRL is a full stack library where we provide a set of tools to train transformer language models with methods like Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), Reward Modeling, and more. The library is integrated with ๐Ÿค— transformers. ๐ŸŽ‰ Whatโ€™s New OpenEnv Integration: TRL now supports OpenEnv, the open-source framework from Meta for defining, deploying, and interacting with environments in reinforcement learning and agentic workflows. Explore how to seamlessly integrate TRL with OpenEnv in our dedicated documentation. Taxonomy Below is the current list of TRL trainers, organized by method type (โšก๏ธ = vLLM support; ๐Ÿงช = experimental). You can also explore TRL-related models, datasets, and demos in the TRL Hugging Face organization. Learn Learn post-training with TRL and other libraries in ๐Ÿค— smol course. Contents The documentation is organized into the following sections: Blog posts Published October 23, 2025 Building the Open Agent Ecosystem Together: Introducing OpenEnv Published on August 7, 2025 Vision Language Model Alignment in TRL โšก๏ธ Published on June 3, 2025 NO GPU left behind: Unlocking Efficiency with Co-located vLLM in TRL Published on May 25, 2025 ๐Ÿฏ Liger GRPO meets TRL Published on January 28, 2025 Open-R1: a fully open reproduction of DeepSeek-R1 Published on July 10, 2024 Preference Optimization for Vision Language Models with TRL Published on June 12, 2024 Putting RL back in RLHF Published on September 29, 2023 Finetune Stable Diffusion Models with DDPO via TRL Published on August 8, 2023 Fine-tune Llama 2 with DPO Published on April 5, 2023 StackLLaMA: A hands-on guide to train LLaMA with RLHF Published on March 9, 2023 Fine-tuning 20B LLMs with RLHF on a 24GB consumer GPU Published on December 9, 2022 Illustrating Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback Talks Talk given on October 30, 2025 Fine tuning with TRL
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/smolagents] | [TOKENS: 558]
smolagents documentation smolagents smolagents and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started smolagents What is smolagents? smolagents is an open-source Python library designed to make it extremely easy to build and run agents using just a few lines of code. Key features of smolagents include: โœจ Simplicity: The logic for agents fits in ~thousand lines of code. We kept abstractions to their minimal shape above raw code! ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ป First-class support for Code Agents: CodeAgent writes its actions in code (as opposed to โ€œagents being used to write codeโ€) to invoke tools or perform computations, enabling natural composability (function nesting, loops, conditionals). To make it secure, we support executing in sandboxed environment via Modal, Blaxel, E2B, or Docker. ๐Ÿ“ก Common Tool-Calling Agent Support: In addition to CodeAgents, ToolCallingAgent supports usual JSON/text-based tool-calling for scenarios where that paradigm is preferred. ๐Ÿค— Hub integrations: Seamlessly share and load agents and tools to/from the Hub as Gradio Spaces. ๐ŸŒ Model-agnostic: Easily integrate any large language model (LLM), whether itโ€™s hosted on the Hub via Inference providers, accessed via APIs such as OpenAI, Anthropic, or many others via LiteLLM integration, or run locally using Transformers or Ollama. Powering an agent with your preferred LLM is straightforward and flexible. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ Modality-agnostic: Beyond text, agents can handle vision, video, and audio inputs, broadening the range of possible applications. Check out this tutorial for vision. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ Tool-agnostic: You can use tools from any MCP server, from LangChain, you can even use a Hub Space as a tool. ๐Ÿ’ป CLI Tools: Comes with command-line utilities (smolagent, webagent) for quickly running agents without writing boilerplate code. Quickstart Get started with smolagents in just a few minutes! This guide will show you how to create and run your first agent. Install smolagents with pip: Hereโ€™s a minimal example to create and run an agent: Thatโ€™s it! Your agent will use Python code to solve the task and return the result. Letโ€™s make our agent more capable by adding some tools: You can use various models with your agent: Next Steps Learn the basics and become familiar with using Agents. Start here if you are using Agents for the first time! Practical guides to help you achieve a specific goal: create an agent to generate and test SQL queries! High-level explanations for building a better understanding of important topics. Horizontal tutorials that cover important aspects of building agents.
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/peft] | [TOKENS: 281]
PEFT documentation PEFT PEFT and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started PEFT ๐Ÿค— PEFT (Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning) is a library for efficiently adapting large pretrained models to various downstream applications without fine-tuning all of a modelโ€™s parameters because it is prohibitively costly. PEFT methods only fine-tune a small number of (extra) model parameters - significantly decreasing computational and storage costs - while yielding performance comparable to a fully fine-tuned model. This makes it more accessible to train and store large language models (LLMs) on consumer hardware. PEFT is integrated with the Transformers, Diffusers, and Accelerate libraries to provide a faster and easier way to load, train, and use large models for inference. Start here if you're new to ๐Ÿค— PEFT to get an overview of the library's main features, and how to train a model with a PEFT method. Practical guides demonstrating how to apply various PEFT methods across different types of tasks like image classification, causal language modeling, automatic speech recognition, and more. Learn how to use ๐Ÿค— PEFT with the DeepSpeed and Fully Sharded Data Parallel scripts. Get a better theoretical understanding of how LoRA and various soft prompting methods help reduce the number of trainable parameters to make training more efficient. Technical descriptions of how ๐Ÿค— PEFT classes and methods work.
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929] | [TOKENS: 545]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื 1929 ืฉื ืช 1929 ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”-29 ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” 365 ื™ืžื™ื. 1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1929 ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืืช 1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ ื‘-13 ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืžืื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืžืจืฅ ืืคืจื™ืœ ืžืื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื ืคื˜ืจื• ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืžืจืฅ ืืคืจื™ืœ ืžืื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ โ€“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขื ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื: Nothing. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื 1924 โ€ข 1925 โ€ข 1926 โ€ข 1927 โ€ข 1928 โ€ข 1929 โ€ข 1930 โ€ข 1931 โ€ข 1932 โ€ข 1933 โ€ข 1934
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets] | [TOKENS: 268]
Datasets documentation Datasets Datasets and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Datasets ๐Ÿค— Datasets is a library for easily accessing and sharing AI datasets for Audio, Computer Vision, and Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Load a dataset in a single line of code, and use our powerful data processing and streaming methods to quickly get your dataset ready for training in a deep learning model. Backed by the Apache Arrow format, process large datasets with zero-copy reads without any memory constraints for optimal speed and efficiency. We also feature a deep integration with the Hugging Face Hub, allowing you to easily load and share a dataset with the wider machine learning community. Find your dataset today on the Hugging Face Hub, and take an in-depth look inside of it with the live viewer. Learn the basics and become familiar with loading, accessing, and processing a dataset. Start here if you are using ๐Ÿค— Datasets for the first time! Practical guides to help you achieve a specific goal. Take a look at these guides to learn how to use ๐Ÿค— Datasets to solve real-world problems. High-level explanations for building a better understanding about important topics such as the underlying data format, the cache, and how datasets are generated. Technical descriptions of how ๐Ÿค— Datasets classes and methods work.
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers.js] | [TOKENS: 563]
Transformers.js documentation Transformers.js Transformers.js and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Transformers.js State-of-the-art Machine Learning for the Web Run ๐Ÿค— Transformers directly in your browser, with no need for a server! Transformers.js is designed to be functionally equivalent to Hugging Faceโ€™s transformers python library, meaning you can run the same pretrained models using a very similar API. These models support common tasks in different modalities, such as: Transformers.js uses ONNX Runtime to run models in the browser. The best part about it, is that you can easily convert your pretrained PyTorch, TensorFlow, or JAX models to ONNX using ๐Ÿค— Optimum. For more information, check out the full documentation. Quick tour Itโ€™s super simple to translate from existing code! Just like the python library, we support the pipeline API. Pipelines group together a pretrained model with preprocessing of inputs and postprocessing of outputs, making it the easiest way to run models with the library. You can also use a different model by specifying the model id or path as the second argument to the pipeline function. For example: By default, when running in the browser, the model will be run on your CPU (via WASM). If you would like to run the model on your GPU (via WebGPU), you can do this by setting device: 'webgpu', for example: For more information, check out the WebGPU guide. The WebGPU API is still experimental in many browsers, so if you run into any issues, please file a bug report. In resource-constrained environments, such as web browsers, it is advisable to use a quantized version of the model to lower bandwidth and optimize performance. This can be achieved by adjusting the dtype option, which allows you to select the appropriate data type for your model. While the available options may vary depending on the specific model, typical choices include "fp32" (default for WebGPU), "fp16", "q8" (default for WASM), and "q4". For more information, check out the quantization guide. Ready to dive in? Explore our wide variety of demo applications and templates here. You can also launch your own project instantly using the official Transformers.js template on Hugging Face! Contents The documentation is organized into 4 sections: Supported tasks/models Here is the list of all tasks and architectures currently supported by Transformers.js. If you donโ€™t see your task/model listed here or it is not yet supported, feel free to open up a feature request here. To find compatible models on the Hub, select the โ€œtransformers.jsโ€ library tag in the filter menu (or visit this link). You can refine your search by selecting the task youโ€™re interested in (e.g., text-classification).
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/text-generation-inference] | [TOKENS: 211]
text-generation-inference documentation Text Generation Inference text-generation-inference and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Text Generation Inference text-generation-inference is now in maintenance mode. Going forward, we will accept pull requests for minor bug fixes, documentation improvements and lightweight maintenance tasks. TGI has initiated the movement for optimized inference engines to rely on a transformers model architectures. This approach is now adopted by downstream inference engines, which we contribute to and recommend using going forward: vllm, SGLang, as well as local engines with inter-compatibility such as llama.cpp or MLX. Text Generation Inference (TGI) is a toolkit for deploying and serving Large Language Models (LLMs). TGI enables high-performance text generation for the most popular open-source LLMs, including Llama, Falcon, StarCoder, BLOOM, GPT-NeoX, and T5. Text Generation Inference implements many optimizations and features, such as: Text Generation Inference is used in production by multiple projects, such as:
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States] | [TOKENS: 2728]
Contents Manufacturing in the United States Manufacturing is a vital economic sector in the United States of America. The United States is the world's second-largest manufacturer after the People's Republic of China with a record high real output in 2024 of $2.913 trillion. As of December 2024, the U.S. manufacturing industry employed 12.76 million people. Though still a large part of the US economy, in Q1 2025 manufacturing contributed less to GDP than the 'Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing' sector, the 'Government' sector, or 'Professional and business services' sector. Manufacturing output recovered from the Great Recession, reaching an all-time high in 2024, but manufacturing employment has been declining since the 1990s, giving rise to what is known as a "jobless recovery," which made job creation or preservation in the manufacturing sector an important topic in the 2016 United States presidential election. Employment Manufacturing jobs helped build out the U.S. middle class following World War II, as the U.S. established pro-labor policies and faced limited global competition. Between 1980 and 1985, and then again 2001 to 2009, there were precipitous declines in US manufacturing jobs; it is estimated that 1/3 of U.S. manufacturing jobs vanished in the eight years between 2001 and 2009, and few have returned, the worst period for U.S. manufacturing since the Great Depression. Since 1979, the number of U.S. manufacturing employment has been declining, especially the sharp decline in 2001 and 2007. The way in which employment in the U.S. manufacturing industry has fallen provides a series of potential policy responses including insights into how the industry is changing, and unemployment. There are several possible explanations for the decline. Bill Lazonick argues that legalization of companies buying their own shares of stock in 1982 has led to sustained stock market bubbles that distorted investment away from physical plant. Others point to automation or developments outside the United States, such as the rise of China, globalized free trade, and supply chain innovation. These have arguably resulted in the off-shoring of thousands of U.S. manufacturing facilities and millions of manufacturing jobs to lower-wage countries. Meanwhile, technological innovation has increased productivity significantly, meaning that manufacturing output in the United States has increased by 80% since the 1980s, despite large job losses in the manufacturing sector during that same period. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) forecast in October 2017 that manufacturing employment would fall from 12.3 million in 2016 to 11.6 million in 2026, a decline of 736,000 employees over a decade. As a share of employment, manufacturing was estimated to fall from 7.9% of the total U.S. economy in 2016 to 6.9% of it in 2026, continuing a long-term downward trend. The U.S. manufacturing industry employed 12.4 million people in March 2017, generating output (nominal GDP) of $2.2 trillion in Q3 2016, with real GDP of $1.9 trillion in 2009 dollars. The share of persons employed in manufacturing relative to total employment has steadily declined since the 1960s. Employment growth in industries such as construction, finance, insurance and real estate, and services industries played a significant role in reducing manufacturing's overall share of U.S. employment. In 1990, services surpassed manufacturing as the largest contributor to overall private industry production, and then the finance, insurance and real estate sector surpassed manufacturing in 1991. Since the entry of China into the World Trade Organization in December 2001, the decline in manufacturing jobs has accelerated. The U.S. goods trade deficit (imports greater than exports) with China was approximately $350 billion in 2016. However it is possible that the import of goods from China is a result rather than a cause. The US stock market also ended a sustained fourteen year bubble in 2001, and the ensuing job loss pushed a significant portion of US population below the poverty line. The Economist reported in January 2017 that manufacturing historically created good paying jobs for workers without a college education, particularly for men. The jobs paid well enough so that women did not have to work when they had young children. Unions were strong and owners did not want to risk strikes in their factories due to large capital investments and significant on the job training. Such jobs are much less available in the post-2001 era in the U.S. though they remain available in Germany, Switzerland and Japan, leading to calls to bring those jobs back from overseas, establish protectionism, and reduce immigration. Making it illegal for companies to purchase shares of their own stock has not yet gained traction as a remedy for the diversion of operating profits away from reinvestment in equipment and people. Manufacturing continues to evolve, due to factors such as information technology, supply chain innovations such as containerization, companies un-bundling tasks that used to be in one location or business, reduced barriers to trade, and competition from low-cost developing countries such as China and Mexico. Competition from high wage nations such as Germany is also increasing. Between 1980 and 1985, U.S. manufacturing was impacted negatively as Japanese productivity rose at a rapid rate, leading to a fall of 12% in Japanese products, and the increase in U.S. interest rates that led to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar. This was the opposite policy from that which a rise in Japanese productivity would have dictated, and the US policy action made Japanese products 30% cheaper than American until 1986. The US machine tool sector never recovered from this body blow. Between 1983 and 2005, U.S. exports grew by 340%, with exports of manufactured goods increasing by 407% over this period. In 1983, the primary export commodities of the U.S. was transportation equipment, computer and electronic products, agricultural products, machinery (except electrical), chemicals, and food and kindred products. Together these commodities totaled 69 percent of total U.S. exports. By 2005, the primary export commodities were largely the same: computer and electronic products, transportation equipment, chemicals, machinery (except electrical), miscellaneous manufactured commodities, and agricultural products. Together these commodities accounted for 69 percent of total U.S. merchandise exports. Between 1983 and 2005, exports of computer and electronic products grew by 493%, overtaking transportation as the leading export commodity, which grew by 410%. Though agricultural products exports grew by 26% during this period, its share of overall merchandise exports fell from 12% in 1983 to 4% in 2005. In 1983, the top trading partners for U.S. exports were Canada (21% of total merchandise exports), Japan (11%), United Kingdom (5%), Mexico (4%), Germany (4%), the Netherlands (4%), Saudi Arabia (3%), France (3%), South Korea (3%), and Belgium and Luxembourg (2%). In 2005, the top markets for U.S. exports were Canada (24%), Mexico (13%), Japan (6%), China (5%), United Kingdom (4%), Germany (4%), South Korea (3%), the Netherlands (3%), France (2%), and Taiwan (2%). Between 1983 and 2005, exports to Mexico increased by 1,228%, allowing it to replace Japan as the second-largest market for U.S. exports. In the first quarter of 2010, overall U.S. merchandise exports increased by 20 percent compared to the first quarter of 2009, with manufactured goods exports increasing by 20 percent. As in 2009, the highest export commodities were transportation equipment, computer and electronic products, chemicals, machinery (except electrical), agricultural products, and miscellaneous manufactured commodities. In the first quarter of 2010, the primary markets for U.S. merchandise exports were Canada, Mexico, China, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, Brazil, the Netherlands, and Singapore. With the exception of the Netherlands, exports to all of these countries increased in the first quarter of 2010, compared to the same quarter in 2009. Notably, exports to Canada increased by 22 percent, Mexico by 28 percent, and China by 47 percent over this period. Exports to the two NAFTA partners accounted for nearly one-third (32%) of U.S. merchandise trade in the first quarter of 2010. The panel chart in this section includes four diagrams describing manufacturing labor, output, and productivity historical trends through 2016: The Bureau of Labor Statistics projected in October 2017 that: U.S. manufacturing employment has declined steadily as a share of total employment, from around 28% in 1960 to 8% in March 2017. Manufacturing employment has fallen from 17.2 million persons in December 2000 to 12.4 million in March 2017, a decline of about 5.7 million or about one-third even as the U.S.population ballooned from 220 million to 330 million in the same time frame. An estimated 1โ€“2 million of the job losses in manufacturing 1999โ€“2011 were due to competition with China (the China shock), which entered the World Trade Organization in December 2001. The Economic Policy Institute estimated that the trade deficit with China cost about 2.7 million jobs between 2001 and 2011, including manufacturing and other industries. While U.S. manufacturing employment is down, output was near a record level in 2017 in real GDP terms, indicating productivity (output per worker) has also improved significantly. This is likely due to automation, global supply chains, process improvements, and other technology changes. Economist Paul Krugman argued in December 2016 that "America's shift away from manufacturing doesn't have much to do with trade, and even less to do with trade policy." He also cited the work of other economists indicating that the declines in manufacturing employment from 1999 to 2011 due to trade policy generally and trade with China specifically were "less than a fifth of the absolute loss of manufacturing jobs over the period" but that the effects were significant for regions directly impacted by those losses. The Biden administration's 2023 Trade Policy Agenda focused on strengthening domestic industries and minimizing reliance on foreign supply chains. The CHIPS and Science Act allocated nearly $53 billion to support semiconductor manufacturing in the U.S. The U.S. Department of Commerce proposed for 16 new semiconductor manufacturing facilities, which would shift the U.S. into a position of resiliency against foreign manufacturers. Modern overview The United States is the world's second largest manufacturer (after China) with a record high real output in Q1 2018 of $2.00 trillion (i.e., adjusted for inflation in 2009 Dollars) about one percent above the 2007 peak before the Great Recession of $1.95 trillion. The U.S. manufacturing industry employed 12.35 million people in December 2016 and 12.56 million in December 2017, an increase of 207,000 or 1.7%. Historically, manufacturing has provided relatively well-paid blue-collar jobs, although this has been affected by globalization and automation. Manufacturing continues to evolve, due to factors such as information technology, supply chain innovations such as containerization, companies un-bundling tasks that used to be in one location or business, reduced barriers to trade, and competition from low-cost developing countries such as China and Mexico. Manufacturing is conducted among globally distributed supply chains, with various stages of production conducted in different countries. For example, automotive parts may be manufactured in the U.S., shipped to Mexico for assembly, then sent back to the U.S. In some cases, the components of the final product cross the border multiple times. An estimated 40% of the value of U.S. imports from Mexico is from content produced in the U.S.; this figure is 25% for Canada but only 4% for China. This "production sharing" is an indication of the integrated nature of the supply chains between the U.S., Mexico and Canada in the NAFTA region. During 2016, the U.S. exported $1,051 billion in manufactured goods and imported $1,920 billion, a manufacturing goods deficit of $868 billion. The largest exports were transportation equipment ($252B), Chemicals ($174B), Computers and Electronic Products ($116B) and "Machinery-Except Electrical" ($109B). As of 2019, durable and nondurable goods manufacturing account for $3.1t and $3t of gross output of GDP, respectively. However, 2023 research from McKinsey states that GDP numbers don't accurately capture manufacturing's economic impact. In its findings, while manufacturing accounted for 11 percent of US GDP and 8 percent of direct employment, it drove 20 percent of capital investment, 30 percent of productivity growth, 60 percent of the country's exports, and garnered 70 percent of business research and development funding. International comparison The Congressional Research Service reported in January 2017 that: See also Further reading References
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D] | [TOKENS: 1684]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคืฉืข ื‘ื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืื• ืžืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืืœื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ืจืฆื— ืื• ืื•ื ืก, ื•ื”ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”. ืคืฉืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืœื, ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืฉืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืง, ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื, ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื ืกื™ื, ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื, ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืงืจื˜ืœ ืกืžื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืœืคื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื”/ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”, ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ืžื• ืกื˜ื™ืจืช ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœ"ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื". ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื™ืœื™ืืก ืงืกื™ื“ื™ืจื™ืก, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืกื˜ืจ ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ืฆื ื ื’ื“ ืฆื• ืžืขืฆืจ. ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœ"ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื". ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื™ื 2010/2011 ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืคืฉืข ื”ืืœื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ื›--47% ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืจืžืช ื”ืคืฉืข ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘-1995. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2010/11 31 ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ 1000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื ื‘-12 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžืงืจื™ ืจืฆื—, ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื— (ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 2% ืœ -3% ื‘ืฉื ื”). ืžืื– 2001/02 ื—ืœื” ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื— ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘-19 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื (ืžืงืจื™ ืื•ื ืก ืื• ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื•ื“, ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ื•') ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 12 ื•ืžืขืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœื” ืž-22.6 ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœ-1,000 ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘-2011 ืœ-26.1 ืœ-1,000 ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ึพ2012. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ืจื“ ืœ-386.3 ืžืงืจื™ื ืœ-100 ืืœืฃ ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ-729.6 ืœ-100,000 ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1990. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
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