question stringlengths 1 6.54k | choices listlengths 4 4 | answer stringclasses 4
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Visual acuity of 6/60 is classified as | [
"Blind",
"Low vision",
"Visual morbidity",
"Normal vision"
] | B | This means you can see at 6 metres what someone with standard vision could see from 60 metres away. The figures 6 / 60 or 3 / 60 are how the result of a Snellen test are written. The first number given is the distance in metres from the cha you sit when you read it Low vision is the term used to describe significant visual impairment that can&;t be corrected fully with glasses, contact lenses, medication or eye surgery. It includes: ... Tunnel vision (lack of vision in the periphery) and blind spots are examples ofvisual field loss. Legal blindness. Reference: AK khurana 7th edition | train | med_mcqa | null |
Neck of 1st rib is related anteriorly to all except: | [
"Ascending T1 root",
"Superior intercostal artery",
"Sympathetic chain",
"2nd posterior intercostals vein"
] | D | Ans: d (2th posterior intercostal vein)Ref: Chaurasia, 3rd edi., Vol-1, Pg. 168Anteriorly neck is related from medial to lateral to1. Sympathetic chain2. First posterior intercostal vein3. Superior Intercostal artery4. First thoracic nerve.T1 Superior aspect of the shaft is related to subclavian vein and posterior groove lodges the subclavian artery and the lower trunk of the brachial plexus. | train | med_mcqa | null |
In phenylketonuria FeCI test with urine gives .............. color | [
"Green",
"Blue",
"Red",
"Purple"
] | A | In ferric chloride test used for detecting the presence of phenols in phenylketonuria,a drop of ferric chloride is added to the urine.Phenols present in urine,will form a complex with Fe(III) to give a transient green colour. Reference:Essential pediatrics-Ghai,8th edition,page no:652 | train | med_mcqa | null |
True about chylothorax: | [
"Left side more common",
"Clear fluid",
"Immediate thoracotomy should be done",
"TOC is excision and ligation of thoracic duct"
] | D | Chylothorax A chylothorax occurs when the thoracic duct is disrupted and chyle accumulates in the pleural space MC cause of chylothorax: Trauma (most frequently thoracic surgery) More common on right side Treatment Treatment of choice: Chest tube inseion + Administration of octerotide and Medium chain triglycerides An alternative treatment is ligation of the thoracic duct Patients with chylothoraxes should not undergo prolonged tube thoracostomy with chest tube drainage because this will lead to malnutrition and immunologic incompetence. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Elastin fiber system present in the lamina propria consists all of these EXCEPT | [
"Oxytalan",
"Elastin",
"Elaunin",
"Collagen"
] | D | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following tracts is concerned with pain & temperature | [
"Pyramidal tract",
"Anterior spinothalmic tract",
"Lateral spinothalmic tract",
"Dorsal spinocerebellar tract"
] | C | C i.e. Lateral spinothalmic tract | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following statement is wrong about hyperophic cardiomyopathy ? | [
"Interventricular septum shows maximum hyperophy",
"30% cases show obstruction at rest",
"Systolic dysfunction arises due to mitral valve displacement",
"Adapted mitral valve result in anteriorly directed mitral regurgitation"
] | D | Hyperophic Cardiomyopathy Interventricular septum typically shows maximum hyperophy 30% cases show obstruction at rest while other 30% show when put on exercise . Enlarged mitral valve pushesh against spetum and adaptation later may result in posteriorly directed mitral regurgitation Harsh ejection systolic murmur is observed | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 9-year-old child is restless. He is hyperactive and his teacher complaints that he does not listen to the teachings. Disturbs other students, he also shows less interest in playing. The likely diagnosis is – | [
"Cerebral palsy",
"Attention deficit hyperactive child",
"Delinnurn",
"Mania"
] | B | The child in question has following problems.
Child is hyperactive
He does not listen to teachings
Difficulty in playing
Disturbs other students
All these are features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following anatomical changes will predispose to primary-angle-closure glaucoma except: | [
"Small cornea",
"Flat cornea",
"Anterior chamber shallow",
"Sho axial length of eyeball"
] | B | Ans. Flat cornea | train | med_mcqa | null |
A man with blunt injury abdomen after road side accident has a blood pressure of 100/80 mm Hg and a pulse rate of 120 bpm. Airway has been established and respiration has been stabilized. Next best step in management is? | [
"Immediate Blood Transfusion",
"Blood for cross matching & IV fluid adminisration",
"Ventilate the patient",
"Exoplratory laparotomy"
] | B | Man in the question stem with abdominal trauma with airway and breathing stabilized, is showing features of hypovolemia. According to the ACLS protocol he should receive intravenous fluids and blood should be taken for cross matching to maintain the circulation intact. IV access for fluid resuscitation should be obtained with two 16G peripheral catheters. Blood should be drawn simultaneously and sent for measurement of hematocrit level, as well as for typing and cross-matching for possible blood transfusion in patients with evidence of hypovolemia. Ref: Schwaz's Principles of Surgery, 9th Edition, Chapter 7 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Complication of colies' fracture are all EXCEPT | [
"Malunion",
"Carpal tunnel syndrome",
"Shoulder-hand syndrome",
"Gun stock deformity"
] | D | i.e. (Gun stock deformity): (95-96-J-Maheshwari 3rd)Gun-stock deformity (Cubitus varus deformity) is a malunion late complication of supracondylar fracture of the humerus. This is because the fracture unites with the distal fragment tilted medially and in internal rotation - Treatment French OsteotomyComplication of Colie's Fracture1. Stiffness of Joints - Commonest complications, the shoulder, wrist and elbow are the other joints to become stiff.2. Malunion - The cause of malunion is redisplacement of the fracture within the plaster so that a "dinner fork deformity"? results3. Sub luxation of the inferior radio-ulnar joint4. Carpal tunnel syndrome - Malunion of Colles fracture crowds the carpal tunnel and compresses the median nerve5. Sudeck's osteodystrophy - due to an abnormal sympathetic reponse which causes vasodialation and osteoporosis at site6. Rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon occurs due to attrition of tendon as it glides over the sharp fracture surfaces7. Frozen shoulder - hand syndrome - This is a troublesome complication which develops due to unnecessary voluntary shoulder immobilization by the patient on the affected side for the fear of fracture displacement8. Carpal instability | train | med_mcqa | null |
PAH is used to measure- | [
"Extracellular fluid",
"Glomerular filtration rate",
"Renal plasma flow",
"Plasma value"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Renal plasma flow * Imagine a substance that not only passes freely across the glomerular membrane but is also secreted by the tubules to such an extent that the plasma leaving the kidney does not contain that substance any more. In that case the entire plasma flowing through the kidney would be cleared of the subsance. Or, in other words, the clearance of the substance would give us the renal plasma flow (RPF). A substance which closely satisfies this description is para-aminohipporic acid (PAH). Therefore, PAH is used t o measure renal plasma flow.* The PAH clearance in a normal adult is about 625 ml/minute. This is a measure of effective renal plasma flow (ERPF). PAH is only 90% excreted in the urine in a single passage through the kidney, i.e., its extraction ratio is 0.9 (90%). Therefore, PAH understimates RPF by about 10% because it does not measure the plasma flowing through those portions of the kidney which do not secrete PAH, the renal medulla, perirenal fat, renal capsule, pelvis and calyces. Thus actual RPF is 10% more than ERPF i.e., 690 ml/min.Knowing RPF and hematocrit (RBCs), renal blood flow can be calculated.* In simple words, clearance of PAH is a measure of effective renal plasma flow and actual renal plasma flow is 10% more than the PAH renal clearance (or ERPF). | train | med_mcqa | null |
Most specific Antibodies for SLE are: | [
"Anti-Ro",
"Anti-Jo",
"Anti-Sm",
"Anti-ds DNA"
] | C | Answer is C (Anti Sm-Antibodies): Anti Smith Antibodies (Anti Sm) is found in 25 to 30% of SLE patients and is the most specific diagnostic test for SLE. - Interpretation of diagnostic tests 8th/1034 Anti Ds DNA is almost as specific as anti Sm antibodies but only when present in high titres. Most sensitive stest for SLE Anti nuclear antibodies Most specific test for SLE Anti Sm Antibody and Anti Ds DNA (Anti Sm Antibody > Anti Ds DNA) Anti Sm antibodies have high specificity for SLE but low sensitivity being found in < 30% of patients with SLE Anti Ds DNA is more sensitive than Anti Sm Antibodies being found in upto 70% of patients with SLE but it is almost equally specific than Anti Sm Antibodies when present in high titres. Low titres of Anti Ds DNA are less specific for SLE than low titres of Anti Sm Antibodies. Antibody Prevalence % Clinical Utility Anti-dsDNA 70 High titres are SLE specific In some patients correlate with disease activity, nephritis, vasculitis Anti-Sm 25 Specific for SLE No definite clinical correlations | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is RNA virus? | [
"Hepatitis B virus",
"Parainfluenza virus",
"Adenoviruses",
"Herpes simplex virus."
] | B | Option 2: Parainfluenza virus contains a single-stranded, nonsegmented, negative- sense RNA genome with nucleoproteins P and L. It is surrounded by a helical nucleocapsid, which contains glycoprotein spikes. Options 1,3 ,5 are DNA viruses. List of DNA viruses: Herpes viruses (Herpesviridae family) HBV Parvovirus B virus HPV JC virus and BK virus Variola (Smallpox) and Molluscum contagiosum virus Human adenovirus | train | med_mcqa | null |
LA causing cutaneous vasoconstriction: | [
"Lidocaine.",
"Ropivacaine.",
"Mepivacaine.",
"Procaine."
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following are examples of mydriatics except – | [
"Atropine",
"Homatropine",
"Tropicamide",
"Pirenzepine"
] | D | Cycloplegics (paralysis of accommodation + mydriasis) → Atropine, Homatropine, Cyclopentolate, tropicamide
Only mydriatics → Phenylephrine.
Note : Cycloplegic action of tropicamide is unreliable. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Test for vaginal cells collected for investigation for rape: AI 08 | [
"Lugol's iodine test",
"Acro-reaction test",
"Precipitin test",
"Berberio's test"
] | A | Ans. Lugol's iodine test | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following-is the first sign of sexual maturity in boys? | [
"Increase in height",
"Appearance of facial hair",
"Change in voice",
"Increase in testicular size"
] | D | Ans. (d) Increase in testicular sizePlease refer explanation of question 40 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Michaelis gutmann bodies are found in: | [
"Malakoplakia",
"Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis",
"Nail patella syndrome",
"Xanthelesma"
] | A | ANSWER: (A) MalakoplakiaREF: See APPENDIX-25 for "FEW IMPORTANT BODIES IN MEDICAL SCIENCE"Michaelis-Gutmann bodies are concentrically layered basophilic Inclusions found in the urinary tract. The size ranges from 2 to 10 pm in diameter. They are believed to be remnants of phagosomes mineralized by iron and calcium deposits. Histologic identification of MG bodies is pathognomonic of malakoplakia.APPENDIX - 25Few Important Bodies in Medical ScienceAschoff Bodies - Rheumatic feverAsteroid body - SarcoidosisBabes - Ernst Bodies - Metachromatic granulesBalbiani's Bodies - Yolk nucleusBamboo bodies - AsbestosisBodies of Arantius - Aortic valve nodulesBody of Highmore - Mediastinum testisBollinger bodies - FowlpoxBrassy body - Dark shrunken blood corpuscle found in malariaCall Exners bodies - Granulosa theca cell tumourChromatid bodies - Entamoeba histolytica precystCitron bodies - cl. SepticumCivatte bodies - Lichen planusCouncilman bodies - Yellow fever/viral hepatitisCoccoid X bodies - PsittacosisCreola bodies - AsthmaCystoid bodies - Degenerated retinal nerve fibres (seen in Cotton wool spots)Donnes bodies - colostrums corpusclesDonovan bodies - Granulose inguinale (LGV)Ferruginous bodies - AsbestosisGamma Gandy bodies - Congestive splenomegalyGuarneri bodies - Inclusion bodies of vacciniaHenderson Peterson bodies - Molluscum contagiosumHarting bodies - Calcospheritis in the cerebral capillariesHeinz bodies - G 6 PD deficiencyHerring bodies - NeurohypophysisHirano bodies - Alzheimer's diseaseLewy bodies - parkinsonismLevinthal coles lille bodies - PsittacosisMallory bodies - Alcoholic hepatitisMasson bodies - Rheumatic pneumoniaMichelis Guttman bodies - MalakoplakiaMooser bodies - Endemic typhusMoot bodies - Multiple myelomaNegri bodies - RabiesOdland body - KeratinosomeOken's body - MesonephrosPappenheimer bodies- Granules of iron found inside RBC on routine blood stain in sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, and sickle cell diseasePaschen bodies - vaccinia/variolaPacchonian bodies- Arachnoid granulationPick bodies - Picks diseasePsamomma bodies:papillary carcinoma of thyroidSerous cyst adenoma of ovaryMeningiomaPapillary type of renal cell carcinomaPituitary adenoma (Prolactinoma)Appendiceal carcinoid (Rarely)Reilly bodies - Hurler's syndromeRokitansky bodies - TeratomaRoss's bodies - SyphilisRush ton bodies - Odontogenic cystRussell bodies- RhinoscleromaSclerotic bodies - ChromoblastomycosisSandstorm bodies - Parathyroid glands | train | med_mcqa | null |
Treatment of choice in a patient big acute pulmonary embolism with right ventricular hypokinesia and a compromised cardiac output but normal blood pressure is | [
"Thrombolytic agent",
"Low molecular weight heparin",
"IV filters",
"Warfarin"
] | A | Ref KDT 6 /e p606 Anticoagulants are the most mainstay for the treatment of pulmonary embolism Thrombolytic therapy is indicated bin massive pulmonary embolism with hemodymica instability and in hemodymically stable patients but with compromised right ventricular function | train | med_mcqa | null |
Allosteric inhibition of an enzyme is ? | [
"Binding of inhibitor to catalytic site and inhibition of enzyme",
"Binding of inhibitor to other site and inhibition of enzyme",
"Inhibition of enzyme by inhibitors without binding to enzyme",
"Inactivation by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Binding of inhibitor to other site and inhibition of enzyme Some enzymes, called allosteric enzymes, posses a site, in addition to substrate binding (catalytic) site, known as the allosteric site. Binding of allosteric modulator at the allosteric site affects the conformation of catalytic site. Such enzymes are called allosteric enzymes. The allosteric modulator (regulator) may facilitate the conformational change of catalytic site, required for substrate binding. Such regulators are called allosteric activators (positive allosteric modifier); for example, fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate is an allosteric activator of Phosphofructokinase-I. Some allosteric regulators prevent the conformational change required for binding of the substrate. Such regulators are called allosteric inhibitors (negative allosteric modifier); for example, citrate is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphoructokinase-I. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is a removable space regainer | [
"Open coil",
"Gerber",
"Hotz",
"Split saddle"
] | D | Split saddle is a removable space regainer while other three are fixed space regainer. | train | med_mcqa | null |
On barium swallow the grade IV esophageal varices appear as: | [
"Mucosal folds above the carina",
"Mucosal folds below the carina",
"Mucosal folds at the carina",
"A thick band"
] | B | Ans. (b) Mucosal fold below carinaBarium features of Esophageal Varices:* Serpiginous (Worm like) filling defects in esophagus* Varices seen in Barium Swallow below the carina levelThe best investigation to diagnose Esophageal Varices- UGI Endoscopy | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following score evaluates chances of amputation in a traumatized limb: | [
"Revised trauma score",
"Injury severity score",
"Abbreted injury score",
"MES score"
] | D | D i.e. MES score. Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) used to predict necessity of amputation after lower extremity trauma Variables skeletal and soft tissue injury (graded 1-4) limb ischemia (graded 1-3) shock (graded 0-2) age (graded 0-2) Calculation score determined by adding scores of components in four categories Interpretation score of 7 or more is highly predictive of amputation | train | med_mcqa | null |
Stereotactic Radio-surgery is a form of – | [
"Radiotherapy",
"Radioiodine therapy",
"Robotic Surgery",
"Cryo Surgery"
] | A | Despite its name, radiosurgery is a form of radiation therapy, not surgical procedure. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle ends with | [
"Peak of C waves",
"Opening of AV valve",
"Closure of semilunar valve",
"Beginning of T waves"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Organic causes of constipation in infant are all except- | [
"High fibre diet",
"Cystic fibrosis",
"Hypothyroidism",
"All"
] | A | Ans is 'a' i.e., High fibre diet Constipation in infants and children 3 Constipation is extremely common in pediatric population. o The vast majority of cases (90-95%) are functional i.e. 90-95% have functional constipation with no organic disease. In 1-5% cases, the organic disease can be diagnosed as cause of constipation, i.e. only 1-5% have organic causes of constipation. o Organic causes of constipation are: (i) Intestinal: Hirschprung disease, Anal/rectal stenosis, Anal fissure, anteriorly displaced anal opening, strictures. (ii) Drugs: Narcotics, vincristine, Psychotropics. (iii) Metabolic/endocrine: Cystic fibrosis, hypothyroidism, Panhypopituitrism (iv) Neuromuscular: Cerebral palsy, Psychomotor retardation, spinal cord lesions, Myotonic dystophy, Neuropathy or myopathy of GIT (v) Other causes: Low fibre diet, Milk protein allergy. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A known case of Crohn's disease presented with worsening fatigue over the last 2 months. The 50 year old lady was on Infliximab for the past 2 years and did not have many relapses. Lab findings revealed, Hemoglobin - 8 gm/dl Low serum iron Low serum ferritin Increased TIBC Low transferrin saturation The peripheral blood smear and the hemoglobin electrophoresis is given below. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the above condition: - | [
"Iron deficiency anemia",
"Thalassemia",
"Sideroblastic anemia",
"Anemia of chronic disease"
] | A | This is a case of iron deficiency anemia in the setting of the Crohn's disease. 1st image shows microcytic hypochromic anemia. 2nd image shows a Normal HPLC pattern of hemoglobin, hence ruling out thalassemia. The iron studies differentiate the following types of anemia. Feature Iron deficiency anemia Anemia of chronic disease Sideroblastic anemia Serum iron Low Normal or decreased Normal to high Serum ferritin Low Normal or increased Normal to high TIBC Increased Below normal Normal %tage transferrin saturation Low Below normal Normal to increased Type of anemia Microcytic hypochromic Normocytic normochromic Microcytic hypochromic | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is the treatment for Benign Positional vertigo - | [
"Vestibular exercises",
"Vestibular sedatives",
"Anthistamines",
"Diuretics"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 16 year old male is referred by high school coach for a physical examination before joining the football team. His elder brother had died suddenly during football practise, no autopsy was done. The patient has a loud systolic murmur on chest auscultation. All of the following would be constant with hyperophic cardiomyopathy, except : | [
"A crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur",
"Murmur radiating to neck",
"Brisk carotid upstroke",
"Increase in murmur during valsalva or standing"
] | D | Answer is D (Pathophysiological Systolic Dysfunction) The ubiquitous pathophysiological abnormality in Hyperophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is not systolic but rather diastolic dysfunction. Hyperophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) characterized by Asymmetrical Septa! Hyperophy and Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction. Dynamic LV outflow obstruction is related to narrowing of the subaoic area as a consequence of opposition of anterior mitral valve leaflet against the hyperophied septum in mid-systole. The concept is termed Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM) of the mitral valve. The ubiquitous pathophysiological abnormality in Hyperophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is not systolic but rather diastolic dysfunction | train | med_mcqa | null |
Regarding crude birth rate all are true except - | [
"Unaffected by age distribution",
"Indicator of fertility",
"Excludes the still births",
"Better measure of fertility than general fertility rate"
] | D | Crude birth rate is an indicator of fertility, but is not a better measure of fertility than general fertility rate.
The crude birth rate is an unsatisfactory measure of fertility because the total population is not exposed to child bearing. Therefore it does not give a true idea of the fertility of a population.
On the other hand, General fertility rate is a better measure of fertility than the crude birth rate because the denominator is restricted to the number of women in the child bearing age, rather than the whole population.
Crude birth rate is not affected by changes in age composition as it is crude rate, i.e., does not take the sex and age composition of the population into account.
Crude birth rate includes live births only and still births are excluded. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following statement is true regarding Acanthamoeba keratitis: September 2012 | [
"For the isolation of the causative agent, corneal scraping should be cultured on a nutrient agar plate",
"The causative agent, Acanthamoeba is a helminth whose normal habitat is soil",
"Keratitis due to Acanthamoeba is NOT seen in the immunocompromised patient",
"Acanthamoeba does NOT depend upon a human hos... | D | Ans. D i.e. Acanthamoeba does NOT depend upon a human host for the completion of its life-cycle | train | med_mcqa | null |
Titanium is highly inert when used for dental applications such as implants, crowns. This can be attributed to | [
"Titanium is a noble metal",
"Titanium is covered by Titanium oxide layer",
"Titanium is covered by Chromium oxide layer",
"None of the above"
] | B | Some metals develop a thin adherent layer upon reaction with environment that makes them resistant to corrosion. Chromium oxide develops over Chromium, Titanium oxide develops over Titanium. Excellent biocompatibility of Titanium is attributed to its passive nature, which in turn is due to adherent Titanium Oxide layer. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Impoant features of AIDS are - | [
"Follicular tonsillitis",
"Lichen planus",
"Oral candidiasis",
"Hairy leukoplakia"
] | C | mouth is often involved in AIDS with oral candidiasis REF:ANANTHANARAYANAN TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9EDITION PGNO.576 | train | med_mcqa | null |
In Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery for better vision, the space in the operative field is created by : | [
"Self retaining retractor",
"CO2 insufflation",
"Collapse of ipsilateral lung",
"Rib spacing"
] | C | Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) In contrast to most laparoscopic techniques, the working space for VATS is created not by adding an insufflating gas but rather by removing air from the ipsilateral lung parenchyma causing of the ipsilateral lung. Used for pulmonary decoication, pleurodesis, and lung or pleural biospies. Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno: 355 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Of the following statements about Recurrent Laryngeal papillomatosis are true, Except | [
"Caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)",
"HPV6 and HPV11 are most commonly implicated",
"HPV6 is more virulent than HPV11",
"Transmission to neonate occurs through contact with mother during vaginal delivery"
] | C | Recurrent Laryngeal Papillomatosis / Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Etiology Associated with Human Papilloma Virus infection (HPV) HPV6 and HPV 11 are most commonly associated with laryngeal disease whereas HPV 16 and HPV 18 are less commonly associated. HPV11 is associated with a more aggressive disease and makes the patient more prone to malignant change Thus HPV 11 is more virulent Epidemiology Most commonly occur in children Male female ratio - same (first born vaginally delivered child of a teenage mother is most prone) Transmission Exact mode of transmission is not known. There is recognized transmission from genital was. Veical transmission of virus from mother to child can occur either as ascending uterine infection or through direct contact in bih canal. Malignant transformation in a case of papilloma occurs most commonly in distal bronchopulmonary tree and prognosis is universally poor | train | med_mcqa | null |
Ectopic pregnancy lasts longer in : | [
"Interstitial",
"Isthumoampullary",
"Isthmic",
"Am pullary"
] | A | Interstitial | train | med_mcqa | null |
Function of anconeus is | [
"Pronation",
"Supination",
"Flexion",
"Extension"
] | D | ANCONEUS:- Origin: back of lateral epicondyle.Inseion:-lateral side of olecranon process. and upper surface of posterior surface of ulna.Nerve supply: nerve to anconeus. (Branch of radial nerve)Action:weak extensor of elbow joint.{Reference: vishram singh, pg no.129} | train | med_mcqa | null |
Root canal morphology should be | [
"conical.",
"cylindrical.",
"three dimensional.",
"predictable."
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Muehrcke lines in nails are seen in: | [
"Nephrotic syndrome",
"Bater syndrome",
"Nail-patella syndrome",
"Acute tubular necrosis"
] | A | Muehrcke's lines are white lines (leukonychia) that extend all the way across the nail and lie parallel to the lunula. Muehrcke's lines - associated with decreased protein synthesis, which occur during metabolic stress & in hypoalbuminemic states such as the nephrotic syndrome. It should not be confused with Half-and-half nail syndrome/Lindsay's nails- most characteristic onychopathy seen in chronic renal failure. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 55- years old lady presenting to out patient depament with postmenopausal bleeding for 3 months has a 1 x 1 cm nodule on the anterior lip of cervix. The most appropriate investigation to be done subsequently is : | [
"Pap smear",
"Punch biopsy",
"Endocervical curettage",
"Colposcopy"
] | B | Ans. is b i.e. Punch Biopsy A 55 year old lady presenting to OPD with Post menopausal bleeding with a 1 x 1 cm nodule on the anterior lip of cervix- obviously we suspect carcinoma cervix in this case. Investigation Protocol for Diagnosis of Carcinoma Cervix / CIN : Post coital bleeding / Irregular bleeding/Abnormal cervical cytology smear Do perspeculum examination If lesion is visible No visible lesion & cervical cytology shows Biopsy ASUS* C/N I-C/N Ill Frankly malignant If Negative, go for colpo- Repeat Pap Smear Colposcopy & Colposcopy & scopy & directed biopsies every 6 months X 1 directed biopsies Directed biopsies year, if normal; if abnormal do colposcopy. * ASUS - Atypical squamous cells of unknown significance. Here in the case since leison is visible we can go for direct biopsy i.e., Punch biopsy. Also know : Details of Diagnostic modalities in Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and Carcinoma cervix : A. Pap smear : It is a screening procedure. The primary goal of cervical cytologic screening is to identify women in whom fuher evaluation by coloposcopy is required to detect the presence of true cancer precursor. A speculum is introduced in vagina without lubricant and material from cervix is collected using Ayre's spatula. Whole of squamo-columnar junction has to be scrapped i.e. rotate the spatula through 360deg (Ist slide) and another slide is made from posterior fornix which acts as control. For more details, about Pap smear, see Chapter no. 2 B. Schiller Test : Principle : * Normal mature squamous epithelium of cervix contains Glycogen, which combines with Lugol's iodine to produce a deep mahogany colour. Abnormal squamous / dysplastic epithelium does not stain and constitutes a positive schiller test. C. Colposcopy associated with biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of cervical precancer. Ideally all patients undergoing treatment for abnormal cervical smears should be colposcoped. The aim of colposcopy is to identify the extent of the lesion and eradicate it by destruction or excision. The whole of the transformation zone needs to be visualize, as this area is believed to be the site of neoplastic change. Indications : Abnormal Pap smear cytology To locate abnormal areasdeg To obtain directed biopsiesdeg Conservative therapy under colposcopy guidancedeg For follow up of cases treated conservativelydeg In case of a lesion grossly suggestive of invasive carcinoma, cone biopsy is not indicated as it predisposes the patient to serious pelvic infection and bleeding. The diagnosis of such lesion can be confirmed by colposcopic directed simple biopsy. Colposocopy is safe in pregnancy. D. Endocervical Curettage : Transformation zone also extends into the endocervical canal. By colposcopy upper 2/3 of endocervix is not visualised. Therefore evaluation of the non visualised pa of the endocervical canal should be done by Endocervical curettage. Endocervical curettage should be performed in every case. - In which colposcopy is unsatisfactory. - where the lesion is extending into the endocervical canal. - Where the colposcopic impression does not explain the cervical cytology findings. E. Cone E'iopsy is both a diagnostic and a therapeutic procedure. Indications (Diagnostic) : When limits of the lesion cannot be visualised with colposcopy.deg The squamo-columnar junction is not seen at colposcopy.deg In Endocervical curettage-histological findings are positive for CIN II or CIN III.deg There is a lack of correlation between cytology biopsy and colposcopy results.deg Microinvasive carcinoma or Adenocarcinoma in situ on colposcopy or cytology results.deg Therapeutic - In case of CIN III | train | med_mcqa | null |
During Flight or Fight reaction, which of the following is responsible for increase in local blood flow | [
"Sympathetic system mediated cholinergic release",
"Local hormones",
"Para-sympthetic cholinergic",
"Endocrine factors only"
] | A | Main actions of sympathetic system, when activated, are mediated through noradrenaline. But the local blood flow is increased due to release of acetylcholine at sympathetic cholinergic endings. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Vaccination causing intussusception - | [
"Rotavirus",
"Parvovirus",
"Poliovirus",
"BCG"
] | A | In 1999, a highly efficacious rotavirus vaccine, Rotashield licensed in the United States, was withdrawn from the market after less than one year because of its association with intussusception. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Housekeeping genes are: | [
"Inducible",
"Required only when inducer is present",
"Mutant",
"Not regulated"
] | D | Ans. D. Not Regulated(Ref: Harper 31/e page 410)The expression of some genes is constitutive, meaning that they are expressed at a reasonably constant rate and not known to be subject to regulation. These are often referred to as housekeeping genes.An inducible gene is one whose expression increases in response to an inducer or activator, a specific positive regulatory signal | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following has the score of 2 in Alvarado score? | [
"Migratory pain",
"Tenderness",
"Rebound tenderness",
"Elevated temperature"
] | B | Alvarado (MANTRELS) scores Manifestations Score Symptoms Migratory RIF pain Anorexia Nausea and vomiting 1 1 1 Signs Tenderness (RIF) Rebound tenderness Elevated temperature 2 1 1 Laboratory Leukocytosis Shift to left 2 1 Total 10 Scores Prediction 9-10 Appendicitis is ceain 7-8 High likelihood of appendicitis 5-6 Equivocal 1-4 Appendicitis can be ruled out | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 40-year-old immunocompromised patient presented with complaints of dysphagia. Upper GI endoscopy showed multiple serpiginous ulcers in the distal esophagus. Biopsy from the esophagus showed the following. What is the diagnosis? | [
"Candida",
"CMV",
"Herpes",
"Eosinophilic esophagitis"
] | B | Ans. b. CMVRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 9th Ed; Page No-359VirusRoute of transmissionClinical significance| NotesCMVCongenital transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplantMononucleosis ([?] Monospot) inImmunocompetent patients; infection in immunocompromised, especially pneumoniain transplant patients; esophagitis; AIDS retinitis ("cytomegalovirus"): hemorrhage, cotton-wool exudates, vision loss Congenital CMVInfected cells have characteristic "Owl eye" inclusionsLatent in mononuclear cellsExtra MileViral CytopathogenesisInclusion bodiesVirusIntracytoplasmic (Negri bodies)RabiesIntracytoplasmic acidophilic(Guarnieri) PoxvirusesIntranuclear (Owl eye)Cytomegalovirus (CMV)Intranuclear (Cowdry)Herpes simplex virusSubacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles) virusSyncytia formationHerpes viruses Varicella-zosterParamyxoviruses (measles, mumps, rubella and respiratory syncytial virus) HIV | train | med_mcqa | null |
t(2,8) is characteristically seen with | [
"PreB cell lymphoma",
"PreT cell lymphoma",
"Burkitt's lymphoma",
"Mantle cell lymphoma"
] | C | Burki lymphoma t(8;14) ------most common, t(2;8), t (8;22) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following bullets leaves a visible mark which is seen by the person? | [
"Tracer Bullet",
"Incendiary bullet",
"Tandem Bullet",
"Dum Dum Bullet"
] | A | Tracer bullet is a special type of bullet that while in flight will leave a visible mark or trace which is observed by the gunner to make out the strike of the shot. The bullet resembles a ball except for the fact the rear poion of the core is filled with a chemical compound (a mixture of barium nitrate and powdered magnesium along with strontium nitrate). The flash of the propellant ignites the mixture and makes it burn during the flight of the bullet thus leaving a visible mark. The other three bullets do not leave behind a visible mark. Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology By Dr. K. S. Narayan Reddy, 27th Edition, Pages 182-201; Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology By Nagesh Kumar Rao, 1st Edition, Pages 217-242; Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology By Krishan Vij, 5th Edition, Pages 239-240, 254. | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following are true about anopheles type of mosquito Except | [
"Eggs are boat shaped and provided with lateral floats",
"Larvae rest parallel to water surface",
"Larvae have siphon tube",
"Pupae have broad and sho siphon"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Larvae have siphon tube | train | med_mcqa | null |
Helicobacter pylori is not associated with - | [
"Gastrointestinal lymphoma",
"Gastric cancer",
"Gastric leiomyoma",
"Peptic ulcer"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Screening tests could give high false positives if it satisfies which of the following epidemiologcal parameter? | [
"High specificity",
"High sensitivity",
"High prevalence",
"Low prevalence"
] | D | More prevalent disease gives less is the number of false positive. Less prevalent disease gives more is the number of false positive. Highly specific screening test gives few false positive. Highly sensitive screening test gives few false negative. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 36 years old woman recently treated for leukemia is admitted to the hospital with malaise, chills and high fever. Gram stain of blood reveals the presence of gram-negative bacilli. The initial diagnosis is bacteremia and parenteral antibiotics are indicated. The record of the patient reveals that she had a severe urticarial rash, hypotension and respiratory difficulty after oral penicillin V about 6 months ago. The most appropriate drug should be : | [
"Ampicillin plus Sulbactam",
"Aztreonam",
"Cefazolin",
"Imipenem plus cilastatin"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Contact isolation is done for | [
"Typhoid",
"Mumps",
"MRSA",
"Diphtheria"
] | D | * Strict isolation is must for patient diagnosed with diphtheria. * Even when clinically suspected, patient must be isolated. * A staff who has known immunisation history should nurse the patient. Ref:- Greenwood medical microbiology 18th ed; pg num:- 202 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Principle used in radiotherapy is | [
"Cytoplasmic coagulation",
"Ionization of molecule",
"DNA damage",
"Necrosis of tissue"
] | B | B i.e. ionization of molecule | train | med_mcqa | null |
Multiple perforations of pars tensa is charecteristic of | [
"Myringitis bullosa",
"Serous otitis media",
"Malignant otitis externa",
"Tuberculous otitis media"
] | D | TUBERCULAR OTITIS MEDIA In most of the cases, infection is secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis; infection reaches the middle ear through eustachian tube. Disease is mostly seen in children and young adults. PATHOLOGY The process is slow and insidious. Tubercles appear in the submucosal layers of middle ear cleft and caseate. There is painless necrosis of tympanic membrane. Multiple perforations may form which coalesce to form a single large perforation. Middle ear and mastoid get filled with pale granulations. Caries of bone and ossicles may occur leading to complications. Mastoiditis, facial paralysis, postauricular fistula, osteomyelitis with the formation of bony sequestra and profound hearing loss are often seen in these cases. Ref : Diseases of ENT by Dhingra 6th edition Pgno : 74 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Vibration sense is carried by | [
"Pacinian corpuscles",
"Meckel's disks",
"Ruffini corpuscle end-organs",
"Free nerve endings"
] | A | (A) Pacinian corpuscles | train | med_mcqa | null |
True about anthrax - rpt | [
"Cause by Gram positive bacilli",
"Soil reservoir",
"Spore formation takes place",
"More common in carnivorous than herbivores"
] | A | The anthrax bacilli are one of the largest of pathogenic bacteria, which is gram-positive and non-acid fast. REF:TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER SEVENTH EDITION PAGE NO:248 | train | med_mcqa | null |
All are seen in Ulcerative colitis except- | [
"Pseudopolyps",
"Skip lesions",
"Rectum involvement",
"Malabsorption"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
The following changes occur in urinary system in pregnancy except | [
"Increased GFR",
"Increased RBF",
"Hypertrophy of bladder musculature",
"Increased activity of ureters"
] | D | Ans. is d, i.e. Increased activity of uretersAs discussed previously, during pregnancy - Glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow increases i.e. option a and b are correct. Amongst option c and d; option d i.e. increased activity of ureters cannot be correct as the main hormone during pregnancy is progesterone which leads to relaxation of the smooth muscles of ureter. Therefore activity of ureters decreases and leads to urinary stasis.Anatomical changes in renal system during pregnancy.Both kidneys enlarge in pregnancy 1 cm.Hydroureter and hydronephrosis occurs due to relaxant effect progesterone (These changes are M/c on right side).Congestion of bladder leading to decreased bladder capacity.To compensate bladder pressure increases and intraurethral pressure increases. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Albumin serves as a transpoer of all the following molecules, Except | [
"Bilirubin",
"Free fatty acids",
"Thyroxine",
"Iron"
] | D | One of the major roles of albumin is to bind to and thereby facilitate the transpo of numerous ligands. These include free fatty acids (FFA), calcium, ceain steroid hormones, bilirubin, copper, and some of the plasma tryptophan. A variety of drugs, including sulfonamides, penicillin G, dicumarol, and aspirin, are bound to albuminHarper 30th edition pg: 671 | train | med_mcqa | null |
True statement regarding Gansers syndrome is: | [
"Involuntary",
"Psychotic symptoms absent",
"Memory symptoms absent",
"Approximate answers"
] | D | Ans: D (Approximate answers) Ref: Bhatia's Textbook of Psychiatry, P.185Explanation:Gansers SyndromeIt is a voluntary production of psychotic, memory symptoms and approximate answers.It is common in males, especially seen in prison inmates/ hospitalized persons.It is a form of malingering (voluntary and wilful production of symptoms with the aim of materialistic gain) .E.g., if a female complains of headache to get money from her husband and spending it on movies - malingering. If the female complains of headache get attention and affection from her ever-running husband- factitious disorder.Approximate answers- VorbeiredenVerbegeration- Meaningless repetition of words (syn. Cataphasia)Neologism- New word with only self-referential meaning.Word salad- Mixing up of syllables resulting in un-understandable words.All three are seen in Schizophrenia. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Steroid receptor superfamily is present in: | [
"Vitamin D3",
"Insulin",
"Glucagon",
"None of the above"
] | A | All steroid, thyroid, Vit.D and retinoids includes in steroid hormone superfamily. | train | med_mcqa | null |
True statement(s) regarding feeding of HIV-infected child is/are - | [
"Breast feeding for 4-6 months then sta weaning",
"Breast feeding for 1 year then sta weaning",
"Exclusively top feeding",
"All"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Exclusively top feeding o HIV infection can be transmitted from infected mother to fetus by breast feeding (though this is the least common mode of veical transmission for HIV). o It seems reasonable for women to substitute infant formula (top feeding) for breast milk if they are known to be HIV infected or are at risk for ongoing sexual or parenteral exposure to HIV. o However, the WHO recommends that developing countries where other diseases (diarrhea, pneumonia, malnutrition) substantially contribute to a high infant moality rate, the benefit of breat feeding outweighs the risk for HIV transmission, and HIV infected women in developing countries should breast feed their infants for lst 6 months of life followed by rapid weaning. For HIV infected mother Developed countries Substitute top feeding for breast feeding Developing counteries Breast feed for 6 months followed by rapid weaning | train | med_mcqa | null |
In case of retreatment which is ideal for removal of G.P.? | [
"H-file",
"K-file",
"GT-file",
"Lentulospiral"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
ECG was performed on a total of 700 subjects with complaints of acute chest pain. Of these, 520 patients had myocardial infarction. Calculate the positive predictive value of ECG is: MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION ECG PRESENT ABSENT TOTAL POSITIVE 416 9 425 NEGATIVE 104 171 275 TOTAL 520 180 700 | [
"40%",
"55%",
"95%",
"98%"
] | D | Positive predictive value=true positive/(true positive+ false positive) 416/425 x 100= 98% Ref: Medical biostatistics, 1st edition pg: 201 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following statement about fibrinous exudate is FALSE? | [
"It is associated with many types of severe inflammation",
"It has low protein content",
"It has fibrin precipitates",
"It induces connective tissue organization"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Following delivery, uterus becomes a pelvic organ after : | [
"2 weeks",
"4 weeks",
"6 weeks",
"8 weeks"
] | A | 2 weeks | train | med_mcqa | null |
whice of the following are the The lymphatic drainage of fundus and upper pa of uterus ? | [
"pre and para aoic lymph nodes",
"external iliac lymph nodes",
"superficial inguinal lymph nodes",
"deep inguinal lymph nodes"
] | A | Lymphatic Drainage of uterus - Lymphatics of the uterus begin at three intercommunicating networks, endometrial, myometrial and subperitoneal. These plexuses drain into lymphatics on the side of the uterus. Of these, the upper lymphatics from the fundus and upper pa of the body drain mainly into the aoic nodes, and only paly to the superficial inguinal nodes along the round ligament of the uterus. The lower lymphatics from the cervix drain into the external iliac, internal iliac and sacral nodes. The middle lymphatics from the lower pa of body drain into the external iliac nodes. Ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , seventh edition , volume 2 , pg. no., 422. | train | med_mcqa | null |
In a town of 20,000 population, total 456 bihs were there in a year out of which 56 were dead born. The total deaths were 247 out of which 56 deaths were within the first 28 days of life and another 34 had died after 28 days and before completing the first bihday. Calculate the Infant moality rate of this area. | [
"197",
"225",
"392",
"344"
] | B | IMR= No. of deaths of children less than 1 year of age in a year x 1000 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of live bihs in the same year = 56+34/ 456-56 x 1000 = 90/400 x 1000 =225 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following lobe of lung contain lingula? | [
"Left upper lobe",
"Left lower lobe",
"Right upper lobe",
"Right middle lobe"
] | B | The left lung has only two lobes (superior and inferior), which are divided by an oblique fissure along the sixth rib. Instead of having a middle lobe, the left lung has a space occupied by the hea. Therefore, the left lung has a cardiac notch as well as the lingula in the left costomediastinal recess. | train | med_mcqa | null |
An 18-year-old college student who has recently become sexually active is seen for severe primary dysmenorrhea. She does not want to get pregnant, and has failed to obtain resolution with heating pads and mild analgesics. Which of the following medications is most appropriate for this patient? | [
"Prostaglandin inhibitors",
"Narcotic analgesics",
"Oxytocin",
"Oral contraceptives"
] | D | Conservative measures for treating dysmenorrhea include heating pads, mild analgesics, sedatives or antispasmodic drugs, and outdoor exercise. In patients with dysmenorrhea there is a significantly higher than normal concentration of prostaglandins in the endometrium and menstrual fluid. Prostaglandin synthase inhibitors such as indomethacin, naproxen, ibuprofen, and mefenamic acid are very effective in these patients. However, for patients with dysmenorrhea who are sexually active, oral contraceptives will provide needed protection from unwanted pregnancy and generally alleviate the dysmenorrhea. The OCPs minimize endometrial prostaglandin production during the concurrent administration of estrogen and progestin. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Ganglion of tendons is an example of - | [
"Neoplastic process",
"Malformation",
"Amyloid deposition",
"Myxomatous degeneration"
] | D | Ganglion
A ganglion is a small cyst located near a joint capsule or tendon sheath. A common location is around the joints of the wrist where it appears as a firm, fluctuant, pea-sized, translucent nodule. It arises as a result of cystic or myxoid degeneration of connective tissue; hence the cyst wall lacks a true cell lining. The fluid in the cyst is similar to the synovial fluid; However, there is no communication with the joint space. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Devi, a 28 year female, has diarohea, confusion, high grade fever with bilateral pneumonitis.The diagnosis is - | [
"Legionella",
"Neisseria meningitidis",
"Streptoccocos pneumoniae",
"H. influenzae"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is NOT seen in morbidly obese sleep apnea patient? | [
"Polycythemia",
"Hypoxaemia",
"Rt. Ventricular failure",
"Lt. Ventricular failure"
] | C | (C) Rt. Ventricular failure # Heart Failure leads to increased left ventricular (LV) filling pressure.> Resulting pulmonary congestion activates lung vagal irritant receptors, which stimulate hyperventilation and hypocapnia.> Superimposed arousals cause further abrupt increases in ventilation and drive PaCO2 below the threshold for ventilation, triggering a central apnea.> Central sleep apneas are sustained by recurrent arousals resulting from apnea-induced hypoxia and the increased effort to breathe during the ventilatory phase because of pulmonary congestion and reduced lung compliance.> Although central apneas have a different pathophysiology than obstructive apneas and are not associated with the generation of exaggerated negative intrathoracic pressure, they both increase sympathetic nervous system activity (SNA).> Consequent increases in blood pressure (BP) & heart rate (HR) increase myocardial O2 demand in the face of reduced supply.> This chain of events contributes to a pathophysiological vicious cycle. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Mechanism of action of an oral contraceptive containing a combination of oestrogen-progestin is the following except-a) Inhibition of ovulationb) A change in the cervical mucusc) Inhibition of motility of the uterine tubesd) Inhibition of motility of spermse) Changes in the uterine endometrium | [
"ab",
"cd",
"bd",
"ac"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Subtelomeric rearrangement of genes is frequently associated with mental retardation. All of the following techniques can be used to diagnose them, EXCEPT: | [
"FISH",
"MAPH",
"CGHarray",
"MALDI"
] | D | MALDI: It is a technique used to assess the molecule, based on their mass only. Most commonly employed methods for dispersing peptides, proteins, and other large biomolecules into the vapor phase for mass spectrometric analysis are electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization, aka MALDI. In electrospray ionization, the molecules to be analyzed are dissolved in a volatile solvent and introduced into the sample chamber in a minute stream through a capillary . As the droplet of liquid emerges into the sample chamber, the solvent rapidly disperses leaving the macromolecule suspended in the gaseous phase. The charged probe serves to ionize the sample. Electrospray ionization is frequently used to analyze peptides and proteins as they elute from an HPLC or other chromatography column already dissolved in a volatile solvent. In MALDI, the sample is mixed with a liquid matrix containing a light-absorbing dye and a source of protons. In the sample chamber, the mixture is excited using a laser, causing the surrounding matrix to disperse into the vapor phase so rapidly as to avoid heating embedded peptides or proteins. Ref: Kennelly P.J., Rodwell V.W. (2011). Chapter 4. Proteins: Determination of Primary Structure. In D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.A. Weil, P.J. Kennelly, R.K. Murray, V.W. Rodwell (Eds), Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29e. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 3-month-old infant presents with hepatosplenomegaly and failure to thrive. A liver biopsy reveals glycogen with an abnormal, amylopectin like structure with long outer chains and missing branches. Which of the following enzymes would most likely be deficient: | [
"Alpha amylase",
"Branching enzyme",
"Debranching enzyme",
"Glucose-6-phosphatase"
] | B | Disease is Anderson's disease/Amylopectinosis (GSD Type IV) Branching enzyme will be deficient Enzyme deficient Disease Features Branching enzyme Amylopectinosis Stored glycogen is abnormal long polysaccharide chains with few branch points resembles - Amylopectin Debranching enzyme Limit dextrinosis Limit dextrins (glycogen remains having shoer linear chains with very sho branch point)-accumulated Glucose-6-phosphatase Von-Gierke's disease Stored glycogen-Normal | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following are duties of a Health worker female/HWF except: March 2012, March 2013 (d) | [
"Detect malpresentation",
"Detect oligohydramnios",
"Diagnose renal diseases",
"Detect anemia"
] | C | Ans: C i.e. Diagnose renal diseases Duties of health worker female/HVVF includes maternal and child health, family planning, medical termination of pregnancy, nutrition, universal vrogramme of immunization, dai training, communicable disease, vital events, record keeping, treatment of minor ailments and team activities | train | med_mcqa | null |
The prophylactic antibiotic indicated to prevent infection in lymphoedema is : | [
"Vancomycin",
"Penicillin",
"Amikacin",
"Quinolones"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
The histological features of celiac disease include all of the following EXCEPT: | [
"Crypt hyperplasia",
"Increase in thickness of the mucosa",
"Increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes",
"Increase in inflammatory cells in lamina propria"
] | B | Biopsy of intestine in celiac sprue demonstrates; overall mucosal thickness remains same Villous atrophy Loss of microvilli brush border, with crypt hyperplasia Plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells are present in lamina propria | train | med_mcqa | null |
Position of internal hemorrhoid in anus is especially common in - | [
"4 o' clock position",
"11 o' clock position",
"8 o' clock position",
"9 o' clock position"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., 11 o' clock position Classification of hemorrhoids|||Internal hemorrhoidsExternal hemorrhoids* Located proximal to the dentate line* Covered by transitional and columnar epithelium therefore are usually painless* Internal haemorrhoids (Greek: haima, blood; rhoos, flowing; synonym: piles, Latin: pila, a ball) are symptomatic anal cushions and characteristically lie in the 3, 7 and 11 o'clock positions (with the patient in the lithotomy position)* located distal to dentate line* Covered by richly innervated squamous epithelium thus its thrombosis causes severe pain. For the same reason external hemorrhoid are not ligated | train | med_mcqa | null |
Hypersplenism is characterized by all EXCEPT: | [
"Leukamoid reaction",
"Thrombocytopenia",
"Splenomegaly",
"Responds to splenectomy"
] | A | (Leukamoid reaction): Ref: 704-R, 466-HM (476- Basic pathology 8th)HYPERSPLENISM - characterized by triad of1. Splenomegaly2. Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia or any combination of these, in association with hyperplasia of marrow precursors of the deficient cell type3. Correction of the blood cytopenia (s) by splenectomy* The term hypersplenism is usedfor conditions which causes excessive removal of erythrocytes, granulocytes or platelets from the circulation* Leukamoid reaction - defined as a reactive leukocytosis in the peripheral blood resembling that of leukaemia (413-HM) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Amount of fluoride in amalgam is | [
"8% SnF2",
"10% SnF2",
"1% NaF",
"1% SnF2"
] | D | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following immunoglobulin is absent in ataxia telangiectasia | [
"IgG",
"IgM",
"IgA",
"IgD"
] | A | Ref Harrison 16/e p2423,9/e p242_243 Patient with AT present in the first decade of life with progressive telangiectasia lesions associated with deficit in cerebellar function and nystagmus It is caused due to defect in DNA repair genes Thymic hypoplsia with cellular and humoral immunoglbulin deficiency , premature ageing, and endocrine disorders such as insulin resistance Skin. The skin is involved in a majority of patients; a characteristic erythematous or maculopapular eruption over the malar eminences and bridge of the nose ("butterfly pattern") is observed in approximately half of the cases. Exposure to sunlight (UV light) exacerbates the erythema (so-called photosensitivity), and a similar rash may be present elsewhere on the extremities and trunk, frequently in sun-exposed areas. Histopathologic findings include lique- factive degeneration of the basal layer of the epidermis, edema at the dermoepidermal junction, and mononuclear infiltrates around blood vessels and skin appendages (Fig. 4-19, A). Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals deposi- tion of immunoglobulin and complement at the dermoepi- dermal junction (Fig. 4-19, B); similar immunoglobulin and complement deposits may also be present in apparently unin- volved skin. Joints. Joint involvement is frequent but usually is not associ- ated with striking anatomic changes or with joint deformity. When present, it consists of swelling and a nonspecific mono- nuclear cell infiltration in the synol membranes. Erosion of the membranes and destruction of aicular cailage, such as in RA, are exceedingly rare. CNS. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement also is very common, with focal neurologic deficits and/or neuropsychiatric symptoms. CNS disease often is ascribed to vascular lesions causing ischemia or multifocal cerebral microinfarcts. Small vessel angiopathy with noninflammatory intimal proliferation is the most frequent pathological lesion; frank vasculitis is uncommon. The angiopathy may result from thrombosis caused by antiphospholipid antibodies. Premature atherosclerosis occurs and may contribute to CNS ischemia. Another postulated mechanism for CNS disease is injury from antineuronal antibodies with conse- quent neurologic dysfunction, but this hypothesis remains unproved. Other Organs. The spleen may be moderately enlarged. Capsular fibrous thickening is common, as is follicular hyper- plasia with numerous plasma cells in the red pulp. Central penicilliary aeries characteristically show thickening and perivascular fibrosis, producing onion-skin lesions. Pericardium and pleura, in paicular, are serosal mem- branes that show a variety of inflammatory changes in SLE ranging (in the acute phase) from serous effusions to fibrinous exudates that may progress to fibrous opacification in the chronic stage. Involvement of the hea is manifested primarily in the form of pericarditis. Myocarditis, in the form of a nonspecific mononuclear cell infiltrate, and valvular lesions, called Libman-Sacks endocarditis, also occur but are less common in the current era of aggressive coicosteroid therapy. This nonbacterial verrucous endocarditis takes the form of irregular, 1- to 3-mm way deposits, seen as distinctive lesions on either surface of the leaflets (i.e., on the surface exposed to the forward flow of the blood or on the underside of the leaflet) (see Chapter 10). An increasing number of patients also show clinical and anatomic manifes- tations of coronary aery disease. The basis of accelerated atherosclerosis is not fully understood, but the process seems to be multifactorial; ceainly, immune complexes can deposit in the coronary vasculature, leading to endothelial damage by that pathway. Moreover, glucocoicoid treatment causes alterations in lipid metabolism, and renal disease (common in SLE) causes hypeension; both of these are risk factors for atherosclerosis (Chapter 9). Many other organs and tissues may be involved. The changes consist essentially of acute vasculitis of the small vessels, foci of mononuclear infiltrations, and fibrinoid deposit Absence of IgG The serum electrophoretic pattern of the patient showed absence of immunoglobulin G and an increase of the IgA and IgM precipitation bands | train | med_mcqa | null |
Superotemporal dislocation of the lens is seen in | [
"Marfan's syndrome",
"Homocystinuria",
"Weil Marchesani syndrome",
"Alpo's Syndrome"
] | A | (Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 215 - 216)Types of lens dislocations in various disease:Marfan syndrome-superotemporalHomocystinuria-InferonasalWeil-Marchesani syndrome-forward | train | med_mcqa | null |
A patient develops honey colored pustules on the skin. The diagnosis is? | [
"Impetigo",
"Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome",
"Carbuncle",
"Sycosis barbae"
] | A | Ans. (a) ImpetigoThe usual organism is streptococcus pyogenes> staphylococcus Aureus | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 67-year-old man develops coma over a few minutes. He is unresponsive on arrival to the hospital. He has ataxic respirations and pin-point, reactive pupils. Oculocephalic reflexes are absent. There is no motor response with noxious stimulation.For the above patient with altered level of consciousness, select the most likely diagnosis | [
"basal ganglia hemorrhage",
"cerebellar hemorrhage",
"pontine hemorrhage",
"lobar intracerebral hemorrhage"
] | C | Pontine hemorrhage is associated with impaired oculocephalic reflexes and small, reactive pupils. It generally evolves over a few minutes, usually with coma and quadriplegia. The prognosis is poor, and death often occurs within hours. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A new born loses maximum heat from:- | [
"Head",
"Abdomen",
"Palms & soles",
"Neck"
] | A | A new born loses maximum heat from:-Head because of greater surface area | train | med_mcqa | null |
Chloroquine is given as 600 mg loading dose because : | [
"It is rapidly absorbed",
"It is rapidly metabolized",
"It has increased tissue binding",
"It is rapidly eliminated"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
An 18 years female complaining of breathlessness fainting and tingling sensation over lips. She has history of similar episodes in past. What is the diagnosis | [
"Myocardial infarction",
"ARDS",
"Upper respiratory tract infection",
"Hyperventilation"
] | D | Answer- D. HyperventilationTingling around mouth (over lips) is seen in hyperventilation due to hypocalcemia.Symptoms of hyperventilation include-Abdominal symptoms (due to swallowing of excess air): bloating, burping, excessive flatusCNS symptoms (due to dcrease PCO2): weakness,fainting confusion, dizziness, restlessness, anxiety, panic attack.Due to hypocalcemia: numbness & tingling around mouth & in limbs, corpopedal spasm, muscle twiching, tetanyChest symptoms : chest pains, shoness of breath & breathlessness, wheezing, tachypnea. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 35-year-old female complains of slowly progressive dyspnea. Her history is otherwise unremarkable, and there is no cough, sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, or thrombophlebitis. She has taken appetite suppressants at different times. On physical exam, there is jugular venous distention, a palpable right ventricular lift, and a loud P2 hea sound. Chest x-ray shows clear lung fields. ECG shows right axis detion. A perfusion lung scan is normal with no segmental deficits. The most likely diagnosis in this patient is | [
"Primary pulmonary hypeension",
"Recurrent pulmonary emboli",
"Cardiac shunt",
"Interstitial lung disease"
] | A | (Braunwald, 15/e, pp 1506-1508.) Although a difficult diagnosis to make, primary pulmonary hypeension is the most likely diagnosis in this young woman who has used appetite suppressants. There has been a recent increase in primary pulmonary hypeension in the individuals consuming fenfluramines, an appetite suppressant. The predominant symptom is dyspnea, which is usually not apparent in the previously healthy young woman until the disease has advanced. When signs of pulmonary hypeension are apparent from physical findings, chest x-ray, or echocardiography, the diagnosis of recurrent pulmonary embolus must be ruled out. In this case, a normal perfusion lung scan makes pulmonary angiography unnecessary. Restrictive lung disease should be ruled out with pulmonary function testing. An echocardiogram will show right ventricular enlargement and a reduction in the left ventricle size consistent with right ventricular pressure overload. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Drug producing dissociative anesthesia: | [
"Propofol",
"Enflurane",
"Ketamine",
"Sevoflurane"
] | C | Ans: (c) KetamineRef: katzung 9th ed. 1604; KDT 6th ed./376* Ketamine is the only intravenous anesthetic that possesses analgesic properties and produces cardiovascular stimulation.* It causes "dissociative anesthesia" which is characterized by profound analgesia, immobility, amnesia and feeling of dissociation from ones own body and the surrounding.* In addition it also causes:# Hallucination# Delusion and illusion.# Profound analgesia* Ketamine increases all pressures like:# BP (hypertension)# Intracranial tension (ICT)# Intraocular pressure (IOP)* It is contraindicated in intracerebral mass/hemorrhage.About Ketamine: (Remembered as:)KKids: can be given to kidsEEmergence reaction: s/e occurring during recoveryTThalamo-cortical junction affected: Dissociative AnesthesiaAAnalgesia strongestMMeal: can be given with full stomachIIncrease: BP/IOP/ICTNNMDA receptor blockerEExcellent bronchodilator: inducing agent of choice in asthma patient.Also Kno* PROPOFOL causes myocardial depression and fall in BP. | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following are true about fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase, EXCEPT:- | [
"Key gluconeogenic enzyme",
"Fructose-2,6, bisphosphate is an allosteric activator of this enzyme",
"Catalyses the hydrolysis reaction",
"Requires magnesium for the catalysis"
] | B | Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase reverses the PFK-1 reaction. So, it is a key-gluconeogenic enzyme- option 1 is true. Reaction catalysed is a hydrolysis reaction- option 3 is true Option 4-Requires magnesium for the catalysis Fructose-2,6, bisphosphate is potent allosteric activator of PFK-1 and inhibitor of fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase (option 2 is false). | train | med_mcqa | null |
True statement about soft tissue sarcoma is/are ? | [
"Liposarcoma is rare",
"Incisional biopsy is needed when size > 5cm",
"FNAC is diagnostic",
"TNM staging done"
] | D | Ans. is 'd' i.e. TNM staging done Liposarcoma is the IInd MC soft tissue sarcoma and is the MC type in the retroperitoneum. Incisional biopsy is doen when the size of tumor is > 3 cm and the core-needle biopsy fails. FNAC has a limited role in diagnosing soft tissue sarcoma. (Ref: Sabiston 18/e p790) TNM staging is done. According to the Table of radiosensitivity mentioned previously, soft tissue sarcomas are relatively radioresistant tumors. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Endemic cretinism is seen when Iodine uptake is less than? | [
"5 micro gram/day",
"20 micro gram/day",
"50 micro gram/day",
"75 micro gram/day"
] | B | ANSWER: (B) 20 micro gramREF: Park 20th edition page 540, WHO model formulary 2008 Page 499, http://www.unsystem. org/S CN/archives/npp 03/ch06.htmEndemic cretinism occurs in regions where goitre is widespread and severe and is associated with an iodine intake of less than 20 micrograms per day.It is now known that endemic cretinism is associated with high rates of goitre and with severe iodine deficiency; for example, with dietary iodine intakes of about or below 20 meg (micrograms) per day compared with a normal daily intake of 80-150 meg; while goitre alone is seen at intake levels below 50 meg iodine per day.By WHO standards, a population is iodine deficient when its average UIE (urine iodine excretion) falls below 50 microgramsThe recommended intake of iodine is: (WHO)Age groupRDA (daily)Adults150 microgramsPregnant and lactating women200 microgramsInfants50 microgramsChildren (2-6 years)90 microgramsChildren (7-12 years)120 micrograms | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following causes increase in both GFR and renal plasma flow? | [
"Increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure",
"Dilatation of afferent aerioles",
"Constriction of afferent aerioles",
"Increased tubular pressure"
] | B | Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman&;s capsule per unit time.Renal plasma flows (RPF) the amount of plasma that perfuses the kidneys per unit time. Approximately 90% of the total constitutes the effective renal plasma flow, the poion that perfuses functional renal tissue, such as the glomeruli.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 680 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Current concepts of "evaluating health care" require a scientific basis for treatment referred as: | [
"Evidence based therapy",
"Periodontal maintenance",
"Tooth mortality",
"Prevention of loss of attachment"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is a nonculturalable fungus- | [
"Rhinosporidium",
"Candida",
"Sporothrix",
"Penicillium"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
An 85-year-old gentleman complaint of pain in leg while lying down, it lessens when he hangs the foot out of bed. What is the cause? | [
"Psychiatric illness",
"Peripheral vascular disease",
"L4-L5 disc prolapse",
"Osteoahritis knee"
] | B | In peripheral aerial occlusive disease, as the disease progress, perfusion to the leg may be so severely compromised that anaerobic respiration occurs even at rest, typically affecting the foot and/or calf. The pain is exacerbated by lying down or elevation of the foot due to loss of the gravitational effects on perfusion pressure in the foot. The patient characteristically describes the pain that is worse at night and may be lessened by hanging the foot out of bed or by sleeping in a chair (effects of gravity restored)Ref: Bailey and love pg: 943 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Comment on the diagnosis of 1-year-old child? | [
"Hydranencephaly",
"Hydrocephalus",
"Lissencephaly",
"Encephalocele"
] | B | Ans. (b) Hydrocephalus.* The scalp of the baby in picture shows a large head with dilated superficial veins diagnostic of hydrocephalus.* In hydrancephaly, the cortical hemispheres are absent or represented by membranous sacs with remnants of frontal, temporal or occipital cortex dispersed over the membrane making survival difficult. Computed tomography scanning demonstrates a preservation of the falx, thalami, and various amounts of the occipital lobes and basal ganglia. Macrocrania or microcrania may be present, or the head circumference may be normal. Image source. style="font-size: 1.04761904761905em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif; margin: 0 0 8pt"> | train | med_mcqa | null |
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