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MIT_1402_Principles_of_Macroeconomics_Spring_2023 | Lecture_10_Quiz_1_Review.txt | [SQUEAKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING] RICHARDO CABALLERO: And so we started with something a little boring, basic definitions. And the first thing we had to do is to understand how do we measure output at the aggregate level. It's very easy to understand what output is at the level of an individual factory, but at the aggr... |
MIT_1402_Principles_of_Macroeconomics_Spring_2023 | Lecture_4_The_Financial_Market.txt | [SQUEAKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING] RICARDO CABALLERO: All right, let's start. So today I want to talk about interest rates. If you have followed the news, there is a lot of debate on these days on where will the interest rate in the US end at the end of this tightening cycle. And so I'll show you. There has been a very ... |
MIT_1402_Principles_of_Macroeconomics_Spring_2023 | Lecture_12_ISLMPC_Model_continued.txt | [SQUEAKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING] PROFESSOR: So let me continue with the IS-LM-PC model. In fact, I want to rush a little bit because I was overexcited with the SVB bank event. And I want to make sure that you certainly understand this model. It's going to be very important. And I think it's one of the most important m... |
MIT_1402_Principles_of_Macroeconomics_Spring_2023 | Lecture_14_Saving_Capital_Accumulation_and_Output.txt | [SQUEAKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING] RICARDEO CABALLERO: I couldn't connect. So the Fed just hiked by 25 basis points. And as people expected-- this is the way it works. When there's lots of uncertainty, essentially, the Fed starts communicating what it's going to do, and the communication was very clear that 25 basis poi... |
MIT_1402_Principles_of_Macroeconomics_Spring_2023 | Lecture_16_Convergence_and_CrossCountry_Variation.txt | [SQUEAKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING] RICARDO CABALLERO: OK. Let's start. So the plan for today is to wrap up this growth theory section of the course. And I want to conclude by showing you what we can and cannot explain with the models we have looked up till now. And almost as a matter of accounting, I will tell you, what... |
MIT_1402_Principles_of_Macroeconomics_Spring_2023 | Lecture_5_ISLM_Model.txt | [SQUEAKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING] RICARDO CABALLERO: But before I do that, before I get into the IS-LM model, let me spend a little time telling you what is going on in the US economy, as this will relate to the kind of things that we'll discuss later in this lecture. So what you see there is the path of net worth, so ... |
MIT_1402_Principles_of_Macroeconomics_Spring_2023 | Lecture_1_Introduction_to_1402_Principles_of_Macroeconomics.txt | [SQUEAKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING] RICARDO J. CABALLERO: OK. Let's start. So hello, everyone. Welcome to 1402, Introduction to Macroeconomics. And I won't teach today. So that's a good news. I will start on Wednesday. So what I want to do today is essentially tell you what macro is about, macroeconomics is about, and al... |
MIT_1402_Principles_of_Macroeconomics_Spring_2023 | Lecture_15_Technological_Progress_and_Growth.txt | [SQUEAKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING] ROBERT CABALLERO: OK, let's start. So today we're going to talk about technological progress and economic growth. And that's a big topic, certainly, at MIT. Perhaps this is one of the main ways we contribute to human well-being. But before I do that, let me do a brief review of the thi... |
MIT_1402_Principles_of_Macroeconomics_Spring_2023 | Lecture_21_Exchange_Rate_Regimes.txt | [SQUEAKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING] RICARDO J. CABALLERO: So today, my plan is to finish the open economy part of the course. And we will talk about exchange rate regimes. But before I do that, I need to finish a few things that we didn't in the previous lecture. And that will help as an introduction for the kind of thin... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_11_Deep_Learning_II.txt | Welcome to Lecture 11 of CS 229. Um, the plan today is to wrap up deep learning, um, and we- we left off at the end of backpropagation last lecture and we probably- the last part was probably a little bit hurried, so we're gonna cover it again just to make sure you all understood it, uh, uh, properly. And then, uh, onc... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_19_Maximum_Entropy_and_Calibration.txt | So today we're going to start Lecture 19 of CS229. And the, uh, topics for today, uh, we're gonna talk about the maximum entropy principle and how the exponential family uh, distributions that we saw earlier in the- in the uh, course can be derived from the maximum entropy principle. And we will show how, uh, you know,... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_9_Bayesian_Methods_Parametric_Non.txt | Welcome back everyone. So this is Lecture 9, and today, we're gonna talk about Bayesian methods, um, that's the plan for today. So today we're gonna, um, cover two different approaches in-, um, in Bayesian methods, a parametric approach and a non-parametric approach. And as an example of parametric approach, we're gonn... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_20_Variational_Autoencoder.txt | Welcome back, everyone. This is lecture 20 of CS 229. And the main topic for today will be variational autoencoders. So variational autoencoders is probably one of the simplest deep generative models. So deep generative models is a very hot topic in machine learning right now, where we try to build generative models of... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_23_Course_Recap_and_Wrap_Up.txt | This is lecture 23 of CS229. Um, so, uh, today we're gonna just continue the- the, uh, finals review that we started last class and, uh, we'll finish up the final review. And, uh, that's gonna be it. So, uh, we- we might finish a little early today. All right. Um, continuing the- the, um, the, uh, final review. So in t... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_7_GDA_Naive_Bayes_Laplace_Smoothing.txt | Okay. Let's get started. Ah, welcome back. So we're going to continue on to Lecture 7 today. And the topic for today is going to be generative learning algorithms. Um, so the plan for today is to- is to, uh, cover Gaussian discriminant analysis, GDA. This is also on your homework. And then move on to Naive Bayes, um, a... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_22_Practical_Tips_and_Course_Recap.txt | Topics for today are first we will- uh, so on- on- on the last class we covered evaluation metrics. And, uh, kind of like, uh, a- a continuation of that, today we'll talk about some pract- practical tips for, uh, applying Machine Learning in practice, uh, especially if you want to, uh, you know, um, build a machine lea... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_16_Kmeans_GMM_and_EM.txt | All right, welcome back everyone. Hope you had a good weekend. So this is Lecture 16 of CS229. And today we're gonna start a new chapter on unsupervised learning. All right? Uh, so uh, unsupervised learning will be the broad topic for the rest of this week and parts of next week. And the specific topics for today are t... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_3_Probability_and_Statistics.txt | Welcome back to the third lecture of CS229 So in the first two lectures, we've been mostly going over the course prerequisites, linear algebra probability. So on Wednesday's lecture, just- just to recap, uh, we went over the, um, concept of determinant, its geometrical interpretation. And we went through two different ... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_12_Bias_and_Variance_Regularization.txt | Okay. Welcome back everyone [NOISE] to Lecture 12 of CS229. The topics for today are bias-variance trade-off, model selection and cross-validation, and regularization. The three are- are kind of somewhat related to each other. And I would say bias-variance trade-off is probably one of the most important, uh, topics tha... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_21_Evaluation_Metrics.txt | Welcome everyone. So, uh, today, this is Lecture 21 of, uh, CS229 and the topic for today was, uh, Evaluation Metrics and also some- some general advice on applying machine learning in- in practice, you know, in deployment or in production. So we're gonna look at a few evaluation metrics and next, uh, once we're throug... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_17_Factor_Analysis_ELBO.txt | All right. Welcome back everyone [NOISE]. So this is Lecture 17 of CS229. The topics for today will be, uh, to finish, uh, the expectation maximization algorithm. We'll prove the convergence of expectation maximization algorithm, and then we'll apply it, uh; the expectation maximum- uh, maximization algorithm to the Ga... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_8_Kernel_Methods_Support_Vector_Machine.txt | Okay, let's get started. Uh, welcome back, everyone. Today, we will continue into lecture eight. Is that right? Yes, it's lecture eight. Um, so the topics for today will be kernel methods and support vector machines. [NOISE] And before we jump into, uh, today's topics, let's do a quick recap of what we covered in the p... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_14_Reinforcement_Learning_I.txt | Welcome back, everyone. So this is CS229, lecture 14. The topic for today, we'll be starting a new chapter, is, ah, reinforcement learning. And today we'll be covering Markov decision processes, value iteration, and, and policy iteration. Ah, which form probably the core of reinforcement learning. And, um, in, in Frida... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_10_Deep_learning_I.txt | Okay. Welcome back, everyone. Let's get started. So welcome to Lecture 10. The topic for today will- will be, neural networks and backpropagation under the umbrella of deep learning. So before we jump into today's topics, quick recap of what we covered, in Lecture 9, last Friday. So Lecture 9was all about Bayesian meth... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_18_Principal_Independent_CA.txt | CS229, Lecture 18. The topic for today will be continuing our study of, er, unsupervised learning. So the topics today is, we're going to wrap up factor analysis. We mostly finished factor analysis last time, uh, except we just stopped at the end where we finish the derivation and didn't really have- have time to kind ... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_5_Perceptron_and_Logistic_Regression.txt | Okay. Welcome back, everyone. Let's get started. So we're in the fifth lecture today and today we're going to switch over to classification. And before we switch over, let's do a quick recap of what we've covered. We covered prerequisites and we started with, um, supervised learning. Uh, and supervised learning is basi... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_2_Matrix_Calculus_and_Probability_Theory.txt | Okay. Welcome back, everyone. Welcome to the second lecture of CS229 Machine Learning. So where were we? So, uh, in lecture 1, we- we were going through, uh, some of the review material, linear algebra. So, uh, and today for the, uh, for today the plan is to finish up the review of linear algebra, some of the topics we... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_13Statistical_Learning_Uniform_Convergence.txt | So today, uh, the- the plan is to cover bias-variance trade off and the role played by regularization and the role played by the hypothesis class in bias-variance trade off. So, uh, in the last class, we spoke about the concepts of bias and variance, and we probably briefly mentioned that there is a trade off between t... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_6_Exponential_Family_GLM.txt | Okay. Welcome back. Let's continue. Uh, so this is our sixth lecture. The topics for today are the exponential family. Um, it's a- it's a, uh, a family of probability distributions, and the generalized, uh, linear models, or GLMs. The two topics are kind of tightly coupled, so we cover them, uh, in the same lecture. An... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_1_Introduction_and_Linear_Algebra.txt | So we're gonna start off today with, um, some introductions of the teaching team. Um, that's me, Anand. Uh, I am a 4th year PhD student in Computer Science. I work with, uh, Professor Andrew Ng on machine learning and applying machine learning, uh, to different problems, uh, mostly in health care. We also have a wonder... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_4_Linear_Regression.txt | All right. Let's- let's jump right in then. Um, quick recap. So we basically just reviewed prerequisites for the course. Um, the hope is, um, ev- all of you are now more or less on the same page in terms of, uh, prerequisites. Um, also, the pre-requi- the- the- the kind of material that we covered in the pre-requisites... |
Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Course_Summer_2019_Anand_Avati | Stanford_CS229_Machine_Learning_Summer_2019_Lecture_15_Reinforcement_Learning_II.txt | Welcome back, everyone. So today, we're going to start lecture number 15 and the topic for today is basically what's left of reinforcement learning. For the purposes of this course, we're going to wrap up our reinforcement learning today. So first we're going to discuss learned models. We're going to do this first and ... |
TedEd_History | ๋๋ฅ๋ค์ด_์ถฉ๋ํ๋ฉด_์ด๋ค_์ผ์ด_์ผ์ด๋ ๊น_์กด_๋_์นด๋ฆด๋ก.txt | Tens of millions of years ago, a force of nature set two giant masses on an unavoidable collision course that would change the face of the Earth and spell life or death for thousands of species. The force of nature was plate tectonics, and the bodies were North and South America. And even though they were hurdling t... |
TedEd_History | The_incredible_history_of_Chinas_terracotta_warriors_Megan_Campisi_and_PenPen_Chen.txt | What happens after death? Is there a restful paradise? An eternal torment? A rebirth? Or maybe just nothingness? Well, one Chinese emperor thought that whatever the hereafter was, he better bring an army. We know that because in 1974, farmers digging a well near their small village stumbled upon one of the most import... |
TedEd_History | ์ด๋ป๊ฒ_์๋ชป๋_๋ด์ค๊ฐ_ํ์ฐ๋ _์_์๋๊ฐ_๋
ธ์_ํ๋ธ๋ฆฐNoah_Tavlin.txt | There's a quote usually attributed to the writer Mark Twain that goes, "A lie can travel halfway around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes." Funny thing about that. There's reason to doubt that Mark Twain ever said this at all, thus, ironically, proving the point. And today, the quote, whoever said it, ... |
TedEd_History | ๋งค์นด์์ฆ์_๋ฌด์์ด๊ณ _์ด๋ป๊ฒ_์๊ฒจ๋ฌ์๊น์_์๋ _์๋ ์ปคEllen_Schrecker.txt | Imagine that one day, you're summoned before a government panel. Even though you haven't committed any crime, or been formally charged with one, you are repeatedly questioned about your political views, accused of disloyalty, and asked to incriminate your friends and associates. If you don't cooperate, you risk jail o... |
TedEd_History | ์์ข์_๊ฒ์์_์๊ฐ์_์ฃผ์๋_์ ์ใ
ฃ์๋ ์ค_์ ๋ค๋ฌAlex_Gendler.txt | As far as we know, Medieval England was never invaded by ice zombies, or terrorized by dragons, but it was shaken by a power struggle between two noble families spanning generations and involving a massive cast of characters with complex motives and shifting loyalties. If that sounds familiar, it's because the histor... |
TedEd_History | ํํ๋ฌ๋_์ด๋ป๊ฒ_ํ์_์ป์_์_์์์๊น_์๋ ์ค_๊ฒ๋ค๋ฌ_์ํ ๋_ํ์๋Alex_Gendler_Anthony_Hazard.txt | How did Adolf Hitler, a tyrant who orchestrated one of the largest genocides in human history, rise to power in a democratic country? The story begins at the end of World War I. With the successful Allied advance in 1918, Germany realized the war was unwinnable and signed an armistice ending the fighting. As its impe... |
TedEd_History | What_makes_the_Great_Wall_of_China_so_extraordinary_Megan_Campisi_and_PenPen_Chen.txt | A 13,000 mile dragon of earth and stone winds its way through the countryside of China with a history almost as long and serpentine as the structure. The Great Wall began as multiple walls of rammed earth built by individual feudal states during the Chunqiu period to protect against nomadic raiders north of China and e... |
TedEd_History | ๊ธฐ๋ก์ผ๋ก_ํจ๊ป_์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ_๋ง๋ญ์๋ค_StoryCorps_TED_Prize.txt | StoryCorps Founder & TED Prize winner Davey Isay has created an app that aims to bring people together in a project of listening, connection, and generosity. Here's why... This is the library of lost stories. It's where you'll find the true origins of the Sphinx and Stonehenge, the text lost in the fire of Alexandria,... |
TedEd_History | ์ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฝ์ ๋_์๋ ์ค_์ ๋ค๋ฌ_Alex_Gendler.txt | This holiday season, people around the world will give and receive presents. You might even get a knitted sweater from an aunt. But what if instead of saying "thanks" before consigning it to the closet, the polite response expected from you was to show up to her house in a week with a better gift? Or to vote for her ... |
TedEd_History | ๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด_ํ์_๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ_ํผํฐ_J_ํํ๋กํ_Peter_J_Haproff.txt | The geography of our planet is in flux. Each continent has ricocheted around the globe on one or more tectonic plates, changing quite dramatically with time. Today, we'll focus on North America and how its familiar landscape and features emerged over hundreds of millions of years. Our story begins about 750 million y... |
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ฐ์ต์คํผ์ด์_์ํ์_์ ๋ง_๊ทธ์_์ํ์ผ๊น.txt | "Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and others have greatness thrust upon them", quoth William Shakespeare. Or did he? Some people question whether Shakespeare really wrote the works that bear his name, or whether he even existed at all. They speculate that Shakespeare was a pseudonym for another writer, or a... |
TedEd_History | What_are_the_universal_human_rights_Benedetta_Berti.txt | The idea of human rights is that each one of us, no matter who we are or where we are born, is entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms. Human rights are not privileges, and they cannot be granted or revoked. They are inalienable and universal. That may sound straighforward enough, but it gets incredibly compl... |
TedEd_History | ์ฌ์ฑ_ํํ๊ฐ๋ค์_๊ณตํ_์ฝํธ๋_์คํฐ๋ธCourtney_Stephens.txt | Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby Nowadays, we take curiosity for granted. We believe that if we put in the hard work, we might one day stand before the pyramids, discover a new species of flower, or even go to the moon. But, in the 18th and 19th century, female eyes gazed out windows at a world they... |
TedEd_History | What_does_it_mean_to_be_a_refugee_Benedetta_Berti_and_Evelien_Borgman.txt | Around the globe, there are approximately 60 million people who have been forced to leave their homes to escape war, violence, and persecution. The majority of them have become internally displaced persons, which means they have fled their homes but are still within their own countries. Others have crossed a border and... |
TedEd_History | ๋น๋จ๊ธธ_์ญ์ฌ_์ต์ด์_์ธ๊ณ๊ต์ญ๋ง_์ค๋
ผ_ํค๋ฆฌ์ค_์นด์คํ
๋กShannon_Harris_Castelo.txt | A banker in London sends the latest stock info to his colleagues in Hong Kong in less than a second. With a single click, a customer in New York orders electronics made in Beijing, transported across the ocean within days by cargo plane or container ship. The speed and volume at which goods and information move across ... |
TedEd_History | Who_am_I_A_philosophical_inquiry_Amy_Adkins.txt | Throughout the history of mankind, three little words have sent poets to the blank page, philosophers to the Agora, and seekers to the oracles: "Who am I?" From the ancient Greek aphorism inscribed on the Temple of Apollo, "Know thyself," to The Who's rock anthem, "Who Are You?" philosophers, psychologists, academics, ... |
TedEd_History | ์ด์ฌ๋_๋์์ธ์_๋ณต์กํ_๊ธฐํํ_์๋ฆญ_๋ธ๋ฃจ๊ทธ.txt | In Islamic culture, geometry is everywhere. You can find it in mosques, madrasas, palaces and private homes. This tradition began in the 8th century CE during the early history of Islam, when craftsmen took preexisting motifs from Roman and Persian cultures and developed them into new forms of visual expression. This ... |
TedEd_History | The_Atlantic_slave_trade_What_too_few_textbooks_told_you_Anthony_Hazard.txt | Slavery, the treatment of human beings as property, deprived of personal rights, has occurred in many forms throughout the world. But one institution stands out for both its global scale and its lasting legacy. The Atlantic slave trade, occurring from the late 15th to the mid 19th century and spanning three continents... |
TedEd_History | The_myth_of_Icarus_and_Daedalus_Amy_Adkins.txt | In mythological ancient Greece, soaring above Crete on wings made from wax and feathers, Icarus, the son of Daedalus, defied the laws of both man and nature. Ignoring the warnings of his father, he rose higher and higher. To witnesses on the ground, he looked like a god, and as he peered down from above, he felt like o... |
TedEd_History | ์ฐจ์_์ญ์ฌ_์๋_ํ
ก_Shunan_Teng.txt | During a long day spent roaming the forest in search of edible grains and herbs, the weary divine farmer Shennong accidentally poisoned himself 72 times. But before the poisons could end his life, a leaf drifted into his mouth. He chewed on it and it revived him, and that is how we discovered tea. Or so an ancient lege... |
TedEd_History | Where_did_English_come_from_Claire_Bowern.txt | When we talk about English, we often think of it as a single language but what do the dialects spoken in dozens of countries around the world have in common with each other, or with the writings of Chaucer? And how are any of them related to the strange words in Beowulf? The answer is that like most languages, English ... |
TedEd_History | ์์ฐ์๋น์ธ ์์์_์์
_์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ_ํ๋_๋ง์_ํ_๋ฒค์๋ฏผ_์ฐ๋_Benjamin_Zander.txt | It really makes a difference what we say. I learned this from a woman who survived Auschwitz. She went to Auschwitz when she was fifteen years old, and her brother was eight, and the parents were lost. And she told me this, "We were in the train going to Auschwitz, and I looked down, and I saw my brother's shoes were ... |
TedEd_History | ๋ฏธ์ผ๋์ ค๋ก์_๋ค๋น๋_์์ด_์ง๋_์ฌ๋ฌ_์๋ฏธ์ ์์ค_์ผJames_Earle.txt | When we think of classic works of art, the most common setting we imagine them in is a museum. But what we often forget is that much of this art was not produced with a museum setting in mind. What happens to an artwork when it's taken out of its originally intended context? Take the example of Michelangelo's Statue of... |
TedEd_History | ๋ชจ์_๋ฒ์ _์ญ์ฌ_๋_๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋_๋์จ_์ฌ๊ฑด_์๋ ์ค_๊ฒ๋ค๋ฌ.txt | The presidency of the United States of America is often said to be one of the most powerful positions in the world. But of all the U.S. presidents accused of misusing that power, only one has left office as a result. Does Richard Nixon deserve to be remembered for more than the scandal that ended his presidency? Find o... |
TedEd_History | ํธ๋ฉ๋ก์ค์_์ค๋์ธ์ด๋ฅผ_์ฝ๊ธฐ_์ํด_์์์ผํ _๊ฒ_์ง_๋์ฌJill_Dash.txt | A close encounter with a man-eating giant, a sorceress who turns men into pigs, a long-lost king taking back his throne. On their own, any of these make great stories, but each is just one episode in the "Odyssey," a 12,000-line poem spanning years of Ancient Greek history, myth, and legend. How do we make sense of su... |
TedEd_History | ์ข์_์๋ฉด์_์ด๋_์ค์ด_๋ง๋ฅด์ฟ _Shai_Marcu.txt | It's 4 a.m., and the big test is in eight hours, followed by a piano recital. You've been studying and playing for days, but you still don't feel ready for either. So, what can you do? Well, you can drink another cup of coffee and spend the next few hours cramming and practicing, but believe it or not, you might be b... |
TedEd_History | When_will_the_next_mass_extinction_occur_Borths_DEmic_and_Pritchard.txt | About 66 million years ago, something terrible happened to life on our planet. Ecosystems were hit with a double blow as massive volcanic eruptions filled the atmosphere with carbon dioxide and an asteroid roughly the size of Manhattan struck the Earth. The dust from the impact reduced or stopped photosynthesis from ma... |
TedEd_History | Why_is_the_US_Constitution_so_hard_to_amend_Peter_Paccone.txt | When it was ratified in 1789, the U.S. Constitution didn't just institute a government by the people. It provided a way for the people to alter the constitution itself. And yet, of the nearly 11,000 amendments proposed in the centuries since, only 27 have succeeded as of 2016. So what is it that makes the Constitution ... |
TedEd_History | ์งํ์_๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ_์ฃผ๋_๊ฒ์_๋ฌด์์ผ๊น_Doug_Levinson.txt | If you tried to pay for something with a piece of paper, you might run into some trouble. Unless, of course, the piece of paper was a hundred dollar bill. But what is it that makes that bill so much more interesting and valuable than other pieces of paper? After all, there's not much you can do with it. You can't eat i... |
TedEd_History | 5_tips_to_improve_your_critical_thinking_Samantha_Agoos.txt | Every day, a sea of decisions stretches before us. Some are small and unimportant, but others have a larger impact on our lives. For example, which politician should I vote for? Should I try the latest diet craze? Or will email make me a millionaire? We're bombarded with so many decisions that it's impossible to make... |
TedEd_History | ๋ง์ฌ_๋ฌด์ฌ_๊ฐ์ฅ_๋ถ์ ํ๊ฒ_์ด์๋_์ฌ๋๋ค_์ค_ํ_์ฌ๋_์ ์์นด_์ค๋ฏธ์ค.txt | If someone asked you who the richest people in history were, who would you name? Perhaps a billionaire banker or corporate mogul, like Bill Gates or John D. Rockefeller. How about African King Musa Keita I? Ruling the Mali Empire in the 14th century CE, Mansa Musa, or the King of Kings, amassed a fortune that possibly... |
TedEd_History | How_Magellan_circumnavigated_the_globe_Ewandro_Magalhaes.txt | On September 6, 1522, the "Victoria" sailed into harbor in southern Spain. The battered vessel and its 18 sailors were all that remained of a fleet that had departed three years before. Yet her voyage was considered a success for the "Victoria" had achieved something unprecedented: the first circumnavigation of the glo... |
TedEd_History | ์ธ์ด๊ฐ_์งํํ๋_๋ฐฉ๋ฒ_์๋ ์ค_์ ๋ค๋ฌ_Alex_Gendler.txt | In the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, all of humanity once spoke a single language until they suddenly split into many groups unable to understand each other. We don't really know if such an original language ever existed, but we do know that the thousands of languages existing today can be traced back to a... |
TedEd_History | Should_you_trust_unanimous_decisions_Derek_Abbott.txt | Imagine a police lineup where ten witnesses are asked to identify a bank robber they glimpsed fleeing the crime scene. If six of them pick out the same person, there's a good chance that's the real culprit, and if all ten make the same choice, you might think the case is rock solid, but you'd be wrong. For most of us,... |
TedEd_History | How_to_recognize_a_dystopia_Alex_Gendler.txt | Have you ever tried to picture an ideal world? One without war, poverty, or crime? If so, you're not alone. Plato imagined an enlightened republic ruled by philosopher kings, many religions promise bliss in the afterlife, and throughout history, various groups have tried to build paradise on Earth. Thomas More's 1516 ... |
TedEd_History | History_vs_Cleopatra_Alex_Gendler.txt | "Order, order. So who do we have here?" "Your Honor, this is Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen whose lurid affairs destroyed two of Rome's finest generals and brought the end of the Republic." "Your Honor, this is Cleopatra, one of the most powerful women in history whose reign brought Egypt nearly 22 years of stability an... |
TedEd_History | ์ญ์ฌ_๋_๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฏธ๋ฅด_๋ ๋์๋ ์ค_์ ๋ค๋ฌ_Alex_Gendler.txt | He was one of the most influential figures of the 20th century, forever changing the course of one of the world's largest countries. But was he a hero who toppled an oppressive tyranny or a villain who replaced it with another? It's time to put Lenin on the stand in History vs. Lenin. "Order, order, hmm. Now, wasn't it... |
TedEd_History | ๊ตํ์ด์_๋ชจ์คํฌ์ธ_์์ผ_์ํผ์_์ฑ๋น_์ผ๋ฆฌ_์.txt | They say that if walls could talk, each building would have a story to tell, but few would tell so many fascinating stories in so many different voices as the Hagia Sophia, or holy wisdom. Perched at the crossroads of continents and cultures, it has seen massive changes from the name of the city where it stands, to i... |
TedEd_History | Where_did_Russia_come_from_Alex_Gendler.txt | Where did Russia come from, why is it so big, and what are the differences between it and its neighbors? The answers lie in an epic story of seafaring warriors, nomadic invaders, and the rise and fall of a medieval state known as Kievan Rus. In the first millennium, a large group of tribes spread through the dense woo... |
TedEd_History | History_vs_Napoleon_Bonaparte_Alex_Gendler.txt | After the French Revolution erupted in 1789, Europe was thrown into chaos. Neighboring countries' monarchs feared they would share the fate of Louis XVI, and attacked the New Republic, while at home, extremism and mistrust between factions lead to bloodshed. In the midst of all this conflict, a powerful figure emerged... |
TedEd_History | ์ญ์ฌ_๋_ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํผ_์ฝ๋กฌ๋ฒ์ค_์๋ ์ค_์ ๋ค๋ฌ.txt | Many people in the United States and Latin America have grown up celebrating the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's voyage, but was he an intrepid explorer who brought two worlds together or a ruthless exploiter who brought colonialism and slavery? And did he even discover America at all? It's time to put Columbus o... |
TedEd_History | ๋ฏธ๊ตญ_๋๋ฒ๊ด์_์ด๋ป๊ฒ_์๋ช
๋ ๊น_ํผํฐ_ํ์ฝPeter_Paccone.txt | There's a job out there with a great deal of power, pay, prestige, and near-perfect job security. And there's only one way to be hired: get appointed to the US Supreme Court. If you want to become a justice on the Supreme Court, the highest federal court in the United States, three things have to happen. You have to ... |
TedEd_History | ์ญ์ฌ์์_์ํ์ง๋ฉด_์๋๋_ํ๋ผ์ค_์ผ์ดํธ_๋๋ ๋ธ_Kate_Narev.txt | Three and a half thousand years ago in Egypt, a noble pharaoh was the victim of a violent attack. But the attack was not physical. This royal had been dead for 20 years. The attack was historical, an act of damnatio memoriae, the damnation of memory. Somebody smashed the pharaoh's statues, took a chisel and attempted ... |
TedEd_History | ์ง๊ธฐ์ค์นธ_๋_์ญ์ฌ_์๋ ์ค_์ ๋ค๋ฌ.txt | He was one of the most fearsome warlords who ever lived, waging an unstoppable conquest across the Eurasian continent. But was Genghis Khan a vicious barbarian or a unifier who paved the way for the modern world? We'll see in "History vs. Genghis Khan." "Order, order. Now who's the defendant today? Khan!" "I see Your... |
TedEd_History | How_misused_modifiers_can_hurt_your_writing_Emma_Bryce.txt | This just in: "Thief robs town with world's largest chocolate bunny." Wait, so are we talking about this, or this? That's a classic case of a misplaced modifier, a common grammatical mistake that can dramatically change the meaning of a sentence. And lest you think this is a bit far-fetched, confusing headlines lik... |
TedEd_History | ํ์ฌ๋ณ์_๊ณผ๊ฑฐ_ํ์ฌ_๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ _๋ฏธ๋.txt | Imagine if half the people in your neighborhood, your city, or even your whole country were wiped out. It might sound like something out of an apocalyptic horror film, but it actually happened in the 14th century during a disease outbreak known as the Black Death. Spreading from China through Asia, the Middle East, Af... |
TedEd_History | ๊ฐ๋ถํคKabuki_์๋ฏผ๋ค์_์ฐ๊ทน_์์ .txt | Many elements of traditional Japanese culture, such as cuisine and martial arts, are well-known throughout the world. Kabuki, a form of classical theater performance, may not be as well understood in the West but has evolved over 400 years to still maintain influence and popularity to this day. The word Kabuki is deriv... |
TedEd_History | How_to_use_rhetoric_to_get_what_you_want_Camille_A_Langston.txt | How do you get what you want using just your words? Aristotle set out to answer exactly that question over 2,000 years ago with the Treatise on Rhetoric. Rhetoric, according to Aristotle, is the art of seeing the available means of persuasion. And today we apply it to any form of communication. Aristotle focused on ora... |
TedEd_History | History_through_the_eyes_of_the_potato_Leo_BearMcGuinness.txt | Baked or fried, boiled or roasted, as chips or fries. At some point in your life, you've probably eaten a potato. Delicious, for sure, but the fact is potatoes have played a much more significant role in our history than just that of the dietary staple we have come to know and love today. Without the potato, our modern... |
TedEd_History | A_brief_history_of_goths_Dan_Adams.txt | What do fans of atmospheric post-punk music have in common with ancient barbarians? Not much. So why are both known as goths? Is it a weird coincidence or a deeper connection stretching across the centuries? The story begins in Ancient Rome. As the Roman Empire expanded, it faced raids and invasions from the semi-nom... |
TedEd_History | Why_wasnt_the_Bill_of_Rights_originally_in_the_US_Constitution_James_Coll.txt | Take a moment to think about the US Constitution. What's the first thing that comes to mind? Freedom of speech? Protection from illegal searches? The right to keep and bear arms? These passages are cited so often that we can hardly imagine the document without them, but that's exactly what the writers of the Constituti... |
TedEd_History | ์ํ
๋ค์์_๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์_์ง์คํ_์๋ฏธ๋_๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ_Melissa_Schwartzberg.txt | Hey, congratulations! You've just won the lottery, only the prize isn't cash or a luxury cruise. It's a position in your country's national legislature. And you aren't the only lucky winner. All of your fellow lawmakers were chosen in the same way. This might strike you as a strange way to run a government, let alone ... |
TedEd_History | ์ด๋ป๊ฒ_์ธ๋ฏธ์ฝ๋ก ์_์ฌ์ฉํ๋๊ฐ_์ ๋ง_๋ธ๋ผ์ด์คEmma_Bryce.txt | It may seem like the semicolon is struggling with an identity crisis. It looks like a comma crossed with a period. Maybe that's why we toss these punctuation marks around like grammatical confetti. We're confused about how to use them properly. In fact, it's the semicolon's half-half status that makes it useful. It'... |
TedEd_History | When_to_use_me_myself_and_I_Emma_Bryce.txt | Me, myself, and I. You may be tempted to use these words interchangeably because they all refer to the same thing, but in fact, each one has a specific role in a sentence. "I" is a subject pronoun, "me" is an object pronoun, and "myself" is a reflexive or intensive pronoun. So what does that reveal about where each wo... |
TedEd_History | ๋ถํจ_๋ถ์_์ฌ์น_๋ฒ ๋์ค_๊ณค๋๋ผ์_์ญ์ฌ_๋ผ์ฐ๋ผ_๋ชจ๋ ๋ฆฌ.txt | If I say, "Venice," do you imagine yourself gliding down the Grand Canal, serenaded by a gondolier? There's no doubt that the gondola is a symbol of Venice, Italy, but how did this curious banana-shaped black boat get its distinctive look? The origins of the Venetian gondola are lost to history, but by the 1500s, so... |
TedEd_History | ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ_๋ง๋๋_๋ฒใ
ฃ๋ _๋ธ๋ก์น_Len_Bloch.txt | Death and taxes are famously inevitable, but what about decomposition? As anyone who's seen a mummy knows, ancient Egyptians went to a lot of trouble to evade decomposition. So, how successful were they? Living cells constantly renew themselves. Specialized enzymes decompose old structures, and the raw materials are ... |
TedEd_History | The_scientific_origins_of_the_Minotaur_Matt_Kaplan.txt | Far beneath the palace of the treacherous King Minos, in the damp darkness of an inescapable labryinth, a horrific beast stalks the endless corridors of its prison, enraged with a bloodlust so intense that its deafening roar shakes the Earth. It is easy to see why the Minotaur myth has a long history of being disregar... |
TedEd_History | ๋ฌด์์ด_ํ๋์ค_ํ๋ช
์_์ผ์ด๋๊ฒ_ํ์๊น_ํฐ_๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด๋Tom_Mullaney.txt | What rights do people have, and where do they come from? Who gets to make decisions for others and on what authority? And how can we organize society to meet people's needs? These questions challenged an entire nation during the upheaval of the French Revolution. By the end of the 18th century, Europe had undergone a p... |
TedEd_History | The_history_of_chocolate_Deanna_Pucciarelli.txt | If you can't imagine life without chocolate, you're lucky you weren't born before the 16th century. Until then, chocolate only existed in Mesoamerica in a form quite different from what we know. As far back as 1900 BCE, the people of that region had learned to prepare the beans of the native cacao tree. The earliest r... |
TedEd_History | ์์๋ก_๊ฐ๋ ฅํ_๋ณํ๋ฅผ_์ด๋์ด๋ด๋_๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์๋ฆญ_๋ฆฌ์ฐ_Eric_Liu.txt | We live in an age of protest. On campuses and public squares, on streets and social media, protesters around the world are challenging the status quo. Protest can thrust issues onto the national or global agenda, it can force out tyrants, it can activate people who have long been on the sidelines of civic life. While p... |
TedEd_History | The_Egyptian_Book_of_the_Dead_A_guidebook_for_the_underworld_Tejal_Gala.txt | Ani stands before a large golden scale where the jackal-headed god Anubis is weighing his heart against a pure ostrich feather. Ani was a real person, a scribe from the Egyptian city of Thebes who lived in the 13th century BCE. And depicted here is a scene from his Book of the Dead, a 78-foot papyrus scroll designed to... |
TedEd_History | How_to_write_descriptively_Nalo_Hopkinson.txt | We read fiction for many reasons. To be entertained, to find out who done it, to travel to strange, new planets, to be scared, to laugh, to cry, to think, to feel, to be so absorbed that for a while we forget where we are. So, how about writing fiction? How do you suck your readers into your stories? With an exciting p... |
TedEd_History | ํฐ์ฝ_๋ธ๋ผํค_Tycho_Brahe_์ค์บ๋ค๋ง์_์ฒ๋ฌธํ์_๋_์ฌํดDan_Wenkel.txt | How do you imagine the life of a scientist? Boring and monotonous, spending endless hours in the lab with no social interaction? Maybe for some but not Tycho Brahe. The 16th century scholar who accurately predicted planetary motion and cataloged hundreds of stars before the telescope had been invented also had a cosmic... |
TedEd_History | ๋น๊ทน_์๊ฐ๋ค์_๋๊ฒฐ_๋ฉ๋ผ๋_์๋กํMelanie_Sirof.txt | Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Let us welcome you to the final day of dramatic battle between great tragedians. It is a spring day here in Ancient Greece. Nearly 17,000 patrons are filing into the Theatre of Dionysus to watch top playwrights, including favorites Aeschylus and Sophocles duke it out to see whose h... |
TedEd_History | ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ์์_๋ํด_์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ด_๋ชจ๋ฅผ_์๋_์๋_๊ฒ_ํค๋ค์ค_C_๋ฐ์ด๋น์ค_Kenneth_C_Davis.txt | "All men are created equal and they are endowed with the rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." Not so fast, Mr. Jefferson! These words from the Declaration of Independence, and the facts behind them, are well known. In June of 1776, a little more than a year after the war against England began with the... |
TedEd_History | ์์ ์์์_์ข
๊ต์_์งง์_์ญ์ฌ_TEDEd.txt | It's only been the last few hundreds years or so that Western civilization has been putting art in museums, at least museums resembling the public institutions we know today. Before this, for most, art served other purposes. What we call fine art today was, in fact, primarily how people experienced an aesthetic dimensi... |
TedEd_History | This_is_Sparta_Fierce_warriors_of_the_ancient_world_Craig_Zimmer.txt | In ancient Greece, violent internal conflict between bordering neighbors and war with foreign invaders was a way of life, and Greeks were considered premier warriors. Most Greek city-states surrounded themselves with massive defensive walls for added protection. Sparta in its prime was a different story, finding walls ... |
TedEd_History | ๊ณ ๋_์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์_๊ธฐ์_์๋ง๋_๋์๊ณ ์ด_Armand_DAngour.txt | Thousands of years in the making, what began as part of a religious festival honoring the Greek god Zeus in the rural Greek town of Olympia has today become the greatest show of sporting excellence on Earth. The inception date in 776 BC became the basis for the Greek's earliest calendar, where time was marked in four... |
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