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ive reasoning
Test-driven development
== References ==
== Further reading ==
== External links ==
Inductive Programming community page, hosted by the University of Bamberg. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
Extreme programming (XP) is a software development methodology intended to improve software quality and responsiveness to changing customer requirements. As a type of agile software development, it advocates frequent releases in short development cycles, intended to improve productivity and introduce checkpoints at whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
ews are considered a beneficial practice; taken to the extreme, code can be reviewed continuously (i.e. the practice of pair programming).
== History ==
Kent Beck developed extreme programming during his work on the Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System (C3) payroll project. Beck became the C3 project leader in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
1960s. To shorten the total development time, some formal test documents (such as for acceptance testing) have been developed in parallel with (or shortly before) the software being ready for testing. A NASA independent test group can write the test procedures, based on formal requirements and logical limits, before p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
tors.
Rapidly changing requirements demanded shorter product life-cycles, and often clashed with traditional methods of software development.
The Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System (C3) started in order to determine the best way to use object technologies, using the payroll systems at Chrysler as the object of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
time there was a lot more on the line. I thought, "Damn the torpedoes, at least this will make a good article," [and] asked the team to crank up all the knobs to 10 on the things I thought were essential and leave out everything else.
Beck invited Ron Jeffries to the project to help develop and refine these methods. Je... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
0-201-61641-6), spreading his ideas to a much larger audience. Authors in the series went through various aspects attending XP and its practices. The series included a book critical of the practices.
=== Current state ===
XP generated significant interest among software communities in the late 1990s and early 2000s,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
schedule allows, instead, the development of complex features over a period of several days.
Meanwhile, other agile-development practices have not stood still, and as of 2019 XP continues to evolve, assimilating more lessons from experiences in the field, to use other practices. In the second edition of Extreme Progra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
r, instead of attempting to define a stable set of requirements.
Extreme programming also introduces a number of basic values, principles and practices on top of the agile methodology.
=== Activities ===
XP describes four basic activities that are performed within the software development process: coding, testing, li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
an. Code, say the proponents of this position, is always clear and concise and cannot be interpreted in more than one way. Other programmers can give feedback on this code by also coding their thoughts.
==== Testing ====
Testing is central to extreme programming. Extreme programming's approach is that if a little te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
e interfaces, to reconnect before the separate sections diverged widely from coherent functionality. However, system-wide integration testing has been reduced, to weekly, or less often, depending on the stability of the overall interfaces in the system.
==== Listening ====
Programmers must listen to what the customer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
igning but at a given time one will get stuck. The system becomes too complex and the dependencies within the system cease to be clear. One can avoid this by creating a design structure that organizes the logic in the system. Good design will avoid many dependencies within a system; this means that changing one part of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
nstitutional knowledge among members of a development team. The goal is to give all developers a shared view of the system which matches the view held by the users of the system. To this end, extreme programming favors simple designs, common metaphors, collaboration of users and programmers, frequent verbal communicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
not investing in possible future requirements that might change before they become relevant. Coding and designing for uncertain future requirements implies the risk of spending resources on something that might not be needed, while perhaps delaying crucial features. Related to the "communication" value, simplicity in d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
te of their system. This review is planned once in every two or three weeks so the customer can easily steer the development.
Feedback from the team: When customers come up with new requirements in the planning game the team directly gives an estimation of the time that it will take to implement.
Feedback is closely re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
design and requiring a lot of effort to implement anything else. Courage enables developers to feel comfortable with refactoring their code when necessary. This means reviewing the existing system and modifying it so that future changes can be implemented more easily. Another example of courage is knowing when to throw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
est design for the solution at hand through refactoring.
Adopting the four earlier values leads to respect gained from others in the team. Nobody on the team should feel unappreciated or ignored. This ensures a high level of motivation and encourages loyalty toward the team and toward the goal of the project. This valu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
ictate the environment in which software development can take place effectively, and "Rules of Play" which define the minute-by-minute activities and rules within the framework of the Rules of Engagement.
Here are some of the rules (incomplete):
Coding
The customer is always available
Code the unit test first
Only one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
d to guidance in a practical situation.
==== Feedback ====
Extreme programming sees feedback as most useful if it is done frequently and promptly. It stresses that minimal delay between an action and its feedback is critical to learning and making changes. Unlike traditional system development methods, contact with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
ition all unit tests against all the software, using an automated process that can be initiated by a single command. That way, if the developer's changes cause a failure in some other portion of the system that the developer knows little or nothing about, the automated all-unit-test suite will reveal the failure immedi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
uming simplicity ====
This is about treating every problem as if its solution were "extremely simple". Traditional system development methods say to plan for the future and to code for reusability. Extreme programming rejects these ideas.
The advocates of extreme programming say that making big changes all at once does... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
een described as having 12 practices, grouped into four areas:
=== Fine-scale feedback ===
Pair programming
Planning game
Test-driven development
Whole team
=== Continuous process ===
Continuous integration
Refactoring or design improvement
Small releases
=== Shared understanding ===
Coding standards
Collective c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
ndent on programmers being able to assume a unified client viewpoint so the programmer can concentrate on coding, rather than documentation of compromise objectives and constraints. This also applies when multiple programming organizations are involved, particularly organizations which compete for shares of projects.
O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
in more re-design effort than only re-designing when requirements change.
A customer representative is attached to the project. This role can become a single-point-of-failure for the project, and some people have found it to be a source of stress. Also, there is the danger of micro-management by a non-technical repres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
esponses ===
In 2003, Matt Stephens and Doug Rosenberg published Extreme Programming Refactored: The Case Against XP, which questioned the value of the XP process and suggested ways in which it could be improved. This triggered a lengthy debate in articles, Internet newsgroups, and web-site chat areas. The core argumen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
s; others claim that this is simply watering the process down.
Other authors have tried to reconcile XP with the older methodologies in order to form a unified methodology. Some of these XP sought to replace, such as the waterfall methodology; example Project Lifecycles: Waterfall, Rapid Application Development (RAD), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
development.
In particular, extreme programming has been reviewed and critiqued by Matt Stephens's and Doug Rosenberg's Extreme Programming Refactored.
== See also ==
Agile software development
Continuous obsolescence
EXtreme Manufacturing
Extreme project management
Extreme programming practices
Kaizen
List of softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
mbrace Change, Addison–Wesley. First edition, 1999. Second edition, with Cynthia Andres, 2004.
Kent Beck and Martin Fowler: Planning Extreme Programming, Addison–Wesley.
Alistair Cockburn: Agile Software Development, Addison–Wesley.
Martin Fowler: Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code.With Kent Beck, John ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
puters and Swarm Intelligence". In: ISTE, 225–256.
== External links ==
A gentle introduction
Industrial eXtreme Programming
Problems and Solutions to XP implementation
Using an Agile Software Process with Offshore Development – ThoughtWorks' experiences with implementing XP in large distributed projects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
Ajax (also AJAX ; short for "asynchronous JavaScript and XML") is a set of web development techniques that uses various web technologies on the client-side to create asynchronous web applications. With Ajax, web applications can send and retrieve data from a server asynchronously (in the background) without interfering... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) |
d to execute Ajax on webpages, allowing websites to load content onto the screen without refreshing the page. Ajax is not a new technology, nor is it a new language. Instead, it is existing technologies used in a new way.
== History ==
In the early-to-mid 1990s, most Websites were based on complete HTML pages. Each u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) |
developed the concept behind the XMLHttpRequest scripting object. It appeared as XMLHTTP in the second version of the MSXML library, which shipped with Internet Explorer 5.0 in March 1999.
The functionality of the Windows XMLHTTP ActiveX control in IE 5 was later implemented by Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, Google Ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) |
elease was among the first large-scale e-commerce uses of what their developers at that time called "the xml http thing". This increased interest in Ajax among web program developers.
The term AJAX was publicly used on 18 February 2005 by Jesse James Garrett in an article titled Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) |
d the term Ajax, Jesse James Garrett explained that the following technologies are incorporated:
HTML (or XHTML) and CSS for presentation
The Document Object Model (DOM) for dynamic display of and interaction with data
JSON or XML for the interchange of data, and XSLT for XML manipulation
The XMLHttpRequest object for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) |
ting Ajax requests.
== Examples ==
=== JavaScript example ===
An example of a simple Ajax request using the GET method, written in JavaScript.
get-ajax-data.js:
send-ajax-data.php:
=== Fetch example ===
Fetch is a native JavaScript API. According to Google Developers Documentation, "Fetch makes it easier to make... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) |
send cross-origin cookies unless you set the credentials init option. (Since April 2018. The spec changed the default credentials policy to same-origin. Firefox changed since 61.0b13.)
== Benefits ==
Ajax offers several benefits that can significantly enhance web application performance and user experience. By redu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) |
ormance significantly.
Besides, Ajax enjoys broad support across all major web browsers, including Microsoft Internet Explorer versions 5 and above, Mozilla Firefox versions 1.0 and beyond, Opera versions 7.6 and above, and Apple Safari versions 1.2 and higher.
== See also ==
== References ==
== External links ==... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) |
In computer science, imperative programming is a programming paradigm of software that uses statements that change a program's state. In much the same way that the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands, an imperative program consists of commands for the computer to perform. Imperative programming focu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
often used as synonyms, but the use of procedures has a dramatic effect on how imperative programs appear and how they are constructed. Heavy procedural programming, in which state changes are localized to procedures or restricted to explicit arguments and returns from procedures, is a form of structured programming. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
is still imperative since it fixes the statements to be executed and their order of execution to a large extent.
== Rationale and foundations of imperative programming ==
The programming paradigm used to build programs for almost all computers typically follows an imperative model. Digital computer hardware is desig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
o imperative programming; each step is an instruction, and the physical world holds the state. Since the basic ideas of imperative programming are both conceptually familiar and directly embodied in the hardware, most computer languages are in the imperative style.
Assignment statements, in imperative paradigm, perform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
tements allow a sequence of statements to be executed only if some condition is met. Otherwise, the statements are skipped and the execution sequence continues from the statement following them. Unconditional branching statements allow an execution sequence to be transferred to another part of a program. These include ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
s of assembly language.
== History of imperative and object-oriented languages ==
The earliest imperative languages were the machine languages of the original computers. In these languages, instructions were very simple, which made hardware implementation easier but hindered the creation of complex programs. FORTRAN,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
tem's target language for some computers. MUMPS (1966) carried the imperative paradigm to a logical extreme, by not having any statements at all, relying purely on commands, even to the extent of making the IF and ELSE commands independent of each other, connected only by an intrinsic variable named $TEST. COBOL (1960)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
es were imperative in style, but added features to support objects. The last two decades of the 20th century saw the development of many such languages. Smalltalk-80, originally conceived by Alan Kay in 1969, was released in 1980, by the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Drawing from concepts in another object-or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
Lerdorf in 1994; Java, by James Gosling (Sun Microsystems) in 1995, JavaScript, by Brendan Eich (Netscape), and Ruby, by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto, both released in 1995. Microsoft's .NET Framework (2002) is imperative at its core, as are its main target languages, VB.NET and C# that run on it; however Microsoft's F#,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
ndards Institute (ANSI) developed the first Fortran standard in 1966. In 1978, Fortran 77 became the standard until 1991. Fortran 90 supports:
records
pointers to arrays
=== COBOL ===
COBOL (1959) stands for "COmmon Business Oriented Language." Fortran manipulated symbols. It was soon realized that symbols did not n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
Language." It had a profound influence on programming language design. Emerging from a committee of European and American programming language experts, it used standard mathematical notation and had a readable structured design. Algol was first to define its syntax using the Backus–Naur form. This led to syntax-directe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
ate 1970s. As the microcomputer industry grew, so did the language.
Basic pioneered the interactive session. It offered operating system commands within its environment:
The 'new' command created an empty slate
Statements evaluated immediately
Statements could be programmed by preceding them with a line number
The 'li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
s because it has the facilities of assembly language, but uses a high-level syntax. It added advanced features like:
inline assembler
arithmetic on pointers
pointers to functions
bit operations
freely combining complex operators
C allows the programmer to control in which region of memory data is to be stored. Global... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
ere variables declared without default values are stored.
Variables stored in the global and static data region have their addresses set at compile-time. They retain their values throughout the life of the process.
The global and static region stores the global variables that are declared on top of (outside) the main()... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
ir value. An example usage would be the function int increment_counter(){ static int counter = 0; counter++; return counter;}
The stack region is a contiguous block of memory located near the top memory address. Variables placed in the stack are populated from top to bottom. A stack pointer is a special-purpose registe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
perating system manages the heap using a heap pointer and a list of allocated memory blocks. Like the stack, the addresses of heap variables are set during runtime. An out of memory error occurs when the heap pointer and the stack pointer meet.
C provides the malloc() library function to allocate heap memory. Populatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
d strings of characters. Concrete datatypes have their representation as part of their name. Abstract datatypes are structures of concrete datatypes — with a new name assigned. For example, a list of integers could be called integer_list.
In object-oriented jargon, abstract datatypes are called classes. However, a clas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
r example, a student is a person. Therefore, the set of students is a subset of the set of persons. As a result, students inherit all the attributes common to all persons. Additionally, students have unique attributes that other persons don't have. Object-oriented languages model subset/superset relationships using inh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
C++ source file for the GRADE class in a simple school application:
Here is a C++ header file for the PERSON class in a simple school application:
Here is a C++ source file for the PERSON class in a simple school application:
Here is a C++ header file for the STUDENT class in a simple school application:
Here is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
erative programming' by Stan Seibert, from Nupedia, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
Java is a high-level, general-purpose, memory-safe, object-oriented programming language. It is intended to let programmers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need to recompile. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
recent years with other languages using JVM gaining popularity.
Java was designed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. It was released in May 1995 as a core component of Sun's Java platform. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were released by Sun under prop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the project went by the na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
nerated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System.
On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as free and open-source software (FOSS), under the terms of the GPL-2.0-only license. On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
Android section).
On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle.
In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java run-time environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin.
Java software runs on most devices from laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers.
Oracle (and others) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
the last zero-cost public update for the legacy version Java 8 LTS in January 2019 for commercial use, although it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Other vendors such as Adoptium continue to offer free builds of OpenJDK's long-term support (LTS) versions. These buil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
nments.
The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages. Each package contains a set of related interfaces, classes, subpackages and exceptions.
Sun also provided an edition called Personal Java that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
ronment (JRE) installed on their device for standalone Java applications or a web browser for Java applets.
Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and networking.
The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of interpreting byt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
ten in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C++. However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1, the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM.
=== Automatic memory management ===
Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer determines when objects are created, and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
red the burden of having to perform manual memory management. In some languages, memory for the creation of objects is implicitly allocated on the stack or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap. In the latter case, the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer. If the program does not d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
p to allocate a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is not possible in Java.
Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic, where object addresses can be arithmetically manipulated (e.g. by adding or subtracting an offset). This allows the garbage collector to re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
anage the heap, such as the Z Garbage Collector (ZGC) introduced in Java 11, and Shenandoah GC, introduced in Java 12 but unavailable in Oracle-produced OpenJDK builds. Shenandoah is instead available in third-party builds of OpenJDK, such as Eclipse Temurin. For most applications in Java, G1GC is sufficient. In prior ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
tem is an object, with the exception of the primitive data types, (i.e. integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the printf method).
Unlike C++, Java does not support operator overloading or multipl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
==
The following is a simple example of a "Hello, World!" program that writes a message to the standard output:
== Special classes ==
=== Applet ===
Java applets were programs embedded in other applications, mainly in web pages displayed in web browsers. The Java applet API was deprecated with the release of Java ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
ices:
the Java API for RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS 2.0) useful for AJAX, JSON and REST services, and
the Java API for XML Web Services (JAX-WS) useful for SOAP Web Services.
Typical implementations of these APIs on Application Servers or Servlet Containers use a standard servlet for handling all interactions with the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
a different look and feel through the pluggable look and feel system of Swing. Clones of Windows, GTK+, and Motif are supplied by Sun. Apple also provides an Aqua look and feel for macOS. Where prior implementations of these looks and feels may have been considered lacking, Swing in Java SE 6 addresses this problem by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
==
In 2004, generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
uct classes and methods that allow assignment of an instance of one class to a variable of another unrelated class. Such code is accepted by the compiler, but fails at run time with a class cast exception.
== Criticism ==
Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics, speed, the handling of unsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
ard library, developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Oracle in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
libraries, which allow the application writer to communicate with external systems. These libraries include:
The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API for database access
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) for lookup and discovery
Java remote method invocation (RMI) and Common Object Request Broker Architectur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
des of the Java libraries and third-party applications are executed
Plugins, which enable applets to be run in web browsers
Java Web Start, which allows Java applications to be efficiently distributed to end users across the Internet
Licensing and documentation
== Documentation ==
Javadoc is a comprehensive document... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
inux, and Solaris. Because Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by Ecma International, ISO/IEC, ANSI, or other third-party standards organizations, the Oracle implementation is the de facto standard.
The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
ke all implementations of Java compatible. Historically, Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be compatible. This resulted in a legal dispute with Microsoft after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation did not support Java remote method invocation (RMI) or Java Nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
plies the Java platform for use with Java. The Android SDK is an alternative software platform, used primarily for developing Android applications with its own GUI system.
=== Android ===
The Java language is a key pillar in Android, an open source mobile operating system. Although Android, built on the Linux kernel,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
nclude an independent implementation of a large subset of it. It supports Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an implementation compatible with the standard library (Apache Harmony).
==== Controversy ====
The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google. On May 7, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
o.
Google filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court of the United States in January 2019 to challenge the two rulings that were made by the Appeals Court in Oracle's favor. On April 5, 2021, the Court ruled 6–2 in Google's favor, that its use of Java APIs should be considered fair use. However, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
Dynamic programming is both a mathematical optimization method and an algorithmic paradigm. The method was developed by Richard Bellman in the 1950s and has found applications in numerous fields, from aerospace engineering to economics.
In both contexts it refers to simplifying a complicated problem by breaking it down... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming |
he optimization literature this relationship is called the Bellman equation.
== Overview ==
=== Mathematical optimization ===
In terms of mathematical optimization, dynamic programming usually refers to simplifying a decision by breaking it down into a sequence of decision steps over time.
This is done by defining ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming |
r the needed states, the above operation yields Vi−1 for those states.
Finally, V1 at the initial state of the system is the value of the optimal solution. The optimal values of the decision variables can be recovered, one by one, by tracking back the calculations already performed.
=== Control theory ===
In control ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming |
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... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming |
n
−
k
,
u
n
−
k
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming |
n
−
k
,
u
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming |
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