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pe coercions made it unpopular with implementers and gained it a reputation of being difficult. Niklaus Wirth actually walked out of the design committee to create the simpler Pascal language.
Some notable languages that were developed in this period include:
== Establishing fundamental paradigms ==
The period from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
d Modeleasy are still in use.
Simula, invented in the late 1960s by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of ALGOL 60, was the first language designed to support object-oriented programming.
FORTH, the earliest concatenative programming language was designed by Charles Moore in 1969 as a personal development system while at t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
at least one of them in their ancestry.
The 1960s and 1970s also saw considerable debate over the merits of "structured programming", which essentially meant programming without the use of goto. A significant fraction of programmers believed that, even in languages that provide goto, it is bad programming style to use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
ew paradigms, all of these movements elaborated upon the ideas invented in the prior decade. C++ combined object-oriented and systems programming. The United States government standardized Ada, a systems programming language intended for use by defense contractors. In Japan and elsewhere, vast sums were spent investiga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
odules (see also Polymorphism (computer science)).
Although major new paradigms for imperative programming languages did not appear, many researchers expanded on the ideas of prior languages and adapted them to new contexts. For example, the languages of the Argus and Emerald systems adapted object-oriented programming... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
== 1990s: the Internet age ==
The rapid growth of the Internet in the mid-1990s was the next major historic event in programming languages. By opening up a radically new platform for computer systems, the Internet created an opportunity for new languages to be adopted. In particular, the JavaScript programming langu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
All such languages were object-oriented. These included Object Pascal, Objective Caml (renamed OCaml), Visual Basic, and Java. Java in particular received much attention.
More radical and innovative than the RAD languages were the new scripting languages. These did not directly descend from other languages and feature... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
his period include:
== 2000s: programming paradigms ==
Programming language evolution continues, and more programming paradigms are used in production.
Some of the trends have included:
Increasing support for functional programming in mainstream languages used commercially, including purely functional programming ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
yntax tree
Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) allowing developers to insert code in another module or class at "join points"
Domain-specific languages and code generation
XML for graphical interface (XUL, Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML))
Big Tech companies introduced multiple new programming languages that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
including OpenCL
Early research into quantum computing programming languages (see list)
Early research in applying artificial intelligence (AI) methods to generate code using AI like using GPT-3 and Gemini.
Multiple new programming languages tried to provide a modern replacement for the C programming language.
Many ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
tal, V (Vlang), Reason.
== 2020s: Current trends ==
The development of new programming languages continues, and some new languages appears with focus on providing a replacement for current languages. These new languages try to provide the advantages of a known language like C++ (versatile and fast) while adding safe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
r, developer of Visual Basic.
Alan Kay, pioneering work on object-oriented programming, and originator of Smalltalk.
Anders Hejlsberg, developer of Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C#, and TypeScript.
Arthur Whitney, developer of A+, k, and q.
Bertrand Meyer, inventor of Eiffel.
Bjarne Stroustrup, developer of C++.
Brad Cox, co-c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
rst to use the term compiler and developer of FLOW-MATIC, influenced development of COBOL. Popularized machine-independent programming languages and the term "debugging".
Guido van Rossum, creator of Python.
James Gosling, lead developer of Java and its precursor, Oak.
Jean Ichbiah, chief designer of Ada, Ada 83.
Jean-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
Roger Hui.
Konrad Zuse, designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül (which influenced ALGOL 58).
Kristen Nygaard, pioneered object-oriented programming, co-invented Simula.
Larry Wall, creator of the Perl programming language (see Perl and Raku).
Martin Odersky, creator of Scala, and previously a con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
) Operating System co-author.
Ross Ihaka, co-creator of R.
Stanley Cohen, inventor of Speakeasy, which was created with an OOPS, object-oriented programming system, the first instance, in 1964.
Stephen Wolfram, creator of Mathematica.
Walter Bright, creator of D.
Yukihiro Matsumoto, creator of Ruby.
== See also ==
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
2004.
== External links ==
History and evolution of programming languages
Graph of programming language history
Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
Shoulder programming is a type of pre-event and post-event broadcast programming as a companion to live sporting events. This type of programming may be multi-platform and include both television and radio programs. Due to exclusive content or access, it may be included in a broadcast rights package for a particular s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_programming |
UFC on Fox was a title card between Junior dos Santos and Cain Velasquez in 2011. Networks such as Fox Deportes, Fuel TV (since re-branded Fox Sports 2) and Fox Sports Radio broadcast many hours of programming leading up to and during the fight. Programming included specials by both Fox Deportes and Fuel TV. Replays o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_programming |
xpanding air-time for NASCAR and the Arena Football League following rights deals.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_programming |
Quantum programming is the process of designing or assembling sequences of instructions, called quantum circuits, using gates, switches, and operators to manipulate a quantum system for a desired outcome or results of a given experiment. Quantum circuit algorithms can be implemented on integrated circuits, conducted wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
ors, and/or by other physical means.
Other circuits designed for experimentation related to quantum systems can be instrumentation and sensor based.
== Quantum instruction sets ==
Quantum instruction sets are used to turn higher level algorithms into physical instructions that can be executed on quantum processors. S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
OpenQASM is the intermediate representation introduced by IBM for use with Qiskit and the IBM Q Experience.
=== Quil ===
Quil is an instruction set architecture for quantum computing that first introduced a shared quantum/classical memory model. It was introduced by Robert Smith, Michael Curtis, and William Zeng in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
um circuits on prototype quantum devices, as well as on simulators.
==== Cirq ====
An open source project developed by Google, which uses the Python programming language to create and manipulate quantum circuits. Programs written in Cirq can be run on IonQ, Pasqal, Rigetti, and Alpine Quantum Technologies.
==== C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
r level algorithms are available within the Grove package. Forest is based on the Quil instruction set.
==== MindQuantum ====
MindQuantum is a quantum computing framework based on MindSpore, focusing on the implementation of NISQ algorithms.
==== Ocean ====
An open source suite of tools developed by D-Wave. Written... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
ble from IBMQ, Google Quantum, Rigetti, Quantinuum and Alpine Quantum Technologies.
==== Perceval ====
An open-source project created by Quandela for designing photonic quantum circuits and developing quantum algorithms, based on Python. Simulations are run either on the user's own computer or on the cloud. Perceval ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
hardware control. This project aims at providing a platform agnostic quantum hardware control framework with drivers for multiple instruments and tools for quantum calibration, characterization and validation. This framework focuses on self-hosted quantum devices by simplifying the software development required in lab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
n open source project coordinated by the Eclipse Foundation and developed in Python programming by Fraunhofer FOKUS
Qrisp is a high-level programming language for creating and compiling quantum algorithms. Its structured programming model enables scalable development and maintenance. The expressive syntax is based on v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
n be run on Microsoft's Azure Quantum, and run on quantum computers from Quantinuum, IonQ, and Pasqal.
==== Strawberry Fields ====
An open-source Python library developed by Xanadu Quantum Technologies for designing, simulating, and optimizing continuous variable (CV) quantum optical circuits. Three simulators are p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
ages.
=== Imperative languages ===
The most prominent representatives of the imperative languages are QCL, LanQ and Q|SI>.
==== Ket ====
Ket is an open-source embedded language designed to facilitate quantum programming, leveraging the familiar syntax and simplicity of Python. It serves as an integral component of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
ess of various protocols in quantum computation.
==== Q language ====
Q Language is the second implemented imperative quantum programming language. Q Language was implemented as an extension of C++ programming language. It provides classes for basic quantum operations like QHadamard, QFourier, QNot, and QSwap, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
anguage and its classical data types are similar to primitive data types in C. One can combine classical code and quantum code in the same program.
==== qGCL ====
Quantum Guarded Command Language (qGCL) was defined by P. Zuliani in his PhD thesis. It is based on Guarded Command Language created by Edsger Dijkstra.
It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
e efficient circuit optimization.
==== Q|SI> ====
Q|SI> is a platform embedded in .Net language supporting quantum programming in a quantum extension of while-language. This platform includes a compiler of the quantum while-language and a chain of tools for the simulation of quantum computation, optimisation of quant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
h-level programming language for quantum computing with a strong static type system, developed at ETH Zürich.
=== Functional languages ===
Efforts are underway to develop functional programming languages for quantum computing. Functional programming languages are well-suited for reasoning about programs. Examples inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
cludes a programming language, optimization and scheduling algorithms, and quantum simulators. LIQUi|> can be used to translate a quantum algorithm written in the form of a high-level program into the low-level machine instructions for a quantum device.
==== QFC and QPL ====
QFC and QPL are two closely related quantu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
|
ϕ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }
to
|
ϕ
⟩
⊗
|
ϕ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\phi \rangle \otimes |\phi \rangle }
, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
mbda calculus introduced by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s. The purpose of quantum lambda calculi is to extend quantum programming languages with a theory of higher-order functions.
The first attempt to define a quantum lambda calculus was made by Philip Maymin in 1996.
His lambda-q calculus is powe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
s for quantum computation with a type system based on linear logic.
==== Quipper ====
Quipper was published in 2013. It is implemented as an embedded language, using Haskell as the host language. For this reason, quantum programs written in Quipper are written in Haskell using provided libraries. For example, the fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
ects
Bibliography on Quantum Programming Languages (updated in May 2007)
Quantum Physics and Logic (QPL) Conference Series (L stood for 'Languages' until 2006)
Quantum programming language in Quantiki
QMASM documentation
pyQuil documentation including Introduction to Quantum Computing Archived July 18, 2018, at the Way... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming |
Return-oriented programming (ROP) is a computer security exploit technique that allows an attacker to execute code in the presence of security defenses such as executable-space protection and code signing.
In this technique, an attacker gains control of the call stack to hijack program control flow and then executes ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
buffer overrun. In a buffer overrun, a function that does not perform proper bounds checking before storing user-provided data into memory will accept more input data than it can store properly. If the data is being written onto the stack, the excess data may overflow the space allocated to the function's variables (e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
rrun protections until 2004. Eventually, operating systems began to combat the exploitation of buffer overflow bugs by marking the memory where data is written as non-executable, a technique known as executable-space protection. With this enabled, the machine would refuse to execute any code located in user-writable ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
implementation cannot defend against this attack because the adversary did not directly execute the malicious code, but rather combined sequences of "good" instructions by changing stored return addresses; therefore the code used would be marked as executable.
=== Return-into-library technique ===
The widespread im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
rrun vulnerability, exactly as discussed above. Instead of attempting to write an attack payload onto the stack, the attacker instead chooses an available library function and overwrites the return address with its entry location. Further stack locations are then overwritten, obeying applicable calling conventions, to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
red library developers also began to remove or restrict library functions that performed actions particularly useful to an attacker, such as system call wrappers. As a result, return-into-library attacks became much more difficult to mount successfully.
The next evolution came in the form of an attack that used chunks ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
omplete functionality to the attacker, including loops and conditional branches. Put another way, return-oriented programming provides a fully functional "language" that an attacker can use to make a compromised machine perform any operation desired. Hovav Shacham published the technique in 2007 and demonstrated how al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
programming attacks can be performed on a variety of architectures, Shacham's paper and the majority of follow-up work focus on the Intel x86 architecture. The x86 architecture is a variable-length CISC instruction set. Return-oriented programming on the x86 takes advantage of the fact that the instruction set is very... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
st gadget, a return instruction will be executed, which will pop the address of the next gadget off the stack and jump to it. At the conclusion of that gadget, the chain continues with the third, and so on. By chaining the small instruction sequences, an attacker is able to produce arbitrary program behavior from pre-e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
ut randomization also has vulnerabilities. According to the paper of Shacham et al., the ASLR on 32-bit architectures is limited by the number of bits available for address randomization. Only 16 of the 32 address bits are available for randomization, and 16 bits of address randomization can be defeated by brute force ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
ctures without using a return instruction (0xC3 on x86). They instead used carefully crafted instruction sequences that already exist in the machine's memory to behave like a return instruction. A return instruction has two effects: firstly, it reads the four-byte value at the top of the stack, and sets the instruction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
ea Lanzi, Davide Balzarotti, and Engin Kirda. It is a practical solution against any possible form of return-oriented programming. The solution eliminates all unaligned free-branch instructions (instructions like RET or CALL which attackers can use to change control flow) inside a binary executable, and protects the fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
adgets and therefore cannot mount a successful return-oriented programming attack chain. One fairly common implementation of this technique, address space layout randomization (ASLR), loads shared libraries into a different memory location at each program load. Although widely deployed by modern operating systems, ASLR... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
uctions back together at runtime. This technique is successful at making gadgets difficult to find and utilize, but comes with significant overhead.
Another approach, taken by kBouncer, modifies the operating system to verify that return instructions actually divert control flow back to a location immediately followin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
acking several instances of the randomized software which reduces the effectiveness of the attack. Asaf Shelly published the technique in 2017 and demonstrated the use of Binary Randomization in a software update system. For every updated device, the Cloud-based service introduced variations to code, performs online co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
w attacks, especially against attacks on a structured exception handler.
=== Against control flow attacks ===
As small embedded systems are proliferating due to the expansion of the Internet Of Things, the need for protection of such embedded systems is also increasing. Using Instruction Based Memory Access Control (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
n sequence popl %reg; jmp table(%reg), where table represents an immutable tabulation of all "legitimate" return addresses in the program and index represents a specific index into that table.: 5–6 This prevents the creation of a return-oriented gadget that returns straight from the end of a function to an arbitrary a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
introduces a new feature at the hardware level that takes advantage of unused bits in the pointer address space to cryptographically sign pointer addresses using a specially-designed tweakable block cipher which signs the desired value (typically, a return address) combined with a "local context" value (e.g., the stac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
.5-A architecture introduces another new feature at the hardware level that explicitly identifies valid targets of branch instructions. The compiler inserts a special instruction, opcode named "BTI", at each expected landing point of indirect branch instructions. These identified branch destinations typically include f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
ction which is not a BTI. Branching to these gadgets consequently results in a fault. Considering that a ROP attack is made of a chain of multiple gadgets, the probability that all gadgets in a chain are part of the 1% which start with a BTI is very low.
PAC and BTI are complementary mechanisms to prevent rogue code in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
program that removes JOP/ROP vulnerabilities from assembly language code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming |
In-system programming (ISP), or also called in-circuit serial programming (ICSP), is the ability of a programmable logic device, microcontroller, chipset, or other embedded device to be programmed while installed in a complete system, rather than requiring the chip to be programmed before installing. It also allows fir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
typically to 2 pins. Some ISP interfaces manage to achieve the same with just a single pin. Newer ATtiny microcontrollers with UPDI can even reuse that programming pin also as a general-purpose input/output.
The primary advantage of in-system programming is that it allows manufacturers of electronic devices to integrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
rs.
Microcontrollers are typically soldered directly to a printed circuit board and usually do not have the circuitry or space for a large external programming cable to another computer.
Typically, chips supporting ISP have internal circuitry to generate any necessary programming voltage from the system's normal supply... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
Starting from the early 1990s, an important technological evolution in the architecture of the microcontrollers was witnessed. At first, they were realized in two possible solutions: with one-time programmable (OTP) or with EPROM memories. For EPROM, a memory-erasing process requires the chip to be exposed to ultravio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
the firmware development has not yet been completed. This way it was possible to correct bugs or to make changes at a later time. In the same year, Atmel developed the first microcontroller with flash memory, easier and faster to program and with much longer life cycle compared to EEPROM memories.
Microcontrollers that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
This can be a problem if the necessary precautions are not taken into account in the design of the board; the device can suffer the damage of the I/O components during the programming. Moreover, it’s important to connect the ISP lines to high impedance circuitry both to avoid a damage of the components by the programme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
application ==
In-system programming takes place during the final stage of production of a product. It can be performed in two different ways based on the production volumes:
In the first method, a connector is manually connected to the programmer. This solution expects the human participation to the programming proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
ming phase in an assembly line.
In production lines, boards are placed on a bed of nails called a fixture. The latter are integrated, based on the production volumes, in semiautomatic or automatic test systems called automatic test equipment (ATE). Fixtures are specifically designed for each board - or at most for few ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
clock (PGC) and data (PGD), while a high voltage (12 V) is present on the Vpp/MCLR pin. Low voltage programming (5 V or 3.3 V) dispenses with the high voltage, but reserves exclusive use of an I/O pin. However, for newer microcontrollers, specifically PIC18F6XJXX/8XJXX microcontrollers families from Microchip Technolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
n 2010 do not support this port. Parallel port programming is very fast.
Serial port (COM port) - At one time the most popular method. Serial ports usually lack adequate circuit programming supply voltage. Most computers and laptops newer than 2010 lack support for this port.
Socket (in or out of circuit) - the CPU mus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
ing a micro-controller, there is no programmer that works with all possible target circuits or interconnects. Microchip Technology provides a detailed ICSP programming guide Many sites provide programming and circuit examples.
PICs are programmed using five signals (a sixth pin 'aux' is provided but not used). The data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
programming mode and Vpp is a digital signal that is either at ground or Vdd. There is no one Vpp voltage that is within the valid Vpp range of all PICs. In fact, the minimum required Vpp level for some PICs can damage other PICs.
Vdd - This is the positive power input to the PIC. Some programmers require this to be p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
programmer. Data is transferred on the falling edge.
ICSPDAT - Serial data line. The serial interface is bi-directional, so this line can be driven by either the programmer or the PIC depending on the current operation. In either case this line swings from GND to Vdd. A bit is transferred on the falling edge of PGC.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
oom for confusion. The PIC data sheets show an inverted socket and do not provide a pictorial view of pinouts so it is unclear what side of the socket Pin 1 is located on. The illustration provided here is untested but uses the phone industry standard pinout (the RJ11 plug/socket was originally developed for wired desk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming |
Semidefinite programming (SDP) is a subfield of mathematical programming concerned with the optimization of a linear objective function (a user-specified function that the user wants to minimize or maximize)
over the intersection of the cone of positive semidefinite matrices with an affine space, i.e., a spectrahedron.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidefinite_programming |
roximated. Semidefinite programming has been used in the optimization of complex systems. In recent years, some quantum query complexity problems have been formulated in terms of semidefinite programs.
== Motivation and definition ==
=== Initial motivation ===
A linear programming problem is one in which we wish t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidefinite_programming |
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We can rewrite the mathema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidefinite_programming |
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athbb {S} ^{n}}}&\langle C,X\rangle \\{\text{subject to}}&\langle A_{k},X\rangle \leq b_{k},\quad k=1,\ldots ,m\\&X\succeq 0.\end{array}}}
where entry
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{\displaystyle A_{k}}
are symmetric and the above inner products are well-defined.
Note that if we add slack variables appropriately, this SDP can be converted to an equational form:
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidefinite_programming |
⟨
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slightly different, but equivalent form. For example, linear expressions involving nonnegative scalar variables may be added to the program specification. This remains an SDP because each variable can be incorporated into the matrix
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{\displaystyle X}
as a diagonal entry (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidefinite_programming |
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{\displaystyle X}
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v
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. Therefore, SDPs are often formulated in terms of linear expressions on scalar products o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidefinite_programming |
is a special case of convex optimization.
When the matrix C is diagonal, the inner products <C,X> is equivalent to a vector product of the diagonal of C and the diagonal of X. Analogously, when the matrices Ak are diagonal, the corresponding inner products are equivalent to vector products. In these vector products, on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidefinite_programming |
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Therefore, any feasible solution to the dual SDP lower-bounds the primal SDP value, and conversely, any feasible solution to the primal SDP upper-bounds the dual SDP value. This is because
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ng duality property. Unlike linear programs, where every dual linear program has optimal objective equal to the primal objective, not every SDP satisfies strong duality; in general, the value of the dual SDP may lie strictly below the value of the primal, and the P-SDP and D-SDP satisfy the following properties:
(i) Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidefinite_programming |
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