text stringlengths 1 1k | source stringlengths 31 152 |
|---|---|
le, a null pointer constant can be written as 0, with or without explicit casting to a pointer type, as the NULL macro defined by several standard headers or, since C23 with the constant nullptr. In conditional contexts, null pointer values evaluate to false, while all other pointer values evaluate to true.
Void point... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
ade to point to unsafe places by using invalid pointer arithmetic; the objects they point to may continue to be used after deallocation (dangling pointers); they may be used without having been initialized (wild pointers); or they may be directly assigned an unsafe value using a cast, union, or through another corrupt ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
arrays are always accessed (in effect) via pointers, array accesses are typically not checked against the underlying array size, although some compilers may provide bounds checking as an option. Array bounds violations are therefore possible and can lead to various repercussions, including illegal memory accesses, cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
be known fixed values or else explicitly passed to any subroutine that requires them, and dynamically sized arrays of arrays cannot be accessed using double indexing. (A workaround for this was to allocate the array with an additional "row vector" of pointers to the columns.) C99 introduced "variable-length arrays" wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
ned to be the base address incremented by i multiplied by the size of an element that x points to. Thus, x[i] designates the i+1th element of the array.
Furthermore, in most expression contexts (a notable exception is as operand of sizeof), an expression of array type is automatically converted to a pointer to the arr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
if only a pointer to the first element is available as it is often the case in C code because of the automatic conversion described above, the information about the full type of the array and its length are lost.
== Memory management ==
One of the most important functions of a programming language is to provide facil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
h as malloc from a region of memory called the heap; these blocks persist until subsequently freed for reuse by calling the library function realloc or free.
These three approaches are appropriate in different situations and have various trade-offs. For example, static memory allocation has little allocation overhead, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
simplest because the storage is managed by the compiler, freeing the programmer of the potentially error-prone chore of manually allocating and releasing storage. However, many data structures can change in size at runtime, and since static allocations (and automatic allocations before C99) must have a fixed size at c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
e specified, static objects contain zero or null pointer values upon program startup. Automatically and dynamically allocated objects are initialized only if an initial value is explicitly specified; otherwise they initially have indeterminate values (typically, whatever bit pattern happens to be present in the storage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
omenon known as a memory leak. Conversely, it is possible for memory to be freed, but is referenced subsequently, leading to unpredictable results. Typically, the failure symptoms appear in a portion of the program unrelated to the code that causes the error, making it difficult to diagnose the failure. Such issues are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
er flags (e.g., -lm, shorthand for "link the math library").
The most common C library is the C standard library, which is specified by the ISO and ANSI C standards and comes with every C implementation (implementations which target limited environments such as embedded systems may provide only a subset of the standard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
es available. Libraries are often written in C because C compilers generate efficient object code; programmers then create interfaces to the library so that the routines can be used from higher-level languages like Java, Perl, and Python.
=== File handling and streams ===
File input and output (I/O) is not part of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
drive or solid-state drive. Low-level I/O functions are not part of the standard C library but are generally part of "bare metal" programming (programming that is independent of any operating system such as most embedded programming). With few exceptions, implementations include low-level I/O.
== Language tools ==
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
loped for embedded systems.
There are also compilers, libraries, and operating system level mechanisms for performing actions that are not a standard part of C, such as bounds checking for arrays, detection of buffer overflow, serialization, dynamic memory tracking, and automatic garbage collection.
Memory management c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
ol of the platform it is running on.
The code generated after compilation does not demand many system features, and can be invoked from some boot code in a straightforward manner – it is simple to execute.
The C language statements and expressions typically map well on to sequences of instructions for the target proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
erators, including bit manipulation, for integer arithmetic and logic, and perhaps different sizes of floating point numbers – it can process appropriately-structured data effectively.
C is a fairly small language, with only a handful of statements, and without too many features that generate extensive target code – it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
ries written in assembly language, and may be called from assembly language – it interoperates well with other lower-level code.
C and its calling conventions and linker structures are commonly used in conjunction with other high-level languages, with calls both to C and from C supported – it interoperates well with ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
ve programs. For example, the GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library, the GNU Scientific Library, Mathematica, and MATLAB are completely or partially written in C. Many languages support calling library functions in C, for example, the Python-based framework NumPy uses C for the high-performance and hardware-intera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
mmas at the end of initializer lists, that support compilation of generated code. However, some of C's shortcomings have prompted the development of other C-based languages specifically designed for use as intermediate languages, such as C--. Also, contemporary major compilers GCC and LLVM both feature an intermediate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
n chosen over interpreted languages because of its speed, stability, and near-universal availability. It is no longer common practice for web development to be done in C, and many other web development languages are popular. Applications where C-based web development continues include the HTTP configuration pages on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
cations ===
C has also been widely used to implement end-user applications. However, such applications can also be written in newer, higher-level languages.
== Limitations ==
the power of assembly language and the convenience of ... assembly language
While C has been popular, influential and hugely successful, it has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
ble outcomes, to protect against buffer overruns, array bounds checking, stack overflows, memory exhaustion, and consider race conditions, thread isolation, etc.
The use of pointers and the run-time manipulation of these means there may be two ways to access the same data (aliasing), which is not determinable at compil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
ywords e.g. use __cdecl calling convention. The directive and options are not consistently supported.
String handling using the standard library is code-intensive, with explicit memory management required.
The language does not directly support object orientation, introspection, run-time expression evaluation, generic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
opted, e.g. MISRA C or CERT C, in an attempt to reduce the opportunity for bugs. Databases such as CWE attempt to count the ways C etc. has vulnerabilities, along with recommendations for mitigation.
There are tools that can mitigate against some of the drawbacks. Contemporary C compilers include checks which may gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
o different extensions of C that provided object-oriented capabilities. Both languages were originally implemented as source-to-source compilers; source code was translated into C, and then compiled with a C compiler.
The C++ programming language (originally named "C with Classes") was devised by Bjarne Stroustrup as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
inherited from C, while the syntax for object-oriented features was originally taken from Smalltalk.
In addition to C++ and Objective-C, Ch, Cilk, and Unified Parallel C are nearly supersets of C.
== See also ==
Compatibility of C and C++
Comparison of Pascal and C
Comparison of programming languages
International ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
11, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-110362-8.
== Further reading ==
Plauger, P.J. (1992). The Standard C Library (1 ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0131315099. (source)
Banahan, M.; Brady, D.; Doran, M. (19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
rvey (2015). C: How to Program (8 ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-0133976892.
Gustedt, Jens (2019). Modern C (2 ed.). Manning. ISBN 978-1617295812. (free)
== External links ==
ISO C Working Group official website
ISO/IEC 9899, publicly available official C documents, including the C99 Rationale
"C99 with Technical corrigend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
In computer programming, a programming idiom, code idiom or simply idiom is a code fragment having a semantic role which recurs frequently across software projects. It often expresses a special feature of a recurring construct in one or more programming languages, frameworks or libraries. This definition is rooted in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_idiom |
f gaining fluency in that language. It also helps to transfer knowledge in the form of analogies from one language or framework to another. Such idiomatic knowledge is widely used in crowdsourced repositories to help developers overcome programming barriers.
Mapping code idioms to idiosyncrasies can be a helpful way t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_idiom |
at developers are working with a shared understanding of best practices and can make informed decisions about when to use established idioms and when to adapt them to fit their specific needs.
A common misconception is to use the adverbial or adjectival form of the term as "using a programming language in a typical way... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_idiom |
to them. However, while idiomatic rationale is often general to the programming domain, idiosyncratic rationale is frequently tied to specific API terminology.
== Examples ==
=== Printing Hello World ===
One of the most common starting points to learn to program or notice the syntax differences between a known la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_idiom |
In computer science, reflective programming or reflection is the ability of a process to examine, introspect, and modify its own structure and behavior.
== Historical background ==
The earliest computers were programmed in their native assembly languages, which were inherently reflective, as these original architectu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
ata, process different formats of data, perform serialization and deserialization of data for communication, or do bundling and unbundling of data for containers or bursts of communication.
Effective use of reflection almost always requires a plan: A design framework, encoding description, object library, a map of a da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
al of that enclosure. This is typically accomplished by dynamically assigning program code at runtime.
In object-oriented programming languages such as Java, reflection allows inspection of classes, interfaces, fields and methods at runtime without knowing the names of the interfaces, fields, methods at compile time. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
as well as external libraries such as .NET's assemblies and Java's archives.
== Implementation ==
A language that supports reflection provides a number of features available at runtime that would otherwise be difficult to accomplish in a lower-level language. Some of these features are the abilities to:
Discover a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
e name of the verb being called) and this (the object on which the verb is called) are populated to give the context of the call. Security is typically managed by accessing the caller stack programmatically: Since callers() is a list of the methods by which the current verb was eventually called, performing tests on ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
for languages without built-in reflection by using a program transformation system to define automated source-code changes.
== Security considerations ==
Reflection may allow a user to create unexpected control flow paths through an application, potentially bypassing security measures. This may be exploited by attac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
n Lisp Object System:
=== C# ===
The following is an example in C#:
=== Delphi, Object Pascal ===
This Delphi and Object Pascal example assumes that a TFoo class has been declared in a unit called Unit1:
=== eC ===
The following is an example in eC:
=== Go ===
The following is an example in Go:
=== Java ===
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
ve programming languages and platforms
Mirror (programming)
Programming paradigms
Self-hosting (compilers)
Self-modifying code
Type introspection
typeof
== References ==
=== Citations ===
=== Sources ===
== Further reading ==
Ira R. Forman and Nate Forman, Java Reflection in Action (2005), ISBN 1-932394-18-4
Ir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
In computer science, extensible programming is a style of computer programming that focuses on mechanisms to extend the programming language, compiler, and runtime system (environment). Extensible programming languages, supporting this style of programming, were an active area of work in the 1960s, but the movement was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
eption, but it went essentially unnoticed.
=== Character of the historical movement ===
As typically envisioned, an extensible language consisted of a base language providing elementary computing facilities, and a metalanguage able to modify the base language. A program then consisted of metalanguage modifications an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
e for years.
At the 1969 conference, Simula was presented as an extensible language.
Standish described three classes of language extension, which he named paraphrase, orthophrase, and metaphrase (otherwise paraphrase and metaphrase being translation terms).
Paraphrase defines a facility by showing how to exchange it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
ern notion of plug-ins.
Metaphrase modifies the interpretation rules used for pre-existing expressions. This corresponds to the modern notion of reflective programming (reflection).
=== Death of the historical movement ===
Standish attributed the failure of the extensibility movement to the difficulty of programming ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
abstraction-based technologies (though he used a very general definition of extensibility that technically could have included them). A 1978 history of programming abstraction from the invention of the computer until then, made no mention of macros, and gave no hint that the extensible languages movement had ever occu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
ude Coq, Racket, Camlp4, OpenC++, Seed7, Red, Rebol, and Felix. While it is acceptable for some fundamental and intrinsic language features to be immutable, the system must not rely solely on those language features. It must be possible to add new ones.
=== Extensible compiler ===
In extensible programming, a compile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
lating source code into something that can be executed on a computer, an extensible compiler should:
use a plug-in or component architecture for nearly every aspect of its function
determine which language or language variant is being compiled and locate the appropriate plug-in to recognize and validate that language
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
the transformation of the input AST, or portions thereof, by some external "pass"
support the translation of the input AST, or portions thereof, into another form by some external "pass"
assist with the flow of information between internal and external passes as they both transform and translate the AST into new ASTs o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
ograms as data to be processed. Those programs should be completely devoid of any kind of formatting information. The visual display and editing of programs to users should be a translation function, supported by the extensible compiler, that translates the program data into forms more suitable for viewing or editing. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
of the extensions or transformation the program has undergone in order to make it executable. Most notably, it cannot be assumed that the only way to display runtime data is in structures or arrays. The debugger, or more correctly 'program inspector', must permit the display of runtime data in forms suitable to the so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
Extensible Languages Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine – A paper from Daniel Zingaro
=== Tools ===
MetaL – an extensible programming compiler engine implementation
XPS – eXtensible Programming System (in development)
MPS – JetBrains Metaprogramming system
=== Languages with extensible syntax ===
OpenZz
xt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that map values to other values, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
re function is called with some given arguments, it will always return the same result, and cannot be affected by any mutable state or other side effects. This is in contrast with impure procedures, common in imperative programming, which can have side effects (such as modifying the program's state or taking input from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
rogramming language commonly used for verifying mathematical theorems. Functional programming is also key to some languages that have found success in specific domains, like JavaScript in the Web, R in statistics, J, K and Q in financial analysis, and XQuery/XSLT for XML. Domain-specific declarative languages like SQL ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
ng complete. Lambda calculus forms the basis of all functional programming languages. An equivalent theoretical formulation, combinatory logic, was developed by Moses Schönfinkel and Haskell Curry in the 1920s and 1930s.
Church later developed a weaker system, the simply typed lambda calculus, which extended the lambda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
yles as new paradigms evolved. Later dialects, such as Scheme and Clojure, and offshoots such as Dylan and Julia, sought to simplify and rationalise Lisp around a cleanly functional core, while Common Lisp was designed to preserve and update the paradigmatic features of the numerous older dialects it replaced.
Informat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
as the primary influence on John Backus's FP. In the early 1990s, Iverson and Roger Hui created J. In the mid-1990s, Arthur Whitney, who had previously worked with Iverson, created K, which is used commercially in financial industries along with its descendant Q.
In the mid-1960s, Peter Landin invented SECD machine, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
programming, though it emphasized function-level programming rather than the lambda-calculus style now associated with functional programming.
The 1973 language ML was created by Robin Milner at the University of Edinburgh, and David Turner developed the language SASL at the University of St Andrews. Also in Edinburgh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
exical scoping and to require tail-call optimization, features that encourage functional programming.
In the 1980s, Per Martin-Löf developed intuitionistic type theory (also called constructive type theory), which associated functional programs with constructive proofs expressed as dependent types. This led to new appr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
s constants) has led to confusion among users who are unfamiliar with functional programming as a concept.
Functional programming continues to be used in commercial settings.
== Concepts ==
A number of concepts and paradigms are specific to functional programming, and generally foreign to imperative programming (incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
f
{\displaystyle f}
.
Higher-order functions are closely related to first-class functions in that higher-order functions and first-class functions both allow functions as arguments and results of other functions. The distinction between the two is subtle: "higher-order" describes a mathematical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
cessor function as the addition operator partially applied to the natural number one.
=== Pure functions ===
Pure functions (or expressions) have no side effects (memory or I/O). This means that pure functions have several useful properties, many of which can be used to optimize the code:
If the result of a pure ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
xpression is thread-safe).
If the entire language does not allow side-effects, then any evaluation strategy can be used; this gives the compiler freedom to reorder or combine the evaluation of expressions in a program (for example, using deforestation).
While most compilers for imperative programming languages detect p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
oke themselves, letting an operation be repeated until it reaches the base case. In general, recursion requires maintaining a stack, which consumes space in a linear amount to the depth of recursion. This could make recursion prohibitively expensive to use instead of imperative loops. However, a special form of recursi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
oreover, contrary to its name, it accounts for all tail calls, not just tail recursion. While proper tail recursion is usually implemented by turning code into imperative loops, implementations might implement it in other ways. For example, Chicken intentionally maintains a stack and lets the stack overflow. However, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
undness of equational reasoning, and generally requires the introduction of inconsistency into the logic expressed by the language's type system. Some special purpose languages such as Coq allow only well-founded recursion and are strongly normalizing (nonterminating computations can be expressed only with infinite str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
expression is being evaluated. The technical difference is in the denotational semantics of expressions containing failing or divergent computations. Under strict evaluation, the evaluation of any term containing a failing subterm fails. For example, the expression:
print length([2+1, 3*2, 1/0, 5-4])
fails under str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
l pure functional languages, including Miranda, Clean, and Haskell.
Hughes 1984 argues for lazy evaluation as a mechanism for improving program modularity through separation of concerns, by easing independent implementation of producers and consumers of data streams. Launchbury 1993 describes some difficulties that la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
compilation time and risks false negative errors, used in Lisp and its variants (such as Scheme), as they reject all invalid programs at runtime when the information is enough to not reject valid programs. The use of algebraic data types makes manipulation of complex data structures convenient; the presence of strong ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
h the Curry–Howard isomorphism, then, well-typed programs in these languages become a means of writing formal mathematical proofs from which a compiler can generate certified code. While these languages are mainly of interest in academic research (including in formalized mathematics), they have begun to be used in engi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
al program never changes once defined. This eliminates any chances of side effects because any variable can be replaced with its actual value at any point of execution. So, functional programs are referentially transparent.
Consider C assignment statement x=x*10, this changes the value assigned to the variable x. Let u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
Purely functional data structures are often represented in a different way to their imperative counterparts. For example, the array with constant access and update times is a basic component of most imperative languages, and many imperative data-structures, such as the hash table and binary heap, are based on arrays.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
rogramming. The most significant differences stem from the fact that functional programming avoids side effects, which are used in imperative programming to implement state and I/O. Pure functional programming completely prevents side-effects and provides referential transparency.
Higher-order functions are rarely used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
ctions:
Sometimes the abstractions offered by functional programming might lead to development of more robust code that avoids certain issues that might arise when building upon large amount of complex, imperative code, such as off-by-one errors (see Greenspun's tenth rule).
=== Simulating state ===
There are tasks ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
n a program, given appropriate templates and examples, many students find them difficult to understand conceptually, e.g., when asked to define new monads (which is sometimes needed for certain types of libraries).
Functional languages also simulate states by passing around immutable states. This can be done by making ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
systems to make the presence of side effects explicit.
=== Efficiency issues ===
Functional programming languages are typically less efficient in their use of CPU and memory than imperative languages such as C and Pascal. This is related to the fact that some mutable data structures like arrays have a very straightf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
form intensive numerical computations, functional languages such as OCaml and Clean are only slightly slower than C according to The Computer Language Benchmarks Game. For programs that handle large matrices and multidimensional databases, array functional languages (such as J and K) were designed with speed optimizati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
fetimes.
Immutable data with separation of identity and state and shared-nothing schemes can also potentially be more well-suited for concurrent and parallel programming by the virtue of reducing or eliminating the risk of certain concurrency hazards, since concurrent operations are usually atomic and this allows elimi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
y a constant factor (however, it may introduce memory leaks if used improperly). Launchbury 1993 discusses theoretical issues related to memory leaks from lazy evaluation, and O'Sullivan et al. 2008 give some practical advice for analyzing and fixing them.
However, the most general implementations of lazy evaluation ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
1.11.1, the first implementation, which is implemented as:
has the mean execution time of 4.76 ms, while the second one, in which .equals is a direct invocation of the underlying Java method, has a mean execution time of 2.8 μs – roughly 1700 times faster. Part of that can be attributed to the type checking and excep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
a loop, be it imperative or using iterators, is converted into a standalone Assembly instruction, without the overhead of the loop controlling code. If an iterative operation writes to an array, the resulting array's elements will be stored in specific CPU registers, allowing for constant-time access at runtime.
=== ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
sual Basic 9, C# 3.0, C++11, and Kotlin.
In Perl, lambda, map, reduce, filter, and closures are fully supported and frequently used. The book Higher-Order Perl, released in 2005, was written to provide an expansive guide on using Perl for functional programming.
In PHP, anonymous classes, closures and lambdas are full... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
e in C#.
Many object-oriented design patterns are expressible in functional programming terms: for example, the strategy pattern simply dictates use of a higher-order function, and the visitor pattern roughly corresponds to a catamorphism, or fold.
Similarly, the idea of immutable data from functional programming is of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
queried, like a functional program, to generate mothers from children:
But it can also be queried backwards, to generate children:
It can even be used to generate all instances of the mother relation:
Compared with relational syntax, functional syntax is a more compact notation for nested functions. For example, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
Lisp dialect for writing plugins. The original author of the most popular Emacs implementation, GNU Emacs and Emacs Lisp, Richard Stallman considers Lisp one of his favorite programming languages.
Helix, since version 24.03 supports previewing AST as S-expressions, which are also the core feature of the Lisp programmin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
n active area of research in the field of programming language theory. There are several peer-reviewed publication venues focusing on functional programming, including the International Conference on Functional Programming, the Journal of Functional Programming, and the Symposium on Trends in Functional Programming.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
introduced in the mid-1990s, has seen commercial use in areas such as financial analysis, driver verification, industrial robot programming and static analysis of embedded software. Haskell, though initially intended as a research language, has also been applied in areas such as aerospace systems, hardware design and w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
estment banks). Risk factors are coded as functions that form interdependent graphs (categories) to measure correlations in market shifts, similar in manner to Gröbner basis optimizations but also for regulatory frameworks such as Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review. Given the use of OCaml and Caml variations in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
ce for teaching programming for years.
== See also ==
Eager evaluation
Functional reactive programming
Inductive functional programming
List of functional programming languages
List of functional programming topics
Nested function
Purely functional programming
== Notes and references ==
== Further reading ==
Abe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
bert; Flatt, Matthew; Krishnamurthi, Shriram (2018). How to Design Programs. MIT Press.
Graham, Paul. ANSI Common LISP. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996.
MacLennan, Bruce J. Functional Programming: Practice and Theory. Addison-Wesley, 1990.
Michaelson, Greg (10 April 2013). An Introduction to Functiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
==
Ford, Neal. "Functional thinking". Retrieved 2021-11-10.
Akhmechet, Slava (2006-06-19). "defmacro – Functional Programming For The Rest of Us". Retrieved 2013-02-24. An introduction
Functional programming in Python (by David Mertz): part 1, part 2, part 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
Inductive programming (IP) is a special area of automatic programming, covering research from artificial intelligence and programming, which addresses learning of typically declarative (logic or functional) and often recursive programs from incomplete specifications, such as input/output examples or constraints.
Depend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
hms from incomplete (formal) specifications. Possible inputs in an IP system are a set of training inputs and corresponding outputs or an output evaluation function, describing the desired behavior of the intended program, traces or action sequences which describe the process of calculating specific outputs, constraint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
cification, and this leads to the consideration of inductive programming as a special area inside automatic programming or program synthesis, usually opposed to 'deductive' program synthesis, where the specification is usually complete.
In other cases, inductive programming is seen as a more general area where any dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
been used or suggested in inductive programming, such as functional logic programming, constraint programming, probabilistic programming, abductive logic programming, modal logic, action languages, agent languages and many types of imperative languages.
== History ==
Research on the inductive synthesis of recursive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
t decade.
The advent of logic programming brought a new elan but also a new direction in the early 1980s, especially due to the MIS system of Shapiro eventually spawning the new field of inductive logic programming (ILP). The early works of Plotkin, and his "relative least general generalization (rlgg)", had an enormou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
ine learning setting with applications in relational data mining and knowledge discovery.
In parallel to work in ILP, Koza proposed genetic programming in the early 1990s as a generate-and-test based approach to learning programs. The idea of genetic programming was further developed into the inductive programming syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
ity were related to classical concepts, such as identification-in-the-limit, as introduced in the seminal work of Gold. More recently, the language learning problem was addressed by the inductive programming community.
In the recent years, the classical approaches have been resumed and advanced with great success. Ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
hypotheses. For instance, the use of higher-order features, schemes or structured distances have been advocated for a better handling of recursive data types and structures; abstraction has also been explored as a more powerful approach to cumulative learning and function invention.
One powerful paradigm that has been ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
routine tasks, give programming support for end users, or support of novice programmers and programming tutor systems. Further areas of application are language learning, learning recursive control rules for AI-planning, learning recursive concepts in web-mining or for data-format transformations".
Since then, these an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
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