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Science_Technology_BBC_News | Why_banana_wine_production_is_flourishing_in_Malawi_BBC_News.txt | now I want to take you quickly to the Northern Shores of Lake molawi now where a group of enterprising female Farmers have found a solution to the devastating effects of climate which was threatening their livelihoods have a look at this have you ever heard the expression when life gives you lemons make lemonade well it's a lesson that these farmers in caranga in the northern of Malawi have hard to take to heart Rising Waters due to climate change forced them to relocate higher Inland then extreme heat meant their banana crops were ripening a lot faster than usual and rotting bananas just won't sell it is sad that we have to go through all this waste the heat here is unbearable all of our hard work and investment is lost life gave Emily and her co-workers over ripe bananas so they're making banana wine bananas are abundant here and making wine allows us to reduce waste while creating something valuable when they are ripe we do not throw them away we take them to the factory where we produce top quality wine classified as white wine due to its color these women don't have the latest wine production equipment they do everything by hand first they clean and peel the bananas that then chop them into pieces then in a big bucket they mix the bananas sugar yeast lemons and raisins then it is sealed and allowed to ferment for 2 weeks after that it is repeatedly sved and stored for 4 months until it is ready for bottling |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Britains_rarest_ghost_orchid_rediscovered_for_first_time_in_15_years_BBC_News.txt | now big news for orchid lovers because Britain's rarest Orchid the ivory white ghost orchid has been discovered in an English wood for the first time in 15 years the unusually white plant is found in deep Woodland and they' been frequent rumors of its Extinction since it was first spotted in herfordshire 170 years ago let's speak now to Dr Richard baate who's a dental surgeon but also a wildf flower Enthusiast and he's found what is described as the holy Gra of orchids uh great to have you with us Richard and I have been reading that you have spent 30 years trying to find this Orchid uh it's been a quest for you hasn't it why it's actually 31 years I've been looking uh for this plant since my 10th birthday um after I read about it um as a as a young child one of my first loves was that of plants and the Mystique of the ghost orchid it being such a plant and one that's so difficult to find was something that's always appealed to me and I can tell you now after over 30 years of looking for it it is quite a difficult thing to track down but uh relief aside and uh and and obviously you're happy with it it's wonderful to see that this plant despite rumors that it's it's no longer with us and you know that it might have become extinct it's really wonderful to see that it's still with us and you'd gone out looking for some other flowers I understand when you came across said just describe for us when you found it that moment it was a bit strange because I spotted the plant from from some distance away and the first thing I thought in my my mind was is n you you can't be right there and as I got closer to it I thought oh goodness me this this is the moment I found it but it was a mixture of as I say of of of relief and and and Elation because after looking for something for so long you convince yourself that it's maybe not there anymore and you're wasting your time so it's an incredible relief uh to to have found it why is it so rare in the UK well the plant itself is is vanishingly rare in in itself it's got particularly uh unusual habitat requirements the plant itself grows um in with it without containing anything called chlorophyll and its life cycle centers around that of its fungal partner in the soil what the Orchid does is it it parasitizes fungi that grow around the base of trees and the plant itself is incredibly fussy so it actually spends most of its time living underground so most of the time even if the plant is there it leaves no evidence that it is when it does eventually flower it it pops up above ground this incredibly sort of you lovely smelling thing it smells like bananas when it does pop above ground it doesn't last very long so a few days maybe even a few hours at the most so you got giv the impression that it is incredibly incredibly rare Richard maybe there are more of them we just hav unspotted them I I just have time to ask you this question which I do want to fit in the location hasn't been revealed obviously concerns that it might get trampled or or indeed taken away but um shouldn't there be an opportunity for people who want to see it to do that it'd be wonderful if people could but as as I've been saying before if people do want to see this plant then maybe as a whole we we we should all do our bit to ensure that this plant is is is is more prevalent um if you've got something that is so unusual and so demanding then we need to make more of an effort to encourage the habitats for these um reporting it's the BBI um who who helped me with with the discovery the BBI being the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland hopefully what we can do is is we can SP some habitat management to try and get these plants to start popping up in the locations where they've been reported historically and maybe people will have the opportunity to do so but at the moment the find it might for all we know be the only one that's out there I hope it isn't and I think it isn't but if people do want to see it then we all need to do our bit to try and encourage the right conditions for it to grow I hope it isn't the only one out there either Richard thank you very much for talking to us on BBC News Richard bit it's been a pleasure pleasure thank you |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | How_do_heatwaves_affect_our_mental_health_BBC_Ideas.txt | when it comes to extreme weather and climate change we often focus on how it will impact our futures and the world we live in un scientists are warning we are on course for devastating changes to our climate they say the world is expected to warm above 1.5° C by the early 2030s but researchers are now starting to understand that it's also already affecting our mental health climate change is bearing directly unb brain Health on Mental Health on our inner psychology right climate change is changing us from the inside out in the UK one in four adults and one in 10 children experience mental illness and there's growing evidence that dealing with a changing climate is adding to that burden we know a lot more about the fiscal impacts of climate change but we're now starting to get a better appreciation and understanding of how climate change impacts Mental Health in the UK the patterns of change in temperatures in particular are very Stark in 2022 we had the hottest year on record where daytime temperatures soed over 40° for the first time in history the past hour or so we've had the UK Met Office issuing its first ever red warning for extreme heat after the 2022 heat wave in the UK Charles and a team of researchers set out to study how the extreme heat affected people's well-being over half of the the people they spoke to experienced negative impacts on their mental health due to the heat people talk about things like experiencing severe anxiety and emotional distress General irritability bad moods a sense of isolation from having stained doors a lot of this impacts could be linked to sleep disruption lack of sleep was one of the most commonly cited impacts they saw their parks and local grain areas totally dried out by the Heat and it triggered climate anxiety a lot of people manage their stress by going for a run or doing something outdoors and when you're able to do that you know the pressure just mounts and mounts we don't have air conditioning all that kind of thing so then you you know you're awake at night everyone is tired and it's so difficult when you go to workplace and when you try to you know uh come up with different ideas you you're so low mentally all of these stressors they influence our ability to cope they influence our ability to make decisions to interact with the world and the way that we would otherwise be interacting with it Clayton has interviewed numerous doctors and scientists who are looking at how the changing environment is affecting our minds brains and bodies one of the things we're learning is that you don't even need to be alive to experience some of these effects a study of expecting mothers who experienced Hurricane Sandy in 2012 the huge storm that hit New York showed that in unborn children who did experience that storm girls as early as preschool were 20 times as likely to experience anxiety 30 times as likely to experience depression boys were 60 times as likely relative to those who had not been exposed to the storm in utero to express some kind of ADHD Charles's research also saw the heat affecting men and women differently often due to societal factors such as traditional gender roles for example he found that when schools closed early on the hottest day of the year in 2022 the ones to pick up the gaps in the child care were you guessed it women this added to the mental strain many women faced one of the stories told to us was from a lady who lives in a deprived area of the city and the hottest day of the year she watch the readings on the thermometer in the baby's room just going up and up and up and so it was really stressful for the mother trying to manage the situation we know that babies haven't fully developed the ability to self-regulate their own temperatures so these extreme temperatures can be fatal Charles's research found that people on Lower incomes and other disadvantaged groups groups were more likely to feel the negative effects of extreme heat because it was harder for them to keep their homes cool so on a very basic level people with more income have more resources to cope during the sorts of periods right this is true within a given City it's true within a given region it's true across countries around the world in the case of Hurricane Katrina for example the huge storm that struck new orans and in the United States in 2005 an academic study that looked at the experience of low income people in that storm showed that about half of these folks experien some kind of post-traumatic stress and that's relative to 5% of the general population as well as the Direct effects of climate change on people's mental health there's also knock on effects like loss of income and Rising prices which inevitably have implications for people's well-being there's droughts in the fields which causes shortage of foods and we've seen food prices go up because of shortages when I live on my own will I be able to afford you know the the good food that keeps me healthy these effects are real they're they're serious and and they can be scary but I don't think this is a story of Doom and Gloom being able to come to an awareness of the relationships between climate change and brain health it affords us an ability to paint a picture of a future that we desire so although the impact of a changing climate on our mental health can be profound both Clayton and Charles's Rec search has shown that there are things you can do to support your wellbeing engaging with nature so spending more time in Green Space people use that as a way to cope with stress so this is very beneficial social connection is a really big one as well we are not separate from our environment we are connected not just to the world around us but of course to one another and it and it is only in working with one another that we're going to be able to move forward [Music] |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Video_game_strike_Some_popular_games_could_be_impacted_BBC_News.txt | I do think there are some very popular games that will be impacted in the short term and then over a longer term even more will be impacted let's start with a bit of a of a general question can you give us the latest on the negotiations and just how it's going from your perspective well you know the negotiations with this group of the biggest video game companies in the world have been ongoing for more than 18 months uh obviously we launched a strike last last week uh we have exchanged proposals with them they know precisely what is it issue in fact um this is probably one of the most straightforward uh labor spee you could imagine because there's really one issue which is artificial intelligence and establishing uh parameters that are fair and ethical with respect to our members to make sure that they get to retain control over the use of their own face voice body uh and that they're paid fairly uh when a is used to um to create performances with them and so that's really what the issue is all about and the companies know and actually the public knows uh what we are seeking because we've publicly released our interim agreements and our tiered independent agreements that contain exactly uh the kind of language that's necessary in order to provide a fair Equitable level of protection for our members you mentioned how long this has been going on these negotiations and and also that kind of of sticking point of artificial intelligence why is it such a sticking point you know it's a great question it was one of the toughest issues to resolve in last year's TV theatrical strike that a lot of people are familiar with um and it was in fact the very last issue resolved in that negotiation as well um the thing that's weird about it though is that since that time we've been able to make similar deals with the studios and streamers again for animation with the major record labels a basically all of the companies in the entertainment industry are are sort of getting to the place where they understand these basic protections are necessary why the video game companies are refusing to extend them to all of our members who work for them that is a bit of a mystery and is this still about learning about artificial intelligence we everyone seems to have different levels of knowledge of it I wonder is is that something you see we we're all learning what AI can do in the future right you know the may be some element of that although you know the video game companies have been using artificial intelligence longer than just about anybody because of the nature of video game production and how video games operate so there may be some element of that but I think there's also an element of really wanting to have 100% control and wanting to be able to just use the proceeds of this work without any kinds of limitations and you know that may have been uh something that was conceivable in a world where humans had the veto of just refusing to do something they could say you know I don't want to do that I'm not going to do it my face my voice are not going to be part of it but now that this AI technology lets these companies put your face your voice your body into something that you never did that you may not even have agreed to that's a line that we have to draw in the sand and I think other companies have figured that out and I think the video game companies are becoming more and more isolated because they're really the only ones trying to hold this line of we can do whatever we want with your face your voice your your body Last Time video game actors went on strike it lasted for around a year how long do you expect this dispute to go on for well I hope I hope not that long I mean the fact is last year we had to go on strike for almost four months with all the major Studios and streamers but the result of that was the beginnings of a consensus within the industry about the kinds of protections that performers rightly deserve and so I hope that this time around with the clear public support that we've had ever since last year with the as I said sort of isolation of these companies in this position with movement happening on the public policy level hopefully this time we'll be able to bring it in a lot sooner than that but make no mistake our members are 100% committed and they will stay on strike as long as it takes to achieve a fair deal and has there been any real progress since the strike was called um I wouldn't say there's been any real progress yet I mean it has only been a little bit less than a week uh and so I think that it's going to take a little more time than that but I do think it's clear the companies are focused on this issue this I think has got their attention we had a huge picket line last Thursday out in front of Warner Brothers games at the Warner Brothers Studios in Burbank California hundreds and hundreds of our members showed up it was I think a really powerful demonstration of the unity and solidarity being just as strong this year as it was last year and um I think those things will have an impact you you touched on this before when we're talking about artificial intelligence you know a lot of experts seem to agree it's maybe not quite as clever as people make out and it's it's a bit of a way from being able to sort of replace humans entirely just go through those reasons why are you so worried about AI well this is a very specific use of AI that we're talking about which is replicating uh performances by human performers and I think it's really of concern because that level of Technology does exist today and it's rapidly improving and I think everyone can understand how fundamentally unfair it is for someone to have to compete against themselves for a job I mean this business is hard enough competing against other people but when a video game Studio can generate a duplicate of you to compete against you and maybe not even have to pay that duplicate that's not a tenable situation for anyone that's unfair it's unethical so this is something that has to be addressed right now certainly the expanding use of generative AI we're all seeing these new tools coming out almost on a monthly basis that can do things that are that are uh just Generations ahead of where they were just months ago so I think that um that the time really is now to start putting some guard rails in if we don't put them in now by the time we get to it it will be too late so this is a battle that I think our members have a consensus has to be fought today and in terms of of Gamers the people can uming these games and the people enjoying these games how how will these strikes affect them will we see delays like we saw with with movies and TV shows previously you know it will hit the video game industry a little differently because of the long lead time and Productions and the way video game Productions work and frankly what performers role is in those Productions but I do think there are some very popular games that will be impacted in the short term and then over a longer term even more will be impacted and I I do just want to say we were just at Comic Con last week in San Diego huge Festival of among other things Gamers and the level of support from the gamer community and from the public is incredibly strong they understand why our members are are are fighting this fight and frankly our members are the face and voice of these games to an entire generation of Gamers and they care about what happens to the people who create those characters they love so I you know I do think that uh that we're going to have strong support there and just just going back to what you said there about some possible delays are there any specific franchises any specific games that could be affected in the short or long term there are but I'm not going to name any names just yet but I would say that I think uh we see for sure um sort of live gaming as being something that'll be affected the most quickly because of course those are games that are constantly rolling out new content at all times rely on subscribers and constant refresh in order to maintain their relevance so I think those will probably be the games where we see the impact the most quickly but it could it can and will affect a wide swath of of the game area but hopefully the companies will come to their censes and will be able to reach a deal before that has to happen um but just you know make no mistake this is an existential fight that our members are in they know that this is the future of their career it's the future of their ability to control the use of their image and likeness and voice and performance and movement and it's not something they're going to give up on and and just finally Duncan I want to go back to something you said before about the audience and that sort of solidarity and support is there anything the audience who plays games can do if they want to show support I mean you said you've experienced it there but for our audience that play games is there anything they can do to show solidarity with video game actors absolutely look I'm a gamer myself and so I know how important games can be to people um and I think number one thing they can do is really uh use their social media use just their communication tools at their disposal whether that's even just an email to these companies to let them know that it's not okay for the companies to um you know to treat their performers or really any of their workers unfairly especially as it relates to AI um we have a whole social media campaign going on uh and uh they can find that by using ideam strike and also at our website sag.org we have all kinds of informations information and ideas about how um folks can support but I think the number one thing is really inform the community about what's going on and why it's important and let the companies know that it's not okay with you for performers to be mistreated by AI |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Nasa_spacecraft_blasts_off_to_hunt_alien_life_on_a_distant_moon_BBC_News.txt | but we're going to start with that NASA launch which we're expecting in the next few minutes now let's explain what it's all about trapped under its icy surface this moon of Jupiter could be a vast ocean with double the amount of water on Earth leading some scientists to believe it could be home to life in a few minutes a spacecraft is expected to blast off from Florida on the hunt for those signs of Life on one of Jupiter's moons it's named Europa these are pictures live from Cape Canaveral uh we're going to be speaking to the Space Engineer Dr Adam Baker and also in the studio we've got our science correspondent palab go um Adam first of all to you just explain how difficult is this Mission hello good to be here well it's one of the most difficult missions that NASA or any space agency has ever done it's the largest interplanetary spacecraft NASA's ever launched it's going to fly all the way to Jupiter taking 5 years to get there and then it's going to orbit it some 50 times in one of the worst radiation environments that any space crft ever been designed to withstand well there we go it's a pretty tall order um palab go with me in the studio what is it looking for what's it going to do it's going to be orbiting isn't it and looking for any potential Signs of Life well Ben as you said somehow this little world so far from the sun has got water not just water but lots of it under its icy surface and of course where there's water there may well be life so that's the really exciting thing about this because Europa this tiny moon of Jupiter May well be the most likely place in our solar system to be home to life and we'll get some results in 5 years time but it's still on its way yeah 5 years time it sounds an awful long way into the future and that that's because it's so far away from us it's a 1.8 billion mile Journey so it's going to take some time it's taking a long route it's got to do a few um Fly it's got to do a few slingshots to gain Gravity from other planets but it is going to get there in 2030 and it's going to take a real really closeup look at the the surface take magnetic readings to find out about the oceans and there are plumes that come out from the surface and if it's lucky it'll fly through one of these plumes and and actually taste what these oceans are like but just to be clear it's not going to land it's just going to orbit it and and try to work out as much information as it can from orbiting NASA is very clear it's not going to land it's not going to find life but it's going to find out whether Europa has the potential to support life which is a step closer to actually finding life um in our solar system um Adam Baker back to you just where well I think we're two minutes away from launch it's due at 6 minutes past the hour so just over two minutes what what just talk us to us a bit about the design of this spacecraft and how it has been designed for this very difficult and very long-term Mission yeah so there's a couple of features that are really important one of which is how it produces its power because you obviously need electrical power to run the instruments and keep it warm out there in the freezing cold depths of interplanetary space so it has enormous solar arrays most spacecraft are solar powered with a few exceptions this one's not using nuclear power perhaps unusually at that distance and the solar arrays are enormous so I think um it's about the size of a complete tennis court in terms of the length so about sort of 30 nearly 35 M long and it needs it in order to be able to suck in enough sunlight to produce enough power to run the instruments it's running a radar for example to look beneath the icy crust and try and uh assess the the water the oceans on europ and those are really power hungry and no missions ever used a radar this far from the Sun so there's a huge power challenge the other side of the equation is actually it's orbiting in a really harsh radiation environment Jupiter like the Earth traps um energetic particles around it because of its strong magnetic field and the spacecraft has to fly through these time and time again in fact it's not in orbit around Europa it's taking multiple kind of close passes but spending most of its time at a relatively safe distance from Jupiter that said it still needs to contain its sensitive Electronics the computers the data recorders in what they call a volt made of a thick layer of aluminium alloy which makes the whole spacecraft much heavier especially when you consider you have to throw it from Earth to the other side of the solar system so power and weight are two of the real key challenges the designers to face and it ends up weighing about nearly six tons which is a huge spacecraft to again throw to the other side of the solar system that's why they need space T's well second biggest rocket not the biggest after the launch the other day but second biggest rocket to get there okay Adam thank you we're just going to listen into the launch then um from Florida Let's uh look at the launch uh to travel to Europa to study the jup MO 6 5 4 3 2 1 ignition and liftoff liftoff for Falcon heavy with Europa Clipper unveiling the iies of an enormous ocean lurking beneath the icy crust of Jupiter's moon Europa engine chamber pressures are nomenal see that chamber presses from we here all 27 Merlin engines look great rocket beginning to roll putting down 5.1 million PB of thrust coming up they going to back off those engines just a bit so getting ready to head into max power and Telemetry nominal we hear that power Telemetry on the vehicle are good there everything's looking uh really well Falon heavy is [Music] supersonic they have reduced power in the center core uh to get through maximum Max Q maximum Dynamic pressure on the launch Vehicles we approach that the two side boosters at Full Throttle a beautiful shot there as our camera Team wellow all looking pretty smooth to my very untrained eye and malab go our science correspondent who's with me watching those pictures it's always mesmerizing isn't it watching any kind of launch but this is a staggering Mission isn't it in terms of its complexity it is it's so far so good I think we're waiting for the stage separation which is a critical moment nothing is say is complet completely safe on a journey to space but at least it's launched hopefully it's on its way and we just have to wait 5 years to fight out whether we're alone in the universe or not yeah although Will we find that out definitively I mean we'll just find out about the potential conditions exactly you're you're right to correct that I was you know it's just so exciting you're getting carried away getting getting a little bit carried away um but Europa is what 630 million kilometers from Earth it's it's an awfully long way and I was talking to a um a scientist earlier was saying we we spent a lot of time concentrating on Mars in recent years is this does this amount to a sort of new departure do you think in some ways well it does and um there's a there's a bit of a war going on between planetary science scientists those that are obsessed with Mars and those that have said look we've got all these water worlds in the outer reaches of the solar system so why are we keeping going back to Mars and doing the same in their view similar experiments and doing lots of geology where there's very little uh water on Mars so they seem to be gaining the upper hand with this Mission there's plans for another mission to Uranus which also has water we have already got a European mission to some of the other moons of Jupiter so it seems like the the outer solar system the moons May well be more likely to have life now rather than Mars which maybe once had life and and this Jupiter moon has as you were saying earlier an awful lot of water I mean way more water than we have on Earth twice as much twice as much and it seems strange why should something so far away that's got ice on its surface have water now the reason is that Jupiter it's it's the biggest planet in the solar system and it has powerful gravity and it stretches and squeezes the moon and so it's that movement that means that it's got a layer of water uh in between and its core might provide the Heat heat and nutrients for life to exist and that is what the Europa Clipper mission is going to try and find out with its 49 orbits in five years time palab thank you back to Dr Adam Baker space engineer who is watching that launch with us well as we said it was seemed to be a pretty smooth uh launch Adam but this is a really really challenging space mission isn't it yeah that's right um that said they probably got the world's most experienced company doing the launch this is SpaceX you've done hundreds of Falcon 9 launches this is I think the 11th Falcon 9 heavy launch and as we saw the other day they're triing their new rocket the Starship which will be even bigger so if anyone can pull off the delivery and get Europa Clipper there in one piece it will certainly be SpaceX do you think the odds are on it being successful and coming up with some of those answers that palab was was saying that they're really looking for I think it's pretty likely if it gets through the early phases of the launch which are probably the most risky then actually it's a pretty quiet Journey for the next 5 years and they'll have most of the critical systems Switched Off uh they'll turn it on from time to time to check it and it'll come past earth once or twice and they'll get some signals from it then I think that the next risky phase where things could go wrong is likely to be when it goes into Jupiter orbit there's a Jupiter entry part where it's got to slow down enough to be captured by the giant planet's gravity and then it'll go into this slow 49 orbit sort of um dance as palab was talking about so we'll have to calm ourselves down find something else interesting to look at in space for the next five years and wait for that so it's it's probably going to be pretty dull from now on I I'm I'm sure we'll find something to talk about and think about uh Adam Baker thank you so much the space engineer and also our science correspondent palab go talking us through that spectacular launch of the Europa Clipper heading up to that Jupiter moon Europa |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | US_shares_and_Bitcoin_hit_record_high_on_Donald_Trump_win_BBC_News.txt | let's catch up with more Market reaction Ty Enright is here and Ty take us take us through it yeah there's a lot to get through Matthew thank you very much the Market's reaction to Donald Trump's victory has been pretty dramatic even though many Traders had expected this win it could have far-reaching consequences for the global economy let's have a look at the numbers on the markets the victory sent stocks soaring on Wall Street with the Dow the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq all seeing very significant gains in fact the S&P 500 has hit a record high banking stocks in particular have been rising and Elon musk's Tesla is one of the biggest gainers with its shares up by more than 14% Bitcoin was also a big winner it passed the $75,000 Mark for the first time ever here in Europe a bit of a different story the main indices did Stars today in positive territory but they gave up those gains as the trading day Drew to a close mainly down to fears that the Trump ad Administration will raise tariffs on Imports into the United States Germany's car makers suffering in particular that's reflected there in the Dax there down by 2/3 of 1% and the US dollar has had its biggest one-day jump in eight years as investors pile back into the green back that's the latest values for the dollar there well let's bring in rupta our North American Business correspondent who's on on Wall Street for us uh Riga let's talk about the dollar first of all join the thoughts for us what links a trump win with a stronger dollar yes Ty the doll seeing significant strength um after Donald Trump's Victory and a lot of that is really about the uh trade protectionist measures that he wants to put in place particularly um on higher tariffs so we're seeing the US dollar gaining against currencies like the British pound and also particularly against the Mexican peso which is really leading the losses against they are particularly exposed to any potential tariffs but there's also a concern about inflation as well um economists have warned that many of Trump's policies could be reflationary and if that leads the Federal Reserve to change course and lift interest rates later next year I mean that could uh provide the dollar some more strength TIG yeah thank you very much we should also say those uh climbs in the stock market most likely down to the Trump's plan to cut corporate taxes which of course will boost many companies bottom lines but but as R was saying there trade relationships will be high on the agenda under Donald Trump's leadership with protecting American Goods one of his main election promises he's already Ved to escalate the US trade war with China by ramping up tariffs on Chinese Imports to more than 60% and ending China's most favored nation trading status Trump's also said he wants to oppose a 10% tariff on all non us-made Goods which could affect many big exporters to the us such as Taiwan and German Germany |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | SpaceX_astronauts_make_history_as_they_conduct_first_private_spacewalk_BBC_News.txt | our top story this hour because in the last couple of hours 700 kilm above our heads history has been made with a team of privately funded astronauts making the first commercial space Walk This Is The Moment the team on the SpaceX Polaris Dawn Mission started to move out of the capsule they were effectively testing out a new design and new techniques while paying for the privilege courtesy of billionaire Tech entrepreneur Jared isaacman who is the mission commander and indeed the first person out of the capsule and let's show you these live pictures now from inside the capsule because after uh being out in space for Jared isaacman and also Sarah Gillis a SpaceX engineer uh the team of four there are four on board the capsule are now waiting while it repr pressurizes remember there was no airlock here on this craft the whole craft had to depressurize uh to allow the pressure inside to become equal with that of the space around them to match the pressure of that space and now it has to be repressurized so that is the process we're seeing uh the four astronauts go through at the moment and of course just a reminder they're not professional astronauts that's one of the many new aspects of what we've seen taking place today on this historic mission and I'm joined now I'm pleased to say by Libby Jackson who is the head of space exploration at the UK space agency Libby great to have you with us on such a significant day a day of many firsts many many firsts uh it is fantastic to see that this commercial space sector in low earth orbit is taking these steps because it is the transition from a a government funded Enterprise which we've seen over the last 50 60 years uh to a place where there are new opportunities new investors new funding coming in and the opportunities that that will bring for technology uh for new materials things like new Pharmaceuticals will ultimately benefit everybody back on Earth one question people might have is why isn't NASA for example doing this why is a commercial Enterprise doing this well it's been the goal of space agencies around the world including NASA including the UK space agency to see this transition take place so SpaceX have contracts with NASA uh for parts of NASA's work uh they Ferry crew and cargo to and from the International Space Station they will be uh Landing uh astronauts on the moon in the coming years but this was something that SpaceX have developed uh and that technology development independently uh is is all part of spacex's plan and that will benefit NASA as well because we'll see that uh space technology potentially feed into future government funded missions as well and of course this is all part of the The Wider future exploration of space that's what lies behind missions like this uh how dangerous though how risky was it for the four everything uh thankfully seems to have gone very well so far it's been really good to see the Hatchery pressurization and and The Space Walk coming to an end because it was the first time this has ever been done um and a space walk is always a risky part of any Mission along with the launch and the landing those are the three parts uh where there is the most racist astronauts but any anybody undertaking this SpaceX uh in this case always uh go to Great Lengths to make sure that the safety of the crew is Paramount uh that spacecraft will have been tested the space suits will have been tested and and it does look like everything's gone well but to have uh all four uh astronauts exposed to space all of them were in these these pressure suits uh all of them were in that vacuum of space that's not been done really since the Gemini uh missions right back in in the 1960s when we were learning how to to live and work in space um and so it's it's it's really good to see that this uh Space Walk appears to have bu gone successfully and the crew are safely back in their capsules yes talk to us a little bit more Libby about these new space suits being used for the first time outside a spacecraft um much less bulky than what people are used to seeing of course and we saw Jared isman and Sarah Gillis you know moving their their arms around a lot I guess to show to test that flexibility yeah one of the reasons they're much less bulky compared to what people might be used to seeing on the International Space Station is that they don't have a big backpack on board um astronauts who are carrying out space walks on the ISS are completely in their own spacecraft um they're Tethered to the spacecraft through through cables but all the oxygen all the cooling everything they need to keep them alive is is contained within the spacep and these space suits that we've seen today have an umbilical they have a cable uh feeding the oxygen feeding all the power everything that they need so they were permanently connected to their spacecraft but still the new technology has enabled better joints thinner materials there's been a heads up display inside those helmets allowing the crew to see uh better the status of their space suit and all of these technology developments are great because we haven't seen new space suits developed for decades uh there are now new space suits being developed not just by SpaceX here but also uh looking forward we will have to have new space suits for landing on the moon uh for the lunar Gateway and so yeah technology pushing forward improving space suits benefits everybody uh in space but we'll see the technolog technology also filter through into applications on earth into similar places and that's great so we're continuing Libby as as we chat to watch these live pictures I always find it incredible I never Tire of something like this you know seeing these live pictures from space coming to us and alongside Jared isman and Sarah Gillis who I've already mentioned uh we have Scott petite who's the mission pilot a retired US Air Force uh um Lieutenant uh leftenant and Anna Menon uh also a SpaceX senior engineer they're the other two members of the crew and uh it's interesting to observe that at the moment Libby there are more people in space than ever before since the history of of space exploration began it is fantastic it it's wonderful to see we we've got the crew on the International Space Station who have just been joined I think yesterday uh by the the new crew launching in the Sawyers so there are nine there uh there are the four uh on board Polaris Dawn and there are the three tyen knuts on the uh Chinese space station it's a sign of of what is happening in low earth orbit slowly but surely uh this is opening up new opportunities um there will be commercial opportunities there we will see uh new areas of economy develop uh we know that if uh we develop new materials in space where where you don't feel the effects of gravity we can make um things like semiconductors things like Pharmaceuticals that have different properties uh that can be more energy efficient that will potentially treat uh cancer in different ways these are the sorts of developments that we will see as low earth orbit becomes more commercial it's one of the reasons the UK space agency is working with aam space uh to a potentially fully commercially funded mission in the future we have to find uh new ways of bringing in new investment uh new ways of operating as as governments uh look uh to push the boundaries uh perhaps to return to the moon and maybe one day onto Mars okay um it's busy up there at the moment isn't it Libby thank you very much Libby Jackson head of space exploration at the UK space agency thank you |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | US_election_Russian_network_spreads_fake_news_reports_BBC_Verify.txt | this slick video looks like it was produced by BBC News it even quotes banat an investigative group as a source but it's fake and it has nothing to do with either the BBC or banat it's one of hundreds of madeup news reports produced and circulated by a Russian disinformation Network since January BBC verified together with fact Checkers from logically a uk-based tech company that uses artificial intelligence to detect disinformation has identified over 300 fake videos impersonating over 50 International media organizations it also appears that the network has been ramping up production in the runup to the US election by posting videos almost every day The Fakes have several common features they poses real well-known news outlets like the BBC I use similar production Styles fonts logos and Graphics in fact the videos are so realistic it can be hard to detect if they're real or fake even for Specialists this operation has been active for over 2 years and initially its fake videos like this one blaming Ukraine for a deadly strike at a railway station aimed to undermine Western support for Ukraine all the videos we have seen so far have been promoting Pro Kremlin narratives often these include false claims about the Democrats and vice president Harris others appear to be seeking to sew division by arguing the November vote will be rigged or by depicting the us as a country on the brink of collaps researchers from Czech first a Finnish analytics company who's independently investing at the network say they have found evidence confirming the videos come from Russia so we can link the operation to Russia thanks to some assets that we know were produced by a Russian company company registered in the country but it is unclear who exactly is running this operation unusually the accounts are actively seeking out journalists and asking them to fact check their own content they have been sending me and my colleagues emails private messages on X and tagging Us in posts asking us to fact check their fake reports Czech first has found that the operation had sent an estimated total of 71,000 emails to 245 addresses belonging to researchers media and fact Checkers between January and September this year they believe the aim is to overwhelm fact Checkers and newsrooms with bogus claims Thomas rid an expert specializing in disinformation says Russian trolls also seek exposure which they count as a measure of success if prominent media organizations prominent intelligence agencies expose their work then they can brag to their funders to the Russian government that they are seen as a serious threat that deserves exposure this operation so far has failed to generate genuine largescale engagement from social media users its activity on X appears to be largely driven by inauthentic or suspect accounts but that doesn't stop the people behind the operation Tech firm logically told us that visual network analysis shows a small number of active accounts who spam Western media and fact Checkers with videos the coordinated activity shows Hallmarks of inauthentic Behavior |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Worlds_largest_coral_found_in_Pacific_Ocean_BBC_News.txt | the largest single known piece of coral has been discovered by scientists on a research trip in the Southwest Pacific Ocean the National Geographic Expedition went to explore the remotest parts of the oceans and to find out how many coral reefs are being damaged by climate change the discovery comes as Nations meet at the UN climate talks in aaban our climate reporter Georgina ranard has the details this isn't a reef it's one single piece of coral seen for the first time it's lived down here in the Pacific Ocean for perhaps 500 years growing uninterrupted from the time Henry VII ruled England and it's Mega measuring 34 M long it is bigger than a blue whale it was found by accident on the map its location used to be marked as a shipwreck Manu s Felix was diving with his son Ingo in the Solomon Island when he discovered it well I have speaking from his research ship he told me he is in awe of the coral Look Away fascinated looking to this amazing coral and with a big smile and excited and thinking wow this is really special this discovery has happened at the same time as the UN climate talks in Baku in aaban this virtual background and these people here are all part of small small island nations and their governments coming here to say that coral reefs and their communities are at real risk from the ocean warming caused by climate change cor R is very important our economy depends very much on marine and Fisher for it survival we we take heart from it we uh we take pride from it and it's important the world to know that we it's a special place and it's it needs to be protected in shallower waters nearby reefs are dying because of climate change but this centuries old Coral has managed to survive scientists call it a Beacon of Hope that they want to learn from Georgina ranard BBC News in Baku |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Boeing_Starliner_returns_to_earth_without_astronauts_BBC_News.txt | Boeing Starliner spacecraft has successfully landed in the New Mexico desert the capu traveled back to Earth from the International Space Station without its crew it had developed technical problems including helium leaks shortly after its original launch Sasa decided it would be safer to leave the two astronauts on board the ISS Butch Wilmore and sunny Williams will return to Earth in February in a SpaceX capsule after they'll have spent 8 months in orbit NASA says both both of them are in good spirits well we heard from NASA a short while ago and they told us more about the mission I'm happy to report Starliner did really well today in the undock theorbit and Landing sequence uh you know we used the NASA docking system for the second time on the mission to to undock from the space station uh that system performed really well it's a derivative system will be used for Orion down the road so it was good to pave the way for Orion as well um the spacecraft executor a nominal breakout sequence the first time we've used that to back away from the station we backed out to about 5 m and then did a series of about 12 uh Burns using the service module for jets um and then we opened uh after that sequence of Maneuvers we ended up opening at about 22 km per rev away from the space station all those thrusters did really well through that subsequence no problems at all well our science editor Rebecca morale has SU up the outcome of the mission they did deem it a safe and successful Landing um there were a few hitches with the spacecraft on the way down they had a few issues with some of the thrusters which were some of the they experienced problems with the thrusters on the on the way up that's sort of what caused this whole decision to bring back the spacecraft without anyone in it but on the whole I think they're they're pretty happy with the landing but it's been interesting just been hearing them saying just now actually before I came downstairs that the it's sort of a bit Bittersweet really because I really wanted this spacecraft to be bringing home Butch Wilmore and sunny Williams they they're astronauts and it hasn't his gunpack empty and they've been working on it for sort of many years so it's they're glad it's come back they they're glad it's sort of back safe and sound and in one piece but you know it was a test flight and it was supposed to be the first test flight with astronauts and it hasn't it's completed its test flights but just not the with astronauts bit of that indeed now we were talking earlier I was speaking to a former NASA astronaut and a question that many of our viewers would have is how will Butch and sunny be uh in the International Space Center because they're staying far longer than they had planned um what contingencies are in place NASA says they're in good spirits of course but in terms of kits and what they need um what will they have up there yeah I mean it was supposed to be an eighth day Mission and seeing as they're now coming back next February it's going to be 8 months I mean that is a really long extension to your your stay in space but you know from all the images we've seen and from what NASA says they seem to be pretty happy up there I mean in terms of their gear when they went for 8 days they didn't bring that much stuff with them um but we do know that NASA has sent up several cargo missions with uh specific crew items they're called but I think that means things like clothing underwear stuff like that all the stuff you need for that extended stay and they're also having now it's a longer duration Mission they're do things like the daily exercise regime so you don't lose sorts of bone density and muscle weakness in that weightless environment they're taking part in the science experiments up there because of course this is a floating it's an orbiting Laboratory um so loads of science going on there all the time so really you know they're settling in I guess which they have to because you know their lift ride has gone home now they've got to wait for their quite a while for the next one to to to come by this is a lay person's question but who else will be up at the International Space Center with them at the space station there are quite a few people up there at the moment lots of different astronauts people come and go all the time I mean what's quite interesting actually is is four astronauts were supposed to be heading up in September on a SpaceX um crew Dragon but that is now going to be two astronauts so it's one from NASA and one from Russia they're going to be heading up to the International Space Station and the reason why two astronauts are staying behind on Earth is so they've got the empty seats basically so when their mission comes to its end in February Butch and sunny can take their places in the ride home so there's lots of sort of complicated shling lots of people said why have they got to wait so long you know if if there are sort of spacecraft coming and going to the space station all the time but the scheduling up there is incredibly complicated because there's a limited number of um spaces for astronauts up on the space station you've always got to make sure you've got enough spacecraft there to take the astronauts home if there was sort of a real emergency situation um so you know there all of these factors that have come in trying to sort of reorganize this mission as we mentioned just then I've been speaking to former NASA astronaut Doty Metar lindenburger obviously they personally uh do not take all their gear up a lot of gear is pre-positioned or will come up throughout a flight um and there will be adjustments made as the um the next uh SpaceX vehicle will only have two crew members so you can potentially also add um additional things there that they may need um but uh there's always uh enough in space for astronauts we actually don't need as much as we think we do um on Earth uh because you don't really get dirty I mean you do sweat there's other things like that of course but there's always food available they had already planned for the um team that would be coming up on the SpaceX crew to have four so there will be plenty of food to go around and the clothing part isn't as big of an issue um a lot of us we're General sizes and you can make things stretch quite far in space um and that's part of this great part two of the two crew members up there b sun and but like I said they've both been commanders they've um done many things here on Earth where you don't need a lot of stuff and uh and I just know that they'll be adding and contributing greatly to the science and experiments um while uh you know being up there so so sure the last thing they're worried about is CLO it's really interesting though isn't it because it's an Insight that a lot of us just can't understand or relate to but what's the longest time that you were at the International Space Station for yeah so I was a shuttle um astronaut so I was on board for 11 days our mission did extend just slightly because of some problems our vehicle had had and again our ground team worked um solve those problems and then we undocked so all total I've been in space for only 15 days um so not nearly as long as F and sunny but uh again what I had there I I felt overly supplied on my flight um with especially with clothing you just really don't need as much as we sometimes said there's more of course on that Starliner returning back to Earth on the BBC News website we have full coverage and Analysis |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | AI_chip_makers_battle_for_dominance_BBC_News.txt | you're watching the context it is time for AI [Music] decoded welcome to AI decoded the whole purpose of this program is to lift the lid on artificial intelligence to help you understand what it's all about and tonight we are going to go under the hood none of this modern artificial intelligence would be possible without the highly specialized chips you will have heard of Nvidia which alongside apple and Amazon is now one of the biggest companies in the world you might not have heard of Gro they are the upstarts in the market the Challenger that so far has raised close to a billion dollars in private Finance to develop a new and alternative kind of chip to the one Nvidia supplies AI chips are essential if we are to expand AI at scale but just as important are the data centers that power and train them they are the digital factories of the future they need power and lots of it and Saudi Arabia as the world's biggest oil exporter has spotted an opportunity suddenly they are building vast desert data centers so big they might one day be capable of reaching half the world's population and this week in Riyad at the AI Global Summit they signed a deal with grock who will supply the chips for their Advanced AI systems coming up we have an exclusive interview with Jonathan Ross Who is the CEO of glog who will tell us about that deal that he secured and alongside me here in the studio the brains of the operation PR Pria Lan he says that here anyway highly artificially intelligent CEO of AI education company Century Tech gets bigger and better that every week I've noticed uh right um listen um before we go any further I I I want to play a little film for our viewers because I want them to understand the difference in the AI chips that the big players like Nvidia are manufacturing and this new type that's being developed by Gro so have a look this is what a standard AI chip looks like it's a GPU you'll notice the complex Crossing Lines this design is responsible for the DraStic rise in value for its producers who made the right bet that gpus could be the engine for AI now this is what a far from standard AI chip looks like uniform clean and really really fast like 18 times faster than its competition but is this Underdog capable of taking a bite out of the hot AI chip Market computational needs were changing fast as self-driving artificial intelligence and more were being developed at a rapid Pace a new architecture more specifically specialist chip would be needed to pull that off something tailored deeply for its specific task this is unlike anything on the market the millisecond you hit enter this thing is giving you the entirety of its response to further put this speed in perspective grock chips enable llms to write a full book in about a 100 seconds goodness me um before we talk to Jonathan tell me about the the chip ecosystem what's going on here what's the context of it so the reason why this is really exciting and this new technology that Jonathan and his team have developed is really exciting is because there are very few Global players in this ecosystem right so you have what we call foundaries which are the big manufacturing facilities that manufacture the chips right the biggest Foundry for the advanced AI chips is in Taiwan it's tsmc right and then and then there are a couple of other foundaries as well then you have what we call fabulous companies The Fabulous companies are Nvidia AMD so they design the chips but they don't actually manufacture the chips and then you get companies like Samsung and Intel who essentially have more of the endtoend sort of ecosystem right they design the chips and they manufacture them and as you'll see they also start to provide that that manufacturing facility to other companies as well but there's very few players the Market's absolutely massive but what's interesting Christian is NVIDIA has about 80% let's say of the market right they also do data centers and other things but they are the dominant player in the market so grock has come in with this technology they've done this deal in s Arabia with aramco and they are I'm sure Jonathan's going to tell us vying for some of that market share and what's going to be really interesting is you know what's his designer and manufacturer he's well he he'll tell you they're the designers so and actually they've picked Samsung and he'll correct me if I'm wrong but Samsung as their manufacturer which I do think is really interesting you know why did they choose Samsung and what was the reason in the decision- making process was there a geopolitical reason as to why they didn't pick a Taiwanese company tsmc and we'll talk about the geopolitics of this later because it's really complex and truly fascinating as well at the same time um but that's the ecosystem but there's huge and huge amounts of money and investment here startups can't just go and build a factory it costs billions and billions of dollars tsmc have just opened a factory well they started a factory in Arizona they haven't finished completed it because it costs an enormous amount of money and they're seeing some issues while they're trying to build that so it's going to be really interesting to hear from Jonathan you know what's his strategy and how's he actually going to try and musle in on some of that Nvidia market share well let's bring him in Jonathan Ross CEO of Gro welcome to the program I should say congratulations because youve just signed this immense deal with uh aramco tell us what it is so we've signed a deal to deploy uh starting this year 20,000 of our chips in uh the kingdom and um next year we have anou to deploy up to 200,000 and Harrison that uh Nvidia deployed about 500,000 their and gpus last year now of course this year they've increased it to 2 million but that still makes us pretty sizable player right um I'm I'm I'm guessing that the new chips are not in this communication that we have because your picture is frozen but we'll press on because we can hear you very well um what is what is the your unique selling point of this chip over the others speed so uh the biggest selling point is uh you remember dialup when you used to have to wait a very long time for your answer to arrive and you would see it show up very slowly uh with this chip you get an answer that's almost instant it's almost like broadband and it changes the experience and it makes it much more engaging and Jonathan what's your strategy to carve out a share in this space because you've got Nvidia that's going to come out with a Blackwell platform hopefully in Q4 of this year and they're claiming claiming 25 times less cost it's more energy efficient and it's a lot faster well the amazing thing is we built this chip on what's considered fairly old technology 14 nmet um and you measure it in the size of the things that are on the chip the the transistors and the the components and nvidia's latest chips are 4 nanometer and yet we're actually still faster now you mentioned the Samsung Fab that um we're going to be building our next Generation chip with we're actually going to be going to 4 nanometer as well and it's sort of like we get to skip three grades in terms of our capabilities when we do that so we're already the world's fastest the other thing is we're much less expensive a modern-day GPU has expensive they also have a lot of other very complex and expensive parts that go in there that um they use to connect up that memory and we don't have any of that but also because we're using an older process 14 nanometer for our current generation and even by the time our V2 comes around with uh for n it's going to be pretty uh widely available technology it's going to be underutilized whereas right now everyone's trying to use the latest process and so it's really hard to ramp up the supply so just for someone who's not deeply involved in this world as you and priia are prer was explaining to me that you are the these chips are going to be looking primarily at text but but how might they be used in industry in the future I mean as we move to facial recognition technology or to driving robot technology how do you think your your second or third versions of this chip might develop actually our current chip um we just launched a what's called multimodal Model last week where it takes both text and images in and it outputs text about the image so for example you could upload this image and ask um you know how many lights are in the image or how many lamps and it will answer that this is very useful for Commerce for example you could upload the image of a product and create a description for it and so that's what some customers of ours are going to be using it for we also do speech to text so we're very general really what's different about our chip versus uh gpus in terms of what you can use it for is that it's used for something called inference as opposed to training and the difference between those two when comes to AI if you want to become a heart surgeon uh you spend many years training and what gpus are really good at is training the models what we're really good at is inference which is sort of the heart surgeon doing um actual heart surgeries the practice and you spend a lot of money on the training but you make your money on the inference it's also much more cost sensitive because every single time you use one of these AIS whether it's a chatbot or whether or something else you actually are consuming compute and so where we operate if you want to think about AI in terms of the way the Industrial Revolution happened or Transportation um you could think of the model as the car but it has to run on oil or petrol and what we're providing is the compute which is the new oil you can have the best AI model in the world but if you don't have enough compute you can't run it and one of the astounding things is um in about the last uh couple of months about four or five months uh we've gone from fewer than 10 developers to as of today we hit 450,000 developers on our platform it took Nvidia about uh seven years to get to 100,000 we got there in six weeks and a large part of that is because what Nvidia did they created some amazing models that um people want to use uh but because we run them so much faster and because most of the applications are built to use the AI there's been incredible demand and so the reason that we're here um in Saudi Arabia is because we need to build out a lot more compute and they have the financial resources and they have the energy and Jonathan a question about being in Saudi Arabia and this this deal this mou I suppose the memor of understanding that you've got in Saudi Arabia with um aramco it's intriguing because I know that the US obviously wants its companies to have a huge adressable Market they want you to do business outside of the US with lots of countries they want those countries to be cozing up to certainly the US rather than China when it comes to building their AI capabilities but you know I'm looking at a parallel example of when Microsoft invested in g42 the UAE company and Washington was very clear that they needed to uh stop working with huawe g42 um they needed to sell the stock invested in their company that was invested by Chinese investors and so you've now done this got this mou with aramco we know that in Saudi Arabia that're they're quite close to the Chinese you know they've had um deals between uh the piff the Saudi public investment funds um you know has has an interest in Lenovo you've had an investment from aramco's Prosperity 7 in an llm uh in uh in China so has I mean have us officials been in touch with you do you expect them to be in touch with you and dur ramco you know what do you think about this tension that now exists potentially with this deal that You' struck so uh we've been in contact with the Commerce department since before this deal happened um and uh just be clear we actually are Beyond theou stage so the project is now budgeted for the initial 20,000 uh chips um the m for the remaining uh 200,000 or Chinese companies well in advance of the change in posture from the US government uh a big part of the reason why was it was very difficult for tech companies to be successful in China um I happened to start the Google TPU which is the chip that Google uses for AI and while I was there I saw that um Google meta and many other companies that were very strong companies had a lot of trouble operating in China um what would happen is as you started to become more successful um things for example if you were if you were doing search your search engine would get slow um and people wouldn't know why it was the great firewall would just be slowed down and it was very hard to compete not for competitive reasons but um because the government really didn't want you to win and we as a small startup didn't feel that we were going to be in a position to compete in China we voluntarily decideed not to for purely commercial reasons yeah and maybe that's part of why um we can do this deal we're we're very on side Jonathan we'll have to leave it there H we're up against a break but uh thank you very much for coming on and explaining it all to us best of luck with uh the deal that you signed out there we'll talk about the geopolitics of all this after the break we're going to speak to Gregory Allen who used to work in the joint AI Center at the US Department of Defense you're watching AI decoded welcome back during the Cold War the United States would only supply supercomputers to the Soviet Union if they were used for weather forecasting and not nuclear simulation and there were permanent foreign monitors deployed to Russia all data was open for analysis by us intelligence like those supercomputers the AI models of the future have both civilian and Military implications so what is are the subject to the same controls we've just been talking about that there is a blanket ban on selling restricted chips to China what does Washington think about all this uh let's get into it with Gregory Allen he's a director of the wani center for AI and Advanced Technologies at the center for strategic and International Studies he was formerly with the US Department of Defense so you'll have heard that last conversation uh most of it we got um about whether you know if you're doing a deal with the Saudis there's a back door to the Chinese how will the US government see a deal like that well I think the first thing to begin understanding is that leaders in the United States leaders in Saudi Arabia leaders in China all agree that leadership and artificial intelligence technology is foundational to the future of military and economic power they are all thinking about how they can increase the competitiveness of their economy and especially in the case of the United States and China thinking about how they can gain an edge over one another for the United States which has the the most advanced chip designing companies like Nvidia like grock based in its Homeland they are seeking to deny China access to the most advanced chips that can be used to train the most advanced AI models there has been reviews of Chinese military procurement documents and they are looking for American GPU technology and that can be used to train Hypersonic missiles and run simulations of how they can deliver nuclear weapons or can be used for more commercial applications such as large language models like chat gbt which are used by hundreds of millions of people around the world the point is that this is a dual use technology and the United States government reviews exports of chips such as grocs around the world under those terms right Gregory and and there's reports of um some of those chips being smuggled into China right um and we also had an arrest recently of a Samsung an ex Samsung executive yes uh understand China wants access to these chips whether or not it's legal to get access to these chips and so China Chinese companies are now engaging smuggling networks to acquire illegally what they can't get legally now that's true of the chip Hardware it is also true of the critical expertise around the semiconductor industry more broadly and AI specifically in the case of Samsung these are two former Executives accused and at at real risk of conviction of transferring critical knowhow in advanced semiconductor manufacturing techniques to Chinese companies in violation of intellectual property laws and also Economic Security laws in South Korea it feels like a nuclear arms race yeah well you know nuclear technology is very explicitly uh weapons focused really you have nuclear technology in the energy domain and the weapons domain and a handful of Niche medical cases but it really is first and foremost a military techn ology artificial intelligence is much closer to Computing in general which is you know it's very useful for running your Microsoft Word application but it's also useful for running you know military supercomputers for code breaking that's the challenge here I think the reason why why I'd agree with Christian that that it feels like that is because many years ago nuclear power and you know the ability um to to have nuclear capabilities really was a way of asserting your dominance on the global stage right and it seems although that's obviously still the case now ai is very very much you know the other area where they're focused on National Security and and and cyber security Gregory and before we finish with you I do want to ask you because China is at the center of this so you know what in your view is the role of tsmc which we' just talked about earlier being you know the lead provider of these Advanced uh gpus they work with Nvidia they work with AMD amongst many other customers of theirs what's their role in terms of China strategy about whether or not there is a future invasion of Taiwan well you've heard previously in the earlier conversation that Nvidia has very very high market share north of 80% for the AI chips that are used to train these AI models but where are those chips made they're made in Taiwan and taiwan's market share for logic chips at the most advanced manufacturing nodes is essentially 100% it's the sole country on Earth that can operate the most advanced semiconductor manufacturing processes and that is a critical dependence not just of Nvidia but of the entire global economy so China of course stating that Taiwan is rightfully their territory and stating repeatedly their willingness to use military force if necessary to retake Taiwan that is an incredible hinge point of Global Security and the global economy if a war was to devastate taiwan's semiconductor industry which I think is a very real possibility in such a conflict scenario that would be a global economic catastrophe and no one would be spared from the consequences of that they say it estimated at about one trillion um you know global economy damage per year per year yeah fascinating isn't it we talk about the what AI can do we never talk about actually the chips and what is going on around the world to get the best chips uh and to to smuggle them into countries like China it's extraordinary stuff Jonathan thank you very much indeed that is it for AI decoded this week thanks to Jonathan thanks also to Gregory and of course to priia for her expertise as ever uh we will do this same time next week just to reminder that all the episodes that we've done so far are on the AI decoded playlist on YouTube uh we'll see you next week thanks for watching |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Apple_announces_plan_to_boost_Siri_with_ChatGPT_BBC_News.txt | and apple unveils new plans to integrate artificial intelligence into its [Music] products well let's get more on that because after months of speculation Apple has revealed its plans for artificial intelligence in a move that chief executive Tim Cook has called the next big step the tech giant is to boost its Siri voice assistant and operating systems with open AI chat GPT as it seeks to catch up in the AI race it is part of a new personalized AI system which it is calling Apple intelligence get it AI Apple intelligence well let's speak to our technology reporter Chris Valance Who is in Edinburgh for us uh this morning so Chris I'm interested that Apple who've LED technology for a long time they are using chat GPT rather than their own technology well I think from Apple's point of view there's a lot of their own technology in the new offer Apple intelligence I mean they made a big play about how um privacy preserving this will be because a lot of the processing will be done on the the device itself there'll also be um a kind of secure Cloud when device has to be done when when processing of AI type requests has to be done um by the uh large servers the big Banks of computer that Apple operates but it does admit that there are some questions that Siri can't kind of answer if you like from the data what it calls your personal context about how you use the phone um at your contacts your apps that sort of thing so I guess you know you're talking about requests like you know um what's the best way to I don't know um you know P plant a particular kind of plant in my garden you know that's not something necessarily apple is going to get from the data on your phone so it goes out to um chat g to g GPT 40 open ai's latest model and then gets um data back now you know it has been controversial Elon Musk has got some pretty um unkind things to say about that team up but I think for others you know it's it's a kind of an interesting sign of Apple um perhaps acknowledging that it doesn't have all the answers and it it needs a partnership here yeah on the Elon Musk criticism um he's taken to X saying Apple has no clue what's actually going on once they hand over your data to open AI they're selling you down the river does he have a point there well I think Apple would say absolutely not and I open AI certainly say that you know when when requests are made of their system in this Arrangement they don't keep the data and they do other things like um you know masking IP addresses your your internet address so so they are both I think Keen to stress that from their point of view this is this is they've thought about privacy very carefully um you know that has been a concern we've seen Microsoft uh misstep in this area and have to change some things about a planned uh AI based product product of is it's called recall um but I think you know for for for Elon Musk there's also a lot of commentators have suggested some um you know perhaps a bit of bad blood between Elon Musk who was one of the founders of open AI uh and and then left the company um back in I think in about 2018 and has been quite critical of the new dire New Direction of the firm so again maybe there's there's a bit of uh rivalry between himself and open Ai and we must remember that musk is in the AI business I mean he has xai uh with it own sort of chat model called grock and um well Tesla uses a lot of AI as well Chris Valance uh fascinating topic thank you very much for taking us through what apple is planning appreciate your time thank you |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | AI_protects_Wimbledon_athletes_from_online_hate_and_death_threats_BBC_News.txt | you are watching the context it's time for our new weekly segment AI [Music] decoded welcome to AI decoded that time of the week when we look in depth at some of the more interesting stories from the world of artificial intelligence this week AI decoded has been to Wimbledon uh where we caught up with their technology partner IBM to find out more about the integration of AI and data analytics at the tennis tournament we'll discover how IBM's AI systems handle and process extensive data to enhance the Public's experience of the tennis as well as helping to assess player performance in Real Time It's featured here in the drum and later in the program will'll also be speaking to players and Wimbledon officials over how Grand Slam Tennis tournament is now using artificial intelligence to protect players from online death threats and other online abuse as seen this week in the telegraph new newspaper well with me is priia Lani our regular AI presenter as well as CEO of AI education company Century Tech PR great to see you so you've been busy tell us what what have you been up to so the article is about Wimbledon using AI to increase that sort of experience of the match and the game now we know that fan engagement drives every single sport if you have high fan engagement you're going to have higher merchandise Revenue higher ticket sales um High sponsor revenue and so it's incredibly essential actually for sports that they drive that fan engagement with artificial intelligence it's now possible to personalized that engagement and so if you think about it so if you go on X I went on X earlier for us and I looked at sports leagues they have their own following so wimon has 4 million followers but it can be the case that a single player or you know a few players could have a bigger following than the sports League itself if you look at Twitter if you look at X jovic has 9.2 million followers this Bild personalize that experience of fans to make it about their favorite players or the country that they're in so you can make it about you know sponsoring or supporting your national team is really important and it then drives that emotional connection from the fan you know from the fan to then be able to be more engaged in that experience so I went along and I spoke to a lot of people to understand how they were using data unstructured data and artificial intelligence Drive experience and it was an incredible it was an incredible experience to hear what they were doing okay let's go and let's take a look now then at your day at Wimbleton [Music] this week AI decoded is at wimbl in and I'm super excited look at all of the seats filling up at the back and people taking their places on the lawn and there's a huge queue outside Center Court the players are also warming up right behind me but why are we here well because right underneath my feet underground The Wimbledon team have teamed up with IBM Watson and they're leveraging artificial intelligence technology to provide us with B by B feedback on their new app and also predictions about who's going to win not so sure the players are feeling happy about that let's go and take a look so while reaka and Kos sky are up on Center Court battling it out there's also a lot of action Happening Here in the AI AB bunker let's go and have a look so Kevin you're the IBM partnership executive for wooden tell me about the ideation of this and how you built it so we've been working with Wim wooden since 1990 as their technology partner we have a year round process of innovation that um we work together with the wimon team to ideate co-create and it really starts with the the different types of fans what we call personas so different fans consume content in different ways we want to take that into consideration as we're designing the experience and it starts on paper and pen it's sketching out ideas um and then we try try some things out over the over the summer and the Autumn we obviously have the Championships during that period as well and then reconvene in the Autumn to decide which of those features um Bubble to the surface and that we want to implement for the following Year's championships um and which ones kind of in the hopper for future consideration so so very much this this process of Co co-creation collaboration using something called the IBM garage method it's design thinking it's agile um and working together to bring the the tournament life through these fan engaging experiences so how have you used artificial intelligence to enhance that user and Fan Experience we've been using AI for a number of years now and there's some experiences that we've rolled out over the last 10 years using AI um for this year and last year um to building on some features from last year we're using generative AI so using IBM's Watson X this is our Enterprise Ai and data platform um that within that we have a number of found models an example of which is IBM Granite this is a large language model we're teaching it the language of tennis the language of wimon um and um refining some of the nuances in language for example is the ladies and gentlemen singles rather than the men's and women's for wimon um and um making sure that the inputs the data is trusted it's um comp reg compliant to regulatory requirements um and then the outputs of that trained model um are used to create the catmail feature these short form narratives short form stories that are about the players that you want to hear about through the tournament I was quite excited about looking at the input data for this so I was imagining a court where you'd have sensory data feeding a machine but I was quite interested to see that actually you had a couple of people a couple of IBM people who were you know by most of the courts and they had a laptop and actually someone was feeding in and capturing the data from every shot um so what's the human in the loop elements that you're using in terms of your technology with all of this it's a it's a process of humans and AI working together um so the data capture that there are elements that are human that are interpreting the game um but there's also um other data like the um tracking of the players tracking of the ball um you've seen the challenge system so would have seen the you know the the the trajectory of the ball um hitting the line not hitting the line um so very much a combination same with the training of the L large language model um that is a combination of AI and humans in the loop um so you know it it and and the reason we're doing this is to create content that's complimenting the human element the wimon editorial team content team are still writing the same stories about the the top seeds top players great matches that are coming up but there's a lot of other stories that are potentially unfolding across the tournament so this is a stepping stone to be able to write stories and produce content to complement the human stories um around perhaps the wheelchairs the the seniors the under 14s Juniors Etc so one of my favorite parts of the app and I know that this isn't brand new but is the prediction uh who's going to win and I was obviously very very disappointed that the prediction for radak CaRu didn't quite uh play out on on Sunday um what did players think about that prediction and does the prediction feed the language model when you're creating those stories wimon are looking for opportunities to engage with fans ahead of matches during the match and after the match so with our new catch me up feature there is a short form story that's written in in advance of a match that's weaving in things like the likelihood to win and it also sign posting to additional content that you can find on the platforms such as IBM slam tracker which is where you can find all the stats for a match and then post match those stories are updated as well something else we produced post match is um AI generated highlights reels so this is listening to the noise of the crowd looking at the gestures of the players we know where in the match the actions taking place is it a critical point is it a break point or a set point and then we put an excitement level against each of the rallies and those the most exciting rallies are then automatically curated into our two to three minute highlights reel that's given to the wimon content team who then make the final editor decision about what gets published on won.com so Kevin as part of the unstructured data that feeds into your large language model you talked about using Sports journals uh articles is there an element of bias that could be fed into the model are you quite careful as to how you curate that data so we're careful about the news the data sources that we're using so an example of one of the data sources we're using for this year's catch mail feature is Sport radar um but as part of that training process of the models we are making sure that the um that it is looking for things like bias and making sure that that that is addressed as part of that training process and I suppose what make is really really important in this case is that human in the loop and you talk about it's the AI and you have people essentially Qing what goes into that data is that correct so the there are processes and in place to make sure that it is a combination both through the training process and then as as new content is being created um things like factchecking making sure that those are flagged and can be reviewed actually one of the biggest challenges for us is getting that balance right between the brand of Wimbledon the tradition the Heritage the beauty the drama of Wimbledon that you see every day and technology and Innovation and so if we can get that balance right a lot of the the technology that we've been talking about is is is hidden it's under the covers uh we wouldn't talk about tennis in an English garden and and we want to make sure that in everything we do that that shines [Music] through how very pleasant what a nice day um fascinating on the tech one little bit there that I did notice about that the actual data going in is still people tapping on keyboards isn't it what's and is that the ambition for that part to be removed as well or just talk me through that so I think I their specific am ambition I'm not sure but what is obviously possible is to start collecting in the future sensory data so you would have sensors around the court so we already have for example the speed of the ball that's already input into this machine but it was really interesting because when you paired over from the broadcast Center at wimon you could see these little boxes with these two humans and a laptop you and I went to go and speak to them actually because I really wanted to understand what they were doing myself and they said they had a list of options and so I'm guessing it sort of said you know wide out you know or whatever and they were sat there tapping on those those then fed into the larger machine the IBM machine and then that then fed into the large language model That Was Then generating that personalized feedback and so and it because it's still on you know you can go onto the wimon website onto the app it's called catch me up it's available to everyone and you can start seeing that feedback and then those addictions that are there is actually slightly different but that then feeds into some of this personalized feedback as well so I think at the moment it's pretty nent but you can start to see to your question how you could add more and more data to this to make it even more engaging fascinating PRI thank you so much for that right we'll back with priia in just a moment coming up after the break we'll be speaking to tennis pro on Wimbledon Contender Joy Deo to get her thoughts on wimbl and tackling online trolls using AI and we'll also hear from all England law tennis Association who originally devised the idea all that in just a moment around the world across the UK this is BBC News welcome back to Aid coded now as we mentioned earlier Wimbledon has decided it's time to take action against abusive messages being sent to players on social media players like NY Osaka who according to a 2021 study found she was the most abused player that year and former US Open Champion Emma ranu who has admitted deleting her social uh media apps due to trolls well with me again is Priya so Priya this is a slightly clearly more serious side to uh what you've been investigating down at wimon what's the idea here so the idea is to ideally help protect players it's about safeguarding players and so wimbledon's taken action they're using the AI system threat Matrix um the French Open used bodyguard AI which is a similar sort of technology and it's to be able to scan the social media posts that are is actually targeting players identify which ones are abusive and then if action needs to be taken that'll be reported to the authorities and this is super important so you talked about yo saaka 32,000 harmful messages in 2021 jovic over 15,000 Serena Williams over 18,000 lury University were did a report commissioned by the Olympics um committee and they found that about a third of posts in terms of targeting these athletes now contain negative content so this is a huge problem and I know we have people like Ria Ferdinand talking about this when it comes to soccer and lots and lots to people football as she said I don't know why I said soccer got became American there we're Global that's fine that's but but this is obviously an enormous problem in safeguarding athletes and ensuring that then it doesn't affect their performance because that's actually what happens it gets into the minds they feel fear it affects their performance it just has to be stopped okay well let's take a look now at your report into the efforts to do just that let's take a look The Joy wion's also using artificial intelligence technology to be able to scan the social media of a player to see if there are any trolls because we've had players like Emma ranu and Harriet Dart say that when they lose they're often trolled on social media do you feel more protected by Wimbledon being able to do this and then alert the Police if there is any bad behavior online yeah I think it's really good that they're doing it because I've heard it a lot of people that they get the messages and especially after they lost a match and those people are just yeah it's just a bit rude and not good for the player so I think it's really good that they are coming with it they're using AI to predict which players go to win how do you feel about that I think it's a really good system and I think it's great for the players and the people who watch here to see like who is going to win a match or on based on a moment who's going to win a match and I think it's really cool to see like Point by Point what's happening so yeah do you think that before you play your doubles match which is coming up are you going to be looking at the predictions on the AI app I think I'm going to yeah especially on the other matches and yeah I think it's really cool to see and especially during the match is very nice and I want to see it before my doubles match so I'm going to look for sure and if it's not showing quite what you'd like it to show you can beat the odds right yeah I can always in a game of life sport of course yeah all the best and good luck thank you so Chris you're the digital products lead at the all England club and I was really interested that you're using AI not just in terms of the engagement of your audience and increasing that engagement but you're also using AI to scan the social media feeds of players to be able to protect them from trolls can you tell me a little bit more about that yeah absolutely so that's a joint initiative that we launched with some of the other tennis governing bodies earlier this year um you know we all we all know about the potential negative impact of social media and it's another great example of where we're looking at the latest technology that's available and really thinking about where it can have a really positive impact that could be for our players that could be for our fans that could be the people that are attending uh here on site and getting very excited right now over the tennis um but you know essentially uh it's about finding that latest technology and finding where it can can really add value uh to wimon as an experience and have you had any player feedback in terms of that particular application of artificial intelligence yeah so we've had really positive feedback um that that it's something that we're that we're looking at and we we're utilizing um I think you know the player experience is extremely important to us making sure that they can focus on producing the Fantastic moments uh that that we're seeing right right here right now um and and and you know anything that we can do to improve that experience is extremely important what is the digital strategy for wimon so you know obviously it's phenomenal for the people that are able to attend uh here at the O England club during the the Championships but really what we want to be doing is is bringing the Championships to people where they are wherever they are in the world whatever platform they're on to make sure they can experience that kind of really unique Wimbledon element of of of of of this you know phenomenal Place uh at home brilliant and why AI so you've teamed up with IBM Watson and their machine learning team uh you know what was the sort of persona of the the audience that you're trying to capture that made you think right we want more personalization yeah so obviously wimon as an event is phenomenally successful and and that means that we transcend a normal tennis audience in in some instances we transcend a sporting audience so we've got people who are engaging with Wim and who don't engage with other sporting events throughout the year what we can do utilizing AI is is is make sure that we're really personally izing that experience to to the different people that we have engaging with us that we can simplify things down and that we can make it relevant to them and what's the future strategy so what are you looking at are you looking at the metaverse yeah absolutely so well we're already in the the metaverse in a way uh so we've got wimble world uh which is our our experience in Roblox which has been phenomenally successful uh especially engaging a youth audience which is particularly important for us you don't have the same family moments that you used to with you know uh parent and parents and kids gathered around the TV watching uh traditional broadcasting quite the same way so if we can spend time where young people are spending their time and you know engage them in tennis from a very early stage then you know we're future proofing the brand future proofing tennis and making sure that that generation can enjoy wom wooden uh for decades to come fascinating let's go back to that that the idea of trying to tackle these trolls how does it work okay so they have an AI powered threat detection algorithm that scans the posts on social media then it removes Bots and then any discriminatory abuse that's targeting a particular athlete is flagged on the system that then goes to experts who analyze it so I like that you ask that because there's a human in the leap human in the leap yeah and then the ones that they then select are submitted um in you know for action but what I would say to you Lis is that you know what we're seeing is that humans just simply cannot keep up with this Avalanche of activity so and we're talking about human moderators here we saw the news in X some time ago where Elon Musk fired a lot of their human moderators and clearly something needs to be done here because I don't think this is going to solve the problem because firstly people hide behind Anonymous handles so unless anonymity I'm not saying you don't have anonymity online but you should have to register with some form of ID so it can actually be traced to those rather pathetic individuals sitting behind their screens and then the other issue is you know we need that sense of moderation in the first place because we it can't be too late you know once that's out there you can't you know stuff the stuff the C cat back in the B whatever whatever the expression is right but but it's out there it's out there indeed and for in a word you spent the day at Wimbledon did you get to see any tennis just when I peed over but I've been watching it I've been watching on the screen football on Sunday PR thank you so much that than for watching this is BBC News |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | How_AI_facial_recognition_is_being_used_to_track_down_criminals_BBC_News.txt | yes it is time a little later than scheduled for AI [Music] decoded facial recognition is hard for two reasons teaching a computer to process a human face is difficult enough matching that face to someone's identity in a database requires significant computing power and billions of photographs tied to accurate data on which those computers can train the technology has been around since the early 1970s in its most primitive form but so unreliable was it that other Biometrics fingerprinting retinal scanning came to Market quicker about 5 years ago though a company called Clear View AI claimed to have made a breakthrough tonight their CEO will join us live from Oakland California the advances in this technology are probably the biggest breakthrough in crime detection since we introduc Ed DNA testing this week police Scotland announced they will be rolling out facial recognition cameras across the country Chief conable Joe Farrell says it would be an abdication of her duties not to be using it we were given a very good demonstration of it through the summer retrospective facial recognition track down many of those taking part in the riots even those who were masked but is it becoming too intrusive the software that identifies our faces is now being developed for authentication we use it on our phones instead of a code British Telecom are currently triing that same technology to improve cyber security so that only authorized workers have access to critical systems and data there is a lot to consider and with me in the studio as ever the font of all AI knowledge uh Priya Lani CEO at sentury Tech she's come back from New York this morning so bear with her I'm going to put you on the spot on the way nonetheless give us a quick explainer of how this technology works okay so firstly what we want to do is let's say we want to spot you in an image and then you know God forbid but we want to match that to a Wanted list Christian so got an image of Christian here uh on the camera in the background you'll have him let's say in the studio and there's lots of noise in that studio there's tables there's monitors first we want to do what we call classification we want to detect the fact that we've got a face right we've got a face here so the way that we do that is use deep learning models to be able to classify the image and find the face right the way that they traditionally do that is they would look at lots of images they would tag lots of Faces in those images they say these are faces these are not faces and then you would build up AI deep models like deep training models and you would train them to learn where the faces are and they would look at those feature sets of a face there are some models that use what we called un supervised learning but M the supervised training models where you've had that sort of tagging and labeling right the model then learns what what the specific features are of the face let's say the texture the edges of what a face looks like so you've got a model that potentially can spot in that very big Studio over there all of the faces we then take your face specifically and we create and if we can play a clip actually a boundary box right a bounding box around your face so I've got a clip to show our viewers um this is friends right and you can see this sort of oh it's very short then but you saw the sort of boxes around the face right so you create these bound boxes around the face um and then essentially the the model knows that it has a face but we want to detect now whether that's you know your face and does that match something in datab again can we do that again yeah so we normalize the image so let's say you've got an image of a face there thex yeah there's the Box yeah then you normalize the image so you want to take away lots of variables that could essentially create inaccuracies so maybe the lighting you might want to turn all the images into Grays scale you might want to look at the alignment of the face and once you've done that right and this is where it's interesting in those images you saw there was sorts of lots of spots the Deep learning models will extract what it thinks are the key features of the face once it extracts those key features of Christian's face and this is where it's really interesting and I love this is we turn it all into maths right we vectorize that data so what you ends up with Christian as Christian Fraser right now what you're used to seeing in an image actually is a string of numbers it's just a string of numbers every image of you that's taken on cameras out there that are modeling that face and using this sort of AI it will have a slightly different string of numbers because your position might be different your expression might be different but they'll be very very similar because it's is your face it's a mathematical representation of your face then this is where it gets really interesting is let's say you have a Wanted list you've got a database of faces that you're looking for those faces have been through a similar process where they have been encoded into numbers and then it's a matching exercise right is there a similarity between the string of numbers that represent the face on the one that's where the computing power comes in and where the chips come in because as the chips improve those those calculations are done that much quicker and do you remember very quickly because I know I really want to get Juan on because he is the expert in this area but do you remember when we did uh an entire episode on semiconductors and we talked about how there are two big processes that happen you've got all the training data initially so you've got all the training data for example all the faces and the images then we have what we call doing inference in AI That's when you run the model you have the compute power so that's what you're talking about that you're then running the model um against essentially that facial recognition to be able to find the face okay I mean it's extremely impressive what Clear View do before we talk to Juan let me show you the video the promo video that clear view puts out and you'll understand what I mean in 2019 Homeland Security investigations were trying to identify an adult male who was in a child abuse video the adult male was abusing a 6-year-old girl and selling this abuse video on the dark web the only clue was a photo of the adult male who was in the background of the abuse video for just a few frames with no other Clues the investigator and the case turned to clear view AI prior to searching on Clear View AI we must provide a reason for the search in this example we will choose felony sex offense secondly you upload a photo of the suspect from your desktop and press the search [Music] button as you see 25 results now match the uploaded photo whereas in 2019 during Homeland secuity investigation only one result came back from Clear viiew AI this is the photo as you can see the suspect is in the background of the photo press the locate button on the top left to zoom into the photo or use the compare button to see them side by side in this case the investigator clicked the link to a public social media Post online uncovering two key pieces of information the photo was tagged in Las Vegas and the name of the company the suspect appeared to work for with those two Clues the investigators at Homeland Security traveled to Las Vegas obtained the suspect's name from the employer and with additional corroborating evidence secured a search warrant for the suspect's computers the search warrant revealed that the suspect had thousands of video and photos of child abuse material on his computer he pled guilty and is now doing 35 years in jail and the six-year-old girl was rescued impressive let's speak to the CEO of Clear View Juan tonat Juan thank you very much for being with us how many cases do you think your technology has solved and what was the big leap forward for you uh Christian and Priya thanks so much for having me on it's great to be here uh and appreciate your interest in clear VI AI um we've done now over two million searches on behalf of law enforcement that that's how many searches they've used on our platform we don't know how many crimes they've exactly solved but if you take even a conservative estimate you would be in the hundreds of thousands um at least um sometimes cases you have to search multiple images um and so on but um anecdotally as well most recently we worked with the international Center of missing and exploited children and we were in Ecuador and Latin America in 3 days uh uh these law enforcement agencies about eight of them went through um a list of the hardest cold cases they haven't solved uh these are missing kids kids have been abused and they find them um on these uh internet forums um as victims and in those three days they made 110 identifications of missing and exploited children and rescued over 50 of them so the impact is incredible um and on the flip side as well we know it's a very powerful technology so we've limited the usage of our application to uh law enforcement and governments but what what is it that's I I said that it that there' been a lag with this technology whereas retinal scans and fingerprinting had sort of jump forward what has been the real breakthrough for facial recognition yeah I think it's neural networks and uh which are part of artificial intelligence so previous algorithms for facial recognitions would try and look at the distance between the eyes or the eyes and the eyebrows or the nose and the eyes and things like that but that doesn't work very well if you have an image from a different angle say a security camera so with neural networks you're able to train uh as PRI said it's called supervis learning uh on a lot of different examples of photos um to improve accuracy so so the way we trained that algorithm was to get a lot of publicly available images say you have 100 photos of George Clooney you have 100 photos of Brad Pit if you the algorithm will learn that um you know the black and white photo of Brad Pit uh with the sunglasses on is the same one of him from 20 years ago with different hair and so on so it the algorithm learns what stays the same in a in a face and and so the more data you have the more accurate it gets and there's been some great uh researchers out there thanks to machine learning um and all this data that that um the research Community has done a really good job in improving it and we've built upon a lot of those um Innovations and what we were able to do was bring a lot of data to train our algorithm and so now when you look at all the top facial recognition algorithms not just Clear View there are others as well um there's a National Institute of Standards and technology in the US that ranks hundreds of these algorithms um you know we can pick a photo out of a lineup of 12 million images at a 99.85% accuracy rate so and that's across all demographics so the technology has now become much more accurate than the human eye and the Innovation really is artificial intelligence and the amount of data that's out there that you can use to train these algorithms ju the thing what I'm really interested in is something that you just said because I thought that prior tests showed that there was a significance statistical difference in the performance of the model when it came to certain demographics yes so NE nist ranks uh uh demographics as well um but if you look at the top performing algorithms the differentials are very very small um and you're looking at over 99% accuracy across all the demographics they do test uh but if you looked uh you know four or five years ago um that's when a lot of these algorithms did have issues with accuracy especially on certain demographics but today uh a lot of the top algorithms are very accurate regardless of demographics but it's also things like angles right so you could get partial faces I mean we talked about people with masks who were identified through the summer here during the riots but you you could have I don't know like a third of your face someone in a BAL of clava with eyebrows you might still pick up an image yes we were surprised too we build a software I'm a software engineer by background and when covid-19 happened we had a lot of issues identifying people with mosks on so what we did is we added um uh photos with masks through our training data about 3% of the photos we photoshopped masks onto them and it was kind of incredible to see that now almost all the time even with the mosque on uh our algorithm works very well in searching out of billions of images and and the technology even surprises people who are making it yeah Juan am I right that so when you talked originally about having a lot of data to be able to add to this and it's the data and then the labeling and the supervised learning that then allows you to have these really performant models that that data was taken you know from the internet and I think in terms of some of the concerns what is Clear View doing to ensure that this technology is not being misused have you got safeguards in place yourselves as a business have you got safeguards in in place with the law enforcement authorities that you're dealing with you know across the world we we want to hear a little bit more about that given where this data has come from where the inputs have come from and then how those potential outputs may be used yeah so we have a wide uh variety of ways to make sure that this technology is used for the best and highest purpose which is solving crime but also not misused by law enforcement and other users so first of all is we do restrict this to government and law enforcement agencies and we have a vetting process ourselves uh before we onboard any customer uh we look at their human rights background uh the you know and all those kind of things yeah I was I was going to ask you that that because I mean I was thinking of the scrippal who were who were poisoned in Salsbury and of course the Russian government would be looking for them and I was wondering whether they would have access but you you have a vetting process for that yeah so we for example won't sell to Russia China Iran uh any one that's adverse to the US and uh us allies um and in fact we do sell this to the ukrainians um they use it very effectively uh since the beginning of the war so there's been over 2,000 war crimes now where um they have been solved or that suspects have been identified because of clear viw that wouldn't have been identified otherwise also yeah yeah sorry to interrupt how how safe is this database though because one of the you know through our series one of the things we've been talking about is that sort of Captain Mouse of AI AI accessing AI are you concerned at all given the this immense amount of data that you've gathered that it is it is safe from the Bad actors who would want access to it yeah it's a great question so I mean we vet every customer we talk to them we find out and try and verify who they are of course before we on board them secondly we make sure that there's an administrator in charge of uh the facial recognition program in any particular agency so any law enforcement officer using it before they do a search as you saw in the demo they have to put in a case number and a crime type um and that allows the administrators to audit on a regular basis which officers are using uh the technology and what reasons so that is another safeguard that really helps these agencies make sure it's used for the right purpose um and they can take action as appropriate if there's any kind of misuse of the technology and I think that's another control um we we think is an innovation we've had that sets us apart and finally we give training to um all the people who use clear viw to make sure they know how to not just take the search results and go with it but verify the information that comes back from Clear View uh you know we don't allow uh the search results to be used as the only source of evidence these are uh leads and you know these investigators do follow up research to verify the identity so with those things that's how we've been able to really get the best out of the technology and minimize a lot of the downsides just very quickly humans do have to review the results of that absolutely so one thing we've done in our software is we don't actually show the person using it if we think it's 98 or 99% that's actually not shown in our software for that reason so that way follow research yeah Juan it's amazing to talk to you thank you very much for coming on the program oh thanks so much for having meon tap there from CLE that's uh making you feel a little orwellian uh coming up after the break we'll get the other side of the debate how do we protect our freedoms we'll speak to Big Brother watch the British campaign group who's pushing back against the advancers in state surveillance welcome back so now we know how impressive this AI technology can be its power stretches far beyond the average search engine this this is a radical reimagining of the public space if as looks likely it is widely adopted by by our police forces then increasingly the freedom to wander about without being watched will disappear facial recognition will bind us to our digital history in ways we've not yet imagined it will be the end of what was previously taken for granted the right to be publicly Anonymous with us tonight is silki Carla she is the director of Big Brother work before we speak to her let's watch a campaign video out a band there are cameras on top of the band that scan everyone's faces as they walk past I came to the bridge and I was pulled up at London Bridge in regards to his facial recognition they were trying to threaten me with regards to an arrest he says to me your B I did cry the entire way home I felt so helpless I just really wanted to find way to prove that I was a dece so typically on a busy day in a London area like this they can be scanning thousands of people's faces there thousands of people that are effectively walking through a digital police lineup as you walk past it's a passport style check that sees if you are known to the police if you are on a database there are lots of different reasons that people can be put onto watch lists you can be put on a watch list to protect you from harm whatever that means typically what we see is an alert comes up bam the person is stopped if they don't stop uh voluntarily then they can be physically apprehended silky car welcome to the program thanks for having me um it's difficult for someone in my position who's who's on television every night um to argue for more privacy um but I think if I were not in this job I think if I could choose to opt out of Juan's database I might want to do that but it seems very tricky now yeah the extraordinary thing is that in British law in European law you have the right to um protect your own data including your photographs and of course what he's doing with clear view AI is actually it's not just stealing billions of photographs from the internet that people haven't consented to there's about 30 billion in his database Alone um but it's also extracting biometric data from them that's information as sensitive as what's on your passport and then these companies are making that very sensitive data available to the highest bidder so it's really just a question of what does the buyer want to do you say it's stealing is is it stealing or scraping is it the difference well um there two words for the same thing because it's because you have rights over your data um and you know we fought for a long time to have you know the right to privacy is a protected right it's a fundamental human right um and we are the thing about facial recognition especially when you've got companies um either taking it from people on the street as as they walk around through CCTV or scraping it from the Internet is that it actually reverses the presumption but in reality the consent happens in stages so we give the images to Instagram to Tik Tok we assume I mean I don't know do we assume they would be used for for other purposes I don't know but at the same time we enjoy using Google photos which then puts all our photos into certain order and identifies people for us so so we like all that are you saying that we have to give up all that if we want to keep our freedoms no not at all but there's a different level of protection for biometric data because it's so sensitive it's like DNA you know in the same way that and I do think with facial recognition there are ways that highly regulated you can use it for the public benefit um but the problem is you know we don't allow companies to go around scraping buses and playgrounds and high streaks for people's DNA and making Mass databases because it's so unregulated at the moment that's what's happening with facial recognition I mean traditionally when we're looking at the actual process right we're relying on people recognizing people or people remembering people in human eyewitnesses right so we're relying on this human facial recognition rather than than a machine and what I'm really interested in is the public interest argument got these Security Forces we've got the Met police using this technology now in the UK the Scottish police the wsh police and I think it was Big Brother watch a quote from you where he said police are failing to turn up to even 40% of violent shoplifting incidences right the Met police started the year 1,000 officers short they're going to probably end the year 1,400 officers short I don't want those officers trolling through faces right trying to make those matches do for them it's a tool it's a technology I can understand the point about the consent of the data and the input of the data but how do we achieve that balance where there is still a job to be done here right so I know crime is reduced by 8% but sexual assault is actually rocketed up upward how do we use the technology to benefit us while being able to mitigate against potential risks and harms that are caused by the breach of our potential breach of prach of privacy I should say we have to have regulation we have to have laws around this it's completely unlike you know we've got laws on fingerprints we've got laws on DNA um we've got laws on CCTV facial recognition is just a kind of vacuum at the moment so it's a kind of wild west for companies to go in and build these databases of billions of photos and also I have to say for the police and let me give an ex you know I've been watching the police use this for seven years now I'll give you an example of what it actually looks like on the on the street I go to a high crime area like cuden where police are using life facial recognition masses of resource officers standing around a van looking at iPads I walked past a robbery on my way to watch the police using facial recognition and of course then they are getting it wrong as well and that's where we step in as Big Brother watch because there are justices people wrongly stopped questioned harassed by police uh because they've been misidentified there's one other issue which we've not talked about and this is that third story I had in in the introduction where British Telcom is saying we can use this for our own security is there a danger that actually we're being snooped on by our employer absolutely we've just released a report on this actually called bossar and increasingly um whether it's on construction sites the gig economy um people are being basically told that they have to give over DNA fingerprint style data sometimes it is literally fingerprints and increasingly facial recognition just to get their pay packet at the end of the month and we really have to be careful about what that data is used for do they have controls over it do they have a choice because we it even happens in schools now that kids are giving facial recognition to get their school lunch yeah you know what my boss is watching me we're out of time I need a I need a grumpy face recognition so that when you're your spouse or your partner it goes ping smile we don't want bosses looking we need one of those Sil thank you for coming in really interesting uh get in touch if you've got thoughts on what we've discussed um that's it for this week as I like to remind you each week though if you enjoyed tonight's show you can watch it all back on the back catalog on our YouTube channel AI decoded uh do get in touch about that and if you've got thoughts on a program we'd like to hear that too we'll do it again same time next week |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | CrowdStrike_IT_outage_How_and_why_it_happened_BBC_News.txt | well I think it depends on the organization so we're already seeing that fix being implemented in large well-resourced quite wealthy companies like American Airlines they say they say they've managed to put that fix on their machines and they are back to back to B Basics where they were but of course with an issue like this especially with an airline there will there will be a backlog and a the delays will cause further chaos for days to come but I think the issue we've got is when there are large organizations that are perhaps underresourced in their it departments so for example if you've got tens of thousands of computers or end points as they're called in the cyber security world you need to get all of those back on back back up and running and I'm hearing that this is not a case of doing an automatic update in the same way that it happened overnight so the automatic update went out by crowd strike onto computers around the world and no one even had to do anything this is a case of fingers on keyboard so this requires it technicians going to many of the computers um in fact most of the computers and getting their fingers on the on the keyboards doing a reboot putting it into safe mode downloading the new correct crowd strike update to try and fix the problems and there are ways around it if it's for example a server if there's a cluster of servers inside an IT company I've been told that it is possible to do this with some sort of over the a over the Internet type um fix but that's rare and it still has to be done on every single computer so I think although we now have a fix the real problem is how do you get that fix onto computers huge questions uh to be asked of this company when the dust settles and already we're seeing the company being hit where it hurts on their share price lost the fifth of their value already this morning and that's before some markets have opened so this is a company now scrambling not only to fix the current situation but also their their reputation and their brand it was and is one of the biggest cyber security companies in the world famous for its very good and well trusted endpoint protection so the protection on computers around the world but it's all about trust and that trust has been affected by today no doubt because the irony here is that in cyber security we're always being told to install the updates whether that's personally on our phones or laptops when an update comes in from Apple for example or or Google that's because the updates are there to protect us they're there to fix any potential bugs fill up any security gaps and to make things run smoother here of course doing the right thing got you in lots of trouble if you had automatic updates on with crowd strike overnight you would you would wake up to an issue here that's bringing down entire companies so yes huge questions to ask us of crowd strike the way these things work of course is that there will be a team of Engineers that wrote this update wrote the software the code um over the last few weeks or months and it would be sent out last night after lots and lots of checking so crowd strike would have put it onto lots of computers and seen whether or not it affects anything somehow something's gone wrong in that safeguarding process and it's gone from the the test bed the sandbox of the internal computers at crowd strike into the wide world and cause these massive problems Windows is being really careful to distance itself from this problems they're saying look this is not our problem this is not our fault well it is their problem of course they're helping to try and fix this but they're saying this is nothing to do with our system this is a crowd strike issue and I think that is fair because of course crowd strike when they make a new piece of software they have to make it for all the different operating systems so that's Windows Linux Mac and I think the reason why Windows has perhaps proven the most difficult is because perhaps that's the the largest um group of customers that they have they're running Windows and for some reason there is something to do with the bespoke code that's done for Windows that has not affected Linux or Mac I would I would argue though that probably there are fewer customers using those particular um uh operating systems and people are asking today you know how does this affect me do I need to watch out for when I turn on my computers the answer to that is probably not because crowd strike has built its uh its giant uh company um through Enterprise so that's going after these big organizations like American Airlines and like others that are responsible for thousands or tens of thousands of usually Windows computers interestingly I've just spoken to an IT manager who is scrambling around and struggling and very very stressed out for a medium-sized organization in this country in the UK and he's responsible for 4,000 computers but it's giving me an idea of just how stressful it is for him because he says that once you are fingers on keyboards on a computer it is a quick fix you have to press a few buttons put it into safe mode and then you can download the correct crowd strike software and everything's fine but the problem is he says we've got computers spread across five different sites so that means you have to physically drive from one to the next to the next to fix this problem people are saying that if you the closest we'll get to this I think was 2017 with the wner cry Cyber attack that was a deliberate and malicious Cyber attack that affected about 300,000 computers in 150 countries but that was stopped and that meant that the uh the virus stopped spreading and that people could rebuild from there what we're seeing here of course is that if an IT manager hasn't seen the news today and they they're waking up for example in the US they turn on the computer they're going to get the the blue screen of death |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Jared_Isaacman_completes_first_private_spacewalk_with_Space_X_BBC_News.txt | we start in space and history being made more than half a century after Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon well today the billionaire businessman Jared isaacman became the first nonprofessional astronaut to walk in space singon but his first words as he stepped outside the resilient spacecraft were beautiful world he used the first privately funded space walk to do Mobility tests on the new type of space suit that will be at the Forefront of the next generation of space exploration our science correspondent palab go has the story back at home we all have a lot of work to do but from here Earth Ser looks like a perfect world historic words for an historic moment out comes the first private sector astronaut to walk in space silhouetted in Earth's orbit billionaire Jared isman paid millions of dollars for this experience earlier he was suiting up as were the three other crew members the capsule has no airlock so the entire spacecraft is in the vacuum of space once the doors opened report one closed report two closed SpaceX dragon is ready for SE pressurization then the all important checks to make sure that the space suits don't leak they've been upgraded for The Space Walk stronger and more flexible and the helmets have a heads up display so they see how how well their bodies are coping then the air is taken out of the capsule so the pressure inside matches what's outside the hatch opens and isaacman exits the spacecraft there's not much to do outside apart from testing the suit so he floats around and enjoys the view before returning to the capsule then it's the turn of mission specialist Sarah Gillis she's trained for this moment for 2 years we really are hoping to bring back these this knowledge for the SpaceX team of how does a suit perform what did we you know really nail on the operation and in the training on the ground because this is a brand new training program for our SpaceX team um so I think we're going to be be doing a lot of of data finding fact finding that we can then bring back to make future spacewalk operations or you know future suit design even better it was 60 years ago that Alexi leonov became the first person to walk in space since then it's only been astronauts working for government space agencies to have done this until now this is the first ever private sector crew to have walked in space companies like SpaceX have done some things very differently they've built lots and lots of hardware and they've done lots of testing and we've all seen you know amazing explosions we've seen things go bang but each time they've learned from that process you know this could be a significant step it'll be really exciting to see what happens with the next Polaris Mission so there there are two more to come we've believe and you know what are the going to be the milestones for that that are going to be uh going to be addressed I can't wait the historic space walk now over the crew's attention turns to carrying out experiments before beginning their journey home in two days time palab go BBC News well let's head to Cardiff and speak to our science correspondent Gina Renard who was watching all those pictures it was absolutely spellbinding wasn't it watching that and it seemed to go like clockwork yes it was absolutely we had a very tense hour watching those pictures we were watching them inside the capsule and I did think it looks very small and and tight in there then of course we saw Jared Eisenman emerging up through that space and coming out he did he sort of moved his limbs his hands and feet to test the suit he went back in it went very quickly and then his colleague Sarah Gillis she did the same thing um we did have some feelings of of nervousness this was a very risky and quite dangerous operation um but of course it the the the mission was successful they've pulled it off and I'm sure Jared isman will be very pleased with his success he's funded this it's a we don't know the exact cost but just one seat on a SpaceX flight is uh considered to be $55 billion so he'll be really pleased that um this was a success and also he has seen that amazing view of Earth from just outside the Dragon capsule we're seeing those pictures uh now as you were talking to us we've now gone inside the capsule but you were talking about the potential dangers the potential Jeopardy there were many of those moments all of them passed off with no event take us through the next stages now so this is part of a six- day Mission the spacecraft launched on Tuesday this is the third day it's got two more days up in space it will um tomorrow we we think it will broadcast some sort of message uh on Saturday it will begin its descent um from the high orbit and then it will Splash down into the ocean off the coast of Florida where it'll be picked up but of course they'll be celebrating this success learning from it and I don't think this will be the last of the billionaires we see do a space walk and they'll be hoping that someday the the rest of us who who don't quite have that much money may have the opportunity to do our own our own space walks but that is probably still a long way off Georgina thanks very much well let's stay with this let's speak to the space scientist Dr Hena Khan doctor welcome here to the program I'm going to take us straight back to the pictures because they were quite incredible you were watching them live as they happened it's so interesting isn't it because astronauts will SP spend years in the training but that moment when they emerge they see that view of the earth it is an extraordinary moment that takes the breath away from everyone who's done it yeah no absolutely and uh you know I'm not one of those people that have done this but having seen the pictures I can imagine the the what it could feel like and what it might be like to have that that feeling to be out in in the vastness of of space um and whilst this has been the the privilege of a a very select few I think what's important to understand is that what's happened in order to for them to get here the development the the technology taken to build these new suits and experience that I think is is it's a collaborative effort for lots of different people hundreds of thousands of people who have worked on this moment to get these four individuals into this this situation tell me more then about the significance the suits that'll be part of what we need the next generation of space explanation you know those missions to Mars and elsewhere but also how do you see the significance of this the first commercial space walk yeah no I think that's there's two really interesting things I think the first like you said this is Paving the way for what we all know is the return to to the moon the return you know moving on to to the Mars and and you know kind of off-planet habitats and that's a clear objective for lots of different uh government agencies NASA the European space agencies as well as the commercial uh space flight environment so the testing of this I think is really exciting uh and making sure that as you said it's been a success but the broader context here within the commercial space environment is it's allowing indiv you know entities commercial industry bodies to be part of this journey we talked a little bit earlier uh one of your correspondents mentioned that you know commercial satellite development is already something that's happening um across the board so where it was the domain of of state run organizations now individual Industries and and companies can be building satellites and taking that technology to space this is another step in that where now you know space flight as well as space suit and then all the the detail that is required to to have individuals or uh people within the space domain it's opening that up to a much broader environment I'll come back to that point in a moment but so many extraordinary stories involved in what we've seen today Sarah Gillis who we saw make that second Space Walk she started at Space X as an intern didn't she and here she is doing a space walk like this making history yeah no absolutely and that's I think that's what's really exciting here is that whilst there's these few individuals with a loss of money who are able to furnish these things it's actually opening the door for for young people and for people who are interested in the space sector to to be able to have that opportunity SpaceX is a commercial organization it's a large company which has developed its own capability and we have companies um of a size here in the UK as well as across other uh Europe and elsewhere so you can imagine that young people and even with people within the sector are seeing there's opportunity here for us to be part of something much bigger yes I'm not saying that everybody gets to be in space no and everything about this is much bigger we saw at space H xhq them all breaking into Applause when that hatch opened and when the first Space Walk actually took place those first few steps it sort of underlines the point the massive amount of work that goes into something like this and you've got NASA with their trips back to the Moon your assessment finally of the pace of technological Advance we're seeing now so I think yes I think that's it I mean when we were a part of when we it was the domain of government agencies NASA and the likes there was a a direction of travel that was being dictated by those organizations now bringing it out into the commercial domain there's a highly competitive environment and competitiveness does Drive Innovation so it allows allows organizations to think about right what is the next opportunity that we can help push forward on this and so being able to like you said in the last 60 years be able to get to this point from a commercial standpoint I think is really really critical and it allows that opportunity to grow much broader than just the the select few organizations that might have done this in the past so it's an exciting time I think for for the sector as a whole it really is uh thank you for taking time to speak to us on today's program Dr Hina Khan thank you very much |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Polar_bears_face_higher_risk_of_disease_in_a_warming_Arctic_BBC_News.txt | new research suggests that as the Arctic warms polar bears are facing a growing risk of Contracting viruses bacteria and parasites which they were less likely to do just 30 years ago scientists have been examining recent blood samples collected from Wild polar bears and compared them with samples from the same part of the Arctic which were taken back in the light late 198s and early 1990s now they found that significantly more of the recent blood samp contained indications that the animals had suffered from infections uh let's talk more about this with the lead author of that particular study the research wildlife biologist with the Alaska Science Center Dr Karen Roode who's been studying polar bears actually since 2006 so very experienced in this field and this is quite alarming isn't it this research uh yes U we definitely saw increases that were higher than been seen in other parts of the Arctic in terms of the proportion of bears that were exposed to different pathogens so what sort of results have you found just talk us through some of the details of this yeah so we looked at six different pathogens and specifically what we were looking at is antibodies in polar bear serum which indicates whether or not they were ever exposed to that particular pathogen um and then comparing between the two time periods we were seeing increases in five of the six that we looked at and some of them were more than doubling over time so twice as many bearers are exposed to those pathogens that than they have in the past um and those changes appeared to be associated with increased land use bip polar bearss in response to se ice loss but also changes um in the exposure of their prey that then gets transmitted up the food chain so it sounds really like the whole Arctic ecosystem is changing and changing for the world as far as these bears are concerned yeah I mean I think it's important to note that this population appears to be a healthy population overall so the population isn't declining um so we don't think that these pathogens are necessarily causing we don't know we don't have any evidence that they're causing disease and polar rares um which is actually really hard to detect in these animals that range really far out in remote areas um but that we know the population is healthy but it does mean that as an apex predator at the top of the Arctic food chain changes that we're seeing in their exposure indicate changes in exposure to other species across the Arctic and presumably this is something that's just going to keep getting worse and worse as a problem as climate change continues as global warming increases yeah I think you know this is certainly evidence not only in our population but in two other polar bear populations that exposure is changing you know the question is what's the impact of that exposure and a big message from our study has been that there's a need for increased surveillance of exposure to an Arctic environments uh and because there's potential changes and in these the distribution of these pathogens and were you surprised by the results of your research well I think you know seeing we having known that two other populations had seen increases in pathogen exposure I think to some degree expected that that would probably be the case um certainly the changes were higher than than we expected um but um I think it's consistent with previous research and other populations all right well Karen wrad thank you very much indeed for being with us with that alarming evidence really about um polar bears in the Arctic uh Karen rad there research wildlife biologist with the Alaska Science Center thank you |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Worlds_secondlargest_diamond_found_in_Botswana_BBC_News.txt | now the second largest diamond ever found a rough 2,492 karat Stone has been Unearthed in bwana at a mine owned by the Canadian firm lucara Diamond it's the biggest find since the 3,000 karat cullinan diamond was found in South Africa in 1905 and cut into nine separate Stones uh botswana's government said it was the largest diamond ever discovered in the southern African State well joining me now is our reporter IMA McCarthy tell me more Lucy Marilyn was right wasn't she when she said that Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend and certainly this must be one of the best friends of all as you said the second largest diamond ever found a whopping 2,492 karat now I know that sounds enormous but to visualize it I've brought a little prop in with me it's about the size of a cup or a can of soft drink or soda so it's pretty substantial I thought you would bring me a cup of tea no not it is empty but can you imagine a diamond of that size and they found that as you said in Botswana about 300 mil north of the capital Gabon so an enormous Discovery it's the biggest find since the cullin and diamond in 1905 way back then that of course was 3,16 carats most of which now has all been cut up and you can find it in the crown jewels at the Tower of London yeah they chopped it up I mean you can understand it because that's not going to fit on your finger is it absolutely not while it would be lovely I don't think it would be very comfortable on your finger or around your neck so now what happens next is it goes through weeks of different um sorts of testing and Analysis and then of course it will be cut into various sized stones and then the most likely roote from that is that a major jewelry house or a fashion brand will purchase the stones and create a collection from it so the last time that a diamond so substantial was found back in 2019 it was then bought in 2020 by lvmh so Lucy it is certainly out there that we may be able to own a piece of it but if we can afford it I don't know what's the that's the question so how much is it worth I think they still yet to Value it that of course comes later once it's been cut once it's been analyzed I actually don't think I want to know how much it's going to worthless ey watering a m to say okay well thank you very much IMA McCarthy our reporter there on the second largest diamond ever found thank you very much |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | A_matter_of_life_and_death_millions_flee_Florida_hurricane_BBC_News.txt | this is what hurricane Milton looks like from space tonight it is gathering strength as it heads towards the West Coast of Florida the worst storm there in a century is how President Biden is describing it and it comes less than two weeks after another storm hurricane H Helen brought terrible devastation to the area leaving more than 200 people dead the mayor of tamper said hurricane Helen was a wakeup called Milton is literally catastrophic scientists say climate change and warmer seas are fueling these increasingly dangerous storms our correspondent Gordon Carrera reports now from Tampa in Florida an exodus from Tampa long lines of traffic snaking out of the city tell you that the warnings are being taken seriously here Florida is used to hurricanes but the message has been that this time is different the city is still recovering from the last hurricane Helen which hit just 2 weeks ago and killed more than 200 in The Wider region with hundreds more still missing the water was up to here and that's from the last one two weeks ago and inside Tampa today there are desperate last minute preparations Steve Christ's dental surgery was hit badly last time and he knows Milton promises to be much worse um I've lived here my whole life I'm 73 years old and we've never ever had anything like this ever and to have two in two weeks yeah that building's never flooded and I and I practiced tenry there for 44 years the speed and intensity with which Milton formed with Winds of 180 mph is what's caused real alarm even if it weakens that will not stop the massive storm surge which could be as much as 15 ft High hitting the coast double what Helen inflicted and with tamper right in its expected path this is literally catastrophic and I can say without any dramatization whatsoever if you choose to stay in one of those evacuation areas you're going to die another sign of how seriously this is being taken was that President Biden cancelled foreign travel and issued his own warning orders you should evacuate now now now you should have already evacuated it's a matter of life and death and that's not hyperboy it's a matter of life and death at a sports stadium in nearby St Petersburg 10,000 thousand Camp beds are being prepared for emergency workers who'll be trying to get the community back on its feet the power and danger posed by Milton is clear from these pictures of a crew aboard a research flight that went through the hurricane they were forced to hold tight as they were buffered by its winds and beneath them Florida is now preparing for the Hurricane's arrival well hurricane Milton will be the second powerful storm to hit Florida in less than two weeks and it is currently traveling across the Gulf of Mexico you can see its path there and warm Waters in the Gulf of Mexico have helped it become a dangerous hurricane that is expected to make landfall as early as tomorrow now scientists say that climate change is to blame with much warmer Seas supercharging these hurricanes these are the normal range of temperatures for the Atlantic and this should be just about here where they are now but look how much warmer the waters are this year at or near the hottest temperatures on record the oceans absorb most of the extra heat that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trapped near Earth's surface so warmer Seas mean more water evaporates and that allows storms to strengthen and grow well let's go and get the latest from Gordon Carrera who is in Tampa and this so soon after this the last hurricane what is the mood there tonight well it is one of fear I have to say uh the sense is that the clock is ticking ahead of Milton's arrival tomorrow the streets here are eerily empty really most people have left town but one thing you can see is the debris that's all around left over from Helen it's littering the streets here where I am and one of the concerns is that it hasn't been cleaned up and that when the surge comes with Milton all of that debris is just going to get picked up and cause even more damage as it's pushed around the city so there is a lot of concern here about the potential impact but I think people have also been heeding those warnings about how serious this could be they've come from the mayor of Tampa right up to the president and I think people have have grasped the idea that even in a state and a region used to hurricanes this time could be different Sophie |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | What_happens_when_the_permafrost_thaws_BBC_Ideas.txt | when you think of the Arctic maybe you picture this or this or this you're not going to imagine a piece of scrubby brown dirt that brown dirt is permafrost no one is born like fascinated with permafrost I do find it exciting to think about different sediments and so on you don't have to [Laughter] pretend but what pfost does is of huge importance to the entire [Music] planet this is a map of permafrost and you see in purple here the dark purple especially the areas that that are permafrost around 11% of the earth's land mass is covered by permafrost half of Canada 2/3 of Russia even the Tibetan plateau and this place the remote Norwegian archipelago ofal Arctic Antarctic regions composed of organic material in two words it's frozen ground where is it here here here here here permafrost is Rock sediment or ice that remains at or below 0° C for two or more consecutive years most of it has been frozen for much much longer than that Arctic permafrost tends to be a few thousand years old and areas in Antarctica we find Perros that's millions of years [Music] old but just cuz it's ancient doesn't mean all the permafrost is always Frozen we have what we call the active layer the active layer sits on top of the permafrost and thaws and freezes on an annual basis we'll come here with a metal probe we poke through the ground every week we take a measure of how far the thaw has evolved through the summer and then uh the maximum depth at each point will represent the active layer depth for that year this active layer allows for different ecosystems to sit on top of the permafrost from huge forests to treeless plains known as the tundra but this delicate balance is now being disrupted by climate change I've got pictures here of that that show the mean annual temperature and you can see basically the blue areas that are on here these areas we'd expect to be per frosted this is gradually becoming redder and redder the Arctic it's warming at three to four times the rate of the rest of the planet this kind of weather it's not supposed to be like this in October it's supposed to be minus 15 clear dry climate and it's not it's a rainstorm as temperatures rise the per Frost is throwing on average the active layer has been deepening uh about 6 cm per year for the last 10 years which is about this much um but think about that through the whole landscape we're seeing that the active layer is getting deeper and deeper in permafrost regions around the world it creates immediate impacts as the surface of the permafrost THS downwards many things that were frozen are uncovered this could include as many as 10 million wooly mammoth and there are fears that ancient viruses could reawaken and infect humans but there's something else which concerns scientists much more the scariest thing that is happening with P Frost is what it is doing to the climate itself Perros acts as a storage it locks up the carbon from dead vegetation quite effectively and it's accumulated over many thousands of years we have this organic matter that's stored in the freezer and as soon as as you open the freezer door then that becomes available to Decay there's estimated to be four times more carbon trapped in permafrost than all of the human generated CO2 emissions in modern history the release into the atmosphere of even a fraction of this as carbon dioxide and methane will have a profound effect on the climate the more greenhouse gases that are in the atmosphere the warmer the climate the warmer the climate the thicker the active layer and the more greenhous house gases can escape from that portion of the permafrost that was locked away there's sort of an underlying flow level of change slowly creeping up on us people will frame perr th as something that is a future catastrophe when actually there is a catastrophe going on right now for people who live on top of Pema Frost people like Jesse who lives here in the inic region of the Northwest Territories in Arctic Canada just being out on the land it really puts my soul at ease this is the land that our ancestors have walked in when I was younger I didn't really know what permafrost was in recent years it's been thawing fairly rapidly the most obvious way that the Poma Frost melting impacts on human society is that the ground that was once really solid and hard suddenly becomes squishy there are things called thermocast Mega slumps which is a fantastic ftic name for a band where the ground kind of collapses in on itself and creates these huge craters there's one in Arctic Russia which is called The Doorway to the underworld and it's getting bigger by the day and you have large masses of land just flowing away because they're no longer solid I see the wounds in the landscape from the landslides and it reminds me that the whole earth is crying out it's a wounded Earth so this is the old hospital building we're going to go going out on the back of it cuz that's where you can really see the damage we noticed that our home was starting to crack so me and my dad we always tried to just adapt to it to keep our house level building start to crack the roads will Buckle power lines will tear we just try fix things for now and just take it like year by year people have lived in the Arctic for thousands of years years now and they're seeing unprecedented changes to their environment in the cavic our motto is Never say die so when it floods or when our roads start to disappear there are still people that live here and love it here and they wouldn't want to move anywhere else knowing that all of this ice is going to melt underneath us makes me a little bit scared for the future permafrost th could bring some new possibilities from mining areas opening up to the potential to grow new crops but both could exacerbate climate change and be of little consolation to the people losing their homes in terms of slowing down or stopping this is there anything we can do um I guess the not not really the thing we can do is to stop climate from warming in the first place there isn't unfortunately very much that we can do if we warm the planet to then stop the permafrost from melting one C winter will not freeze back permafrost what we can do is make more informed decisions and make sure that we build communities that are resilient to changes that are going to occur if they continue to listen to our people like about all the stuff that's happening then that gives me a little bit of hope I think this is the beginnings of us starting to think in a way that highlights the more entangled ways that humans exist with nature and their environments there's a lot of Northern folks all around the globe they all have their own traditions and values I think my message would just be to help us out up here you know be a part of a solution [Music] |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Elon_Musks_satellites_blocking_view_of_the_universe_BBC_News.txt | now researchers say that radio waves from Elon musk's growing network of satellites are blocking scientists ability to pair into the universe the scientists say that the new generation of starlink satellites which provide fast internet around the world are interfering more with telescopes they say the thousands of orbiting spacecraft may be hindering astronomical research while SpaceX which owns them hasn't commented with uh with me is Dr Emma GTI a former NASA scientist and editor at spacewatch global thanks for joining us how much of a problem is this well it is a problem hi is a problem because radioastronomy especially relies on the ability to see stars very far away very far distant from us and with all this satellites they're basically blinded because the satellites are so much closer to Earth than what they're trying to observe so it is a problem indeed absolutely but OB obviously the satellites um have a function in terms of of providing internet of often to troubled parts of the world um how could this be sorted out should it be regulated is is it regulated so uh it's a kind of complex uh answer because what is regulated is the fact that uh satellites cannot transmit in certain bands so certain bands radio bands are completely off for satellites so theoretically these bands are reserved for science the problem is that we having so many satellites that they can of emit as a sort of mistake so it's not the satellites that is emitting because directly it cannot but all the equipment all the electrical circuits in the satellites are kind of producing a backdrop of emission and this is impossible to regulate they cannot stop it and this is where the problem arises so it's a kind of like secondary effect okay and and so what sort of search is is not being able to be carried out as a result the entire field of radioastronomy struggling completely because uh this we are at the moment having 11,000 satellites and they already struggling and we plan to have 100,000 satellites in 10 years so you can imagine that this means fundamentally a complete stop at the entire field of radio astronomy radio astronomy is that kind of astronomy that is using radio frequencies to observe the father's object in our universe so that's an entire field of science that is struggling and we struggle even more okay and and just just explain for us what a satellite is we're seeing some some fly by and and you say that they sort of blind the researchers and therefore they can't see is it as simple is that uh I'm sure it's not so there are two ways in which a satellite can disturb it can visually disturb because the satellite itself is not a bright object doesn't have any light but if it gets hit by the sun it becomes bright so it can disturb what we call Visual astronomy but then it can also disturb through radio emission so several ways to disturb Emma Gatti I'm so sorry I asked you a really big question and I only have 30 seconds so that was entirely my fault but thank you so much for talking us through it's a really complex area there's a Great Piece online if people want to find out a bit more |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | How_do_you_change_the_tech_industry_BBC_Ideas.txt | my name is Amry imacon and I wear a number of different hats I'm the author of she and control now is Dr anarie imafidon Who's CEO and co-founder of the stems which aims to inspire and promote the next generation of young women in science technology engineering and maths uh and I do lots of other different bits and pieces the things that land in my inbox people are like hey this is shle countown have you heard of it you want to do numbers for a bit it's Dr anarie idon very nice to have you here uh sure Dr anarie is a Computing and Mathematics genius who speaks five languages she got two GCS while still at primary school and is the president of the British Science Association if it looks like there's a plan then that's very interesting for me to [Music] learn are you special I don't think so I think I all I'll put it this way I think I think everyone's special I just don't think most folks have figured out what that special is there's an element of the way I've been able to take opportunities and not be afraid to try things and fail and succeed that may be is special like there are a lot of things I can't do do a lot of things I don't [Music] remember yeah we've always only been East never lived anywhere else like our whole lives are centered around here I just love the the difference like there's just everybody is here and a coexisting and enjoying life together best place on [Music] Earth East London hey I am the eldest eldest of five sadly you can't you don't choose it do you no if you because if you first you the guinea pig I have many regrets for that about 62 different regrets so school was frustrating in part because of the repetition education is repetitive cuz that's how how most folks learn and so it was FR that we we did this last year and I remember us doing it last year and it made sense last year so we can do something else then it just turned into I'm just going to sit and talk to T I'm just going to sit and talk to Michael I'm going to sit and talk to Rebecca I I realize oh she's finishes her work early and then she gets into Mischief so so we have to make sure that we see how we can get rid of that mischievous behaviors every child is gifted and talented in ways and manners that I may not know you may not know so let's find out the talent of each child outside it was exploration it was okay let me like let's try this there's a book that we found that's done this or your cousin's doing such and such subject let's try that at one point I did Greek lessons did Chinese lessons like Mandarin there was just a lot of other things that were that were free and available outside and then also um I like devices we had a VCR player at home we had lots of different things at home and I was incredibly curious that Curiosity and wanting to understand how that works okay cool if that works that way what do we do with that okay so I was about four when I took apart the VCR player the thing was completely no matter what button I pressed it gave me something totally different how does it work why does it always work how how did it know and looking inside the cassette tape you don't find what you're looking for so yeah I'm going to go and have a look inside the VCR player and maybe try and lift it up and use other implements Like Toy Soldiers completely ruined my VHS very expensive about 2 months wages have you paid me back sorry Dad I have yeah definitely I've definitely paid you back so we we used to go to um the computer market so it was like secondhand stuff so it's like cheaper a lot cheap yeah a lot cheaper like buying floppy discs or buying motherboards or so then you get those bits and pieces and try and tinker and put them together and like build a whole computer yeah she know bu her computer was 9 or 10 I I give it [Music] go when I graduated from Oxford the plan was to go to the city and work it ended up being kind of working on the tech for the people that were in Tech I mean I can say now but yeah I'd sit on the computer all day for free he didn't really need to pay me to do that um but I enjoyed it because I'm I've always been very curious and always been like we can use technology to solve problems and this was like a ready supply of of problems that needed to be solved with technology it's because gender diverse teams make better decisions I ended up being invited to speak at a conference three and a half thousand technical women in one space and as someone that's always been in technical spaces but never been in female majority technical spaces it was quite alarming for me quite life affirming as well that wow I didn't even know I was in this minority it's almost like X-Men you're like you have powers too um and so ended up there and had a bit of a root to Damascus moment of no you really are the only girl in a lot of these spaces and that's kind of not okay um and so I ended up starting stets as a result of being at that [Music] conference the the dream is to work in the space sector I am a first year Aerospace undergraduate biochemistry and like science to technology technology and financial markets it's it can be so isolating you can feel so alone that actually just a little bit of effort to get folks together pays so many dividends for what they do next for you know how they see themselves the fact that they're not the only girl in the entire world that's ever done this and will ever do it it's a frustration I do end up having thing with events that I'm invited to these days that are kind of manels right where they've not been imaginative or thought at all about who they have contributing to the conversation and there's an email I got literally last week that had the same thing I had to write back and be like is it me or do you not have a single woman here on this email and we're talking about Society in the future and I'd have thought that maybe we might have a couple of women in society in the future as we might want a little bit of the experiences now to be reflected in what we're discussing maybe just me I don't know in the stem curriculum at GCSE and a level there is a lot of um male names codified in so if we say like I know Newton's Laws of Motion that means Isaac Newton is inside the curriculum is something that everyone has to learn about and so we're wanting to just counter the balance if every time there's a male name you have a female or otherwise name so whether it's GPS and Dr Gladis West who did the mats on the geostatic satellites whether it's Heddy Lamar who was a Hollywood actress and was incredibly ke physicist and ended up co-invention Wi-Fi or Bluetooth Katherine Johnson who was a mathematician in 1960s at Nasa did the ma by hand on early space travel or space flights like a Roslin Franklin the women of bchy Park like there's so many for every name that we have already in the curriculum let's just put a little bit of that Herer in alongside it and it frustrates me that we still have a national curriculum at least in this country that doesn't mention the names of any of these women we have the audacity to think that it's these dead white dudes with beards are the only people that have done anything of note the audacity how dare [Music] we at the moment with technology where the uh entry point to what folks are calling the fourth Industrial Revolution so if you line up eight people five of them are online or have a mobile device which speaks a lot to the size and the scale of what we're talking about but the fact that it's not all inclusive there are many reasons why we're not all fluent in Tech there's something of that definition of fluency being able to understand is different to being able to speak is different to being able to uh write and it's used to be reading writing and arithmetic and now it's Reading Writing arithmetic and digital in Access there's access to opportunities but there's also kind of norms stereotypes the one that's the most frustrating is that barrier of who is able and who is capable it's built on a lot of very intentional kind of social engineering centuries if not decades back where if you a young woman for example in a classroom if it's a technical if it's physics if it's mathematical if it's engineering related the idea that that's something you might not get just as a by virtue of who you are and the fact that you it's really hard for you to actually see that any other woman has ever done maths or physics engineering or technology before you all of that then gets in the way of building fluency that actually if we solve that we would allow so many more people to build that fluency and allow so many more people to then have agency and also solve so many [Music] problems I am the new chair of Udi music Foundation UD is here in East London and is all about opening up opportunities in a way that folks especially from this area might not have seen or observed or be aware that that is value that they can bring to this space and uh first came to us and she was part of a scheme called young board members roll it around roll it wow energy intelligence Insight Drive passion leadership that's how I describe her [Music] the focus on music technology tends to be embedded within the kind of songwriting and production process we need to build a skill set that is going to make people's careers fit for purpose she's a detail person so gets under the Bonnet that detailed knowledge and insight on how technology is changing people's lives visionary aab or Aid lab is the artificial intelligence design laboratory and as far as we know it's the world's first dedicated laboratory to Bringing together design with artificial intelligence the folks at Raw College of Art like that that is really really cutting edge a lot of folks don't get to see that don't even imagine that a lot of those things are possible or that that would be a problem you want to solve we look at transforming bowte into new materials and textiles I I still love the technology I love the problems that can be solved and I'm also incredibly curious about things so Amar is a member of our council at the roal College of Art she's a great champion and supporter of what we do whenever I talk with Amry there's amazing curiosity whereas being able to have it then choose is is brilliant and why not be inspired by Nature there's no hes B about asking the questions the very considered questions very thoughtful interventions about what is the direction of research policy why are we doing what we do also about how do we make sure that technology and stem is available for everyone it represents everyone brings everyone into that conversation she's really someone who's writing the future and enabling people to be part of that future and write it as well I think I'm very conscious that I am a young black woman from East London who's had a very different upbringing from a lot of people at these board tables who spends a lot of time with young people and so there's a lot of insights experiences stories that I get to hear that then can be fed back at those top levels and so being able to bring that to such a wide range of Institutions excites me because that's the that's kind of my my way of doing the systemic change attack from the bottom and attack from the top and that's kind of what I'm doing and you've got to learn the system to be able to change it hello hey let's do that your BR new um Hometown I know I'm my new job and everything yeah number 17 that's what you need to get the tattoo or the T-shirt or something or number one first woman you know I think we'll get you a number one t-shirt we'll make you a number one t-shirt am I dancing inside there a minute table yes I'm dancing inside because for a lot of folks if you can't see it you can't be it I'm dancing because if she's able to occupy that position who else could occupy other positions why have I met so many directors of gch C classified information only joking um you'll have to ask them I have a hunch that in 20 years time when we look back on anarie she will be seen as someone who has led the charge I think she is destined for even greater things I think her dad wants her to be prime minister let's see I love to be remembered as being a big part of that move or that change towards who is techn what does technical look like I I have no idea what's next also I'm still curious still the this is basically me opening the VCR player but just in a slightly different way I could literally be sat here for hours yeah [Music] |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Is_AI_eroding_democracy_ahead_of_the_US_election_BBC_News.txt | welcome to AI decoded that time of the week when we look in depth at some of the most eye-catching stories in the world of artificial intelligence and with the US presidential election less than two weeks away there are concerns AI technology is being used to make the voting process confusing White House National Security adviser Jake Sullivan speaking at an event on AI earlier said the US was making progress in identifying foreign interference in its elections but in his words there's a long way to go to get where we need to be so while false information aimed at disrupting elections is nothing new increasingly Advanced AI tools could make it easier to deceive voters with video and audio that looks and sounds plausible which brings us to this story from NBC a new Public Service campaign featuring Hollywood stars has been created to alert Americans on how not to be duped by AI generated deep fakes in the runup to election day we'll be speaking to my Taylor one of the organizers of the campaign meanwhile the futurism website says the Pentagon is planning to use deep fake technology to their own Advantage by creating AI personas to infiltrate online chat forums in order to gather information this comes despite the US government's persistent warnings that deep fakes and other AI generated content will deepen the misinformation crisis and lead to what they call a muddier information ecosystem for everyone which brings us to this article warning a Donald Trump win in November could potentially help unleash dangerous artificial intelligence wide magazine says the former president's opposition to what he called woke safety standards for AI would likely mean the dismantling of regulations and one of those very worried over the implications of all of this is Microsoft's Bill Gates who ranks the threat posed by artificial intelligence alongside nuclear war and biot terrorism the multi-billionaire says he finds AI both wondrous and a little bit scary and that it's very possible malign actors will use AI in ways that could prove dangerous for Humanity so very very interesting topics to discuss with me now to do that our regular AI commentator and presenter Stephanie hair and joining us once again is Susie allegri author of the book human rights robot wrongs and as well joining us down the line from Washington we have miles Taylor AI commentator and former US government official in both the bush and Trump administrations so Stephanie we're less than a fortnight away from the presidential election in the United States something we've been talking about at length the polls are telling us it is incredibly close too close to call so how does this provide opportunities for the misuse of AI so I've just come back from a week and a half in Chicago and I definitely felt that it was very very tight even in the Midwest of the United States and one of the things that I was picking up when I was there was this discussion about misinformation disinformation and just people not knowing where to go to get trustworthy facts so this brings us into this whole question of if people are going to use artificial intelligence to deceive what are we creating in terms of you know a trustworthy electoral process it's a very very big question indeed so let's uh take a look now at the public service campaign aiming to alert Americans not to be duped by AI ahead of Election Day With a Little Help From Hollywood artificial intelligence has gotten so Advanced you probably can't tell that some of us are it real time definitely real that's a problem because this election Bad actors are going to use AI to trick you into not voting not voting luckily we already know what they're going to do still use fix phone calls videos or messages to try to change when how or where you vote for example a fake message saying voting has been extended or your ping location has closed or changed due to an emergency or you need new documentation to vote these are all scams designed to trick you into not voting don't fall for it do not fall for it fist threat is very real if something seems off probably is always double check your Stakes official website or go to represent. us/ votesafe voting is your right voting is your right don't let anyone take it from you don't let anyone [Music] take I love you Amy I'm so sorry I am not even American so sorry AR no I'm I'm really here actually well yeah here it's a great ad and uh with us now uh one of the creators of this campaign miles great to have you with us from the US today um is this all about asking the public to inject some critical thinking into the content they look at in other words not to take everything they see as in the the case of your campaign literally at face value that's right Anita I mean I think the thing that it's easy to compare this to for folks is what they saw with Spam in their email inboxes in the 1990s as you know at first when you got an email account you trusted everything that came in because no one but people you trusted had your email address that is until they did and then you got that email from the Nigerian prince offering to turn the $10,000 you wired him into $100,000 and people started to get duped they started to get fooled well this is the new spam and this is the next generation of spam and it's highly sophisticated and we're going to see deep fakes emerge in a lot of different parts of our lives and the tip of the iceberg is our elections and that's where folks are going to first start to see this materialize and so we wanted to start getting the public acclimated to the fact that things that might seem innocuous about when where and how to vote potentially could be deep fake tricks trying to misdirect them and this is something that law enforcement officials are very concerned about in the United States they are worried about Bad actors using deep fakes to try to suppress the vote to change the outcome get certain people to not show up at the polls get others to show up at the polls in ways they don't know they're being fooled so yes Anita the goal here is try to get folks to show a little bit of critical thinking and just go check their sources and verify before voting yeah the spam analogy is is a good one miles and Susie how big a threat is this sort of thing to democracy especially uh as we see now in the US presidential race where the polls are really really tight where small numbers relatively small numbers of Voters could make the decision the election go one way or another well I mean we're two elections away from the Cambridge analytica Scandal where where you know we saw parliamentarians around the world concerned about the way that social media and information systems can influence voters and I think what's key is understanding that it's often about voter suppression it's not about changing people's political ideas it's about making you not get up off the couch uh to go and vote and so I think it is a really significant issue and something that really requires very tough regulation around electoral law and enforcement of electoral law to deal with these issues because you know AI deep fakes they're out there what we need is to make sure that people involved in elections in particular and Bad actors have consequences when when they stretch the law and this brings us to the point about accountability which is what penalties are there for people who are using artificial intelligence to try to suppress the vote um I think Su is absolutely spot on the past two elections that we've seen in the United States we're using technology to try to change change how people might vote and there was a big debate about whether that was effective or not now what we're seeing is America is so polarized people are pretty entrenched and tribal and it's going to come down to the swing States and even micro communities within those swing States so the real trick is suppressing the vote making it so people don't sign up on time don't know where to go Etc so the question I would have for miles is are we going to see any action in the United States to actually make it we interfering in the election in this way is criminalized Miles briefly on that it's a great question I mean unfortunately there were a number of bills before Congress this year to introduce steeper penalties and to deter Bad actors and I don't think anyone will be surprised to hear me say those did not pass the US Congress and so we are stuck with the laws we had on the books previously now I was meeting today with FBI officials on this threat and they will say that existing laws on the books of course allow them to go prosecute voter suppression because that's illegal but there's an additional complication with deep fakes namely those law enforcement authorities need to actually be able to detect that something is fake in the first place and a lot of these agencies and a lot of state and local election officials do not have deep fake detection tools so if there are phone calls to voters telling them that a polling location has closed or something's changed uh there aren't systems in place in real time to detect that those might be deep fake phone calls and fraudulent actors and that's not going to be sorted in time for this election but certainly if something goes wrong this cycle folks are going to wake up and say we need those real-time detection tools to protect our systems to protect our networks to protect our democracy okay um which brings us on to the next story that the Pentagon that's the uh Department of of Defense in the US its headquarters is going to use generative AI to create these uh fake online online profil so that people people a supposed online user can go into chat forums and get information um even as the US government warns against these AI deep fakes being used for nefarious purposes so Susie is this a bit like the AI equivalent of a spy absolutely and it's you know it's essentially what's good for the goose is good for the gander if you start using these tools you know as a government then you are effectively sort of fac facilitating their development in ways that is undoubtedly then going to be used back at you and and yes it is really the the AI hyper Tech version of online spying and and Stephanie are we going to see more of this happening it's not so much if you can't beat them join them but join them to beat them I almost wonder if it's going to create the opposite effect was I wonder if people are eventually just going to question why we even use social media at all if it's all just spam and junk profiles and you you might be in a conversation with a robot right or with a bot or with a spy or with somebody who's in marketing they're not the whole point was It was supposed to be about authentic connection back in the day with people that you knew or maybe wanted to know I don't know why you would go to it if it's just kind of a social media sewer yeah that's a really interesting point um miles what do you think about that I'm seeing and hearing more and more people complaining actually about the content that they see on whatever platform or platforms they prefer to use is that something that you are seeing as well for sure I mean I think we're seeing across Society a lot of these platforms look some of them are subjected to more spam than others we are seeing societal and partisan divisions about which platforms to use and and part of that is related to bots although a lot of these platforms would say that one of their highest priorities is the detection of bots because that's really bad for business uh just like it was bad for business for Google in that era when we were getting a lot of spam emails and then that company invested a lot in spam detection most of it gets filtered out now we're likely to go into an era where a lot of the personas we're engaging with online are not real and before companies developed the technical Acumen to sift those out now I swear Anita that I did not plan this in advance of this hit but I was also at the Pentagon today talking about this broader issue not this issue of fake personas they not privy to their plans on the fake personas but I suspect folks over there working AI would say look this is a double-edge short problem yes we don't want to see this happen but because it is if we are going to engage our adversaries out there around the world countries that want to do the West harm we're going to have to play that game and we're going to have to deploy those automated Bots out there to engage with theirs so it does become definitely a gray area that was a very timely visit miles uh miles Susie and Stephanie you're saying with staying with me but coming up after the break what could a second Donald Trump presidential term mean for AI development and regulation we'll get a un unique Insight from Miles Taylor who previously served in his administration and should we all be worried like Bill Gates whose concerned artificial intelligence could get out of control we'll discuss all that after the break welcome back to AI decoded the global battle to regulate artificial intelligence has been raging ever since deep concerns were raised over the unpredictability of this superintelligent technology the European Union was the first to legislate with the European artificial intelligence act which came into Force last August however the move has been criticized by Tech Giant meta who've warned that the eu's approach to regulating AI is creating a risk the continent could be cut off from accessing Cutting Edge Services other initiatives in the US have found themselves facing headwinds from every direction so what's the future for controlling this technology that will transform all our lives well welcome back to our regular AI commentator and presenter Stephanie hair as well as Susie allegri author of the book human rights robot wrongs and joining us from Washington we have Miles Taylor AI commentator and former US government official in both the bush and Trump Administration so Miles I think this is a perfect point to to pick up uh with you as you worked in the Trump Administration you've got an insight into his thinking so if he is elected again as president uh come November's vote what is that going to mean for regulation especially when he has an alliance with people like Elon Musk well Donald Trump does not operate with a public policy scalpel he operates with a wrecking ball so on this issue I think the concern folks have is that there may need to be adjustments to AI regulations on the margins in fact personally I would say there absolutely needs to be we're really early in the age of AI and we haven't gotten it completely right but if you take a wrecking ball to the issue you can cause a lot more damage than good and right now on this question the issue of bias is really what's at case here so all AI systems are trained on the world we lived in you know they're trained on us and so our inherent bias the things we say and appropriate things we say uh you know things about the population that we may not like things we may not like about ourselves they get reflected in these models and what a lot of companies have tried to do is take those dangerous or frustrating things out right discussions about self harm and uh you know racism and try to remove those biases from the models now in doing that there are secondary consequences sometimes in putting your finger on the scale you can push too hard and so you get hallucinations you get sort of absurd results and you have seen that highlighted often in the Press of some of these platforms trying to control for these problems and creating new problems it is like a game of whack but you take a wrecking ball to the regulation in that space and you could inadvertently lead to a spike in a lot of those biases on these platforms so I think that's what we're concerned about looking at the possibility of a second Trump Administration is sort of an AI public policy free-for-all in some ways good for industry and other ways potentially very uncertain or even harmful for aspects of society miles I'm curious do you think it actually would be good for industry to remove regulation because you hear in the United States this idea that regulation will hinder Innovation and if we over-regulate China will win but doesn't business actually need a clear sets of rules in order to operate and create that climate of certainty and standards that everybody can agree to across the board so that the lawyers don't get too busy with lawsuits between the European Union the United States and elsewhere you want everybody kind of on the same page what happens if we rip up the existing rule book because we think it's too woke well it in in fact in many cases that can be very bad for industry for there to be a a patchwork of laws around the world and for the United States to be on a substantially different page than its Partners from a regulatory standpoint that could be frustrating that can be very expensive and that's certainly a possibility uh if the existing regulations on the book or the existing discussions around AI are thrown out the window is you could create a very complicated situation for business now I will say at the same time I have to be fair AI companies have largely been self-regulating in the United States uh and in some cases doing a pretty decent job of it because their businesses demand it so things like child sexual abuse material uh harmful and violent imagery a lot of these companies don't want that on their platforms they don't want people generating content using Ai and so they've strictly crack down on that without necessarily clear requirements from the US government but you know as you've often noted Stephanie we're moving into a much more complicated period here where standardized uniform regulation around the world is going to make it easier for these companies to operate easier for law enforcement to collaborate and any indication that especially Western allies are not on the same page is probably going to send shivers down the spine or it should in those sea sues of those companies because it will get cut very complicated for them to deliver their products and that sort of Patchwork regime Susie I'm going to pick up with you for our final topic on this week's segment this is Bill Gates saying that he is um really worried about the impact as our viewers will see right now about the impact of AI as serious as nuclear war and biot terrorism he said says um I mean that's his personal worry do you think he's right to think that way Susie well what I thought was quite interesting about this story was the kind of the three topics that he chose what was it biot terrorism nuclear war and climate change I think were his three worries along with AI I mean AI potentially exacerbates the risks of all those I mean we've seen this week AI companies uh looking to have their own uh small nuclear reactors in order to deal with the massive energy requirements of AI at the scale that it's coming um and also you know the potential for AI to create greater biot terrorism threats much more easily so in a sense all of those concerns that he has are potentially exacerbated by AI the worry about artificial general intelligence I think is a distraction from actually that issue of looking at how AI exacerbates other potential risks uh to humanity we've got about a minute left a quick thought from both you Stephanie and miles on this Stephanie I think it's weird that Bill Gates is worried now because he told Bloomberg back in July that AI would solve more problems than it creates so I'd like to know what's changed in three months for him okay A bit of a segue and Miles well that's the double-edged sword I think every one of the threats that Bill Gates mentioned you also could make the case that well developed artificial intelligence could help mitigate those threats and I think that tension between the two is the fight we're going to be having for decades absolutely fascinating conversation with the three of you today I hope our viewers have enjoyed that as well I'm sure they have uh Miles Taylor there in Washington and Stephanie hair and Susie allegri with me in the studio thank you all very much |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Stranded_Nasa_astronauts_hold_press_conference_from_International_Space_Station_BBC_News.txt | well hello Chelsea we have you loud and clear how us Butch that's awesome I hear you loud and clear as well thank you both so much for taking the time uh we have a lot of people on the phone who are very excited to talk to you so let's Jump Right In uh Butch and sunny I'll toss it back to you first so you can kick us off with some brief opening remarks yeah we we appreciate that Chelsea so yeah it's it's been quite an evolution over the last 3 months uh We've uh been involved from the begin through all the processes of assessing our spacecraft uh Calypso and um it was uh trying at times it was there was some tough times all the way through you certainly as uh the commander and the PLT of your spacecraft you don't want to see it go off without you but that's where we wound up and through all the process uh most of the news we heard is we would hear things over the news waves and and the different means that we have to get information up here that uh 80% of the time you'd hear sunny and Butch Butch and sunny sunny and Butch Butch and sunny and I just want everybody to know how much we appreciate that uh the concern for for us specifically uh is very heartwarming and uh like I said much appreciated um every time I talk to someone that hey that we're praying for you there's prayers coming up for me and sunny both uh street signs people we don't even know Across the Nation sunny and but we're praying for you come on back all that those things and I can tell you it uh it really goes a long way and we so much appreciate it and even the opportunity to share a couple of thoughts thoughts now I'm not sure how much we can share that you don't already know but I know you've got some questions prepared and we're ready to answer as best we can all right thanks so much Butch let's begin the Q&A media on the phone if you'd like to ask our NASA astronauts a question please press star one on your phone to enter our question Q we have several people dialed in today and I want to get to as many of you as I can so please try to ask just one question but we'll begin now with Gina Siri with ABC News uh good afternoon so uh you're on an extended Mission uh you've done these before but what are the ups and downs for you as you look forward to the rest of the mission well uh Sunny Williams had just been named the commander of the the space station she'll take over in a couple of weeks I'm going to let her start off with answering that question so I think you know what we look forward to is being here and being part of the crew that's here you we've been part of expedition 71 uh there a great bunch of people and we've tried to just jump in and do whatever we can um we're waiting for um Nick and Nick and Alex to get up here as part of expedition 72 once we hand over we just got Don petett and uh alexe and Ivonne here so I mean I mean we're here with our friends I think that's really a key part of being on the International Space Station and actually just doing the work so that's I think the up part is we're here with our friends we've got a ride home and uh you know we're looking forward to the next couple months and doing a lot of stuff for the International Space Station we'll go now to Marsha dun with the Associated Press um but and sunny when you launched you figured you'd be back home in Houston to vote on Election Day have you requested your absentee ballots yet so you can vote from space if you could elaborate on this and what else are you missing on a personal note I sent down my request for a ballot today as a matter of fact uh and they should get it to us in a couple of weeks and absolutely yes it's a very important role that we all play as Citizens is to uh be included in those elections and NASA makes it very easy for us to do that so we're excited about that opportunity and Mara same here you know it's a very important duty that we have as Citizens and uh looking forward to being able to vote from space which is pretty cool um you ask what we miss right of course you know the things that we always miss our families I miss my two dogs I miss my friends but you know what like Butch said there are so many people uh on Earth that are sending us messages and it it makes you feel just right at home with everybody when we're able to have those conversations with our friends and family at home so I know they understand I know it's a it's tough on on them as well as you know being away from home of course but uh everybody understands and everybody's cheering for us to get back with crew 9 our next question will be with Tom Castello with NBC News hi Butch and sunny nice to see you both Butch I can't believe how fast her hair has grown uh in the few months you've been up there on station um can I ask you this question I'm just wondering recognizing that you're both team players and Veteran NASA astronauts do you feel let down by Boeing and Starliner and the fact that this is clearly not something you planned for your life let down absolutely not not never entered my mind uh I don't think Sunny's either until you mentioned it it's a fair question I I get it I can tell you um you I thought a lot about this press conference and what I might say what I wanted to convey and there's no way to convey every single piece of information that needs to be said to understand a majority of the questions that we might get asked but I will say this you know Sunny's got this uh shirt on it's got that Nicea meatball we call it on it and that represents uh something that uh we stand for as an agency we go beyond we do things that are out of the ordinary we send humans to space and yeah we're here today on the space station even today this this operation this is not easy uh NASA does a great job the people at Nasa do a great job of making a lot of things look easy going sending probes Beyond the Edge of our solar system uh going in uh getting sample from asteroids humans in space and it's a very Risky Business and things do not always turn out the way you want before we launched we said there we're going to find things that is the nature of test every single test flight especially a first flight of a spacecraft or an aircraft that has ever occurred has found issues that's things you just cannot think of about 90% of our training is preparing for the unexpected and sometimes uh the the actual unexpected goes beyond what you even think that could happen and that's just the way it goes sometimes because we are pushing the edges of the envelope and everything that we do and it is not easy and uh I'm grateful for the organization I'm grateful for the people that are passionate about what they do that we can make it look easy we can go outside this uh International Space Station and do an Eva a space walk and things go off many times without a hitch because we're making it m making it look Easy by dedicated efforts Monumental efforts on the ground and in the and in space here to make it look that way and it's a and it's like I said it's not a it's not an easy thing to do but that's not why we do it maybe we do it because it's hard and pushing the en into in any envelope is very difficult regardless of where you're at uh and in space is is is certainly the case we'll take our next question now from Steven Clark with ARs Technica hi thank you for taking my question Stephen Clark from Marica uh Butch you mentioned this in your introduction for a moment but both of you are veterans of the Navy Navy captains I just wanted to hear your thoughts from each of you on seeing your ship leave without you what was that like and were you uh staying up late to watch The Landing the other [Music] day well um you know we actually had a couple duties while we were getting ready to let Starliner depart uh there's some things that the International Space Station has to get ready and and be prepared and make sure that it understands that a visiting vehicle has undocked and it goes back to its normal regime of operating so actually we were tasked with that um we're up in the Koopa and we were watching our spaceship you know fly away at that point in time so I think I think it was good we had some extra activities you know of course were very knowledgeable about star Starliner so it was uh it was obvious you know what was happening at each moment we were talking to our control team uh people friends of ours that we know we know how much time and effort that they have put into this spacecraft the excellent and precision uh activities that they're doing down on the ground it was it was nice to have that you know one-on-one Conversation Over the space to ground as Styer was leaving uh just knowing that she was in their hands and they were going to do the best that they could to get her back home um other other thoughts about seeing it leave you know like we're like you mentioned we're both you know Navy we've both been on deployments we're not surprised when deployments gets changed I mean our families extended our our families are used to that as well so uh that is that's not a humongous surprise I think like Butch said this is this is test I think before we even flew we had an interview with a lot of you and and mentioned the same thing that you know a test flight means that we're probably going to find some stuff we've done as much as we can uh to look at the envelope that we're going to operate in but this is the first time that we've had humans in space in Starliner and we did find stuff and um you know we made the right decisions and we're here and that's that's how things go in this business like but said it's it's risky and that's how it goes in the business [Music] we'll go to Joey roulette with Reuters hey thank you um for both of you you know you both have had for the past few years you've played a very kind of intimate role in starliners development which of course has not been easy for Boeing for a number of reasons um and I know failures are is common in spacecraft testing but looking back what could Boeing have done differently in starliners development that is a very interesting and a very fair question I I'll say this there is not enough time right now to go into all the details to make any answer I think that I could I could give uh make complete sense I could say a few things and it would be taken the wrong way a way that I didn't mean it to be so for questions like that all that will play out um uh in the coming months we've got lessons learned that we will go through we will have discussions we will be involved with those discussions and uh things that need to change will change obviously when you have uh an issues like we've had there's some changes that need to be made uh Boeing's on board with that we're all on board with that and I can tell you um when you push the edge of the envelope again and you do things with spacecraft that have never been done before just like Starliner you're going to find some things and in this case we found some things that we just could not get comfortable with uh putting us back in the Starliner when we had other options there's many cases in the past where there have not been other options we were very fortunate that we have the space station um and that we had the option to stay and we had the option to come back a different way if that's what the data showed I think the data could have gotten there we could have gotten to the point I believe where we could have returned on Starliner but we just simply ran out of time because there's other tests that need to be done other assessments that need need to be done and had we had a little more time then we could have done it and why didn't we take the time well it's the International Space Station we've got seven people seven Usos crew on board 12 total and we've been six on board for quite some time and uh to staff the space station with six people we've done it we've done it well I think over the last couple of months but it's not prepared for that long term and so we had to make some decisions on a timeline and the timeline came to the point to where we had to decide is starlander coming back with us or without us and we just did not have enough time to get to the end of that Runway where we could say that we were going to come back with it I think we'd have gotten there but we just ran out of time |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Apple_Vision_Pro_launches_in_UK_Canada_France_Germany_and_Australia_BBC_News.txt | today Apple launched its mixed reality headset Apple Vision Pro in the UK the flagship Regent Street store welcomed some of the very first customers for this new headset with a bit of a Fanfare we'll talk about that more in a second but with me here in the studio is the BBC's technology editor Zoe kimman and Zoe has brought in one of these new devices I gather you've tried it out as well so take me through it well here it is I'm not going to put it on for you right now it's £35,000 worth of K it sells in the US for 35,000 so it is definitely not one for a tight budget what is new about it well it's Apple isn't it it's got that apple design to it it's got a battery that's separate to the headset so it's less heavy than traditional headsets have been Apple wants you to use this as often as you use your phone it's very much being sold as something you look at photos with you watch movies with um and all the while if you want to you can see your surroundings as well so you're not going to be walking into walls while you're doing it so you're sitting that's what they expect you to do sit there and just live as normal but having that on that's incredible so in terms of because it's their first Venture isn't it into augmented reality this is the first new bit of Hardware that Apple has done in years and it's their first headset and when it came out lots of people including me to be honest were like why are they doing this why are they doing it now but actually when you start using it if you use an iPhone and you put it on it looks like your iPhone screen the apps are the same as your screen it's gesture control so you pinch your fingers like that there's eye tracking so what whatever you're looking at will open up for you it's a very different experience and I think the way the industry is going is you know could this or something a bit less like a pair of ski goggles but like this one day replace your phone why should you be looking down at a tiny screen when you can just look around your world and have your favorite digital content with you that is the plan tell me two things cuz you were down at the store give me an idea about what that was like and I know you've tried it out you're not going to do that here but was it did it take time to get used to it it does a little bit because you're having to get used to a new way of looking at stuff a new way of activating stuff but actually it does become fairly normal quite quickly I don't think you'd want to wear this for hours on your head um I don't think you'd want to wear any of the current headsets for hours on your head they've definitely got to get lighter and they've got to get a bit less clunky down at the store this morning do you remember in the old days people used to Camp outside didn't they to get the new iPhone that doesn't happen anymore it's much easy to pre-order but there were people around there was a massive Round of Applause from Apple staff when the store opened I'm un fortunately the very first person I went up to I said are you here to buy a new Vision Pro today he said no I've just popped in for a charger so I'm not sure that the excitement has spread to all corners of the UK so it's Apple's first Venture into all of this but I mean the competitors are out there doing this already aren't they yeah So Meta which is the owner of Facebook has been in the sort of augmented virtual reality game for a long time and it also has a headset called The Meta Quest 3 now guess what you could get seven of those for the price of one of these um you will notice the difference if you try them out but it is also plugging it as an everyday device now we've moved away from you know it being the big kind of spectacular gaming thing that you do and much more into let's do things that we do all the time do you know what I had to do when I did a demo of this a PowerPoint presentation made me feel very old so thanks very much for coming in and talking through all of that thank you |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | How_a_performance_lab_is_putting_musicians_to_the_test_BBC_News.txt | roses oh cool ladies and gentlemen this is your call to take places for the performance places please places okay they're ready for you good luck thank you your heart is racing the adrenaline is flowing this is your moment it's time to conquer your nerves face the crowd and let all that practice pay [Music] off some say it takes 10,000 hours of practice to become an expert and for Josephine Shaw this performance is part of that Journey as she blows our socks off with a rendition of sweeter than roses to a very unusual [Music] audience I've always loved singing my parents say I was a bit of an annoying child growing up I was making lots of weird noises and um apparently would H myself to sleep So eventually they were like let's let's put this into something useful and and um got me some singing lessons talk to me about nerves do you get them and how do you get over them uh yeah I mean I get nerves all the time getting over them it's always a tricky balance sometimes the adrenaline helps you but also you don't want the nerves to affect your singing or your Technique if you're getting all tense researchers here at the Royal College of Music in London say that practicing and then performing is very different to practicing perform in and so while it's difficult to get regular access to the real theaters and venues they can simulate The Experience here in their performance laboratory and that simulation begins before they step out into the lights one of the things we've learned from our research is that our body's stress response to Performance can be as if not more powerful backstage then it is on stage it's that anticipation of performance where anxiety can really hit and this helps us tailor our training to make sure we're not only preparing them for what happens on stage under the lights in front of the audience's eyes but also how they're coping backstage how do they manage that anxiety how do they get themselves physically and mentally into a place where they're ready to walk out on stage and give their best performance the parallel to that in the surgical world would be allowing surgical students to go through the process of gowning up washing up doing a preoperative briefing with their team and and making sure that they're all on the same page and once the students are on stage George woodell can control everything he can change the venue he can change the reaction to make the night go as well or as badly as he wants the performance laboratory is running in Unreal Engine the video gamees software each member of the audience is an individual Video Games character they all behave independently and they don't all always show up I got lucky tonight and what's really interesting about this space as well is there are 64 speakers hidden in the walls and ceilings so if you change the venue that changes the Acoustics which forces you to change your performance getting that sense of the acoustic makes it not so huge a jump when you're then performing on stage compared to in all the practice rooms we have which tend to be a much drier sound so when it's suddenly a much bigger space that you have to fill it's great to get a little bit of an experience of what it might sound like ahead of time so there's the prep there's the lights there's the sound but let's talk about that audience it's a weird crowd in tonight I can tell you we want to test our performers Focus we want to make sure they can hold it together so that might be very subtle a little cough perhaps and it might be more dramatic [Music] um the performer is expected to ignore this I guess that's right and even if there's a momentary lapse it's about then continuing after that I mean performers make mistakes it's how they react after that mistake that sets apart the professional for many of our performers it's not actually this full house that is the most intimidating to them it's perhaps when the marketing hasn't gone so well and there are just a rare few in the audience this can be quite intimidating trying to bring that energy to a sparse crowd I've been there well I I think we've all have unfortunately but this new multi-million pound performance lab is just part of the work the college has been undertaking to help prepare students for the real thing heart rate and breathing monitors measure activity and stress levels and special glasses can even track the musician's eye movements to find out if they're being distracted mid performance [Music] they also measure how dilated your pupils are which can be another indicator of anxiety now it is possible to practice more than just musical performances here public speaking business presentations the venue and the audience are ready for any type of rehearsal and then there's this lot yes you can even simulate an audition panel George can make each of the judges per like Sharon Osborne or sneer like Simon cow so what are they going to make of this little standup routine I knocked up with the help of chat GPT good evening how's everyone doing tonight I mean have you seen those vocal processes they can turn a voice that sounds like a dying cat into something that could rival Freddy Mercury how did it do that thank you I think we've heard enough yeah yeah I think I'll leave it to the experts to me [Applause] |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | More_flooding_hits_Spain_as_at_least_217_people_confirmed_dead_BBC_News.txt | extremely heavy rain is causing yet further flooding in Spain now parts of Barcelona are underwater less than a week after the devastation in Valencia which has killed at least 200 people in Barcelona Waters entered parts of the main airport and some motorways are flooded the area shown here is on red alert for torrential rain forther South down the coast rescue Works in Valencia are continuing to comb through underground car Parks searching for missing people our Europe correspondent Nick beak reports from Valencia the official search for bodies goes on all along the flood ravaged Ravines but many of the families of Spain's missing have given up on the authorities and are doing the work themselves this new Instagram page part tribute part plea for help to find their loved ones among them brothers Ian on the left and Ruben just 3 years old we went to the boy's town and found the family home what's left of it the brother's bedroom door one of the few things still standing every one of the communities devastated by these floods has its own particular Dreadful story what happened here is the sheer power of the water picked up trucks one of them came crashing down towards the family home it knocked down a wall the lights went out the water came in sweeping away the two boys and their dad Jonathan their nextdoor neighbor told us what happens next the water destroyed everything in its path the dad told me that he'd managed to take his boys in his arms but then realized they had gone he said the power of the water was incredible oh my God they shouted when the water flooded Valencia's largest shopping center last week it had been full of families many of them escaped but fears have grown that some may have been trapped in the underground car park dozens of empty cars have been retrieved but others have not yet been reached when we asked one police officer if he knew whether anyone had died here he wouldn't tell us many Spaniards are furious at a lack of information today in the Second City Barcelona a new uge filled the streets cancelling trains and planes bringing more misery last week's devastating flood waters have long receded but they've exposed anger and a sense of Abandonment and that feeling is not going away Nick beak BBC News Valencia |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | New_skin_research_could_help_slow_signs_of_ageing_BBC_News.txt | now if you spend a fortune on anti- wrinkle creams here's one for you scientists have made a discovery which could in time be used to slow the signs of aging along with preventing scarring and producing artificial skin for transplantation they've worked out the precise details of how human skin is Created from a stem cell and how individual genes are turned on and off during Aging in What's called the human cell Atlas project here's our science correspondent palab go Professor musafer hannaher is trying to find out how humans are built one cell at a time it's one of the most ambitious research programs in biology and the potential benefits are enormous if we knew um how we can actually manipulate the skin from not aging we will have fewer wrinkles enhance our heart all of those things that can rejuvenate organs so you you understand what happens during development adulthood aging you can then try to actually intervene and say how do I make the heart younger how do I make the skin younger so it sounds like the human cell Atlas was invented for someone like me I think it was invented for all of us humans and all plants and animals are made from cells these develop in the womb and after we're born to make up every part of our body such as our skin and our arms and legs and this happens because microscopic genes inside each cell give instructions on which bits to grow and when this is a slice of skin just a few millimet in depth you can see a hair follicle on the surface now if we Zoom right in you can see what looked like fairy lights these are in fact individual genes that are turned on that make its different components the ones in Orange are responsible for the topmost layer and in yellow are the genes responsible for its color now if you look over here we can see a developing lay leg you can see again all sorts of genes are turned on to make the bone muscle and cartilage this happens all across the human body to grow the organs and tissues we need these dishes contain skin cells that have been artificially grown by researchers by using what they've leared to turn the right genes on and off which they do by adding chemicals to the cells the details have been published today in the journal Nature look closely and you can see tiny hairs growing out of them that's incredibly exciting because it's giving us new insights into physiology Anatomy um a really a new understanding and a rewriting of the textbooks in terms of our cells and their molecular constituents and our tissues and organs and how they function these pictures show different parts of our body growing they give us a deeper understanding of how the human body works and should should lead to better treatments to hold back the diseases of aging and help us live longer healthier lives palab go BBC News Cambridge |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Astronauts_could_be_stuck_in_space_for_eight_months_Nasa_says_BBC_News.txt | us space agency NASA says the two American astronauts who are stuck on the International Space Station could be in orbit for eight more months until a space xlight can retrieve them astronauts Sita Williams and Barry Butch Wilmore launched into space on the 5th of June for a mission that was expected to last 8 Days they've been in space for more than two months already the space craft that took them there Boeing Starliner has faced technical issues which has halted their return to work Earth while NASA officials have been giving a teleconference on the astronauts stuck in space there were not major updates as you mentioned Anita they postpone all the final decisions to the end of August is not so surprising they want to have more data to deci side I think another interesting point is that in their opinion Starliner is still plan a so they're still thinking that Starliner should be the vehicle to take them back but they're running data and just to make sure that everything is by the book and everything is respected so we we have a final decision by the end of August some interesting detail about how the two of them are getting on we're told they're making the best of the extra time they're having on the International Space Station yes they also mentioned they're eating the Fantastic space food which I don't know if I shared this opinion because one of the common knowledge is that astronauts food is not particularly tasty especially after eight months so you a little tongue and cheek I think Emma there just slightly yeah um but um I guess other astronauts have been commenting on this haven't they um while we've been waiting to hear more details from NASA and saying actually um if they were in their position they would be making the most of having that extra time at the space station and actually really enjoying this period Well it has to be point out it's not something that happens to everyone to just spend eight months in space it's still an incredible opportunity and these two astronauts they are incredible veterans they've been in space several times they know what they're doing so I suppose when this is your job and your job is so spectacular like being an astronaut you probably enjoy to stay a bit longer now it was interesting that one journalist asked the NASA Representatives if this Mission could be classified the Starliner Mission could be classified as a mishap and NASA said the mission mission is not necessarily A mishap yet talk to us about the politics around this because obviously NASA has invested a lot in this partnership with Boeing yes I mean the map failure things it can get quite Technical and I agree honestly with the NAA answer like let's not get into this type of technical details it gets a bit delicate because they have to decide what is map what is a failure and one of the clear answer was like being this one an experimental test flight the definition might not apply like in a normal Mission um the politics of boing SpaceX and NASA that's a completely different thing because we're watching two commercial companies two private companies SpaceX and boing both being awarded with NASA's uh program is a commercial crew program is actually NASA program to try to build more efficient um methods to arrive to and from the SS so the fact that Boeing is having all these issues and SpaceX is not is obviously indicative of something but this is something that boing NASA and SpaceX will need to s out definitely so that's as interesting commercial and economical um Back stories Dr Emma gassi their editorinchief of spacewatch and a former NASA scientist herself with her thoughts on that latest update from NASA on the two astronauts |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Global_IT_chaos_CrowdStrike_boss_warns_return_to_normal_will_take_time_BBC_News.txt | after a day of worldwide it chaos caused by a global outage the boss of the cyber security firm responsible has said it could be some time before all systems are back up and running thousands of flights have been cancelled Banking and health care has been affected including the NHS and some TV channels have been taken off air millions of people have been affected the problems are first reported in Australia before spreading across the world including here where there were delays and big cues at airports the American cyber security firm crowd strike did finally come forward to admit a defect in a software update it had issued which crashed Windows devices the company is deploying a fix but not before widespread Mayhem tonight we'll be looking at exactly what happened and how it's affected patients passengers and businesses our first report is from our technology editor Zoe Kleinman the world woke up this morning to Global chaos massive Tech outages are impacting Airlines businesses offices thousands of flights grounded globally long cues frustrated passengers there was nothing on the boards there was nothing there's no G staff in the UK doctor surgery is forced to let down patients we going to have to cancel your appointment businesses unable to serve customers we'll try to receive a credit card payment and just would not accept it credit card and debit card and TV programs abruptly taken off air the cause at crowd strike we monitor trillions of cyber events a single update from this us antivirus company you may have never heard of the cyber security firm crowd strike before but it has nearly 24,000 customers around the world many of them huge organizations like Airlines and Banks we stop a lot of bad things from happening we're deeply sorry for the impact that we've caused to customers to Travelers to anyone affected by this including our uh companies so um we know what the issue is uh we're resolving and have resolved the issue now it's recovering uh systems that are out there so what went wrong first of all to be clear this was not a hack or Cyber attack you don't need to change your passwords a faulty update meant millions of Microsoft users saw this screen pop up if you know it it'll make you shiver the blue screen of death it pops up when there's a critical error affecting the operation of your PC in this case accompanied by an unending Loop of trying and failing to restart and launch properly it only affected machines running Microsoft but there are a lot of them and what's the fix well it's not straightforward every single machine affected needs a manual reboot in safe mode which is not as simple as turning it off and on again Microsoft says some people have had to do it 15 times so it could take a while spare a thought for it departments there will be someone In Crowd strike who will be in a lot of trouble right now for not getting this right and there will be a lot of people working this weekend in businesses all over the world to try and fix this problem and to patch it up um but at the same time you know this is the price we pay for being so reliant on digital infrastructure from travel chaos to grocery shop payment problems there'll now be tough questions about the Damage Done by one faulty update how did it slip through Microsoft safety nets the cyber security world still advises that it's a good idea to keep on top of software updates although perhaps today is not the day to bang that particular drum Zoe kimman BBC News as we heard the firm behind the outage crowd strike has held up its hands but admitted that it'll take time for things to get back to normal our correspondent Emma vardi is outside their Headquarters in Austin Texas and as Zoe said not many people will have heard of this company Emma but it's accidentally created such chaos well crowd strike based here in Austin has gained a strong reputation in a relatively short space of time for providing very strong top it security solution so it's relied upon by lots of different companies it operates in more than a 100 countries around the world and as well as it security uh it also gets called in to investigate hacks and it does some of the det detective work about who the hackers are uh behind major cyber attacks so the chief executive today has said he's deeply sorry for what happened but as to why a routine software update caused so many problems the question the answer to that isn't exactly clear some experts have speculated that perhaps it was a lack of testing which led to some weaknesses slipping through but clearly crowd strike is now going to face some credibility problems uh its stock price has fallen and there are going to be questions over what we percussions software firms like this should face when flaws cause major disruption thank you very much Emma vardy reporting there the outage has wreak havoc on people's travel plans with thousands of flights cancelled around the world at UK airports there have been huge cues and delays all on a day which is supposed to be one of the year's busiest here's our transport correspondent Katy tin what a start to the summer holidays at Gatwick Airport passengers should have been on planes were forced to wait out delays so people are tired they've been handing out water the boards don't really say anything so it tells you where to go but there's no departure there's no departure but like times of flights many airlines found themselves unable to use their normal systems we've had to revert back to pen and paper basically and manually check each of our customers in of course that takes longer for our customers so we've seen a good operation but it's a slower operation and we expect that operation to continue today from chaos at Amsterdam to planes stuck on the ground at Newar in the US cancellations and delays spread around the world Edinburgh stopped accepting incoming flights delayed passengers tried to figure out their options a little bit stressful hopefully it'll be okay now but the staff at the airport have been great here at hether Airport Terminal 3 for a time this morning passengers were turning up to be told they couldn't drop off their bag and they just had to go away and wait for more information on Britain's Railway most Services have been running but there's been some disruption and problems with passenger Information Systems people whose flights have been cancelled should be offered rebooking or a refund but probably not compensation as it'll count as extraordinary circumstances back at gwick that was the reaction to a system reboot after nearly a 7h hour wait to check in for a North Atlantic flight as the afternoon went on Aviation began to recover but the knock on impact of disruption on what was set to be the busiest day for UK flights since before the pandemic will take time to sort out Katy Austin BBC News and just a reminder you can get all the latest on the Travel turmoil online and that's at bbc.co.uk newws well for the NHS it's GP practices in England and Northern Ireland that have been most affected with doctors struggling to access their records and online bookings Pharmacy Services have also been hit here's our health editor H Pim so I am at the minute doing life is usually hectic at GP practices but a lot more so today most in England had no access to electronic patient records frustrating for doctors and patients this has significant impact because actually the bulk of our workload we need access to people's blood results and people's notes and so there's a lot that we can't do all we can really do is minor injuries and minor illness at some health centers only the sickest patients were being seen with other appointments cancelled yeah tried to get an appointment today at the doctor for halfast 8 I was told unfortunately due to the systems being down there's no appointments available and to go to see the chemist I can't get my sick note um updated and unfortunately I was about to be sanctioned by the um Social Security office only written prescriptions are available with pharmacists warning patients the electronic system has failed anybody who's coming in for their prescriptions we have to tell them to go away uh go to back to the surgery and then uh get a the oldfashioned fp10 uh which is the old green prescriptions and then get that signed off by the doctor really nice to meet you ministers are monitoring developments across the health system there's a genuine glitch that's affected systems right across the world and is having a particular impact on GP practices and Pharmacy uh we're working with colleagues across government to get things back up and working as quickly as possible hospitals say urgent and Emergency Care has not been affected and if people have got appointments booked they should come in as normal but no one's denying that there has been an impact on some routine day-to-day activities at NHS trusts unfortunately due to the global IT issues we're going to need to ccel your appointments while surgeries are postponing some patients and resorting to paper records NHS England says phone systems are working and there are measures to manage the disruption but while services in Northern Ireland and England are still affected GPS can only hope the problems are resolved quickly huim BBC News let's have a final word with our technology editor Zoe Kleinman and Zoe all this just goes to show how dependent we are on it and how vulnerable we are I think it really highlights the fragility of our digital lives you know we're encouraged now to increasingly be cashless we're encouraged to go online to get advice to buy things to make appointments and this Tech infrastructure that backs all of that up is essentially run by a handful of very large companies and what we're seeing now is that if something goes wrong the impact is really uh vast and really wide ranging and even once a fix comes into place it still takes time doesn't it to get everything back together there are some calls for people saying actually we shouldn't be so reliant on on a few big companies for everything while other people are saying well actually if we have lots of smaller companies doing this stuff then are we leaving ourselves more open to uh vulnerabilities to weaknesses to attack so it is a real dilemma I think but nobody has seen anything of this size you know I've been covering outages now for a long time and normally they're over before they start so to see something like this have such a huge Global impact I think is really going to um make people sit up and think it certainly made people get cash out of the bank today put pen to paper and do sort of some old-fashioned things I suppose that we haven't done for quite a while because we haven't had a choice no indeed thank you very much Zoe Kleinman there're our technology editor |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Chimpanzees_selfmedicate_with_healing_plants_BBC_News.txt | next a case of chimp medicine a new study has found that wild chimpanzees eat plants that have pain relieving an antibacterial properties to heal themselves it's according to scientists who described their detective work in the forests of ugander observing animals which appeared injured or sick to work out whether they were self-medicating with plants when an injured animal sought out something specific from the forest to eat the researchers collected samples of that plant and had it analy well I spoke to the lead researcher on the project elod day Fryman who is from the University of Oxford and she told me how the study came about so this came about this was part of my PhD uh research project and so what I was interested in in doing was expanding what we know about chimpanzee medicinal repertoire so we know chimps self-medicate but right now before I began my PhD um we really were sort of limited in which species of plants uh we we knew that they were using so I wanted to to work at my field site in uh The Bongo forest in Western Uganda and I wanted to identify some potential new medicine for The Chimps so uh just explain a little bit more about how you found that because you monitored The Chimps and saw which plants they ate if they were ones that they didn't usually eat yeah that's right so I was doing um behavioral research um with the wild chimp so which meant I was living out in the Bongo Forest um I lived there for about eight months total and I was following The Chimps every day trekking in the forest with them um and a team and we we were writing down sort of any uh unusual feeding behaviors that we observed and we were also simultaneously keeping track of the health of these chimps through non-invasive monitoring methods so collecting samples um to get a sense of whether or not they might have a bacterial infection a high parasite load or also if they were uh showing any uh wounds or injuries um and and from there we would pay sort of closer attention to their diet what they were eating um and then collect any suspect plants that we saw them consuming and what sort of things were the plants helping to heal in The Chimps yeah so uh our paper runs through several anecdotes um of chimps uh with a wide range of different kind of illnesses um some had high parasite loads some had signs of maybe a a bacterial infection um and others had kind of wounds or injuries um and when we took the plant samples to a lab in Germany and had a a team of of pharmacologists there look at the actual medicinal properties um we found that 80 8% showed strong antibacterial properties and 33% showed strong anti-inflammatory properties so possibly um it looks like with all of our evidence kind of compiled together it looks like The Chimps were were seeking out in some of these cases these plants with particular medicinal properties to treat their their ailments and was that a surprise to you um yes and no yes in that again um we had sort of been Limited in what we know about the in ingestion based so plants that chimps eat uh they're medicinal repertoire um but at the same time chimps are incredibly smart they live in the forest they have uh you know they've they've been surrounded by these trees and these resources and uh it makes perfect sense to me that they would have developed the ability to identify medicines that they need to survive |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Surging_seas_are_coming_for_us_all_warns_UN_chief_BBC_News.txt | the people of the Pacific Islands are facing a threat to their homes and environmental Injustice that is the warning from Antonio garz the UN Secretary General he's in Tonga for the Pacific Islands Forum leaders meeting the World Meteorological organization says the islands are facing a triple threat of warming Waters a rise in sea levels and growing acidity because of carbon dioxide Lydia Lewis is a senior Pacific journalist at Radio New Zealand and she's been explaining the issues being discussed in Tonga for the Pacific this is the single most greatest crisis people are literally moving away from their homes I spoke with uh a chief of a really remote the most remote island in the Federated States of Micronesia uh before I came to the summit who said that uh homes were have been washed away in the last year just imagine uh roofs of uh built houses in the ocean and there's still waiting for support one year on uh seaw walls need to be built uh an entire uh communities are relocating I have spoken with Tal's uh new prime minister since I've been here uh and he told me that they're in the process of ratifying a treaty with Australia um following uh their bold proposition uh that they will continue to be a country even when tuvalu is underwater so these heads of state Pacific leaders Prime Ministers looking to the Future uh that their land will be underwater so a very real issue for the people on the ground here in Tonga Antonio gues visited communities that have been impacted here there was the honga hunga Pai volcanic eruption uh not too long ago and the impacts are still being felt from that as well you can see the water lapping at the shores here and people are have told me that they too are really concerned about sea level rise and looking at relocation relocating themselves in thonga Lydia Lewis there |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Asteroid_that_killed_the_dinosaurs_was_not_alone_BBC_News.txt | now we all know what's thought to have killed off the dinosaurs but now scientists say the asteroid that's believed to have wiped them out 66 million years ago was not the only one researchers have confirmed a second smaller space Rock smashed into the sea off the coast of West Africa creating a large crater during the same era it would have been a catastrophic event and scientists say it would have caused a tsunami at least 800 M High to tear across the Atlantic Ocean well I spoke to Shan Gulick who's the co-author of the study and a research professor at the University of Texas at Austin he told me why this discovery is so important well it's it's a really interesting Discovery entirely buried under the uh continental shelf of West Africa and only imaged in geophysical data but it's beautifully imaged in three dimensions um and it's exciting that it happens to be potentially close to the same time as the chicku event 66 million years ago known to be the the the main cause of the extinction event that killed the dinosaurs and 75% of life on Earth absolutely fascinating so tell me a little bit more about this second asteroid what did it do where did it hit and what was the impact of it yeah so it's a much much smaller uh it probably was smaller than say 500 meters you know probably about the size of the asteroid benu that you know is is a near Earth object today um and it's thought based on the 3D data that we can constrain it hit this uh shelf off West Africa coming in sort of at a at a low angle in a in a shallow sea um and those hundreds of meters of water it hit would have generated a pretty significant tsunami um certainly destructive to you know life on on the coast of West Africa and potentially you know damaging across the ocean it may not have been a global event however it wouldn't have been large enough to have say caused a global catastrophe in the way that chicks Loop did but doesn't mean it's an extra effect um that could have occurred at a similar time and and it's worth saying we don't know the exact timing because it hasn't yet been drilled H really interesting |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Esports_Olympic_Games_will_be_huge_moment_for_gaming_BBC_News.txt | the turning point for me are the Asian Games the people from the Olympic Committee when they attended this event they're like okay now we get [Music] it hi there my name is Al shalot I'm the CEO of GT Sports uh it's an Esports organization pretty Global they call us the real Madrid of Esports we have 13 teams in 10 games on three continents and I'm also a member of the Esports commission the international Olympic Comm so I've been participating to the conception and Advising the I on what's not public the Olympic sports games and it's a huge moment because we now know there is going to be an official Olympics Esports event can you just explain how that's going to work because uh it's getting started from next year right it's just out of the bat you know it's public now it's coming um so so we are going to have dedicated Esports Olympic Games so instead of being kind of like a side gek from the summer games of the Winter Games Esports and gaming as a whole will be the third official Olympic Games so you have Summer Olympics in Paris this year East sport Olympics next year Winter Olympics after that and again e Sports Olympics before La so it's very exciting um it's going to be a dedicated event to celebrate Gamers and eorts F and why was the decision made to go down that separate route so instead of having it scheduled alongside Paris next year uh to put it in its own year like as you said with the Winter Olympics I was I was not part of the decision I was only advising and supporting uh but I would say that it's pretty clear that the sem Olympics and the wit Olympics are very successful already it's very clear that we need to build the connection with this Olympic movement and the youth and we need to create something special to find the balance between the historical games and the new games and for me it makes absolutely sense to pay respect and celebrate gaming by having a dedicated event you've been advising in the background for a while now how did you manage to convince them that this was what they wanted to do and that they wanted to have this really big event because I imagine there might have been some people who were quite hard to persuade I did nothing the they they came to us with the intent with the the decision with the motivation to do something special for gaming and orts uh it's part of the agenda strategic agenda 2020 plus 5 to connect with the audience the youth audience where they are and to leverage gaming and Esports to do that so it was strategically cited and we're just part of a discussion about how to implement it when I think about why now I feel like first of all because now for 20 years Esports and gaming has been growing so it's sure it's clear it's not just a trend or just a something that comes and will go back we have 20 years of like see seeing like millions of Gamers actually billions now we have millions of people watching the biggest finals and you know we have also seen like the youth and it's something that's very special for them this is their Sports you know so that's special um I think we have also some International Federation like FIFA with Esports FC basketball cycling with swift that have been very successful at using the gaming and the entertainment of virtual games to connect with audence with borts so there's less of like a fear and more kind of an excitement for the the potential and finally I would say the turning point for me are the Asian Games the Asian Games officially added League of Legend and other games on their list and suddenly you had like a lot of people watching a lot of people attending and I think the people from the Olympic Committee when they attended this event they like okay now we get it now we see that this brings so much potential to connecting with this generation that we need to take it seriously something that's a little bit different compared to the summer and the Winter Olympics though is that at least in the short term they're not going to be moving around very much they're going to be in one location can you explain why Saudi Arabia as the host I'm not sure that from from what I heard um this is a strategic partnership with a with with a host that has a lot of capabilities and we can talk about that in a second but they just said that it's going to come regularly to to be hosted in Saudi so my understanding is that that means that we're going to go several times but not all the time just to to put this into context uh why Saudi I mean first of all because the local authorities in in Saudi are very passionate and very supportive for eorts they just created a massive events with orts World Cup and they have shown that they are committed for the long term second is like they do it for a reason I think 70% of their constituents are passionate Gamers um and and if you're a gaming publisher or gaming team like us this is the fastest growing region of the world right now for gaming and eort so this is why finally I would just like PC always brought the idea to bring a property and events to a country to create some bridges I remember when when Beijing was elected to host for some Olympics it created kind of like a a moment of like creating Bridges with like China and I I see the same way gaming entertainment in general could be a breach now for Saudi Arabia of course you won't need me to point out that there's been a lot of criticism about Saudi Arabia as a host uh some LGBT players uh women saying that they don't feel like they'd be welcome are you expecting to have those kind of conversations with some of the national Olympic committees and at the very least is that something that came up when you were advising the ioc on this we have not been involved in the discussion with the host cities I know several City apply and and wanted to be the host uh this 12 years partnership sounds like a amazing opportunity to have a fing partner to launchable property uh but what I would say is that you know we we have been attending multiple events all over the world with or teams and we have been super well treated in in Riyad when we attended G 8 and this summer is Sports World Cup I know there's a there's a lot of commitment on their side also to to to show all the changes that they are implementing in their country and to use this platform to to be open to anyone I think that's the way they describe it um so I look forward to it uh what I would say is like as a team as a as as as players as athletes we want them to to play in the the best tournaments the best teams and therefore want everybody to participate so you mentioned the Esports World Cup there uh it feels like we've got lots of big new announcements lots of tournaments are we in danger of having too many things going on I don't think so and and we can talk about it but I think this this one would be very different from anything we have seen in the past the same way I think the Esports workup is very different from anything we have seen in the past so if these new events are bringing value to the community to the to the players to the fans and they are clearly positioned I think there's room for new events in addition I would say we are very focused on let's say Counter Strike or do 2 maybe League of Legend which are games where it's true there's a lot of competition but there's a lot of other games that don't have enough stage to play on there's a lot of stage where we would love to have more opportunities for players to go on and so I think if it's maybe true that in some games we already a pack calendar there so many games that are not and the benefits of events like Esports World Cup and now the Olympic Esports games is that it's going to be multigame so all the smaller games or game that don't benefit from as much support from their publisher to have international events will benefit and all players will have more stage to show their performance so can we talk about those games do we have any idea of which ones we might see which ones will be at the first event I I I I will not announce it now because I'm not in charge I'm just advising but I would say that what I hear and and for the intent that they shown it's all about balance finding the balance between uh sport simulation EFC for football or basketball viral sports like Swift for cycling and traditional Sports and for tradition Sports I think there's a clear opening for mobas so hopefully League of Legend or mobile Legend like games that are a bit more strategic and away from Sports simulation also Fantasy games like rocket League I know last year we were in Singapore and we had an exhibition for Rocket league so apparently at this time this kind of game will be official titles and not just exhibition so all those games you've mentioned pretty uncontroversial we've got mobas we've got rocket League uh you know we've got sports games do you think that there could ever be an Olympic branded event that has a shooting game in it though like do you think that's ever so it's going to be possible to have a shooter under Olympic branding if if you ask me I believe so if you ask me is it g to happen next year probably not I think there's kind of like a it's it's a common theme to talk about which sports or which disciplines are featured in the Olympic Games if you look at the first edition of the Olympic Games it actually they were poetry competition and as you can as you probably know poetry is no longer on the official program so I think uh it's totally possible that in the future uh finding the balance as always between popularity relevancy and a certain fit with the values that the Olympic Committee wants to project this kind of game will be futureed but it we we have we have advanced so fast in the last few years to come to there's no way Sports would be ever with Olympics to we're GNA have a dedicated competition hosted by the Olympic Committee with Esports games aside of same level as simulation and virtual that I'm I have to be optimistic and and I'm very positive one of the big criticisms of the Esports World Cup is that there were 22 events just one of them specifically for women uh the other 21 were open but there's not a huge amount of female participation uh at the moment at that event what are your hopes for how to improve that when it comes to this Olympics event it's not Esports World Cup it's eort as a whole has an industry who failed to represent women so far we have 50% of the players globally that happens to be women when they play video games and then when you go to the pro stage and the high level of competition and World Cup and things like that less than 0.00001% happens to be wound so we failed them maybe because we we didn't do all job in terms of education and they have a lot of like like toxicity when they play online maybe because we don't give them enough chances at G2 we created teams we provide them the same support from a staff point of view to elevate the Excellence but it's not the case for all teams it's not the case everywhere and there's not a lot of competition if if you don't qualify for the Mixed environment which is very difficult then you don't have a place to perform and Inspire the next generation of players so as an industry be failed and I'm very excited because I think one of the direction that these events will take is 50/50 the goal is to do 50/50 sometime by having mixed teams and you know when you have five you can't have 50/50 you have to choose three or two but sometime also bian dedicated tournaments one for women one for male but there's a commitment to a for full par and that's super exciting because the Olympic Games it took them 120 years to get to that point Paris Olympics this summer will be 50/50 50% of the athletes will be women 50% will be male well guess what for the first edition of the Esports Olympics the goal is to to reach this target from day one and that will be a game changer not for the Olympics but for Esports that's a pretty big thing to aim for and I imagine some of the people listening watching this will be thinking how are you actually going to do it what's going to change before next year to make sure that happens talented and gifted players are there we don't give them enough chances to perform the highest level and we don't give them enough uh path to become Pros so I think this uh is one part of the equation I think event like this one will inspire the next generation of players will show to the players that it's possible to perform with the highest level and then it will be the job of the rest of the industry to build the the step stones to get there and so at the short term it would be either depending of each title probably either a dedicated tournament for woman or a full mix tournament where it's possible uh but I'm very positive and affirmative that this will make a huge step forward and help the whole industry to to get better it kind of sounds like the doors now a little bit closed for Esports to appear alongside other sports uh in LA in 2028 at those Olympics uh and you know it's got its own separate event but there might be some people who might feel a bit disappointed about that potentially it's not my role to say yes or no because I'm not decision maker but I would just say that I'm not aware of any plans to to include video games or Esports in the Summer Olympics uh organizing Olympics games like winter or summer is a huge logistical challenge one of the idea from the ioc has always been to say okay can we can we do smaller or can we stop growing because it would be difficult for any City to host it if we keep growing again and again so by creating a a dedicated competition I think it gives more space for more game title to be featured it give more space for celebration of gaming and ort instead of being one of the additional Sports I Come Just As exhibition or just as a visit so for me it's a very satisfying solution to believe that now Esports will be at the same level as winter and summer olympics from the point of view of someone who runs a team uh one of the most successful teams in the world what kind of impact will this have on your players because uh you know they might be getting pulled away to compete in these big International tournaments um there might be different connections they can form with players what's the impact going to be what's going to change I I see the long term okay I don't want to talk about oh who's going to pay them should we be should we receive innity because we we give our players to the teams it's probably going to be a small tournament for each game so it's not going to impact massively the calendar and on the other side it has huge potential I was in Singapore last year when or rocket League women's team was playing on stage and participated to the opening ceremony under the the Olympics logos this is amazing the pride in their eyes is the fact that the parents had to find a passport for them to travel to represent I think this is what I want for every single players of G2 and I believe this will also help us to connect with the BBC and talk to a mainstream audience about something that they don't know and and be discover this amazing Community this amazing passion the the Quest for excellence and the individuals that will become the heroes to win the trophy for the national team so for me I see the bigger picture I think Esports has struggle to break through to to audience that are not passionate about gaming this is a great opportunity and therefore even for G2 I believe that this going to help us take Esports to the next level and when there's that first event we've got people competing and there are the Olympic rings on screen alongside Esports what impact is that going to have what's going to change I think for the parents it would be a a moment of immense PR Pride for the people from the city it will be someone that they don't know that become an Olympian and represent them and for the country will be you know this national pride that we have seen from all the competition in football recently where people come together and celebrate the heroes of their country so I think it's going to make a huge difference of like touching emotionally people that have not been touched so far by easts and a last one for me obviously we don't know the kind of details of what opening ceremony there's going to be um but if it's similar to the summer and winter games uh there'll be something you know with a flag ceremony uh probably at the beginning what kind of emotions will there be for you when you see that finally happen well I'm French so I I will cheer for the the national team of League of Legend uh potentially with one of my players on representing my country uh playing against the Spanish team we have been dreaming of this like France against Spain with the best player of the World in League of Legend for years um so that's exciting for me as a as a fan not as a professional just as a fan um other than that I think you know to see some of the players that we selected when they were underage that we help become the best version of them themselves as athletes being selected to represent their country wherever the country we have Chinese players we have malesian players we have French players German players Turkish players American players at G2 make will make me super proud we've got lots of events in Esports already what makes this one different I think the main thing and and that's something we have been discussing a lot is this idea of national teams like it's in the DNA of Olympic games uh people don't represent the club they represent their country they have a national flag a National Equipment apparel uh and for us that that that makes this event very special there has been some small minor events with amateur players representing the country but nothing that ambition to be the best player of the world in the biggest games with national teams so I'm very excited about that and that makes by definition this event very special the parity in terms of like uh balance between over multiple games is also something special aside from Bas Force World Cup normally we go to an event for one game if a rocket League or Counter Strike or do tattoo this time again it will be very multi-game like his world cup and then finally uh the mixity in gender which I think is very important desperately needed by Esports industry and will give us an opportunity for the best player of the world to Showcase their talent and Inspire the Next Generation to believe it's possible for me to have a ro to play in Esports at a professional level just to follow that one up obviously you talked to lots of Esports players in your team is there a real want to compete under the national flag people want to do it I think um if you follow a bit like the conversation about but uh rocket league and OverWatch back in the days at the at the World Cup for for their game and and and League of Legend also often have this conversation about creating the Euro Cup or the World Cup yeah everybody wants to see what a dennish team will do against Corin I I would love to see it too you know so um I've seen a lot of players making the the guess or what the team could look like so his aspiration to be part is is clearly part of the discussion |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Polish_city_urged_to_evacuate_as_floods_batter_central_Europe_BBC_News.txt | well there's also flooding in Central Europe at least 19 people have died the Czech Republic Romania Austria and Poland have over 5,000 troops deployed to support people there the mayor of Nissa in southern Poland called on 40,000 residents to evacuate to Higher Ground heavy downpours have caused a lot of damage across the huge area where Storm Boris bringing vast amounts of rain and snow over the weekend has hit there've been a lot of dramatic rescues this was the moment that one person was wied to Safety in asraa in the Czech Republic the local River bursting its banks flooding the area and polish police shared this footage on social media of one of their helicopters involved in a rescue winching residents to safety the rescues the response the clear up the preparations for more flooding continues the storms are now also reaching Italy where warnings for Heavy Rain strong winds and floods have been issued for much of the country well I'm joined by Dr Jean Luca pcori associate professor in disaster resilience at University College London thank you for joining us um what do you attribute the the damage that we're seeing here uh in Europe and indeed across Myanmar obviously climate change behind it but could more be done to protect people yeah absolutely thank you very much for your time so we see that there are different dimension in how these events unfold one is the dimension of Hazard the other one is the dimension of vulnerability so in terms of Hazard we are seeing compared to before a different level or a different pattern of recombination and we see that to some extent in both events we see for example that we low the low probability I impact determinance that for example the we in the flood in Europe certain particular weather conditions or the interdependencies between what is happening in Myanmar like flood causing mod lights are becoming the norm are becoming something we need to consider on the aard Dimension so the way the climate is impacting the aard is recombining them together so what we perceive as low probability is becoming something different is like giving us a new Rec combination something that we need to consider in the planning process on the other dimension we we see between these events in completely different context that there are some common vulnerabilities or what we call in some of my projects like a or is a m this common point of failure on which we need to prepare so this common vulnerability includes the vulnerability of critical infrastructure that when is disrupted affect the recovery efforts and affects everything in society from the capacity later on of Enterprises and the private sector to recover and the capacity of deal with effective evacuation and effective delivery okay sorry sorry we looking obviously at established places where people live and where people work so what should governments and communities be doing now urgently to give themselves more resilience to these hugely changing weather patterns that we're seeing all over the world thank you for this question look this is very critical we need to move we were used to think all this as medium-term this is not medium-term this is happening now so we need to proceed in different ways and some of that are actually starting to be activated one we need to understand how to integrate better technology in within organization so not just the technical part but how to have procedures over which follows action for example we have a warning how this is going to be part of business continuity and organization of resilience for example the United Nation office for disaster risk reduction is going to release soon some Universal kpis to support the private sector on this uh other elements that we need to consider is new tools that start from the very basic exercise like tabletop exercise by done by local authorities National authorities such as stress testing where are these common point of failure so consider also the role of creativity in foreseeing the events that are going to come okay well obviously it is a very urgent problem we are seeing as I said in so many different parts of the world in different forms but for now Dr Jean Luka pesi thank you very much thanks to you for your time around the world and across the UK this is the world today on BBC News |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | WHO_declares_mpox_outbreak_a_global_health_emergency_BBC_News.txt | the World Health Organization has declared that a fast- spreading new variant of the highly infectious disease empx is a global Health Emergency it's the second time in two years it's been declared as such the continent's leading Health body the Africa Centers for Disease Control had already warned it could spiral out of control unless measures are put in place to limit its spread here is the director general of the who making the announcement today the emergency committee met and advised me that in its view the situation constitutes a public emergency of international concern I have accepted that advice our health correspondent Dominic Hughes told us what the announcement from the World Health Organization means this is the highest level of alert really that the World Health Organization can declare It's On a par with what they did during the covid pandemic for example viewers might think back to those rather troubling days this follows hard on the heels of a similar declaration by Africa's Center for Disease Control yesterday which declared this a public health emergency that was continent wide now the World Health organization's panel of experts has advised the director General as you were saying that actually this is something that the International Community really needs to uh be aware of and what it is is it's a call to arms really to try and mobilize not just medical resources but political resources as well so the who have said they're already on the ground they are training staff they are working on vaccines and treatments uh they are in position on the ground but really it's trying to mobilize resources both Financial political medical to try and stop what uh stop the spread of this uh virus it's already as you were saying in your introduction it's endemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the vast majority of cases so far this year have been in the DRC but it's also spread to 15 other countries in Africa and the concern is that it could spread Beyond there too so uh the W will want obviously assistance from other countries what does this mean for countries outside Africa as they consider what this might mean for them well it will mean that for example countries in Europe for example the United States uh in North and South America they will ramp up their monitoring of cases they'll be on extra high alert to see if any of these cases um are present in their country it because of the nature of uh empo it can sometimes be uh look a bit little bit like chickenpox for example when you have those blisters it starts with sort of flu like symptoms but within 1 to 5 days you can develop these blisters on the skin and that can sometimes be mistaken for chicken so testing and um uh making sure that those cases are identified quickly will be happening but also then there's this sort of marshalling of resources to try and get the International Community to donate not just medical resources but money too because the who says they've got a a pot of about $13 million but they clearly are going to need more than that if they're going to take um serious action on the ground |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | One_in_three_children_shortsighted_study_suggests_BBC_News.txt | a third of children worldwide are now shortsighted that's according to new research the study published in the British Journal of Opthalmology examined data from 5 million children and teenagers in 50 countries it showed a dramatic increase in cases of myopia over the last 30 years with experts blaming time spent inside particularly during covid lockdowns as well as strain from using screens at a young age so let's talk to a specialist Denise Von is the clinical advisor for the College of optometrists welcome we know that shortsightedness the ability to see things closely but not far away has historically been increasing but we saw that particularly notable jump since covid so does that make you link it directly staying inside looking at small screens increases your chances of being shortsighted yes well thank you very much for having me on and yes we have noticed a change since um since covid and we we're not in entirely sure what the reason is but we we can we can guess that it could be due to a number of factors firstly we know from the evidence that spending lots of time Outdoors um at least two hours a day that does reduce your risk of developing and myia progressing so during covid when we all had to stay indoors that just wasn't possible for a lot of people we also know that um a lot of time sort of spent within say the closed confines of a room if they're doing homeschooling and things like that that may have been a contributing factor as well but certainly we have noticed is to change and there were GE geographical differences as well because Asia younger kids are starting school higher and there the number of people who young people who are shortsighted are seven times higher than say in countries within the African continent where children spend more time outside yeah that's absolutely right so we know that genetics and ethnicity does play a part of it as well so we we've always known that those with East Asian or South Asian ethnicities are more prone to developing myia so we knew that already but exactly like you said that in Japan and Korea they have some of the highest rates of myopia so I think in Japan it's about 85% South Korea 73% compared to say Uganda or Paraguay which is much lower at at 1% and that could be exactly what you talk about it could be just that those children in the East Asian countries they aren't spending as much time Outdoors they also do tend to start school that little bit earlier and all of these contributing factors may cause um a rise and their increase in myopia and can can you help us to explain help us to understand just why the concern over myopia why should we be worried and is there a way of reversing it so one of the things that um we are worried about with myopia is just that if especially if there uh if you have undiagnosed myopia that children just aren't going to be able to see as well as they can so that's one of the problems but also and although it is rare that in that with people with very short who are very shortsighted they are more prone to conditions such as retinal detachment which could be be sight threatening now I stress that this is rare but it does make sense that the more people who are shortsighted the more people that may develop these conditions going on and there are a number of things that particularly parents can do the first thing and probably the most important thing is that children are encouraged to be outside the College of optometrist recommend at least two hours a day ideally that would be what we would suggest but also that they go and see their optometrist regularly um so that if there are any problems this can be picked up I mean there are some treatments for myopia that um are available but um your optomet optometrist will be able to recommend whether they're suitable for you but a couple of hours outside a day is a good start Denise voon from the College of optometrist thank you so much for bringing us up today one in three children s shortsighted according to that study thank you so much lots more on our website including a full article on this story |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Rocket_engine_explodes_during_test_at_Scotland_spaceport_BBC_News.txt | a rocket engine has exploded in quite dramatic fashion during a test at Britain's new Spaceport in Shetland off the North Coast of Scotland scientists had been hoping to see the First full engine test of a vertical rocket on European soil as part of a project which aims to send satellites into space the test was due to be carried out at the sax of site on unst in the country's northernmost inhabited Island but the engine was engulfed in fire on the Launchpad as you can see but luckily no one was injured well let's speak live now to Frank Frank CEO of sax Avo Spaceport Frank thanks very much for joining us um look you're not the only one to have this happen SpaceX had some crazy errors on their launch pads and their launch Vehicles now you have this fire on your launch stall um what went wrong what do you know so far uh well thank you and you're quite right and thanks for bringing it it up about SpaceX they've had quite a few and now no they did I think they performed 94 successful missions last year um I'm sure rocket Factory will get there too so I can't tell you what what went wrong we are know and it's not my role to do that um it's up to there will be an investigation um rocket Factory will conduct an investigation and report back and hopefully fix whatever went wrong and then we'll we'll carry on are they the only Frank then are they the only ones rocket Factory alburg contracted to launch the Rockets or do you have other people that can use your space port right now we of other people but just to to jump in um there was no luck that that any that nobody was hurt um we are a highly regulated space port uh and the same regulations apply to the test as well as to the launch and one of the many positives that came out of last night was that all our protocols and procedures um that are in place to protect um human life you know worked um and um I'm very proud of the way that our team performed and you must remember this is new to us people will be will be delighted that no one was heard they will be very interested in what's going to happen next this uh was initiated in January 2021 you're hoping for 30 launches a year what has to happen next for us to see these satellites go from space launch from the UK okay the um our client rocket Factory will conduct an investigation um they will uh then get clearance they've applied for their launch license from the Civil avation Authority once they know the cause of the problem and I'm sure they'll find that out very quickly and it'll be business as usual and I would expect us to be heading into launch in the next few months if it's not with rocket Factory we do have three or four um other clients that are working with us um seeking to get their launch license and some of them have already tested um um on island as well so this is not sorry to interrupt Frank we're out of time but we will be watching with interest because we do want to know when it happens |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | The_AI_already_in_your_phone_BBC_News.txt | [Music] [Applause] we getting used to AI being able to do uncannily human things chatting with us creating pictures and videos but so far all of this AI has used a lot of computing power even if you've been doing these things on your phone it's been massive supercomputers in the cloud that have been doing the work and then sending the results down to your device see it turns out that the chips these computers were already fitted with called Graphics processing units gpus are also really good at the calculations needed for AI it's also the reason why GPU manufacturer Nvidia has risen to be one of the most valuable companies in the world but in the last year or so we've seen the arrival of a new type of chip an npu neural Processing Unit now these are specifically made for AI and because they are smaller than gpus it means you can fit them in one of these that means that these chips can do some limited AI on your phone and that's why we've started to hear phone manufacturers hyping up their apple intelligence Samsung advanced intelligence and enhanced personal assistance like sir and Google's Gemini that can have more natural conversations with us how can I embarrass my sister during a wedding toast but like respectfully okay here's the deal new honor phones will understand the contents of your messages and open the best app to assist in whatever you've received if it's an address for example it'll open maps this Samsung phone can now take your handwritten notes summarize them and make them into lists a telephone can inite [Music] ueton your phone can translate in real time and in fact Google's new pixel phones will listen to your phone calls and summarize them for you in text form after you hang up one of the most recognizably AI things you can do these days is mess around with your photos so if you want something removed from your shot including uh you where you can tap it erase it and the phone will fill in the Gap with a pretty good approximation of the background so now a few Road Works won't spoil your holiday snaps and a random photo bomber won't ruin that otherwise beautiful moment remember though generative AI can have its moments so don't rely on it to understand exactly what you're after okay it got rid of the bin and put a another bin there as well as removing things you can also do completely the opposite adding things in that weren't there in the first place it's not just phones that are getting smarter mind you this is the latest Microsoft Surface Pro one of the new co-pilot plus brand of PCS and tablets with onboard npus now this uses the inbuilt AI in a number of ways first would you believe good old Microsoft Paint has had a generative AI upgrade now you can be a terrible artist and no one need ever know paint's AI assistant co-creator will take the most pathetic of drawings and use it as a guide to come up with something far more artistic you can dial the amount of AI flamboyance up and down but although your sketch gives you some control over the end results it can still be pretty [Laughter] unpredictable okay I'll leave it as an exercise for the viewer to decide which is the most pressing issue is it the text in the tree or the trunk hanging out of the air these PCS will also add some pretty subtle AI tweaks to your camera app now you know when you're on a video cool and the other person's eyes are not quite looking at you because they're actually looking at their screen and not the webcam at the top here well this computer will raise your eyes up to make it look like you're maintaining eye contact with the other person now the effect is really really subtle but maybe if I turn it on and off you can see it artificially tweaking the top of my eye eyes there it is off on off it's so subtle and ever so slightly freaky and then there's possibly the most far-reaching use of AI and large language models that I've seen so far it's called recall this is like a photographic memory for your PC every few seconds it takes a screenshot of what you're doing and if much later on you vaguely remember something that you saw that you wanted to find again you can describe it to the onboard assistants and the large language model will go looking amongst all of the thousands of screenshots for things that might match now I know what you're thinking if your computer is recording everything that you do all the time huge privacy alarms am I right that is why Microsoft is going to Great length to reassure users that everything to do with recall stays on the device nothing goes anywhere near the cloud you can also turn recall on and off for different websites and this is also the reason why this feature is still being finalized and hasn't been rolled out yet because this is one that Microsoft has to get right Google's launched a similar feature for its pixel phones here you have to manually take a screenshot after which it becomes searchable in the same way again everything happens on device to keep everything private in order to work well AI needs to consume a lot of training data I mean in an ideal world it would swallow everything about everyone but that is something that people are starting to get worried about and I think these new onboard neural processing units are partly there to allay those concerns they can't match the power of AI in the cloud but they do allow certain AI functions without your data being shared with the rest of the world it means that your personal assistant can stay a little bit more personal |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Fallout_from_global_CrowdStrike_IT_outage_continues_BBC_News.txt | now the Fallout from Friday's Global it outage is still very much going on here in the US Delta Airlines has cancelled more than 600 flights that were due to takeoff on Monday the airline seems to be worse affected than Rivals by a faulty update from cyber security firm crowd strike for its part the cyber security firm says a significant number of the 8.5 million devices impacted are now back online but elsewhere Banks hospitals and small businesses are those still trying to recover many small businesses are affected and some of the consequences remain to be seen so let's explore that now with Charlie mlan Bristol he's the founder and director of Plan B Consulting a firm that specializes in cyber resilience Charlie take us to the big picture here what are we seeing in terms of impact at the start of this week I think I think there's a mixed impact on and different organizations there are you know the things about computer system are very complex so certain organizations find this quite easy to sort out other organizations will take much longer sometimes it will affect people in different ways so we're getting some stories from um data Barracks um uh our partner there who are finding that their their clients are having difficulty getting some of their systems rebooting and think of the poor guy who has a pile of 300 computers of which he needs to which it takes 10 minutes for each computer to get the patch on and reboot so they're sitting there with a he's sitting there with a huge pile of computers trying to get his organization back online I think what is what happens is you know often these these computer issues disappear off the front pages because well you got Delta the the comp passengers still affected but I don't think you should underestimate the huge amount of work behind the scenes by technical people by customer service people by Communications people who are trying to deal with this and we maybe not see this in the news because we move on to the next event but there's a huge amount of management time and effort people working s 24/7 to get this sorted so with all these incidents they go on for a little while quickly go for the news but then there is a very long tale of them which people are busy sorting problems for for days there now Charlie briefly what is the impact here for businesses and what's the lesson to be learned when we talk about the interconnectedness here and some of the vulnerabilities that might be intertwined well I I I think you know we we live in a a close coupled world we build systems we build systems upon systems we build systems a legacy systems we outsourc the best of the breed and you know this incident was caused by an out Source company so we build these very elaborate system and there's no one mind who can understand the complexi at all and keeps an eyon to make sure all the P all the bits work together there was an incident which has similar consequences in the airline industry for gats are air traffic people and one line of code was enough to crash their system and then they spent 24 hours you know with Airlines it takes a long time to sort out an incident so with these complex systems the chances get higher and higher of an instant happening and we can do our risk assessment we can look at all the different issues M Bristol sorry to interrupt you there we're going to have to leave it for time but thank you so much for sharing your perspective all right no problem |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Are_we_sleepwalking_into_an_AI_nightmare_BBC_News.txt | welcome to AI decoded there are two names in AI you will have heard plenty about sadis sabis Deep Mind now owned by Google alphabet and Sam alman's open AI which is now deeply entwined with Microsoft it's a story of deep rivalry Not Just Between the developers and their different competing visions of where artificial general intelligence will take us but beyond that a much bigger proxy war between their big Tech overlords there are two well sort books that have just been published these past few weeks that together peel back the curtain on what is really going on the titles pretty much speak for themselves py Olson's Supremacy AI chat GPT and the race that will change the world and taming Silicon Valley written by the leading AI thinker Gary Marcus and I'm pleased to say that both of them are with us tonight also here our resident AI commentator Stephanie hair maybe I start with you Stephanie because you've read both of these books and for me they seem to get Beyond the Myth and the hype that ultman and aabis are selling us and more than that they raised some fairly serious questions about what the true motivations of these companies really are yes I think parm's book Supremacy really lays this out I cannot recommend it enough you have on the one hand Sam ultman who's looking to create economic abundance and to end economics we won't even need money anymore in his ultimate vision and then sir Demis saab's Vision which is much more about science and and using science really to almost understand Divinity and God which one of his goals was to win a Nobel Prize which of course he has done so this week so you really got you know the to the heart of this story in your brilliant book but you characterize it py as a as a race for Supremacy funded directed by the two biggest players Google and Microsoft I'm going to read you a quote from uh your book which you will be familiar with today the cost of building AI models has R risen Out Of Reach of nearly everyone who's not a tech giant academics and smaller companies have little choice but to get their chips from Nvidia or rent computing power from Amazon Microsoft or Google and once the companies are on those platforms they are often locked in so you are arguing uh that rather than this being some sort of creative environment for in it is in fact a competition to consolidate the power of these two big companies almost not even so much a competition it's dominated by a handful of very large players um to the extent that if you want to compete it's very very difficult now um the arms race that's come about from Ai and the spark that was led by chat GPT really is mostly between um Microsoft and Google Microsoft has open Ai and Google has deep mind uh so I went when I wrote my book Chachi BT had just come out and I just thought this an incredible tool but I don't think people really know the story behind all this these people are saying the AI is going to make um you know Elevate the wealth of humanity and bring a lot of benefits to humanity when actually the people that are deriving most of the benefits are these large tech companies I mean just since chat gbt came out their um Market capitalizations have risen by of the six biggest tech companies by6 trillion dollar just in two years W that's extraordinary and is it stifling Innovation Gary I think it is stifling Innovation um I'm also not sure the economics make any sense and maybe we'll have a chance to talk about that putting in all those trillions of dollars when there's only been billions of dollars in Revenue but it definitely stifles Innovation if only a handful of people can be players there are a couple more that we didn't mention here like anthropic and so forth but there are very few players um Bary is right that the academy is basically boxed out um one other big player that's worth mentioning though is meta um which is also of course an enormous company uh and they're giving away the software for free which makes it very difficult for anybody to actually make a profit so the whole thing is resting on the notion that there's going to be trillions of dollars in profits but so far there've been a small number of billions of dollars everybody not even in profit everybody at the top of the tree is benefiting as you you say economically in your book you express concerns about how AI is being used to consolidate the power also of the social media Platforms in fact you you talk about it as surveillance capitalism what is that well surveillance capitalism is basically making money by invading your prophecy and even since the book came out it became clear to me that open AI may have no choice but to pursue that path open AI may be become the most Orwell in of all time they're not making enough money uh by just selling to businesses businesses tried their software last year mostly found it unreliable but they're trying to ingest all your documents all your calendars all your emails they bought a portion in a web company I mean sorry a webcam company um they put a member um a former member of the NSA on their board I think that they're actually going to shift to surveillance as the only way to possibly make money to enough money to justify their very very high valuation and that's really interesting because another thing Sam ultman had said was that they have to be able to violate copyright in order to train their AI so we've got two sort of known known problems but the one that I'd love to put to both Gary and Pary on this program is that we keep hearing this argument from the United States in particular and Silicon Valley companies in particular that regulation will hinder Innovation but the argument that both of you make in different ways in your book is actually that doesn't seem to be the biggest threat the biggest threat is this strangle hold of what seems to be almost like a cartel these monopolies these big giants that nobody else can get a look in so what's going on with that is regulation something that we would need to see to prevent these privacy violations the copyright violations Etc Tommy yeah another thing that these companies say as well as if you regulate us there will be no innovation if you regulate us China's going to get ahead of America and that's a narrative that's been spun by social media companies already 5 10 years ago if you regulate Facebook Chinese social media companies are going to take over so that's one that's been used as well but that absolutely there's not enough regulation at all there's Congress in the US has not passed a single federal law to regulate tech companies generally never mind AI um so at the moment the real hope is what's coming out of Europe with the European European Union's AI act because ultimately how can you have Innovation if the markets completely dominated by just a few players that's going to stifle Innovation not regulation the thing that really blew my mind about this when when we're talking about Innovation because there are some big promises that the likes of aabi have made and yet he says Gary that he's he's in the office doing the bidding uh you know of of Google and then does the quantum Computing when he goes home at night as if it's almost an afterthought I mean he's definitely a very busy guy um just a go back to the regulation for a second the Silicon Valley is trying to tell a myth which is that you can't build products if there's any regulation but we know that's not true for example seat Bel laws led to Innovation we have regulation in every industry Airlines for example have regulations on how they build their airplanes how they maintain them how they investigate accidents and so forth and we're thankful for that and when they try to work around that as Boeing sort of seems to have done we're upset that they haven't been regulated enough it's a myth to say that regulation is going to kill the industry and I'll put in one word for California which did one thing right um which is they now have a rule requiring some transparency around data it's not like everybody's going to leave California now because they have to disclose some of the data the industry has been trying to threaten people and say oh we'll leave but we're going to see that their Bluff is called very shortly and can we take advantage of the fact that we happen to weirdly have three Americans on the show to mind I know course thank God the special relationship is alive and well but we've got the presidential election the big election coming up what potential movement could we see next year in 2025 once we've got the new Administration in whoever it is to potentially take on tech companies and the strangle hold we saw the Department of Justice move on Google this week well Harris so far I mean neither of them have really given very clear policy positions on AI and Tech but it generally seems like Harris would be a little bit more um pro- regulation whereas Trump really wants to unwind a lot of regulations particularly around crypto companies which is why um some very big names in Silicon Valley like Andre and Horowitz um and other kind of crypto related billionaires are really prot Trump right now because of this um so that's where we might end up going just quickly Gary where where do you think where do you believe the reality is of of where we're headed uh where we're headed with respect to what with respect to all all of this software in general yeah um or or regulation um I think that people have wildly oversold what the current technology that most people are talking about uh generative AI is going so it's a really wonderful demo it shows you what AI could be but it's not reliable it hallucinates all the time it makes boneheaded errors and companies are starting to realize that there are some uses like brainstorming and so forth but it's been sold as a form of magic and it just isn't that magic and so I actually think that there may be a bit of a bubble here a financial bubble where a couple years from now people are like why did we value open AI at $150 billion this just doesn't make any sense um I've in fact suggested it might eventually be seen as the we work of AI well all these companies complain that regulation hinders Innovation as Stephanie said coming up after the break we'll look at the moves now a foot to reign in big Tech how do we free Ai and create that competition to deliver the Innovation that was promised welcome back if generative AI has in effect become a vast uncontrolled experiment on all of us how do we control it and get the best from it if AI is capable of revolutionizing science medicine technology how do we free the developers from the grip of big Tech two stories in the news this week writers are reporting that Google is in the sights of the US Department of Justice who are now investigating whether there is an illegal Monopoly in online search and Politico report that the EU is about to Gate Crash big Tech's AI party with a raft of Regulation to protect us from the intrusive surveillance that H Gary was talking about um py let me start with you those two stories suggest that there are moves of foot that there is a recognition out there um among Regulators that something's gone wrong what role do the big tech companies play in lobbying oh a massive role and that's why it's taken so long for regulation to even get to this point because there are armies of lobbyists in Washington DC backed by so much money from these companies armies of lawyers as well when you have cases against um big tech companies by Regulators they get tied up in courts it's constantly appealed the the recent case against Apple the tax case that was a decade in the making before they finally got fined for it so it's it's really I think quite promising to see talk of what they call structural changes I.E the possibility of a breakup for Google because till now it's just been fines and you know a few years ago Facebook was fined something like5 billion do and the stock went up because this is just pocket this is like a speeding ticket for these companies it's the cost of doing business and so it's what we're really seeing for the first time is momentum towards something a little bit more um potentially damaging for these companies um but it's mostly coming from the US and people in Civil Society who are pushing for this want to actually see a little bit more support from Europe as well European Regulators who have of course the teeth they've got the EU AI act now they've also got the Digital Services act the digital markets act gdpr so the European Union is really LED on regulation but what they still don't do I think is enforce enough and that's the thing is they have potential to at least issue bigger fines and they're not even doing that what for you Gary is the most urgent the most pressing problem that lawmakers need to look at I think we should have a pre-re pre-release system with teeth where companies have to show their their models to some kind of independent team of scientists before they release them and have to show that the benefits outweigh the risks so right now they make that decision themselves and for example open a I said hey our newest model 01 might cause a bioweapons risk a medium bioweapons risk but we're going to release this anyway there has to be both internal to the companies and external to the companies a process with teeth like we have in the FDA in the United States that says you have to show that the benefits outweigh the risk or you can't release this on W wide scale but but neither of you said we need to protect the small developer I mean these two guys that we talked about um sabis and an Alman when they were small they were brilliant um and there were huge advances and as we said at the top they now have to play with big Tech so how do we I mean give me that equ the point I was making before about asab is going home and doing his work almost as a hobby in the evening how many people actually Within These companies are now working on Quantum Computing how many are actually generating profit for Google or for Microsoft well I think ultimately if you're a small business you're trying to get into the market you're trying to build an AI company it is extremely expensive to do this and some of the most promising AI startups just coming out of Silicon Valley ones that somehow managed to raise hundreds of millions of dollars ended up being Aqua hired inflection Adept is another one character AI they all went to Microsoft Amazon and Google um and so I think you know entrepreneurs can have these dreams and it's it's so interesting that Demis as you mentioned um goes home at night and he works on this kind of unlocking the nature of reality um scientific Pursuit that's a personal thing for him but that's why he started the company that's why he started a deep mind um and now that sort of faded into the background what do you do about that g because States can't put money into it it's it's the private sector that has to support it I think it's very difficult partly because of the Venture Capital Community is putting so much money into a couple companies uh like open AI and I think it's hurting Society because we're not exploring different kinds of Alternatives and so yeah the way that financing is going is is actually stifling Innovation I'm not sure what we can do about that as a society I think maybe putting more government money in researching alternatives to these large language models might be a good investment I've talked about having like a CERN for AI um which might be focused on how to build safe reliable trustworthy AI if that were government funded maybe it could be a viable competitor before we go tonight we've got to lighten the mood a little uh albe it within the theme that we we are discussing do you remember some time back we invited the stand-up comedian Ashley Freeze onto the program he's recently released two albums this year using AI to write his comedy songs he would have been with us tonight but he's on stage performing but he has very kindly written as a tribute to Jeffrey Hinton and sedmi cabis to celebrate their Nobel prizes congratulations to to Jeffrey and EM who turned AI into reality from its premise from Google and you find their wise ideas propelled and now they have each one themselves a prize Nobel so well done pro in hus the victors there's only one more problem with this picture they are both like don't use this technology it could wipe out all the humanity is s eological disaster turn [Music] this forget your we generated imagy consider the threats of you arey turn the film Terminator into a dark Newry [Music] I'm not sure I like where that ends but you see what can happen if you're free to be creative yes yeah absolutely brilliant uh thank you uh very much indeed for that um just um before we conclude um you know we we we characterized this earlier as a as a race a land grab and and I don't think there's any greater metaphor for that than the $50 billion doar that Microsoft is now spending to build its data centers that tells you where we're at and in a way that that's probably more money than the UK government spending on public infrastructure yeah and guess who has the resources to build out these data centers it is the likes of Microsoft I've heard even higher number I've heard it's 100 billion a year that they're spending on data centers um which is really mindblowing but startups can't afford that they can't afford the the compute power the data power the data that they need so ultimately this right now is business that is dominated by the largest technology companies it's quite literally a l graub Gary well I I'll point out there's a second land grab too which is for all the copyrighted data and you know they're hoping to get all of that and then maybe grandfather or something like that and say well we already have it now so we're just going to use it um of course they could license all of this stuff but they're trying to gather as much intellectual property as possible without paying for it so that's a second land grout and those who want to look to the future could also do well to look at the past we have seen land grabs like this before and companies that get very very big there is always a reckoning so it might be from the Department of Justice it could be from regulatory action it could be from something else that we haven't seen yet but this there will be a correction to the imbalance go ahead Gary sorry it could also be from the public I think we should start to consider boycotting these companies until they treat artists and writers and so forth properly because if we don't do that they're going to come for us next yeah it's a debate that I mean that's why we have this program because these are debates that are not happening in the public sphere because not enough people know about it they don't understand it and let's face it until you two did these books not enough people are peeling back the curtain yeah but the the difficulty is as Gary says I totally agree with that it's actually so difficult to vote with your feet when it comes to using these companies you can't avoid using Amazon so many other websites are hosted on Amazon's cloud service a WS you can't avoid that can't avoid using Google for your Gmail or or Maps you know all those sorts of things so it's actually quite difficult to to not use these Services um and but I think the fightback isn't just from Regulators we're seeing it in the courts there's a really promising court case in San Francisco against websites that produce deep fake porn and that's very promising I think unions are doing a lot like the writer strike in Hollywood that was quite successful last year um and you know just civil society and and public course what people are saying on social media about whether they want Facebook is increasingly overrun with AI generated im images and people don't like it they should speak up about it well that's it sorry Gary I'm gonna have to pull you with we're almost out of time because that is it for Aid decoded uh this week just a reminder that all the uh previous editions of the program are on the YouTube on the BBC Aid decoded playlist give it a like would you um a thanks to Gary thank you very much Gary to you thanks to py as well well and of course as ever to Stephanie uh we will see you same time next week |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | AI_helps_to_immortalise_Holocaust_survivors_BBC_News.txt | right you are watching the context it's time for our weekly segment AI [Music] decoded welcome to Aid decoded time of the week when we look in depth at some of the most eye-catching stories in the world of artificial intelligence we're going to start with the Guardian newspaper a new educational program using artificial intelligence and virtual reality to Future proof the testimonies of Holocaust Survivors AI decoded met holoc course Survivor Manfred Goldberg who's featured here in the article and we'll be showing that in just a moment meanwhile The Times of Israel carries a warning from the United Nations that development in artificial intelligence could lead to a surge in Holocaust denial a report published this week by UNESCO says AI could result in false and misleading claims about the Holocaust spreading online well with me is our regular AI contributor Priya Lani CEO of I powered education company Century Tech priia great to see you how are you see Lis very well thank you right um you've been busy tell us what you've been doing so I visited a school in South London and we had a group of students in the classroom and they experienced what we're just about to see so they experienced the testimony of Holocaust Survivors um and they were leveraging artificial intelligence in virtual reality to experience this what's most interesting about this story leis is yes it's a story of about using AI in education in schools and potentially changing the delivery of History lessons but it's also very much a story about preserving the truth when it comes to history so I can't wait for you to see it well it seems like an incredible opportunity to use this technology for an incredible reason let's take a look at your report now the first time I arrived in Strut I was 14 years old as the train stopped the doors to our wagons were unlocked and opened from the outside we had no idea where we had been taken and guards began yelling at us come on quickly jump run run no time faster I'm at a school in South London and today we're witnessing history education being completely revolutionized by artificial intelligence and virtual reality students are not only learning about the Holocaust by reading their textbooks but they're having lifelike conversations through the testimony of Holocaust Survivors so let's have a look and see how it's impacting their education Part One tesy 360 you are going to have the chance to engage with an interactive recording of a holocaust Survivor Manfred Goldberg was filmed over five days in 2021 and he was asked over a thousand questions all of his responses to those questions were paired with potential questions that young people could ask and that's edited into what we call an interactive testimony headphones on off you go what happened to your brother what were the C like Manfred can you describe the Concentration Camp the work entailed working outside in out in the open not in the factory and in Winter it was very very difficult and S of brutally cruel because we were dressed in quite thin garments which had been handed to handed to us and the temperature could be well below zero sometimes as low as minus5 in winter with snow and ice on the ground and I sometimes am not certain which was harder to Bear the cold or the hunger you suffered from both so Brianna how has being able to speak to Manfred in this way and learning in this way impact is your learning about the Holocaust compared to learning from a textbook so testimony 360 has um given students like the chance to see from a survivor's actual point of view so it's not like in a textbook where you're just reading and you're not really like understanding but through this way you can ask questions you can be interactive with the survival and he's given us real answers because it's his actual like point of view on what he's gone through and I feel like it's more emotional as well because you can really like connect with him and see where he's coming from rather than like I said just reading through and not really understanding anything like would you like all of your history lessons to be taught this way yes okay let's let's get into our headsets and then get into our first virtual environment I was unlucky and had to share a bunk bed with one other person these beds were quite narrow and uh two people sharing a bed was not easy what also didn't help that we were all infested with Vermin and um it was not really possible to get a night's rest what are you hoping that the impact of this program will be we're at a critical juncture where the Holocaust is moving from living history to just history our precious eyewitnesses aren't able to share their stories in schools across the country and those that are are becoming frailer they can't do this forever when we see still the Holocaust being denied distorted and challenged it's our mission and our duty to ensure the Holocaust is remembered and kept relevant today so Manfred when I experienced the virtual reality platform I was really drawn to the story where you spoke about how you went as close to the fence as possible in stut off to the female camp and you actually heard your mother's words what did she say to you and how did it make you feel neither of us knew that the other was still alive because life was like a lottery no one knew any morning but they would still be alive that evening so catching just a glimpse across that barbed wire of each other was the most comforting thing imaginable at the time the ladies Camp was adjoining the men's Camp it was separated by a long high bared wire fence since we were not working during the day I frequently went as close was permitted to that camp in the hope that I might catch a glimpse of my mother often we couldn't get close enough to the fence to exchange any words because there happened to be um a guard Tower right close to the dividing fence with an armed guard on top and we were not allowed to approach the fence so if I came too close to the fence he would y yell and point his gun at me so I had to move back fairly smartly to stop him shooting at me on one occasion the guard did not spot me fairly close to that division fence and I could actually hear a sentence my mother shouted at me don't lose hope this will end we will be together again I remember my mother on occasion I saying to me be a good boy whatever you're asked to do do it to the best of your ability don't try to be a hero and I took that aboard and did try it it worked as you can see I survived say Manfred how do you feel about the use of artificial intelligence technology on this platform over the years I had become absolutely convinced by having been told this many many times by youngsters that by far really by by by a mile um the most effective um educational process for them was listening to the testimony of a Survivor who could speak in the first person I was there it happened to me one thing the Holocaust can achieve is to make people understand what brutality and unequaled um cruelty and sadism can be generated by unlimited um propaganda and brainwashing in today's climate with the power of the social websites it can happen in any direction and what took the Nazis years if not decades to achieve brainwashing a whole population these social websites can do it in a tiny fraction of that time and that is a distinct danger the Nazis had a very very competent propaganda Minister and he was a clever man he said any lie no matter how farfetched or how Preposterous how unbelievable it is will eventually be accepted as truth if it's repeated often enough and loudly enough and the social websites are the perfect realization or of that sentence and people have to become aware of it at the moment people are not I believe priia just extraordinary to hear those stories from him and him talking about it what was the experience like of actually using the AI and what is going on with the AI how is it actually actually working yeah it's a really good question because actually what they've done is when you saw Manfred sitting in the chair the digital Manfred and the students speaking to Manfred that's him okay that's real footage of him it's his real answer what it isn't is a large language model that you're asking a question to and then it's essentially coming up with its own answer so it's real Manfred real answers they've used the AI to match the question to the answer so what they have Manford what he's done is recording Ed about a thousand answers and the Holocaust Survivors that are part of this project have each recorded about a thousand answers so the AI is there to match the student's question right take speech to text match the text to the answer and then they see the real Survivor and again it's important because we've seen just today that news article that was saying that actually if you ask large language models like a chatbot it could actually run away with itself and start to fabricate fabricate answers and come up with um you know well not facts exactly you know untruths and so it's really really important to them it's a true story that lives on it's protecting history and then it allows sort to have that conversation with the AI um to preserve that history and to learn from it a remarkable idea PR thank you very much for that well coming up chat GPT generated film script that's causing real drama for the movie industry this my friend is the future hello Jack I am your new screenwriting assistant learns from every screenplay and adapts it's going to change the way we work and you really think it can stand up to we'll be speaking to the director behind this controversial project just a few moments around the world across the UK this is BBC News this is BBC News welcome back to AI decoded previously on this program we've looked at the impact art icial intelligence is having on the film industry last year us actors and writers went on strike sparked by in part concerns AI will take away jobs while some filmmakers are actively exploring now its creative possibilities and the implications among them is Swiss filmmaker Peter Lisi whose latest feature the last screenwriter was written entirely by chat GPT Prince Charles Cinema in London was due to hold the Premier but pulled the screening at the last minute following complaints in a statement this is my highlighted concerns held by many of its audience about the use of AI in place of a writer which they say speaks to a wider issue within the industry so let's pick through this prer um a lot of thorny I suppose moral issues here but just talk us through what's going on yeah so you've got um a screenwriter now he's a successful screenwriter so he's actually produced films that have done very very well um in Switzerland I think and he decided to create a film uh and he wanted to test how good is AI given that we saw the strikes last year we covered them extensively particularly on this program um and he wanted to understand how good is AI at helping me write a screenplay so he went about doing that with a short prompt a very short prompt he then refined it um and he's produced the film so I'm really looking forward to seeing the trailer and Hope reviewing this film at some point okay this my friend is the future hello Jack I am your new screenwriting assistant learns from every screenplay and adapts it's going to change the way we work and you really think it can stand up to a real human writer how would you start a screenplay about a screen writer being challenged by an AI system it's like having a supercharged co-writer that never sleeps that's um decent sounds like a screenwriter's dream right but it's a machine Jack no soul how can it possibly replace the human element well let's speak to the director Peter Lisi who joined joins us now from Zurich thank you for coming on the program thank you for having me so this film is quite meta intentionally isn't it it's written by chat GPT and it's about chat GPT writing a film we saw the criticism there from some in the audiences and that cancellation of that Premiere in that Cinema were you expecting this criticism well I know from the start that it's a very controversial topic and taboo but um I thought it's just important to see like everyone's afraid that that might steal jobs and being a screenwriter myself I was also concerned seeing how good Chad GPT is so I decided Let's test it let's see how good can a film be that's written entirely by AI by chat GPT if a professional team um does everything else so we just took the screenplay completely written by AI every word every plot every character everything and we made the best movie we could this is the result and Peter um production companies use tools like script book for example they use natural language processing artificial intelligence technology to uh analyze the scripts they predict box office success depending on which uh which actors youcast so we've seen AI being used in the industry before are you surprised by the the amount of backlash that you've received yes well as I said I I knew it was a taboo topic but yes I think I mean I think would be good to watch the film and discuss it I mean that's why we made the film to start the conversation and see like okay do we need to be worried um what's the status quo and yeah let's talk about it that was really the the point and I want to say it's like a nonprofit film we're releasing the movie for free nobody's earning any money it's really I say it's it's a film by filmmakers for filmmakers so I feel like if people knew more about it and would just be open for the conversation I don't think this films the enemy as some people think it is okay is it any good is chat gbt any good at this I think yes it's surprisingly good um and that's what's what's worried me and why I thought I mean um it could make a whole film and uh I so so you could be a victim of your own success here that if you think it is good that does potentially threaten jobs and that potentially sides with the side of your detractors here your critics who say this was exactly the reason it shouldn't go ahead yes but it's not I mean I'm not it's not my fault that AI exists and we have to learn to live with it and we have to not close our eyes and be worried oh my God it's coming let's just pretend it's not here no it's here let's take a look what can it do what can't it do and and yeah and on that Peter I mean you are um you know you're a writer so are there any specific elements of the script where you thought oh humans would have written that in a much better way sometimes when I'm on a chat GPT I look at the sort of generic text that it gives me and I think no it's not quite there you know were there areas that you really wanted to tweak because because humans are just better well of course I mean that was the difficulty because I I really said the point is not to make the best movie possible the point is really to make a movie that was entirely written by AI so and me being a screenwriter I kept seeing like ah would do this differently but I really resisted the temptation to like add my own input I didn't suggest any scenes I didn't make it go in certain directions which I thought would have made the movie better I really said okay this is what CH GPT wrote this is what we'll put in the movie now P I'm sorry yeah sorry P say you had some trouble with uh insurance so getting insurance for the film and also some further Finance so what what were the key reasons why the insurers and the film Finance Executives wouldn't offer that insurance or further Finance well I mean the it's not completely sure what the legal imp imp implementations are and so and people are just it's a Hot Topic they don't want to touch it they don't want to you know be on the wrong side of this conversation and uh the worried that some some might sue the company and nobody knows what's going to happen and yeah so so and and can I ask you can I ask you to look ahead then now that you've been through this project this experiment in some ways what do you think the future is here for things like chat GPT in script writing well I I don't know I think I mean as I said it's here to stay we have to deal with it in a in a constructive way and I I I know as much as the next guy what's the future is going to be and you I know I can't ask you to predict the future but being through gone having gone through this process are you optimistic pessimistic worried scared excited well I mean if the progress continues at the way it's been going I'm scared because I might be out of a job soon I've I'm a screenwriter I've been successful I always thought hey I'll be fine I can write movies I'll be fine but now suddenly I realize maybe I won't be fine because the computer might steal my job and at the moment I there's no need I mean at the moment it can't steal my job um without some help but um who knows what the future will hold okay and just just just lastly very very quickly because we're almost out of time are you actually quite pleased with all this publicity of being cancelled that's only good news for you no well first I was very disappointed um but it is now a big topic and we wanted the movie to be spoken about and the subject to be spoken about so in a way that has helped us definitely Peter do see thank you very much for coming on the program in real life uh with genuine answers from yourself from your own brain not from chat GPT we really appreciate your thoughts thank you very much |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | How_AI_video_generation_impacts_Hollywood_BBC_News.txt | you are watching the context and now it's time for our new weekly segment AI [Music] decoded well a AI decode is when we look in depth that some of the most eye-catching stories in the fast moving and everchanging world of artificial intelligence and this week we're looking at one of the most exciting but also maybe one of the most controversial areas of of uh artificial intelligence and that is the world of text to video creation now it's being called a revolution in film making because AI technology takes away some of the traditional barriers that are faced by Movie Makers trying to crack Hollywood most notably film production costs well one entertainment giant embracing AI is lion gate which has recently announced a partnership with artificial intelligence company Runway to allow a new AI model to be trained on their extensive film and TV archive but at what cost asks the guardian some film producers have now joined forces to develop best practice for the use of generative AI in factual storytelling this is currently one of the more organized efforts in Hollywood to Grapple with the ethics of a technology that could prove devastating for jobs which is why there are now calls for better transparency around the use of artificial intelligence with the Fallout from the from Hollywood likely to reach the European union soon that's according to Euro News film industry workers are warning against the unregulated use of artificial intelligence and demanding that AI tools be used only to assist and not to replace original human creativity well with us to discuss all of this our regular AI contributor Samir malal who's a filmmaker and CEO of AI creative company one day and smear well talk to us about this Lion's gate deal but also the wider significance of all of this because you know some people are saying this gives Movie Makers a great opportunity to break through the barriers others like and we saw this with the Hollywood strikes didn't we are really really worried about AI yeah and you know I as a filmmaker I I see this from from two sides so on the one hand it is it is an opportunity for this next Generation to to come up and to start doing things that you know they would never have been possible before but on the other hand you've got people who have devoted their whole life to a specific craft and here uh Lion's gate is saying okay we're we're going to you know we're going to train uh these new models with with all of our old catalog and are they going to be you know compensated uh what happens to the future of of of those jobs you know these are all questions that we need to to figure out and I think you know the bigger implication here is what is our relationship with these intelligent machines right we've never encountered anything like this whether you're a creative or or a doctor we we've never encountered machines like this before and I think we're trying to figure it out and right now it's the technologists that are really driving the change and it's moving so fast and I think we as a culture kind of need to step up and especially creatives need to say okay we need to start defining what this looks like on our own terms or we risk being made you know obsolete yeah let's have a closer look then at what it does look like um we're very lucky to have one of the most exciting players in the AI video generation on tonight's program it's called P Labs let's just take a look at their latest product [Music] [Applause] hey hey hey [Music] [Music] hey Make Some Noise come on [Music] well there we are uh let's talk to Demi guo who's CEO of P Labs AI just over a year ago Demi dropped out of Stanford University's prestigious artificial intelligence artificial intelligence degree course and is now running one of the world's most exciting generative AI powered video startups and she has raised close to wait for it $150 million in investment and by the way she's still only 26 years old so congratulations on all of that um and just tell us we just saw one of your videos how is it made just talk us through in very very simple terms how you do it yes so um there are different ways so we basically train AI Foundation model we call like a AI video model so this is similar to like like chbt like for for a language so we have a AI model that can you know like that really understands video and can gener at video and the way the PE the users interact with this model there there are many ways the most simple way is the user can type into to dis what a description of what they want so for example the user can type in like I don't know a monster a giant monster is walking in the street of New York so um the AI will be able to generate a clip where that there is actually a masterer the walking the the street of New York okay so it's as simple as that you just you just type what you want and and then AI visualizes it quite brilliantly you know if that video is anything to go by and it is all at a very minimal cost isn't it I mean how much would you know something like that cost for example yes so um right now it costs they're different variety of cost but it it definitely like generating if you want to make a feature lens film you probably only cost like 10 a couple thousand like at a couple thousand dollars U which is you know very you know a huge difference between the actual you know right right now for the you know making a like a feature L fi might cost couple hundred million dollar or like at least like tens of million dollar wow so $2,000 that's incredible isn't it Sam it it is so how do you see this impacting the creative Industries right because obviously you know that's a huge cost to difference um and you know how do you think that that creatives are going to be playing a role in the future what's your what's your vision for this yes we I really beli in that AI is not you know replacing creators but it's really about like helping or serving creators because we all know right now do whether you're creating a film or create a short video it's through a very complicated process there's a huge gap between your creative idea to the execution so essentially what AI is doing and what we want to do is to help save the creators um Time by you know really you know F let them be able to focus on the creative idea part not the manual part of creating a video but surely surely surely Demi it's going to cost a lot of jobs isn't it I mean that's what the Hollywood creators are really worried about the writers and so on the filmmakers yes the way we think about it I I don't think it's really there are you know people are losing job but it's more creating new kind of job where it will change the way people uh do their job so uh you can imagine you know like um basically people in the past they may may go to somewhere to film it but now they are able to direct it um at at their computer so um basically like the the that another analogy is AI is essentially a tool so it's kind of like um you're you're just the creative idea is you're coming from the Creator so you still need a human to come back with the creative ideas and to guide the AI on what to do so AI can enable all possibilities but it requires the human to tell the AI what to do and this is you know still a job for the human you know still a job for the human creativity I think I think that's the the big concern with creatives is the process is how we get to the product right uh and by going through the process we learn what it is we shape it we bring our taste we bring our vision and so now this process is is completely changed right and so what you're hitting on is I think what a lot of people are concerned with now the technology is definitely impressive and you know the new model is great and and so I can see the potential of it you know but I think that um creatives are are rightfully concerned right and and that we want to be we we want we still want to maintain our process um especially when you know the the training the data sets um have been you know trained on you know previous copyrighted material that you know some people have owned so you know how do you respond when people say Okay are are you going to be giving attribution or or for uh acknowledgement uh for for that what are your thoughts there yes fundamentally we're just you know we our hope you know I started this company because I'm really passionate about content creation um so our hope is not to you know claim any like contribution or anything we're just making a tool a platform for the creators so we don't want you know we we don't claim any ownership of the content that's created on a platform so this what all go going to the creators but we're just trying to design a tool so that the creators can create more content or create more interesting content but I mean in in the in your training model right in your data model um if if copyrighted material was used to to train the model um is do you have any plans to compensate those creators um yes for sure we do work with we do have various Partnerships that we work with artists and um you know also open to new new partnership with you know the content creation industry and entertainment industry can I just ask you a quick question I mean we saw that video just a couple of minutes long but we're really just at the very beginning of this whole AI Revolution aren't we do you do you foresee a day when you might have a whole movie you know a 90 minute 2hour movie completely cre ated by artificial intelligence yes uh we see there so much progress has been made in the AI World um for the video creation and I and you know when I I do think there's a the short answer there will be a future and I think it's not going to be very long from now we see uh even though right now I think the AI video tour is nowhere you know it's soon hard for the AI tool to create a like a full featureless film in that you can see in the cema but we do see there's so much progress in AI that this stream might be able to come true in the short term okay well that's um that's a little way off perhaps still but anyway we'll see what happens Demi thank you so much for for joining us Samir we're going to be talking to you a bit more in a couple of minutes coming up after the break we're still going to be talking about this fascinating subject and we're actually going to be talking to the AI filmmaker PJ aturo who says that our fears over artificial intellig are overblown and who claims it's actually a really good thing in the long run for filmmakers and creators around the world and across the UK you're watching BBC News do stay with us well welcome back to AI decoded and we're looking at the artificial intelligence Revolution when it comes to making movies in particular and we've got with us our regular AI contributor Samir malal thank thank you for being with us once again smei uh now for those who work in the film and TV commercial Industries well the cost of getting an idea off the ground and bringing it to fruition can be very expensive and very time consuming indeed well now with the Advent of artificial intelligence what might usually cost a studio or a client say $100,000 can now believe it or not be done for under one $100 that at least is what our next guest is claiming well before we bring him on let's show you this trailer from his most recent AI film and video creation my prince are you prepared to learn what fate the stones for told you yes there is evil at work in the land to the West Prince ashitaka [Music] my name is Ashi taka I've traveled far from Lance to the east go away I don't want to fight you I'm a friend princess monoke princess of the spirits of ghouls beasts and ancient gods the wolf stole her soul and now she lives to kill me beautiful why can't the humans in the forest live together why can't we stop this fighting now I'm going to show you how to kill a god you cannot alter your fate my prince however you can rise to meet it if you choose there we are another product of AI quite amazing isn't it let's talk to PJ auro Who's chief executive officer of film Port AI joining us now from Portland Oregon um well thanks very much for being with us I mean extraordinary really what can be done again just talk us through the process so we're really clear about how something like that that we've just seen which looks really beautiful and impressive how is that made so simply and so cheaply yeah yeah I mean it's it's been an amazing wild process right I I started out as a YouTuber grew a channel to a million subscribers then I went into Hollywood and launched my own TV Series so to now play with tools like that you know the trailer you saw was is is based on a famous movie called Princess monoke by the legendary studio gibl and it was an experiment to see how close are we to photo realism how how far off are we until we can really adapt any film or any concept or any story and so my process for creating that was I Ed a program called mid Journey that I typed in text and you know I wrote the descriptions for the different shots and then I took them into a program called cling and Runway to generate the image on it and then I compiled that into the trailer and how much just to give us an idea how much that would cost uh I've roughly roughly yeah yeah I mean a couple hundred bucks like or less not not a lot so I mean it's it's it's interesting right because do you feel like uh in the process that we're we're we're missing something in terms of emotion and connection because when I see this I'm impressed by the tools and I'm impressed what you've been able to do but in terms of that human connection that that I feel that we get from whether it's a highend TV commercial or whether it's you know a TV show I I feel like we're still far off from that and I I think it has to do not just with the technology but it has to do with the the process right going through the creative process and that's something that right now I think is missing in Ai and that personally I'm trying to solve is how how do we bring back the creative process into the AI creation process so what are your what are your thoughts on that yeah I I 100% agree and you know I I'm I'm trying to approach all of this experimentation with a lot of curiosity and humility because like like you've talked about in the previous segment is there it it can represent a threat and I and I don't want to underplay the fact that like there's there's a huge industry uh the TV and film industry that can be disrupted um one analogy that I like to use is like painters were were very disrupted by photographers uh they thought it was maybe cheating or it was too easy and at the same time like the world has been a a better for photography uh and that it kind of democratized the art process and I view it in the same way that you know kind of YouTube uh experienced this proliferation of taking what only Studios could do back in 2004 or five and then digital cameras came about and then now 20 years later like 80% of the content on the Internet is user generated content content and so I think that's actually the future of what we're going to see with narrative films as well is Studios will continue to make contents we'll figure out a way forward that trains uh ethical data sets but we're actually going to see a switch from Studios being the primary sources of most of our narrative content and it's actually going to go into the hands of creators and I think that's a really really beautiful thing because I spent 20 years you know trying to work up my way up the Hollywood ladder uh almost got divorced almost went through bankruptcy like it is grind you're overworked you're underpaid as a Hollywood Creator and then you have a 1% chance or less of you say that but but but but but clearly people like the screenwriters Guild who went on strike and partly went on strike over this issue of AI are really really worried you're you you're you're absolutely right and and again I I don't have all the answers but I I'd like to imagine that you know I've seen so many stories of people who go into Hollywood because they want to be a writer and director of their own films and then 20 years later they're burnt out because they were only able to like hold a light or to run coffee or to run cars and you know it's like this they I I hear them saying like this isn't why I got into the industry and I know that it's almost impossible to get my films made well now anyone's able to make that and if we can figure out a way to have these tools be you know ethically sourced I think it actually can be a really good thing in the long run for creators I mean I I agree with you there in the sense that if we're giving creators opportunity to tell their own stories in a way that they haven't been able to before then I think it's it's it's it's the potential is really amazing I think though that just because everybody can do it doesn't mean that a good story is not a good story right and storytelling you know requires craft it requires time it requires diligence and it requires I think a a kind of personal uh connection to the material right when we express ourselves creatively we're we're putting something in of ourselves some kind of insight that we want to express and and and and show to the world right so how do how does this fit in with this new a AI kind of way of working like how do you how do you see that personal voice translating and you've only got I'm afraid you've only it's a good question you've only got about 30 seconds to answer it sure I I got it I mean it's it's going to follow the same trend of YouTube and Tik Tok to where there's going to be a lot of content you know a Cambrian explosion of content and maybe some is less than mediocre and there's going to be a bunch that's good and a few that's great and I believe we're seeing a future where a single Creator will be able to create a billion dollar franchise within the next 10 years it's a great short answer very concise you must be artificial intelligence thank you so much uh PJ atero thank you very much indeed CEO smir as well in the studio thank you so much for being with us once again it's a fascinating subject to talk about it for many hours and I'm sure we'll come back to it you're watching BBC News |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | COP29_chief_exec_filmed_promoting_fossil_fuel_deals_BBC_News.txt | a senior aabani official overseeing this year's un conference on tackling climate change has been recorded offering to facilitate discussions on potential fossil fuel deals elor salanov was secretly recorded by an activist who posed as an investor seeking to sponsor the cop 29 meeting which starts in Baku on Monday we have a lot of uh pipeline infrastructure we have a lot of gas fields that are to be developed uh we have a lot of green project that soar is very interested in there are a lot of joint ventures that could be established potential joint ventures our soar trading is trading oil and gas all over the world including in Asia so to me these are the possibilities to explore well our climate editor Justin rot explains the significance of all this cop meetings are the the the conference of the parties the parties the signatories to the UN climate negotiation process began the 30 years ago this is the 29th edition of these conferences it's one of the biggest meetings of world leaders of the world that happens each year um there 197 countries involved and the focus is tackling climate change trying to drive down emissions trying to save the world from from the Peril of uh of of global warming so how significant is this story then that has been been uncovered by an activist look we found similar evidence last year um again that was held in a Petra state that was held in the UAE I mean obviously it casts a shadow I think it's fair to sh say over the conference last year the UAE in Dubai actually pulled out some really quite consequential uh agreements so it doesn't mean there can't be progress but obviously it does it's a it's uh it's not uh it's not the note on which the world would hope to start a really serious and important discussion like uh like like the uh the climate conference that's being held in Baku well Dominic kakb is the co-director of campaigns at Global Witness and he spoke to me about this investigation so every year cop is hosted by a different country and for the second year in a row as Justin was just saying cop is being hosted in a Petra State and we've been deeply concerned at Global witness that cop may be being used to um not just not pursue the sort of climate action that we need to see but actually to pursue further oil and gas deals um as we saw did happen last year in the UA and we thought the same would be happening again in aaban so we set up a fake investment oil and gas Investment Company and got in contact with cop 29 um dangling the prospect of sponsoring cop 29 and in an alarmingly short space of time we found ourselves on a call with elor Su sultanov who is the chief executive of cop 29 he's also a minister uh for energy in aaban he also sits on the board of sooka which is aaban State oil company which in itself sounds like a conflict of interest and is in fact very much a conflict of interest so we ended up on a call with Mr sultanof and um fairly bracingly fairly openly uh unashamedly he uh offered to introduce us to contacts at soar um he talked about oil and gas being needed forever um and yeah he was very very open with our undercover investigator subsequently we followed up and had conversations by email with the cop 29 team and they were very happy to include as part of our sponsorship contract and agreement that there would be no um sustainability uh measures that we would be forced to sign up to as a company which actually the UN think says that companies should do when sponsoring cop um and also he they were happy to write into the contract that they would facilitate contacts for us with soar which they did go on to do and actually a very um senior official in soar got in touch with us off the back of it so all of this is to say by purely dangling the prospect of sponsorship with cop 29 we were able to get high level access to talk about oiling gas deals going against not just the very ethics of cop but the entire Spirit of what it's there to do Dominic cover there |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | How_to_stay_cool_without_heating_the_planet_BBC_Ideas.txt | if you want to understand the bind the world faces adapting to climate change there may be no better example than that of the simple air conditioner as the world warms and heat waves become more frequent and more dangerous people turn up the AC It's very effective at cooling buildings and the people inside them but air conditioners are also power hungry appliances with a small unit in a single room using more electricity than four fridges there are currently around 1.6 billion air conditioners in the world and that number is expected to Triple by 2050 where 10 new units will be installed every second for the next three decades at that point emissions from powering all that air conditioning could be as high as 2 billion tons of CO2 a year about the same as India produces now this is the ever accelerating feedback loop of air conditioning higher temperatures lead to more AC More AC drives ever higher temperatures and while this cycle continues people will suffer from the ill effects of extreme heat it isn't only about the immediate danger of death or illness during a heat wave either higher temperatures can make air quality worse and chronic conditions flare up some studies suggest our thinking and decision- making is more sluggish when it's hotter extreme heat can leave people poer too as working our shrink and infrastructure like Road and Power become unreliable one way to address the the problem is to Simply build a better air conditioner there are unbacked initiatives to improve the efficiency of AC so it uses less power and produces fewer pollutants but rather than betting on new or better Tech it's also possible to change our approach to Cooling and comfort Humanity lived without air conditioning for much of its history some of the most Charming aspects of ancient cities from Mediterranean Courtyards to narrow city streets are actually ingeniously engineered cooling measures that either blck out direct sunlight or use cool stones and plants to keep the nearby Air Pleasant throughout baking afternoons the picturesque white Villages of southern Spain have partly been painted that way because light colors absorb less Heat this often went alongside ways of living that were adapted to the hot weather taking a siesta meant avoiding work during the hottest periods of the day those who traditionally lived in the desert were looser lighter clothing like robes placing a wet towel on the head or neck is common in India simp ensuring you know of a cool place to move to during intense heat like a basement or shaded room can also help our predecessors also developed some clever cooling Technologies step Wells an ancient technique that builds small pools of water into a structure often deep underground to cool adjacent areas have long been common in India while across the Middle East striking Towers called wind catchers that direct cool air towards buildings have been used for centuries more recently people have relied on electric fans to to circulate cool air which use very little electricity including efficient ceiling fans in buildings would go a long way to reducing the quantity of air conditioning used many of these approaches are called passive cooling measures because they don't consume energy but in a sense air conditioning created a different kind of paity it allowed people to design frighteningly inefficient buildings in cities full of sealed all glass skyscrapers and concrete surfaces and simply cool them down with AC reversing this mistake for a warming World requires an active approach designing buildings cities and reconfiguring our daily lives to ensure we can deal with overheating before it happens and treat air conditioning as a last resort fortunately Greener more carefully built spaces for living should have other benefits from the savings that come with efficient homes to the health and well-being effects of plentiful Green Space and safer outdoor temperatures in towns and cities like the climate crisis itself cooler is a global challenge an Oxford University study showed that if average global temperatures missed the 1.5° target set by the Paris agreement and hit 2° Nations already facing heat waves like those in central Africa will see the most extreme temperatures but northern countries could see the biggest jump in the number of uncomfortably hot days days when people will need additional Cooling in Switzerland and the UK for instance that number will go up by 30% the biggest increase globally the researchers warned that these countries are dangerously unprepared with their homes and cities built with a very different climate in mind in the UK homes are built like green houses one of the lead researchers said air conditioning is incredibly convenient but it would be a disaster for the climate if it continues to be the worldwide remedy for Rising temperatures the goal must be to turn air conditioning into a technology of Last Resort using the clever Solutions of the past and adapting the way we live and work in a hotter world |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Treasure_hunters_unearth_1000yearold_silver_coins_from_Norman_Conquest_BBC_News.txt | a horde of silver pennies from the time of the Norman Conquest has been bought for £ 4.3 million making it the highest value treasure ever found in the UK the 2,000 pennies were uncovered by a group of metal detectorists in Somerset Ellie price caught up with one of the friends who couldn't believe his luck oh my God there's pennies everywhere the staff of detectorists Dreams a horde of coins undiscovered for nearly a thousand years that find 2,584 coins to be precise was back in 2019 today it turns out it's the highest valued treasure ever found in the UK it's been almost 6 years to get to this point so the initial excitement of finding it and the momentum then slowed with Co and it's like winning the lottery and not being able to cash your ticket in a ticket worth £ 4.3 million that money of course split between the seven friends who found it and the land owner I've been able to buy a house now mortgage free so yeah it's changed my life hes like this one have to come through the British museum in the process to decide whether or not they treasure there are on average around 14,000 finds that come through and of those about 1,500 are declared as treasure it contains twice as many coins of Harold II and nearly five times as many William the first coins than have ever previously been found the coins were will end up back in Somerset as will Adam as he plans more treasure hunts every time you dig a hole you don't know what you're going to get before you see it you're always excited even if it's rubbish the edge of it might look like gold |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Space_hairdryer_regenerates_heart_tissue_in_study_BBC_News.txt | new research suggests gentle shock waves could be used to regenerate the heart tissue of patients after bypass surgery an Austrian study found those who receiv received the new treatment were able to walk longer distances a year later and their hearts were able to pump more blood this report from our health correspondent Jim Reed does contain images of open heart surgery 58-year-old Yosef is being wheeled off to theater for a heart bypass operation like ions around the world he lives with heart disease and last year it all came to a head I felt a stab of pain that moved into my left hand then I was short of breath I had this kind of fear of death where you don't know what to do next and what's going to happen but today Yosef will have some unusual treatment as part of his surgery the doctors at this Austrian hospital will apply mild shock waves to his damaged heart to help it regenerate this handheld machine is designed to deliver sound waves setting off a chain reaction inside the tissue and stimulating the growth of new blood vessels Johannes helds is the surgeon about to perform this new treatment okay so what I do now is take the heart the beating heart and we can now start please this is a patient with a severely reduced heart function due to chronically undersupplied heart muscle and with shockwave therapy we can induce the formation of new blood vessel and thereby the heart muscle gets strengthened in a trial of 63 patients those who had the new therapy were able to recover more quickly and their hearts pumped more blood they can walk much much longer than they did before treatment and this for patients means that they are able again to go out for a walk with their dog or to go uh to the supermarket care for their everyday life this really makes a difference uh for their quality of life Marcus had bypass surgery after his heart attack and took part in the clinical trials today I actually don't have any breathing restrictions anymore I can do Sports I can go hiking I can go into the mountains and the condition for me is the way it was before the heart attack shock waves are already used in other parts of medicines such as healing skin wounds the team in Austria plan to carry out more trials and offer their device to hospitals across Europe next year Jim Reed BBC News |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Tesla_investors_back_recordbreaking_Musk_pay_deal_BBC_News.txt | Tesla shareholders have agreed to give CEO Elon Musk the biggest pay deal in corporate history it would award Elon Musk around 300 million shares in Tesla equivalent to 10% of the company that is worth some $ 56 billion hundreds of times more than any boss in America made last year a judge in Delaware blocked the original payout in January saying the decision to award it was deeply flawed but rather than back down Tesla's board put a similar deal to a shareholder a vote at the firm's annual meeting on Thursday they also agreed a plan to move the firm's legal base away from Delaware to Texas Erin Delmore is in New York and was following the meeting welcome to the Tesla shareholder meeting and I I just want to start off by saying hot damn I love you [Applause] guys this shareholder vote puts Elon Musk one step closer to becoming the most generously compensated chief executive in Us corporate history the pay package would award Mr musk rights to a roughly 10% stake in Tesla valued at around 300 times what the top earning executive in the US made last year a judge blocked the original pay deal in January it's unclear whether this fresh shareholder authorization will be accepted by the courts the vote was seen as a test of Mr musk's leadership at the company those in favor said he deserved the 11 figure some for taking the company to new heights as CEO those against voice concerns that his attention is elsewhere Tesla is one of six firms run or owned by Mr musk and the vote comes amid a turbulent year for Tesla whose Shares are down nearly 30% this year as consumers battle High borrowing costs the company faces supply chain strains and competition from China Shares are down nearly 60% from Tesla's 2021 Peak and speak to Dan Ives from wed Bush Securities in New York Dan despite Elon musk's Hut Dam praise it wasn't a unanimous vote and there was the prospect that he could walk at one point I mean that was the worry but ultimately Tesla is M musk is Tesla in the hearts and lungs of the Tesla story investors spoke loudly and it's it's a pop the champagne moment from musk and Tesla's shareholders in terms of now the next chapter who were the people saying that it shouldn't happen who who was on the other side of the argument I mean look that continues to be in my opinion just an illogical argument I mean you're talking about most foued man or human in the world what he's done at Tesla is historical so voting against it talk about the most expensive package took it from 100 billion to a trillion and I think those that were voting against now they go into into those hibernation mode into those barricades prospects now for their autonomous cars to accelerate their full self-driving cars and the robot and the Cyber truck what's what's next for Tesla after this with this boost look this is a big step and but I think ultimately autonomous that's the golden Vision I mean how you get to one two trillion in market cap it's autonomous it's full self-driving August 8th they a robo taxi day that would be significant but musk is the pilot on the plane and in my opinion one of the most disruptive companies in the world this was a voter confidence and I think there were a lot of White Knuckles going in after what a Cinderella ride for Tesla has definitely been a nightmare the last c nine months Dan you're very bullish and Tesla are on a rooll even their split share is allowing you know smaller investors to join in at the moment but just give us the scenario where it it's it's less of a bull run or more of a bare run what what happens to go wrong here look under that it's just the China Market continues to be a massive headwind competition's increasing across the board full self-driving doesn't happen in my opinion it's a pound the table moment I think this is right now the beginning stages of just his next Bull Run I view Tessa where I view met 18 months ago all right Dan Ives thank you very much thanks |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Spain_sparks_fears_of_energy_industry_crisis_as_renewable_supply_exceeds_demand_BBC_News.txt | now to Spain which has become one of Europe's Prime renewable energy hotspots with a sharp increase in the installation of solar and wind generators over the last few years however despite the successful move towards green energy sources electricity consumption has been dropping which has triggered concern this could lead to a crisis in the industry guy hedco has more from Spain on the sun soaked Plains of central Spain solar Farms are a common site a boom in renewable energy over the last half decade has made the country one of Europe's top generators of green electricity renewable sources represented half of the country's total electricity generation last year Spain aims to ensure they cover more than 80% of its electricity needs by 2030 this boom started practically in parallel with the change of government the Socialist Party from the first moment give this confidence to the market at the same time they introduce ambitious targets for 2030 the Spanish economy is growing faster than those of Europe's other main players that should mean an increase in electricity demand and yet consumption of electricity in Spain last year was at its lowest since 2003 this is partly because of Energy Efficiency measures as well as an EU drive to cut energy use in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine also the expansion of renewable generation in homes and businesses has further cut dependence on the National Grid it can be worrisome for generators especially when this decrease in in demand along with a high increase in Renewables means that power prices decrease quite a bit H which is something that of of course they they need to take into account in in their project the concern is that these low energy prices while good for consumers could deter investment one way of preventing this imbalance is to move further away from traditional fuels despite Spain's relative success in making the green transition much of the economy still depends on fossil fuels becoming more reliant on electricity the so-called electrification of the economy is seen as a way of securing cleaner energy but also of increasing the demand for the generation of electricity the government Target is for a third of the Spanish economy to be electrified in the next 5 years of course there are solutions for these one is more electrification but on the other side we need to engage more people and more Industries in demand side management to make sure that the flexibility needed in the system is out there so to make um generation and demand matching better during the day during the night as Spain pushes on with its transition to a green economy one of its biggest challenges is to ensure that demand for electricity keeps up with what is a plentiful Supply guy had meico BBC News Spain |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | AI_frenzy_makes_Nvidia_the_worlds_most_valuable_company_BBC_News.txt | Nvidia has overtaken Microsoft and Apple to become the world's most valuable company the chipmaker share price climbed to an all-time high on Tuesday the stock ended the trading day at nearly $136 that's Up 3 and a half% in viia of course makes computer chips needed for artificial intelligence software and demand for its products has boosted its sales and profits over the last few years many investors believe its earnings can grow even more which has caused its share price to sore though some have questioned its Skyhigh valuation our business reporter Sana toari has more here's a whopping number for you 591 th000 per. that's how much Nvidia stock has increased in value since it went public in the early 2000s and now the chip company has surged its way all the top all the way to the top of the stock market D3 thring another tech heavyweight Microsoft to become the world's most valuable Company by market Capital capitalization rather and this just weeks after Nvidia was in third place it overtook iPhone maker Apple last week now much of this growth has happened this year alone taking the company from a 1 trillion company to a $3 trillion company within a ma matter of months and lifting US Stock markets to record highs in the process the stunning surge is all down to the optimism around emerging AI technology and the demand for high-end processors the type of kit that Nvidia makes chips for and that support artificial intelligence technology all the tech Giants Microsoft meta and Google owner alphabet are all competing to build out their AI Computing capabilities and add the technology to their products and services now it does seem that Nvidia is Unstoppable but some people are concerned about the Skyhigh value of the company and also they fear that the demand for AI technology and the spending around it might Wan in the future so they are cautious even though there is this very high valuation so that was Sana toari there let's talk a little bit more about and what it all means Tom Stevenson is the investment director at Fidelity and uh he's come back onto the program uh with us hello there Tom morning there there are concerns aren't there I mean some people saying that this compares to what we saw with the do bubble is is that a fair comparison uh to an extent it is a fair comparison I mean the scale of uh increase in the value of Nvidia uh is really something that we haven't seen for 25 years in the stock market just just a bit of context the S&P 500 is up 15% uh so far this year a third of that is accounted for by just this one company and another bit of context two years ago Nvidia was worth $300 billion in the stock market it's now worth 11 times as much now it's pretty remarkable for any company to grow 11-fold in two years but when the starting point is already a very big company uh it's an even more remarkable story so is it Justified I think to an extent it is Justified nvidia's revenues and its earnings are growing very fast back in February we heard revenues were up 260% then in may we had exactly the same growth rate so a remarkable growth story in earnings on the back of this excitement about uh Ai and to an extent I think that does justify the growth in the value of uh Nvidia this has also been described as something of a a chip race who's in running who are the competitors and how are they doing I mean are they playing catchup with all of this well they are playing catchup I mean uh Invidia really dominates uh this Market but uh it's unlikely that it's going to remain out in front uh in definitely because uh all the other big uh chip makers the intels the amds they're all producing uh chips as well so there will be a lot of competition uh in this space and I think you know if there is a question mark about uh nvidia's valuation uh which you know is standard about 40 times earnings that's a pretty Punchy rating for for any company I think if there is a question mark it is about the extent to which it can remain out in front uh for the foreseeable future Tom I wonder if you can explain something to me is it that their chips are particularly good at what they do or is it that they just positioned themselves to be in the right place at the right time well well you know what I think it's it's a bit of both uh I mean Nvidia has ridden the hardware waves uh in the 30 years that it's been in existence it started out as a as a gaming chip uh company its chips were in in the uh the Xboxes and the PlayStations and all of those but really it's adapted with the times and it saw this opportunity in in AI processing um and it has ridden that really well so yes its chips are very good but it's also been in the right place at the right time and what can you tell us about uh Jensen Wang who is this 61y old who's done incredibly well for himself yeah so he was the co-founder of um Nvidia uh 31 uh years ago and uh you know he has done a remarkable job he's been the chief executive uh throughout that throughout that period and he owns 3% of Nvidia he is now an extremely wealthy man his own personal wealth now worth over hundred billion dollar and with just 3% of the company my goodness okay uh Tom Stevenson thank you very much indeed for that thank you |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Did_launching_Black_Ops_6_on_Game_Pass_work_for_Call_of_Duty_BBC_News.txt | we've seen uh that there is a new Avenue of players on the game pass to come in the key is can they are are they having fun right you know where the friction points and that's kind of what we're analyzing through multiplayer and zombies the first uh Call of Duty on Game Pass a lot of Xbox people were very happy as a PlayStation player I wasn't as happy cuz I had to pay a lot more money for it I guess in the in the short term um how well has that gone because well just use myself for example I saw people on Xbox having a great time and then I paid the full whack for it is that is that translated into sales or what's your analysis of of that yeah it's a good question because we also didn't know how Game Pass was going to go uh you know I'm a simple Dev I don't handle all the money and all that sort of stuff there's there's way people smarter until on the business side of that but I will tell you from my experience and working right on the the dev side and development side is it goes back to kind of what I was saying is we want as many fans old and new to play and I think Game Pass what we've seen is allowed people that might have been on the fence might have had some of that friction might have been like I haven't played in a while to actually come back and try the game and that's great because we feel like if you come in play you're going to stay because it's so much fun and there's so much for you to do so we've seen uh that there is a new Avenue of players on the game pass to come in the key is can they are they having fun right you know where the friction points and that's kind of what we're analyzing through multiplayer and zombies uh you know as people are playing those and being social is are where are they bouncing off where are they not bouncing off but uh it's really awesome to be able to have that another Avenue to really get the hands in the games of players overall but we knew we had something special and getting in the players hands and driving that momentum from next to Beta to Now launch is been really really exciting and the way they're responding across the campaign multiplayer and zombies is uh it's absolutely awesome it really energizes the team that's already sort of hard at work on the postlaunch stuff so now it's like yeah okay let's keep going right like we know what we're doing they're loving it let's go but I is it sometimes tense when you hit that release button because the Call of Duty Community and wiser Community can be quite judgmental of some of the releases can't they oh yeah 100% I think there's always I don't to say hesitation but uh you never really know right in that sense and we do as much to understand how players are going to really receive it we do like really big user study test where we bring people in we'll bring in Pros we play it every single day and so you have a sense of how it's going to land and coming out of the beta we had a sense of it so you have all these different data points but to your point you really never know when it's in the hands of millions of players how it's going to be received and again we have a such an awesome team that's analyzing this stuff and watching it that uh again it's come out and it's been really positive obviously there's things that we can improve and and we've got our finger you know on the pulse of the community so that we can hear those things and analyze them and really attack and fix them in the right ways for the community at the right times and a lot of people are saying it's sort of a return to a you being with quity for a very uh long time sorry to say that it's been many a year but like it's a sort of return to the old Call of Duty you know how do you feel about that notion yeah I think I think how that comes across right is I think every Call of Duty has its own set of challenges right you know uh with what it's trying to do and I think what this game shows is we've put a lot of intention and Care into everything no stone what was left unturned and that was key for us was really just analyzing every part of the flow the UI the experience the presentation right the sound and what's really nice is to see that validation is that when you take the time and really look at it all and then all those parts come as little ingredients to build the whole thing that it really feels robust and it feels how we want to land and I think players are responding really well that was wow you know you guys have taken so much care and intention on things that we didn't even think about or they do notice or they haven't noticed yet and again that I think has really been the key for us because we've spent a lot of time iterating across a lot of features and the visuals and everything and it's Landing really really well which is really awesome cuz I think from playing it now I've been playing cards I don't want to say the first one I played actually but a very long time it's all right um it's sort of you know the boys chat from years ago said let's have a g zombies I was playing nuke town today you've kind of made your own spin on it again for this iteration but also kept those classic features that everyone loves right yeah absolutely new town was one where new Town's super special to fans but we saw this opportunity is we've always kind of reinvented it and we're gotten to the point now where Black Ops and Call of Duty has been around so long to your point I've been working on it for 16 years and really the challenge for us is how do you bring along the fans that love Call of Duty but how do you create an environment where you can welcome new fans in and we thought this was the perfect opportunity to kind of in a way almost reset back to the original to reintroduce that into players but in stunning HD sort of visual quality right using the photogrammetry and all these different techniques that we've really matured and developed over the years was let's deliver that classic iconic feel and look to the core fans and again hopefully we can bring in and make some New nuk Town fans it is absolutely stunning down to the butterflies to the double rainbow right to the sneaky RCXD path like everything is there uh and it plays like a dream and it looks beautiful I just wish you could make my kill death ratio a bit better you know we're working on that but we haven't cracked it just yet I just need to get better um now I just want to talk quickly about there's this Arachnophobia mode or setting um it's been in a few games now over a few years so I'm not going to say it's a new thing but is that something as developers you're looking at you know including in every game you do and has it actually made a difference to Gamers because a lot of the a lot of people online like oh what is this Arachnophobia stuff but are there genuinely genuinely people who have come to you saying you know thank you for getting rid of the spiders yeah absolutely I I you know I've never been asked that and I love that you brought it up because I think it touches on sort of a bigger subject in a sense is for this game and it goes back to that key word I'm going to beat the drum of intentionality is and accessibility is the teams absolutely poured their heart into making sure this game can be accessible to as many players as possible as game developers we want everyone to play the game because it's so much fun and there's a world and there's characters and really it's how do you remove the friction from some players playing that the Arachnophobia you know toggle allowed some players that may not have jumped into zombies before to come in and be zombie fans but there's so many other options that again under the surfaces we've got the new Omni movement but we've created the intelligent movement system there's so many other little divar and toggles within options that we want players to feel like they can come in and craft how they want to experience it within reason and that was really important because to to kind of what you're saying and the point is reducing that friction we want everyone to come in and have a good time and it doesn't break the story it doesn't break the mode by having that so it was a really cool thing that the team came up with and implemented so that again more people can have fun cuz that's the goal of Call of Duty come in and have fun you know with your friends and is that something that's here to stay that Arachnophobia mode in in future iterations do you think I I hope so I think you know we work on our you know sort of Call of Duty Black Ops World uh and we're hard oppressed on sort of now that we're through launch is post launch so you know we're going to continue to support that stuff and hopefully becomes a state uh you know in future endeavors and one really really quick question cuz Lou is telling me I need to go Call of Duty World at Wars all over my Tik Tok uh social media are you looking at remastering it or is that not in the PIP line you know uh not at the moment I think what we tried to do and and I think maybe it's popping up no because we did such an awesome job on the prestige stuff if you've seen some of the prestige rewards the first prestige reward is all about World at War and we've got some awesome some skins and other sort of nods back to that and uh it's kind of what started zombies at it all and I think if you're a zombies fan then you should come back and definitely if you've lapsed and played the latest zombies it's absolutely Banger good plug for the new uh Call of Duty thank you so much for joining us and chatting I really appreciate it as a lifelong Cod fan as well so yeah awesome thanks for having me cool thank you so much |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | UK_submarine_Boaty_McBoatface_returns_to_shore_after_deep_ocean_expedition_BBC_News.txt | boy mcboat face Britain's most famous robot submarine has returned to shore after 2 months exploring the deep ocean scientists hope the data gathered by the craft will help us learn more about the pace of climate change our climate and science reporter Georgina Renard has more with only birds for company boating at boat face is on the longest journey of its life from Chile Iceland to the shores of Scotland but as it Dives thousands of Meers is someone is keeping an eyee on this little robot we can be at home having a cup of tea on the internet and we can send it a message via satellite while it's out 300 miles to seea and tell it what to do from Mission Control at the national oceanography Center in Southampton Rob Templeton and team track boties every move the robots are their pride and joy they look after a fleet of six all with the same name voted for by the public they're built to go where humans can't the advantage of vot is really the endurance and the ability to carry lots of sensors and stay out at sea for 50 days at a time can go and extend the reach of the scientists we've sent alr1 underneath the ice sheet about 40 km where you couldn't go with a ship and it's here inside the machine's bellies where the team install instruments turning boy into a mobile underwater lab those robots are part of a huge British Science Project to understand this fighter Plankton this sample came from the water down there and it's teaming with microscopic life scientists need to understand marine life better to predict climate change the robots can do some of the work but to find out the rest scientists need to go to seea themselves Steph Henson invited us aboard the James Cook as it prepared to sail to Iceland scientists will live and work on here for weeks for a project called biocarbon This is a working vessel there's no swimming pool there's no like bar and entertainment and all that kind of thing this Expedition wants to uncover what happens when animals eat fighter Plankton creating something called Marine snow this is actually sediment taken from close to the bottom of the ocean in a sediment trap this contains a lot of carbon and believe it or not it's this falling onto the seaf Flor as Marine snow that keeps our atmospheric carbon dioxide levels about 50% lower than they would otherwise be it's made up of tiny little particles of organic carbon and quite a lot of uh poo actually deep in the ocean that Marine snow is keeping our planet cooler but life here is still [Music] mysterious understanding it should help scientists make more accurate predictions about our warming world and now they've got a head start approaching Scotland after 55 days at Sea V comes home with plenty of secret to reveal about the ocean deths Georgina ranard BBC News Southampton and Georgina told me more about what's next for the mission turns out he was out there it was out there doing all this amazing science he was turned into a mobile science lab diving down to 6,000 Metter of depth and constantly collecting the scientific data uh the bo is back now the engineers told me this morning it's a bit slimy um they're having to wash out parts of the ocean from the the body of the submarine but what they're doing is downloading all of that scientific data that bti was collecting for those two months at Sea because what scientists really want to understand the scientists at Southampton at the national oceanography Center is just how the oceans are storing carbon how this Marine snow these particles that sink down to the depth of the ocean what they're doing in order what they're doing in capturing carbon and keeping our planet cooler the first part of the mission is over some scientists went to see in Iceland alongside boy but they were should be going again in Autumn and they want to compare the results they collected in the spring in this very productive part of the ocean in Iceland to what's happening in Winter and they're doing that in order to capture this the marine life this carbon cycle and once they've got the information which which will take months together and analyze they will feed that back into climate models and that should help us better predict the pace of climate change and also they say make better decisions about how our planet is going to warm and how we might be able to protect the oceans stop warming temperatures affecting the oceans so that we can uh figure out the best way to move forward with this growing problem |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | First_expedition_to_Titanic_wreck_since_Titan_sub_disaster_BBC_News.txt | now let's tell you about the Titan submersible disaster which you'll remember back in June of last year gripped the world for several days with everybody hoping that the five people on board would return to the surface safe and sound while knocking sounds were heard that were thought to be possibly coming from the Ocean Gate sub but hopes were then Dash when Titan's wreckage was eventually found Rory golden was on the mother ship at the surface at the time and our science editor Rebecca Morel has been speaking to him before he set sail on the first expedition to the wreck of the Titanic since the submersible disaster last year a service held at Sea above the wreck of the Titanic to remember the 1500 lives lost in the 1912 Maritime disaster but also those who died on board the Titan submersible in June last year the sub was attempting to visit the wreck when contact was lost Rory golden was on the surface ship anxiously waiting when the sub was overdue we weren't unduly concerned because Communications break down a lot in the ocean and but when the alarm was finally raised that's when we realized that there was some serious issues a major search and rescue operation was launched but a few days in banging sounds were detected underwater Raising Hope these were coming from the missing sub it wasn't the case Titan had imploded just hours into its dive we lived in false hope for 4 days you know and the one redeeming thing that we can say is that at least we know they didn't suffer because we had this image in our heads of them being down there running out of oxygen in the freezing cold getting terribly frightened and scared that was actually quite more frightening than than the fact that we didn't know that they had died instantly those who perished were British Explorer HH Harding the British Pakistani businessman shazard Darwood and his son sulliman French diver pH NJ and stockum Rush the CEO of Ocean Gate who owned the sub Rory was a close friend of pH n i was one of the last to see him he left the ship in great spirits and great form and he was happy out he was going to somewhere that he wanted to be a plaque is being laid to honor pH Rory had also visited the Titanic on the Titan sub I made a dive two years ago um when I was on the Ocean Gate Expeditions and uh I'm here you know and as are as are many others that Titan had made 15 Dives to the Titanic up to that point so it had worked what do you think now about going in the Z do you wish you hadn't or do you no I don't wish that at all it wasn't my time life is precious and I got a second chance cuz you never know when your time is going to come and that certainly brought that home to all of us when the record of Titan was finally found Rory and those waiting on the ship knew all hope was gone we all cried when the remains profound of the sub you know and a special bond has been formed between all of us on all those who were on the ship that that week you know and that's a bond that will always be there industry experts had raised many questions about the safety of the sub and an investigation is still ongoing it's likely to call for changes to ensure such a tragedy doesn't happen again Rebecca Morel BBC news Providence Rhode Island |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Russia_and_Iran_use_AI_to_target_US_election_BBC_News.txt | you are watching the context with me Christian Fraser it is time for our regular Thursday feature AI [Music] decoded welcome to the program freely available largely unregulated the creative tools of generative AI now amplifying the threat of disinformation how do we tackle it what can we trust and how are our enemies using it to undermine our elections and our freedoms this week Governor Gavin Nome signed a bill in California that makes it illegal to create and published deep fakes related to the upcoming election and from next year the social media Giants will be required to identify and remove any deceptive material it is the first state in the nation to pass such legislation is it the new Benchmark some of this stuff obviously fake some of it deigned to poke fun but look how these AI memes of cats and Ducks powered the pet eating Rumor Mill in America with dangerous consequences it is a problem too in China how does the Communist Party retain social order in a world where the message can be manipulated Beijing is pushing for all the AI to be watermarked and he's putting the onus on the creators and from politics to branding there is no briger brand than Taylor Swift hijacked by the former president who shared fake images of her fans endorsing him it affects us all with me as ever in the studio our regular commentators and AI presenters Stephanie ha is here and from Washington our good friend Miles Taylor who worked in National Security advising the former Trump Administration we'll talk to them both in a second but before we do that we're going to show you a short film one of the many false claims that has appeared online in recent months was a story that Cara Harris had been involved in a hit and run accident in 2011 that story was created by a Russian troll farm and was one of the many inflammatory stories Microsoft intercepted the threat analysis unit that does their work in New York is at the very Forefront in defending all our elections our AI correspondent March schlack has been to see it Time Square New York City an unlikely location for a secure facility which monitors attempts by Foreign governments to destabilize democracy it is however home to mtag the Microsoft threat analysis Center its job is to detect assess and disrupt cyber enabled influence threats to democracies worldwide the work that's carried out here is extremely sensitive we the very first people that have been permitted to film inside it's also the first time Russian Iranian and Chinese attempts to influence the US election have all been detected at once all three are in play and this is the first cycle where we've had all three that we can definitely point to individuals from this organization serve on a special presidential Committee in the Kremlin advis reports compiled by these analysts advise governments like the UK and us as well as private companies on digital threats this team has noticed that the dramatic nature of the US election is complicating attempts at outside interference the biggest impact of the switch of president uh Biden for vice president Harris has been it's really thrown the Russians so far off their game they really focused on Biden as somebody they needed to remove from office to get what they wanted in Ukraine Russian efforts have now pivoted to undermining the Harris Waltz campaign via a series of fake videos designed to provoke controversy these analysts were instrumental in detecting Iranian election influence activity via a series of bogus websites the FBI is now investigating this as well as Iranian hacking of the Trump campaign we found that in the source code for these websit they were doing was using AI to rewrite content from a real place and using that for the bulk of their website and then occasionally they would write real articles um when it was a very specific political point they were trying to make the third major player in this election interference is China using fake social media accounts to provoke a reaction in the US public experts are unconvinced these campaigns affect which way people actually vote but they worry they are successful in increasing hostility on social media Mark chisl BBC News yeah that gives you an idea of just how quick this is advancing Stephanie do you do you think we're almost at a point as the technology improves the creative technology that we're going to be very close very soon to not knowing the difference between fact and fiction it's getting harder and harder to detect a lot of the deep fake imagery audio is particularly very difficult to detect it's a lot easier to fake so yes I think we're right now possibly in the last us election where it's kind of easy to see when you're being manipulated and the the trick really is do you want to believe it because what this is all about is really hijacking your emotions and watermarks because that is often the the goto solution to this why would that not be the the answer to all the ills of generated generative AI I still wonder if there would be ways of manipulating even that but it's probably a pretty good start it's just that thing you always feel like you're playing whack-a-mole with these Technologies you know you do one thing and then it advances and you have to catch up again so we would probably start with watermarks and then there would be an advance and a kickback and we'd have to react to that and so on and so forth I think it's also about preparing citizens though to have the critical media skills that we all need to be able to construct narratives look at who is giving us information and just does it check with reality miles um I was saying to Stephanie this is a good step forward what's happened in California this week you've got the governor there putting the onus on the social media companies and on the creative companies to do something about this and particularly around the election and then Stephanie said to me well okay American companies regulated by American legislators why wouldn't they just go to China look I mean I think that's one of the concerns always when it comes to Tech regulation and and Christian you remember the debate well over encryption in the United States there was the San Bernardino terrorist attack uh you know almost 10 years ago now where the FBI could not get into the shooter's phone and it led to a big debate in the United States about these encrypted messaging apps like Telegram and signal and whether it should be legislated that those were forbidden in the United States opponents of those laws though said well sure you can outlaw them here but someone overseas is going to create the same apps and it's going to be really difficult to prevent people from using a version of it overseas we Face the same problem here with regulations around deep fake deep fakes and AI it's only as far as us legislation and law enforcement can reach that those types of things can be enforced so there is a big challenge here but also there's a domestic challenge about the first First Amendment implications and Free Speech implications and of course Governor nome's signing of that law has opened up that debate as well so there will be a lot of contention the next few years about how to get this right from a legislative and Regulatory standpoint the other thing that occurs to me and we talk about protecting Children online all the time on this program one of the issues the companies always come up against is finding the material and getting rid of it if you are having to find very good deep fake material that process becomes much more difficult doesn't it and how do we find a metric to to hold the social media companies and the online companies to task well I think Stephanie said something really important here which was the game of whack-a-mole you're playing if you think that watermarking you know basically sticking a putting a sticker on this content and saying this is fake if you think that's a solution it's going to be really hard to keep up a lot of the experts I talk to in AI say that maybe that a short-term solution but in the longer term you have to rearchitecturing at this place at this time and that can't be changed right it's tied to a public Ledger uh not that people can see your photos publicly but that's a cryptographic signature that can't be broken eventually all of our Tech will be signed with that Providence that says I am real and you'll know if it's not real because it won't have that point of creation certification but it's years before we're there and in the meantime a lot of difficult conversations are going to be had it's almost a supply chain approach or even a criminal approach when you have a chain of evidence and you have to be able to follow it all the way through and you can't tamper with it or when we had mad C disease here in the United Kingdom many years ago people suddenly wanted to know when they were going grocery shopping they wanted to buy some beef what farm did it come from and suddenly people realized they needed traceability all the way through the food chain so I'm wondering if there's a parallel there to help people understand all of the things that you're creating can have that encoded so you would always be able to know it's like following through like a painting when is a painting sold it might go through 50 different hands if it's 400 years old you know before it finally ends up in the Met um where did it come from was it illegally bought you know Etc you you should be able to follow data through in the same way let's bring in someone uh who is working in in this field here in at the studio with us is Dr Christian SCH deit uh he is a senior research associate in machine learning at the University of Oxford he and his team are researching how to identify some of these deep fakes using AI welcome to the program um we were just talking about how quickly things are advancing to the point where to the naked eye it's becoming more difficult certainly with imagery what sort of Technology are you developing that makes that easier yes so Christian um I really like this discussion um I think um the solution to our problems of establishing Provence um of content um will involve both a lot of research but also wider adoption of existing Technologies so in terms of research I think the clip really brought home you know that um AI is being used to amplify the misinformation problem so let's use AI to solve it so some of the research that I do is about using AI to detect misinformation so you're using the AI to track down the Deep fake AI so basically yes so so what I did the summer spending um you know doing some research doing some research with BBC verify um and University of Oxford was um just you know when you have a picture for example um explain whether it is a deep fake or not let's bring one up I've got one um that I think you've looked at and people will be familiar with this it's it's the Pope in a puffer jacket which actually did get into some uh news streams around the time that this photo came out so although we're joking it did actually deceive quite a lot of people show me what you did with this yeah so exactly so you can see um the pope and the puffer jacket obviously from the context it's quite clear it's a deep fake right um and it's probably for entertainment purposes but a human expert for example BBC verify could look at this picture and could um find the details that are a bit off for example the spectacle seem to be fused into the cheeks or the crucifix doesn't quite attach to the chain right and so the question is um you see it's very important to have these explanations as well not just like a number of like this is 0.7% or 0.7 deep fake or not but you need to have an explanation for why it is a deep fake so we now have ai tools that can create these explanations as well right um what something that you put on the desktop something that you could run a photograph through yeah potentially yes okay um but these tools still have a lot of failure cases and this is where we need more research okay um yeah where do they fail and why famously it's things like they can't get fingers right so you might get six fingers on a hand yes so this is a classic on videos for example right like you have some sort of temporal inconsistency so an object disappear suddenly for example right um but the problem is that these tools are trained on a lot of data and they're learning so-called features patterns right that help them to make these decisions now it can happen that sometimes these patterns are present in some images that are too far away from what it has seen during getting too technical on that can you explain that to people is it is it a pixel difference is it is it in the way I mean it's not in the way the image looks is it they're looking the the AI presumably is looking deeper into the image than that yes so the AI is actually taking in an image and then it is um projecting this into some very high dimensional space um and within this High dimensional space um basically um um you then do like a dimensionality reduction into a lower space and then in this lower space um what you can do is um you can um uh form these features okay and then if you have an image that it hasn't seen during training then these features um might not generalize to that image and then like you can have issues where um an um evokes some Impressions that that are that are wrong right so you see some Reflections or something and actually they are not deep fake but the Stephanie Stephanie mentions the photographs that they they struggle with I've got one here this is lonel Messi kissing the World Cup much to my shine but um but the but the um this one is real but the machine thought it was fake why yes so um so the machine might think so just because it maybe hasn't seen an image that's close enough to this picture in its training set right and as we always get new images in for example winning the World Cup Messi winning the World Cup was a new occasion um um it might think that for example some Reflections and the trophy um or the way Messi um holds his hand um or maybe the skin tone um aren't natural and the problem is we then get these explanations and these explanations can be very very convincing um but they're nevertheless wrong miles do you like this idea of AI tracking AI deep fakes I don't just like it Christian I love it we've got to use AI against AI to protect ourselves it's actually going to be our best asset and one of the things that's interesting that's happening right now is we always focus on who's developing the technology that could be used for bad but uh my fellow oxonian there on Set uh and and a lot of folks around the world are now investing time and resources into building companies on deep fake detection I mean there are companies in the United States like true pick and reality Defender that are exciting they're venture-backed a lot of people want to go work for them and what do those companies do they focus solely on trying to prove what is and isn't real and one of the things that's just become possible really only in the past few months is some of these Technologies are leveraging context awareness of the world to determine whether something's fake or real so these models aren't just looking at the image and saying it looks manipulated the models can also say well the Pope the past couple weeks has been on vacation in Italy there's no way this photo was just taken and he was wearing a puffer jacket and they can give you a confidence score and that's exciting are you incorporating that in your in your abely so this is incorporating wider context on where the content is found and when it is found and who is depicted so sort of semantic information absolutely yes it strikes me that the social media companies and the online companies have a vested interest in this because if you can't tell fact from fiction you get what's called a liar's dividend right that that actually you become a disruptor you you you poison the we so much that actually No One Believes anything and that's not good for a social media model that makes their money from from spreading news and and informing people when it just raises the question of what social media is for right so it was quite exciting at first when it was this new thing and you could stay in touch with your friends and then a lot of people journalists would use certain tools to keep up with the news and get breaking news fast but once that starts feeling like actually they're just reading your data or you're looking for news to get it fast but it's not actually reliable and it's being flooded information ecosystems being flooded all the time eventually you might just turn off and that's without even going into the mental health implications of being on these sites right which we know are really harmful for people so I wonder sometimes if we might be having lived through the Golden Age of social media and we're now entering this new phase and if it isn't cleaned up people could just end up leaving it or only going to the way that you would read the national Inquirer in the United States to read about aliens or something are the big developers interested in what you're doing yes absolutely so so the summer my collaboration was with a big tech company in fact um so there is a lot of interest in these Solutions actually the interest goes even further so what we can do now we can proactively try to look for deep fakes and disinformation in social media platforms right using autonomous agents so I think this is where things are going and then we can establish this situational Awareness on a sort of global scale H which miles also I've got to also ask you is this the right environment to be developing the right country do you get the support for stuff like this I think so yes yeah yeah generally yes I think UK is a great place well that's encouraging isn't it uh on that note um one of the problems here is not so much the Deep fake news as the disinformation that is spread by conspiracy theories who are creating material they believe to be true what if we could bring the conspiracy theorist from the Shadows and back to the light coming after the break we'll hear about the AI chatbot that is deprogramming the people who have disappeared down the rabbit holes we'll be right back stay with us welcome back the moonlandings that never happened the covid microchip that was injected into your arm the pizza pedophile ring in Washington conspiracy theories abound often with dangerous consequences many have tried reasoning with the conspiracy theorists but to no avail how do you talk to someone so convinced of what they believe who is equally suspicious of why you would even be challenging those beliefs well researchers have set about creating a chatbot to do just that it draws on a vast array of information to converse with these people using bespoke fact-based arguments and the debunk bot as it's known is proving remarkably successful joining us on Zoom is the lead lead researcher Dr Thomas Costello he's the associate professor in Psychology at the University of Washington you're very welcome to the program tell us what the demystified chatbot does yeah sure thanks I'm happy to be here so the the idea is that studying conspiracy theorists and trying to debunk them has been pretty hard until now because there are so many different conspiracy theories out there in the world and you need all of all of this like that you need to look across this whole Corpus of information uh comprehensively to debunk all of them and study them in a systematic way and large language models these AI tools are perfect for doing for doing just that um so so we ran an experiment where we had people come in and uh describe a conspiracy theory that they believed in and felt strongly about uh the AI summarized it for them and they rated it and then they entered into a conversation with this debunk bot uh where so it was given exactly what they believed and and programmed set up to to persuade them away from The Conspiracy Theory using facts and evidence what we found at the end of this about 8 minute conversation this back and forth was that people uh conspiracy theorists reduced their their beliefs in their chosen conspiracy by about 20% on average and actually one in four people came out the under the other end of that conversation actively uncertain towards their conspiracy so they were newly skeptical and and so is he the basis that they don't know where to go to get this information and they are suspicious of anybody that might have the answers to the things that concern them yeah I mean that that could be part of it I I think really it's just uh being provided with facts and information that's tailored to exactly what they and how do you how do you deploy it because I don't I don't I can't imagine that conspiracy theorists are wandering around saying disprove the conspiracy theory that I believe to be true yeah no I mean that's a great question I think it's one that uh like I'd be curious to hear others answers about too in the in the studies we PID people to come and do it um that said I'm optimistic about uh you know the truth motivations of human beings in general I think people want to know what's true and so if there's a tool that that they trust to do that then then all the better yeah miles can you see a purpose for this in America yeah I mean I can certainly see this principle being incorporated into a lot of technology I mean a lot of us already every day use things like chat GPT and I'll actually give you an example Christian of chat GPT disproving something for me so there's a famous uh Winston Churchill quote a lie gets halfway around the world before the truth can get its pants on no quote better describes the conversation we're having as how fast this disinformation spreads well guess what I put that into chat GPT before I did a presentation on this subject and said hold on a second that's actually not a quote from Winston Church Hill it's a quote from jonath Jonathan Swift in the 1700s so AI helped me disprove that misinformation that's been around for years so yes I think this is important and it should be integrated into these Technologies and Christian is this where the Two Worlds Collide because presumably there are conspiracy theorists who believe something so fervently that they put out AI generated material as well so if you can deal if you can deal with the conspiracy theory maybe you can stop the prevalence of of fake material yeah potentially um I must say though that um so this study was done in the board atory condition so it will be very interesting to see whether these results also translate into the real world um and then also the um large language models that were used they were safety fine-tuned um so that means you know they were sort of programmed to say the truth and so on um and so if that safety fine-tuning is not there you know um they could be used for something we call Interactive disinformation so they could be used to convince people of things that are not true so that's the big risk that see here and Thomas I've got a question for you I'm curious just about how much having good information actually changes people's mind and the example I would give is smoking we've known for decades smoking is bad for you everybody agrees we've got all the data to back it up we put labels on it really clearly and yet people still smoke and when you talk to a smoker and try to persuade them to give it up because you care about them they will sometimes really entrench in it's really hard to break not just because it's addictive but but because they maybe want to smoke so I see this parallel perhaps with conspiracy theories in terms of we have beliefs and information is not always enough to change it it's not just about facts it's about something else yeah yeah that's a great point I mean I think that the case of smoking or or drug other kinds of drug use um we we know that it's bad for us when we start doing it um they're fundamentally not about information whereas whereas beliefs and particularly conspiracy beliefs are are often descriptive they're accounts of what went on in the world that uh you know Al-Qaeda didn't uh put together the 911 terrorist attacks it was the government and and so dealing with claims about the world um is something that I think is conducive to informational persuasion in a way that that maybe uh like uh nicotine use is not yeah I mean M we we focus so much on the legislating it's it's the the the questions I always ask you how far behind a congress on that what a state house is doing about AI legis ation but but what we've shown tonight is actually that it's the industry itself that is that is forcing the change maybe it's not legislation because legislation is always one step behind well well Christian I'm going to give you an embarrassing admission that proves that point so I was at dinner last night with one of the creators of chat GPT gpt3 one of the earlier versions she worked for Sam Alman we were talking about the technology and I complained to her I said you know I was teaching a course at University of Pennsylvania and I got lazy and I was supposed to come up with a list of 25 books on a subject for my students I said I'm going to look it up on GPT what are the best 25 books produced it emailed it out well guess what my students emailed me and said all of those books are fake gpt3 came up with a bunch of fake books and I said this to her and she said well yeah and that was bad and it gave chat gbt a bad reputation in your mind and that's why we kept improving the models is we don't want to serve you up false content because you won't want to work with this product and so that may not be heartening to everyone but certainly those industry improvements move a lot faster than legislation because there's a business imperative to get it right yeah that indeed is the vested interest that I see uh for a lot of the online companies and and of course the AI companies that are developing this stuff uh we're out of time uh it flies by doesn't it just to remind you that all these episodes are on the AI decoded playlist on YouTube some good ones on there as well so have a look at those uh thank you to Dr schro Dr Costello miles and of course to Stephanie let's do it again same time next week thanks for watching |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Why_are_countries_around_the_world_experiencing_excessive_heat_BBC_News.txt | welcome to the program we're going to start with the extreme weather that's being experienced across four continents a sign that climate change May again help push temperatures beyond the record-breaking Heat last summer in Saudi Arabia there are reports that more than a thousand people have died pilgrims at the annual Harge Festival killed by the stifling heat we'll have more on that in just a moment in India there have been several deaths in the capital Delhi temperatures were reaching more than 50° C in Europe temperatur have also risen with Greece experiencing its earliest ever summer heat wave and in the United States there are wildfires on one Coast made worse with high temperatures and a tropical storm brewing on the other well scientists from the world weather attribution have released a report today saying human induced climate change made recent extreme heat in the US Southwest Mexico and Central America around 35 times more likely in their new report scientists said such a heat wave was now four times more likely than it was in the year 2000 driven by Planet warming emissions let's speak to ruping head of urban attribution at the Red Cross red cresant climate Center her team helped develop the report thank you for coming on the program absolutely so just talk us through the headlines here yeah so um the Heatwave that we saw in Central and uh Central America and North America um is just evidence of the climate change that we're seeing around the world um in our attribution study we found that climate change made the the maximum temp temperatures 35 times more likely and the nighttime temperatures up to 200 times more likely and that's really significant because it's really the nighttime temperatures when your body is supposed to rest and recover that has impacts on human health and that's what's actually causing a lot of these heat related deaths and just remind us of the mechanism here what is happening in what is heating what to lead to these temperatures yeah so we know that um climate change is caused by increasing greenhouse gases and essentially those greenhouse gases act to warm the planet around the world but they're also act acting to sort of supercharge weather system so we're starting to see these heat domes and ESS ually Heats stick around for an extended period of time um in different parts of the world we saw that in uh Mexico and Central America and we're also starting to see that now um in the Northern and Eastern parts of the United States so you said heat Dome there just expand on that a little for us what is it yeah absolutely so essentially it's an area of high pressure it's a place where you have um not a lot of clouds not a lot of rainfall but essentially um you just have high temperatures that stick around for for days and days and essentially that the the duration of that heat causes a lot of impacts both on infrastructure but also on people and people just aren't able to cope when it's hot during the day and at night continuously for for days on end so people are going to have to try and adapt now is it possible before we get on to adaptations is it possible to predict where and when this is going to happen so we have Heatwave early warning systems and we have um typically lots of warning before a heatwave occurs and so um in most parts of the world we are able to predict what the maximum temperatures are going to be days in advance and therefore um it actually is a big opportunity for us to be able to use that information to reduce the impacts to warn people in advance of the heat waves okay so if the warnings could be in place what then what can people at do what should government actually do so there's individual actions so essentially cooling yourself making sure that you're drinking water um cooling your home so passive cooling Technologies um shading your homes um making sure you're planting trees outside or just closing the shades when it's really hot is what people can do but then you also have organizations like the Red Cross where we're providing first aid for people who are affected by heat stroke for examp example helping people recognize the signs of heat related illnesses and take action before it's too late and then of course um cities and governments can work to together to develop heat action plans and that means essentially knowing what they're going to do what services are they going to provide when there is a heatwave are they going to open up a cooling center are they going to uh distribute water ensuring that people have adequate access to electricity which they need in order to cool their homes um during a heat wve ring thank you very much for coming on the program thank you thanks right we're going to take a closer look at what's happening with the weather in the United States now our correspondent n ikbal is in Washington DC hi nomia just talk us through what's happening well leis today is officially the first day of summer and what a start you've got more than a quarter of the population that's under an excessive heat advisory and generally 135 million people are in imped and temperatures have hit more than 90° fah and are expected to go well over 100 uh from the Ohio Valley to The Mid Atlantic right up to New England I mean Maine if you think about that that's the easternmost state in the US doesn't usually get excessive heat but it's thought that records will be broken there um and in some parts of uh on the East Coast like New York City school is out for some uh a lot of schools uh closed up uh today to let children go home early uh because of the excessive heat uh over on the west coast we're seeing these wildfires break out and it's worth mentioning that this happens but it's happening more frequently with more ferocity uh two people were killed in New Mexico you know we heard there some of the advice that's been given and generally the advice is especially for vulnerable people children the elderly those who work Outdoors especially here you see them like a lot of construction workers in parts of DC to just really look after yourself seek shade make sure you drink lots of water here in DC it's it's about about 90° fah there is some cloud cover so it doesn't feel as as sort of Stuffy and swampy and stifling as it has been in the past few days but the temperatures here are expected to hit uh over 100 over 100 degre fahit uh um during the weekend and there will be some rest bites a meteorologists reckon that the temperatures might dip dip low but then they will come right back back up again next week and onwards and nor given everything you've just told talked about there has this seeped into the political discourse any reaction from authorities well it's usually the same author sort of you know messages that we get is just keep safe you know as much as you can um you know it's it's kind of sort of Follow The Common Sense advice but as I mentioned for those who are in a certain group children the elderly those who work outside need to work outside all day just just manage that you know drink as much water as possible get shade where you can there are like lots of trees around here in DC you know we're sort of standing under one so we can get some shade but just try and uh you know look after yourself in that way there are also those vulnerable people who take certain kinds of medicine that you really can't regulate in this kind of heat so it's you know warnings for them as well so that that's just generally the advice look it always gets hot in DC I have to say you know I've been here for a few years and every summer it's really really hot H I think this the prediction is that it's going to get much much hotter so just you know really heed that advice n yet thank you so much for that |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Titanic_mission_to_map_wreck_in_greatestever_detail_BBC_News.txt | now more than a year after the loss of the Titan submersible and its five passengers a team of explorers are preparing to return to the sight of the wreck of the Titanic the mission will see an unmanned craft carry out a detailed 3D scan of the world famous ship Breck over several weeks well let's cross live to our science correspondent Rebecca Morel who is at Rhode Island and Rebecca tell us more about what this Expedition hopes to achieve yes I'm on the deck of the ship and the sun's just coming up but the team here have been working through the night to get the last minute preparations for their submersible for their Journey to the most famous shipwreck in the world the Titanic now I'm joined by John Hammond from RMS Titanic Inc we're looking at one of the underwater robots here there aren't going to be any people on board but tell us what it's going to be doing correct so we have two man unmanned submersibles uh rovs if you will uh this one in particular is being fixed with uh the camera array that will capture extremely high resolution imaging of the debris field and the Rec site itself the other one will digitally scan so we can pinpoint locations when artifacts are identified and found and are there any particular areas that you're interested in because you're going to look at the whole site AR we're going to look at the whole site and and and the goal here is to digitally preserve the the Rec site and and and map out the debris field because it is deteriorating right it's been down there for a long time and there are still artifacts that we believe exist down there that are at risk of being lost forever and so it's important that we not only document them for history sake and if we can Target them for additional recovery we've recovered more than 5,000 artifacts already which are on public display at our exhibitions across the world uh and then some are our house and our and and cared for by our collections team um I just just on that I mean the that you do own the Salvage rights to the wreck I mean some people argue that this should be regarded as a grave site because so many people lost their lives on the on the tragedy I mean what would you say to that you're not recovering anything this time this is not a recovery Expedition this is strictly Imaging and research so again the high the high resolution imaging to to really get a a sense of DET deterioration in the state of the site itself and then also research like how's the environment impacting the site itself uh is it is it near active fault lines are there any things that are putting it at further risk of being lost forever and at the end of the day that is the thing there there are there are those who yes they hold that opinion we and we value their their their point of view of course but for us Titanic means so many things to so many people and and it can impact people in so many ways from a history standpoint from an engineering standpoint from a science standpoint and we want to inspire the next generation of explorers now this is all also a poignant trip for the team here because pH n who was supposed to be leading this expedition was one of the victims who died on the Titan submersible a year ago but a plaque is going to be laid down on the seabed for him yeah as important as this mission is to the Expedition team it's also very poignant because of because of the loss of pH last year um so they are the crew I know is is looking very forward to meor memorializing pH in in a way that is Meaningful to them and and really just underscores how respected and beloved he was by the Titanic community and the and the deep sea Community as well and I mean in terms of items that you will be looking for I mean is there anything that stands out the the Marone room is is one of the things the the the place where the telegraph sent out Titanic's distress signal yeah so one of the key things that we'll be able to do after this Expedition is compare to our 2010 Expedition and look at the look at the state of deterioration at the ship itself and there there there is potential that there's further deterioration in that area of the ship that may provide an unobstructive point of entry to further look at and maybe even recover part of the Marone and you're going to have an instrument on board this too a a magnetometer yes now this is an interesting bit of kick cuz this is going to allow you to see What Lies Beneath the sediment and we that's not been done before at that it's it's not been done before and and all the years in in the seabed and the shifting and the currents like things have been have been covered that's that's for certain we don't know what what might exist down there so this is a way of of understanding what could potentially be sight unseen I mean they're going to need some good conditions it's it's not easy operating in the middle of the North Atlantic but it's going to be 20 days at the at the site yeah hopefully everything goes well but the one thing that I know for certain is that this is the best team assembled possible they are experts in each of their disciplines and if anyone can get it done it's this team and it's going to be taking millions of image images isn't it and and and also recording hours and hours of footage too I mean there's found to be some surprises as well that's that's the that's the second part of the mission is the Discovery right and that's the exciting part of all this is what looking at areas of the de debris field that have not never been looked at before and then what might lie within them and and that's what's important too about this is the custom camera is high resolution but the lighting array as well is customized to to minimize some of the Shadows that you get from Flat lighting well John thank you very much so it's going to take 4 days to get out to the Rec site they're going to spend 20 days there as we heard going to need a bit of block for things to go to plan but we will be following the team throughout their expedition and looking forward to seeing what they find Rebecca thank you beautiful sun sun sunset sunrise behind Rebecca there thank you |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Icelands_vertical_farm_turning_algae_into_food_BBC_News.txt | [Music] with short Summers and a cold climate and a landscape of lava fields and Glaciers Iceland's not the first place you'd think of for farming but pioneering entrepreneurs are growing some surprising crops and doing it sustainably inside this Warehouse on the outskirts of reic is a vertical Farm vaa means grow in Icelandic and they're cultivating leafy greens more like a lab than a typical farm this is what's known as controlled environment agriculture here we have whole head lettuce baby Leaf a lot of uh herbs and these mini micro greens almost every detail is precisely fine-tuned we can optimize everything humidity water light hours nutrition we do not have to depend on sunlight here in the Farm the plants have high quality LED lights where we can use the green energy of Iceland to grow the plants that means they can produce salad year round even in the darkest Winters and there's no soil here just water this is like a hydroponic system we actually can circulate reuse the water again so we need like 90% less water than in a open Field farm outside of Rec cuic this is the country's most powerful geothermal plant while Iceland's norly location and climate may seem a disadvantage when it comes to farming it's the Limitless supply of clean energy that's also helped it to innovate the glowing lights take a little getting used to and inside it's like nothing I've seen before this Tech firm has invented what it calls an energy to food plat form now this place is not your typical Farm it's super Hightech and growing inside these units is microalgae Al is not something that many of us eat today but it could well be a food of the future it's rich in protein iron and fatty acids and Factor Technologies unrelated to the salad producer hopes to make this algae an everyday part of our diet it's a new way of thinking about food production this system uses a fraction of the land a fraction of the water needed it's carbon negative energy CO2 and water that's all that's needed for this aquatic organism to grow it photosynthesizes the algae is eating CO2 or it's turning the CO2 into biomass it's all tightly controlled using artificial intelligence to find the perfect conditions this pink purple glow comes from the tiny red and blue lights instead of spending our electricity in making wavelengths that they don't use we are only giving them the light that they use to photosynthesize this system gets clean electricity from the neighboring geothermal plant as well as water for heating and cooling and even the CO2 that they algae take in algae they are extremely efficient in changing light into biomass we can use 100% of this Biomat for food it also grows very fast and once harvested it looks like this which to be frank doesn't seem hugely appetizing so time to give it a try this is hummus blue humus and it's blue it's not supposed to be punishment it's not a bad thing I suggest you try this game okay it doesn't taste unusual at all but then there's a surprise I'm not sure how I feel about this but uh it doesn't taste as much I think it's more the texture I think it's going to take a bit more to wrap my head around this one maybe it will catch on but I'm not sure sure I'm ready for blue food just yet |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | E1_Racing_The_tech_powering_the_worlds_first_electric_raceboat_championship_BBC_News.txt | [Music] there's a new racecraft in town that's fast and designed to Perfection but this isn't racing on the road or in the air although actually they look more like sci-fi spacecraft than boats this is the race bir it's been created for the all new E1 racing series that aims to prove the potential of electric power in the Marine industry we can use our sport platform in order to test and validate this solution and then possibly change the way we will navigate in the future for billions of people hey how you doing good nice to meet you you've just come off the boat how was it out there on Lake KOMO it was amazing you know our team's been working hard we've been looking at data and we've been trying to do everything we can to be the fastest boat we are the pioneers of a brand new series so this is electric Hydro foil powerboat um there's nothing like it this is the first uh invention of its type here that we're racing in E1 Series Will Smith is here he is who owns our team and uh we're looking to throw down hopefully some good times to get our first win all right have fun all right yeah you did hear right Will Smith owns this team and he isn't the only celebrity backer before the main event tomorrow first some competition between the team owners in the red Hollywood Legend Will Smith and in the orange and purple tennis champion laughing ital copy that ready to [Music] go these boats can reach 50 knots that's around 93 km per hour so how do they reach those speeds the key bit here is getting up on the thin bits of the foil and staying above the water to have the speed that's right yeah exactly if you're on the edge of the foil and you're as high as possible it's less drag in the water so you're getting the more the most kph um but you know there's some techniques that are coming into play as we learn these boats on what's fast it's really tough to stay on the foil you'll see us always doing the much as we can to stay on it but uh it's not easy we're very busy in the cockpit we're doing a lot to make sure to keep the boat happy but uh it always wants to stay unhappy so it's a challenge being a pilot in the race bird with the boat back on dry land there's a question I'm desperate to ask can we get in and have a l thank you it's tight yeah it is very tight yeah yeah I think Will Smith had a bit of a hard time getting into there can we fire it up of course we can yeah we we can't go to the full full load because we're in the garage but basically turn the Master on so it just takes a little while to boot up you'll see the screen just flashing on when the pilots out in the water to get that important lift for the speeds they're actually having to press quite a lot of buttons and and do quite a lot at the same time yeah they are well obviously the most important one which I haven't mentioned at the moment is this one which is the Boost button so they allow 20 seconds of boost and then they have to have 40 seconds of rest to cool the battery down it's just drawing too much power while and while they're lift and that lifts them up onto the foils while they're on the foils we can then obviously play around with the lift which is on the left hand side of the of the wheel and also on the left hand side of the screen and the trim on the right hand side and it's we're just altering that by a few points depending on wave conditions or whether we're going into the corner this sport is still in the very early stages the nine teams have the same boat but they're working out how to push the tech and try to get ahead of the competition you try not to fly the boat out of the water because then there's no grip whatsoever so you actually need to have it in the water but it's High out the water without the foils cavitating without air being produced around the foils you need to keep the the flow attached to the foils so that's the trick and a lot of this is secret secret yeah it's it's stuff that the teams are working on at the moment we've all got different ideas about it and yeah it's something that probably all doing exactly the same but we're not going to tell each other that we're doing it as the day's practice sessions come to an end our Westbrook racing feeling the extra pressure of their owner watching on we're Racers we're used to this pressure right we Thrive off of that so of course there's always pressure no matter what whenever you get into anything to perform and so uh I don't think it's adding any extra but obviously we want to make him proud and we want to win just as bad as he does and so we're doing everything we possibly can to make that happen doing everything means working late into the night to make sure the boats are in the best condition for tomorrow's races [Music] and who better to explain to us how this competition Works than some of the drivers themselves E1 is a brand new racing concept um it's foiling boats with an electric motor in a format that's never been done before course here is basically a big figure of eight but it's a little bit more complicated with the long wrap and the stars and things like that so you'll see a series of uh single point turns and then turns that have larger apexes we're racing some really spectacular locations on the sea in lakes and we're really trying to push the foiling technology to the max so every team has a male and a female pilot and it's up to the team to decide which pilot will go first um after the first race they'll alternate from there qualifying down in a single boat format so we're all about maximizing our one lap time and then we go into the semi-finals and the finals which is head-to-head racing [Music] this stage has been set five teams are in the final but who will win there only one way to find [Music] out definitely in E1 the most challenging part is the starts getting those right can really affect the race you want to get in the clean water at the front because as soon as you're behind you're in the wake of the other boats and those waves can really interrupt how the foil performs tell when you're having a really good lab because the race has this kind of hum to it when you're really cooking and flying and um it's really unlike anything it's unlike any boat any jet ski any watercraft the course is a very simple Loop but those green boys mark an extra special part of the track and the teams have to choose very wisely when you take that turn you have to take the Long Lap one lap during the race you can win and lose races with long laps if you're at the back you can do it early and then try to catch the Gap back and you've got some cleaner water in front if you're at the front you want to do at last so that you can try to build the Gap to the other so it's a big tactical strategy if you nail the timing depending on where you're at in the pack you can either pass other Pilots or you can stay out in front so a lot of it has to do with Team strategy the team in the tower is watching where the other boats are at and they'll help you with your timing it's a very much a tactical team thing that we make up as we go there's no set plan and it completely depends on where we are during the race and yeah it can change in a matter of minutes [Music] at the end of the day you know the teams really have to work together both Pilots have to be consistent you know One Pilot can be really fast if the other one is slower then it may come down to the wire so having two very consistent Pilots that can work together is how you're really going to win let's po that champagne [Applause] this is a competition that has attracted some big name investors despite only being in his first year but there are challenges ahead can it keep those celebrity backers and can it build a big audience for this high-tech reing I think the ground workor for this Championship is amazing you know the names behind it now are incredible I've heard some good rumors of teams coming in for next year as well so I think the format is really exciting I think a lot of people are really interested in excited about the new technology and also the sustainability message behind the championship so I hope it continues for many years to come |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Elon_Musk_unveils_Cybercab_at_Tesla_robotaxi_event_BBC_News.txt | well it's not just Bank stocks moving a lot this morning Tesla's share price was down nearly 7% ahead of today's market open after a much hyped event in California from the world's richest man Elon Musk the boss of Tesla showcased a long-promised robo taxi it comes with two Gullwing doors no steering wheel or pedals he says production will start in 2026 but he does always tend to be a bit optimistic about time frames this event itself was much delayed he also showed off a robo van a self-driving van capable of carrying 20 people and then of course there were the humanoid robots lots of robots who did of course do some dancing well joining me now from Chicago is Seth Goldstein who is chair of the EV committee at Morning Star great to see you um Seth this event was highly anticipated did it deliver well we see the market was skeptical of what we heard last night I think in investors were hoping to get more details on what Tesla's actual plans were but in my mind they signaled a big step forward by planning to launch the full self-driving unsupervised version in California and Texas next year the ultimate timeline for Tesla to get to where they are today where the autonomous driving software still needs the driver to be alert and paying attention to the robo taxi ultimately requires first they get to the FSD unsupervised version and so I think they are making progress but ultimately we're still years away from any robot tax reproduction and I think that's why the stock is selling off today so it's the timeline not the technology yes well with the with the more delay timeline I think that leads to more uncertainty over will the technology work Tesla is taking the first step in the right direction But ultimately they still have to prove that the full self-driving Tech can work and that it can be safe on streets and we have seen other autonomous driving Vehicles enter a market like California and ultimately have to take a step back or pause vehicles in service due to oper operational issues and so we'll see what happens next year with the roll out I think it's a positive sign but still a lot remains to be seen and a lot of uncertainty Seth zooming out for a second obviously those are some of the challenges but why is this so significant remind explain to our viewers why this is such a big moment well if Tesla can solve autonomy and launch a robo taxi with zero pedals uh zero steering wheel then we do have the car of the future where a driver or or a passenger in the vehicle can relax or do whatever they want to and the vehicle can fully drive itself that's that is Tesla's vision for the future that's what they're aiming to solve and if they're the first ones to be able to offer a fully level five autonomous vehicle then that puts us a one step closer to a a much different future of Transportation they're making progress but still a lot remains to be seen if they can get there s go see we're going to have to leave it there we didn't even get to talk about those dancing robots |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Worlds_smallest_elephant_in_danger_of_dying_out_BBC_News.txt | now the world's smallest elephant is in danger of dying out but there's hope it can be saved it's thought there are now fewer than 1,000 aonian elephants left in the wild that's why the international Union for conservation of nature have added the dtive elephant to their red list of threatened species the pint-sized padm stands at 3T smaller than its bigger Asian cousins and is known for its gentle playful nature but they've lost much of its habitat in Borneo deforestation Vic Menan is chair of the Asian elephants Specialist Group at the international Union for conservation of nature he explained the impact that losing the borian elephants would have the borian elephant is currently uh in this assessment has been listed as endangered which means it's in risk of Extinction unless we do something about it uh and um remember that this elephant is only found largely in Saba in Malaysia on the island of Borneo and would would be a different place without a large Mega herbivore like an elephant something that eats the amount of vegetation it does something that shapes a forest around it the way it does uh you you will find that that Forest will transform into a different kind of landscape without elephants |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Theres_still_time_to_see_it_SuperMoon_Space_BBC_News.txt | have you seen the moon this big in the sky recently and why does it look so red it's a rare blue super moon and despite it being called a blue moon it's not actually blue blue moons are most commonly defined when we get an extra 13th full moon in the year but this super moon is rarer and comes from a more traditional definition when the lunar cycle has four in a season it is thought this is where the phrase once in a blue moon comes from usually it would be brighter and yellow but wildfires from North America made it turn red missed it don't worry this is the first of four super moons this year the full moons of September October the closest this year and November will also be super moons |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | SpaceX_crew_returns_to_Earth_after_historic_mission_BBC_News.txt | hatch has opened I'm hoping you can see the same pictures that we can I can it's been really exciting they've just been rinsing down the outside of the spacecraft to make sure it's uh got no noxious gases and liquids on it ready for the crew to come out right so Dr Simeon Barber from the space scientist the open University and what the pictures that we're seeing now is this feed from SpaceX and is that somebody has gone into the capsule to talk them through procedures presumably yeah that that is uh someone literally poking their head through the hatch and saying uh welcome good morning um welcome to Florida and uh yeah enjoy that fresh air so the first person I I'm told that they're meant to go to as soon as they get out is the uh the medical uh Team I think they call it a flight surgeon don't they on board that ship and they they're going to be needed to to be checked out sort of an initial check but before they go into all those complicated checks that we were talking about uh in terms of all of the the looking at what has happened to their bodies after all that exposure to radiation and the like up there so talk us through what will be happening uh once they emerge yeah that's right so they they don't be surprised if we see them being helped out of the spacecraft because they're in their suits which are designed for um for for use in vacuum um and they won't have their their bodies and Joints won't have been used to feeling load on them because of the they you know very low gravity environment they've been in and so you know just just walking and and wearing bearing weight will feel strange the first few moments so they may be assisted and then yeah they'll go through their initial checkout um but they've been wearing as you say this this whole Suite of kind of medical experiments and kit that they've been um sampling their bodies with we heard about them putting tiny cameras um up their nose which sounds particularly unpleasant um to understand the effect of the um the space environment on their Airwaves so lots of data to um to look at in the long term but for now I think it's just Elation to be back down on Earth yes one of them has an implant don't they um I I I'm not too sure about that I don't I don't know I I'm not across that I'm afraid okay I'm sure I heard somebody earlier talking about how maybe one of them had an implant so this is really you know very in invasive stuff isn't it this testing it goes to a different level here we go they are they're waving at the camera looking very happy very pleased with themselves they are very pleased that it all has gone so very well oh yeah it's very important that we get a photo before they come out um and just to say um Simeon this has been so successful this flight hasn't it and just talk us through all the first I mean this is the first space walk wasn't it by non-government astronauts and that in itself is something but there's so many other firsts on this Mission aren't there yeah this this Mission has has set a whole um new standard for private space flight so it's gone higher than the um Space X has ever taken astronauts before um it actually went up three times higher than the the orbit of the International Space Station so that it could dip into the radiation belts to understand the effect of that on the human body um it then came down a little bit in orbit and then performed this most amazing space flight in which all four astronauts were actually exposed to the vacuum environment two of them stayed inside the craft and two took their turns and coming out having a look at the Earth you know just just the most amazing site we saw saw all this in live video and they also were testing the suits so we saw them moving their arms and doing kind of strange strange dances and and movements with their arms checking the mobility of their suits and what what really has made this possible is that the spacecraft we see there that they're sitting in now the capsule will be reused again and actually it's the exact capsule that Jared isman the the funer of this Mission and the commander that we saw on the shot just now it's the same craft he flew in exactly three years ago to the day to the day and it will be recommissioned now for a future flight yeah it's extraordinary that isn't it because of what that capsule has gone through the heat it's been exposed to and as you were saying all those um uh you know gases and everything that's on the outside of it that it will still be viable and we should mention who is on board Jared isaacman as this billionaire he's he's the only one actually who's been in space before isn't he that's right there was talk about this being a rookie crew which is technically correct but they've gone through an amazing amount of training to to you know to to make them um able to do this so there's um an ex um kind of air force test pilot that's Scott and then Sarah and Anna are SpaceX employees who previously been operating these space missions from the ground and who better to then go into space and actually operate the mission from the the craft itself than people who've previously been responsible for for operating from ground so we've we've seen you know a really um groundbreaking Mission that's gone incredibly smoothly and has been filmed for us all to watch it's been like a 5day movie to watch for me for you yeah yes so um we should say yeah Sarah Gillis so this is the SpaceX engineer senior engineer who did The Space Walk with Jared isaacman um she's trained people to do these things hasn't she herself and so nice for her to be able to to finally do it really for in real you know for herself I suppose yeah absolutely um so you know who better now who who's better positioned to to train a future generation of astronauts and you know the amazing thing about s is that she first joined um SpaceX as an intern so you know what a what an amazing story this is about um how SpaceX has kind of opened up the possibility of of humans going into space in a very different way to what we've seen in the past when it's been done through National agencies yeah and there we go we've seen the first one of them take their first steps sort of tentative steps and perhaps a little bit awkward in those uh big suits that they have on emerging from that capsule but waving and smiling huge smile uh there as they are so pleased to be back uh touching well they're on a vessel aren't they not on Solid Ground yet but they'll they're on this vessel and then I understand they're going to be taken by helicopter uh back to uh their well to go and have all those test DS of course and then to go and be reunited with their friends and family um so it takes quite a long time to get them all out doesn't it just a a very slow process I suppose as you say you know their bodies will be feeling very strange right now that's right and um you know this is this is a professional operation so it's you know it's it's kind of like getting off a plane but not quite the same you know you you're you responsible for this spacecraft you want to make sure that it's in you you leave it healthy um it needs shutting down correctly we're seeing just there the the control panels and here they are yeah yeah standing perfectly well I mean 5 days doesn't sound like a huge amount of time but in terms of the the being weightless for those 5 days just exactly what does that do to your body um the thing I like most is I heard that it stops your your joints aching so with my football as knees I think I'd quite like that but effectively you're not bearing load yeah and that that's that actually means that you you know your muscles stop working in the same way and one of the reasons for this flight is to kind of understand how that does affect um human bodies so if you're not exercising every day you tend to lose that muscle mass as we know on Earth but when you're not even working against the forces of gravity then the effect is much more severe so spacex's vision is for kind of long-term missions you know to the Moon to Mars This is the first kind of baby steps there um you almost literally as as we walk seeing them walking across there yeah all of this is building up that that kind of knowledge base of what it would be like to to do a long-term space flight and how affects the human body yes because when they're in the International Space Station they have to exercise for at least two hours a day isn't it and when we say exercise I mean it is strange kind of exercise isn't it when you're weightless yeah so it's it's kind of against resistance machines um you know like like you'd see in a gym I guess you know on a on a bike or or um you know that kind of thing where you you actively working in against resistance to to put um loads into your joints and to keep them keep them active keep the muscles strong so this is the last one emerging now um they are all out they are all walking around quite easily big hugs big smiles everybody waving there's nobody seems to be having any really obvious uh physical challenge at the moment they're looking good aren't they and and that's Testament I guess to their training to their Fitness um the ergonomics of the of the Craft um yeah looked a little grubby so they'll clean that up and that will go again I'm sure yeah little grubby is putting it mildly and now off to to the to do all of these tests and first of all to to meet the the flight surgeon and that um and that is really I suppose that marks the end this is the the the the the mission is completed Now isn't it in terms of um the actual Mission itself but it's there is going to be so long for them analyzing all of this data that they've brought back and and having all of these tests done on them physically how long are they monitored physically for now after this to because that's a large part of this isn't it talking about what we were saying earlier about the impact of the radiation on their bodies and everything else how long will they be monitored now I think they'll be monitored in an ongoing process now so as you said there the initial checks just to check everyone everyone's okay which which they certainly look fine from here um and then over the coming days and weeks they'll be looking how the body reac climatized itself to to life on Earth um you know in the the gravity environment and the breathing environment we have here it is the end of the mission but there are three missions in this series and and people I think will already start looking forward to the the next two we don't really know the thought of people into space and and the word Mars Mars yes so um Elon musk's vision is that um this this kind of space technology could put humans on the moon to have a kind of a research base but to use that as a stepping turnone to develop the Technologies which would in his words build a city on Mars um lots and lots of technical challenges there and Technologies to develop there are also some wider issues such as um what would be the impact of putting humans on Mars um just recently we we've had discoveries from NASA that there are huge amounts of water trapped deep inside the uh Martian crust and this has implications for how they may have been life on the surface of Mars potentially which certainly increases that possibility so there will be lots of um care needed before we start sending humans to Mars but you know these are important steps on that Journey okay well thank you so much um for talking us through all of that for being with us as that mission uh came to the came to an end there Dr Simeon barar from the open University really good to have you with us so as you see all four astronauts have now emerged from that uh that capsule which is splashed down off the coast of Florida uh and they are going on to have all those tests different tests done on their bodies |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Mpox_cases_on_the_rise_in_Africa_as_nations_pledge_vaccines_BBC_News.txt | well Africa's main public health agency says that it has a plan to make 10 million empx vaccines available for use across the continent last week the World Health Organization declared empo a global Public Health Emergency for the second time in two years over concerns about a new variant well the Africa Center for Disease Control and prevention says 10 million vaccines will be made available from next week now there has been a rise in reported empo cases in Central and Eastern Africa specifically in Burundi the DRC and the Central African Republic our correspondent Simi jalao has an update there has been some good news with regards to the efforts to curb the outbreak of the empo disease on the continent two African countries have said they've secured uh vaccines and they'll be made available as early as next week this is despite the vaccines are not being tested on this new strain those countries are Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo Nigeria says it's expecting 10,000 doses from the US and they they will Target um healthc care workers in regions that have been affected by the outbreak the Democratic Republic of Congo says it's expecting 50,000 from the US and 3 and a half million from Japan and they will prioritize children because they are at a higher risk of Contracting and dying from empo the Africa CDC director General Dr Jean CA reiter itated the agency's plan to ensure 10 million doses of the vaccine are made available on the continent by the end of 2025 although he did mention the challenge of getting those doses to uh regions in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo that are experiencing an armed conflict he also spoke about local manufacturing and a partnership with a Danish manufacturer saying that getting those vaccines made on the continent will not only increase Supply but also reduce the cost Simi jalo reporting there we can speak now to Public Health doctor and World health organizations spokesperson Dr Margaret Harris very good to have you with us uh Margaret so of course we've been hearing that news the DRC other African nations starting to vaccinate against empo next week if if everything is in place on time what impact do you expect that to have nice to see you Helena um and it is good news uh because one of the things that has been a concern is that there were limited amounts of vaccine and they weren't where they needed which is in Africa particularly in the parts of Africa uh in eastern DRC where the outbreak is Raging and it is really important that they get to the specific Target groups and I heard in your report that that's already been identified that those most at risk those most exposed are the ones that will be t targeted I think one of the questions on many people's minds right now when they're listening to this information is yes they've seen empo before but we've also got that information that this is a new strain so what do we need to know about this particular strain of empo and this is a very important aspect it's it's called clay 1B because it's Arisen from the first form of empo we knew in humans which was in the Congo Basin where in in the Democratic Republic of Congo and um central Africa and the the one that went worldwide two years ago was Clay to and that actually arose from West Africa but what we're seeing now this clay clay 2B it's showing some different characteristics it's transmitting very very rapidly and unfortunately we are seeing a high death rate particularly among children so these are things that uh have concerned us very much and that's why we really call the public health emergency of international con con ER to Galvanize World efforts to understand the unknowns to to get the scientific Community together to deal with the unknowns and to also um uh Galvanize resources I mean that's the important point to make isn't it about declaring that Public Health Emergency of international concern that it does then get those additional resources tries to close those knowledge gaps but I just wonder Margaret you know what you would say to people traveling to the area what people should be aware of particularly for those people who might not have had the vaccine and of course we know vaccines aren't always a silver bullet or precisely now at the moment it's more about if you're traveling to the area you should look at your risk uh are you going to an area where there's current uh transmission if so understand that this is spread by close physical contact so ensure that you're not being in close physical contact with those those who are infected uh now some of that close physical contact involves sexual contact so if you're considering sexual contact you must be really serious and have protected sexual contact or or no sexual contact where there's ongoing transmission as for getting vaccinated really we want to see the vaccines in the being used in the highest risk groups at the moment that's the people infected in the countries where the transmission's happening I mean I suppose one thing looking at all of this Margaret is the fact I mean you and I have been speaking about epidemics pandemics for a very long time thinking about ebola um and then also moving on to to Ms and covid and so on I just wonder you know is there the opportunity here that countries have learned lessons from covid yes in fact i' I've cast my memory back to when we both worked together on bowler uh indeed there a lot of lessons have been learned in a very hard learned lessons one of the most critical ones is respect the communities where uh an outbreak is occurring listen to them first of all listen to what they understand and ensure that they know what needs to be done um don't just impose uh your ideas from outside so well yes we want the world to come together and bring the resources one of the most critical things is really understanding how the Transmissions occurring who it's occurring in and what's available to the people who are getting sick are they getting the help need because if they're not they're not going to come to the official authorities we saw this very much with ebola the the infection will go underground they will go to turn to other sources of help and they will not be the sources that will necessarily help stop the spread yeah as you say that trust is just so key in all of this Dr Margaret Harris good to see you again thanks for being with us |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | How_next_Trump_administration_may_tackle_economy_immigration_and_health_BBC_News.txt | the results are in Donald Trump will be the next US president joining me now to answer your questions in three key areas are Julia dulat associate director of the US immigration policy program also Franchesco try professor of business and public policy at the University of California and Julie rner from kff Health news welcome to all of you let's get straight to the questions Franchesco first of all to you a question from John in Bristol what will a trump presidency mean in terms of increased tariffs well um definitely that's on the on the program 10 to 20% increase across the board 60% increase for uh uh China that is uh that is problematic from the perspective of uh what's going on in terms of price changes potential inflationary pressures coming from tariffs and also in terms of what it means for the global market integration but Trump has actually campaigned on This Promise because of the repatriation of manufacturing is one of his uh main policy goals uh and there is some discussion on whether this is actually something that could benefit in the long run the US economy well we'll come back to some of those questions in a moment but Julia let me bring you in because they've also promised big changes on immigration a question first of all that's come into us saying how will president Trump actually do it deportations to deport all 11 million plus unauthorized immigrants in the United States but we could see a ramping up of deportations um the easiest way to do it is for people who are arrested for a local crime whether it's a traffic violation or something more serious um those folks are then turned over to immigration enforcement agents that's how deportations have per arily happened but at a much lower rate than what president-elect Trump has promised um if we were to see a ramping up it could take some uh a big infusion of resources and also some strategies that would really push the boundaries of the law having kind of you know big roundups is something that might be unlikely and if it happened it might be litigated as well Julie let me bring you in in terms of health because such a crucial area I was looking it is one of the top searches on the BBC website over the last 24 hours what will happen to women's rights under a second Trump presidency well there's a lot we don't know uh president-elect Trump has been on every particular side of this issue uh he has said that he would not sign a nationwide ban that would of course have to go through Congress which would be unlikely but there are many things that he can do just using his own authority uh that could have a big impact even on states that just voted to protect abortion rights he could have the the FDA reverse the approval of the abortion pill he could revive an 1873 law that prevents uh not just abortion pills but anything used in an abortion from being sent through the mail he is likely to reverse a number of the uh expansions of abortion rights that President Biden put into effect so we're likely to see big changes even if he does not sign an abortion ban into law as he has vowed not to do Franchesco let me bring you back in because we had a question from Aiden in darham about uh the the illegal immigrants and tariffs he is asking whether if we did introduce tariffs it would actually put up prices in other countries like the UK um yes that's that's probably likely I have to say um in various through various channels one of them could be ratory tariffs from Europe China and that would push prices higher um throughout Europe in the UK as well there's another question simly because the economy absolutely dominated this election when you actually broke down and saw how voters were voting and the reasons for it a question that's come in saying can a president end inflation well uh the president doesn't control that the Central Bank controls the levers of uh of action on that and uh you've seen it uh in the United States in the UK just now they are cutting rates but from February 2022 to August 2023 rates went up five uh percent this kind of five percentage points so this incredibly costly to borrow uh if you want to buy a car if you want to buy a durable good if you want to high if you want to buy a house so that has been felt by voters and they punish incumbents for that a question to Julia on immigration and it is a pretty simple question did Carmela Harris lose the presidency on the issue of immigration what's your thought on that as you all were just discussing I think the economy loomed very large in this election people are upset that prices are higher they're upset that um they don't feel that their quality of life is the same as it was before the inflation that came after the covid-19 pandemic but I do think that immigration was also on the top of many voters Minds we've seen a lot of people come to the United States across the border without authorization in recent years and American voters really don't like seeing that disorder they like immigrants they have immigrants in their communities that they like and support and they say they support a path to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants but they don't like to see the disorder of people coming to the Border in large numbers without permission um and they also don't like to see the cost in their local communities of large numbers of migrants showing up up and needing help with housing um increasing costs at local schools and things like that so I don't think it was the primary driving force but it was a big force in this election Julia a supplementary question because if we get a large scale deportation as promise what does that do to the American economy and the hit to the American economy do you think unauthorized immigrants are a big part of our Workforce in the United States especially when you're looking at sectors like agriculture food processing like construction like Building Maintenance and cleaning um if we really were to see massive removals of unauthorized immigrants that would really affect sectors of our economy and maybe our our food security um and I also think that um you know it can have spillover effects for us workers as well if companies have to scale down their operations because they're losing workers or they're not able to bring in workers that they need um that can cause them to contract overall and that hurts the opportunities for us borign workers as well Julie let me ask you a question because we know that Donald Trump is looking at various people to appoint in his new Administration Robert Kennedy junior is one name being talked about related to health just take me through the principal concerns they are there are with an appointment like that if it was to happen well Robert F Kennedy Jr is clearly going to be a part of this Administration in what uh position we are not sure but both uh president-elect Trump and Kennedy himself have talked about this and there is concern he's a vaccine skeptic he wants to take fluoride out of the water supply um he also wants to take uh uh people in the FDA in the Food and Drug Administration um basically shut down big parts of it it's interesting because most of the Trump agenta agenda is going to be very anti-regulatory they want to stop regulations uh RFK want to get people who regulate their own Industries out of regulatory work and bring in others so they're sort of fighting at odds and I I have many friends you know I live in an area with the National Institutes of Health in the FDA and scientists and career workers at these agencies are really concerned about what could happen well tell me more about those conversations because I was going to ask you exactly that when you talk to doctors when you talk to scientists what do they think could be the the potential impacts here if they were to go ahead with some of those things that you were talking about well of course Donald Trump has talked about you know stripping all of the agencies including the health agencies of anyone who is not quote unquote loyal to him um you know scientists who have worked through Republican and Democratic administrations they don't get paid a lot of money most of them could make more in the private sector and I'm already hearing people talking about trying to find other jobs or perhaps leaving the area so you could end up with big brain brains in some of these really key uh industries that you know where the United States leads the world like National Institutes of Health judia let me bring you back in because we've heard that Donald Trump has spoken to the Mexican president uh in terms of that wall that we heard so much about last time around what do you think is likely to happen to that in a second term we did see a lot of construction of very tall border fencing during the Trump Administration um there already were hundreds of miles of fencing along the border but the Trump Administration um either fortified or expanded where that fencing was I think we'll continue to see that construction but we didn't hear as much about the wall in this campaign as we did in the prior campaign so I don't know if that will be as big of a priority as some of the other immigration priorities that we've heard about Franchesco back to the economy because Donald Trump has said that the tariffs he is talking about can help pay for big tax cuts for us workers and businesses uh is he right about that is that a formula that potentially could work um according to the Congressional budget office no um tariffs are going to bring in uh revenues but not enough to cover even the previous tax cut um think about it as about 8% of what uh uh the total uh uh income personal income tax tax revenues for the next 10 years uh are so it covers a small part of it but not huge tax cuts and that could add to the deficit and also to the public debt and increase interest rates Julie let's return to one of the campaign issues because Donald Trump hit back towards the end of the campaign against Carla Harris for saying that he wanted to end the Affordable Care Act what does a future Trump presidency look like when it comes for broader healthare well one thing we know is that there the expanded subsidies that were put in during the pandemic that enabled about 9 million more people to be able to afford insurance those expire at the end of 2025 and republicans in Congress have shown not very much enthusiasm for continuing those so it's likely that those will go away so even without a quote unquote repeal of the Affordable Care Act you could see the number of people who are in that program go down dramatically you know this has been a problem for Trump all along he wants to improve the health care System we've never really seen a republican plan a plan from Trump or really any of the Republicans on Capitol Hill as to what they would do instead let me bring Julia back in because uh in terms of when you talk to experts about any sort of plan around deportations they always point to huge legal and logistical challenges do you think it can work in in the short term I think there are a few different scenarios of what so-called Mass deportation could look like one of them could be quite by the books and in that case I think we'll see numbers that are sort of in line with historic deportation numbers but we could see a future Trump Administration really push the boundaries on deportation so there is a process where people can be removed from the United States without a hearing in Immigration courts our immigration courts have massive backlog so that's a big barrier to deporting people you're only supposed to use this process for people who have been in the US less than two years to avoid the courts but if people can't prove that they've been in the US longer than two years because they're not carrying the paperwork on them and they don't have a lawyer phone number in their pocket they might be removed erroneously under an expanded use of this policy so we could see lots of situations where there isn't really due process and people don't have time to exert their rights under the law that could be a way to to do Mass deportations we could also see you know using military resources using State National Guards especially in red states where they're eager to help with mass deportation many of those efforts might be litigated um but it could take time for that litigation to play out and we don't know how the courts would respond so we could see a sort of um back and forth process where the Trump Administration tries new things to speed up deportations maybe sometimes the courts block them and maybe sometimes they don't if they really want to invest a lot of resources in Mass deportation just a follow up on that last time around we saw those horrific pictures of people families children in cages is there the potential for a return of that you know that was the the one policy where there was such a big public outcry that the Trump Administration without any Court intervention ended the policy on its own I don't know that we'll see a return to that exact type of family separation what we could see because there are millions of us-born children who have unauthorized immigrant parents is we could see a different kind of family separation where parents are being deported and families are making the tough choice of why their kids should stay in the United States where they might have more safety and more opportunity or whether those kids should also leave the United States even though they're us-born citizens to be with their families that are being deported so I think we absolutely could see families divided but it might be in a different way than in the last Administration Julie let let me bring you back in because a question from Rita in Dallas who says she has concerns over US Health Care saying no one is mentioning for example that Donald Trump made a a total mess of dealing with the pandemic in terms of what you anticipate going forward given what you've seen before give me your thoughts well this is the concern if we get so many more scientists and you know they take apart the Centers for Disease Control and prevention and basically banish anyone who does not agree uh with some of the the very sort of right leaning theories on the uh on infectious disease that could be a big concern we you know we have this outbreak of bird flu that seems to be you know moving around in cows and moving around a little bit in people and now in a pig and you know that could at some point turn into another pandemic um and we have no idea who's going to be in charge in order to deal with that but we're pretty sure that it's not going to be the people who've been in charge for the last several administrations Francesco in terms of trade we remember last time round uh there was a lot of hostility from Donald Trump and the administration towards China do you see the potential for any sort of new trade War absolutely yes unfortunately this is one of the major issues in terms of uncertainty going forward uh Trump is uh extremely adversive president Trump is very adversarial towards China from the trade perspective and already the trade War uh produced a manufacturing recession in uh in 2019 and uh we could have something like that in our hands soon and that is really a concern for for us um uh voters but also for um you know UK and European uh voters as well now during the campaign Franchesco we we heard all sorts of claims at one stage we heard Donald Trump talking about the potential of zero income tax there's a lot of talk about Cuts perhaps for the richest in society what do you think uh are the likely avenues that Donald Trump is going to pursue uh well definitely definitely tax cuts and tariffs are the ones on on the agenda and uh um it seems it seems that both could be potentially growth enhancing in some Dimension and growth diminishing in others um I would say that looking forward we need to look at Capital Investments and see if that is really responsing responding to uh fiscal policy and if you see start if you start seeing that and productivity going up maybe president Trump is uh is right in this uh in this particular uh type of fiscal policy that he's going to pursue Julia on immigration one of the things being talked about is the children of undocumented migrants at the moment if you're born in the US you get American citizenship and talk about whether that could be changed if it was changed what is the likely impact to that so changing that would require an amendment to the Constitution by most lawyers analysis I know that there are some folks who think that this could be done um without amending the Constitution but this you know would be a big legal battle ahead if Birthright citizenship were to end in the United States we're talking about a really fast expansion of our unauthorized immigrant population because our you know around 11 million unauthorized immigrants are having children if those children are also unauthorized immigrants and their children would also be unauthorized immigrants we have a growing pool of people in the United States who don't have full rights full membership the ability to vote don't have a real say in our government I you know I think there are a lot of challenges to our country if that were to happen we're getting to the end of this section so let me ask you all a similar type of question Julie in terms of some of the issues you were talking around health and those changes that could come in if we see RFK Jr installed in the health department and the worries about that how quickly could we see an impact in the things that you're talking about potentially here and a lot of these things we could see a very vast impact because many of these things can be done either using the president's own executive power or agency power we have to remember that um president Trump in his first term liked to blow through guard rails um and you know often uh opponents would go to court and sometimes courts would agree with him but now he has control over a lot of the courts too so he could do a number of these things fairly quickly Franchesco in terms of the economy of course that big big driver in this election was there is so much unhappiness in terms of the exit poles 72% of people unsatisfied or angry with the state of the US and the economy how quickly do you think people can actually feel a difference in their pockets well so yesterday the S&P 500 jumped 2.5% so that's already kind of immediate response to that um moving forward depends on the uh quickness in which the tax cut are implemented whether it's personal income tax or corporate tax well you could see it in the first year of the Trump presidency um but again this is conditional on a lot of this uncertainty on Industrial policy trade policy geopolitical equilibria being resolved because those are all drags on essentially income growth Julia a final word to you in terms of the changes on immigration policy again how quickly could we see a major difference do you think on some policies policies at the border we could see a really fast change we could see an immediate drastic slowdown on Refugee resettlement um I think you know if there is going to be Mass deportation it would take a while to find the resources to find the authorities to figure that out I think that would be something that would ramp up over time but the fear might set in immediately I think the Bluster and the noise around it is going to be loud and immediate and that could cause a lot of families um to be afraid to into hunker down and you know not want to interact with government authorities with schools so so even without real big fast increase in deportations we could see a big impact anyway well we have to leave it there uh you've been watching your questions answered on the American election thanks to all my guests there and thanks to you for sending your questions in |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Europes_Ariane6_rocket_launches_BBC_News.txt | hello welcome to the program straight away I want to bring you some live pictures because a big rocket has just taken off in the last few seconds we've been keeping an eye on this because this is a significant moment for European uh space agency let's take listening has left the and is blazing a trail across the equatorial Skies the range operations manager is telling us that everything is going according to plan and I didn't know my heart can pump so fast oh my goding and Jupiter too we hear her it's quite a sight oh she's coming she's coming oh my gosh this is happening it's the most incredible feeling we have uh we're on the edge of Tears here in the in the commentary box because this is a big day and a big moment sure the building's rumbling around us now and look at look these are the live images from the from the cameras on board we're looking at the booster we're looking down we're looking down one of the two boosters we can see the Flames coming out of that booster because of course the boosters are doing all the work he's telling us that everything is going according to plan and everything is nominal and look at the visibility we might even be we have clear skies tonight this afternoon we had rain all day but the clouds parted the two dots there the boosters there we see them falling off do we have Boost to separation so wow that's the first clapping here that we see what a beautiful lift and our cameras on pictures are coming in with a 20 seconds delay which is why we have them now look at this how they fall off wow amazing amazing so these boosters they have transported US 60 km high and we can see that dot is the telling us that the trajectory is normal everything going according to plan that's the engine on the main stage that you can see there and we've got a camera inside now what are we looking at here Tina oh looking back down at the Earth this was actually a camera inside the interstage so we will be able to see when the lower stage separates that's coming up but now we have actually lost half our Mass already because the boosters have burned almost 300 tons of fuel in 2 minutes everything nominal operations manager says yes and we're getting close now to the next thing which will be the jettisoning of the fairing the fairing being the nose cone of the launch vehicle which is where the passengers are sitting even see the wow that's amazing we had confirmation there that the fairing has been jettisoned yes so the fairing that was protecting our spacecraft uh withstands all the pressure and the Heat and once we stuck out the nose out of the atmosphere we didn't e her anymore and it has been jettison so what we're looking at now is the main stage which is what we're burning and so that's the that's the way to start the program isn't it a live rocket launch right as we come on air so this is Aran 6 making its inaugural flight uh taking off as you can see there from French Guana this is a demonstration Mission effectively is going to put a group of satellites in orbit uh the reason this is significant is because it will give the plan is anyway European governments and European companies access to space independently from the rest of the world so a crucial moment for everyone who's been working on that and so far it looks so good so we will continue checking in with the progress of that rocket after its successful launch there uh as the program goes on we'll be keeping across those pictures let you know what happens |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | iPhone_16_makes_debut_with_Apple_Intelligence_BBC_News.txt | well in the last couple of hours Apple has unveiled its latest smartphone the iPhone 16 alongside an updated Apple watch in Te in Tech terms this is always the blue ribbon event uh in the United States Apple remains one of the biggest companies in the world of course and the latest generation of tech uh key very much key to its fortunes this time there is a healthy dose of AI and on the iPhone a new camera button which Auto focuses and shutter releases the the phone the camera uh makes it feel a little bit more like your traditional camera experience with us to discuss uh in Washington uh is the post Tech correspondent Taylor Loren hello Taylor nice to see you again uh so I well artificial intelligence it used to be called but now we have apple intelligence how quickly will we see it um well the beta is rolling out in about a month um so it will roll out initially in beta testing and then likely um to the full user base potentially later this year or early next will we get it in Europe um that is a good question um I think it I would imagine you would be able to receive the beta test but I don't know exactly which features uh will be rolled out in which European countries but I imagine that pretty much it will it will be available right so the from what you know from the the the presentation you've just seen would you would you suggest that the iPhone 16 is a very different experience for those of us who are on Apple well you know it's interesting I just saw a report this morning saying that uh the time between people getting new iPhones has risen and back in 2018 it was only 3 years or it was every 3 years people would purchase an iPhone now it's every five years so I think you're asking the question that a lot of consumers are asking of is it worth it to upgrade um of course also some of these sof software updates will be available to anyone with an iPhone um so you know I don't know I think for people that are creative that really want that extra those camera features the AI features um you know some of the other exciting stuff as a journalist I'm excited for the uh the voice note feature that allows you to sort of have uh separate audio tracks so there's some interesting new features here but I think it remains to be seen whether people are willing to Shell out the the money it's over $1,000 dollar I mean you'd have to say the the Siri experience um at the risk of my phone going off behind set um it's not been particularly good has it yeah Apple's definitely playing catchup here I mean compared to other AI initiatives and especially things you know Google some of their competitors and they're a little behind but Apple has come from behind before I mean on streaming on the Apple watch right like they they're not the first Smartwatch on the market so um they could also come behind from AI but really bring it to Consumers and make it a mass Market sort of see that mass market adoption right that their competitors aren't able to yeah I mean when you when it comes to the watch and I know there is a new updated watch coming out as well I mean that's very much attached to health and wellbe is there anything in the in the new Apple watch that you might not get with Samsung watches or with g or the plethora of other watches there are now on the market yeah well the new watch does come with a lower profile a little bit easier to read like larger screen um so you know that's that's exciting I think when you're thinking of the Apple watch compared to all these other smart watches it really depends on your ecosystem of products right are you an apple head and you want your Apple watch to be able to syn very easily with all of these other you know Apple products that you have that's great maybe you've got a Google Chromebook maybe you're not so loyal to Apple in that case maybe the benefits of the Apple watch don't um you know make such a difference you don't need to iMessage on your watch so uh it really depends on on how you want to use it and do I really need new airpods well uh you will be able to charge them with the USBC which is going to be nice now uh they they have some interesting you know they're doing the noise cancellation um they're they're able to act as hearing aids now potentially um so you know it again it just goes back to how often do you use them are you just popping them in for a run now and then maybe it's not worth the upgrade um or you know is this ass assist of sort of listening Tech techology I'm going to be beneficial to you oh well I've got lots of options there uh very good Taylor nice to see you thank you very much for coming on uh you might have thoughts on that do get in touch |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Apple_accused_of_trapping_and_ripping_off_40m_iCloud_customers_BBC_News.txt | now apple is facing a legal claim accusing it of effectively locking 40 million British customers into its iCloud service and charging them quote ripoff prices the consumer Group which is bringing the legal action so let's speak to Lisa Webb who's the consumer law expert at wit consumer group thank you so much for joining us here why don't you start by just explaining why you're bringing this action well we think actually that Apple has breached UK competition law um and we think they've been doing that by they have a dominant position here and actually any organization that has a dominant position has an obligation not to use that dominance to distort the Market Apple we argue is actually steering their customers towards their own services not giving their customers a choice and thereby reducing the amount of competition there actually is across the market so for that reason consumers are ending up overpaying for a product when actually if there was decent competition across the market that product would be much cheaper and there would be more choices for them so can should getting back can you work out how much you think they're overpaying because Apple has rejected any of these suggestions saying its practices aren't anti-competitive they say their users are not required to use iCloud it says that many customers rely on thirdparty Alternatives and since it works hard to make data transfer as easily as possible well they would say that because they're Apple but any Apple user will be well aware of the fact that Apple encourages you and makes it very very difficult for you not to use the Apple ecosystem you are sort of urged into it and then once you're in it getting out of it is very very hard we think there could be around 40 million UK customers impacted by this and that's all iPad and I phone users now this claim is worth in aggregate around three billion pounds that averages out for individuals is possibly around7 pounds each so this isn't a an insignificant amount of money and what we actually want to see is the market being opened up in a way that allows competitors into it so that consumers can have the choice to use other options and possibly cheaper options where they're available give me an idea of the timeline how long you think this legal action will actually take to come to fruition and and who actually decides well it's it's not a good answer I'm afraid because these things can take years the reason being that competition law is particularly complex but also when you're up against a tech giant like apple they will throw every resource they have at this to try and make sure it goes away which however is in this for the Long Haul we have filed our claim already and we are willing to take this all the way ideally though what we want to see is Apple coming to the table now coming sooner so that we don't have to go all the way through this so that actually we can resolve the situation and consumers who have been ripped off are actually compensated and the market can be opened up realistically though How likely is that because when you look at the list you have Facebook Google steam you have other leading mobile providers all facing some sort of legal claims at the same court don't you there are so many big battles going on between the big tech companies and consumers yeah you're right and the reason that we are seeing this at the moment is it's a relatively new mechanism within the law that allows us to bring what we refer to as opt out Collective redress claims now these are the types of claims that we as witch can bring on behalf of consumers because otherwise it would be basically impossible for individual consumers to take on Apple in this way now this has only been available to us for the last few years which means that there is quite a lot of condensed action happening in the competition appeals tribunal at the moment which is the court seeing this and that does mean that we haven't yet had one of these cases come to a conclusion but we're really hopeful that once that starts happening there'll be a knock-on effect and actually we will be able to reach conclusions on these sooner rather than Le Lisa thank you so much for joining us it's a case to keep an eye on thanks very much indeed thank you |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | China_sends_youngestever_astronauts_to_space_BBC_News.txt | now China has successfully launched its youngest ever astronauts or tyon Nauts into space where they'll spend the next six months on a station called Heavenly Palace Beijing is aiming for a record year of lunar exploration but the US is growing increasingly alarmed at the prospect of a new space race Laura Bier reports [Music] this launch is yet another step in a growing Space Race a battle which could even decide who owns the moon we were so close you can feel the ground vibrate and the fact that China feels so confident to have us here shows its own confidence in its growing space Ambitions this is one of 100 launches they're planning this year as they try to outdo rival the United States these are the three chosen to fly to China's homegrown space station they've been in quarantine and are kept away from us behind glass they include the country's first female Space Engineer I dream of exploring the vastness of space waving to the Stars and of course looking back at my homeland my deepest affection were always before my motherland no matter where I am I will keep striving and working tirelessly the team have trained together for a year to conduct experiments and Carry Out space walks the pilot is a veteran but both Wang and her crewmate are China's next generation of space exploders this year watch their country carry out an historic first and collect lunar samples from The Far Side of the Moon China also has a fleet of satellites in space and plans for many more arrival to Elon musk's starlink the modern space race is no longer about getting to the moon it's about who will control its Rich resources valuable minerals and metals and the head of NASA is what a China will claim them I think his concerns are unnecessary weh here to the principles of peaceful use equality Mutual benefit and Joint development as the astronauts make their last steps on Earth for the next 6 months they're waved off as national heroes China's rivalry with the US is is no longer just based here on Earth both could soon be staking territorial claims well beyond this planet Laura Becker BBC News Gansu |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | WHO_exceeds_target_for_Gaza_polio_vaccinations_as_campaign_continues_BBC_News.txt | in more positive news from Gaza the World Health Organization says it is ahead of its targets for polio vaccinations day three of a mass campaign and so far has inoculated about a quarter of the children under the age of 10 the program began over the weekend it will take place in three locations Gaza City Rafa and then in the north of the strip with localized ceasefires being arranged Dr harinda Silva is a doctor working for UK Med it's a one of the UK's medical NOS he's in Gaza and he's been deeply involved with the polio vac program thank you very much for coming on I mean we've been talking about the challenge of reaching traumatized children getting them to come forward with their families are you encouraged actually by the progress you've made in in recent days I I am very encouraged actually and it's very surprising with how the health system is set up here in terms of the destruction of Water Sanitation hygiene Etc and the ability to move freely over the past three days we've vaccinated 1600 children and it's going fantastically well I'm hoping tomorrow is our last day here at our type one clinic and we'll have more children vaccinated by the end of that day I'm looking at these pictures of the children coming forward when you see them face to face how do they appear to you how do they present so it's a range of things um unfortunately most of the children here are malnourished um very thin some are stunted depending on the age they are and again it's just the look of destitution as well which is quite shocking and tragic when you see it when you see children up close and and most of the children that we see have skin conditions uh unfortunately because of the destruction of Water Sanitation hygiene so we're looking at cases of Scabies very bad impo and fungal infections as well the work you're doing obviously relies on this8 hour pause in the fighting uh in the specific areas where you're working has it been strictly observed so what we've seen at the two um field hospitals that UK Med runs our operations have been working as normal and uh for us so we're very grateful that we're able to get the football in being able to send our community engagement team out to bring children and uh speak to the families and get them to bring their children to the vaccination Center that we're running at the moment 2.8 million people in Gaza um anyone of any age unvaccinated can contract the disease are you satisfied that the wider population is protected it's it's very difficult to see there was always before um this conflict started it was vaccination acceptance so um there was 99% and the uh population has dropped down to 89% and obviously with the unvaccinated population who have been born throughout this conflict that's and the younger children I'm hoping that the 95% vaccine coverage that's needed to prevent spread of the polio virus will be met Dr harena Silva it's great work that you're doing thank you for coming on and do stay safe thank you bye |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | How_do_you_measure_the_snow_melting_on_Switzerlands_glaciers_BBC_News.txt | snow icebergs glaciers Continental Ice Sheets if it's white and cold it's part of the Earth's cryosphere and it shouldn't come as a surprise to learn that that is getting smaller working out what's melting and where is importance and up here nearly 32,000 m above sea level we've come to the High Altitude research station overlooking the AL glacia in the Alps Switzerland is home to 1,400 glaciers of which Al is the biggest and it's here that we find groups of scientists developing new techniques to watch the ice and snow and monitor their retreat Glaciers are water reservoirs that we have which is important for groundwater repl I think this is important fact but also if if you lose this Mass you have instability in the in the mountains so you have more landslides ongoing more [Music] erosion it is also a cause of natural hazards Avalanches if there's a lot of snow and rock falls and similar things if there's not enough snow in the ground destabilizes um a very important one in terms of the energy transition is the hydr power generation uh hydr Power Generation uses the water that runs down from the mountains and that if there is not enough water they cannot generate enough power and if there is a lot of water a lot of snow they actually need to know this in advance to plan the generation for all this we of course need to know where the snow is because that is the water of the future there are two new methods being developed here to not just monitor the surface how much it's melting how fast the glassier is moving and so on but also to find new ways of seeing below the surface these two top antennas are transmitting antennas and here we have a set of receiving antennas so the two different Radars this give us a different let say angle and perspective and with this we can get an extra information that otherwise we will not be able to acquire Esther and Marcel's team is using radar to penetrate deep into the snow pack now different formations of ice crystals reflect the signals back in different ways revealing the internal structure of the snow how deep it is and how dense it is after several weeks of taking measurements on snow cover across the glacia the team will spend the next few months evaluating that data to discover whether Radar really can shape future studies but from the ground you can only see so far to get a wider view you need the second method and go even higher up than this the space measurements are needed to cover the area it is simply impossible to cover a large area like the entire Alps with groundbased measurements Conrad's project is training an AI system to predict what will happen to the snow next the system has been trained on images from isa's Sentinel 2 satellite Network these are a mix of optical photographs that we'd see with the naked eye images in the infrared and some created using longer wavelength radio waves like Marcel and Esther's groundbased system the what our model effectively does is it creates a Time series The Satellites pass over every couple of days and it's like a very slow motion video of the surface and we acquire this video and process it in our case we have a local snow depth pattern and we want to predict with the help of the sequence and also the new observation what will be the next snow depth pattern now these techniques are still in the experimental stage if the teams can improve their methods then they will no doubt prove invaluable in monitoring how the warming climate is changing snow cover around the world for example in Greenland we have a huge area where we are looking for Supra glacial lakes we call them which are lakes beneath the snow the amount of lakes are giving an indicator also of global warming and we can detect these Lakes actually with radar signals that are built up in summer where you have no snow on top and in Winter where you have uh the accumulation of snow you can still see them beneath in fact these techniques could be used even further a field we have radius system which are observing the Venus for example and on venos we have a very strong atmospheric contribution and in order to go through this atmosphere we need longer wavelengths so radar wavelength to penetrate through it and then to see or to characterize really the surface of uh of Venus |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Voice_artists_sue_tech_company_for_stealing_their_voices_BBC_News.txt | a tech company stole our voices made clones of them as AI clones and sold them possibly hundreds of thousands of times this is Paul El lanaa voiceover actors based in New York City last summer they were in the car listening to a podcast about the Hollywood writer strike and how it might affect vo artists like them when something strange happened this specific episode The Host was going to interview an AI entity about the potential harm that AI will have on the entertainment industry and he is interviewing my voice good morning is it okay with you if I call you po absolutely Billy feel free to call me Po as a generative AI technology how disturbing and terrifying that moment was is hard to articulate I spent six hours on the internet that night searching as many text to speech uh products that I could find and listening to all of the voices that they offered until I stumbled upon loo loo are this company a Berkeley based text the speech PL form just type what you want to hear and one of dozens of synthetic voices like this one or maybe this one or this one we'll read it back in a matter of seconds but once she started poking around the company site lanaa said she found an AI voice that sounded just like Paul I mean I I was stunned I couldn't believe it and out of pure curiosity I just started listening to the other voices thinking maybe I'll recognize someone I know a colleague from the voiceover world and that's when I stumbled upon my voice so in May today Paul laa filed a class action lawsuit against loo saying the company illegally stole their voices and identities without permission or proper compensation company has not yet filed a response so how did this even happen so in October of 2019 a freelancing site that I'm on where I regularly procure voiceover work reached out to me asking if I would record some scripts for them the couple say the scripts were generic radio ads ones the user said would never be broadcast so they didn't need expensive usage rights they were quite generic you know do you need a dry cleaner in Idaho we're here right around the corner your your your neighborhood dry cleaner Paul says about 6 months later he got a similar request to record dozens of generic sounding radio scripts in messages the couple shared with the BBC you can see the user appears to say the audio will be used for Research into speech synthesis Paul follows up to clarify whether the audio will be used for anything other than their specific research in the next message the user then appears to confirm the audio will not be used for anything else and then I I asked will you be changing the order of my audio or using it in any separate way and they said no as for lanaa she says the user she spoke with deleted part of the conversation but in the communications that remain it appears the user presents the scripts as test radio ads ones that will not be disclosed externally the couple said there was no formal contract just these messages they've shared with us we can't however verify if these are the complete conversations in both cases though the couple recorded the audio sent the files and moved on we only need a person to Read 50 sentences and I believe that's something an average Joe could do the voice you're hearing is Tom Lee co-founder of lvo speaking on a business podcast about how their voice cloning technology works we can capture the the tone the character the style the phones and and how you even you know if you have an accent we can even capture that as well we reached out to lovo on multiple occasions to request an interview with Mr Lee we also asked for any correspondents or conversations they may have with Paul and lanaa they did not respond to any of our messages so what's going on in the voice actor cases are a field of law known as rights of publicity the thing that's being copied is not a piece of copyrighted work but a piece of someone's personality right and so then we get these personality rights or rights of publicity where the allegation is not you copied my song or you copied my drawing but rather you copied my voice Professor Garcia also says the licenses the couple granted the user who contacted them may have also been violated licenses are um permission for a very specific and narrow use right I might give you a license that you can swim in my swimming pool one afternoon but that doesn't mean you can come whenever you want and have a party in my swimming pool right that would exceed the terms of the license um and I think that would be the argument for these voice actors here the voices have since been removed from the company's website but an ad still exists online where Paul's supposed voice clone can be heard so I sat down with a couple to take a listen myself introducing Jenny by love artificial intelligence that makes it fast and easy to create voiceovers for marketing e-learning documentaries animations Games audio books and More in introducing Jenny by lovo artificial intelligence that makes it fast and easy to create voiceovers for marketing e-learning documentaries animations games audiobooks and more when we all thought of AI in the future we thought AI is going to be folding our laundry and making us dinner we didn't think AI is going to replace human beings creative Endeavors this case is just one of many being brought against AI companies by artists who don't want to lose control over their work and livelihoods and more or L to come we really have no other choice but to stand up and give our energy to this because when companies develop technology that way it's not Innovation anymore it's just exploitation |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Is_this_the_future_of_electric_racing_BBC_News.txt | [Music] [Music] this is Formula students a world series of events that took place this summer featuring electric cars built by teams of students from a 100 universities across the globe on tracks throughout Europe the cars competed in disciplines including autocross racing through Formula 1 like twists and turns as fast as possible an endurance trial through more than 20 km of track to push the limits of battery management a test of grip and down Force by basically going around in a circle as fast as possible and then there acceleration it's a drag race basically and it's this last challenge that one team AMZ racing absolutely blasted last year going from n to 100 km an hour in well I let you know a bit [Applause] later AMZ includes students from lucern University of applied sciences and arts and eth Zurich and I dropped in on the team's Swiss HQ and up here is the electronics department at AMZ racing we're going to meet Lara not that Lara for one car to excel at all of these events it not only has to have a powerful motor but also computers have to control the traction and fine-tune the speed of each wheel individually and somehow it has to stick to the ground to give the tires more grip AMZ achieved this with powerful fans that actually sucked the ultralight vehicle to the tarmac are you building on the last year's design or have you completely reinvented anything every year we design a completely new race car I mean of course we Orient ourselves on the design from last year as you might have seen on the car the downforce with uh the fans we had we improved uh not the same concept but um kind of is based on the same um the same physics behind it is this something you want to do in the future do you want to work on like racing cars I mean it definitely be fun and really interesting but I'm not sure yet we'll see depends how it goes this year right yeah and yeah the point of this competition is less about the winning and more about the learning getting to work on such a project during your studies is an incredible knowledge gain I mean if I compare myself 3 years ago before I joined this I know very little about engineering compared to what I do now there are some things that might get adopted in Industry however I think the main thing is just to really get those Engineers already to have some practical experience during their studies so about that acceleration challenge now after last year's formula Student Competition the team decided to specifically re-engineer the car to try and break the world acceleration record and go from n to 100 km an hour in the shortest time for an electric car this was the vehicle and the target time well that was already astonishing so in 2016 eth held the record not to 100 km hour in uh 1. 1513 seconds okay one and a half seconds one and a half seconds okay and then in 2022 Stuart came along and did it in uh 1.46 so about 500 of seconds and then last year you came along and did not to 100 km an hour in how much a bit less than a second uh [Applause] 0.956 not to 60 in less than a second what does that feel like it feels insane so you just feel this this push and you you you can't even blink it's it's already over do you have time to do any steering or do you have to hope it's pointing in the right direction you really you have to uh hope that points into the the right direction but this we we control before every start and there is maybe a little bit of steering but it's just intuitive now when I visit vised AMZ a few weeks before this Summer's competition I got to witness the very first day of testing this year's brand new car expectations were high all our cameras were set to catch the highspeed action and [Music] was that close to the world record I'm not an expert but okay look this was actually just a test to see if all the computers and sensors were talking to each other the fact the car moved at all was considered a success but come the formula student tournament itself AMZ did brilliantly winning events in Switzerland Hungary and the biggest one in Germany and equally important ly the next generation of Engineers has done its qualifying lab [Music] |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | The_underwater_kites_generating_electricity_as_they_move_BBC_News.txt | rugged and remote the Pharaoh Islands are an isolated archipelago found in the North Atlantic powerful currents flow around its 18 islands and in this sea Channel called the vest Mana Sun mechanical creatures lurk beneath the water's surface called dragons designed by Swedish Marine energy firm minesto it's among a wave of new technology that hopes to revolutionize tidal power this huge yellow thing behind me is a tidal kite it looks a bit like a glider because it's designed to fly through the water and once it's installed on the seabed it will be generating electricity using the current that flows through this stretch of water weighing 28 tons and with a 12 M wingspan the newest dragon can deliver 1.2 megaw of power it's sort of like kite surfing but underwater so we tether it off to the seaf Flor foundation on the sea floor and then it flies in a figure of eight as underwater currents Flow by the kite's wings generate a hydrodynamic lift Force spinning the turbine and generating electricity this Design's very different to other types of tidle technology so what's the advantage of a design like this one we can install an operate and produce power in lowf flow currents with lightweight machines although it looks big to the eye this is actually a very small tidle turbine we've designed the system as such to be maintenance friendly and that you simply just told them in replace modules and then put them back in we've also over the years removed more and more components from the system and fit them on Shore instead the less components you have that can become damaged it's easier to access it and it's much cheaper also it's the gravitational pull of the moon and to some extent the sun which gives the tides their Rhythm and unlike wind solar or Hydro tidal power isn't reliant on weather while tidal bares have been around for decades their cost and the ecological impact has been a barrier now from the Scottish Island through to Canada a new generation of tech firms have introduced tidle St green turbines ocean energy is still largely untapped so what are the barriers that have prevented it from taking off it's a relatively small and new industry so very few machines in the water and then you have to compete with wind farms and solar PV Etc we're now addressing a resource that's so much larger so we're opening up a market that didn't even exist before if all goes to plan there could be arrays of subseed kites around the Pharaoh Islands installed in groups similar to wind farms so this machine here that's the first utility or the array device there will be many of these in Parks or array as you call them um around the world the Pharaohs aren't connected to any other country's power grid so it has to be self-sufficient and in the past it relied heavily on oil imports a f fa area now though it's going fully green and this battery station helps to regulate electricity Supply we have the biggest battery in I think in the Danish Kingdom we don't have any subsid cables to neighboring countries so we need to maintain the stability of the power system at all point in times on a millisecond level much of the country's power will come from wind hydro and solar but that's also where its experiment with tidal energy comes in it's predictable we know exactly when it's there 100 years ahead if we install title turbines in different spots we will have a base slow generation from tids and that is extremely valuable if we can unlock the potential it can really dramatically change the energy mix in the islands maybe 30 to 40% of the annual usage in the islands could be provided by by tights now this dragon has begun to fly and it's sending energy to the Grid it's just one machine but potentially a big leap forward for harnessing energy from all Seas [Music] |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Moment_billionaire_becomes_first_nonpro_astronaut_to_complete_spacewalk_Space_SpaceX_BBCNews.txt | [Applause] stex back at home we all have a lot of work to do but from here bir Ser looks like a perfect world single Commander Jared ISAC now emerging one watching from the nose cone |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Delhi_airport_was_one_of_the_many_affected_by_a_global_IT_outage_ITOutage_Crowdstrike_BBCNews.txt | at IND Gandhi International Airport and I am flying on holiday from Delhi to go with my family and we are absolutely affected by this Global outage and what they're doing here is manually entering everybody's passenger information now complicating issues for myself is that my children don't have seat assignments just yet so we're trying to work that out now in if you want to just take a look at my boarding cart you can see that all the inform had to be entered in manually the same thing for baggage tags they were all entered in manually so it's anyone's guess whether or not I'm actually going to get the luggage at the end of this trip but I will say that in terms of mood people are getting a little bit snipping now but overall most people are just taking this all in stride given that it is a global outage |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | James_McAvoy_and_Tom_Brady_fall_for_Goodbye_Meta_AI_hoax_BBC_News.txt | now more than 600,000 people including many celebrities have fallen for a hoax claiming to deny Facebook and Instagram owner meta the right to use their images for training AI well the hoax claims that by sharing the message meta would no longer be able to use their information with me to explain all is our reporter Emily Brown so tell us more what's happened well this goes back to an announcement made by meta in June saying that it would use uh users public posts to train its AI model this would include comments uh Instagram stories and posts shared by users over the age of 18 with a public audience now at the time meta said that it was confident that it complied with all the relevant privacy laws but it led to a lot of criticism from Facebook and Instagram users but it's really ramped up in the past couple of days because a post which claims by sharing this message meta would no longer be able to use their information has now been posted hundreds of thousands of times but it's a hoax sharing this message isn't going to protect your information your public information from being used by AI tools and a meta spokesperson said sharing the story does not count as a valid form of objection I mean I guess lots of people will be very interested in protecting their identity in this way and why do you think it has had such a huge response though this particular hoax well a hoax post like this it's quite unusual to be shared by so many high-profile people uh celebrities including the likes of James makoy the film star and former NFL player Tom Brady have shared this message and so because of that it really has escalated the origin of the trend was thought to be a post put out on Facebook on the 1st of September and then a version of that post has since gone viral um and it wasn't until this week when large celebrity accounts began to share that post but it is worth noting that if you do want to opt out of your public information from being used by meta for its AI tools then can do so by going onto your privacy settings okay Emily thanks very much indeed there Emily Brown uh joining us there for that update more online if you are interested |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Inside_the_hidden_carbon_plant_pulling_CO2_from_thin_air_BBC_News.txt | this isn't some far away planet these Martian likee Landscapes are found in Iceland it could almost be a scene from science fiction seemingly in the middle of nowhere these taring machines are guzzling up carbon dioxide a global warming gas so could this much hyped technology help us fight the climate crisis Mammoth is the world's largest direct air capture and storage facility what you see here are 12 of our collector containers when the plant is fully operational we'll actually have 72 around the plant that will enable us to capture 36,000 tons of CO2 every year it works like a giant vacuum each of these units is the size of a ship and container and has a dozen powerful fans sucking in the surrounding air they pull in an Olympic swimming pool's worth of air every 40 seconds and then inside a filter separates the CO2 in the atmosphere its concentration is very dilute capturing even smaller amounts requires lots of energy and Mammoth gets both power and hot water from the nearby geothermal plant for us to do direct air capture effectively and efficiently we want to make sure that we're using energy that has a low carbon footprint some would look at this and say hang on where's the industry would it not be more efficient to have one of these next to a factory that's actually making the pollution carbon dioxide tends to just disperse and diffuse in the air the effectiveness of direct air capture is not dependent on being located close to Industrial emitters okay I'll let you show me where the CO2 goes that lowest line here that's actually the CO2 that's coming from those 12 containers outside these two balloons are really good visual representation of what in total one ton of CO2 looks like this Tower then Works a bit like a sooda stream dissolving the pure CO2 in water from the top we have water coming in so it's like a shower it's sort of at home if you're making sparkling water same idea that fizzy water is sent to these Igloo like domes so here we have one of our injection Wells please come inside this well is going 700 M down into the underground here the CO2 and water is pumped deep into the Bassel Bedrock where it reacts and turns to Stone so you've got a couple of rocks yes exactly I'm a geologist so I brought rocks this is a fresh bazal here actually from one of the last volcanic eruptions here in Iceland you can see there's a lot of paracity in here here you can see there's a lot of these pores now filled with W of specs some of these contain the mineralized CO2 and Copic says that happens pretty quickly we're not talking about millions or tens of thousands of years around about 95% of the CO2 was mineralized here within 2 years in the pilot project this is incredibly fast geologically speaking Mammoth is climar second commercial plant and almost 10 times bigger than the last one collecting 36,000 tons of CO2 annually about the same amount is taking 8,000 petrol cars off the road but it costs a whopping thousand to remove just one ton what do we mean by removing emissions among its customers on Microsoft H&M and Lego worldwide more plants like these are on the way though they'll still only remove a fraction of what's needed and despite calls to slash our emissions this CO2 we churn out continues to grow do you think direct air capture Can Be an Effective tool for removing carbon we release about 40 billion tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere every year so this won't make a dent into the big problem but I think you should use all methods and methodologies to to fight this problem what's it going to take to scale it up bring cost down and make it really impactful by the end of the decade we want to be at a cost of capture of between and $400 technology improvements will help drive down cost a second lever will will be scale the team says this is just the beginning Mammoth will soon be dwarfed by another much bigger plant project Cyprus in the United States which will eventually capture a million tons of CO2 each year from Mammoth to Cyprus we're now looking to break that hundreds of thousands of tons of capture capacity a year I really do believe direct air capture and other engineered Solutions are going to be able to get us to the point that we need to to help fight climate change but |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Amazons_indigenous_people_hit_by_record_forest_fires_in_Brazil_BBC_News.txt | the Amazon has had its worst forest fires in two decades more than 62,000 square kilometers have been burned this year already an area bigger than countries like Sri Lanka or Costa Rica known as the lungs of the planet the world relies on the Amazon to absorb a lot of its carbon dioxide but these fires mean it's now emitting record amounts itself our South America correspondent ioni Wells has this report this is the Amazon rainforest but it barely resembles its name trees warped and blackened like burnt matchsticks clouds not full of rain for the continent but smoke that is choking it on the front lines indigenous firefighters it's their land burning we say things spread like wildfire because as soon as one is put out another pops up for these volunteers the fight is personal if this fire is continue we the indigenous people will no longer have life because today it is killing the plants in a while it will be us because we inhale so much it is a very aggressive fire that really kills everything that comes its way as we speak she spots another plume of smoke they'd only just finished putting out fires there the battle feels constant the majority of the fires are arson people who to invade the land other fires are natural but that's rare a disaster it is natural it isn't deforestation has slowed in recent years under the new government but despite attempted crackdowns lawlessness is still Rife loggers miners farmers use fires to clear land at the heart of their argument a belief land should be productive not protected this farmer bought his land legally a long time ago he can understand why Amazonian farming is booming I think it is due to the growth of the population that has increased plenty up here it rained well here I believe if you're working within the law there's no problem here it is a place that provides food it is a state that can produce a lot so I think there is still a lot of area to be cultivated here in amazonas the fire is a criminal but made worse by Brazil's worst ever drought caused by the elino weather phenomenon and climate change this is supposed to be the Madera River a tributary of the Amazon this is what communities must do to get water now it's the worst drao I've ever seen in my entire life it has brought a lot of concern consequences the absence of food on the Riverside dwell as table the fish are gone there are elderly people people with chronic unises who helped to make this journey the impact on the community here is clear but this matters for everyone the world relies on the Amazon to absorb a lot of its carbon as you can see from the smoke in the sky here it's now emitting record amounts itself life here knows the cost of that already falling prey to the rainforest new greatest Predators ioni Wells BBC News in the Amazon well let's speak now to Tessa azavedo a Brazilian forest scientist and engineer at the climate Observatory that's a Brazilian environmental Lobby group thank you very much for joining us today and tell us more I onlyi uh spoke about it a bit in her report but tell us more about the reasons that there are so many wildfires this year in the Amazon yeah the first thing to to look at is that there is uh El which is a phenomenon that increase the temperature of the water in the Atlantic uh in the Pacific and this is particularly strong this year but it it's in conjunction also with a very big effect on the climate change in U in the Amazon that we we are bringing a very very very dry season like that's the driest season we we have on record since the last 60 years when it's started to be record so uh this create a condition for a fire but fire only starts if you have ignition like if you have uh somebody starting the fire in the Amazon the the fire don't start naturally in the Amazon except on a very occasional ways when you have lightning which not the case right now so so what we are having now is is this effect of um the very very dry season um with um fire that is um spreading on a different pattern that um previous years so just to have an idea the the figures that were presented on the uh just minutes ago what 16 million heares of um of fires this is not fire on forest forest is just part of that so it's about uh 40% of this area was on Forest but in previous years uh the amount the proportion of forest that has been on fire was about 15% so what it's changed in this year is that not only the total area of fire is increasing but the proportion of area that's happen on Forest is increasing doing to the dry U conditions so much more Forest being affected and you know the phrase lungs of the planet tells us doesn't it just how important the Amazon rainforest is uh to try to deal with the climate crisis now uh the previous Brazilian president giia bolsonaro was seen as a skeptic on the issue of the climate crisis his uh his successor president Lula we saw him with Emanuel macron the French President standing in the Amazon they announced a 1 billion uh Euro green investment plan for the Amazon but uh is it is it difficult for president Lula to try to catch up if you like with the the problems that have been building up in the Amazon for so many years yeah you see for fire you have three things operating right one is uh the you need material to burn and so it's intrinsic link it with uh deforestation historically like historically you have like deforestation explaining a lot of what happens with uh the fire events so you clear cut the forest and then when it's try you put fire to finish the job and this fire goes into the forest also so the deforestation part is going very well like it's declining a lot 50% decline on the first year of of the government but there is this kind of decoupling happening right now it's so dry that the fire that is escaping to the forest is actually uh burning a much larger area of forest it's very important to sorry to uh sorry to stop you there we're almost out of time but really good to hear from you very interesting to discuss this story tasso aavo there Brazilian forest scientists do stay with us here on BBC News |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Nvidia_is_now_the_worlds_most_valuable_company_Nvidia_BBCNews.txt | the most valuable company in the world is one you've probably never heard of it's not Microsoft it's not Apple it's a firm called Nvidia well okay if you're a gamer you probably know who they are and you'll know about their computer graphics cards charismatic chief executive Jensen hang sometimes called the Taylor Swift of tech co-founded the company 30 years ago with the aim of bringing 3D Graphics to gaming and multimedia markets but it really found success in 1999 when it created the first Graphics Processing Unit or GPU that's a chip that does what it says on the tin it's very good at computer graphics and that's really been its business since designing and selling specialist computer chips but it's in recent years that its value has really taken off as AI has boomed so has Nvidia dominating the market for AI chips it's been selling shovels in a gold rush you might say it share price has risen too when it first passed $100 a few years ago Jensen hang got a tattoo of the company logo on his arm so will he be getting more tattoos with this new found success not very likely he said the t two hurt a lot and he cried like a baby so no more ink for Jensen |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | How_Antarctic_whales_are_helping_us_understand_more_about_climate_change_BBC_News.txt | [Music] delving into the lives of Antarctica Giants there's two animals yep that is pretty amazing to be able to see them under the water hello beautiful humpback whales come 8 and half km here to feed the Antarctic Peninsula a brutal and fragile place is a hot spot for marine Wildlife perfect it kind of looks like play just wild but this place is changing the climate is Shifting in the Antarctic Peninsula faster than anywhere else in Antarctica we're with a team of wildlife scientists who are trying to find out how some of the biggest animals in these waters are responding some populations around the world are getting skinny because they're not getting enough to eat uh because of climate change in cucks J's coming up on the left Mom's pooping we'll discover secrets that are hidden in the bodies of these huge marine mammals liquid gold and why scientists need to be here to protect this vast icy wilderness today the archive footage looks shocking it shows our brutal history with Antarctica's whales the small Whalers bring their catches to the Mother Ship some were driven to the brink of Extinction by commercial whaling during the 20th century that was banned 40 years ago but research is now uncovering new threats to the future of these animals that's why scientists make the long journey across the the notoriously rough Southern Ocean to Antarctica woke up to my nightstand crashing um across the room because we've hit apparently a 12 meter wave I've never been in waves like that before Sarah is one of the wildlife biologists that we're traveling with to reduce the impact and the expense of their research trip she and the team are hitching a lift on a tourist ship the science and the tourists want to go to the same places where there are these hot swats of biodiversity of animals and so we're going to the same places and get to do sence at the same time we can see our first iceberg that means Antarctica is getting very close now when we reach the peninsula the waterers calm and Antarctica reveals [Music] itself the coldest continents on earth hundreds of species depend on these cold Rich Seas the researchers we're following have special permits to study Antarctic whales up close but first they have to find them I hurt son of them but Natalia bero aosta has spent more than a decade studying humpback whales I think his sign swimming it was like lifting a peack her work stretches from the tropical waters of Colombia where the whales breed to the end of their 8,000 km migration Antarctica how is working in Antarctica for somebody from the Tropics it's fascinating but I do get a cold a lot when we spot a whale Natalia reaches for a surprising piece of scientific equipment tell me about the crossbow is that is that a weapon no it's not a weapon by any means it's uh tool it's a scientific tool we use them to collect uh you know blubber and skin samples uh it goes with this bolts modified too uh at the very end of this we screw a tip maybe 3 cm tip and then inside is like three barbs that hold the tissue but this this barrier sort of like prevents the the bolt from going inside further and then bounces back into the water and this is how you get a tissue biopsy from a wild humpback whale the tube on the end of The Arrow takes just a tiny Nick out of the animal's body the sample wi is is you know 3 cm something like that for an animal obviously you know 16 M long so it's essentially a mosquito bite I clearly didn't bother them very much cuz they're they're hanging around the boat not just got a sample from Mom is that right we got a sample from Mom yeah she's still distur thing she's right here that's what we came for one of the things the researchers can tell with this small nugget of tissue is if a female humpback is pregnant in years that we have low CIS then the following year you have lower pregnancy rates and that's as good as it gets in like you know getting to know the environment and getting to know the effects of all these conservation threats on the animals working from a tourist boat means the team can reach and work in several sites around the Antarctic Peninsula but it also means they have to improvise this is a a tourist vessel so it's not necessarily kitted out for scientific experiments this isn't a lab and it's a store room there's lots of stuff in here k bags and there's costumes even for some of the staff but it has become a laboratory for processing of these very precious samples of whale tissue blubber the like pinky whitish tissue hormones accumulate there and then the skin which is like the black tissue oh that's a good one that's a beautiful one why is that a beautiful one I it looks great is a a good chunk of blubber and that's very valuable like that means that you can probably do the hormone analysis maybe even a couple of times I get a couple extractions analyzing this blubber will reveal chemical clues about the health of the animal the tiny piece of skin provides a genetic profile of each whale that the team studies whatever isn't needed for analysis will be cryopreserved kept in very cold storage indefinitely for now the researchers have reserved space for their samples in an old [Music] freezer good morning folks it's around 6:15 a.m. 173 it's 4° C or 39° F now it with very low winds everyday working here is precious an opportunity to gather data in one of the richest most productive parts of the Southern Ocean everybody good and during this research trip the team will have just 4 days in the peninsula so we are going to go that way Chris Johnson is from the World Wildlife Fund we were going to go this way now we're going to go that way he's the Charity's Global lead on whale conservation as we search the weather closes in one of the best ways that we can find humpback whales in these conditions when it's foggy and snowy is actually listening so we'll turn off the Zodiac engine we close our eyes and just listen for the blows we'll hear big blows of humpback whales and you can hear them for quite a far distance so even though you'll hear them it may take a while to find them ready there's another piece of Kit to help in the search we're looking using the Drone it's kind of our eyes in the sky to help us look for whales using drones has transformed scientists ability to observe these marine mammals we have these ocean Giants all around us their pectoral fins are so white it's really easy to follow them in this water this is much more than a beautiful aerial view the team uses the Drone to work out the hump backs weight from the length and width of their bodies we're measuring how fat it's becoming over the season and that's really important because they're storing enough energy to make the long Mig migration back to their breeding ground in the Eastern tropical Pacific and that's over 8 and half th000 km so they've got a bulk up some populations around the world are getting skinny because they're not getting enough to eat uh because of climate change impacts one recent 20-year study of humpbacks in the North Pacific showed the population had declined because of a shortage of food that was linked to Rising temperatures it's why scientists monitor the whales here what's happening to these hungry marine mammals is a signal of what's happening in the whole ocean ecosystem climate change uh from Fisheries by catch to uh vessel strikes and underwater noise pollution it's all adding up long term in terms of poor health and that's what we're really concerned about this is why the whales come here to feed Antarctic Krill each just a few centimeters long collectively there's an estimated 400 million tons of these crustaceans in the Southern Ocean that's similar to the combined weight of every human on earth well we think they're feeding on about uh 1 to 1 and 1/2 tons per day of Antarctic Krill a day per day and we've been underestimating that until the past few years uh when we've done this research there is a Krill fishery here krill oil is used in some animal feed and supplements there are strict catch to protect Antarctic Wildlife but conservationists are concerned about the extra pressure that fishing puts on the environment this work is helping us to find where Welles feed uh and why they're feeding and what are the most critical habitats for them on the Antarctic Peninsula so we can make those uh no fishing zones these creatures are much more than whale food they help keep the ocean healthy and our planet cool krill eat microscopic plants that grow in sea ice plants that suck carbon out of the atmosphere so these tiny animals just by growing eating and excreting send Planet warming carbon to the bottom of this cold ocean but climate change is warming the ocean and since 2017 there's been a worrying decline in sea ice here that's why scientists need to come here to figure out what impact that's having on some of the biggest animals in these oceans one way to do that is to examine what's coming out of the animals that depend on C J's coming up on the left Mom's pooping Liquid Gold is that is that what I think it is it is exactly what you think it is and it smells exactly like you think it would it's whale poo whale poo yeah back aboard the ship that precious specimen can be stored safely is ripe it's very ripe um but you can actually see little chunks floating in it which was a surprise to be I mean I've never held whale poo before you could also do all sorts of cool things like get hormones from poo you can look at DNA wow and and I'm it's difficult it's really difficult to find right because you have to be next to whale right and it went in the water and it usually can just disperse really quickly this one was a little bit harder and stayed clumped together in a way I wasn't ex how you describe this I isn't it magical and I was able to just take handfuls and smush it into the jar well done thank [Music] you this continent is unique there's never been a war here it's a land DED dedicated to science we can look at the data in colia compare it with the Antarctic Peninsula and be able to monitor the population the whole way the Antarctic treaty is a global agreement drawn up more than 60 years ago that now has 56 signatories it states that Antarctica will be used for peaceful purposes and scientific cooperation one of those permitted peaceful purposes is tourism and that's growing before the 1980s just a few hundred people came here each year in the summer season between 2022 and 23 more than 100,000 people visited and the kind of little boat shed on the shore there that's now staff quarters Stephy is an expedition leader for a tour operator it's her job to plan an Antarctic itinerary for the 200 people on board the ship that we're traveling on weather ice changing Dynamics and the industry was designed when 100 passenger vessels were the were the larger ships okay and now 100 passenger vessels are the smaller ships the International Association of Antarctic tour operators sets out guidelines for the industry including restrictions on the numbers of people that can go ashore and keeping a safe distance from Wildlife the plan was that we'd land here today but it's not possible because there are too many penguins um the rules for the tourism are that everybody has to keep 5 m away from the wildlife and as you can see here it's not not actually possible to get out of a boat and be 5 m away from a penguin even with all the rules tourism can leave its Mark anyone visiting could unwittingly bring in seeds or microbes that don't belong here on their boots and clothes there's even evidence of soot left on Snow from ship exhaust but according to the international Union for the conservation of nature when people experience Antarctica in person it can Inspire them to protect it and while the scientists are here to gather data they're also sharing their findings and conservation messages with the passengers and we're going to talk a lot about good news this is not going to be a bad news talk you're going to be inspired by the end of it is it strange in some ways to be on a tourist ship what's that like for you because tourism is a pressure on this place too isn't it it is tourism is something that we need to regulate closely so uh we tend to work with operators where we can talk about conservation messages to the public and one of the new things we're discovering at that whales are critical to Ocean health and so that type of partnership is really special um and it really helps us try to protect this incredible place that we have coming here repeatedly means scientists can monitor this environment it also means they capture some fascinating Wildlife Behavior up close in krill hotpots these social intelligent animals work together to Gorge themselves oh this is f fantastic trapping their prey inside a net of bubbles they're blowing bubbles in a circle and they're coming up right through the center of the bubble net to feed it's absolutely spectacular wow look at that that's such a cool Hello waving with a pectoral fin this animal is using its fins to feed it kind of looks like play yeah it does but it's using its pectoral fin as a tool s to Sweet the C in just [Music] wild these playful Giants seem to be engaged in an interspecies dance with a seal the researchers want to identify and do what they can to protect Wildlife hotspots around the peninsula that is pretty amazing to be able to see them under the water hello beautiful my new favorite color is the blue of a humpback whale under the water it's a very specific color oh watch out sorry that's right going to ask Crayola to make that color for [Music] me we can even see evidence of of close family bonds there's two animals humpbacks need their moms to care for them you know and uh and navigate this kind of wild place while the researchers are curious about the whales the whales seem curious about us too they raise their heads above the water oh my God Spy Hopping to see what's going on mom he beautiful mom looks like she's going to come under us she's right under us she's going to come up just uh hold on to the boat in case she touches the boat wa she's huge oh my weird I never seen my well that close before in my life I'm a little bit scared I've got gigantic how did you feel when it went under the boat I'm a little bit apprehensive so beautiful this is so be this is so beautiful this might be the most beautiful thing I've ever seen the team makes the most of every minute they have here so so far we have 67 samples between this trap in the previous one an amazing amazing success um last year in the same situation two trips uh we got 40 today is their last day the more samples they can get the more detailed picture they'll have of what's happening in this environment you got to be patient you got to give the animals some space and understand their behavior and you know every now and then you you actually get a result is that a female it's hard to say it didn't react it didn't make a big deal so maybe fale yeah that's Natalia's test yeah the males are like you know we're we're a little bit more more anxious you know it's all right the end of an Antarctic expedition is a time for reflection just grateful for the opportunity to like just do what we do in a place like this um and just connecting data that is so important and so critical for hbags and for the ecosystem this trip was a chance to gather clues about this remote Wilderness Clues the researchers will use to build a picture of the health of this fragile place I'm at peace in this environment I feel more connected to Nature we're getting this important data um to bring to policy makers uh to make really important changes uh in uh International policy and protect this area for Antarctic Krill for humpbacks for Penguins you know this place is not only important for nature but it's also important to us just as Marine Wildlife depends on this place so do we this icy ocean cools our planet so scientists will keep a check on its largest inhabitants the Wales whose bodies hold clues about the effect we have on this precious environment I can't believe it's over it seems like yesterday we met Ina what an epic place I mean we have got perfect weather amazing whales around us and I think it's time to go home so let's hit the road yeah there we go let's do it let's do it okay let's go oh so awesome no tears on the boat no it's been awesome have you a beautiful place |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Bridgerton_and_Baby_Reindeer_drive_Netflix_signups_BBC_News.txt | let's start with Netflix because it has cemented its place as the world's biggest TV streaming company with another big jump in subscribers now Netflix started cracking down on people sharing their passwords around this time last year and it's been paying off and when you combine that with some hit shows like Bridgeton and baby reindeer it's been a pretty successful few months for the streamer Netflix shares have risen by a third since the start of the year let's show you some more of its numbers now it signed up 8 million new subscribers between April and June and that's much higher than the 5 million or so that analysts and investors were expecting that takes its Global subscriber base to more than 277 million people far more than its competitors Amazon Prime or Disney plus sales overall also jumped Netflix made revenues of more than N9 half billion dollar in the second quarter that itself is a rise of 177% on the same period last year but there's trouble ahead Netflix is warning that that boost in subscriber growth coming from password sharing the Crackdown of password sharing is slowing down well Jeremy Goldman is at Insider intelligence and told me earlier that Netflix really has become the king of streamers yeah absolutely I think one of the really interesting things about this story is that Netflix has been able to you know stand up and effect an advertising platform over the last year or two when they had nothing you know for for for basically decades right um and be able to stand up the right kind of platform the right tee behind it in order uh to have this advertising become a major part of their growth story over the last two years yeah let's talk a little bit about the password sharing and to what degree this is all because of the Crackdown uh on that obviously what we've seen is lots of people who were sharing passwords across lots of family members are being told no you can't do that anymore and they've acknowledged themselves that that could be contributing to the to this bump in numbers where's the where's the line here to what extent is this kind of organic growth and is this kind of forced growth you know it really is a bit of both I mean the password sharing the the the frictionless experience that they've been able to essentially uh put uh you know in front of consumers has given them the option to you know rather than saying you are stealing access you know you're you're a bad person it's been more so about like listen you know we just want you to pay for this uh service and as a result it hasn't really turned off consumers and I think that that's a big part of the story at the same time it is important to note that they have a very affordable um ad tier now for a lot of people who might have not not necessarily thought about Netflix is within their household budget uh in past years and I think that that's been a major part of the story uh you know a significant portion of new signups uh in most markets where advertising supported uh viewership is supported you know that that that's what people are signing up for yeah and we're not used to hearing about advertising on Netflix because most people pay their monthly amount and watch TV shows adree but as you say we could be hearing about it more Netflix saying it will become a significant part of their uh revenue from 2026 onwards one of the other things that stood out for me is this plan to stop well to stop doing just this regularly reporting just how many subscribers are signing up they're going to do that from next year why well part of it is what's going to look more favorable to them right you know they want people to be spending time on the platform because then they can serve them more ads and as a result that's the kind of thing that's really going to matter and not necessarily the total number of viewers right um you know they're they're really ultimately focused on being a company that's all about revenues and and earnings growth uh and that's the type of company that you're really going to see uh going forward which is why I think a lot of the let's say second tier streaming platforms are in very much in playing catchup mode and and a lot of the streamers have been cutting back haven't they on their production I know Netflix used to to to to throw money at it and that all seemed to stop a little while ago where do you see this the spending happening now on the Productions that you know the big title Productions the glossy Productions the bridgein of this world to to bring uh viewers in not just for Netflix but for the other streamers too you know the content cost that's something that's certainly been looked at across the whole entire streaming landscape that's something that we're following very closely uh you know uh the strikes obviously caused quite a bit of issues across the whole entire landscape but what was interesting is that Netflix didn't really suffer as much as some others you know you didn't really see a lot of churn and that's because there's a whole lot of loyalty that the average uh Netflix um you know subscriber has |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Scientists_shocked_at_new_Stonehenge_discovery_BBC_News.txt | now a new analysis shows that the six ton iconic alter stone at the heart of Stonehenge originated from Northeastern Scotland rather than Southwest Wales the discovery shows that its construction was a far greater collaborative effort than scientists believe here's our science correspondent palab Goos it's one of the most famous prehistoric monuments in the world and also one of the most mysterious why was Stonehenge built in Southwest England 5,000 years ago and what was it used for what we do know is that the giant outer stones are probably sourced locally from England the inner blue stones are from Wales and we now know that the central alter stone is from Northeastern Scotland and not from Wales as once thought the irony is that the discovery was made by a young Welshman he still remembers being brought to the site as a one-year-old in 1992 I remember coming with my dad and being on his shoulders and looking over at the stones so it's nice to kind of come full circle and make this Discovery at somewhere so special to me you're a a proud Welshman and you've taken the Welsh status away from the stone so how do you think it'll go down in Wales yeah I'm not sure they'll ever talk to me again it's a loss for Wales no doubt but Wales has contributed so many rocks to this Monument I'm sure Scotland can have one Anthony analyzed The Rock and discovered it had a unique de date and composition in the journal Nature he says it could only have come from the far north of Scotland here in the orcadian Basin which includes kith NES orne and Mory fth so this is the alter Stone the heart of Stonehenge now partially buried it's one of the largest Stones here at around 6 tons the big question is how on Earth it was transported from Northeast Scotland and why the people back then thought it was so important important to bring it all this way they must have been very technically Advanced to be able to do that to bring it down by boat bring it down on on sledges or whatever over and presume it wasn't just a matter of engineering there must have been some sort of social cohesion for you know the Scots and the Welsh and the English all to work together absolutely to to to bring this to here a sort of focus in a way at that time um there must have been linking between all of these areas so what does it say about about Neolithic Society in Britain well it certainly implies great social connections and sophistication and I think what we got to remember is these people were just like us in a way you know they were just as clever but they had different Technologies but to bring a stone of this size uh all the distance from what we now call Scotland is really quite something the new discovery has changed the story of Stonehenge and those that built it the tale is now of of a people across Great Britain who were more interconnected and advanced than previously thought who came together to build this incredible Monument palab go BBC News Stonehenge |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | CrowdStrike_IT_outage_continues_to_cause_global_disruption_BBC_News.txt | Global computer systems in healthcare Banking and airlines are slowly coming back online after a digital outage disrupted networks in many countries the crisis was caused by a faulty software update which affected Microsoft Windows systems but it could be some time before all the backlogs are cleared while some Airline devices are beginning to return to normal after thousands of flights were cancelled operators expect some delays and cancellations to persist through the weekend many businesses are now dealing with backlogs and missed orders that could take days to resolve the global chaos has sparked concern over the vulnerability of the world's interconnected Technologies and the extent to which a single software glitch could have such widespread impact and the UK's National cyber security Center is warning that scammers could attempt to take advantage of the widespread computer problems Vinnie mckeny has the latest a day of worldwide it chaos thanks to an update meant to protect systems but which instead paralyzed them with this blue screen train services and airports were badly affected with thousands of flights grounded all over the globe from the UK to Asia and the US this flight radar data shows us Skies emptying out as the outage took hold delays and cancellations are expected to persist for sever several days here medicine deliveries to pharmacies were disrupted and GPS in England had problems accessing patient records ambulance services across the country have reported a surge in demand as a result but if you have an urgent problem you should contact your own GP surgery either in person or by telephone and if that's not possible and you're worried then you are um to go online and have a look at um messaging from 111 or call 111 it even affected software used by broadcasters knocking some TV channels off air CAF restaurants and shops were also left unable to process payments we had a lot of problems with the card machine the cards not going through it's just there's no signal at crowd strike we monitor trillions of cyber events the cause a single update from this us antivirus company you may not have heard of crowd strike before but it has nearly 2 4,000 business customers around the world many of them huge organizations like Airlines and Banks we stop a lot of bad things from happening we're deeply sorry for the impact that we've caused to customers to Travelers to anyone affected by this including our uh companies so um we know what the issue is uh we're resolving and have resolved the issue now it's recovering uh systems that are out there to be clear this wasn't a hack or Cyber attack so you don't need to change any passwords it only affected machines running Microsoft but every single one will need a manual reboot in safe mode which is not as simple as turning it off and on again Microsoft says some people have to do this as many as 15 times we've been long encouraged to keep our devices software up to date but there are now tough questions as to how one faulty update could have brought so much chaos Vincent mavin BBC News the CEO of the antivirus firm crowd strike has apologized for the disruption that was caused but there are now questions about how a routine update went so wrong madii sent this report from outside the company's headquarters in Texas there hasn't been a lot of visible activity here at the headquarters of crowd strike based in Austin Texas you can only imagine though uh what is going on inside before today crowd strike had built a pretty strong reputation in a relative ly short space of time for providing top it Security Solutions it's operating in more than a 100 countries worldwide it's relied upon by so many different types of businesses and as well as it security what crowd strike also does is investigate hacks and do some detective work on the hackers that are behind major cyber attacks now the chief executive officer of the company has said he's deeply sorry he has been speaking on an American uh business news Network today but as for why the problems happened in what was supposed to be a pretty routine update the answer to that still isn't clear but some experts have speculated that perhaps it was a lack of testing which led to some weaknesses slipping through so from now on crowd strike are going to clearly face some credibility problems uh their stock price has already fallen and there are growing questions about why so many uh different businesses and public services are reliant upon one company uh behind it all and there are growing questions too about what repercussions software firms like this should face when flaws cause major disruption ardi reporting there the widespread Global impact of a single software glitch has given many a cause for concern our technology editor Zoe kimman has more I think a lot more people are a lot more aware now of this Tech infrastructure that's really become uh part of the backbone of so much of our everyday digital lives and how catastrophic it can be when one tiny thing happens that knocks that system over I think the lessons that we're going to look at going forward number one is resilience you know also known as having a plan B I've had lots of people say to me in the last 24 hours they're thinking that they might start carrying cash again so that they can pay for stuff in the shops if the payment system goes down I've seen people around here in The Newsroom using more pens and paper than I've seen in quite a while you know people sort of mentally thinking maybe I'll just keep a backup of that important note that I want to remember just in case when I go back to my computer I've got a blue screen of death and I can't get back into it I mean how long that Legacy is going to last I don't know you know something big like this happens and everybody thinks they're going to change their behavior and then the following week they've forgotten all about it we'll have to see there are also I think big questions to be asked of uh of the Giants you know Microsoft is very clear that it was not at fter it was not an update issued by it but the question is how did it slip through its safety nets and there's a dilemma here because antivirus software in order to be effective it's got to be in your machine at a really granular level so that it can find any potential malware that's sneaking about hidden away but that also means that it's got to have this sort of access that potentially leaves you vulnerable um if if the software in itself uh as it has in the last 24 hours misfires and I think the other the question then becomes just briefly whether people have reaffirmed their faith in technology because they think more technology would fix the problem or whether they're backing away from it but what you're suggesting is really there's a temporary backing away but really the march of Technology artificial intelligence will and must go on I don't think technology is going to go backwards I think there's far too much money and power going into the big tech companies that are building and providing these tools and there are lots of people who depend on it um and are encouraged to depend on it to live our everyday lives you know the the the the benefits of it the convenience of it is something that many people have accepted but what we're also going to have to accept is that the more we use it the more these outages are going to affect us the more that we're going to notice them and the more catastrophic they could potentially be and that was Zoe Klein |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Worlds_first_epilepsy_device_fitted_in_boys_skull_BBC_News.txt | next a medical first a 13-year-old British boy with severe epilepsy has become the first person in the world to have a new device fitted in his skull to control seizures Oran noson had multiple seizures every day which were potentially life-threatening but he's now been fitted with a so-called neuros stimulator which sends electrical signals deep into his brain the 8-hour surgery last October inserted two electrodes deep into his brain until they reached the thalamus a key relay station for neuron neuronal information now the ends of the leads were connected to the neuros stimulator a 3.5 cm square and 0.6 CM thick device which was placed in a gap in Oran skull where bone had been removed epilepsy seizures are triggered by abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain and the device emits a constant pulsive current aiming to block or disrupt the abnormal signals orin's mother Justine says the treatment's been lifechanging Orin seizures um obviously were um high in frequency so he was having anywhere between say 50 to over 300 seizures a day and um the impact of that meant that day-to-day life was difficult even watching your TV program eating um all had safety implications um and cognitively he'd lost skills and it had affected every part of his childhood we've seen a dramatic reduction in seizures uh we've seen a shortening in length of seizures and severity we haven't had to resuscitate Orin since the device was switched on which is just amazing because we were frequently having to resuscitate him um and we're starting to see some skills develop again which is just really promising really exciting really ful okay well for more on that story let's speak to Martin tisor who's the consultant pediatric neurosurgeon at Great Orman Street Hospital in London who performed the surgery welcome to the program it's nice to talk about something positive tell me more about how that came about this is a trial that we've been carrying out in partnership with um engineers at Oxford University and doctors at Kings College Hospital to treat children who have got a very severe complex form of epilepsy called lenx gasto syndrome and you heard there the massive impact that the epilepsy was having on orin's life he started having seizures when he was three years old and they progressively got worse since then um at one point he was having hundreds of seizures a day so he's been part of this trial to allow us to understand the use of deep brain stimulation for this type of epilepsy um he's now had the stimulator in place for six months and what's really really pleasing is to hear the huge impact it's had on his life and not only his life but the life of his family as well so that he's really beginning to be able to do some of those things which a normal 13-year-old would do and to start to get some of his life back and is this something that can be rolled out much more widely than these kind of devices we're just at the start of the research period so orin's the first child to have this new device fitted we've got plans to implant a further three children as part of the initial part of the study and then a further 22 children after that what's absolutely vital with this type of research is to see if it works across a range of children and to really document very carefully what the results are and then we hope that yes in due course we can use that data to make it available for many more children across the UK and across the world and what are the risks associated with this surgery when it comes to fitting that device so the surgery involves placing very fine electrodes into the brain the electrodes are less than 2 mm in width um and actually the risk from that are very low I think what's important is that this type of deep brain stimulation technology indeed placing the electrodes has been used for many years in other situations so for example it's well established in um adults with Parkinson's disease it's been used much less uh in epilepsy but the history of of deep brain stimulation allows us to understand the RIS risks very well the other thing to say is and I think I think you heard this listening to orin's Mom this is a child who was having very severe almost life-threatening seizures and was requiring resuscitation and multiple hospital visits so actually we're making the situation safer rather than more dangerous with this type of minimally invasive surgery understood and I was just reading about aurin story in particular that his family say that they know his treatment is not a cure that they're optimistic he will continue to emerge from the shadow cast by his epilepsy um so this is kind of a sticking plaster then but it's not a long-term solution no I wouldn't say that I think the point is that um we haven't completely cured him of his seizures he has had a dramatic 80% reduction in his daytime seizures and and what's more important is he stopped having those very nasty generalized seizures and he stopped having the drop seizures which are associated with falling over and injuring yourself or even fracturing bones he is still continuing to have some of the smaller seizures and so in a way there's more work to do there's more tuning to do of this device to see if we can uh improve the way it works even more we're really hoping that orin's going to be part of a further study where we're going to personalize the treatment to him so that the device can respond to his individual brain waves and so we hope that by uh that sort of iterative process we'll be able to even further improve his epilepsy and it's it's not a transient effect we hope that that effect will be lifelong for him okay that's incredible well thank you Martin tisdol consultant pediatric neurosurgeon it's incredible uh the work that you've done and uh we continue to uh stay optimistic for aurin and his family thank you very much |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Wait_a_few_more_minutes_for_an_electric_Uber_says_firms_boss_BBC_News.txt | staying with China and the boss of uber has told the BBC that tariffs on Chinese built EVS are delaying its plans to have more electric vehicles in its Fleet both the European Union and the United States have imposed heavy taxes on the import of Chinese EVS because of fears they're flooding the market with vehicles whose production is subsidized by the Chinese government Uber's chief executive darra KRA Shahi spoke to our business editor Simon Jack I think cheap Chinese vehicles are a good thing for the environment uh the fact and I would tell you that China is transitioning from not just being cheap but also being high quality as well and for us we want to Electrify our Fleet and we want to make sure that it is Affordable for our drivers to switch over to EVS now the political considerations of tariffs Etc are not something that we can comment on Etc but our focus is on the environment and we think Chinese vehicle that are low cost that are high quality uh could be a very important part of the switch over to EVs do you have a view on tariffs good thing bad thing I don't have a view on tariffs okay but they make these cheap cars and these high quality cars more expensive in some of your key markets by what you've said so far you would it would follow you think that's a bad thing I think if I'm taking a pure climate view it would be a negative just being honest are we just at a moment of Revolution and disruption and that in all of these cases where you have disruption you have some people some Legacy players who don't make it and and are we at that moment right now listen that's a definition of disruption right every uh Revolution change over in platform uh usually starts with a huge amount of momentum and then you've got to keep pushing it'll go through a period of difficulty which I do think we are in EVs and you've got to uh keep pushing through and the fact is that change can affect some players negatively but this is a change in the name of climate and emissions and I believe we have to keep pushing forward what do you say to the consumer the Uber consumer you're saying that you should have be able to have a preference for an EV vehicle are you telling consumers just be a bit more patient and wait for an EV well we're setting actually a new product that we are uh offering for Riders is for them to set an EV preference but we will only dispatch an EV if the difference between the dispatch is only a couple of minutes so we're not saying hey wait 15 minutes but if you have to wait another 2 3 minutes to help the environment why not make that investment in terms of your own time so be more patient to help the environment couple of minutes isn't going to kill anyone |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Should_humans_be_kind_to_AI_machines_BBC_News.txt | yes welcome to AI decoded that time of the week when we look in depth at some of the most eye-catching stories in the world of artificial intelligence we had a short break last week due to the US presidential election so now we know the result how will the future of artificial intelligence look once Donald Trump returns to the White House while the guardian says Elon musk's influence on the Trump Administration could lead to tougher safety standards for AI That's according to Leading scientists who have previously worked closely with musk on addressing ai's dangers CNBC reports that Denmark has laid out a framework to help EU member states use generative artificial intelligence in compliance with the European Union's strict new AI act the new approach has won the backing of some some of Denmark's biggest banks pension managers and insurance firms as well as US tech giant Microsoft the financial times asks should we be worried over hurting AI machines feelings the paper says AI company anthropic has appointed an AI welfare researcher to assess among other things whether its systems are inching towards Consciousness or agency and if so whether their welfare must be considered and finally in the Metro the Vatican and Microsoft have unveiled a digital twin of St Peter's Basilica using artificial intelligence people can visualize and explore the building while AI is also being used to help manage visitor flows and identify conservation problems uh our AI correspondent has been to the holy sea and will be showing you uh that stunning report later in the program well joining me tonight to discuss all of these topics we have Conor Le CEO of AI Safety Research company conjecture and also with us our regular AI decoded presenter priia Lani CEO of century Tech really great to have both of you with us I think this is going to be a a fascinating convers and let's begin with that mention of Elon Musk you know many people see him as a disruptor a deregulates development of artificial intelligence could be catastrophic for Humanity so given his influence with Donald Trump Connor uh are we going to see tougher safety standards regarding AI it's extremely hard to say one thing Donald Trump and also his vice president JD Vance have been pretty consistent on is talking about D regulation especially of technology and other things but Elon Musk has been extremely consistent in the past of talking about the catastrophic even extinction level risks from powerful AI systems he uh in this article the uh scientist Max tmar who knows Elon Musk quite well speaks about how Elon Musk really understands that it's kind of more of a suicide race going on right now because especially in the US right now there's a narrative that the US must race with China must beat China to get to Ai and AGI first and this is a losing proposition for everyone involved and this is something that mus understands quite well interesting do you think musk is going to be Humanity's savior well if someone could do it is some he's been very damn lucky so far hasn't he I mean uh what could that look like in terms of that tougher regulation so the the main important thing is that there is a small number of companies and organizations who are racing towards extremely powerful forms of AGI artificial general intelligence this is quite different from you know the kind of applications we're talking we might see in like a medical context or even maybe in a chat box context these are systems or maybe the visualization of the Basilica that we're going to be seeing later exactly I don't think anyone wants to see harsher regulations on these kinds of applications of AI it's fantastic what I think musk and you know people in his field are particularly worried about is kind of General AI systems that are as intelligent or even more intelligent than humans because I mean we already now have a lot of problems with our AI systems we don't know how to control them we barely know how they work if at all and if such systems were as smart as people or even smarter and we don't know how to control them well how does that end well I think I mean the fundamental question here is what is the meaning of intelligence right so we talked about some simpler systems as you say and then we're talking about some pretty profound systems and you actually explain the meaning of intelligence in the compendium that you created can you explain your version of the meaning in of intelligence so for me fundamentally intelligence is something mechanistic it's the ability to solve problems it's the ability in many different environments and circumstances to solve problems humans are definitely unusually intelligent in this regard but and but it's not special to some degree so our closest ancestors closest common ancestor with the chimpanzee couple million years years ago you know is very similar to us our our cousins the chimpanzees have very similar brain structures to us about all the same Parts ours is just three times bigger our brains are three times bigger than chimpanzees yeah it's only a tiny tiny bit of our DNA that's different tiny percentage of difference but even just this small difference of three times the brain size is the difference from chimpanzees living in the jungle throwing rocks at each other and human beings building nuclear weapons and going to the moon so intelligence is something extremely powerful and it's clear something that you can get just by making things more somehow of the sorry just the challenge with that though I think people would say is you're talking about scaling in a sense and then you're comparing the scaling of the chimp brain to the human brain but as humans you know when we talk about ourselves we have these biological drives don't we right we're interested in competition and territory and survival and reproduction but we have these intrinsic biological drives whereas a machine doesn't necessarily have that biological drive it's learning patterns so how do you square that Circle making that sort of comparison between chimps and humans and then the humans and then an AGI which is a a sort of scaled neural network artificial neural network if you like yeah I think this is absolutely correct and so it's important to see that intelligence is kind of a separate thing from drives or emotions you can be extremely intelligent and don't not have emotions or have different emotions or very few emotions everyone I think has met a sociopath in their life who was very intelligent but didn't have many emotions so by default you're absolutely correct AI systems will not have emotions they will be more like sociopaths or Psychopaths and but that doesn't make me necessarily feel good that's slightly worrying um I think most people watching would agree and and in this compendium i' I'd underlined well i' underlined lots of it but uh you say ultimately the more intelligent and Powerful agent decides the future so you're looking back a couple of million years a few million years talking about how humans evolved they became much more powerful than the chimpanzee therefore could control the chimpanzee's destiny you're suggesting that now ai might control us as humans it's a very dystopian take some might say how realistic is it well I think if it is possible and it is done that we create machines that are smarter than humans and we don't control them well who do you think is going to be doing the controlling it's not going to be us the same way that chimps are much stronger than us I don't know if you've ever seen like pictures of a shaved chimp they're Hench you know I couldn't take a chimp but we control think any of this could yeah I don't think any of us could but we control chimps because of our Superior intelligence our technology our abilities and so on so if we make machines that have even more of that that are even clever even smarter even better at developing new technologies coordinating so so this stuff that Denmark is is doing and it's creating these guard rails they've been described as uh to allow businesses industry to be more compliant with the eu's law on AI how useful will that be in trying to curb some of this that you're talking about I think the EU AI Act is a particularly interesting piece of legislation as it's one of the only maybe the only piece of legislation that specifically uh talks about general purpose AI systems and systemic risk that come from them the uh work coming out of Denmark here is a is a good is a good attempt from industry for creating best practices of how to deploy various current level systems to you know use cases including highly regulated environments I think this is the kind of work you know the precursors to the kind of work of what it would look like to integrate powerful AI systems into our economy but it is very far from the kind of human level intelligent kind of systems that we're talking about you know right here so it's definitely an important step in this direction and I think the eui ACT you know especially over the next couple years will be sharpening its focus quite a lot on these general purpose AI systems and these systemic systems and it'll be very interesting to see how those legislations Shape Up color I was just wondering on the Denmark piece of work which is a really really practical guide just one of the challenges that I can see there is they talk about for example for this is for an AI assistant so if you're going to have an AI assistance you know in a in the private sector or the public sector here's a framework right so that you can ensure that you're using that and you're compliant with the EU AI act and also with gdpr um but some of these things just feel like they're going to stifle Innovation particularly for small businesses they talk about red teaming your AI assistant it talks about making sure that your AI assistant is dealing within certain competencies and if it's not it should stop and I just imagine sort of a small retailer a small business that wants to utilize this technology create those efficiencies be more productive you know have those predictions coming in to forecast supply and demand um what do you think about this stifling Innovation and the reason I asked that it comes full circle to you know some of the issues in the US so why Gavin Newsome the governor didn't sign off on that bill in California that Elon Musk actually supported which was we don't want to stifle Innovation so how can we create regulation create fairness avoid the catastrophe avoid the suicide race but do it in a fair way so that everybody can benefit from the opportunities that AI brings well that's a trillion dollar question isn't it I mean it really is it really is the true answer to this question is basically is that there's always a fundamental trade-off between uh short-term growth and long-term systemic risk let me give you an example of a form of innovation that I believe should have been stifled uh bad bonds during the 2008 financial crisis these were a new Innovative form of financial product that created massive systemic risk in the market and led to a huge crash that harmed millions of people but some people got really rich and they innovated a lot so Innovation by itself is inherently good or bad it's a question of how can we get the good kinds of things that we want while mitigating the externalities and the downside risk and I think there is plenty of very fair criticism of the EU AI act that maybe it's hit the wrong tradeoff but I think it's important to understand there's always a tradeoff there's no free lunch I I just want to bring in this question of should we be fretting over ai's feelings Connor I'm sensing a no from you um no psychopath and sociopath so I think a lot of this is kind of Mo a distraction to a certain degree um I think we're already seeing for example many people falling in love with chat Bots this is already quite a big problem among younger generations and also for example uh in the East you know China there is a huge demand for these kinds of products and so on that I think have very severe and unaccounted for mental health concerns when people start believing these things are actually you know emotional or haveing caring about them so you know could there hypothetically be some kind of thinking machine with emotions maybe I don't know but we are nowhere near that and the idea that we should therefore like care about our computer's feelings I think is kind of a dangerous Direction at this point time we're going to pause the conversation just for a moment coming up uh after the break religion and artificial intelligence might sound like an unlikely pairing but we'll be showing you how the Vatican is using AI to help millions of people explore one of chrom's most important sites stay with us here on AI decoded and welcome back to AI decoded now what do you get when you take 400,000 detailed images at the Vatican and mix in some AI technology the answer a digital replica or digital twin of the famous St Peter's Basilica we're going to have a report from Mark chisl in just a minute but first Priya all of these images and you know something about digital twinning you've come across this before tell us more about how the process works so I think we just need to think about this as anything in the physical world creating a digital twin of that piece in the physical world say whether it's a building in its operations whether it's an engine for aircraft whether it is the human body and creating a digital replica of that and taking enough data so that we can then create essentially what looks like a simulation right so we can simulate uh how that machine might work we can start to calculate and use equations to try and for example if it was for healthcare invent new Therapies in this case and what's absolutely fascinating is it's a it's a very different version of the sort of digital twin that I've been looking at in terms of supply chain operations and the human body and it's a digital twin of something where we can then look at um where maintenance needs to occur in a very very old building where it needs upkeep um and we can I think what we're going to see I'm not going to ruin Mark Thunder here but is potentially spotting also lovely new things um that we haven't actually seen before okay well these 4 100,000 images were taken at the Vatican over a period of just 3 weeks using drones cameras and lasers plus AI technology uh to make this replica an exact digital replica of the exterior and interior of St Peter's Basilica so let's get this report now from Mark chisl religion and artificial intelligence might sound like an likely pairing here at the Vatican headquarters of the Catholic Church Pope Francis and the vatican's own AI experts have been exploring the ethical use of the tech for some years now but a new initiative will see AI used to digitally preserve one of its most significant locations to see what it is I'm making the journey from the heart of Rome to The Sovereign Nation the Italian Capital surrounds the Vatican City I'm now leaving Italy and as I step over over this line I'm entering a completely different country entry into the Vatican City doesn't require a Visa or passport visitors can simply walk in and 6 days a week that's exactly what pilgrims and tourists alike do in huge numbers a state within a state the world's smallest country the Vatican City home to the planet's largest church by capacity capable of accommodating 60,000 people St Peter's Basilica an architectural Masterpiece some of History's Greatest artists contributed to its construction Michelangelo designed its 136 M Dome one of the tallest in the world benini created the baldino the ornate bronze canopy above St p P's tomb it's the tomb that gave this church its name believed to be the burial site of St Peter one of the 12 Apostles of Jesus and the first pope of the Catholic Church something like 50,000 people visit St Peter's Basilica every single day big numbers but there are 1.3 billion Catholic people in the world many of whom will never get the opportunity to visit this the most important Church in the Catholic world and that is where lots and lots and lots of photographs with the help of AI comes in every 25 years the Catholic Church celebrates a year of forgiveness and spiritual renewal known as a jubilee the next one is in 2025 a huge restoration job is underway here in preparation part of those preparations involve digitally preserving St Peters the Vatican has partnered with Tech Giant Microsoft and a French company econom which specializes in this kind of work combined they've created a virtual twin of the entire church created by photographing every part of its interior and exterior we collected um approximately 500,000 images using cameras and drones we then uh processed them with uh photogrametry softwares and the features were extracted to create the 3D environment and the 3D aspect of The Monuments they uh opened the Basilica forest from 700 p.m. to midnight so we were working there all night long maybe 12 evenings the result is a 3D model that can be explored in minute detail the project is called The People's Basilica the digital twin of the Basilica will be available online allowing people worldwide to explore its art and architecture one interesting aspect of this project is that by by exploring St Peter's Basilica virtually the viewer can get up close and personal with details of the church that would be almost impossible to see in the real world but I have to say the real world experience takes some beating what was great is that we first went on site and we were close to the mosaics we were everywhere in the Basilica and we could see um the the the missing ties the cracks that were first identified by the by The Architects there this kind of detail is vital to the basilica's upkeep and has helped identify damage that requires attention from the team renovating St Peters but why is AI an important part of this process Brad Smith is president of Microsoft and had previously liased with the Vatican on its Ai and ethics work in some ways it's a marriage of two different Technologies uh one is what were're familiar with a camera uh you with you know very high resolution photography but it really takes AI to knit all of that together without AI enhance algorithms and tools uh it would not have been possible to process this amount of data but AI uses a lot of energy and with so much concern around the environmental impact of artificial intelligence is this the right technology to employ in the preservation of historically and culturally significant locations I think we have to recognize that AI is one of many things that uses electricity and we in the tech sector need to both acknowledge and embrace that need and we need to be committed as we are to making data centers become more efficient so they use a less electricity um we need to be committed as we are to investing to bring online additional sources of electricity uh we need to invest in additional sources of carbon free energy for electricity while the Vatican seems happy to employ AI to help preserve one of its most significant sites how does the church feel about the effect of artificial intelligence on The Wider World Cardinal Maro gambetti is overseeing this entire project artificial intelligence is like a tool given to humanity to better understand reality it's like a language but it also has potential to bring people closer to history art and spirituality like many tools that have helped Humanity grow in understanding and allowed Society to develop the people's Basilica is online now virtual visitors will be able to discover for themselves elves if that spirituality translates into a digital experience Mark chisl BBC News I wonder what uh Michelangelo would think of that yeah it's absolutely fascinating I think you've met the Pope's AI guy I can call him that yeah prob banti he's great he's the Vatican has been very active actually in putting out ethical guidelines around Ai and guidance it's really been quite impressive yeah I think in the Pope's 2023 speech he talked about the ethical use of AI and and this is obviously a fantastic positive example of using a digital twin um have you seen other examples of this sort of technology in your work yeah so not in my work personally but I've seen many other people from other companies and so on using this technology for uh industrial engineering applications you know Motors engines aircraft stuff like this yeah and if you could have a digital twin of anything what would it be Connor I mean probably body so we could test medicines more efficiently that's probably down the track somewhere someone must be thinking about that you've just mentioned it AI decoded will have an episode on that coming soon but I don't want to ruin it so yeah so do stay with us yeah every week every week on a Thursday absolutely um Connor I have to say that compendium that you and a number of your colleagues have written is a really fascinating read if anyone wants to read more about Ai and questions raised by artificial intelligence uh Connor Lee and prani thank you so much really good to talk to you and we are out of time for this week's AI decoded we will do it all again at same time next week |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Can_BBC_reporters_AI_clone_fool_his_colleagues_BBC_News.txt | this is an AI clone not just of my face and voice of my thoughts as well trained on my public profile hello Joe what is it that Joe tidy likes to do for fun I enjoy participating in triathlons marathons and wild swimming I also like golfing and I'm a movie geek aside from the long delays it works pretty well one to one what if I send it to a work meeting these AI clones are more about attending meetings than doing the whole job keeps things interesting though before we try that it needs a few tweaks with these Engineers who are experts in making bespoke chatbots there's growing excitement for AI clones across the industry the CEO of Zoom says in the future we'll be able to offload some of our more mundane meetings to the Bots it sounds Bonkers but things are moving fast with AI Services you don't need any technical skill these days you can make a video of anybody saying anything in any language quite easily but putting an avatar into a live meeting that looks like and sounds like someone is far more complex police in Hong Kong are investigating just that possibility after an employee from a British construction firm Arup was tricked during a video call in February criminals operating an AI clone of his boss successfully persuaded him to transfer more than $25 million in a fake deal it sought to be the first case of so called CEO fraud being done with an AI clone during a video call this type of crime has historically been done through emails but with AI criminals have far more tools to play with Mar upon seeing the ndi I will be able to furnish you with additional details to ensure the successful completion of this operation yeah I mean they were they were quite lifelike and actually later on in the process when I actually forwarded these to someone who's known him for years he actually said okay well that that actually could be Marco Martin was targeted by criminals who sent him voice notes that sounded like his new boss and almost convinced him into transfer in £800,000 to them so presumably the the criminals would have taken maybe even that video put it through a machine then made your bespoke voice absolutely only need a few seconds apparently of um of speech to work with and they pick up the mannerisms they pick up kind of way and the language and the way it's used and actually quite quite believable really Martin only spotted the scam after triple checking an email address used by the scammers pretending to be a lawyer AI voice cloning attacks are becoming more common but pulling off a convincing live video call with face and voice cloning that can be controlled by scammers is thought to be much harder then again saying you've got bad signal can cover up many flaws hi team but what about sending a full AI clone to a meeting on your behalf then for non-criminal purposes this is the weekly Tech news planning meeting hey how's it going good thank you oh it is AI isn't it it's AI it's definitely AI I said it was AI to start with the blinking was so weird interestingly though some were more unsure than others gam Lily were you were you on it as quickly as live and Tom were no I was not I was not but also I'm on my phone and so it's smaller than it would be if I were if I had it up on my computer for me George just looks really really unwell and I just didn't want to be imp polite this AI clone then was falling no one it's Creator says there's definite potential there are differences in expectations if I'm telling you I I have created a digital twin it it acts exactly like me you would pretty uh soon tell me that no this this is not you on the other hand if I say hey I I have an assistant it's an AI you would have a completely different set of expectations this face swapping technology does cost a lot of money to to do right but again everything gets cheaper and it happens so fast all the perils and positives of AI clones are coming at us fast clearly we're going to have to start working a lot harder to make sure we know who's on the other side of that screen how can I assist you e |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | How_scientists_hope_to_save_lives_by_drilling_into_active_volcano_BBC_News.txt | in this part of Iceland is one of the world's most active volcanic hotspots crafer has erupted 30 times in a thousand years and last blue in the 1980s and though it may sound crazy scientists are now preparing to drill into it the is to learn more about how volcanoes behave so that we can better predict eruptions and also tap into a super hot source of energy volcanoes can be spectacular but they're also devastating around the world millions of people live close to them here in Iceland residents of grindvik have had their lives appended by a string of eruptions but researchers here hope their work will change that helping to save lives and money while also pioneering a form of volcano power we have about 40 Wells spread around the geothermal field producing a mixture of hot water and steam this plant supplies electricity to about 30,000 homes soon after it began operations five decades ago crafer began to wake up again we started to have volcanic eruption only 2 km away from where we are standing now this was was a very strong indication about where the heat was coming from using those new Clues scientists began Drilling in this spot where in 2009 they stumbled across an extraordinary Discovery a shallow pocket of magma we were aiming to trail to 4.5 km and we absolutely not expecting to hit magma only 2.1 km depth closer to the surface than scientists ever imagined the extreme heat from this molten rock destroyed their equipment we were able to measure the power that comes out of it this well produced about 10 times more than the average well in this location giving us a very strong indication of the extremely powerful resource that we may be setting up now a team from kmt the craft magma test bed project want to find it again right here 2 km down is a red hot magma chamber and scientists are preparing to drill down into it starting in 2026 they'll begin work on the first ever underground magma Observatory we are basically standing on the spot where we are going to drill what we want to do is to basically revolutionize the way we monitor volcanoes plan is to place sensor in the magma temperature and pressure sensors this will allow us to predict with more accuracy volcanic activity so this will change uh how we predict uh uh eruptions with the second well they'll harness that extreme heat developing what's called near magma geothermal the plan is to drill just short of the magma itself possibly poke it a little bit the geothermal resource which is Loc at just above the magma body we believe that is around 5 to 600° C just two ball holes of this kind could match the output of this entire plant we now today need to feed the power plant with 22 Normal Wells so there is an obvious uh Game Changer and there's the exciting possibility a potentially Limitless cheap clean energy this is a big part of how we are going to take geothermal to the next level and also of course a huge part in the green energy transition but the drilling will be technically challenging at the University of Iceland lab work is underway testing materials to withstand extreme heat and pressure this is carpon steel so the typical material used in the geothermal Wells these carpon steel materials lose strength quite quickly after 200° C and they are also not corrosion resistant so we have to explore new materials and more corrosion resistant Alloys they're working with temperatures of up to 500° and corrosive gases we have been focusing on uh highgrade Alloys nickel Alloys and also titanium Alloys but there's still one question I need to ask from the outside all this sounds you know just a little bit risky is it going to be safe to do this we believe that sticking a needle into a huge magma chamber is not going to create an explosive effect this happened in 2009 and they found out that they had probably done this a few times before without even knowing it so uh we believe it's safe and the team here think this could be replicated around the world there are indications about shellow magma bodies in East Africa in the US and in Hawaii possibly this kind of geothermal power production can be applied in many many other locations around the world where we have active volcanoes so this crazy sanding plan may actually have huge potential e |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Is_AI_an_existential_threat_to_human_jobs_BBC_News.txt | welcome to AI decoded it's that time of the week when we'll look in depth at some of the most eye-catching stories in the world of artificial intelligence this week we'll turn our attention to employment and what impact AI could have on the world of work while according to this CNN business article AI is replacing human tasks faster than you might think more than half of large US firms plan to use AI within the next year to automate tasks that were previously done by staff in a bid to cut costs boost profits and make their work as they say more productive we'll talk to Cisco and to Salesforce in a moment about their plans to adopt generative AI in the workplace but what is the potential human cost to all of this well the New York Times reports that generative AI could automate activities equivalent to 300 million full-time jobs around the world open ai's chief executive that's Sam mman says governments will need to assume the bulk of responsibility in supporting workers AI labor market disruptions and the question will employees just end up training AI systems only to them be replaced by them the New York Times also looks at how call center workers are quickly being overtaken by generative Ai and there are now warnings that entire Industries could be compromised mostly by AI uh mostly of AI chat bots in as soon as a year well later in the program we'll speak to the writer of both of those New York Times articles so let's talk about some of those stories with me now our regular AI contributor Stephanie hair and also with us jintan Patel Who's chief technology officer for Cisco in the UK and Ireland uh and also joining us is from San Francisco is natalis Gardino who's President and chief people officer at Salesforce really good to have all of you with us on the context tonight um and chintan let me start with you because you've been putting numbers on this haven't you looking at how many jobs could be disrupted by Ai and I think you've put it at 23% of all jobs will evolve that sounds manageable as a number but when you start looking at the individual roles it is a huge number isn't it well this is a quite a transformational area at the moment what we're seeing and uh often with these sorts of technological changes we see that we sort of tend to overestimate the impact in the short term and underestimate the long-term impact what we do see is that actually the the type of jobs that are now actually being created as a result of AI are very interesting you know across a broad spectrum of Industries and a broad spectrum of professions and we do we do believe that actually you know some of the the sort of the mundane activities and tasks that can be automated are being automated but actually driving up productivity for organizations which can only be a good thing on in its broader sense and and Stephanie I mean there's always that concern isn't there that AI is going to pinch all of our jobs and we'll talk about sort of how these models you know get taught and trained in a set but you know people will have a real fear that the technology will put them out of work yeah there's certain types of jobs that I think are much more vulnerable than others so if you're a hairdresser or a florist or doing something with your hands where I think you're quite safe from computers for the moment you're probably fine and AI will actually maybe make your life better in terms of stripping out invoicing or annoying accountant accountancy sorts of tasks but if you are yes working in a call center something where your job could be automated that is something that you need to be looking at for the next few years and what was interesting was that open AI CEO Sam ultman said it's the government's job to be retraining people and taking responsibility for all of this job losses but the government is us so it's really the taxpayer who's going to have to pick up the bill for this technology putting people out of work yeah Natalie let me bring you in as well I mean because you're putting some of these systems into your workplace aren't you I think you said you've got about 50 a AI EMP powered tools that you're deploying within uh the offices there what do they look like what will these tools do yeah so um you know we have been in the business of predictive AI for the last decade you know over a trillion customer insights are built on our platform every single week and now here we are in the generative AI Revolution um when it comes to the employee experience some of the AI deployments are things like uh you know a lot of our employees were spending time looking at disperate systems to find knowledge articles access to benefits who to speak to on the first day how to onboard and ramp and now with AI applications that we've deployed they don't have to go to multiple systems anymore and in fact some of the other AI deployments are now serving up predictive insights so that if you're a new hire it will say hey did you know this is where you should look to go for your first day this is the type of information that you might need if you're a new manager how do you become a new manager are you spending enough time with your teams and AI is actually serving up that information versus now employees having to look for it so those are some of the deployments that uh that we've seen at large um and I'm looking at what that's allowed you to do I mean as you said free up time allow those staff to do other things you saying one quarter employees saved a combined 50,000 hours call me a cynic but are you just there putting those people to work harder or are you saying actually you can have a day off go home you know you've saved a load of time I mean how does that work how do we square that Circle well I think like you know any other uh benefits of becoming more efficient or more productive it is now spending more time on higher value impact work in your job those are the core benefits that we've seen from our teams instead of spending you know 10% of your time looking for information the information to do your job is coming to you so I think it's been a massive massive value ad for our our teams and they give us a lot of feedback on it around the globe as well yeah um it's such an interesting point isn't it you know if it freezes up time you know it makes us more productive but yeah possibly doesn't get us that extra day off or a 3-day 4 day working week that we might all want um chintan talk to me about skills as well because you know there's a danger that we focus on all of this and on what it can deliver but frankly it needs people that understand it um not only to monitor it but the risks from it things like cyber risks that grow as we adopt AI uh but whether we are training people for the right jobs of the future yeah I think that's just a hugely important point we can draw a lot of parallels from um you know what we as a company have learned from the internet where you know we've been at the heart of the internet for over 40 years and when you think about it you know there is there is no AI without data uh there is no data without the network to actually connect the you know act as the connective tissue to to the algorithms that are answering our questions and giving us our responses and actually if you can't secure that end to end um then that's where that trust issue really comes into as you mentioned around cyber security and you know when we when we first started sort of the the journey in the internet we saw the opportunity to actually train uh people around a program called Cisco's networking Academy and uh you know that's been going for over 25 years we've trained 20 million people in 190 countries around the world we see the same thing happening again where you know we have to train the Next Generation in both these Advanced AI skills but also some of the fundamental essential digital skills that we need you know we've got an increasing sort of divide between those who have the topend skills but actually perhaps people who don't have some of the more basic digital skills uh that we need and a lot of the research uh from organizations like future. now and lawy s which talk about the Gap that exists within Society of actually just doing the basics so we've got to do both uh to help Society yeah and so that's a sort of skills Gap isn't it and and Stephanie I wonder whether firms are ready because I'm looking at numbers here 97% of companies say that yes they know they need to do this but I think what 14% say they're actually ready to do it that's quite the Gap yeah and we just saw yesterday here in the United Kingdom the Prime Minister was discussing you know this sort of plan for The King's Speech all of the new the new government's policy they're very thin on AI and that was a real moment for this new government to say this is how we're going to update the UK education curriculums when we say we need to train everybody up in AI who is we is it the companies are they going to actually start putting money where they mouth is right and train people up are we talking about overhauling the education curriculum from what age 5 to 18 and then into the universities who's funding that and who has the skills to even do it yeah yeah and that is a big question and Stephanie you're always our guide on this program aren't you through all things Ai and I know you've got questions uh for our panel we've got two big players here um what do you want to know so what I want to know is first of all all of this um automation we're saying we're going to be getting rid of the most sort of benal tasks and making it so that people are free to do value added tasks but that value ad is going to shareholders and CEOs it's not going back to people and it's not meaning where we can all work less for instance what can we do to make it so that AI is valuable for everybody and not just the usual people who profit from technology yeah um Natalie let's throw that to you first of all because you've been nodding along here what do you make of of what Stephanie asking it is yeah it's a great question Stephanie absolutely you know when you think about uh for us equality inclusion how do you make sure that to your exact point AI is used to democratize access to jobs access to different experiences we're really focused on that even in our hiring organization right now we've been leveraging AI to Source the planet for talent you know we receive over 2 million applications every single year here at Salesforce and we want to make sure that we're not leaving any talent unhidden and AI is helping us optimize that so I do see um you know the advancements of democratizing uh access to AI uh through those efforts as well but it's something we think about all of the time related to trust and you know making sure that how you're creating your products uh who's building your products is it representative of the world of societies of communities all these things are also super core uh to the design process yeah chintan do you want to come in on that as well yeah I'd second those comments and I'd also say you know companies like Cisco and others have signed the Rome call by um the Vatican which is really centered on uh the fact that we can't lose sight of human dignity as we develop these systems and actually create uh an inclusive future for all where everybody prospers and so you know at the heart of everything that we're doing like Salesforce um at Cisco we are very focused on building a a responsible AI framework but one that does then extend out and and bring large parts of society together and and and help us collectively progress um we will talk some more about this uh there's so much more to discuss as far as our jobs are concerned and what role AI will play in all of that but for now thank you and still to come on AI decoded are we destined to teach AI how to do our own jobs we're going to speak to one reporter who's been researching the threat posed to workers and how some are now fighting back around the world and across the UK you're watching BBC News welcome back to AI decoded now we're going to focus on the impact of AI in the world workplace and well the tech may be able to speed up and automate all sorts of monotonous or repetitive roles but there's also now a concern that Tech like intelligent chatbots could replace roles that have traditionally relied on a more human touch things like customer service or call center helplines well Stephanie is still with us our regular AI contributor and presenter and we can also introduce you to Emma Goldberg who's from The New York Times and Emma's a business reporter covering workplace culture and the ways that work is evolving in a time of Social and technological change um Emma good to have you with us and I want to start I I I touched on your report in the introduction to this program and I said you've been looking at people who are finding themselves in that very peculiar position of having to train the technology that will ultimately do their jobs exactly um so I think when people look at what AI is capable of there's no question that it's going to really transform the way we all do our job I mean there was a Goldman Sachs estimate that recently that um AI could automate the equivalent of up to 300 million full-time jobs so that that is a lot of jobs and what experts caution is that it's not going to automate away entire jobs it's going to change the way these jobs are done it's going to come in and do particular tasks probably faster and and maybe better than humans do them but then there are some roles also where people wonder are these jobs going to go away entirely and some workers are feeling the effects of that already and they're starting to ask who is going to protect us you know what entities are stepping in to take responsibility for retraining or providing opportunities for workers whose jobs might be entirely eliminated by AI technology and call center workers in particular are are clamoring to get answers to that question yeah and we'll talk about the case study because you've met with the worker there particularly who was subject to that but Stephanie I'm interested here about sort of the ethics around this you know what are employers able to ask of their staff if they say we've invested in all this new kit it just needs to learn how to do your job so off you go go and teach it I that's not okay is it no I mean I think that would be incredibly demoralizing for anybody who's asked to do that so I think employers really are going to have to think about the messaging but also the after plan so once you've trained up an AI to do your supposedly Bol tasks what are employers offering are the higher value more creative more interesting tasks they're offering you a new career path that's going to involve a lot of money and time and investment strategic thinking on behalf of employers to do that one of the questions I wanted to ask Emma since we've had her on the program it's a great article she wrote in the New York Times I wondered if we would actually see an increase in Union membership for private sector workers in the United States your article mentions is something like 6% of workers in the private sector in the US are in unions could we see something much bigger going on as a response to this I'm so glad you asked that question because I think when we ask ourselves who what entities are going to step in to help workers who feel that their jobs are at risk because of AI a lot of workers are saying well this is a really important role for unions to play and I think this is particularly the case for workers who maybe um don't have a much education or don't have the the ability that some higher income white color workers do to easily switch between jobs right so if some workers like uh see that AI is coming for their jobs they might very easily be able to shift into more interesting or more exciting or more fulfilling roles but a lot of workers particularly those without as much education will have a harder time doing so and so they are going to rely more heavily on their unions to advocate for them and in particular the role that I'm seeing unions play is just reminding employers that they should be bringing workers to the table to help make and shape decisions around the way that AI is used in the workplace yeah and EM so an argument that actually the people making all the decisions about the AI are not the ones who will be affected by that change it's workers further down the food chain that will find their job disappears before the ones sat in in the boardroom exactly I think what I'm hearing from a lot of workers is that they want to feel that their voices are part of the process in deciding how AI is going to be used especially you know the call center worker who I shadowed she felt really frustrated because she felt that she was being asked to train her replacement whenever she used an AI tool because the AI was watching her do her job to the best of her ability and so what she was asking asking from her Union was just the ability to be at the table making decisions about AI along with company Executives and Emma this made me think of the difference between what it's like to work in the United States where Union representation is so low and often in opposition with management to models we see in places like France or even Germany where it's a far more collaborative arrangement to between unions and management within companies I almost feel like the model for unions needs to be updated for the 21st century too how do you see that playing out could we see that that cultural change happening not just in the US but even more widely across the globe it's a important question and it's coming at a moment when unions in the US have already been enjoying a kind of upswing so popular sentiment toward unions in America right now is at the highest point it's been in decades um so unions are are becoming much more popular the their um the number of workers that they represent is still quite low but you're seeing Union drives at companies like Starbucks and Amazon many companies that hadn't previously been unionized and in industries that hadn't previously been unionized like even architecture for example so people are hoping that this kind of momentary shift of power toward unions will turn into a more um long-term and sustained power moment for unions and that they can then play a role in pushing companies to treat workers well as they're bringing AI to the table and one last quick question a lot of the times when we talk about Job losses as a result of AI it's like in the pyramid we're looking at lower level jobs or maybe middle level jobs could we flip it on its head and say could we actually replace CEOs or Executives and actually end up having AI run companies and just get rid of those High expensive salaries altogether absolutely I think when chat GPT emerged people sort of had to throw out the door any preconceived notions they had about what jobs were most at risk because of automation because for a long long time people thought the jobs most at risk were like Long Haul truckers who are going to be replaced by self-driving cars now all of a sudden Chachi PT can write you know like Shakespearean like Sonics and they can write code and they can make decisions so I think people are realizing you have to throw out the door any um ideas you had about who is really at risk and say every job is going to be changed and we just hope that the workers whose jobs are changing have a voice in saying how yeah it's turkeyy is not going to vote for Christmas are they if those are the ones that could find their jobs being replaced but there's uh there's so much in there and Stephanie just a final thought from you in all of this about briefly if you will I there's a real issue isn't there about who is responsible for retraining is IT workers who got to go and find that other job or employers saying that's gone but here's a bit of help to do something else yeah and I think we also have to be realistic you're not just going to suddenly go get an engineering degree in two weeks right learn cyber security overnight um these are these are highly complex skills that require usually years of training so this will involve I think a sort of again look at the Danish model of the government and companies working together to sponsor re-education and retraining for workers that will take a really long time this is a total pivot of our economy uh Stephanie really good to have you with us again guing us through all of this and now Emma thank you so much we'll be reading closely uh as your investigations continue uh that is it we're out of time we'll do it at the same time next week bye-bye |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Inside_the_highsecurity_facility_tackling_digital_threats_BBC_News.txt | [Music] one of the world's busiest tourist spots Time Square here in New York City it's an unlikely location to a highly secure facility that monitors foreign government's attempts to destabilize democracy but that's precisely what's going on in an office building that way away from the crowds and traffic we've gained exclusive access to mtac the Microsoft threat analysis Center the work that's carried out here is extremely sensitive we the very first people that have been permitted to film inside take a look now at an actor founded by former employees of the Russian Ministry of Defense individuals from this organization serve on a special presidential Committee in the Kremlin advising on Russia's war in Ukraine analysts here advise governments like the UK and us as well as private companies about a variety of digital threats they known as mtech its job is to detect and assess and disrupt any sort of influence threats we would say cyber enabled influence threats to democracies worldwide specialist teams here focus on different potential perpetrators of digital threats they call the people Behind These disruptions threat actors we have a Russia analysis team an Iran team and a China team to try and detect everything from propaganda to disinformation for Russia it's always a constant they see political Warfare as part and parcel of their foreign policy objectives worldwide so we've seen them continue their campaigns uh dis with disinformation allets we've tracked the US Department of Justice recently announced it had seized 32 websites tied to a aligned online influence campaign dubbed doppelganger it uses AI generated content targeting us elections the war in Ukraine as well as spreading pro-russian narratives the FBI had this to say about Doppel ganga by seizing these websites the FBI is making clear to the world what they are Russian attempts to interfere in our elections and influence our society D ker is best known for uh cloning the websites of well known International media it makes uh fake versions of Fox News Washington Post which look very much like the original but are reworked entirely with Pro Russian propaganda so you've got some examples up on your screen here this one here this is an article which says it's from Fox News but is in fact an article which is from this group called this was in fact made in Moscow Iran has just entered the fold in recent months four years ago in 2020 we saw them come in very late using both cyber attacks and influence operations to try and cause chaos this is one of the newer sites the Iranians have stood up as part of a set of inauthentic news sites fake social media accounts retweet and support them they're focused on stories that are anti-saudi anti-israeli um anti-American and those are often telltale signs that something is potentially Iranian run then China in previous Cycles we saw almost nothing from China but in this case we do see them establishing social media accounts and websites which they use to provoke some sort of conversations with American voters and this is the first cycle where we've had all three that we can definitely point to and the dramatic nature of the US election has created complications for those attempting to interfere with the process the biggest impact of the switch of President uh Biden for vice president Harris has been it's really thrown the Russians so far off their game they had focused everything really on President Biden had going back to 20189 they had really focus fused on Biden as somebody they needed to remove from office to get what they wanted in Ukraine today that has changed almost entirely but what is the real world effect of these digital threats Henry Ida is an expert on AI deep fakes and synthetic media the jury is still kind of hour on how effective these campaigns are at least right now but what it might be doing is really increasing the amount of hos style engagement on social media but at this moment in time we don't have the evidence to prove that it's actually swinging elections while it's debatable these digital efforts influence election results with 7 weeks of campaigning left there's plenty of time for online surprises to emerge for |
Science_Technology_BBC_News | Whats_in_Irans_ballistic_missile_arsenal_BBC_News.txt | [Music] I mentioned last week going forward we're going to bring you each week an in-depth military briefing which I hope will provide you some context on the National Security decisions that are being made in Jerusalem and Washington right now and the man who's going to help us do that is Mikey Kay he's a former senior officer in the British military he flew assault helicopters for 20 years he's going to run these briefings as he would do it for the military so we're going to start Mikey with the Iranians um the course of action what you would know in the business as COA that the Iranians went for last night the distances involved the capability they have what did you see yeah there's a uh there's an incredible amount to digest uh to assess and to analyze um I think the most important thing to look at first as you pointed out Christian is the the map distances so slide um the distances are not insignificant and if we if we look at this graphic um we can see the distances that we have between Tran and um some of the major major cities inside Israel Tel Aviv and Jerusalem you're looking at 985 miles uh from tan to Tel Aviv and about 970 miles from uh Tran to Jerusalem and what's important with these distances is that that allows us to assess what type of capability that Iran has in terms of bistic missile missile threat slide and the three the three main ballistic missile systems that pop out are the um the ha C named after Kim salamani who was the former commander of the kud the kba and the shahab 3 the Ha Kim has about a range of 100 870 Mi uh and the K about 900 miles so as you can already see from those distances they're on the farther out farther outer reaches of their capability so may not being launched from the Teran area but more West just to sort of um extend that range a little bit um and then you've got the shahab 3 which has got a significantly greater range uh of about 1200 miles um the question though that I think you were interested in is there's a lot of talk isn't there about the fatter too well I've seen on on Twitter that people thought that this was the new missile that Iran was using it's a Hypersonic missile but um I think we've got some video haven't we of the fat 2 these mobile launchers that that they might have used the Pakistani military have a similar capability so we've taken some video from them but are you saying it would be a similar thing and why do you why do you have a problem with some of this reporting given the distances that you've just talked about yeah there's there's there's a lot of chatter on social media on news reporting about the fatter 2 it is a it is a Hypersonic missile uh that gives it a capability of Mac 5 plus but the thing that really jumps out to me and the problem I've got with this is that uh Janes for example report that the um far reaches of the fatat 2 is just 400 km about 250 mil so if we go back to the distance map obviously there's something slightly AR there now what we can see from this footage is that is a fatat 2 system and you can see that it's it's mobile it can either be wheeled or it can be tracked so for me um the only way that the fatat 2 uh could actually hit Israel is if it was deployed Moby into somewhere like Syria and if you put that system within the region of Damascus that would give it range to to Target the um the main points in Israel but only if it's deployed so just just as we look at this I think we'll see the distances again with that in mind and as the is would in a in a military Ops room of this of the kind that you've been in would they be piecing this together and sort of working out where some of this stuff would come from I mean there would presumably be satellite imagery of some of these missiles leaving the launches but will there still be some confusion as to whether they with actually fire from Iran or whether some of them were fire from closer in in the region yeah well there there's a vacuum of information of of the locations of where these um this the fattitude capability has come from but from the analysis that that I've been conducting we've been discussing today the only way that that could have targeted Israel is if it was deployed into Syria now if it's deployed into Syria then you've instantly got collaboration between Bashar al-assad and the Iranian regime so obviously that's then going to implicate Syria which is going to open Syria up to to potential targeting from uh Israel let's talk about Israel's missile defense because I mean it was pretty extraordinary last night 182 missiles fired uh I said at the top that there's been some damage around the the air bases but they've taken down most of the missiles as they came in now there's this layed system in place which we've talked about on the BBC over the last 24 hours there is the arrow for this high altitude interception there's the David sling for the medium range and then the Iron Dome for the the short range threat the sort of rockets that are coming over the border from Hezbollah just to explain to us how some of this works yeah sure if we can go slide again um let's start with the outermost reaches um you've got the uh Arrow 2 and arrow 3 the arrow 2 is an older system a ballistic uh system that can go out to long range about 2,400 km the arrow 3 is very new uh and what that system do is is actually can engage targets outside of the Earth's atmosphere and from a lot of the um a lot of the people I've been talking to the arrow uh 3 system and the ar2 system are the main systems that uh the Israelis rely on in order to counter a lot of those 182 uh inbound ballistic missiles from Iran if we then come back we've got the um the David sling as you rightly pointed out that's stationary um but that has a range of about 190 miles so anything that breaks through those Arrow 2s and arrow 3s will then be targeted by the David sling now what's really interesting is when you come into the iron Don system uh the Dome is been in operation since 2011 uh it's a 24/7 capability it's all weather and it's got 3 60° uh cover so that in itself is is hugely important it's broken down into three parts uh you've got the target tracking radar um you've got the actual interception missile itself the intercepted missile itself that's called the Tamir and that's in that's in all the batteries there's thought to be around 10 batteries surrounding Israel to give them full cover and then you got the C 2 system um that basically provides the software that allows the target tracking radar to then talk to to talk to the missile now the range of that is around 2.5 to 44 miles so you know you can imagine if if if this system is engaging targets at 2.5 miles over urban areas that's going to be quite a shock for a lot of people because of the noise um so yeah the Iron Dome system is is is quite phenomenal it's got a very very high percentage rate of of intercept but also we shouldn't forget that as part of this layer defense system you've got US Naval two US Naval warships in the Mediterranean who are firing interception missiles as well to try and counter those 182 coming in okay so I'm building to a point here because the cost of each of these AO missiles is $1.5 million they estimate Israel spent $850 million on that technology in April alone when the Iranians first fired over that first volley of missiles so when we talk about this war of attrition and we talk about the distances as these missiles are traveling is this sustainable if there were further and repeated attacks and does that feed into the decisions the Strategic military planners like you would be making in Jerusalem yeah I think I think this is a a really really interesting question and we we spoke about it at length today we can go slide please um we're just going to bring up now the the the distances again um not insignificant and I think the really important piece about this analysis is um Israel will be looking very very closely at what resupply logistical resupply and reloading they have of um the arrow 2 and three of David sling of the Tamir missiles and they're going to be making very very close calculated decisions on um when they're effectively going to run out so if I'm a military strategic planner in Jerusalem what I don't want to do is if I know that the resupply system is low and the resupply will obviously come from people like the United States what I wouldn't want to do is provoke Iran into another 182 ballistic missile attack knowing that that would bring the levels down to a point where the Iron Dome would be become vulnerable not because of the system itself but because of the physical resupply so this is really important isn't it because if you think about the Americans at the moment they're supplying Patriot missiles and I know Patriots are involved in this cover as well they are supplying the ukrainians at the moment there's a lot of pressure on on on resupply for the Americans are you saying then that when Benjamin Netanyahu talks this very tough game about there will be repercussions at the time of our choosing one thing that he will be told in his ear is hang on let's just check what we've got and and what the retaliation might look like before we go out and start targeting in Iran yeah I mean you know again going back to the analogy of of strategic military planning inside Jerusalem you know you are going to be talking to the US and having a very close conversation on what the stockpiles are where the resupply is in terms of the global supply chain um and what that means in terms of how Patriot is contributing towards the outer reaches so the missile system will um collaborate with the arrow 2 and arrow 3 so they are very very long distance and there might be resilience and redundancy in terms of Arrow two and arrow three being able to take that up but absolutely right it is a it is a very important consideration that planners will be taking into account when they're going through the targeting cycle okay so we talked about the Coe for Iran and what they're thinking at their side let's talk about the Israeli Co what options are on the table for them well I mean again you know this this goes back it's a really interesting point and if we can go to um slide please um the potential targets uh that I can see are obviously the nuclear facilities the uh enrichment of of uranium um and then you've got other facilities such as oil which you know will damage Iran economically but then you've also got targets such as um you know their air defense systems um and I think you know one of the one of the huge huge questions uh about an Israeli response what is that course of action um it's most likely the ml coer that we call it the most likely coer will be to put some form of package together involving fixing Aviation slide what we can see up here Christian are the potential flight Paths of what a package would look like now in order for Israel to get a package of Fighters uh which are suppression of enemy air defense uh which maybe be refuelers uh because obviously it's a significant you know Journey there and back uh it could be elen aircraft such as the rivet joint that basically suck up lots of electronic information that involves Sams on the ground um it's a it's a formidable um uh consideration and package to have to put together and plan if we look at the flight routes um if we can go back to slide please if we look at the flight routes that we've got on the um on the map there you've got four potential considerations um the route down to South um is obviously the longest and wouldn't require any any approval or coordination with the country but the most direct route as you can see is over Saudi Arabia uh and maybe Q8 so in order for them to use the Saudi Arabian route they are going to have to have a lot of coordination with the Saudis and basically coordinate this huge package coming through their airspace and come back again so you know that's that's a huge consideration when when it comes to um what the Israelis could do in terms of a fixed wi strike that southern route that goes around through the Gulf of Aiden around Saudi Arabia and up and up into Iran I mean you're talking about presumably a refueling operation hugely technical then you then and then what because a lot of these nuclear facilities are we're told deep underground they're in mountainous uh situations what what are the Israeli Jets if that is an option and prime minister I mean we'll talk about the debate that's going on around that but if it is really an option what are those Israeli pilots flying into um well this then this then this then comes down to the breakdown of the package and the cycle that they use is called F2 T2 EA which is fine fixed Target track engage and assess and there are parts of that package it could be an F-35 stealth fighter uh it could be uh an F-15 or an F-16 that would more likely have on board a cruise missile cruise missile is about it's the Delila that the um Israelis have it's got a range of about 250 kilm if you look at what the Israeli defense systems are which is the um uh have a range out of about 120 kilm um then that would be a a you know a suitable weapon because they can launch it standoff and the fighters then don't get engaged inside What's called the Mez the missile engagement zone of Israeli air defenses um so all of these things you know in that F2 T2 EA sort of cycle um will be taken into account and each jet so for example the F35 has a stealth capability that can obviously get a little bit closer because it's got a reduced radar crosssection than say an F16 or an F-15 so the F35 more likely will be used for what's called sead suppression of air defense so the f35s will take out air defense surface to work missile systems and then you have things like assets like f-16s and f-15s that would be potentially used with a cruise missile cruise missile standoff to be able to take out whatever targets they have and some cruise missiles these days like Storm Shadow they're penetrators as well so they can actually you know penetrate bunkers and things that are deep underground I mean it's fascinating because I think a lot of people listening to that some of it will it certainly goes over my head some of the some of the analogies but it certainly does give you an idea that it's just not let's take off let's go to Iran I mean there is there is an enormous amount of logistical work that's going on right now in Israel if if indeed the retaliation is coming um of course the other Target for Israel is hisbah and the ground Invasion as we've reported is underway difficult for our viewers sometimes Mikey to get a an understanding of uh the topography uh across that border once you leave Israel heading into Lebanon it's not just a case of rolling across the border is it uh no it's not and if we can bring up slide um please this will give uh viewers an indication of the type of topography that you're looking at so if you're looking at the bottom of the picture uh that's a town called kirat Shimon uh and that has has received a lot of heavy heavy fire Rockets from Hezbollah obviously a lot of those inhabitants have been internally displaced and and that's what Netanyahu is talking about when he wants to restore calm restore peace in the northern area of Israel um if we then go slide please if we then go to the next slide um this is an area um where we know uh that um IDF armor has been has been gathering in order to cross into so that's the UN blue line that we can see that's the the demarcation line exactly and marun alas actually that is the the spot uh just over the Border there where that engagement today that we were talking about the three tanks that around that area that's where they were hit but what you see actually is that is that actually hisb are on an elevated position those tanks come in yeah and let's not forget I mean that topography shows quite nicely just how how difficult it is for um Israeli tanks to navigate that type of train it's uphill and the roads are slow but let's not forget Christian this isn't just about Hezbollah there's a course of action that Iran could take that could flood Southern Lebanon with um militia groups Shia militia groups all around the region from irgc inside Iran from popular mobilization forces inside Iraq you've got the Syrian Army um that have been heavily involved in Hezbollah over the last 10 years uh you know supporting Bashar al-assad so yeah we can see it up there irgc uh and then we um we have the popular mobilization forces uh inside Iraq they were pretty significant when it came to um all of the US operations uh inside Iraq um and then uh Syria we've got the Syrian Army we spoke about that in terms of um their battle hardened they worked very closely with Hezbollah in the past let's not forget the halies in Yemen you know they've been um battle hardened as well in terms of you know what they've been dealing with down there with the Saudis what about Kit because the Americans found to their cost when the Iranians flooded The Zone in Iraq the armored capability really did come under pressure yeah so um yeah brilliant question so the Iranians designed um a IED called the EF which is the explosive um forced penetrator and what that effectively is is I think we can bring up a slide actually of um of what an efp looks like but it's there we go it's it's basically a can with explosiv and a copper plate in it and when the explosives go off it melts the copper and turns the copper into a quite a potent projectile and and and the use of this inside um inside Iraq was was deadly against us armor so you imagine you got these tanks you got The High Ground you got the close roads you got the bottlenecks if you get these militants groups coming in with that experience of efps and they start they start putting IEDs in the road then you know that can prove very problematic and Israel could get you know cogged down in that sort of in that area of South Lebanon quite quickly it's truly fascinating and it gives an impression that although hezb has been subdued certainly not out and lots of threats to the Israeli military I love the slide and the the military effect of how we've done that Mike we'll do it again soon that is the security brief we'll do it every week Mikey K thank you very much pleasure we'll be right back after this [Music] |
Medical_Surgical_Nursing | Blood_Pressure_Measurement_How_to_Check_Blood_Pressure_Manually.txt | hey everyone it's sarah thread sterner sori and calm and today I want to demonstrate how to check a blood pressure manually first you'll need to perform hand hygiene and gather your supplies you'll need a stethoscope and a manual blood pressure cuff so let's measure a blood pressure manually to do that we want to make sure a patient is sitting down with their arm at heart level and their legs are uncross now they're lying in bed you would want to make sure that this arm is at heart level then what we're going to do is we are going to get our stethoscope and our blood pressure cuff and you want to make sure you get the right size cuff for your patients arm because if you use too big of a cuff or too small of a company can throw off the reading and what we're gonna do is we're gonna palpate the brachial artery because this is the artery we're gonna be listening to to get our blood pressure because we're going to be getting our systolic number which is that top number and this is the first sound we hear and then our diastolic number which is the bottom number and this is the point where we no longer hear the sound so whenever we're looking at the gauge of our blood pressure cuff we want to make sure we're really noting those points because it's gonna tell us our systolic and diastolic number so what we're going to do is we're going to put our cuff on our patient and we want to make sure we find the brachial artery this is the artery we palpate that we'll be using to determine our blood pressure and it's found in the bend of the arm so we're going to find it and it is located here and we're going to look on our cuff and our cuff has these arrows and because this is the left arm we're going to make sure that this arrow is pointing in that direction of where that artery is so you're gonna put the cuff up about two inches above the bend of the arm first what we want to do is we want to estimate the systolic pressure so we want to find that number to do that we're going to palpate the brachial artery and we're going to inflate the cuff until I no longer feel the brachial artery and point when I no longer feel it I need to make sure I'm looking at this gauge to know that number because that number is our estimated systolic pressure number then when I go to take the blood pressure I'm going to inflate the cuff 30 millimeters of mercury more than the estimated number now the whole reason for doing that is because we want to avoid missing the auscultate gap that can occur in some patients on all patients have it but some it's usually patients with hypertension because the oskol Tauri gap is like this abnormal silence that can occur and it will throw off whenever you actually hear that first sound which is your systolic number so I'm inflating the cuff by filling on the artery and I'm going to note the point where I no longer feel the artery which is about at the hundred then I'm going to deflate it completely and wait about thirty to sixty seconds and then we'll take the blood pressure so we're estimated systolic number is a hundred now I'm going to inflate the cuff to a hundred and thirty and that will avoid missing the oscillatory gap if one was present so I'm going to take my stethoscope put it in my ears you can use the bell or the diaphragm of your stethoscope I like to use the Bell because it's best at picking up low pitched noises so we're going to place that over the brachial artery do it lightly don't fully compress it because you can include the artery then we're going to inflate our cuff to a hundred and thirty millimeters of mercury and we're going to let it fall about two millimeters of mercury per second and we're listening for that first sandwiches our systolic number okay is 104 and we're listening for that last sound and it was 78 so the blood pressure is 104 over 78 then once you have your reading make sure you fully deflate the cuff full of air and you're going to take the cuff off of your patient of course and clean it if it's not disposable and you will document the blood pressure and what arm you took it in now water normal blood pressure readings according to the American College of Cardiology 2017 updated guidelines a normal blood pressure is a systolic less than 120 and a diastolic less than 80 elevated blood pressure would be considered a systolic of 120 to 129 and a diastolic less than 80 hypertension stage one would be a systolic of 130 to 139 or a diastolic 80 to 89 and hypertension stage 2 would be a systolic greater than 140 and a diastolic greater than 90 okay so that is how to check a blood pressure manually thank you so much for watching and don't forget to subscribe to our channel for more videos |
Medical_Surgical_Nursing | 12_Lead_ECG_Placement_of_Electrodes_EKG_Sticker_Lead_Procedure.txt | hey everyone it's Sarah threats Turner sorry and calm and in this video I want to demonstrate for you the lead placement for a 12-lead EKG first you want to gather your supplies so you don't want to get 10 of these electrode stickers next you'll want to get some alcohol prep this will help you remove those oils from that top layer of the skin so the electrode stickers will stick then you'll want to get a strip of abrasive tape which is just really this little fine gritty sand paper stuff that you'll use to rough up that top layer of the epidermis so these electrodes will stick to now if you're doing this on a patient who has a lot of hair on their chest you'll want to get some trimmers to trim that hair because sticking these electrode stickers over hair does not work and it causes a lot of artifacts so you'll want to trim those hairs okay so the first thing what we're gonna do is we're gonna place our limb leads which are which include our right arm or left arm or right leg and our left leg and then we will place our limb leads which will be v2 through v6 okay whenever you're placing limb leads you can either put them on the chest which you're gonna see me doing this video or you can put them on the extremities from where I worked in a stress lab we always use the chest for the limb leads because the patient was going to be exercising and when you exercise you move your arms and legs and that can cause a lot of artifact so to do the right arm we're gonna go right below the right clavicle and what we want to do is we want to prep that site you're going to take some alcohol prep cleanse it very well removing any oils from the skin let that dry then take your brace of tape and just gently rough up the skin that top layer so the sticker will sit good to it the electrode and each electrode has backing so you're gonna peel that backing off like that has like this gel and make sure they're not dry if they're really dry looking get new electrodes because it'll affect your connection and you're just gonna put that there and just smooth it on the skin now we're gonna put our left arm and you're going to do the same prep cleanse the skin with alcohol prep rough it up we're on Rob below that left clavicle and then we're gonna put our electrode okay now let's do our leg leads okay we're gonna do the right leg so we're going to go down to the right upper quadrant and again you could place this on the leg I'm going to cleanse the area I'm going to gently rough up the skin and put our electrode and we're going in the right upper quadrant now we're gonna do the last leg we're gonna go in the left upper quadrant again cleanse the area rough up the skin and place our electrode now let's place our test leads which again is v1 through v6 and to do that we need to find our intercostal spaces and it's best to follow this way of identifying the landmarks to find why intercostal space you're in so first what we're gonna do is we're gonna find the sternal notch which is literally is a notch and it's found in between the clavicles and then you're gonna go down just slightly and you're gonna feel this protrusion a little hump this is called the angle of Lewis also called the sternal angle and we're gonna place v1 first so we're gonna go to the right of that angle and we're going to be in the second intercostal space now v1 is in the fourth intercostal space right of the sternum so we're gonna go down there's a third there's the fourth so we're in the fourth intercostal space and this is where v1 is gonna go slightly just next to the sternum so again just gonna cleanse the area really good rough it up and then place your electrode okay now v2 is going to be literally right beside of it on the opposite side it's going to be again buying your sternal notch go down where the hump is which is your angle of Luis from the second intercostal space third and then fourth and it's going to be on the left side so cleanse the area and rough it up then place your electrode okay so right now we have v1 and v2 okay we're gonna skip v3 for a second you're gonna see why we're gonna go to v4 v 4 is found at that fifth intercostal space so again find your landmarks second third fourth fifth and we're gonna go mid clavicular ly so mid way of the clavicle and it's going to be right here so that is going to be v4 so we're gonna cleanse the skin rough it up and then we're going to place our electrode okay and now we're going to go back to V 3 and V 3 is in between v2 and v4 so we're going to go right there so we're gonna cleanse the skin wrap it up place our electrode okay so we have v1 v2 v3 v4 now we're going to do these five and these five is going to be level with v4 but it's going to be at the left anterior mid-axillary line so right here so cleanse area fit up man we're going to place our electrode okay and our last one is v6 and these six is going to be level with v5 but it's gonna be at the mid-axillary line so literally right underneath the armpit so it's going to be right here so we're going to cleanse it up our electrode okay so let's go over them again we have our limb leads right arm left arm right leg left leg now we have our test leads we have the 1 v2 v3 v4 v5 and v6 ok so that is the lead placement for a 12 lead EKG thank you so much for watching and don't forget to subscribe to our channel for more videos |
Medical_Surgical_Nursing | NCLEX_Diabetes_Mellitus_Practice_Question_on_Insulin_Pharmacology_Review.txt | hey everyone it's Sarah register nurse rn.com and in this video I'm going to be going over our weekly inlex practice question and don't forget to check out the other questions in this series so let's take a look at our question your patient's blood glucose level is 215 milligram per deciliter the patient is about to eat lunch per sliding scale you administer four units of insulin list Pro which is Humalog subcutaneously at 11:30 as the nurse you know the patient is most at risk for hypoglycemia at what time a 11:45 B 1230 C 1430 or D 1630 so the first thing what we want to do is analyze our scenario and the first thing our scenario tells us is the patient's blood sugar which is 215 milligrams per deciliter so you should be asking yourself the following questions what is a normal blood sugar before meals what should a person run they should run anywhere between 70 to 130 milligrams per deciliter so our patient is high in their blood glucose and we want to provide them insulin coverage before they go and ether Mill because this is going to increase their blood sugar even more now the physician has ordered insulin Lis Pro which is also known as Humalog okay so think back to those days in Pharmacology what type of insulin is lispro also known as humal and you have four different types of categories of insulin so let's see what it falls into we have our rapid we have our short we have our intermediate and long okay in Rapid you have three different types we have insulin list Pro which is Humalog which is the one that we're going to be giving so we know it's rapid we have have aspart which is novalog and glulisine which is also called aedra then you have short which are all your regular insulin so any insulin name that says like humin r or novelin R we know that th those are short acting insulins then you have the intermediate ones and these are the ones that are like your n pH and anytime you see intermediate um insulin in a vial it will always be cloudy so if you see cloudy insulin know that that is an intermediate acting insulin and this includes like novelin in humin in so anything that ends with in then you have your long acting insulins which include lantis which is also known as garene insulin garene or lamir which is known as detr so we've determined that this is a rapid acting insulin now um if you need a pneumonic to help you remember all these categories along with their onet Peak and duration because that is a lot to Remember on Top of the other stuff I have a video insulin pneumonics that you can access up here in the card and it will go over those pneumonics with you so you can have some memory memory aids to help you remember this material now our question wants to know when is Hypoglycemia most likely to occur with this this rapid insulin which is Lis Pro so hypoglycemia is whenever the blood sugar drops so it gets low and Insulin works we have three things we need to remember about each insulin we need to remember their onset Peak and duration so you need to ask yourself when will hypoglycemia occur during the onset during the peak or during the duration so let's see what each are about onset is how fast this insulin is going to work Peak is when it's the strongest that has the strongest effect on the body and duration is how long that insulin is going to last so when is the patient most at risk for the blood sugar dropping during when it's the strongest has the strongest ability to get that blood sugar down which will be its peak so we need to know what the peak of this Lis Pro this rapid acting insulin is now that's where those pneumonics come into play because there's a lot to remember with those okay so let's go over it for this particular category of insulins remember this pneumonic because whenever I was in nursing school these really just gave me a fit because there was just so many numbers to remember for each category so I developed these pneumonics which are nursing specific to help us remember them because if it's something that has to do with nursing we're more likely to remember since we're going to be doing it day in and day out okay so for specifically the rapid acting insulin we have our onset our Peak and duration and this is what the pneumonic says 15 minutes feels like an hour during three rapid responses so this pneumonic tells you several things it's going to tell you the onset the peak and the duration in chronological order and it's going to tell you which category of insulin it's for which is for Rapid so the onset is 15 minutes the peak of when it's going to have the strongest effect on the body and the most risk for hypoglycemia is an hour and our duration is 3 hours so what time thinking back to our question did we give this insulin we gave it at 11:30 and our Peak is in 1 hour so they're most at risk for hypoglycemia and an hour from that which would be 1230 and these questions like to throw things at you like um the onset which is 15 minutes well we gave it at a 11:30 so 11:45 that's when the onset would be and the duration 3 hours would be 2:30 so always make sure you have these organized right in your mind so you know what the question's asking so it doesn't trick you so this wraps up this review on this inlex question be sure to check out the other questions in this series and our other videos such as our inlex lectures |
Medical_Surgical_Nursing | Asthma_Treatment_Symptoms_Pathophysiology_Nursing_Interventions_NCLEX_Review_Lecture.txt | this is cereth registered nurse ari and calm and in this video i'm going to be covering asthma in this video is part of an index review series over the respiratory system and as always whenever you're done watching this video don't forget to access the free quiz to test you over this condition so let's get started so what is asthma it is a chronic lung disease that causes narrowing and inflammation of the airways and we're specifically talking about the smaller Airways like the bronchi and the bronchioles and in patients with asthma and these are chronically inflamed now remember with asthma there's no cure but it can be managed with medications which we're going to talk about a little bit later on and what happens is this patient can become triggered say for instance that one of the triggers that causes an asthma attack in them is pet dander so they get around pet dander it inflames all of these bronchi and bronchioles and it can send them into an asthma attack so the patient will start experiencing chest tightness difficulty breathing coughing wheezing and they will experience air trapping which eventually can lead to respiratory acidosis so how does this happen well to understand the pathophysiology of an asthma attack we need to talk about what we normally do with breathing so let's think about two anatomy and physiology so whenever we inhale we inhale air and it has oxygen in it and when we exhale we're exhaling the build-up of carbon dioxide in our blood to get rid of it because we don't want to keep carbon dioxide in our blood if it stays in our blood carbon dioxide is acidic it will cause us to enter into an acidotic condition so remember that so we breathe in the air it enters into our upper airway then it flows down through the lower airway which is our trachea into our bronchi and then that air goes down into even smaller Airways called the bronchioles and then after the bronchioles are these little air sacs Aveo life sacs and this is really the functional unit of your lungs this is where gas exchange happens if we took a bronchial we had had an alveolar sac you can see that there's a nice little capillary bed around it and what's happening is that oxygen that you're breathing in is crossing over into that capillary bed going in your blood and replenishing your organs and doing this job now what's also crossing over in the opposite direction is carbon dioxide and it's going to flow out and you're gonna breathe that out because you don't want that to build up in the body now let's look at what's going on in an asthma attack so ask yourself what surrounds these structures that bronchi and bronchioles smooth muscle these little areas right here in blue represent the smooth muscle now what does this smooth muscle do it can constrict and dilate when it constricts that narrows the lumen of that airway so not a lot of air is gonna flow through and it can dilate to allow air to flow through and we get patients drugs that can alter the way that that smooth muscle works hence bronchodilators which is the one of these big drugs that we get patients who have asthma now say that that patients trigger like we talked about earlier and they inhaled some pet dander and it has triggered an asthma attack so this allergen has came in and what's going to happen to that smooth muscle it's going to constrict it's gonna clamp down and the patient's gonna start to feel chest tightness they're also going to have difficulty breathing because they're not really moving a lot of air when those smooth muscles clamp down like that now let's think about what's inside these structures of the bronchi and the bronchioles well we have a mucosal lining which has these special cells in it called goblet cells now goblet cells are really helpful on the surface because whenever we breathe in that mucus because that goblet cells produce mucus it collects the irritants that we breathe in the bacteria things like that and prevents it from going any further in our airway but when an allergen like that pet dander that has triggered this patient's eyes McKenzie and they work in they're over stimulated so they start producing lots of mucus and this mucosal lining which is already inflamed is going to become even more inflamed so you got more inflammation and you have this excessive mucus production going on so what is all this going to lead to we're gonna have further decrease in our airflow because we have mucus in the way and we have severely inflamed mucosal lining now this patients going to start having a cough because of all this mucus and wheezing and why is that as air is flowing through this narrowed airway and it's coming into contact with this mucus that's in there it's going to produce this like musical whistling sound so you'll be able to hear that especially on expert ory whenever you're listening with your stethoscope expert ory wheezes [Music] but it can become so severe and asthma if this is a really severe asthma attack they can have it on both inspiration and expiration now think about what's going to be happening in these sacs is air really going to be moving out no it's going to be trapped so you're gonna have air trapping in there and one thing you're gonna notice with patients with asthma if you've ever seen a patient have an asthma attack they cannot fully exhale like that is one thing that they're really struggling with which makes sense with all these structures being involved so if we're we have air trapping gas exchange is not going on so just what carbon dioxide is not gonna leave this sac it's going to stay in the blood oxygen is not going to get in to the blood so we're gonna have decreased oxygen levels in our blood but we're gonna have increased carbon dioxide levels in our blood so what I say that carbon dioxide was it's like acidic it'll make our blood acidotic so the patient's going to start can experience a condition called respiratory acidosis now asthma attacks vary in severity among patients so as the nurse it's really important that you help the patient be able to identify triggers that's leading them into having an asthma attack now the cause of asthma itself is not known they think it may be a genetic factor or environmental but they do know that there are certain things that can trigger a person to have an asthma attack which include environmental factors like smoke this can be firsthand secondhand smoke pollen pollution perfumes pet dander dust mites pests like cockroach droppings cold and dry air can make those smooth muscles on the airways constrict down and mold another thing would be like body issues like the patient has a respiratory infection this can trigger an asthma attack GERD hormonal shifts especially in women and it can be caused by exercise so exercise induced asthma another thing is the intake of certain substances like drugs and for instance beta adrenergic blockers that are the non-selective and we've talked a lot about this in our cardiac videos in SEDs aspirin and preservatives like those sulfites so all these things depending on the patient can trigger an asthma attack and they need to be educated to avoid these things know another thing that the patient needs to be educated on are those early warning signs and symptoms that an asthma attack may be pending and these signs and symptoms can present about one to two days before a full-blown active asthma attack is happening and here we're going to compare the early versus active signs and symptoms so whenever you're talking to your patient about these early warning signs and symptoms they're also going to hopefully have an action plan which is developed by the physician and here's what a basic action plan looks like and they're based on zones and you have green zone a yellow zone and a red zone and based on the patient signs and symptoms and if you notice in the yellow we're starting to get in that early signs and symptom category the patient's asthma is getting worse because they have coffee and a wheeze maybe have chest tightness they're waking at night and they can't do their activities as normal and based on that they will take whatever they need to help control that asthma keep a full-blown asthma attack actually coming on now another thing they can do is use a peak flow meter device and these devices are just really awesome and helping a patient learn if their asthma is getting worse and helping them prevent them from actually having exacerbations of an asthma attack and here's what one of those devices look like and what the patient does is the patient will fully exhale as hard as they can on this device and will tell them how much airflow is actually coming out because remember with asthma we're having airflow issues and in the nursing intervention part we will talk how about how to use this and how to provide education on this but I just wanted you to get familiar with that because the action plan that you just seen goes along hand in hand with those patient signs and symptoms and using that peak flow meter okay so early signs and symptoms all of a sudden the patient is getting easily short of breath where they normally weren't or they're easily fatigued with physical activity so if these are happening the patient needs to know hey something is going on in my airway another thing is that they're getting that frequent call and it mainly starts to present at night and that's a excessive mucus production by those goblet cells and this will lead to them having issues sleeping so they're not gonna sleep good at night they're gonna look extremely tired which is going to lead to irritability also they may have signs and symptoms that's similar to developing a cold like they're sneezing along having a scratchy throat and tired and they may start to notice that they wheeze a little bit with activity then if they're using a peak flow meter device that they have noticed that based on their personal best reading that the reading is dramatically reduced so there's less airflow coming now what are those signs and symptoms of an active asthma attack that is literally going on and this patient is experiencing it there they will have the chest tightness and remember we went over while they're having the chest tightness that's smooth with muscles clamping down they have the wheezing and as a nurse if you listen with your stethoscope you can hear expert ory wheezes it's really severe you could hear it on both inventory and expert ory they will just have this coughing that won't stop and it's just coughs cough and gives me a difficulty breathing and especially exhaling increased respiratory rate of course and all of this hand if this is not treated and taken care of like with bronchodilators and getting some corticosteroids in after the bronchodilator giving them oxygen things like that this can progress to where those bronchodilators those short-acting bronchodilators the rescue inhalers won't even work like they're beyond the point about even working they're not gonna be able to speak to you talking just isn't happening they're trying to breathe also they can have chest retractions and what can what this is is the stomach will be sucked in the ribs will be pulled out it'll literally look like the skin is stretched over the rib cage the clavicle the collarbone will be protruding out and this is where they're like just not getting any air in and if you see that that is an emergency also cyanosis is going to appear you're really early you'll start seeing it in the signs and in the lips and it will be like this dusky blue color I know a lot of patients I've seen it's just like this little ring of blue forms around their lips sometimes it can be like this dark purple burgundy color and then it can progress to the skin this is where they are not getting oxygen to the tissues because remember that oxygen exchange is not happening in that capillary bed we're not having the airflow because of the air trapping also they'll become sweaty and when these are happening the patient needs medical treatment really fast and they may need to be intubated get mechanical ventilation IV corticosteroids and things like that now let's look at some more nursing interventions okay let's talk about if your patient is presenting with an asthma attack what are you going to do and of course depending on how actually severe this attack is because every patient can vary you'll have to tweak some of these but you of course first you want to do is get vital signs because you want a baseline of where your patient currently is that because you're going to be giving them treatment so you want to see if they're responding to these treatments is their oxygen saturation increasing is the respiratory rate going down into the normal range as their heart rate slowing down are they doing better so you want to do that also you'll want to keep calm and you'll want to help keep the patient calm you don't want to communicate to the patient in your nonverbal language that you're anxious you're scared because that's going to make the patient even more scared because they're already anxious because they can't breathe with positioning you want to keep them in high fowler's to assist them with breathing to make it easier for them in the order you'll want to give them bronchodilators and what type are we going to give are we gonna give short acting long acting we want to do short acting and we're gonna go over those here in a second in depth because we want something that's going to act fast and dilate those airway so this patient can breathe want to give them oxygen keep the oxygen saturation between 95 99 % we want to assess those lungs before we're going to give them medications because we're listening for that wheezing deering while they're maybe respiratory's they're giving them a nebulizer treatment and after we want to see how has that wheezing decrease are they breathing better so listening with our self to scope to that also assessing for cyanosis and the lips and the skin are they getting good oxygenation and those chest retractions that I was talking about if you see that that is not a good sign and their ease of speaking can they speak to you now or or they still they can't speak because they're so short of breath then assessing their peak flow meter and we're gonna talk about that here in a second more in detail but while all this is happening if your patient can communicate to you you want to get a baseline of what their peak slope numbers are because a lot of patients with asthma use these devices and they know what their personal best number is and based on what their personal best number is on a percentage you can see if they decrease and if they've been using their peak flow meter before they came to you what was the reading and whenever you're collecting there's you can compare the two also medications have they already taken a bronchodilator it hasn't not worked which is a big warning sign so you want to see what all they've tried before they've actually came in now let's talk about that peak flow meter okay what does it do again it shows how controlled their asthma is and if it's getting worse and I want to cover this because when you're taking care of patients with asthma you're going to come into contact with these devices and I want you to be familiar with them and how you but educate a patient on how to use them okay so this peak flow meter it looks like this and again remember you exhale fully on it the patient will and they will do that several times and they will measure their readings and it's used along with that action plan that we went over earlier and the less the patient know when they should use their short-acting bronchodilators cuz they have some issues going on in there because we want to prevent a full-blown asthma is hot and when it's actually time for them to get medical help now how does this flow meter do this well whenever a patient starting out using a flow meter in the beginning they need to figure out their personal best flow meter reading number and this will be the highest number that they reach over a period of time and this number will be used to compare against other reading numbers to make sure the patient's asthma is under good control so whenever you have a patient with asthma you want to ask them well what was your personal best peak flow meter reading because that's going to help give you a baseline of where they should be while you're providing care so to figure this out the patient will do this when their asthma is under good control not when they're having asthma attacks and issues with that so they want to do this when to figure out the personal best meter flow reading is whenever their asthma is under control and doing good so they will measure it once in the morning and once at night for three weeks usually and record the number before taking the medicine so they'll keep this little log of this and then whatever the highest number that they got there in that period is their best peak flow meter reading then just to keep their asthma in check to keep monitoring monitoring it they will need to check it at the same time either in the morning or night before taking their medication and compare it with their best reading and generally if it's less than 80% of their personal best they'll want to follow the action plan that they developed with their doctor so you're going to educate your patient how to follow the asthma action plan and you're gonna go over each zone with them the green the yellow and the red and explain to them those signs and symptoms what their peak flow meter reading is and what they need to do what medications they need to take and how often according to whatever the physician wrote you need a quiz the patient make sure that they understand how to do that because following these action plans and using the peak flow meter really helps decrease the patient of being admitted with this asthma exacerbation so really help preventing them having to even come to the hospital it's great along with teaching them those triggers that we just went over earlier and those warning signs however you may be thinking well how about they can avoid pet dander they can avoid pollen and all that stuff but are they supposed to really avoid exercise because they have exercise induced asthma and the answer is no they need to exercise they don't need to quit because exercising is good for overall health so they can do some things that can help prevent making an asthma attack - like warming up 10 to 15 minutes before exercising also taking the short-acting beta is before exercising so getting that Bronco dilator in there also if they choose to exercise outside on a cold windy day because cold air can cause that smooth muscle to constrict which can trigger an asthma attack so they need to breathe through their nose which will help warm the air before it actually comes down into the lungs instead of mouth breathing and use like a scarf or something over the mouth to prevent that cold air from getting in there also if they have a respiratory illness a cold something like that they want to push off exercising until they recover because remember rest for illnesses can aggravate asthma now let's look at our medications used to treat asthma and we're gonna put these in two categories we're gonna go over bronchodilators and anti-inflammatories so first let's cover bronchodilators what do bronchodilators do just like the name says they are going to dilate our bronchioles or bronchi the airway so that patient can get better air flow and oxygenation now we have several types of bronchodilators we're going to be talking about beta agonists anticholinergics and a drug called theophylline all can perform bronchodilation for us first let's talk about beta agnus these are generally given that inhale drought whenever you're having asthma issues and the first type of beta agonist is called the short acting beta agonist hence they work fast they give us fast relief and a common type of drug use is called albuterol so if you ever see albuterol think short-acting bronchodilators and this provides fast relief during an attack now it's not used for daily treatment so this patient isn't going to take this every day and as a nurse one thing you want to ask this patient who has some asthma ask them how often are you using your albuterol inhaler and they shouldn't be using it any more than two times a week and if they tell you they're using it more than two times per week need to report that to the physician because there needs to be an adjustment in that patients asthma plane because their asthma is poorly controlled okay another type of beta agonist is a long-acting so it takes it a little bit longer to act and some drugs are solu met or saw Liam meter all or symbicort and symbicort you will see this a lot is actually a combination it's a long-acting bronchodilator and a corticosteroid in one and one inhaler and these long-acting beta agonists are never used Salone they are used with corticosteroids and they are not for an acute attack so this is not what you're going to be giving a patient during an acute attack they need something that's going to work fast like albuterol now there are some side effects with these beta agonists they can increase the heart rate cause tachycardia so if your patient already has tachycardic if they're already tachycardic and they're running like 120s already and they need a treatment of something like this may want to pick something else like an anticholinergic bronchodilator which will really not affect the heart rate as much it can also cause the patient to feel jittery or nervous no a lot of times patients tell me I just had my nebulizer treatment I feel nervous and jittery and these can cause that and again the heart rate if throwing up you want to monitor their heart rate to make sure they don't have any dysrhythmias next we have the anticholinergic bronchodilators and these are inhaled as well and you have two categories of them just like how you had with a beta agonist you have short acting and long acting so with the short acting a common drug is a prett Ropin and this is used a lot of times when the patient can't tolerate those effects with the beta agonists that increase heart rate things like that so the long acting popular kind is tyo tropen and so it's a little bit longer acting compared to your short acting and because these are the anticholinergics they can cause dry mouth so let your patient know that and to help with that they can take sugarless candy which will help increase the production slava so their mouth is a house dry then we have a drug called theophylline and this is a pill it's oral and this drug is not used as much as those other ones it's not one the first-line treatments but I want to go over it because in the hospital you will encounter some patients who take this medication you want to be familiar with it it's not prescribed as much because there's issues with toxicity and you have to maintain these constant blood levels and the blood level you want for it the AUSA limb then remember that 10 to 20 micrograms per milliliter and some education pieces with this is that they need to avoid consuming products that have caffeine because caffeine has the same properties as the off limb and when you're throwing caffeine in the system along with the awful and you're just increasing the risk for toxicity so would caffeine with that now let's look at our anti-inflammatories okay we're gonna go over corticosteroids we're gonna go over the leukotriene modifiers and immunomodulator drugs okay so first corticosteroids what are they gonna do they're gonna help decrease the inflammation in a sense they're gonna suppress our immune system and there's various routes patients can take these what most common is the inhaled route so let's throw question out there you have a patient who's on a long-acting bronchodilator they need that and they also need or their corticosteroid inhaler so you have two inhalers you're gonna get which one are you gonna get first first you're gonna give the long-acting bronchodilator because that's gonna dilate the airways and then you're gonna wait five minutes and then give the corticosteroid because that corticosteroid can then get in the airway and do its job now in severe cases of asthma they may need it IV MPO route for a while and corticosteroids are long term treatment they are not used in an acute attack and it helps prevent those signs and symptoms of an asthma attack and some common drugs include fluticasone budesonide or beck low Methos and one thing you need to watch out with these inhaled corticosteroids is that they can cause thrush and to help decrease the patient from developing this whenever they're using their inhaler they need to use a spacer with that that dramatically increase decreases the chances of them getting thrush in the mouth and another thing is after they get done using the record Co steroid inhaler they need to gargle and rinse the mouth with water and spit that water out again these are used like I said five minutes after a bronchodilator if a bronchodilator was ordered with that and these medications can cause osteoporosis over time especially in women so if you have a woman who's postmenopausal and she's at risk for this because she has low estrogen levels which lead to bone thinning anyway so they need to make sure they're getting calcium and vitamin D and can also cause cataracts as well okay another type of anti-inflammatory is leukotriene modifiers and these are given orally an appeal and a common one is Monte Lucas and how these work is that they block the function of leukotriene and what does look at rheem do leukotriene causes our smooth muscle to constrict and it increases mucus production so what this drug does is it blocks that from happening so what's going to happen we're gonna have relaxed smooth muscles so if we're gonna breathe better and we're gonna get decreased production of mucus so you're not going to get that mucus in there blocking that lumen even more now this medication is not for an acute attack it's for long-term treatment another type of anti-inflammatory is ohm elysium AB and this is given sub-q and it blocks the role of the immunoglobulin IgE so whenever that's blocked because it plays a role in our immune response we have a decrease allergic reaction hence decrease asthma attacks now this drug is used in patients whose asthma is poorly controlled and not being affected by these other treatments we have went over so in a sense it's like one of those last resorts now it's not for quick relief and if your patient is taking this they need to receive no live vaccines another type of anti-inflammatory is crumblin and this has given and held like a nebulizer and it's a non-steroidal anti allergy type medication and what it does is is it stops mast cells from secreting histamine and we know that histamine plays a huge role in an allergic response so whenever you have decreased histamine you can calm everything down patient can breathe better you have decreased mucus production decreased swelling and inflammation it's not for long it's for long-term it's not for quick relief so patients having an asthma attack you don't want to just give them this instead this is like part of the long-term treatment now if a patient is receiving this sometimes they can complain a burning sensation of their nut in their nose or a bad taste in their mouth along with starting to sneeze they can get itchy watery eyes and things like that so if that happens just reassure the patient is a temporary side effect of this medication okay so that wraps up this in clicks review / asthma thank you so much for watching don't forget to take the free quiz and to subscribe to our channel for more videos |
Medical_Surgical_Nursing | Electrical_Conduction_System_of_the_Heart_Cardiac_SA_Node_AV_Node_Bundle_of_His.txt | hey everyone this is Sarah with register nurse rn.com and today we're going to be talking about the electrical system of the heart you may encounter this topic in your anatomy and physiology class pathophysiology class or some class in nursing school as a nurse you need to know the basics of how the heart conducts electrical impulses to generate the pqrs wave that you see on EKG strips so in this video I'm going to go over how the electrical system works where it's located and hopefully give you a better understanding of how the electrical system works in nursing school I had a difficult time with this but once I actually learned how it worked and look looked at where every part of it was located in the heart I began to grasp it I think learning the best is actually looking at the material and visualizing it and understanding it and formulating it and making it Concrete in your head so here we go we're going to start um first we're going to go over the pathways as you see this drawing over here and then I'm going to compare it to what it looks like like in the heart and give you some little facts that you need to remember for tests because a lot of tests test you on um certain questions and I want to hit the highlights of that and then when we're done with this quiz go to our website registered nurse rn.com and take the quiz that's called electrical system of the heart you go to the homepage click the slider you can get to that quiz and you can test your knowledge on the electrical system and a lot of those questions that are on the on the quiz you may see on an exam school so let's get started okay from from this drawing we are going to start in the essay node everything starts in the essay node that is your s Sino atrial node it will Branch off into the Bachman's bundle then the electrical impulses are conducted down through what are called internodal Pathways these are your Pathways which sends an Impulse down to your atrio ventricular node which is an AV node the AV no sends its impulse down through What's called the bundle of His the bundle of His branches off into two bundle branches you have the right bundle branch which is going to affect the right side of the heart and then you have the left B bundle branch which will affect the left side of the heart and those bundle branches Branch off into water called peni fibers and this helps deliver what's called depolarization of the ventricles depolarization another word is contraction always got that confused in nursing school so let's go over it whenever it says ventricular or atrial depolarization that means contraction of the muscle and then you might also see atrial and ventricular repolarization that means the muscle's resting so it contracts and then it rests okay so repolarization is resting you can remember that by resting it's spelled r e s TI i n g and repolarization re e so remember resting and repolarization that way way okay so that is how the electrical system works now let's look over into a diagram of the heart and see where these areas are located because where they're located is where they deliver their job at for instance the SA node is located in your right atrium this is your right atrium your SA node conducts what's called depolarization of atriums it causes your atriums to contract when they contract it goes down through the internodal pathways that electricity and hits the AV node your AV node is located in the inro septum area this is between um both of your atriums and then it'll it C lets a delay happen because what happens whenever that delay happens it allows those um valves to close all the way and let the blood shoot through so you don't have backup of blood so the AV node allows that delay to happen and then when that delay happens it sends send it down through the bundle of His which will be in between your ventricles your bundle of hiss is located between your intra ventrical septum which is this area right here so you have the AV node in this area and then the bundle of His will go down into the intra ventrical septum and Branch off into your right and left bundles and this is your right side of the heart and that's your left side of the heart so you have your bundles going up through there and then your preni fibers will go over the vent icular tissue and allow that contraction to happen so that I sometimes I just think it's easier to seeing how the electrical system works and where it's actually located in your heart because each like on a test you're going to be asked what does the sa know what does it do the SA node um contracts the The Atrium and you would know that because the SA node is located in the right atrium so let's just go over some facts that you would have to know about each of these conduction Pathways to help you on your test so first let's go over the essay node your essay node which is called the sinoatrial node it is located in the right atrium which is right here the essay Noe is known of to be the pacemaker of the heart so on a test you may see you may hear what is the pacemaker of the heart it's the essay node the SA node what it does is it causes your Atrium to contract okay so it's responsible for atrial depolarization depolarization means contraction it beats this is also another common test question it beats at 60 to 100 beats per minute which is a normal heart rate okay so that's why it's known as the pacemaker the SA node forms your p wve and we'll be going over this in depth in the next video I'm making but I just wanted to touch on this because your P wve represents atrial contraction so when you're looking at the P wve the sa Noe is responsible for that because that's representing atrial contraction okay now let's go over the AV node okay now regarding the AV node the AV node also known as atrial ventricular node is known as the gatekeeper of the electrical conduction system the SA node was known as the pacemaker and the AV node is known as the gatekeeper that's usually another test question so you probably want to remember that it beats at 40 to 60 beats per minute so if the SA node fail the AV node would take over and beat at 40 to 60 beats per minute that's usually another test question the test question may say which part of the heart beats at of the electrical system Beats at 40 to 60 beats per minute it's the AV node the AV node allows a con allows a delay the delay between the saay and the AV node because remember the a the SA node is Contracting The Atrium when it contracts the Atrium it shoots blood down through your um tricuspid valve into your right ventricle and because of that delay you want all that blood to empty completely Into The ventricle because if not you would have back flow of blood so the ab note just is like the gatekeeper and allows the blood to completely empty from The Atrium into the ventricles so you don't have um blood just going back from to the atrin because you want all that blood to pull back into the ventricles so that's the really the main goal of the AV keep of the AV node is to be the gatekeeper and allow the blood to completely empty into the ventricles now let's talk about the bundle of His and left and bundle branches okay now to the bundle of His left bundle and right bundle and the preni fibers okay first let's talk about the bundle of His you have the bundle of His which is right here it is located on in the intraventricular septum so that just is a fancy word word for in between the vent ventricles which these are your right and left ventricles so your bundle kiss is located down in this area now the bundle of His it will Branch off into two bundles the right bundle and the left bundle so the right bundle is going to go to the right side of the heart and the left bundle is going to go to the left side of the heart and these bundles spread out into fibers which are surrounding your vent your ventricle muscle tissue so whenever that happens you get depolarization of the ventricles so you have the AV node who shoots electrical electricity down through the bundle of His the left bundle branch left and right bundles and then the preni fibers and that causes a depolarization of the ventricles which is causing the ventricles to contract so when that happens you have um that and then it will be formed that forms your QRS so when your ventricles contract you're seeing the you're seeing the um preni fibers the bundle of His and the right and left bundles all Contracting and that's making your QRS on your EKG wave so just like the SA node made the P wve the contraction of the atriums now your vent ventricles are Contracting and that's making your QRS and when the preni fiber um fibers beat they beat at 20 to 40 beats per minute so that's probably another thing you want to remember is when everything else fails if the essay no failed in a patient or um the um AV node the pingi fibers could take off it's not going to be very good for that patient they need some intervention but it will beat at 20 to 40 beats per minute and um so just remember that that is forming your QRS now let's um talk about the t-wave the t-wave is related to your QRS because the t-wave believe it or not those ventricles are so big whenever they contract which is depolarization you're going to get relaxation because you contract and then you relax and the t-wave is whenever your ventricles are relaxing ventricles are so big they cause such a big impulse that you get the t-wave and it's called um ventricle repolarization which is just relaxing so that's what your t-wave is that's just the basic rundown on your P qrs's that I just wanted to go over with you but in the next video we're going to go in more depth so that is the electrical system of your heart the down and dirty of it how it works and what you need to know is a nurse just the basics and to give you some ideas of some things that you may encounter on a test so if you like this video please give it a thumbs up and go to our website remember register nurse rn.com and take the quiz to see how well you grasp this material and thank you so much for watching and have a great day |
Medical_Surgical_Nursing | Chronic_Bronchitis_vs_Emphysema_Pathophysiology_Treatment_Nursing_Symptoms_COPD_NCLEX_Review.txt | hey everyone it's Sarah threads Turner's Orion comm and in this video I want to do an in clicks review over chronic bronchitis versus emphysema what I want to do in this lecture is I'm going to show you how these two conditions are the same and how they differ and in the previous video I covered COPD and I went over in depth the nursing interventions and the medications so if you're not familiar with that material I really recommend that you check out those videos as well and a playlist should be popping up so you can access that and as always over here on this side or in the description below you can access the quiz that will go along with this lecture so let's get started first let's start out talking about how these two conditions are the same okay they are both categorized under the terms COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease now both of these conditions they limit air flow so in your blood gases what you will see is you will see a low oxygen level but a high carbon dioxide level because what's happening is that enough not enough oxygen is getting in so there will be low oxygen in the blood and your body's not exhaling the waste product of metabolism known as carbon dioxide so you will get an acid-base imbalance known as respiratory acidosis with these two conditions the second thing that they share is that these patients have the inability to fully exhale so what happens is that they take a breath in they exhale then they take another breath in but from that previous breath they had residual left over so they're just going to add from that second inhalation more lung volume to the lungs what's going to happen is that over time these lungs are going to become hyper inflated and as you will see here in a second when we go over the path of these two conditions they have their path that was a little bit differently on how the body responds to what's going on and these two conditions are irreversible there's no cure cases from patient to patient very some patients can have it very mild some patient can have a very severe case of it some patients can have a mixture of both of these conditions and the main cause is usually due to inhalation of some type of irritant such as smoking medications which I covered in depth in part two of COPD and include bronchodilators corticosteroids theophylline which is a methyl xanthine phosphodiesterase for inhibitors like Rafa molasses and this these two conditions are diagnosed with spirometry so let's look at chronic bronchitis first okay the main issue with chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchioles and you get excessive mucus production from hyperplasia of the goblet cells so as you can see here in this illustration what happens is that over time say that the person is a smoker it's going to cause all the inhalation the smoke is going to cause inflammation to these bronchioles and what happens is that they become really in red and flame deformed and the oxygen that's trying to get in has a very limited airway to get in from here to there which is a viola or sac where gas exchange is going to occur then your goblet cells are going to start producing copious amounts of mucus so then you have another problem so that air can't get in through this narrow airway and then you have all this mucus that the air will try to pass through which won't happen so you'll have low mils of oxygen getting here to the viola or sac for gas exchange and you will be retaining carbon dioxide which what's happened is that you have your pulmonary artery in your pulmonary vein this is where this capillary bed is originating from and remember your pulmonary artery brings uh NOx agente de blood to the lungs to get oxygenated through these facts then the pulmonary vein will take that oxygen back to the heart to be pumped through the aorta to go to the body and replenish the tissues so what's happening is that you can't get this there to do its job because of this obstruction of the inflammation and the mucus but your capillary bed is working just fine you just have problem with me elation so what's going to happen is that with this condition chronic bronchitis you're going to get a VQ mismatch okay so what is VQ the stands for perfusion and this is the amount of air that is reaching the alveoli so here we have low ventilation q stands for perfusion this is the blood that reaches the alveoli through the capillary bed and here in chronic roncada stat is working so we have a mismatch in our ventilations are low and it's not matching our perfusion now let's flip it over and look at emphysema the main issue with emphysema is damage to those Abiola or sacs and what happens is that over time these sacs lose their ability to inflate and deflate they lose elasticity and this is from and let's say that this patient is a smoker that smoke is constantly entering into the lungs and these sacs and the body does not like this it's an irritant so the body sends off an inflammatory response the neutrophils actually release a substance that will cause these sacs to break down so in a sense the body does it to itself and what will happen is that you will start getting air trapping so the patient takes a breath in and there's no beautiful capillary bed like how we out have over here to do our gas exchange and to for those sacks to deflate and get rid of that carbon dioxide so what will happen is that you will get hyperinflation of the lungs you'll get that air choppy and you will get poor perfusion because you don't have a good capillary bed and you get poor ventilation so over here in emphysema you're going to get a match VQ defect however compared over here you had a VQ mismatch and again your ventilation czar pour over here your sacs aren't doing their job and the perfusion there's no there's really no capillary bed here on those sacks to help with gas exchange so ventilations and perfusion x' match up now let's look at the effect on the body from all of this with chronic bronchitis what you're going to see in these patients from what's going on in the body you're going to start mean cyanosis really from that low oxygen level also they will have an increased lung volume and eventually because what's going to happen is due to the low oxygen and the high carbon dioxide level the body is going to try to shift blood to hopefully try to get those levels up and down and whenever it does that that put the water pressure on your pulmonary artery which will cause pulmonary hypertension and if you remember back from a blood flow video your pulmonary artery comes from the right side of your heart so if you have all that increased pressure on your pulmonary artery it's going to overwork that right ventricle where you're going to start seeing right-sided heart failure which is known as poor pullman all so you might see bloating in the abdomen and the legs as a late sign of that and this is why sometimes in nursing school you may hear your professors refer to these patients with chronic bronchitis as blue bloaters you see the cyanosis from the low oxygen level and then from the core Pullman all the bloating edema and the increased lung volume they're bloater so blue blowers and on the flip side and emphysema what you're going to see the effects of what's going on is that you're going to see hyperventilation because what's happening you don't have those capillary beds working well so the body's going to try to compensate and they're going to hyperventilate so breathe really fast like that huffing a constant breathing because what they're trying to do is keep their ox and get their oxygen level back up but below that carbon dioxide all that has built up in the blood and they will actually succeed in this by keeping the oxygen level just where they need it to be to keep this normal pink complexion compared to what's going on in chronic bronchitis so also from where they are hyperventilating they're constantly using these accessory muscles to hyperventilate also they have hyperinflation of the lungs going on so the diaphragm is flattened and the diaphragm is what helps you breathe with ease so they're not going to be using their diaphragm to as much as people with healthy lungs would so they'll use these accessory muscles which will build up over time and they will get this barrel chest look where they'll appear puffed out on these patients sometimes maybe refer to as pink puffers puffing again from the hyperventilation and the puffed outlook from the barrel chest and the pink because they keep a pink complexion compared to your patients with chronic bronchitis so signs and symptoms the main signs and symptoms help you differentiate between these two is that with chronic bronchitis they're going to have a chronic productive cough that is going to last greater than three months this is why it's called chronic instead of acute and they will have shortness of breath and cyanosis and edema on the flip side patients with emphysema the main things that are different they will have the shortness of breath too they will be hot having hyperventilation so tachypnea weight loss and again a lot of this weight loss comes from their effort to breathe air literally breathing you burn a lot of calories breathing and they're doing this a lot more so they'll be at risk for weight loss and they will have the barrel chest compared to someone with chronic bronchitis okay so that is the differences between chronic bronchitis and emphysema now be sure to go to my website register nurse orange comm and take that free quiz and check out my other videos that cover respiratory disorders and don't forget to subscribe to this youtube channel and thank you so much for watching |
Medical_Surgical_Nursing | Truncus_Arteriosus_Symptoms_Causes_Pediatric_Nursing_NCLEX_Review.txt | hey everyone in cereth register nurse re and calm and in this video we're going to be going over truncus arteriosus in this video is part of an Inc Lex review series over pediatric nursing and as always after you watch this YouTube video you can access the free quiz that will test you on this condition so let's get started truncus arteriosus is a congenital heart defect where there is one artery that is shared and actually arises out of the right and left ventricle now normally this isn't how your heart should be set up you should have two separate arteries that really do their own thing not one that is shared so what are those arteries first of all we have the pulmonary artery and it comes out of the right ventricle now the right ventricle takes deoxygenated blood that is exhausted that just went through the body it's gonna take that blood through the pulmonary artery and go to the lungs to become oxygenated the other artery we have is the aorta and they order comes off of the left ventricle normally and it carries nice rich oxygenated blood that has just really came from the lungs it's gonna take that blood and it's gonna pump it all through your body because in order for your tissues your organs your brain everything to work it has to receive nice pure fresh oxygenated blood it can't receive a mixture of deoxygenated blood now these two arteries will have their own valves the pulmonary artery is going to have the pulmonic valve and the aorta is going to have the aortic valve and what those valves do is they set within those regions and they open and close as those ventricles either the right left ventricle pumps blood up through the body and allows the blood to flow through either the aorta or the pulmonary artery however in truncus arteriosus those valves are not present they will usually have only one valve present in this big artery and it's known as a truncal valve and it's not really the greatest valve now in addition with this congenital heart defect there is usually another type of congenital heart defect present in this condition it's very rare for it not to be present and it's called a VSD which is a ventricular septal defect in our other lectures we talked in depth about VSD so if you are studying congenital heart defects be sure to watch that video as well now what is that well right here separating your right and left ventricle you have a septum well in a VSD there's a hole in that septum and what can happen is it allows blood to mix and that's what's happening here so we will have usually a hole in between the septum it's gonna take deoxygenated blood that's on the right side oxygenated blood on the left side and it's gonna mix and in a sense it's gonna create like this purplish blip so this blood is gonna go up through that truncal valve it's gonna go up to the truncal artery and some of that blood is gonna go to the pulmonary artery which the majority of it does and some of its gonna go through the aorta now that's not good because your body doesn't want a mixture of blood and wants fresh oxygenated blood and here in a moment when we go over the path though you're gonna see why that's a problem with this condition and why children need immediate treatment but first let's talk about what is the truncus arteriosus this is actually a real structure that's naturally in an embryo during development so it's an embryonic structure that normally starts out as one structure but later on during development it should divide into two structures your pulmonary artery and your aorta however in this heart defect that absolutely Fell's to happen and that is why we have this condition now how common is this heart defect well it's relatively rare and according to CDC gov there's about 300 cases per year in the US and most cases are due to a genetic disorder called die George syndrome and this is where chromosome 22 is missing now according to CS Mott Children's Hospital about 33 percent of babies with truncus arteriosus do have died George syndrome now let's switch gears and let's talk about the pathophysiology of this condition and to do that we first have to talk about the normal blood flow through a normal structured heart so here's a heart that does not have chunka arteriosus and we can tell that by that nice pulmonary artery coming off that right ventricle that's represented in blue and then you have another artery that is the aorta and it comes off the left ventricle now when we're talking about blood flow everything is going to start on the right side of the heart so blood that is uh naksan ated it's blue blood in a sense it's going to flow in through the superior in the inferior vena cava and that deoxygenated blood is going to go into the right atrium then the right atrium is going to allow it to flow through the tricuspid valve down to the right ventricle then the right ventricle is going to squeeze that blood up through the pulmonic valve then the pulmonary artery and then that blood is going to go to the lungs gas exchange is going to occur now it's not blue anymore it's a red blood because it's rich in oxygen and it's going to flow back into the heart through the pulmonary vein then the blood is going to go into the left atrium down through the mitral or bicuspid valve you can call whatever you want then into the left ventricle the left ventricle is very strong it's going to squeeze that blood up through the aortic valve into the aorta and then the aorta branches off into all these arteries and all that Bloods going to go throughout the body but in this condition we have blood mixing issues and we have over circulation of blood particularly to the lungs so let's analyze it and look at it okay here we have a heart we have a shared artery that truncus arteriosus and it's like hovering over that right and left ventricle now normally in this heart defect it's super rare they are going to have another heart defect like I said before the VSD so the hole in this ventricular septum and this is going to allow blood that's came in from this right side that's blue blood deoxygenated and blood on that left side that's red it's oxygenated to mix together and create this like purplish blood that's really low in oxygen so that blood is going to travel up through that shared artery in some of the blood is going to go up through the aorta and go to the body well as I pointed out earlier the body doesn't like blood that's low in oxygen and this is going to lead to cyanosis in that infant they can have a bluish colored skin and that's from low oxygen content to the blood organs are going to suffer doesn't really cause a great condition for survival of life now also what's going to happen his majority of that blood that's coming up through this truncal artery is going to go to the lungs now why is majority of the blood going to the lungs rather than through the aorta well when that infant is born and it starts breathing on its own the pressure lowers to pulmonary circulation then to systemic circulation so in other words it's easier for this heart to pump blood to the lungs because it has a lower pressure then through the aorta which is to systemic circulation sumit so majority of it's gonna flow to our lungs now that is really what's going to cause a lot of our problems and our signs and symptoms so you have over circulation a blood to the lungs that is going to overtime damage the arteries that feed the lungs now whenever we have narrowing of the arteries of any artery in the body what happens we get hypertension we increase the pressure in there so you're going to get pulmonary hypertension now this is going to in turn affect our heart and what it's going to do is you have this hard that's having to pump against this but if you increase the pressure the pulmonary hypertension it's going to increase the resistance that this heart has to pump to which in the end it's going to wear out and you're going to get heart failure so a lot of times these infants can enter into heart failure within like the fur a week of life and in addition there's going to be even less blood that's going to go to the lungs that's going to become oxygenated so you're going to further complicate the oxygenation status of this infant so now let's talk about the signs and the symptoms that can occur in this condition okay we just analyze the pathophysiology for this condition so whenever you're taking an exam and you're trying to recall the signs and the symptoms think about that path though because if you can remember those key concepts of what is going on in this condition there's no need to memorize the signs in the symptoms they sort of all just fall together and then you can pull off your nursing interventions for that patient medications things you have to watch out for that's why I really like to concentrate on that pathophysiology okay so what did we say was going on first of all we have this deoxygenated blood it's the mixture of blood that is low in oxygen going to the systemic circulation through the AO door cuz remember some of that blood is going to they over a order but most of it is going to the pulmonary artery well that's going to lead to one of our signs and symptoms cyanosis that bluish coloring of the skin and that's from low oxygen in the blood stems back from that now because we have low oxygen in the blood the body tries to compensate for that and make that infant breathe faster because breathing faster can take in more oxygen and increase the level that's what the body thinks so you can see an increased respiratory rate in these babies in addition another thing that was going on that we talked about was heart failure pulmonary hypertension the pulmonary hypertension is going to lead to that heart failure because that heart cannot pump against that high pressure in that those lungs any longer because the lungs the narrow arteries that feed the lungs have narrowed now that heart has to wait even harder to get that blood there so in the long run it's going to lead to even less blood going to the lungs so what can happen is whenever your baby does go into heart failure and again it can sometimes happen as quick the first seven days of life that Bay is going to be extremely lethargic or fatigued and this is because they have low cardiac output so because they're tired and fatigued what do babies do a lot that they're probably not going to do because they're so tired feed so they're gonna have poor feeding which is going to equal poor weight game they're not gonna put on weight from the milk that they're taking in because they're not really taking any in now you have the low cardiac output so you also want to be thinking about activity intolerance so when we're thinking nursing realm we're thinking about our diagnosis for a care plan activity intolerance we think about nutrition issues like imbalance nutrition we can think about ineffective breathing pattern because of that low oxygen level in addition they can have this diaphoresis which is like sweating a cold clammy sweat from where they have low cardiac output especially they can have that near in feeding and they can have the edema where the fluid is starting to back up from where you have a weak heart now when you listen to heart sounds you may be able to notice a heart murmur and the type of heart murmur present with this is due to that turbulence of blood flow occurring in this truncal artery and it's an ejection systolic murmur heard around that left sternal border so now let's wrap things up and let's talk about nursing interventions what are we going to be doing for a patient with this heart defect okay first of all this condition can be diagnosed with a chest x-ray an EKG or an echocardiogram which is most commonly what's used in that's an ultrasound of the heart they can look about look at the structures and see what's going on now whenever a patient does have this they're going to have surgery and usually the surgery is done within the first two weeks of life and before surgery they're going to be started on some medications because what's a big thing that can happen heart failure so they want to really preserve that hearts function and give them some medications that can help so let's talk about those medications one vacation is digoxin diuretics and then ACE inhibitors okay so for digoxin you not only want to know this material for pediatric nursing but also like med surg and for other classes as well didge is a big topic so when two jocks then you have to measure therapeutic levels and you want to fall within a certain range because there's a high risk of digitoxin II and you want that range for it to be therapeutic to run between 0.5 to 2 nanograms per milliliter and anything greater than 2 up to 3 s that is considered dioxin toxicity so on exams they're probably going to throw out at you a therapeutic range and you need to know hey do I give this medication based on that range or do I hold a lot of good test questions like to ask that now what are some things that can increase the jocks and toxicity because that's what we're looking at as the nurse well hypokalemia when that potassium level is too low that can increase a patient's risk of developing this so you're gonna be looking at those potassium levels doctors will order that you'll be looking in the chart as it's coming in and seeing what's the patient's potassium level and if they're on diuretics like those diuretics that wastes potassium like lasix you always want to be on alert for that in addition before we even give to Johnson we have to measure the apical pulse if you don't know how to do that I have a video where you can watch that and there's some parameters of how you would hold the dose depending on what the apical pulse is so you will check the apical pulse for one full minute and if it's an adult less than 60 you would hold for a child less than 70 you would hold for an infant less than ninety to a hundred beats whatever your institution has follow that but that's usually the parameters now in an infant they can't tell you and communicate with you hey something's going on so you have to watch for those subtle signs and symptoms all of a sudden throwing up vomiting is a telltale sign and symptom of digital access T in an infant or some type of dysrhythmia that has just popped up in addition you really want to watch that renal function so the body can be able to clear the drug we don't want it to accumulate so you're gonna be monitoring their intake their output are they not putting out a lot of urine but they're taking all this sin that could be a sign that hey renal functions going down and the antidote for digoxin is digi buying another type of medication that can be used is called diuretics and there is various types of diuretics that act on certain parts of that nephron in the kidney and what diuretics do is they cause the body to rid itself of extra fluid so a lot of times whenever you have a heart that's susceptible to heart failure you can have where fluids starting to build up from where that heart isn't pumping efficiently so you can give them diuretic and then you will urinate out that extra fluid but because they're doing that you can throw them into some flu and electrolyte imbalances so as a nurse you want to be watching out for that leaking at their labs looking at ending telltale signs and symptoms of a fluid and electrolyte imbalance looking at my EKG and I have a whole series on fluid and electrolytes if you want to watch that series to help you for in clicks as well and whatever we're looking about we're really watching our potassium level if they're taking digoxin as I pointed out earlier because again what does digoxin do it helps the heart beat at a slower rate but have stronger contractions and if we're throwing diuretics on top of that and they drop their potassium level it can increase stitch toxicity also you want to be looking at their eyes and OHS what a diuretic can be hard on the kidneys can it hurt kidney function so we want to make sure that they're putting out the appropriate amount of urine based on what they need to put out for their age category another type of medication use are called ACE inhibitors drug that's an ACE inhibitor is captopril a lot of these ACE inhibitors and in PR IL so to help you if you're looking at exam which one's an ACE inhibitor try to look for that what these medications do is a decrease afterload so whenever you decrease afterload in the heart it makes it easier for the heart to pump blood to the body and it will improve the axial amount the heart the actual amount of blood that the heart is pumping and it will decrease the effort that heart has to take to pump the blood so those are the medications a lot of times are going to be used before surgery they may be on them for a short time after surgery as well and that's just to help their heart function so some other nursing interventions we won't be thinking about is nutrition of course so these infants are gonna be probably on some supplements to help with calories also they may have a feeding tube to help with feeding because they're just gonna be so tired not really want to eat you're gonna be monitoring their weight are they gaining weight if it should be gaining weight as they're taking in calories that's the big thing you want to watch with them listening to their lungs sounds the heart getting so weak fluids backing up into her lungs or we're hearing crackles or their lungs wet-looking that potassium level again and they're on ditch and oxygen status how does their skin color look because remember we have some blood mixing problems also about surgery okay surgery usually occurs within that first two weeks of life and what they're gonna do is they're going to close that VSD with a patch so there's no longer a connection between the right and left ventricle then they're gonna take those pulmonary arteries and separate them from that truncal artery and put them where they're supposed to go so it's going to connect the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle via a valve conduit now whenever that occurs you want to be educating the family that after surgery they'll have to be monitored by the cardiologist making sure everything's looking good with that conduit because they may need more procedures later on because that conduit can narrow and as that infant grows into a child they can outgrow the conduit so keep that in mind in addition they may be on prophylactic antibiotics to prevent bacterial in the carditis that can occur as well okay so that wraps up this review over truncus arteriosus thank you so much for watching don't forget to take the free quiz and subscribe to our channel for more videos |
Medical_Surgical_Nursing | Kidney_Stones_Renal_Calculi_Nursing_Lecture_Symptoms_Treatment_Causes_NCLEX.txt | hey everyone is cereth red sterner Thorian calm and in this video i'm going to be doing an in quick review over kidney stones also called renal calculi in this video is part of an in quick review series over the renal system and don't forget to take the free quiz at the end of this video so let's get started first let's start out talking about what are kidney stones kidney stones are hard and soluble crystallized minerals and salts that have formed out of the filtrate produced by the nephron and we learned in our video about meson structure and function that your nephron which your kidney contains millions of those taste your blood filters it remove minerals and salts and wastes from the blood and then takes it through the tibial part of the nephron where parts of that filtrate is going to be reabsorbed secreted or excreted as urine and what's happened with kidney stones is that some of that those materials or minerals that are removed from the blood there's a high concentration in the filtrate and these minerals and salts start to come together they form crystals and then turn into hard stones which we call kidney stones now let's talk about some facts about kidney stones kidney stones can vary in size they can be super small like a fine grain of salt or Lord like let's say a walnut and these stones can be composed of various types of materials and there's five different types of kidney stones now as we go over this try to remember what is causing this and what it's really made up of the stone specifically because it's physicians treatment plan is going to depend on what type of stone the patient has which will include your nursing interventions and your diet teaching so the most common type of kidney stone is called a calcium oxalate stone and this tends to form in acidic urine due to increase amounts of calcium and oscillate in the urine so what's happened is that your nephron have filtered your blood and it has removed a lot of calcium or a lot of oxalate and those minerals have went through the renal tubules and they started to bind they've started to crystallize to one another and as I've done that they start to grow debris can stick to them they can harden and turn into a kidney stone so what causes increased concentration of calcium in the urine well any condition that really causes hypercalcemia and we talked about this in our fluid and electrolytes series and taking a lot of medications like calcium supplements with vitamin D can increase calcium levels also hyperparathyroidism which we also talked about her in the Crim series because remember your parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone which causes your bones to release calcium into the bloodstream so if you're releasing too much calcium in the bloodstream you can develop too much calcium in the urine also increase intake of sodium when a person a person consumes a lot of sodium and it go is filtered into the urine what happens is that sodium prevents calcium from being reabsorbed back into the bloodstream so you're left with all this calcium in that meson which makes beautiful conditions for crystallization with other minerals to form a skinny foam now what causes increased oxalates one thing that can cause this is called GI disorders and a lot of GI disorders like ulcerative colitis they had issues really with absorbing fats and what can happen normally our body takes calcium and off slice and binds them together in the gut and then you're off and then up flights are secreted out through the stool so we're keeping this fine balance of oscillate Center body because we don't want too much to build up in the urn but what happens with these GI disorders is that these fats are not digested so instead of calcium binding with oxalate in the gut it's going to run to the fat and bind to that so you have fat and calcium binding and that just leaves off plates all by itself and this leads to excessive ox life in the body which in turn in the urine and you can develop calcium oxalate kidney stones because all that concentration of the off lights in the urine is going to bind with calcium and you get a stone another thing is high intake of foods that contain oxalate which we'll be discussing later in our diet teaching another type of kidney stone is called a uric acid kidney stone and this forms when there is too much uric acid in the urine so the pH of the urine is acidic it's very low and remember whenever we talked about in the nephron function and structure videos we talked about how the glow Marius takes the blood and filters it one of the things they filter is uric acid which is like a waste product from the breakdown of proteins and things like that well what can happen is that too much uric acid can be in the body so it's going to collect in Bowman's capsule go down through those renal tubules and it's going to start crystallizing with each other and you're going to get a kidney stone now what can cause this what can cause increase uric acid levels people who have gout people who are dehydrated when you're dehydrated you have low amounts of water in your filtrate and it becomes concentrated and becomes acidic so you have this high probability of forming uric acid crystals within the filtrate metabolic issues like diabetes specifically diabetes type 2 high intake of purine foods or animal proteins has this whenever the body breaks things down it breaks it down into uric acid if you're consuming a lot of these you're going to be breaking it down and producing a lot of uric acid to the urine another type of kidney stone is called cysteine kidney stone and these are rare they tend to be genetic and they form when there is too much of the amino acid called cysteine in the urine so what is happening is that whenever your nephron specific goal marries is filtering that blood remember it filters amino acid goes down there Bowman's capsule down through that proximal convoluted tubules and remember here this is where most of our reabsorption occurs about filtrate and PCP is usually responsible for reabsorbing a hundred percent of those amino acids however this is not what is happening in this condition leaving these amino acids and these amino acids are forming together crystallizing which in the end can turn into a kidney stone another type of kidney stones is called a shrew by kidney stones and these are rare just like the sustain type and they form in patients who suffer from chronic urinary tract infections and what can happen is that this bacteria that keeps causing this urinary tract infection changes the pH of the urine it increases it to make it more alkaline so kidney stones can form and those acidic urine like with your uric acid stones or your calcium oxalate stones and alkaline so one is not better than the other so patients have a susceptibility depending on whatever their urine pH is and these stones tend to be composed of magnesium ammonium and phosphate and the last type of stone a patient can have is called a calcium phosphate stone and this tends to form in alkaline urine as well and a lot of patients who have issues with the renal tubules part of the nephron have issues with these type of stones called the calcium phosphate zones now where the most of these kidney stones tend to form they tend to form in the kidney but they can form anywhere wherever there is a high concentration of those minerals and salts and once the stone forms with a crystallization form it can start to migrate throughout the urinary system where it will further grow or it can get stuck which can cause a blockage now where can kidney stones be found they can be found in the kidneys specifically the Cale X and the Cale X is located up where the renal papilla is and this is where parts of the nephron connect to the renal papilla and release the filtrate which is urine and it goes down into the calyx so you can have a stone there you can also have a stone in the renal pelvis and you can have it in the ureters specifically and the top of the ureter in the middle part or the bottom and you can also have stones and the bladder somewhere within the bladder or the neck of the bladder and most stones can be passed so a lot of times your patient will be admitted you'll be giving them lots of fluids and lots of pain medication because if the stone is less than five millimeters they can typically pass it however this is very very painful it's one of the most painful things a person can go through other than childbirth and if the stone is larger than five millimeters and it can't be passed the patient may need to go for some type of procedure which can help break up the stone then they can pass it or some type of surgical treatment which we're really going to talk about a little bit later in this lecture now let's take a closer look and see exactly how a kidney stone could be formed okay so first we really need the patient to have those predisposing factors like two Furyk acid in the blood or they consume way too much sodium which causes calcium within the nephron not to be reabsorbed so you have a concentration of minerals and salts so we have that then what happens is that these concentration of minerals form a crystal and the crystal they start sticking together it can grow debris can form around it make it even harder and you get a kidney stone now let's look at how this crystallization can happen within the kidney specifically the nephron so in your kidney you have millions of these nephrons which is a functional unit of the kidney that filters the blood and produces urine now if you took one little individual nephron and stretched it out it would look something like this you have your guam aureus which is taking your blood and filtering it and it's connecting this filtrate which is a liquid substance that contains minerals and ions all these things so in here we have calcium sodium amino acids glucose off place everything you can really think of except proteins and blood cells that is not filtered and here we have a patient who is really taking in a lot of sodium and what's happened is that everything's collected into Bowman's capsule then it's went down through the renal tibial and the renal trivial is where reabsorption secretion is going to happen so this patient specifically has a lot of sodium so what has happened is that the calcium cannot be reabsorbed into the blood stream so it just hangs out in the system so you have a lot of calcium and you have all the lights present in there so what's going to happen is that your calcium and your off lights are going to stick together and form crystals and then you're going to get kidney stones so as us traveling through your nephron it's going to come out as parts of your kidneys because you're collecting that connects the renal papilla which is going to release the filtrate down through your minor calyx your major tail X then your renal pelvis and out through your ureters well what could happen many things can happen but one thing that can happen is that that crystal can stick and that renal papilla or another duct and it can just grow over time and becomes big and stay there or it can break off and travel down to the ureter and completely block it you get back flow of urine or things like that now let's look at the causes of a kidney stone we talked about this a little bit whenever we went over the five different types of kidney stones but let's look at a little bit further because for testing purposes a lot of times tests like to ask you which patient is that most risk for a kidney stone you have to select so to help us remember that let's remember the word crystal because we have Chris will be informed in our urine so this will help us remember the causes okay see for consuming foods high with auklets purine salt or medications with calcium and this puts the patient at risk for calcium oxalate stones and uric acid stones are for reoccurrence urinary tract infections and again that was with the struvite stone why we have a couple wives hypercalcemia or hyper collier iya where you have too much calcium in the blood or in the urine this can lead to that or hyperparathyroidism and this is where again your parathyroid gland is responsible for stimulating those bones to release calcium into the bloodstream so if you're doing that too much you can get too much calcium and another condition called high post to tre urea and this is where you have low amounts of citrate in the urine and citrate is actually helpful in preventing kidney stones some types of kidney stones and citrate will prevent calcium salt formation so it will prevent those calcium salts from actually binding together it helps keep your urine alkaline which will help prevent those uric acid stones and the calcium oxalate stones which like to form in that acidic type hearing condition as for structural blockage or stasis of the urine this can happen with patients who have prostate problems remember within a large prostate it squeezes the urethra shut so urine cannot get out whenever they try to void they'll have a lot of urinary retention which keeps the urine within the bladder which will allow those minerals to just stick together and be concentrated together which increases the chances of a crystal for me also other things which can cause the same thing or like strictures or deformities key for too much uric acid this is in conditions like gal becoming dehydrated consuming a diet high in purines or animal proteins because remember that is the byproduct they break it down into uric acid when you consume those foods a for absorption problem again like we said your gastrointestinal issues like it was also to supply to us or Crohn's where the fats are binding with the calcium in the gut instead of the calcium binding with ox lights and that would cause off - ox lights to be excreted but instead the fast and the calcium bind and that leaves the off place and the ox place will collect in the urine and you can get calcium oxalate stones and then another a for acquired a lot of times if mom dad grandparents had a lot of real current kidney stones your risk for it as well especially with the genetic type with the cysteine stones with the high amount of the amino acid cysteine stuck in the urine l-last part low activity and these are your patients who are immobile so try to remember immobility because what's happening why are these patients at risk for kidney stones well when you're in mobile your it's walking you're not moving you're not using all those minerals that you normally should if you're physically active so but you're eating and you're consuming food so you have tend to have a high mail and minerals in your body plus the urine stay stagnant they're not up moving they're typically lying in the bed the only type of mobility they get is when someone comes and turns them so that keeps the urine stagnant which can increase the ability of those minerals and salts to come together and form a crystal now let's look at the typical signs and symptoms that your patient may report who has a kidney stone okay the first thing is pain this pain can be very very intense and the description of the pain varies depending on the stones location so remember for testing purposes these different types of pain because test questions like to ask you about this patient says that they're having this type of pain where could the kidney stone be located okay so a type of pain they can have is called renal colic and this is where the stone is probably located in the renal pelvis which is this part in here and they will describe it as a deep dull aching pain in the flank which are the size or the cost of vertebral area which is on the back now a different type of pain they can have is uracil colic and this is where the stone is probably located in the ureter and as it moves through that ureter it can cause some very very intense pain they will describe it as intense sharp it's wave-like and it radiates and man it can radiate to the scrotum and in females it can radiate to the vaginal area now as the stone moves it's going to scrape up against that ureter so you'll probably see some hematuria blood the urine and they may say I really need to void but whenever they boy just a small amount comes out because that stone is blocking that ureter now they may also have nausea and vomiting this can be due to that intense pain they are in it's literally making them sick they can also have signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection because a lot of times these stones can cause blockages which is keeping that you're in stagnant and this can lead to infection because we learn in our urinary tract infection video at any time you're in a same stagnant for a long period of time we have a high risk of infection which could represent a fever or cloudy urine another thing they can have is urinary retention where they're voiding but they're not getting rid of all that you're in out of the bladder and this is especially if that stone is in the neck of the bladder which is that area right before it enters into the urethra so if that stones there it may prevent urine from actually draining completely out of the bladder which increases the risk even more for urinary tract infection now sometimes patients will be asymptomatic they won't have fines and symptoms until the stone gets large enough it or it breaks off and starts moving throughout that urinary system then they will start to notice those signs and symptoms now let's look at some complications associated with a kidney stone when a complication is called obstruction whenever you have that kidney so obstructing urine flow you have backflow of urine and this increases hydrostatic pressure fancy word for water pressure hydro means water so you have increased water pressure within that kidney what but what is I going to do that going to put a lot of strain on those nephrons specifically that Bowman's capsule and it's going to decrease the kidneys ability to actually filter that blood so you're going have decreased filtration another complication is called hydronephrosis or hydro ureter nephritis and what is happening with these conditions is that you have say a kidney stone stuck in the ureter it is letting absolutely no urine which is representing this orange part drained down through the kidney so this urine is just backing up into the kidney and what's going to happen when this happens over a long period time you can have different stages of this what's going to happen in the most severe cases is that you're going to get dilation of your renal pelvis so it's not going to be small like this it's going to be really dilated you're going to get dilation of those minor and major kale X's which are in here and you're going to get dilation of your yours her depending on where that stone is so you're going to really lose that functional ability of the kidney another thing of course is the nephron damage and they can also develop the infection which is what we really talked about in our signs and symptoms now let's look at how kidney stones are diagnosed because as a nurse you want to be familiar with what the physician may order or what your role is as the nurse whenever you send in the patient for this test okay one type of test is called a KUB and this is an x-ray of the kidneys ureters and bladder can swipe called a KUB another type of test is called an IVP and this is an intravenous pyelogram and what they will do is that they will give your patient through their IV a special dye which is iodine based and it will go through the system and then they'll take x-rays of the urinary system now your role as the nurse is important because before you send the patient for this test you want to assess some things you want to ask them if they're allergic to anything and if so what specifically you're looking for iodine and shellfish are they pregnant or there any way they could be pregnant are they nursing a baby and you need to look at those ABB's see if they have impaired renal function and are they taking metformin also called glucophage and if they are you need contacts and positions another type of test will go for possibly is an ultrasound or a CT scan of the kidneys and a physician may order urine tests like in your analysis which will assess that urine for any crystals and sometimes they will order what's called a 24-hour urine and this is where it's going to measure the concentration of ions which is like your calcium you're sewed in all those the wastes uric acid creatinine the pH of the urine the citric citrate level and the kidney function now as your role as a nurse you want to make sure that this is being collected correctly because if not it can throw off the whole test results so one thing you want to keep in mind is that you want to keep this specimen on I typically in the hospital setting what I do is comes into the jug they get a jug as usually like an orange jug you'll put the patient's name on it and you will have the patient so you're going to start it at 8 o'clock that morning you'll have the patient void in the commode flush it down at that time write down the time then from there oh and the patient will void in that jug and every time they have to pee they will pee in this jug for 24 hours then at 8 o'clock that next morning which is 24 hours have the patient attempt to avoid against then send it down to the lab now it's important that you keep this specimen on ice or refrigerated typically we keep it on ice because we don't use a refrigerator because of contamination things like that and we put it in a basin full of ice like an ice bath and keep it cold because if you don't keep it cold you can alter the results now let's look at nursing interventions and treatment for kidney stones and what your role will be okay most patients will pass the kidney stone if it's remember less than about 5 millimeters however as a nurse your role you're going to have to help them with this because this not an easy task on the patient's part they're going to have a lot a lot of pain so number one one of our priorities is we're going to control their pain the pain doesn't go away until it's passed or removed so it's best to do around the clock pain medication administration whatever your physician orders instead of the PRN medications where the patient has to ask for it every time because we want to keep those blood levels constant and we don't want them they're trying to get so bad where it really can't be controlled so around the clock at best sometimes physicians like to order incest because this will help with the inflammation because a lot of times when that stone is in there it's scraped up against some of the lining is inflamed it which is making the ability of that stone to pass through that area even harder so the inside will decrease that information help that stone pass another thing just as equally as important is that we want to maintain fluids we want to be telling the patient need to be consuming lots of fluids and bringing them water to drink at least three to four liters per day unless it's contraindicated the patient has heart failure or something like that where they can't take in this amount of fluids and this whatever the physician orders always followed up now why are we going to be wanting them to consume this amount of fluid well number one it's going to keep that urine diluted we don't want the urine to get concentrated because if it does there's an increased risk of another stone forming so stylist clearance another thing is it creates this pressure of allowing urine to keep flushing through the system which is going to help that stone to pass and it decreases infection chances of infection because we're flushing that system out constantly which is a risk with kidney stones now because we're going to be encouraging so much fluid we have to very very closely watch their intake and output so eyes and nose and we want to make sure that they're not taking in so much where the very little putting out because this could be a sign that there's an obstruction where that kidney is not draining properly which can lead to hydronephrosis and things like that so watch those eyes and O's very closely another thing is that we're going to be monitoring the patient for urinary tract infections because they're at risk for that and another super super important thing is that we want to collect all their urine normally we have these little white hats that they can pan or a urinal for me and you will taste that urine you'll strain it in this strainer that you can get from supply and you're looking in that strainer for any stones and you do not want to throw that stone away you want to keep it put it in a cup many physicians already have a standing order to go ahead and send that to the lab or get an order to send it to the lab because they want to figure out what that stone is composed of because that will depend on the treatment plan they'll know why they're getting these stones so always do that and another thing is to keep the patient as mobile as possible because we want them to be moving and if your patient isn't in mobile you want to turn them frequently why is that important why we want to do that well moving around up is going to help that so move also we don't want to just lay there in the supine position in pain because it's keeping that urine stagnant in those kidneys which can increase the risk of another one for me and the stone not passing because you're just laying there so try to keep them as mobile possible and let them know why we want them up moving now let's talk about patient education because these stones can reoccur and you want to let them know how they can decrease their chances of this happening one thing is that they need to stay hydrated it's very important they do not become dehydrated whenever an they're at risk for this because concentrated urine can produce stones so they need to drink at least 2 liters per day and less and they have contraindications they need to if the physician prescribed medications because sometimes the physician will prescribe for instance RUP RUP urinal which helps decrease your acid levels if you've ever had a patient have gout they will be on this so tell them why they're taking this and what it's for another thing is they're at risk or having those kidney stones that are made out of calcium they may be started on hydrochlorothiazide which is also called HC TZ and this is a diuretic it works on those tubules within the nephron and it helps decrease the amount of calcium in the urine next you will want to educate them about not taking as many supplements that are calcium based you need to assess are you taking a lot of calcium supplements with vitamin D because this can increase the risk of calcium stones another thing is is that limiting calcium in the diet is really not recommended unless the patient has a metabolic problem because the risk of osteoporosis and things like that so that's really not recommended only if Sir they have metabolic issues where they would need to have that another thing is limiting protein because remember protein breaks down into uric acid it can also increase calcium level so watching the amount of the animal proteins that they're consuming and limiting foods high in sodium because what does sodium do whenever you have a lot of sodium in the urine it prevents calcium from being reabsorbed so we have an increased chance of calcium stones being formed so they need to consume between 2 to 3 grams of sodium a day if they're having those type of stones another thing is consuming a diet low in purines organ meats beer pork red meats seafood like scallops and chobe sardines and remember this can form those uric acid stones and also consuming a low diet in oxalate if they were producing those calcium oxalate stones they want to avoid containing high amounts of like spinach cabbage rhubarb tomatoes beats nuts and chocolate along with wheat bran strawberries and tea now let's look at the treatment options for someone who has a kidney stone maybe you're taking care of someone who has a stone that cannot be passed so they need treatment where either you're all just going to have to remove it or they're going to have to break up the stone so let's talk about these different types of treatment and what your role is as the nurse who will be receiving a patient back from one of these procedures okay one type of procedure is called an extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy also call es WL and this is non invasive so they're not going to have any incisions or anything like that and what this is is that ultrasound shock waves are sent through the skin and body tissue to break up the stone into fragments so what happens is that these ultrasound shock waves are sent hopefully it will break up that stone into smaller pieces that can then easily pass through those ureters however this is not for large stones and sometimes patients require multiple treatments of this therapy sometimes a stent may be placed to allow the stone fragments to pass through and one of the downsides about this procedure is that the patient will have to pass these fragments and these stones so it's going to be painful now our role is the nurse whenever you get a patient back from in very important you're going to strain all of that urine and send that stone to the lab so they know what kind of stone this patient is experiencing you're going to maintain fluid intake between three to four liters because we want to flush that cyst amounts to help guide those fragments out of the system or we want to keep the patient's mobile as possible so it can help facilitate the removal of those fragments and control their pain because again they're going to be passing me and because they will be passing these fragments there may be some blood in the urine so watch out for that another type of procedure is called a percutaneous Metro lithotomy and this is an invasive procedure so it's different from e SW l which was non-invasive this patient here is going to have an incision what's going to happen is that your olives going to go in and remove the stone so the upside is that they most likely will not be having to pass the stone as they did in the other procedure so an incision will be made on the back where the kidney is located and the nephron scope will be used to remove the stone sometimes they can use the lithotripsy to break up the stone and get those fragments so what will be your role as the nurse many times after this procedure a patient will have an F rasta me to place what is the nephron me - this is like a small little tube that is placed within the kidney specifically in that renal pelvis area that will help drain that urine that's freshly coming out of those nephron and it will also drain some of the fragments that have been left over maybe from that stone removal so you'll want to keep the nephron YouTube's secure make sure it doesn't move monitor for infection because we're at risk for infection and you'll want to empty and strain the urine that comes from the nephron to me bag so the patient will have a bag a little bag that will be hanging down in a tube that will be coming out of the site out of the back also you'll want to maintain three to four liters per day keeping them hydrated keeping that urine flowing out to flush out any possible fragments another procedure a patient may have to remove a kidney stone is called a ureteroscopy this is where no incision will be made instead a scope will be inserted up through the urethra and can go all the way to the kidney and what they'll do is assess for stones they can go and remove the stone they can do this either with a laser or with a lithotripsy and many times of stent will be placed to allow those fragments that are left over to be removed so you'll be doing the same nursing interventions with maintaining the flow is three to four layers keeping the mobile straining the urine sending that stone slab whenever you collect one okay so that wraps up this lecture on kidney stones thank you so much for watching don't forget to take the free quiz and to subscribe to our channel for more videos |
Medical_Surgical_Nursing | Auscultation_of_Heart_Sounds_Assessing_Heart_Sounds_Listening_to_the_Heart_with_a_Stethoscope.txt | hey everyone it's s with register nurse rn.com and in this video I'm going to be going over how to osculate heart sounds what I want to be doing is I'm going to show you how to listen to Heart sounds on a real person I'm going to show you the anatomical sites how to identify S1 S2 talk about those S3 S4 and heart murmur those extra sounds you may hear but first let's cover the basics okay why do we listen to Heart sounds what is the purpose well one thing we want to make sure the rhythm is regular we want to count the rate but we're also one of the big things is that we're assessing how those heart valves are closing because whenever you are hearing S1 S2 those are valve valves closing S1 are your tricuspid and mitro valves closing and S2 is the sound of your aortic and P pulmonic valves closing and while you're listening to heart sound you'll be trying to distinguish am I hearing S1 S2 and then you're going to be positioning the patient in a little bit different positions and you're going to be listening for those extra heart sounds like S3 S4 and heart murmurs so first let's go over the anatomical sides here in a second you're going to see what it actually looks like whenever um you're looking at the anatomical sites on the chest but let me cover them real fast if you want you can write this down so you can remember it the key to help you identify these anat comical sites is to find the clavicle on the patient and then go down and find the angle of Lewis it's a joint little area and the second rib comes out from there and right below that we're going to start on the right side is the intercostal space and right there left I mean right of that border is the aortic valve and the aortic valve represents when it closes the sound of S2 that and the pulmonic valve normally close together so when they close together they're semi lunar valves you will hear S2 then right over on the left side in the same space second intercostal space you will find the pulmonic valve then down in the third space you will find herbs point and this is just an area where um you're separating the base from the Apex it's just the Midway point between those two areas and then you have the fourth intercostal space which right next to the border of that is the tricuspid valve you'll find that on the left side as well and the tricuspid and mitro valves when they close together simultaneously you will hear S1 and they are found in the base then you go down a little bit in the fifth intercostal space but midclavicular which is the Midway point of your clavicle and you will find the M mitro valve also called by cuspid valve and these are your Avo ventricular valves your AV valves and this is also where you you will hear the point of maximal impulse and also it's important to know the bottom part of the heart down in this area is the Apex the top part of this area is called the base you want to remember that now let's look and osculate these areas and see what they look like on a real person okay first I wanted to start out just showing you on the chest what where you're going to actually place your chest piece whenever you're listening to the what I like to do whenever I'm first starting out is either have the patient set up or lie down and I like to start in the aortic and work my way down remember the pneumonic all patients take medicine and herbs point is in between the pulmonic and the tricuspid and whenever your semi lunar valves are your aortic and pulmonic and when they close you hear S2 and so you're going to hear S2 the most at the base of the heart and then whenever you're hearing the tricuspid and mital which are your o ventricular valves which are AV valves you're hearing S1 whenever they close so let's use the chest piece and osculate okay whenever I'm beginning oscilation of the heart what I like to do is remove the clothing and um I like to have the patient set up you can also have them lay down and I listen with the diaphragm of my stethoscope first and then I'll switch to the bell and redo all the anatomical sites but I like to listen to diaphragm because you can hear S2 and S1 the best with this along on with your aortic and P pulmonic regurgitation murmurs so um I start at the aortic remember the pneumonic all patients take medicine and what I'm going to do is I'm listening for S1 and S2 I'm distinguishing them and I'm also listening for S1 splits or or S2 splits and this is just where the valves are not closing at the same time so you may hear a little bit of an extra noise so we're going to start in the aortic over here and what I'm hearing is love dub love dub and dub is louder because dub represents S2 and in the base of the heart you're going to hear S2 louder than how you would hear it down there then I'm just going to inch over here to the pulmonic and I hear the same thing I don't know any splitting S1 and S2 are closing at the same time no extra heart sounds then I'm going to inch down to herbs point this is just the halfway point between the base and the apex of the heart now I'm going to inch down to the tricuspid and this time I'm hearing love dub and love is louder because this is signifying more where you're going to hear S1 and love is represented by S1 and I hear that louder in this area and then I'm going to go over to the mital area midclavicular and this hearing the same thing love dub nice good Rhythm and what I'm going to do is I'm just going to switch over to my bell and I'm just going to repeat and what I'm really paying attention to is I'm listening for any type of murmur or those low pitch sounds you really can't hear S3 and S4 that great in this position that's why here in a second we're going to get on our left side and you hear that in the Apex but what I'm listening for is maybe any murmurs blowing swishing noise and I'm not hearing anything now one thing you may find hard whenever you are osculating is distinguishing S1 from S2 and some tips to help you with that again S2 is going to be louder here at the base and S1 is going to be louder here at the Apex so that can help you with that or if you're still having trouble you don't can't really differentiate um you can fill on the cored artery and listen at the apex of the heart and whenever you feel a pulsation and you feel you hear that noise you've identified S1 because the cowed pulsation and the sound signify S1 or if you have a patient on a bedside monitor you can look at your QRS complex in the r way the big spike whenever you see that that Spike and you hear the noise that is S1 so those are just some little tips on how you can differentiate between S1 and S2 now we've assisted the patient onto their left side and the whole purpose of doing this is majority of your heart is on your left side so whenever you turn them have them go there it pushes the heart over a little bit more just so you can hear those anatomical sites a little bit better and what we are interested in is the apex of the heart and we're going to be listening with the bell of our stethoscope because we're listening for low pitch noises and if the patient was going to have an S3 S4 or a mro stenosis murmur this is where we most likely hear it so what we're going to do is just find the midclavicular the fifth intercostal space we're going to just listen over there and we're listening for S3 or S4 and mmers and S3 is heard after S2 so again that's why you have to distinguish between S1 and S2 and S3 is going to sound like a love dub t love du T because it's heard after S2 S4 is going to be heard before S1 and it's going to sound like this t t t and a murmur of course is just that blowing swishing noise okay last what I like to do is I like to have the patient set up and lean forward and then have them exhale and I'm going to listen for what I'm looking for is murmur aortic and pulmonic murmur and I'm going to be listening at the aortic and the pulmonic SES with the diaphragm because it's good at picking up those murmur and what's happening is that the chest the heart behind the STM is just moving a little bit forward so we can hear those anatomical positions a little bit better and I'm listening for like a blowing a swishing noise and if one's present you'll want to grade that and here on your screen you'll see what the grading scale is for that one a grade one is hard to hear and it goes all the way up to six and this is the loudest you could literally lift your chest piece off the patient's chest like this and you could hear just the blowing and swishing noise you could also feel on the chest a thrill which is like a vibration on the skin okay so that is how you osculate heart sounds now be sure to check out my other video where I go in depth about these heart sounds I talk in great detail about them a card should be popping up so you can access that video so you can familiarize yourself with these heart sounds thank you so much for watching and please consider subscribing to this YouTube channel |
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