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anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Topographic Anatomy Topographic anatomy applies to a body in the anatomic position. | Patient stands facing you, arms at side, palms forward. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Imaginary straight lines that divide the body | Three main areas
Coronal (frontal) plane: divides the body front/back
Sagittal (lateral) plane: divides the body left/right
Midsagittal (midline) plane: divides the body into equal left and right halves
Transverse (axial) plane: divides the body top/bottom FIGURE 6-1 Anatomic planes of the body. © Jones & Bartlett Lear... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Cells to Systems Cells: foundation of the human body | Tissues: cells that share a common function
Organs: groups of tissues that perform similar or interrelated jobs
Body systems: organs with similar function working together |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Skeletal System: Anatomy The skeleton gives us our recognizable human form. | Composed of 206 bones
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Pelvis |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Axial Skeleton Foundation to which the arms and legs are attached | Includes:
Skull
Facial bones
Thoracic cage
Vertebral column Skull
Cranium: made up of 4 bones
Face: made up of 14 bones FIGURE 6-6 The skull. A. Anterior view. B. Inferior view. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Spinal column
Composed of 33 bones (vertebrae)
Divided into 5 sections:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx FI... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Occur wherever bones come in contact | Consist of the ends of the bones and the connecting and supporting tissues
Two types of joints:
Ball-and-socket joint
Allows rotation and bending
Hinge joint
Motion restricted to flexion and extension FIGURE 6-4 The shoulder is an example of a
ball-and-socket joint. FIGURE 6-5 The elbow joints are hinge joints, which ... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Appendicular Skeleton Arms, legs, their connection points, and pelvis | Includes:
Joints
Upper extremities
Pelvis
Lower extremities |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Upper Extremities | Upper extremity extends from pectoral girdle to fingertips
Composed of arms, forearms, hands, and fingers Shoulder girdle: three bones come together
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus FIGURE 6-9 The bones of the shoulder girdle include the
clavicle and scapula. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Arm
Humerus is the supporting bone
Fore... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Wrist and hand | Ball-and-socket joint
Principal bones
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges FIGURE 6-10 The major bones in the wrist and hand
include the carpals, the metacarpals, and the phalanges. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Pelvis | The pelvic girdle consists of:
Two coxae (hip bones)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Each pelvic bone is formed by fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Posteriorly, the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones are joined by the sacrum. | Anteriorly, the pubic symphysis is where the right and left pubis are joined. FIGURE 6-11 The pelvis is a closed, bony ring that consists of the sacrum, ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, and pubic symphysis. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Lower Extremities | Femur
Longest bone in body
Connects into the acetabulum (pelvic girdle) by a ball-and-socket joint
The greater and lesser trochanter are where the major muscles of the thigh connect to the femur. Knee connects the upper leg to the lower leg
Kneecap (patella)
Lower leg
Tibia (shinbone)
Anterior of leg
Fibula
Lateral sid... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Foot | Contains 7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsal bones form substance of foot
Toes are formed by phalanges FIGURE 6-13 A. The surface landmarks of the foot, including the talus, the calcaneus, and the phalanges. B. Soft tissue of the ankle. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Skeletal System: Physiology The skeletal system: | Gives the body its shape
Protects fragile organs
Allows for movement
Stores calcium
Helps create blood cells |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy | Musculoskeletal system provides:
Form
Upright posture
Movement
Protection of vital internal organs FIGURE 6-15 The major muscle groups. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Types of muscles: | Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle FIGURE 6-14 The three types of muscle are skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Musculoskeletal System: Physiology Contraction and relaxation of system make it possible to move and manipulate the environment. | A by-product of this movement is heat.
Another function of the muscles is to protect the structures under them. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Respiratory System: Anatomy | The Respiratory System: Anatomy Structures of the body that contribute to respiration (the process of breathing) FIGURE 6-16 The respiratory system consists of all structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Upper Airway | Includes:
Nose
Mouth (oral cavity)
Tongue
Jaw (mandible)
Larynx
Divides upper and lower airway Includes: (cont’d)
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Trachea
Epiglottis |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Lower Airway Thyroid cartilage | Adam’s apple
Cricoid cartilage: immediately below the thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid membrane
Trachea
Ends at carina, dividing into right and left bronchi leading to bronchioles |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The two lungs are held in place by: | Trachea
Arteries and veins
Pulmonary ligaments
Divided into two lobes
Right lung has upper, middle, and lower lobes
Left lung has upper and lower lobes Within the lobes are bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Allow for gas exchange
Pleura: a layer of smooth, glistening tissue that covers each lung and lines the chest ca... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Muscles of Breathing Diaphragm is the primary muscles of breathing. | Also involved are:
Neck (cervical muscles)
Intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles
Pectoral muscles |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Inhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract | Pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases
Lungs fill with air
Active part of the respiratory cycle |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Exhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax | Thoracic cavity returns to it normal shape and volume
Passive portion of the respiratory cycle |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Respiratory System: Physiology | Function is to provide body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
Ventilation and respiration are two separate, interdependent functions of the respiratory system. Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues.
Provides oxygen to the cells and removes waste carbon dioxide
Diffus... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Characteristics of Normal Breathing Normal rate and depth (tidal volume) | Regular rhythm or pattern of inhalation and exhalation
Clear, audible breath sounds on both sides of chest
Regular rise and fall movement on both sides of the chest
Movement of the abdomen |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Inadequate Breathing Patterns in Adults Labored breathing | Muscle retractions
Pale, cyanotic, cool, damp skin
Tripod position
Agonal gasps |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Circulatory System: Anatomy | Complex arrangement of connected tubes
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
Two circuits
Systemic circulation (body)
Pulmonary circulation (lungs) FIGURE 6-25 The circulatory system includes the heart, arteries, veins, and interconnecting capillaries. The capillaries are the smallest vessels and connec... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Hollow muscular organ | Made of specialized cardiac muscle
Works as two paired pumps
Each side is divided into:
Atrium (upper chamber)
Ventricle (lower chamber) Circulation
The heart receives its blood from the aorta.
Right side receives deoxygenated blood from the veins.
Left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. FIGURE 6-27 A. The... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Arteries carry blood from the heart to all body tissues. | Aorta branches into:
Coronary arteries
Carotid arteries
Hepatic arteries
Renal arteries
Mesenteric arteries Pulmonary artery
Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Arteries branch into smaller arteries and then into arterioles.
Arterioles branch into a series of increasingly smaller vessels until they connect to the c... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Capillaries Connect arterioles to venules | Fine end divisions of arterial system
Allow contact between blood and cells |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Veins Return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart | The superior vena cava carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities.
The inferior vena cava carries blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities.
Join at right atrium |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Spleen Solid organ located under the rib cage | Filters blood
Particularly susceptible to injury from blunt trauma |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Blood Composition Plasma (liquid) | Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Circulatory System: Physiology | Blood pressure: pressure that blood exerts against the walls of arteries
Systole: when the left ventricle of the heart contracts, it pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta.
Diastole: when the muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with blood. Blood pressure readings
Systolic blood pressure: high p... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Normal Circulation in Adults Automatically adjusted and controlled | Perfusion: circulation of blood in organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the needs of cells
Hypoperfusion: inadequate blood supply to organs, tissues, and cells |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Inadequate Circulation in Adults The system can adjust to small blood loss. | Vessels constrict.
The heart pumps more rapidly.
With a large loss, adjustment fails, and the patient goes into shock.
Mean arterial pressure can help detect shock. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Functions of Blood Fighting infection | Transporting oxygen
Transporting carbon dioxide
Controlling pH
Transporting wastes and nutrients
Clotting (coagulation) |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Nervous System Control of the Cardiovascular System | Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for fight-or-flight response.
Sends commands to adrenal glands
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are secreted to stimulate heart and blood vessels. Blood vessels have alpha-adrenergic receptors.
The heart and lungs have beta-adrenergic receptors.
Baror... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology The nervous system is perhaps the most complex organ in the body. | Divided into two main portions:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Central Nervous System | Brain
Controlling organ of the body
Subdivisions
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem FIGURE 6-34 The brain lies well protected within the skull. Its major subdivisions are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Cerebrospinal fluid
Cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord
Circulat... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Divided into two main portions: | Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system
Transmits signals from brain to voluntary muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Involuntary actions
Split into two areas
Sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic nervous system (slows body) Two types of nerves within peripheral nervo... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Two layers | Epidermis (superficial)
Dermis (deeper)
Subcutaneous tissue lies beneath the skin.
Fat that insulates and serves as energy reservoir |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Integumentary System | FIGURE 6-36 The layers of the skin can be divided between the epidermis and the dermis. Below the skin is a layer of subcutaneous tissue. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The skin is the largest single organ in the body. | Three major functions
Protects the body in the environment
Regulates body temperature
Transmits information from environment to brain The Integumentary System (Skin): Physiology |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Gastrointestinal system | Abdomen: the second major body cavity
Contains major organs of digestion and excretion
Organized into 4 quadrants:
Right upper
Lower upper
Right lower
Left lower |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Digestive System: Anatomy | FIGURE 6-38 Several of the organs in the
abdomen lie in more than one quadrant. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Liver
Bile ducts
Small intestine
Large intestine
Appendix
Rectum |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Mouth | Lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, tongue
Salivary glands
Oropharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Digestive System: Physiology Enzymes are added to food. | By salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, and small intestine
Food is converted into basic sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids.
Further processed by liver
Circulated via blood throughout body |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Elements of the lymphatic system: | Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymph
Lymph vessels
Thymus gland
Other components Supports the circulatory system and immune system
Lymph is a thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and waste products away.
Helps to rid the body of toxins and other harmful materials |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Complex message and control system | Integrates many body functions
Hormones are released directly into the bloodstream.
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The brain controls the release of hormones. | Excesses or deficiencies in hormones can cause disease. FIGURE 6-40 The endocrine system controls the
production and release of hormones in the body. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Urinary System: Anatomy and Physiology | Controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys
Controls fluid balance in the body
Filters and eliminates wastes
Controls pH balance |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Kidneys | Ureter
Urinary bladder FIGURE 6-42 The urinary system lies in the
retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum) space behind the
organs of the digestive system. The urinary system in men
and women includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
urethra. This diagram shows the male urinary system. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | The Genital System: Anatomy and Physiology | Controls reproductive processes
Male system consists of:
Testicles
Epididymis
Vasa deferentia
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicles
Penis FIGURE 6-43 The male reproductive system consists of the testicles, epididymis, vasa deferentia, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and penis. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Female system con... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Life Support Chain | All cells in body require oxygen, nutrients, and removal of waste.
The circulatory system is the carrier of these supplies and wastes.
If interference occurs, cells become damaged and die. Cells use oxygen to turn nutrients into chemical energy through metabolism.
Aerobic metabolism uses oxygen.
Cells switch to anaerob... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Pathophysiology | The study of functional changes that occur when body reacts to disease
Respiratory compromise is the inability of the body to move gas effectively.
Hypoxia
Hypercarbia Factors that impair ventilation
Blocked airway
Impairment of the muscles of breathing
Airway obstructed physiologically (asthma)
Other factors Factors ... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Occurs when organs and tissue do not receive enough oxygen | Impaired oxygen delivery causes cellular hypoxia.
Categorized into several types depending on the cause Effects of shock on the body
The level of oxygen supplied to the tissues falls.
Cells engage in anaerobic metabolism.
Severe metabolic acidosis ensues.
Baroreceptors initiate the release of epinephrine and norepineph... |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | Impairment of Cellular Metabolism Results in the inability to properly use oxygen and glucose at the cellular level | Cells create energy through anaerobic metabolism.
Can result in metabolic acidosis
Brain cells cannot use alternative fuels.
Cellular injury may become irreversible. |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | ac | adrenal cortex |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | acth | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | adh | antidiuretic hormone |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | cah | congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | di | diabetes insipidus |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | dka | diabetic ketoacidosis |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | dm | diabetes mellitus |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | fsh | follicle stimulating hormone |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | gh | growth hormone |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | hcg | human chorionic gonadotropin |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | hgf | human growth factor |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | icsh | interstitial cell stimulating hormone |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | iddm | insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | igt | impaired glucose tolerance |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | jod | juvenile onset diabetes |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | lf | luteinizing hormone |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | mea | multiple endocrine adenomatosis |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | men | multiple endocrine neoplasia |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | msh | melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | niddm | noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | oxt | oxytocin |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | prl | prolactin |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | pth | parathyroid hormone |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | siadh | syndrome of inappropriate adh |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | sth | somatotropic hormone |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | t3 | triiodothyronine |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | t4 | thyroxine |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | tft | thyroid function test |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | tsh | thyroid stimulating hormone |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | ab | abortion |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | afp | alpha fetoprotein |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | arm | artificial rupture of membranes |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | art | assisted reproductive technology |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | bse | breast self examination |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | bso | bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | bws | battered woman syndrome |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | cs | cesarean section |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | cvs | chorionic villus sampling |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | cx | cervix |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | d&c | dilation and curettage |
anatomy.json | knowledge | anatomy | d&e | dilation and evacuation |
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