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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืงืจืŸ_ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข_ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช] | [TOKENS: 9843]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: International Monetary Fund) ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื ืฃ ืœืื•"ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘-27 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1945 ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ืฆืžื“ืช ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื–ื”ื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971 ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืฉื‘ืชื™_ื–ื›ืจื™ื”] | [TOKENS: 1162]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” (20 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1921 โ€“ ื›"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื–, 21 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017) ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘"ื”ื’ื ื”". ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื”ืจื’ ืื—ื™ื•, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืจืฉ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื—ื™ื™ื_ื’ื•ืจืŸ] | [TOKENS: 3044]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืŸ (ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1946 โ€“ 1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2025) ื”ื™ื” ื’ืื•ื’ืจืฃ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืชืœ-ื—ื™, ืฉื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1946 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื ืกืžื“ืจ ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืืžื ื™ืช, ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’. ื’ื•...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื“ืŸ_ื‘ื”ื˜] | [TOKENS: 1933]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ื˜ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ื˜ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1938 ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ) ื”ื•ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื˜ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938, ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื”ื˜ ื–ื•ื’ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ื•ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘-1964 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื–ืื‘_ื•ื™ืœื ืื™] | [TOKENS: 3413]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืื‘ ื•ื™ืœื ืื™ ื–ืื‘ ื•ื™ืœื ืื™ (ื•ื™ืœึถื ึฐืกึฐืงื™; ื˜"ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”'ืชืจ"ืก, 12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1900 โ€“ ื‘' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”'ืชืฉืž"ื—, 21 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1988) ื”ื™ื” ื’ืื•ื’ืจืฃ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืชื™ืงื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื ืื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900 ื‘ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื‘, ืื– ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืขื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื‘, ื‘...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-70] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื–ืื‘_ืงื“ืจ] | [TOKENS: 11114]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ืงื“ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ืงื“ืจ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-2 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1938) ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืก ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก Gustave Schlumberger ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— (Acadรฉmie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres) ืœืฉื ืช 2024 (ืื '), ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœืฉื ืช 2020, ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ื.ืž.ืช ื‘...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-73] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข_ื‘ืŸ-ืืจื™ื”] | [TOKENS: 5020]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ื” (1928 โ€“ 25 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2023) ื”ื™ื” ื’ืื•ื’ืจืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื˜. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคืชื—-ืชืงื•ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืžืคืคืจ ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-76] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-ืกื‘ืจ_80-0] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-77] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-ืกื‘ืจ_80-1] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื™ืช_ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”_ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช] | [TOKENS: 1145]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: World History Encyclopedia, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ Ancient History Encyclopedia โ€“ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”) ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืคืจืกื ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืง ืžืืžืจื™ื, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืกื›ืชื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื”...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื”_ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช] | [TOKENS: 5250]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Jewish Encyclopedia) ื”ื™ื ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1901โ€“1906 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•"ืœ Funk and Wagnalls ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื ื›-15,000 ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘-12 ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ื•ื‘ืœ_ืžืœื—ื™] | [TOKENS: 2957]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืžืœื—ื™ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืžืœื—ื™ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973) ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืคืื ืœื™ืกื˜ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืคื™ืง ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ "ืงื˜ืขื™ื", ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืžืœื—ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช "ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืคืงื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ" ืืฉืจ ืžืคื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ "ืงื˜ืขื™ื" ื•ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื™ืœื“ื™ืŸ" (ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืงืจื™ื” ื”ืืงื“...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-81] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื”ืœืœ_ื›ื”ืŸ] | [TOKENS: 2676]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ื›ื”ืŸ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-5 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1961) ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืกืœืื ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2018 ื•ืขื“ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืจื›ื– ืฆ'ืจื™ืง ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ืฉืจืืœ_ื‘ืจื“ื•ื’ื•] | [TOKENS: 2872]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื“ื•ื’ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื“ื•ื’ื• (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1 ื‘ืžืื™ 1984) ื”ื•ื ืฆืœื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื•ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™. ืžืชืขื“ ื’ื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืจื“ื•ื’ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืขืžืง. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืขืกืง ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ_ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜_90-0] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-91] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-85] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-88] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-83] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_ref-:0_92-0] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ...
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