text stringlengths 1 1k | source stringlengths 31 152 |
|---|---|
ing example in Java:
=== Destructor ===
A Destructor is a method that is called automatically at the end of an object's lifetime, a process called Destruction. Destruction in most languages does not allow destructor method arguments nor return values. Destructors can be implemented so as to perform cleanup chores an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_programming) |
bstract methods are used to specify interfaces in some programming languages.
=== Example ===
The following Java code shows an abstract class that needs to be extended:
The following subclass extends the main class:
=== Reabstraction ===
If a subclass provides an implementation for an abstract method, another sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_programming) |
Meta-model protocols allow classes to be created and deleted. In this sense, they provide the same functionality as constructors and destructors described above. But in some languages such as the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) the meta-model allows the developer to dynamically alter the object model at run time: e.g.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_programming) |
hey are similar to static variables in that sense. An example would be a static method to sum the values of all the variables of every instance of a class. For example, if there were a Product class it might have a static method to compute the average price of all products.
A static method can be invoked even if no ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_programming) |
n a class object is assigned to a class object of the same type.
=== Operator methods ===
Operator methods define or redefine operator symbols and define the operations to be performed with the symbol and the associated method parameters. C++ example:
== Member functions in C++ ==
Some procedural languages were ext... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_programming) |
d allow for dynamic dispatch.
=== Virtual functions ===
Virtual functions are the means by which a C++ class can achieve polymorphic behavior. Non-virtual member functions, or regular methods, are those that do not participate in polymorphism.
C++ Example:
== See also ==
Property (programming)
Remote method invocat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_programming) |
Concurrent computing is a form of computing in which several computations are executed concurrently—during overlapping time periods—instead of sequentially—with one completing before the next starts.
This is a property of a system—whether a program, computer, or a network—where there is a separate execution point or "t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
ing the same period of time". In parallel computing, execution occurs at the same physical instant: for example, on separate processors of a multi-processor machine, with the goal of speeding up computations—parallel computing is impossible on a (one-core) single processor, as only one computation can occur at any inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
runs at a time, and if it does not complete during its time slice, it is paused, another process begins or resumes, and then later the original process is resumed. In this way, multiple processes are part-way through execution at a single instant, but only one process is being executed at that instant.
Concurrent comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
ntonym for both "concurrent" and "parallel"; when these are explicitly distinguished, concurrent/sequential and parallel/serial are used as opposing pairs. A schedule in which tasks execute one at a time (serially, no parallelism), without interleaving (sequentially, no concurrency: no task begins until the prior task ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
y the shared resource balance:
Suppose balance = 500, and two concurrent threads make the calls withdraw(300) and withdraw(350). If line 3 in both operations executes before line 5 both operations will find that balance >= withdrawal evaluates to true, and execution will proceed to subtracting the withdrawal amount. H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
put operations to complete. Concurrent programming allows the time that would be spent waiting to be used for another task.
More appropriate program structure—some problems and problem domains are well-suited to representation as concurrent tasks or processes. For example MVCC.
== Models ==
Introduced in 1962, Petri ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
s and Actor event diagrams, have also been developed to describe the behavior of concurrent systems.
Software transactional memory borrows from database theory the concept of atomic transactions and applies them to memory accesses.
=== Consistency models ===
Concurrent programming languages and multiprocessor progra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
ence in the order specified by its program".
== Implementation ==
A number of different methods can be used to implement concurrent programs, such as implementing each computational execution as an operating system process, or implementing the computational processes as a set of threads within a single operating sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
ts any of these is said to be thread-safe.
Message passing communication
Concurrent components communicate by exchanging messages (exemplified by MPI, Go, Scala, Erlang and occam). The exchange of messages may be carried out asynchronously, or may use a synchronous "rendezvous" style in which the sender blocks until th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
have different performance characteristics. Typically (although not always), the per-process memory overhead and task switching overhead is lower in a message passing system, but the overhead of message passing is greater than for a procedure call. These differences are often overwhelmed by other performance factors.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
lving mutual exclusion.
== Prevalence ==
Concurrency is pervasive in computing, occurring from low-level hardware on a single chip to worldwide networks. Examples follow.
At the programming language level:
Channel
Coroutine
Futures and promises
At the operating system level:
Computer multitasking, including both co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
imes described as concurrency-oriented languages or concurrency-oriented programming languages (COPL).
Today, the most commonly used programming languages that have specific constructs for concurrency are Java and C#. Both of these languages fundamentally use a shared-memory concurrency model, with locking provided by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
upport for message passing and monitor based concurrency
Alef—concurrent, with threads and message passing, for system programming in early versions of Plan 9 from Bell Labs
Alice—extension to Standard ML, adds support for concurrency via futures
Ateji PX—extension to Java with parallel primitives inspired from π-calcu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
ntrol
Concurrent Haskell—lazy, pure functional language operating concurrent processes on shared memory
Concurrent ML—concurrent extension of Standard ML
Concurrent Pascal—by Per Brinch Hansen
Curry
D—multi-paradigm system programming language with explicit support for concurrent programming (actor model)
E—uses promis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
, and parallel functional programming language
Hume—functional, concurrent, for bounded space and time environments where automata processes are described by synchronous channels patterns and message passing
Io—actor-based concurrency
Janus—features distinct askers and tellers to logical variables, bag channels; is pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
nted language
Limbo—relative of Alef, for system programming in Inferno (operating system)
Locomotive BASIC—Amstrad variant of BASIC contains EVERY and AFTER commands for concurrent subroutines
MultiLisp—Scheme variant extended to support parallelism
Modula-2—for system programming, by N. Wirth as a successor to Pascal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
ted, parallel, free of pointers, race conditions
PHP—multithreading support with parallel extension implementing message passing inspired from Go
Pict—essentially an executable implementation of Milner's π-calculus
Python — uses thread-based parallelism and process-based parallelism
Raku includes classes for threads, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
scal—concurrent, for teaching, built on Concurrent Pascal and Joyce by Per Brinch Hansen
Swift—built-in support for writing asynchronous and parallel code in a structured way
Unicon—for research
TNSDL—for developing telecommunication exchanges, uses asynchronous message passing
VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
unications of the ACM. 8 (9): 569. doi:10.1145/365559.365617. S2CID 19357737.
Herlihy, Maurice (2008) [2008]. The Art of Multiprocessor Programming. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-0123705914.
Downey, Allen B. (2005) [2005]. The Little Book of Semaphores (PDF). Green Tea Press. ISBN 978-1-4414-1868-5. Archived from the origi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
ing at Wikimedia Commons
Concurrent Systems Virtual Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
In computer programming, one of the many ways that programming languages are colloquially classified is whether the language's type system makes it strongly typed or weakly typed (loosely typed). However, there is no precise technical definition of what the terms mean and different authors disagree about the implied me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing |
s at run time) can also be strongly typed. In dynamically typed languages, values, rather than variables, have types.
A weakly typed language has looser typing rules and may produce unpredictable or even erroneous results or may perform implicit type conversion at runtime. A different but related concept is latent typi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing |
ately understood as the presence or absence of type safety, memory safety, static type-checking, or dynamic type-checking.
"Strong typing" generally refers to use of programming language types in order to both capture invariants of the code, and ensure its correctness, and definitely exclude certain classes of programm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing |
es a brand-new object of the appropriate type."
As another example, GCC describes this as type-punning and warns that it will break strict aliasing. Thiago Macieira discusses several problems that can arise when type-punning causes the compiler to make inappropriate optimizations.
There are many examples of languages t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing |
ithmetic can be used to bypass the language's type system.
=== Untagged unions ===
Some programming languages support untagged unions, which allow a value of one type to be viewed as if it were a value of another type.
=== Static type-checking ===
In Luca Cardelli's article Typeful Programming, a "strong type syste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing |
y are either strongly or weakly typed. For instance:
Java, Pascal, Ada, and C require variables to have a declared type, and support the use of explicit casts of arithmetic values to other arithmetic types. Java, C#, Ada, and Pascal are sometimes said to be more strongly typed than C, because C supports more kinds of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing |
lltalk, Ruby, Python, and Self are all "strongly typed" in the sense that typing errors are prevented at runtime and they do little implicit type conversion, but these languages make no use of static type checking: the compiler does not check or enforce type constraint rules. The term duck typing is now used to describ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing |
h can be characterized as untyped. There is no type checking; it is up to the programmer to ensure that data given to functions is of the appropriate type.
== See also ==
Comparison of programming languages
Data type includes a more thorough discussion of typing issues
Design by contract (strong typing as implicit co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing |
In computer science, program optimization, code optimization, or software optimization is the process of modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. In general, a computer program may be optimized so that it executes more rapidly, or to make it capable of operatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
is limited, engineers might prioritize a slower algorithm to conserve space. There is rarely a single design that can excel in all situations, requiring engineers to prioritize attributes most relevant to the application at hand.
Furthermore, achieving absolute optimization often demands disproportionate effort relativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
initial gains being larger and achieved with less work, and later gains being smaller and requiring more work. However, in some cases overall performance depends on performance of very low-level portions of a program, and small changes at a late stage or early consideration of low-level details can have outsized impac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
nacceptably choppy – performance is a consideration from the start, to ensure that the system is able to deliver sufficient performance, and early prototypes need to have roughly acceptable performance for there to be confidence that the final system will (with optimization) achieve acceptable performance. This is som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
risk.
=== Design level ===
At the highest level, the design may be optimized to make best use of the available resources, given goals, constraints, and expected use/load. The architectural design of a system overwhelmingly affects its performance. For example, a system that is network latency-bound (where network la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
plete rewrite, though a modular system may allow rewrite of only some component – for example, for a Python program one may rewrite performance-critical sections in C. In a distributed system, choice of architecture (client-server, peer-to-peer, etc.) occurs at the design level, and may be difficult to change, particu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
in function definitions, and keeping the concrete data structure definitions restricted to a few places.
For algorithms, this primarily consists of ensuring that algorithms are constant O(1), logarithmic O(log n), linear O(n), or in some cases log-linear O(n log n) in the input (both in space and time). Algorithms with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
use of a fast path for common cases, improving performance by avoiding unnecessary work. For example, using a simple text layout algorithm for Latin text, only switching to a complex layout algorithm for complex scripts, such as Devanagari. Another important technique is caching, particularly memoization, which avoids... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
is one) can nowadays be performed by optimizing compilers. This depends on the source language, the target machine language, and the compiler, and can be both difficult to understand or predict and changes over time; this is a key place where understanding of compilers and machine code can improve performance. Loop-inv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
o's Portage can take advantage of this form of optimization.
=== Compile level ===
Use of an optimizing compiler tends to ensure that the executable program is optimized at least as much as the compiler can predict.
=== Assembly level ===
At the lowest level, writing code using an assembly language, designed for a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
and the greater complexity of recent CPUs, it is harder to write more efficient code than what the compiler generates, and few projects need this "ultimate" optimization step.
Much of the code written today is intended to run on as many machines as possible. As a consequence, programmers and compilers don't always tak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
data, at the cost of compilation overhead. This technique dates to the earliest regular expression engines, and has become widespread with Java HotSpot and V8 for JavaScript. In some cases adaptive optimization may be able to perform run time optimization exceeding the capability of static compilers by dynamically adju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
e program take advantage of these CPU features, for example through instruction scheduling.
=== Platform dependent and independent optimizations ===
Code optimization can be also broadly categorized as platform-dependent and platform-independent techniques. While the latter ones are effective on most or all platforms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
loop, where it was observed that a loop with an inner for loop performs more computations per unit time than a loop without it or one with an inner while loop. Generally, these serve to reduce the total instruction path length required to complete the program and/or reduce total memory usage during the process. On the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
egers from 1 to N:
This code can (assuming no arithmetic overflow) be rewritten using a mathematical formula like:
The optimization, sometimes performed automatically by an optimizing compiler, is to select a method (algorithm) that is more computationally efficient, while retaining the same functionality. See algori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
ial "tricks" and performing complex trade-offs. A "fully optimized" program might be more difficult to comprehend and hence may contain more faults than unoptimized versions. Beyond eliminating obvious antipatterns, some code level optimizations decrease maintainability.
Optimization will generally focus on improving j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
of a non-technical nature – such as when a competitor has published a benchmark result that must be beaten in order to improve commercial success but comes perhaps with the burden of making normal usage of the software less efficient. Such changes are sometimes jokingly referred to as pessimizations.
== Bottlenecks... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
hat 90% of the execution time of a computer program is spent executing 10% of the code (known as the 90/10 law in this context).
More complex algorithms and data structures perform well with many items, while simple algorithms are more suitable for small amounts of data — the setup, initialization time, and constant fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
r memory use.
== When to optimize ==
Optimization can reduce readability and add code that is used only to improve the performance. This may complicate programs or systems, making them harder to maintain and debug. As a result, optimization or performance tuning is often performed at the end of the development stage.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
ibe a situation where a programmer lets performance considerations affect the design of a piece of code. This can result in a design that is not as clean as it could have been or code that is incorrect, because the code is complicated by the optimization and the programmer is distracted by optimizing.
When deciding whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
n practice, it is often necessary to keep performance goals in mind when first designing software, but the programmer balances the goals of design and optimization.
Modern compilers and operating systems are so efficient that the intended performance increases often fail to materialize. As an example, caching data at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
adays, inline functions can be used as a type safe alternative in many cases. In both cases, the inlined function body can then undergo further compile-time optimizations by the compiler, including constant folding, which may move some computations to compile time.
In many functional programming languages, macros are i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
ls allow performing arbitrary computations at compile-time/parse-time, while expansion of C macros does not perform any computation, and relies on the optimizer ability to perform it. Additionally, C macros do not directly support recursion or iteration, so are not Turing complete.
As with any optimization, however, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
all system performs better. Although it can produce better efficiency, it is far more expensive than automated optimizations. Since many parameters influence the program performance, the program optimization space is large. Meta-heuristics and machine learning are used to address the complexity of program optimization.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
the task of sorting a huge list of items is usually done with a quicksort routine, which is one of the most efficient generic algorithms. But if some characteristic of the items is exploitable (for example, they are already arranged in some particular order), a different method can be used, or even a custom-made sort r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
language that gives more direct access to the underlying machine. For example, it is common for very high-level languages like Python to have modules written in C for greater speed. Programs already written in C can have modules written in assembly. Programs written in D can use the inline assembler.
Rewriting sections... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
an automated optimization is called an optimizer. Most optimizers are embedded in compilers and operate during compilation. Optimizers can often tailor the generated code to specific processors.
Today, automated optimizations are almost exclusively limited to compiler optimization. However, because compiler optimizati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
ge to computers with idle time.
== Time taken for optimization ==
Sometimes, the time taken to undertake optimization therein itself may be an issue.
Optimizing existing code usually does not add new features, and worse, it might add new bugs in previously working code (as any change might). Because manually optimize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
ilers the performance of the run time compile component, executing together with its target code, is the key to improving overall execution speed.
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Jon Bentley: Writing Efficient Programs, ISBN 0-13-970251-2.
Donald Knuth: The Art of Computer Programming
How To Write Fast Nume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization |
This is an index to notable programming languages, in current or historical use. Dialects of BASIC (which have their own page), esoteric programming languages, and markup languages are not included. A programming language does not need to be imperative or Turing-complete, but must be executable and so does not include ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages |
ng languages for artificial intelligence
History of programming languages
Category:Programming languages
List of hello world programs at Wikibooks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages |
Gödel is a declarative, general-purpose programming language that adheres to the logic programming paradigm. It is a strongly typed language, the type system being based on many-sorted logic with parametric polymorphism. It is named after logician Kurt Gödel.
== Features ==
Gödel has a module system, and it supports ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del_(programming_language) |
of two numbers. It is intended to demonstrate the declarative nature of Gödel, not to be particularly efficient.
The CommonDivisor predicate says that if i and j are not zero, then d is a common divisor of i and j if it lies between 1 and the smaller of i and j and divides both i and j exactly.
The Gcd predicate says ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del_(programming_language) |
d = 0.
== External links ==
https://web.archive.org/web/20091207092823/http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/hill/GOEDEL/expgoedel.html
https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262519151/the-godel-programming-language/ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del_(programming_language) |
Scaffolding, as used in computing, refers to one of two techniques:
Code generation:
It is a technique related to database access in some model–view–controller frameworks.
Project generation:
It is a technique supported by various programming tools.
== Code generation ==
Scaffolding in software development refers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffold_(programming) |
like Ruby on Rails, known for its efficient generation of MVC structures and CRUD operations. Scaffolding is now supported by a wide range of development frameworks across different programming languages, including:
Ruby on Rails – Popularized scaffolding for MVC structures.
Django – Offers built-in admin interface an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffold_(programming) |
ilizes Angular CLI for scaffolding components and services.
React.js (JavaScript) – Supports scaffolding through tools like Create React App.
=== Run-time vs. design-time scaffolding ===
Scaffolding can occur at two distinct phases of software development:
Design-time scaffolding: This occurs during the development p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffold_(programming) |
Benefits:
Accelerates development cycles.
Standardizes coding practices and promotes consistency.
Enhances rapid prototyping and iterative development.
Limitations:
Generated code may require extensive customization.
Can introduce unnecessary complexity for smaller or simpler applications.
May reduce developers' under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffold_(programming) |
sed to scaffold new projects.
== See also ==
== References ==
== External links ==
Getting Up and Running Quickly with Scaffolding, Scaffolding Method Reference (From rubyonrails.org)
Rails Scaffolder's Toolbox - A GUI for the Rails Scaffolder Generators (Mac only application, from the Mac App Store) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffold_(programming) |
Programmable calculators are calculators that can automatically carry out a sequence of operations under the control of a stored program. Most are Turing complete, and, as such, are theoretically general-purpose computers. However, their user interfaces and programming environments are specifically tailored to make ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
e Big Four manufacturers of programmable calculators are Casio, Hewlett-Packard, Sharp, and Texas Instruments. All of the above have also made pocket computers in the past, especially Casio and Sharp.
Many calculators of this type are monochrome LCD, some are four-color (red or orange, green, blue, and black), or, in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
most applications. Many mathematical software packages can be automated and customized through scripting languages and plug-ins in a manner similar to handheld programmable calculators. However, programmable calculators remain popular in secondary and tertiary education. Specific calculator models are often require... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
ate procedure.
Programming capability appears most commonly (although not exclusively) in graphing calculators, as the larger screen allows multiple lines of source code to be viewed simultaneously (i.e., without having to scroll to the next/previous display line). Originally, calculator programming had to be done in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
cialized link cable, infrared wireless link, or through a memory card. Sometimes these programs can also be run through emulators on the PC.
Programming these machines can be done on the machine, on the PC side and uploaded as source code, or compiled on the PC side and uploaded as with Flash and some C/C++ implementat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
port.
One possibility arising from the above is writing interpreters, compilers, and translator programs for additional languages for programming the machines; BBC Basic has already been ported to the TI-83 and -84 series and other onboard languages and programming tools discussed by many include Fortran, awk, Pascal, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
degrees of collaboration from the companies themselves: namely HPCalc.org, TICalc.org, and CasioCalc.org, (qqv.) with the SharpCalc.org domain being recently purchased by an organization which indicated intent to produce a site similar to the other three, plus information on Sharp pocket computers. The companies thems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
troke programming is still used in mid-range calculators like the HP 35s and HP-12C.
=== BASIC ===
BASIC is a widespread programming language commonly adapted to desktop computers and pocket computers.
The most common languages now used in high range calculators are proprietary BASIC-style dialects as used by Casio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
gh range devices. The first device with RPL calculator was the HP-28C released in 1987.
The language PPL was introduced with the HP Prime calculator and is much like Pascal.
=== Assembly ===
An assembler integrated into the TI 89 and related calculators was announced and released in 2014.
Machine language programmin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
eir Game Boy counterparts, and TI, in particular, would later formalize assembly programming into support for packaged applications for future calculators such as the TI-83 Plus and TI-89; HP included some onboard support for assembler programming on the HP-50g, its then top-of-the-line calculator model.
Programs and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
of this type.
=== Other Languages ===
The GCC development suite is available for several models of Casio, HP, and TI calculators, meaning that C, C++, Fortran 77, and inline assembly language can be used to develop a program on the computer side and then upload it to the calculator.
Projects in development by third p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
ler for the Casio fx-9860 series is now available. The Sharp PC G850V pocket computer has an onboard C compiler in addition to an assembler and a Basic interpreter.
== Persistent memory ==
One important feature of programmable calculators is the availability of some form of persistent memory. Without persistent memo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
ry ===
Continuous memory does not lose its content when the calculator is switched off. With continuous memory the user can, for example, change batteries without losing the entered programs.
=== Cassette tape ===
Compact cassettes offered a simple, inexpensive alternative to magnetic cards. Usually, an interface m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
The most common rules were:
A special backup battery would ensure that the memory was not lost while the main batteries were changed.
Battery removal and replacement had to be completed in a relatively short time. For example, with the HP 35s, battery replacement had to be completed in less than 2 minutes after remov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
ram and data could be stored and edited with a standard text editor.
=== Flash memory ===
== Programmable calculators and pocket computers ==
Throughout the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, programmable calculators stood in competition with pocket computers, with high-end calculators sharing many similarities... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
their "fx-" calculator series (the "FX" was printed in uppercase) and pocket computer the dedicated "pb-" series while Sharp marketed all BASIC-programmable devices as pocket computers.
== Related tools ==
Some programmable calculators have one or more methods of connecting to a PC for the interchange of data, progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
ounters, Geiger counters and scintillometers, altimeters, scales, accelerometers, and many others. Some machines can be used with oscilloscopes and their peripherals as well. Others can be configured—for example, collecting bio-feedback data by connecting devices for a pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, galvan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
r recording programs and data, overhead projector displays, and connectors for auxiliary display devices. The earlier programmable calculators, as well as the pocket computers mentioned above, also had such things as video interfaces for televisions and composite monitors, 2½ inch mini floppy disc drives, bar-code rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
inter (the typewriters are also able to be connected to PCs for this purpose, and the interface tends to be a standard RS-232 and/or DIN plug), and in some cases to access the typewriter's floppy or micro floppy drives.
== List of selected programmable calculators ==
Casio
Casio FX-502P series · Casio FX-602P series... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
-85 · TI-89 · TI-92 · Voyage 200 · TI-Nspire
== See also ==
Calculator input methods
Graphing calculator
Pocket computer
Scientific calculator
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_calculator |
The history of programming languages spans from documentation of early mechanical computers to modern tools for software development. Early programming languages were highly specialized, relying on mathematical notation and similarly obscure syntax. Throughout the 20th century, research in compiler theory led to the cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
enabrea about Charles Babbage's newest proposed machine: the Analytical Engine; she supplemented the memoir with notes that specified in detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the engine, recognized by most of historians as the world's first published computer program.
Jacquard Looms and Charles Babbage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
s eventually realized that programming in assembly language required a great deal of intellectual effort.
An early proposal for a high-level programming language was Plankalkül, developed by Konrad Zuse for his Z1 computer between 1942 and 1945 but not implemented at the time.
The first functioning programming language... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
eration of the language, known as the "Mark 1 Autocode", was developed for the Mark 1 by R. A. Brooker. Brooker, with the University of Manchester, also developed an autocode for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s. The version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by Douglas Hartree of University of Cambridge Mathematical Laborat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
kepticism due to bugs, delays in development, and the comparative efficiency of "hand-coded" programs written in assembly. However, in a hardware market that was rapidly evolving, the language eventually became known for its efficiency. It is still a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
design of COBOL, since only it and its direct descendant AIMACO were in use at the time.
Other languages still in use today include LISP (1958), invented by John McCarthy and COBOL (1959), created by the Short Range Committee. Another milestone in the late 1950s was the publication, by a committee of American and Euro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
cally exact notation, Backus–Naur form (BNF), was used to describe the language's syntax. Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context-free portion of their syntax.
ALGOL 60 was particularly influential in the design of later languages, some of which soon became more po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.