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s and still runs many large computer reservation systems (CRS) and credit card systems today.
It is also possible to use solely the macro processing abilities of an assembler to generate code written in completely different languages, for example, to generate a version of a program in COBOL using a pure macro assembler... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
ssing appeared, and appears, in the C programming language, which supports "preprocessor instructions" to set variables, and make conditional tests on their values. Unlike certain previous macro processors inside assemblers, the C preprocessor is not Turing-complete because it lacks the ability to either loop or "go to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
"global" variable or constant b would be used to multiply "a". If foo is called with the parameter a-c, the macro expansion of load a-c*b occurs. To avoid any possible ambiguity, users of macro processors can parenthesize formal parameters inside macro definitions, or callers can parenthesize the input parameters.
=... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
80s (the latter days of large-scale assembly language use). IBM's High Level Assembler Toolkit includes such a macro package.
Another design was A-Natural, a "stream-oriented" assembler for 8080/Z80 processors from Whitesmiths Ltd. (developers of the Unix-like Idris operating system, and what was reported to be the fir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
y language development. In spite of that, they are still being developed and applied in cases where resource constraints or peculiarities in the target system's architecture prevent the effective use of higher-level languages.
Assemblers with a strong macro engine allow structured programming via macros, such as the sw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
d Study.
In late 1948, the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) had an assembler (named "initial orders") integrated into its bootstrap program. It used one-letter mnemonics developed by David Wheeler, who is credited by the IEEE Computer Society as the creator of the first "assembler". Reports on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
ogramming productivity. Today, assembly language is still used for direct hardware manipulation, access to specialized processor instructions, or to address critical performance issues. Typical uses are device drivers, low-level embedded systems, and real-time systems (see § Current usage).
Numerous programs were writt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
development language for 8-bit home computers such as the Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, ZX Spectrum, and Commodore 64. Interpreted BASIC on these systems did not offer maximum execution speed and full use of facilities to take full advantage of the available hardware. Assembly language was the default choice for pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
nt usage ===
There has been debate over the usefulness and performance of assembly language relative to high-level languages.
Although assembly language has specific niche uses where it is important (see below), there are other tools for optimization.
As of July 2017, the TIOBE index of programming language popularity ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
isses, I/O operations and paging, making raw code execution speed a non-issue for many programmers.
There are still certain computer programming domains in which the use of assembly programming is more common:
Writing code for systems with older processors that have limited high-level language options such as the Atar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
lgorithms, as well as querying the parity of a byte or the 4-bit carry of an addition.
Stand-alone executables that are required to execute without recourse to the run-time components or libraries associated with a high-level language, such as the firmware for telephones, automobile fuel and ignition systems, air-condi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
rocessor.
Real-time programs such as simulations, flight navigation systems, and medical equipment. For example, in a fly-by-wire system, telemetry must be interpreted and acted upon within strict time constraints. Such systems must eliminate sources of unpredictable delays, which may be created by interpreted language... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
equired, in extremely high-security situations where nothing can be taken for granted.
Computer viruses, bootloaders, certain device drivers, or other items very close to the hardware or low-level operating system.
Instruction set simulators for monitoring, tracing and debugging where additional overhead is kept to a m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
taught in most computer science and electronic engineering programs. Although few programmers today regularly work with assembly language as a tool, the underlying concepts remain important. Such fundamental topics as binary arithmetic, memory allocation, stack processing, character set encoding, interrupt processing,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
ically used in a system's boot code, the low-level code that initializes and tests the system hardware prior to booting the operating system and is often stored in ROM. (BIOS on IBM-compatible PC systems and CP/M is an example.)
Assembly language is often used for low-level code, for instance for operating system kerne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
ach hardware platform. The system's portable code can then use these processor-specific components through a uniform interface.
Assembly language is useful in reverse engineering. Many programs are distributed only in machine code form which is straightforward to translate into assembly language by a disassembler, but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
=
Compiler
Comparison of assemblers
Disassembler
Hexadecimal
Instruction set architecture
Little man computer – an educational computer model with a base-10 assembly language
Nibble
Typed assembly language
== Notes ==
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Bartlett, Jonathan (2004). Programming from the Ground U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
+270+6 pages)
Duntemann, Jeff (2000). Assembly Language Step-by-Step. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-37523-3.
Hyde, Randall (2010). The Art of Assembly Language (2nd ed.). No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1593272074.
Jorgensen, Ed. "x86-64 Assembly Language Programming with Ubuntu" (PDF).
Kann, Charles W. (2015). "Introduction to MIPS Ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
ison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-39828-1.
"ASM Community Book". 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2013-05-30. ("An online book full of helpful ASM info, tutorials and code examples" by the ASM Community, archived at the internet archive.)
== External links ==
Assembly Language and Learning Assembly La... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
In computer science, programming by demonstration (PbD) is an end-user development technique for teaching a computer or a robot new behaviors by demonstrating the task to transfer directly instead of programming it through machine commands.
The terms programming by example (PbE) and programming by demonstration (PbD) a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration |
adopted by robotics researchers. Today, PbE refers to an entirely different concept, supported by new programming languages that are similar to simulators. This framework can be contrasted with Bayesian program synthesis.
== Robot programming by demonstration ==
The PbD paradigm is first attractive to the robotics i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration |
relevant configurations that the robot
should adopt sequentially (position, orientation, state of the gripper). The method was then progressively ameliorated by
focusing principally on the teleoperation control and by using different interfaces such as vision.
However, these PbD methods still used direct repetition, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration |
lly brought a growing interest in robot programming by demonstration. As a humanoid robot is supposed by its nature to adapt to new environments, not only the human appearance is important but the algorithms used for its control require flexibility and versatility. Due to the continuously changing environments and to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration |
earning by imitation.
=== Neurally-imprinted Stable Vector Fields (NiVF) ===
Neurally-imprinted Stable Vector Fields (NiVF) was introduced as a novel learning scheme during ESANN 2013 and show how to imprint vector fields into neurals networks such as Extreme Learning Machines (ELMs) in a guaranteed stable manner. Fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration |
estimated. Second, stability is incorporated by means of a novel method to respect local constraints in the neural learning. This allows for learning stable dynamics while simultaneously sustaining the accuracy of the dynamical system and robustly generate complex movements.
=== Diffeomorphic Transformations ===
Dif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration |
lized with parameterized skills. A skill is requesting a database and generates a trajectory. For example, at first the skill “opengripper(slow)” is sent to the motion database and in response, the stored movement of the robotarm is provided. The parameters of a skill allow to modify the policy to fulfill external cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration |
se ==
For final users, to automate a workflow in a complex tool (e.g. Photoshop), the most simple case of PbD is the macro recorder.
== See also ==
Programming by example
Inductive programming
Macro recorder
Supervised learning
== References ==
Cypher, Allen (1993), Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration |
B: Biological Sciences, 358 (1431): 537–547, doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1258, PMC 1693137, PMID 12689379
Robots that imitate humans, Cynthia Breazeal and Brian Scassellati, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6:1, 2002, pp. 481–87
Billard, A, "Imitation", in Arbib, MA (ed.), Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, MIT Pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration |
nteractive teacher-student (trainer/coach-trainee/client) kinesthetic demonstration, CH.
Bentivegna, Darrin, Teaching air hockey to a humanoid robot, JP: ATR, archived from the original on 2008-01-27.
Community activities on closely related topics
Technical Committee on Human-Robot Interaction & Coordination, IEEE Robo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration |
An application programming interface (API) is a connection between computers or between computer programs. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that describes how to build such a connection or interface is called an API specification. A computer syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
that portion of the API. The calls that make up the API are also known as subroutines, methods, requests, or endpoints. An API specification defines these calls, meaning that it explains how to use or implement them.
One purpose of APIs is to hide the internal details of how a system works, exposing only those parts a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
from the outside. It allows two software systems to communicate across a boundary — an interface — using mutually agreed-upon signals. In other words, an API connects software entities together. Unlike a user interface, an API is typically not visible to users. It is an "under the hood" portion of a software system, us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
ct the current weather conditions and reply with a weather report. The message that activates the sensor is an API call, and the weather report is an API response. A weather forecasting app might integrate with a number of weather sensor APIs, gathering weather data from throughout a geographical area.
An API is often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
of the API is much older than the term itself. British computer scientists Maurice Wilkes and David Wheeler worked on a modular software library in the 1940s for EDSAC, an early computer. The subroutines in this library were stored on punched paper tape organized in a filing cabinet. This cabinet also contained what W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
ce" (without an -ing suffix) is first recorded in a paper called Data structures and techniques for remote computer graphics presented at an AFIPS conference in 1968. The authors of this paper use the term to describe the interaction of an application—a graphics program in this case—with the rest of the computer system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
query interface. Database professionals in the 1970s observed these different interfaces could be combined; a sufficiently rich application interface could support the other interfaces as well.
This observation led to APIs that supported all types of programming, not just application programming. By 1990, the API was d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
ng's dissertation Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures at UC Irvine in 2000 outlined Representational state transfer (REST) and described the idea of a "network-based Application Programming Interface" that Fielding contrasted with traditional "library-based" APIs. XML and JSON we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
the term API has overlap in meaning with the term communication protocol.
== Types ==
=== Libraries and frameworks ===
The interface to a software library is one type of API. The API describes and prescribes the "expected behavior" (a specification) while the library is an "actual implementation" of this set of ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
for an object-oriented language, such as Java, would provide a specification of classes and its class methods. Hyrum's law states that "With a sufficient number of users of an API, it does not matter what you promise in the contract: all observable behaviors of your system will be depended on by somebody." Meanwhile, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
the access to the behavior built into the framework is mediated by extending its content with new classes plugged into the framework itself.
Moreover, the overall program flow of control can be out of the control of the caller and in the framework's hands by inversion of control or a similar mechanism.
=== Operating ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
ility Mode".
An API differs from an application binary interface (ABI) in that an API is source code based while an ABI is binary based. For instance, POSIX provides APIs while the Linux Standard Base provides an ABI.
=== Remote APIs ===
Remote APIs allow developers to manipulate remote resources through protocols, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
e remote object, using the remoting protocol, and acquires the result to be used locally as a return value.
A modification of the proxy object will also result in a corresponding modification of the remote object.
=== Web APIs ===
Web APIs are the defined interfaces through which interactions happen between an enter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
) or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format. An example might be a shipping company API that can be added to an eCommerce-focused website to facilitate ordering shipping services and automatically include current shipping rates, without the site developer having to enter the shipper's rate table into a web database. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
edia space, web APIs have allowed web communities to facilitate sharing content and data between communities and applications. In this way, content that is created in one place dynamically can be posted and updated to multiple locations on the web. For example, Twitter's REST API allows developers to access core Twitte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
x piece of software.
== Release policies ==
APIs are one of the more common ways technology companies integrate. Those that provide and use APIs are considered as being members of a business ecosystem.
The main policies for releasing an API are:
Private: The API is for internal company use only.
Partner: Only specif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
like Cloudflare or Voxility, use RESTful APIs to allow customers and resellers access to their infrastructure information, DDoS stats, network performance or dashboard controls. Access to such APIs is granted either by “API tokens”, or customer status validations.
=== Public API implications ===
An important factor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
hould be considered a candidate for being removed, or modified in a backward incompatible way. Therefore, these changes allow developers to transition away from parts of the API that will be removed or not supported in the future.
Client code may contain innovative or opportunistic usages that were not intended by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
=
API documentation describes what services an API offers and how to use those services, aiming to cover everything a client would need to know for practical purposes.
Documentation is crucial for the development and maintenance of applications using the API.
API documentation is traditionally found in documentation fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
a number of forms, including instructional documents, tutorials, and reference works. It'll also include a variety of information types, including guides and functionalities.
Restrictions and limitations on how the API can be used are also covered by the documentation. For instance, documentation for an API function c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
he typical usages, as well the required contracts and directives. Then, templates can be used to generate natural language from the mined data.
== Dispute over copyright protection for APIs ==
In 2010, Oracle Corporation sued Google for having distributed a new implementation of Java embedded in the Android operatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
ommands.
Alsup's ruling was overturned in 2014 on appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, though the question of whether such use of APIs constitutes fair use was left unresolved.
In 2016, following a two-week trial, a jury determined that Google's reimplementation of the Java API constituted fair use,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
ling: The Case of the Twitter API". Computational Culture (3). ISSN 2047-2390. Argues that "APIs are far from neutral tools" and form a key part of contemporary programming, understood as a fundamental part of culture.
What is an API? – in the U.S. Supreme Court opinion, Google v. Oracle 2021, pp. 3–7 – "For each task,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
In computer science, function-level programming refers to one of the two contrasting programming paradigms identified by John Backus in his work on programs as mathematical objects, the other being value-level programming.
In his 1977 Turing Award lecture, Backus set forth what he considered to be the need to switch to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-level_programming |
nce program variables, which are essential in value-level definitions, are not needed in function-level programs.
== Introduction ==
In the function-level style of programming, a program is built directly from programs that are given at the outset, by combining them with program-forming operations or functionals. Thu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-level_programming |
pace by emphasizing the algebraic properties of the program-forming operations over the space of programs.
Another potential advantage of the function-level view is the ability to use only strict functions and thereby have bottom-up semantics, which are the simplest kind of all. Yet another is the existence of function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-level_programming |
rogramming is a particular, constrained type.
A key distinction from functional languages is that Backus' language has the following hierarchy of types:
atoms
functions, which take atoms to atoms
Higher-order functions (which he calls "functional forms"), which take one or two functions to functions
...and the only wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-level_programming |
often misinterpret Backus' function-level approach as a restrictive variant of the lambda style, which is a de facto value-level style. In fact, Backus would not have disagreed with the 'restrictive' accusation: he argued that it was precisely due to such restrictions that a well-formed mathematical space could arise, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-level_programming |
==
Function Level Programs As Mathematical Objects from John Backus
From Function Level Semantics to Program Transformation and Optimization SpringerLink see point 1.2 and 1.3
Closed applicative languages, FP and FL, in John W. Backus (Publications) or the original Programming Language Semantics and Closed Applicative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-level_programming |
Strip programming or stripping is a technique used for scheduling television and radio programming to ensure consistency and coherency. Television or radio programs of a particular style (such as a television series) are given a regular daily time slot during the week, so that it appears as a strip straight across the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_programming |
aphics. Strip programming is sometimes criticized as making programming too predictable, and reducing diversity and uniqueness.
== Overview ==
Strip scheduling often applies to any program that airs on multiple consecutive days during the calendar week (most commonly Monday through Friday), whether carried through a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_programming |
model in American television. A show became far more profitable if it succeeded in getting three full U.S. seasons (about 75 episodes) or more, as then it was possible to strip it for fifteen weeks (15×5=75) before needing to repeat episodes. Once a series attained five seasons (which would push the show over the 100 e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_programming |
ultural memes associated with them far more widely known than if the shows had only been viewable during their initial time frame.
Michael Grade was responsible for introducing stripped and stranded schedules to the BBC's television service in the United Kingdom in his role as controller of BBC1: from February 18, 1985... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_programming |
ractice on many British channels since the introduction of multi-channel cable and satellite television in the 1990s.
In many other countries, new episodes of various series are aired every weekday. For example, if such a station gets the most recent season of a television series originating from the United States, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_programming |
arries it in various timeslots.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_programming |
In computer programming, a naming convention is a set of rules for choosing the character sequence to be used for identifiers which denote variables, types, functions, and other entities in source code and documentation.
Reasons for using a naming convention (as opposed to allowing programmers to choose any character s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
onvention can include the following:
to provide additional information (i.e., metadata) about the use to which an identifier is put;
to help formalize expectations and promote consistency within a development team;
to enable the use of automated refactoring or search and replace tools with minimal potential for error;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
the extent to which they are enforced) is often a contentious issue, with partisans holding their viewpoint to be the best and others to be inferior. Moreover, even with known and well-defined naming conventions in place, some organizations may fail to consistently adhere to them, causing inconsistency and confusion.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
est that identifier style affects recall and precision and that familiarity with a style speeds recall.
== Common elements ==
The exact rules of a naming convention depend on the context in which they are employed. Nevertheless, there are several common elements that influence most if not all naming conventions in c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
t identifiers (such as 'i' or 'j') are very difficult to uniquely distinguish using automated search and replace tools (although this is not an issue for regex-based tools)
longer identifiers may be preferred because short identifiers cannot encode enough information or appear too cryptic
longer identifiers may be disf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
ASIC such as TRS-80 Level 2 Basic, long names were allowed, but only the first two letters were significant. This feature permitted erroneous behaviour that could be difficult to debug, for example when names such as "VALUE" and "VAT" were used and intended to be distinct.
early source code editors lacking autocomplete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
gful identifiers." A single word may not be as meaningful, or specific, as multiple words. Consequently, some naming conventions specify rules for the treatment of "compound" identifiers containing more than one word.
As most programming languages do not allow whitespace in identifiers, a method of delimiting each wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
te words with a non-alphanumeric character. The two characters commonly used for this purpose are the hyphen ("-") and the underscore ("_"); e.g., the two-word name "two words" would be represented as "two-words" or "two_words".
The hyphen is used by nearly all programmers writing COBOL (1959), Forth (1970), and Lisp ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
is common in the C family (including Python), with lowercase words, being found for example in The C Programming Language (1978), and has come to be known as snake case or snail case. Underscores with uppercase, as in UPPER_CASE, are commonly used for C preprocessor macros, hence known as MACRO_CASE, and for environmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
typing, readability and ease of segmentation, whereas others leave them uppercased (e.g. XMLHTTPRequest) for accuracy.
==== Examples of multiple-word identifier formats ====
== Metadata and hybrid conventions ==
Some naming conventions represent rules or requirements that go beyond the requirements
of a specific pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
application (Letters of Credit), C for COBOL, IIL for the particular process subset, and the 01 a sequence number.
This sort of convention is still in active use in mainframes dependent upon JCL and is also seen in the 8.3 (maximum eight characters with period separator followed by three character file type) MS-DOS sty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
L (flag), CD (code), W (work) and so forth. In practice, the available CLASS words would be a list of less than two dozen terms.
CLASS words, typically positioned on the right (suffix), served much the same purpose as Hungarian notation prefixes.
The purpose of CLASS words, in addition to consistency, was to specify t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
lowercase traditionally existed in older APL versions). If the name used underscored letters, then the delta underbar (⍙) would be used instead.
=== C and C++ ===
In C and C++, keywords and standard library identifiers are mostly lowercase. In the C standard library, abbreviated names are the most common (e.g. isaln... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
ficially similar to stropping, but the semantics differ: the underscores are part of the value of the identifier, rather than being quoting characters (as is stropping): the value of __foo is __foo (which is reserved), not foo (but in a different namespace).
=== C# ===
C# naming conventions generally follow the guide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
to an interface be PascalCase preceded by the capital letter I, as in IEnumerable.
The Microsoft guidelines for naming fields are specific to static, public, and protected fields; fields that are not static and that have other accessibility levels (such as internal and private) are explicitly not covered by the guideli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
(such as from and where), in which cases the prefix is not strictly required (at least not at its declaration; for example, although the declaration dynamic dynamic; is valid, this would typically be seen as dynamic @dynamic; to indicate to the reader immediately that the latter is a variable name).
=== Dart/Flutter ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
g to structs or functions, the first letter specifies the visibility for external packages. Making the first letter uppercase exports that piece of code, while lowercase makes it only usable within the current scope.
=== Java ===
In Java, naming conventions for identifiers have been established and suggested by vario... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
ereas Widget.expand() implies an invocation to static method expand() in class Widget.
One widely used Java coding style dictates that UpperCamelCase be used for classes and lowerCamelCase be used for instances and methods.
Recognising this usage, some IDEs, such as Eclipse, implement shortcuts based on CamelCase. For ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
xp, TypeError, XMLHttpRequest, DOMObject) and methods use lower camel case (getElementById, getElementsByTagNameNS, createCDATASection). In order to be consistent most JavaScript developers follow these conventions.
See also: Douglas Crockford's conventions
=== Lisp ===
Common practice in most Lisp dialects is to use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
e; LoginButton instead of BtnLogin.
=== Objective-C ===
Objective-C has a common coding style that has its roots in Smalltalk .
Top-level entities, including classes, protocols, categories, as well as C constructs that are used in Objective-C programs like global variables and functions, are in UpperCamelCase with a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
s, constants, types and procedures, and lowercase or lowerCamelCase identifiers for math constants, variables, formal parameters and functions. While some dialects support underscore and dollar signs in identifiers, snake case and macro case is more likely confined to use within foreign API interfaces.
=== Perl ===
P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
camelCase.
=== Python and Ruby ===
Python and Ruby both recommend UpperCamelCase for class names, CAPITALIZED_WITH_UNDERSCORES for constants, and snake_case for other names.
In Python, if a name is intended to be "private", it is prefixed by one or two underscores. Private variables are enforced in Python only by co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
nction names e.g. fit_models.R. The Bioconductor style guide recommends UpperCamelCase for class names and lowerCamelCase for variable and function names.
Its predecessors S and S-PLUS did not allow underscores in variable and function names, but instead used the period as a delimiter. As a result, many base functions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
grammers thus often use kebab case in their identifiers; for example,
fish-food and don't-do-that are valid identifiers.
=== Rust ===
Rust recommends UpperCamelCase for type aliases and struct, trait, enum, and enum variant names, SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE for constants or statics and snake_case for variable, function an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
heckstyle
Coding conventions
List of tools for static code analysis
Namespace
Naming convention
Sigil (computer programming)
Syntax (programming languages)
== References ==
== External links ==
coding-guidelines.com has a pdf that uses linguistics and psychology to attempt a cost/benefit analysis of identifier nami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention_(programming) |
Dryad was a research project at Microsoft Research for a general purpose runtime for execution of data parallel applications.
The research prototypes of the Dryad and DryadLINQ data-parallel processing frameworks are available in source form at GitHub.
== Overview ==
Microsoft made several preview releases of this t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryad_(programming) |
ected by a network, as in a cluster). Scheduling of the computational vertices on the available hardware is handled by the Dryad runtime, without any explicit intervention by the developer of the application or administrator of the network. The flow of data between one computational vertex to another is implemented by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryad_(programming) |
mposition operator (defined by Dryad) that connects two graphs (or two nodes of a graph) with an edge. Managed code wrappers for the Dryad API can also be written.
There exist several high-level language compilers which use Dryad as a runtime; examples include Scope (Structured Computations Optimized for Parallel Execu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryad_(programming) |
This is a list of television programs broadcast by Nickelodeon in the United States. The channel was first tested on December 1, 1977, as an experimental local channel in Columbus, Ohio. On April 1, 1979, the channel expanded into a national network named Nickelodeon.
The first program broadcast on Nickelodeon was Pinw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon |
ly aired a mix of original live-action and animated titles.
== Current programming ==
=== Original programming ===
==== Animated ====
==== Programming from Paramount+ ====
==== Live-action ====
===== Comedy =====
===== News and sports =====
==== Preschool series ====
==== Programming from Paramount+ =... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon |
preschool series =====
===== Live-action preschool series =====
==== Programming from Noggin ====
==== Miniseries/other ====
=== Former acquired programming ===
==== Former acquired animated series ====
==== Former acquired live-action comedy series ====
==== Former acquired action series ====
==== For... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon |
References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon |
ESPN (an initialism of their original name, which was the Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) is an American international basic cable sports channel owned by the Walt Disney Company (80% and operational control) and Hearst Communications (20%) through the joint venture ESPN Inc. The company was founded in 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN |
merica, and the Netherlands. In Canada, it owns a 20% interest in The Sports Network (TSN) and its five sister networks. Despite the network's success, criticism of ESPN includes accusations of biased coverage.
== History ==
=== Background and Launch ===
Bill Rasmussen came up with the concept of ESPN in May 1978,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN |
e company from Bill Rasmussen on February 22, 1979, in an attempt to diversify the company's holdings. This helped the credibility of the fledgling company; however, there were still many doubters about the viability of their sports channel concept. Another event that helped build ESPN's credibility was securing an adv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN |
d the rights to broadcast coverage of the early rounds of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. It first aired its games in March 1980, helping bring attention to what is today known as "March Madness". The channel's tournament coverage also launched the broadcasting career of Dick Vitale, who at the time he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN |
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