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iately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, governments, and businesses created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers; some were distributed between users of a particular machine for no charge, while others were sold on a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
developers for that period of time.
== Nature of the work ==
Computer programmers write, test, debug, and maintain the detailed instructions, called computer programs, that computers must follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by compute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
er, although professional certifications are commonly held by programmers. Programming is considered a profession.
Programmers' work varies widely depending on the type of business for which they are writing programs. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those req... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
hese editors include features useful for programmers, which may include color syntax highlighting, auto indentation, auto-complete, bracket matching, syntax check, and allows plug-ins. These features aid the users during coding, debugging and testing.
== Globalization ==
=== Market changes in the UK ===
According t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
attributed to a lack of general interest in science and mathematics and also out of an apparent fear that programming will be subject to the same pressures as manufacturing and agriculture careers. For programmers, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Outlook originally predicted a growth for programm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
2% increase in employment, from 1,469,200 to 1,785,200 jobs with a median base salary of $110,000 per year. This prediction is lower than the earlier 2010 to 2020 predicted increase of 30% for software developers. Though the distinction is somewhat ambiguous, software developers engage in a wider array of aspects of ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
hics of their workforce and their low birth rate not being sufficient for replacement has led to more use of AI to help fill the gap. On the other hand, despite the fact that there are more than 1.2 million programmers in Japan as of 2020, more than 40% of Japanese companies say they do not have enough skilled and qual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
5–132. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012.
Thompson, Clive (2019). Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0735220560.
== External links ==
The US Department of Labor description of:
Computer programmers
Software developers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
Programming complexity (or software complexity) is a term that includes software properties that affect internal interactions. Several commentators distinguish between the terms "complex" and "complicated". Complicated implies being difficult to understand, but ultimately knowable. Complex, by contrast, describes the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_complexity |
. He and his co-author Les Belady explored numerous software metrics that could be used to measure the state of software, eventually concluding that the only practical solution is to use deterministic complexity models.
== Types ==
The complexity of an existing program determines the complexity of changing the progra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_complexity |
esentation of complexity, do not lend themselves to easy measurement. Some of the more commonly used metrics are
McCabe's cyclomatic complexity metric
Halstead's software science metrics
Henry and Kafura introduced "Software Structure Metrics Based on Information Flow" in 1981, which measures complexity as a function ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_complexity |
ced "A Metrics Suite for Object-Oriented Design" in 1994, focusing on metrics for object-oriented code. They introduce six OO complexity metrics: (1) weighted methods per class; (2) coupling between object classes; (3) response for a class; (4) number of children; (5) depth of inheritance tree; and (6) lack of cohesion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_complexity |
r class, coupling between object classes, response for a class, number of children, depth of inheritance tree, and lack of cohesion of methods, described below:
Weighted methods per class ("WMC")
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In computer programming, flag can refer to one or more bits that are used to store a binary value or a Boolean variable for signaling special code conditions, such as file empty or full queue statuses.
Flags may be found as members of a defined data structure, such as a database record, and the meaning of the value con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_(programming) |
y used to control or indicate the intermediate or final state or outcome of different operations. Microprocessors typically have, for example, a status register that is composed of such flags, and the flags are used to indicate various post-operation conditions, such as when there has been an arithmetic overflow. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_(programming) |
Structured programming is a programming paradigm aimed at improving the clarity, quality, and development time of a computer program by making specific disciplined use of the structured control flow constructs of selection (if/then/else) and repetition (while and for), block structures, and subroutines.
It emerged in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
in some particular cases, such as when exception handling has to be performed.
== Elements ==
=== Control structures ===
Following the structured program theorem, all programs are seen as composed of three control structures:
"Sequence"; ordered statements or subroutines executed in sequence.
"Selection"; one of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
ne exit point, and a few languages enforce this).
=== Subroutines ===
Subroutines; callable units such as procedures, functions, methods, or subprograms are used to allow a sequence to be referred to by a single statement.
=== Blocks ===
Blocks are used to enable groups of statements to be treated as if they were o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
rogramming include: ALGOL, Pascal, PL/I, Ada and RPL but most new procedural programming languages since that time have included features to encourage structured programming, and sometimes deliberately left out features – notably GOTO – in an effort to make unstructured programming more difficult.
Structured programmin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
ation of a Turing machine. Therefore, a processor is always executing a "structured program" in this sense, even if the instructions it reads from memory are not part of a structured program. However, authors usually credit the result to a 1966 paper by Böhm and Jacopini, possibly because Dijkstra cited this paper hims... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
roof by Böhm and Jacopini nor our repeated successes at writing structured code brought them around one day sooner than they were ready to convince themselves.
Donald Knuth accepted the principle that programs must be written with provability in mind, but he disagreed with abolishing the GOTO statement, and as of 2018 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
BM researcher Harlan Mills applied his interpretation of structured programming theory to the development of an indexing system for The New York Times research file. The project was a great engineering success, and managers at other companies cited it in support of adopting structured programming, although Dijkstra cri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
ramming. High-level programming languages that originally lacked programming structures, such as FORTRAN, COBOL, and BASIC, now have them.
== Common deviations ==
While goto has now largely been replaced by the structured constructs of selection (if/then/else) and repetition (while and for), few languages are purely ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
proceed with next iteration). In structured programming, these can be replicated by adding additional branches or tests, but for returns from nested code this can add significant complexity. C is an early and prominent example of these constructs. Some newer languages also have "labeled breaks", which allow breaking o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
These must be done at each return site, which is brittle and can easily result in bugs. For instance, in later development, a return statement could be overlooked by a developer, and an action that should be performed at the end of a subroutine (e.g., a trace statement) might not be performed in all cases. Languages w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
exist to encapsulate resource management. An alternative approach, found primarily in C++, is Resource Acquisition Is Initialization, which uses normal stack unwinding (variable deallocation) at function exit to call destructors on local variables to deallocate resources.
Kent Beck, Martin Fowler and co-authors have ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
e guarded statements are supposed to deal with the less common ones (or with errors). Herb Sutter and Andrei Alexandrescu also argue in their 2004 C++ tips book that the single-exit point is an obsolete requirement.
In his 2004 textbook, David Watt writes that "single-entry multi-exit control flows are often desirable"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
aving to examine its destination. Watt writes that a class of sequencers known as escape sequencers, defined as a "sequencer that terminates execution of a textually enclosing command or procedure", encompasses both breaks from loops (including multi-level breaks) and return statements. Watt also notes that while jump ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
Exception handling ===
Based on the coding error from the Ariane 501 disaster, software developer Jim Bonang argues that any exceptions thrown from a function violate the single-exit paradigm, and proposes that all inter-procedural exceptions should be forbidden. Bonang proposes that all single-exit conforming C++ sho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
ming languages that support exceptions of engaging in cargo cult thinking.
David Watt also analyzes exception handling in the framework of sequencers (introduced in this article in the previous section on early exits.) Watt notes that an abnormal situation (generally exemplified with arithmetic overflows or input/outpu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
ntail, results in a situation where "the application code tends to get cluttered by tests of status flags" and that "the programmer might forgetfully or lazily omit to test a status flag. In fact, abnormal situations represented by status flags are by default ignored!" He notes that in contrast to status flags testing,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
at where the actual transfer takes place. At the point where the transfer actually occurs, there may be no syntactic indication that control will in fact be transferred." Computer science professor Arvind Kumar Bansal also notes that in languages which implement exception handling, even control structures like for, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
xit points appears in some contemporary programming environments focused on parallel computing, such as OpenMP. The various parallel constructs from OpenMP, like parallel do, do not allow early exits from inside to the outside of the parallel construct; this restriction includes all manner of exits, from break to C++ e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
utine, as the subprogram has not actually terminated, and will continue when called again – it is not an early exit. However, coroutines mean that multiple subprograms have execution state – rather than a single call stack of subroutines – and thus introduce a different form of complexity.
It is very rare for subprogra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
m and using a variable to indicate the active state (see trampoline). Alternatively, these can be implemented via coroutines, which dispense with the trampoline.
== See also ==
DRAKON
Minimal evaluation
Nassi–Shneiderman diagram
Structure chart
Structured concurrency
Switch statement
== References ==
=== Citation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational programs to public television stations in the United States, distributin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution, or entities owned by or related to state government.
== History ==
PBS was established on November 3, 1969, by Hartford N. Gunn Jr. (president of WGBH), John Macy (president of CPB), James Day (last pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
rged into member station WETA-TV in 1972.
Immediately after public disclosure of the Watergate scandal, on May 17, 1973, the United States Senate Watergate Committee commenced proceedings; PBS broadcast the proceedings nationwide, with Robert MacNeil and Jim Lehrer as commentators. Although all of the Big Three TV Netw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
ular charity/non-profit in America" from over 100 charities researched in the study conducted by the industry publication, with 38.2% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing "love" and "like a lot" for PBS.
Since the mid-2000s, Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
up for the Nielsen ratings audience measurement reports, and began to be included in its primetime and daily "Television Index" reports, alongside the major commercial broadcast networks.
In May 2011, PBS announced that it would incorporate breaks containing underwriter spots for corporate and foundation sponsors, prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
ng its subject matter, this channel was renamed "PBS America" on July 4, 2012. The channel has subsequently become available in other parts of Europe and Australia.
On February 28, 2012, PBS partnered with AOL to launch Makers: Women Who Make America, a digital documentary series focusing on high-achieving women in mal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
al but edgy videos, something Seiken called "PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility". The studio's first hit, an auto-tuned version of the theme from one of their most famous television programs, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, was one of YouTube's 10 most viral videos of 2012. By 2013, monthly video views on PBS.org had ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
ibution entered into a multi-year agreement which saw several PBS Kids series on other streaming services move to Amazon Prime Video.
PBS Distribution partnered with MultiChoice to launch PBS Kids on May 22, 2019, on DStv and GOtv subscription platforms across its Sub-Saharan Africa footprint. In mid-2021, the channel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
ramming or pledge drive programming.
In 2019, PBS announced plans to move its headquarters to another building in the Crystal Gateway complex, while remaining in Crystal City, Virginia, and did so in 2020, which included a top building sign visible off the Richmond Highway.
On August 4, 2020, the Amazon Prime Video pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
tions set up. Jefferson Graham of USA Today called it "arguably the best bargain in streaming".
July 1, 2021, saw a PBS Julia Child channel added to Pluto TV and Tubi in the United States.
The channels "PBS Antiques Roadshow", "Julia Child", "Antiques Road Trip" and "PBS Nature" were added to a number of American FAST ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
television content and related services to its member stations, each of which together cooperatively owns the network. Unlike the affiliates for commercial TV networks, each non-profit PBS member station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content such as news, interviews, cultural, and public affa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
cheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, and PBS strives to market a consistent national lineup. However, PBS has a policy of "common carriage", which requires most stations to clear the national prime time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
ome distributed programs. Once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers, however, retain the right to sell the program's intellectual property in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
s Smiley, The Dick Cavett Show). In 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule (for example, drama series encompass the Sunday schedule, while science-related programs are featured on Wednesdays).
Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
WPBT in Miami. Newark, New Jersey/New York City member WNET produces or distributes programs such as Secrets of the Dead, Nature, and Cyberchase. PBS also works with other networks for programming such as CNN International for Amanpour & Company which is a co-production of CNN International and WNET.
PBS member station... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
on both sides of the Atlantic. Less frequently, Canadian, Australian and other international programming appears on PBS stations (such as The Red Green Show, currently distributed by syndicator Executive Program Services); public broadcasting syndicators are more likely to offer this programming to U.S.-based public te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
ool of Fine Art. In addition, the member stations themselves also produce a variety of local shows, some of which subsequently receive national distribution through PBS or other distributors.
Rerun programming, especially domestic programming not originally produced for public television, is generally uncommon on PBS o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
-the-air home to select specials from the Peanuts library, under sublicense from Apple; the deal was not renewed in 2022.
=== PBS Kids ===
Launched as PTV on July 11, 1994, PBS Kids is the brand for children's programs aired by PBS. PBS Kids, launched in 1999 and operated until 2005, was largely funded by satellite ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
e of their digital subchannels. A revived version of the PBS Kids Channel was launched on January 16, 2017. As of 2019, PBS Kids is the only children's programming block on U.S. broadcast television.
PAs the children's programs it distributes are intended to educate as well as entertain its target audience, PBS and its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
.
As of February 2023, the duration of the PBS Kids block was reduced from 13 hours of daily programming including both before- and after-school programs, down to eight hours primarily in the mornings. This move was meant to cater to more general audiences in the afternoons, and as part of an ongoing move of kids progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
ncluding Mississippi Public Broadcasting (MHSAA), Georgia Public Broadcasting (GHSA), Maine Public Broadcasting Network (MPA), Iowa PBS (IGHSAU), Nebraska Public Media (NSAA), and WKYU-TV (Western Kentucky Hilltoppers)—locally broadcast high school and college sports. From the 1980s onward, the national PBS network has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
heir own universities.
From 1976 to 1989, KQED produced a series of Bundesliga matches under the banner Soccer Made in Germany, with Toby Charles announcing. PBS also carried tennis events, as well as Ivy League football. Notable football commentators included Upton Bell, Marty Glickman, Bob Casciola, Brian Dowling, Se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
of March 2015, PBS maintains current memberships with 354 television stations encompassing 50 states, the District of Columbia and four U.S. possessions; as such, it is the only television broadcaster in the United States—commercial or non-commercial—which has station partners licensed in every U.S. state (by compariso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
l broadcasting in the U.S., in which network-affiliated stations were initially owned by companies that owned few to no other television stations elsewhere in the country. In some U.S. states, a group of PBS stations throughout the entire state may be organized into a single regional "subnetwork" (such as Alabama Publi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
opposed to the present commercial broadcasting model in which network programs are often carried exclusively on one television station in a given market, PBS may maintain more than one member station in certain markets, which may be owned by the licensee of the market's primary PBS member station or owned by a separate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
y member station, with the secondary members being allowed to carry a lesser number of program offerings from the service's schedule. Unlike public broadcasters in most other countries, PBS cannot own any of the stations that broadcasts its programming; therefore, it is one of the few television programming bodies that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
NewsHour Weekend, Cyberchase, Amanpour & Company, Wishbone etc.)
Previously Connecticut Public Television and now WNET (Barney & Friends, Bob the Builder, Thomas & Friends, etc.)
WETA-TV (PBS News Hour, Washington Week, A Capitol Fourth (annually), America's Test Kitchen, This Old House, Pati's Mexican Table, BBC World... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
entary)
KCTS-TV (Rick Steves' Europe)
Arkansas PBS (State of the Art)
WYES-TV (Kevin Belton)
== PBS networks ==
PBS has spun off a number of television networks, often in partnership with other media companies. PBS YOU, a distance education and how-to service operated between 2000 and 2006, and was largely succeeded... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
oposed as a replacement broadcast network for the original 1999–2005 version of the PBS Kids Channel; however, plans to launch the network were folded in 2006. Programming from the PBS Satellite Service has also been carried by certain member stations or regional member networks to fill their overnight schedules (parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
ast satellite providers. With the exception of Sprout, some of these services, including those from PBS member stations and networks, have not made contracts with Internet-distributed over-the-top MVPD services such as Sling TV and the now defunct PlayStation Vue. With the transition to over-the-air digital television ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
lite.
From 2002 to 2011, Buffalo, New York member station WNED-TV operated ThinkBright TV, a service that was carried on several stations in upstate New York. Several state networks also offer a public affairs subchannel network offering full-time coverage of state government events and legislative/judicial proceeding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
i-colored wordmark of the network's initials with the P designed to resemble a silhouette of a human face. The logo was designed by Ernie Smith and Herb Lubalin of the Lubalin Smith Carnase design firm. Lubalin's human face "P", known internally at PBS as "Everyman", but more commonly known as the "P-Head", became the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
n interpreted to suggest a degree of multiculturalism, as well as the public service aspect of the PBS mission.
The logo has been used in various forms since: from 1998 onward, the Geismar logo has been rendered in white on a circle.
On November 4, 2019, in honor of the network's 50th anniversary, PBS unveiled a revamp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
sconsin Public Television rebranding as PBS Wisconsin. PBS is paying out grants to at least 100 members to cover costs associated with the rebranding.
== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
PBS has been praised by critics for its variety of programming. Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter marked PBS' airing of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
ifying thread...through our cultural fabric." Margaret Renkl of The New York Times wrote, "By aiming to unite...PBS might save us yet." Margie Barron of Entertainment Today wrote, "PBS remains a beacon...that inspires." The Marketing & Research Resources survey, said that PBS is the "#1 most trusted media 19 years in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
led programming is often replaced with specials aimed at a wider audience (such as music specials aimed at the Baby Boomer generation and financial, health and motivational programs) to solicit new members and donations; during fundraising events, these programs are often interrupted within the broadcast by long-form s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
communist Eastern Europe, who labeled it as "provocative and anticommunist" propaganda, reflecting the regimes' opposition to criticism of their actions or ideology.
In 1999, at least three public television stations were caught selling or trading their mailing lists with the Democratic National Committee. Under IRS re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
in comparison to commercial broadcast and cable television, newspapers, and streaming services, and in January 2021, Americans valued tax dollars spent on PBS behind only military defense and oversight of food and drug safety.
==== Accusations during Tomlinson tenure ====
In September 2003, Kenneth Tomlinson was cho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
linson had pursued a "vendetta" against him.
In May 2005, two House Democrats requested the CPB inspector general investigate the complaints of political interference. The inspector general's report was issued in November 2005 and described possible political influence on personnel decisions, including e-mail correspon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
Communications Commission (FCC) Chair Brendan Carr ordered an investigation of the corporate underwriting sponsorships of PBS and NPR member stations for possible violations of FCC regulations prohibiting noncommercial broadcasters from airing advertisements. On May 1, 2025, President Donald Trump issued Executive Orde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
cial station licensees to offer services and facilities in exchange for remuneration on the condition that it not interfere with their provision of public telecommunications services. In 1984, the FCC adopted a policy allowing noncommercial stations to broadcast underwriting spots from for-profit entities that provided... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
tings.
In 2012, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting issued a report commissioned by Congress and prepared by Booz & Company that noted that such underwriting accounted for less than one-fifth of the revenue for public television and radio stations (and had declined substantially due to the Great Recession), and alo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
stations ranged from 17% to 23% of total revenue from 2015 through 2022.
=== Lawsuit with Pacific Arts ===
In the 1990s, PBS became involved in a dispute over home video licensing rights with Pacific Arts Corporation, a multimedia company owned and operated by former Monkees guitarist Michael Nesmith.
In 1990, Pacifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
rts vigorously prosecuted these multimillion-dollar counter-suits.
The six plaintiffs included PBS, WGBH-TV, WNET, the Ken Burns-owned American Documentaries and Radio Pioneers Film Project and the Children's Television Workshop. They sought approximately $5 million in disputed royalties, advances, guarantees and licen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
fic Arts $14,625,000 for loss of its rights library, plus $29,250,000 in punitive damages. The jury awarded $3 million to Nesmith personally, including $2 million in punitive damages for a total award to Nesmith and Pacific Arts of $48,875,000. The jury resolved the outstanding license fee issues by ordering Pacific Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
ides an alternative path for Wireless Emergency Alerts to wireless carriers through its Warning, Alert and Response Network (WARN). The alerts are transmitted through the PBS satellite network on the AMC-21 satellite to PBS stations, who then broadcast the messages over their transmitters for reception by wireless carr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
r Documentary Film. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-813-52470-2.
Dornfeld, Barry (1998). Producing Public Television, Producing Public Culture. Princeton University Press.
Engelman, Ralph (1996). Public Radio and Television in America: A Political History. Sage Publications.
Ledbetter, James (1998). Made Possible ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS |
Comment programming, also known as comment-driven development (CDD), is a (mostly) satirical software development technique that is heavily based on commenting out code.
In comment programming, the comment tags are not used to describe what a certain piece of code is doing, but rather to stop some parts of the code fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comment_programming |
s to blocks of commented code.
== Practical uses ==
When it comes to a work environment, it isn't about who knows the most terms out of a textbook. Instead, we are faced with problems that we aren't sure how to solve. When someone else reads a users' program, it is important for them to understand how the problem was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comment_programming |
entation at a later date.
Studies show that there are mainly two types of comments being used across programs. Preconditional and Postconditional are the two biggest ideas that computer programmers should use when developing projects. Preconditional comes before the function or method have been written. They are used t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comment_programming |
actor a lot of source code.
== Popular culture ==
MSDN Sweden produced a video for April Fools' Day 2010, where they satirically presented CDD as if it were a serious methodology.
MCT is a tool made for programmers in order to help relieve some of the complexity in computer code. Instead of normal comments, this tool... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comment_programming |
The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program led by NASA, which successfully landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969. Apollo followed Project Mercury that put the first Americans in space. It was conceived in 1960 as a three-person spacecraft during President Dwi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program |
it in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth in the Pacific Ocean on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last, Apollo 17, in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, twelve people walked on the Moon.
Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program |
a "lifeboat" on the return journey. Apollo used the Saturn family of rockets as launch vehicles, which were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three crewed missions in 1973–1974, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint United States-Soviet Union lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program |
e Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and human spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.
== Name ==
The program was named after Apollo, the Greek god of light, music, and the Sun, by NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said, "I was nam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program |
nd spacecraft feasibility studies ===
The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury. While the Mercury capsule could support only one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three. Possible missions included ferrying crew... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program |
NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs.
=== Political pressure builds ===
In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program |
space program, and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a crewed Moon landing. When Kennedy's newly appointed NASA Administrator James E. Webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency, Kennedy supported an acceleration of NASA's large booster program but deferred a decision on the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program |
nto the status of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. Johnson responded approximately one week later, concluding that "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership." His memo concluded ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program |
g a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important in the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.
== NASA expansion ==
At the time of Kennedy's proposal, only one Ame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program |
mined to be useful only as an extra room, and therefore unnecessary. They used Faget's design as the specification for another competition for spacecraft procurement bids in October 1961. On November 28, 1961, it was announced that North American Aviation had won the contract, although its bid was not rated as good as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program |
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