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"affiliation": "Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA",
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA",
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA",
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA",
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"abstract": "Instead of using probabilistic graph based or manifold learning based models, some approaches based on position-patch have been proposed for face hallucination recently. In order to obtain the optimal weights for face hallucination, they represent image patches through those patches at the same position of training face images by employing least square estimation or convex optimization. However, they can hope neither to provide unbiased solutions nor to satisfy locality conditions, thus the obtained patch representation is not the best. In this paper, a simpler but more effective representation scheme- Locality-constrained Representation (LcR) has been developed, compared with the Least Square Representation (LSR) and Sparse Representation (SR). It imposes a locality constraint onto the least square inversion problem to reach sparsity and locality simultaneously. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over some state-of-the-art face hallucination approaches.",
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"content": "Instead of using probabilistic graph based or manifold learning based models, some approaches based on position-patch have been proposed for face hallucination recently. In order to obtain the optimal weights for face hallucination, they represent image patches through those patches at the same position of training face images by employing least square estimation or convex optimization. However, they can hope neither to provide unbiased solutions nor to satisfy locality conditions, thus the obtained patch representation is not the best. In this paper, a simpler but more effective representation scheme- Locality-constrained Representation (LcR) has been developed, compared with the Least Square Representation (LSR) and Sparse Representation (SR). It imposes a locality constraint onto the least square inversion problem to reach sparsity and locality simultaneously. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over some state-of-the-art face hallucination approaches.",
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"abstract": "In this study, a new image inpainting approach using multiscale salient structure propagation is proposed. The proposed approach consists of four stages, namely, (1) detection of salient structure(s), (2) inpainting of salient structure(s), (3) inpainting of surrounding areas of salient structure(s) by modified ant colony optimization (ACO), and (4) inpainting of remaining missing regions. Based on the experimental results obtained in this study, as compared with four comparison approaches, the proposed approach provides the better image inpainting results.",
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"abstract": "The Discrete Event Systems Specification (DEVS) formalism specifies a discrete event system in a hierarchical, modular form. This paper presents a distributed simulation methodology for models specified by the DEVS formalism. The methodology transforms a hierarchical DEVS model into a non-hierarchical one. This transformation can eliminate the overheads incurred during conventional hierarchical simulation, and make ease the synchronization of distributed simulation, thereby increasing the stability of the simulation engine. To show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, we realize the simulation scheme in Visual C-I-+, and conduct a benchmark simulation for a large-scale logistics system. The performance result shows that the proposed methodology works correctly and performs better than the previous approaches.",
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"abstract": "Various 3D applications require accurate and smooth depth map, and post-processing is necessary for depth map directly generated by different correspondence algorithms. A hierarchical joint bilateral filtering method is proposed to improve the coarse depth map. By first carrying out depth confidence measuring, pixels are put into different categories according to their matching confidence. Then the initial coarse depth map is down-sampled together with the corresponding confidence map. Depth map is progressively fixed during multistep up sampling. Different from many filtering approaches, confident matches are propagated to unconfident regions by suppressing outliers in a hierarchical structure. Experiment results present that the proposed method can achieve significant improvement of initial depth map with low computational complexity.",
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"abstract": "In VLSI circuits with deep sub-micron, the parasitic capacitance from interconnect is a very important factor determining circuit performances such as power and time-delay. The Boundary Element Method(BEM) is an effective tool for solving Laplacian's equation applied in the parasitic capacitance extraction. In this paper, a hierarchical h-adaptive BEM is presented. It constructs a 3-D linear hierarchical shape function based on constant boundary element and uses previous computations and solutions. Hence, it reduces much computation in adaptive procedure. Besides, a combination of residual-type estimator and reduced Z-Z error estimator for more reliable and efficient estimation of error is presented. Some numerical results show that this method is effective.",
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"abstract": "Hierarchical scheduling frameworks provide ways for composing large and complex real-time systems from independent sub-systems. In this paper, we consider the imprecise reward-based periodic task model in a compositional scheduling framework. Thus, we introduce the imprecise periodic resource model to characterize the imprecise resource allocations, and the interface model to abstract the imprecise real-time requirements of the component. The schedulability analysis of mandatory parts is analyzed to meet the minimum requirement of tasks. In addition, we provide a scheduling algorithm for guaranteeing a certain amount of reward, which makes it feasible to compose multiple imprecise components efficiently.",
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"abstract": "We present variational generative adversarial networks, a general learning framework that combines a variational auto-encoder with a generative adversarial network, for synthesizing images in fine-grained categories, such as faces of a specific person or objects in a category. Our approach models an image as a composition of label and latent attributes in a probabilistic model. By varying the fine-grained category label fed into the resulting generative model, we can generate images in a specific category with randomly drawn values on a latent attribute vector. Our approach has two novel aspects. First, we adopt a cross entropy loss for the discriminative and classifier network, but a mean discrepancy objective for the generative network. This kind of asymmetric loss function makes the GAN training more stable. Second, we adopt an encoder network to learn the relationship between the latent space and the real image space, and use pairwise feature matching to keep the structure of generated images. We experiment with natural images of faces, flowers, and birds, and demonstrate that the proposed models are capable of generating realistic and diverse samples with fine-grained category labels. We further show that our models can be applied to other tasks, such as image inpainting, super-resolution, and data augmentation for training better face recognition models.",
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"abstract": "With development of modern medical imaging computer technology, the rapid prototyping manufacturing and 3D visualized medical accessory system reality were achieved based on CT. Aiming at the key technology of 3D reconstruction from medical CT images, a 3D medical imaging surface reconstruction scheme was proposed, which integrated segmentation with marching cubes (MC) algorithm. Firstly, the shortage of standard MC algorithm was analyzed that caused huge consumption of operation and was hard to work out ,then it indicated the special MC(SMC) algorithm to make 3D reconstruction from medical spiral CT images. Finally, the experiment of two algorithms was accomplished with Visual C++. The experimental data of tooth showed that the SMC could reduce unnecessary cube on the calculation and simplify the reconstruction methods.",
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"abstract": "The National Library of Medicine is creating a digital atlas of the human body. This project, called the Visible Human, has already produced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and physical cross-sections of a human male cadaver. This paper describes a methodology and results for extracting surfaces from the Visible Male's CT data. We use surface connectivity and isosurface extraction techniques to create polygonal models of the skin, bone, muscle and bowels. We also report early experiments with the physical cross-sections.",
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"abstract": "The contour tree, an abstraction of a scalar field that encodes the nesting relationships of isosurfaces, can be used to accelerate isosurface extraction, to identify important isovalues for volume-rendering transfer functions, and to guide exploratory visualization through a flexible isosurface interface. Many real-world data sets produce unmanageably large contour trees which require meaningful simplification. We define local geometric measures for individual contours, such as surface area and contained volume, and provide an algorithm to compute these measures in a contour tree. We then use these geometric measures to simplify the contour trees, suppressing minor topological features of the data. We combine this with a flexible isosurface interface to allow users to explore individual contours of a dataset interactively.",
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"title": "Marching Prisms: Rapid Section Generation in 3D Geological Model",
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"abstract": "To efficiently construct the profile in 3D geological model expressed by triangular mesh and rapidly cut the model into separated parts, a new idea is presented in large scale compatible triangular mesh. It promotes the stratums surface meshes to volume model, and then treats the profile generation process as the isosurface extraction process in the model. A new method called Marching Prisms (MP) used to construct the isosurface. Using a divide-and-conquer approach to generate inter-slice connectivity, the MP algorithm uses a case table to define the inter-slice triangle topology in tri-prism cells just like the marching cubes algorithm in cube grids. After using linear interpolation to calculate the location of inter-slice triangle vertices, the MP algorithm uses the distance from every vertex of a prism to the isosurface to index the cases from the case table. According to the practical application, MP algorithm also can handle the ambiguous conditions in isosurface construction. To get the separated parts of the original meshes by the cutting, it is only need to modify the topology on top and bottom of the intersected prisms. Results from demo applications illustrate that the marching prisms is effective and efficient.",
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"abstract": "Rapid Prototyping technologies allow fabrication of lattice structures made of biocompatible materials. The natural stress distribution in the femur is altered after total hip arthroplasty (THA) because the hip end prosthesis will assume a part of the load causing a reduction of stresses in some regions of the bone. This phenomenon is known as stress shielding and it results in a loss of bone mass. The bone will become less dense and weaker and the endprosthesis can become loosening. This study explores the assumption that insertion of a certain lattice structure into the hip endoprosthesis stem will lead to a more flexible endoprosthesis, but strong enough to support the natural hip joint forces. A more flexible end prosthesis will stimulate the bone to a correct remodeling. This structure can also offer a better osteointegration than the existing end prostheses. The presented study considers five different types of lattice structures that are inserted into a large area of the implant stem. There was analyzed both the possibility of using one type of lattice structure and a combination of two different types. The paper also presents some design aspects of the lattice structures and results of the numerical analyses performed in order to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the proposed end prostheses. The comparison of the results obtained by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) highlights the influence of the lattice structures type on the mechanical behavior of hip end prostheses.",
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"content": "Rapid Prototyping technologies allow fabrication of lattice structures made of biocompatible materials. The natural stress distribution in the femur is altered after total hip arthroplasty (THA) because the hip end prosthesis will assume a part of the load causing a reduction of stresses in some regions of the bone. This phenomenon is known as stress shielding and it results in a loss of bone mass. The bone will become less dense and weaker and the endprosthesis can become loosening. This study explores the assumption that insertion of a certain lattice structure into the hip endoprosthesis stem will lead to a more flexible endoprosthesis, but strong enough to support the natural hip joint forces. A more flexible end prosthesis will stimulate the bone to a correct remodeling. This structure can also offer a better osteointegration than the existing end prostheses. The presented study considers five different types of lattice structures that are inserted into a large area of the implant stem. There was analyzed both the possibility of using one type of lattice structure and a combination of two different types. The paper also presents some design aspects of the lattice structures and results of the numerical analyses performed in order to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the proposed end prostheses. The comparison of the results obtained by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) highlights the influence of the lattice structures type on the mechanical behavior of hip end prostheses.",
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"abstract": "In this paper we demonstrate the ability to use low-cost 3D printers to manufacture an ambulatory antenna at Ka bands with shape memory polymers to be used in an origami array. A focus on the manufacturing process and limitations is discussed. The antenna is metalized on the 3D printed dielectric substrate (polylactic acid) using direct print additive manufacturing to deposit a single part silver epoxy paste using a 152.4 μm syringe needle. After folding the substrate in a space saving state, a 60 °C heat source returns the shape memory polymer back to its printed permanently stored state. This demonstrates the possibilities of integrating shape memory polymers into packaging for the first time, while enabling future applications with heatsinks, origami meta-materials, and additional reactive and compact structures.",
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"abstract": "3D printing promotes the lattice structure manufacturing, which has better mechanical properties. The thermal performance of the lattice structure is another important properties. This study presents five different lattice structure. The effective thermal conductivity of the lattice structures was numerically simulated, which shows that the lattice structure 1 shows larger effective thermal conductivity. Then applying the lattice structure as liquid cooling heat sink, the thermal performance of the five lattice structures were investigated at different inlet velocity of coolant. For all the lattice structure, the average temperature of the heat wall would decrease, the pressure drop would increasing with the inlet velocity of coolant rising. While the lattice structure 1 shows smaller thermal resistance with much larger pressure drop. The reason is that the higher effective thermal conductivity could provide better heat transfer between the lattice structure and the coolant, which also induced larger pressure drop. It manifests that in the application, the effective thermal conductivity, the thermal resistance and the pressure drop all should be weighed.",
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"content": "3D printing promotes the lattice structure manufacturing, which has better mechanical properties. The thermal performance of the lattice structure is another important properties. This study presents five different lattice structure. The effective thermal conductivity of the lattice structures was numerically simulated, which shows that the lattice structure 1 shows larger effective thermal conductivity. Then applying the lattice structure as liquid cooling heat sink, the thermal performance of the five lattice structures were investigated at different inlet velocity of coolant. For all the lattice structure, the average temperature of the heat wall would decrease, the pressure drop would increasing with the inlet velocity of coolant rising. While the lattice structure 1 shows smaller thermal resistance with much larger pressure drop. The reason is that the higher effective thermal conductivity could provide better heat transfer between the lattice structure and the coolant, which also induced larger pressure drop. It manifests that in the application, the effective thermal conductivity, the thermal resistance and the pressure drop all should be weighed.",
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"title": "Meta-modeling of Lattice Mechanical Responses via Design of Experiments",
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"abstract": "In the context of lattice manufacturing, the problem of mechanical and structural characterization of large lattice domains is relevant. Lattice materials are used in engineering (e.g. in energy absorption and heat conduction) and biomedical (e.g. bone implants and artificial tissues) applications. However, the numerical simulation of large lattice domains is limited by its complicated geometry, which hinders the meshing stage and produces intractable finite element meshes. The existing efforts to simulate large lattice domains are based on the generation of simplified homogeneous domains equipped with material properties that approximate the behavior of the lattice domain equipped with the bulk material. Using this approach, one can estimate the displacements field over the lattice domain using a lighter mesh and a cheaper simulation. However, since stresses are influenced by geometrical conditions, the stresses of the simplified domain do not match the stresses of the lattice domain. As a response to this limitation, this article proposes a methodology based on the systematic use of design of experiments to devise meta-models to estimate the mechanical response of lattice domains. The devised meta-models can be integrated with material homogenization to allow the mechanical characterization of large lattice domains. In this paper, we apply the proposed methodology to develop meta-models for the estimation of the von Mises stress in Schwarz Primitive lattice domains. Results show that the proposed methodology is able to generate efficient and accurate meta-models whose inputs are based on the displacements on the boundary of the Schwarz cell. Therefore, numerical simulations with the homogeneous simplified domain can be used to feed the meta-models. Additional work is still required to integrate the developed meta-models with material homogenization to test large Schwarz Primitive lattice domains under working loads.",
"abstracts": [
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"content": "In the context of lattice manufacturing, the problem of mechanical and structural characterization of large lattice domains is relevant. Lattice materials are used in engineering (e.g. in energy absorption and heat conduction) and biomedical (e.g. bone implants and artificial tissues) applications. However, the numerical simulation of large lattice domains is limited by its complicated geometry, which hinders the meshing stage and produces intractable finite element meshes. The existing efforts to simulate large lattice domains are based on the generation of simplified homogeneous domains equipped with material properties that approximate the behavior of the lattice domain equipped with the bulk material. Using this approach, one can estimate the displacements field over the lattice domain using a lighter mesh and a cheaper simulation. However, since stresses are influenced by geometrical conditions, the stresses of the simplified domain do not match the stresses of the lattice domain. As a response to this limitation, this article proposes a methodology based on the systematic use of design of experiments to devise meta-models to estimate the mechanical response of lattice domains. The devised meta-models can be integrated with material homogenization to allow the mechanical characterization of large lattice domains. In this paper, we apply the proposed methodology to develop meta-models for the estimation of the von Mises stress in Schwarz Primitive lattice domains. Results show that the proposed methodology is able to generate efficient and accurate meta-models whose inputs are based on the displacements on the boundary of the Schwarz cell. Therefore, numerical simulations with the homogeneous simplified domain can be used to feed the meta-models. Additional work is still required to integrate the developed meta-models with material homogenization to test large Schwarz Primitive lattice domains under working loads.",
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"affiliation": "Universidad EAFIT,Laboratory of CAD CAM CAE,Medellín,Colombia",
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"title": "7th IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering",
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"title": "Identification of Differential Flow Cytometry Expression",
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"abstract": "Flow cytometry is a standard platform for studying intracellular and extracellular protein expression of different cell populations in a tissue sample. Using specific antibody profiles, surface protein expression may be found as different for certain cell populations in samples that belong to different classes such as disease and normal or to cohorts with different genotypes. Analysis of such statistically significant differential expression can yield important biomarkers. Here we describe a computational tool DVisE to identify and localize precisely the cell subpopulations with statistically significant differential expression across different cohorts and classes. We analyzed HLA-DQ surface expression in Lymphoblastic cell lines using 266 out of 270 samples from the HapMap project. The cohorts were subdivided into 3 genotypic classes according to an allelic variant within upstream of the HLA-DQ gene. With the help of the present tool we were able to identify a significantly distinctive cytomic signature that is well preserved among genotypes in all the populations. Because of its novel ability to locate distinct areas where immune cells differentially express proteins, DVisE can play a very useful role in our study of the immune system. Indeed the tool could be extended to multiple different applications in bioinformatics and pattern recognition such as data visualization and discriminant analysis.",
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"content": "Flow cytometry is a standard platform for studying intracellular and extracellular protein expression of different cell populations in a tissue sample. Using specific antibody profiles, surface protein expression may be found as different for certain cell populations in samples that belong to different classes such as disease and normal or to cohorts with different genotypes. Analysis of such statistically significant differential expression can yield important biomarkers. Here we describe a computational tool DVisE to identify and localize precisely the cell subpopulations with statistically significant differential expression across different cohorts and classes. We analyzed HLA-DQ surface expression in Lymphoblastic cell lines using 266 out of 270 samples from the HapMap project. The cohorts were subdivided into 3 genotypic classes according to an allelic variant within upstream of the HLA-DQ gene. With the help of the present tool we were able to identify a significantly distinctive cytomic signature that is well preserved among genotypes in all the populations. Because of its novel ability to locate distinct areas where immune cells differentially express proteins, DVisE can play a very useful role in our study of the immune system. Indeed the tool could be extended to multiple different applications in bioinformatics and pattern recognition such as data visualization and discriminant analysis.",
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"title": "2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing",
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"abstract": "A ThOVF is applied to separate linear, quadratic, and cubic components from beamformed ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging data from nonlinear media. In the context of imaging ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) infused in tissue media, the ThOVF offers the advantage of essentially complete separation of the nonlinear responses of the UCAs and tissues (since the latter rarely produces higher than a quadratic nonlinear response). We describe an SVD-based robust algorithm for estimating the coefficients of the ThOVF from beamformed data. In addition, experimental results from imaging of UCA in flow channels through tissue-mimicking phantoms demonstrate the advantage of this approach. We show imaging results with computed contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR), histograms of UCA and tissue regions, and average spectra from UCA and tissue region. These results individually and collectively support the hypothesis that ThOVF is the appropriate model for complete separation of the nonlinear echoes from UCA and tissue.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "A ThOVF is applied to separate linear, quadratic, and cubic components from beamformed ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging data from nonlinear media. In the context of imaging ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) infused in tissue media, the ThOVF offers the advantage of essentially complete separation of the nonlinear responses of the UCAs and tissues (since the latter rarely produces higher than a quadratic nonlinear response). We describe an SVD-based robust algorithm for estimating the coefficients of the ThOVF from beamformed data. In addition, experimental results from imaging of UCA in flow channels through tissue-mimicking phantoms demonstrate the advantage of this approach. We show imaging results with computed contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR), histograms of UCA and tissue regions, and average spectra from UCA and tissue region. These results individually and collectively support the hypothesis that ThOVF is the appropriate model for complete separation of the nonlinear echoes from UCA and tissue.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "A ThOVF is applied to separate linear, quadratic, and cubic components from beamformed ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging data from nonlinear media. In the context of imaging ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) infused in tissue media, the ThOVF offers the advantage of essentially complete separation of the nonlinear responses of the UCAs and tissues (since the latter rarely produces higher than a quadratic nonlinear response). We describe an SVD-based robust algorithm for estimating the coefficients of the ThOVF from beamformed data. In addition, experimental results from imaging of UCA in flow channels through tissue-mimicking phantoms demonstrate the advantage of this approach. We show imaging results with computed contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR), histograms of UCA and tissue regions, and average spectra from UCA and tissue region. These results individually and collectively support the hypothesis that ThOVF is the appropriate model for complete separation of the nonlinear echoes from UCA and tissue.",
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"Filtering Theory",
"Nonlinear Media",
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"Biological Tissues",
"Third Order Volterra Filter",
"Pulse Echo Ultrasonic Imaging",
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"authors": [
{
"affiliation": "Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Minnesota Univ., USA",
"fullName": "M.F. Al-Mistarihi",
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Minnesota Univ., USA",
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"title": "Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems",
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"abstract": "Abstract: Recent advances in optics and CCD imaging technology have made possible the advent of small, position sensitive, articulating endoscopes allowing visual access to small cavities within the human body. We present our results for the design, construction and evaluation of a spectrometer capable of measuring molecular fluorescence phenomena as a function of wavelength, position and intensity in small cavities. State-of-the-art micro-endoscope technology is combined with wavelength sorting and CCD imaging to accomplish remote imaging. Presently, images can be magnified by 50x with visual resolution of about 50 LP/mm by direct observation of a USAF resolution target. We detail our biological cell imaging results where a special class of fluorescent molecules (chelate complexes of lathinide (III) polyazamacrocyclic acetates containing pyridine) are introduced into osteosarcoma tissue (a bone cancer tissue). It is shown that the unique molecular site selectivity of the Tb-+3 compound combined with the microendoscopic spectrometer is a useful tool for osteosarcoma rat host investigations in-vivo. We demonstrate that direct observation of the probe molecules in the tissue can yield physiological information regarding interstitial fluid flow in the osteosarcoma tumors.",
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"abstract": "Interactive metric visualization is a novel approach providing complex, multi-dimensional feedback on the effects of layout changes in user interface designs. A graphical overlay, based on the underlying rationale of quantitative design metrics, provides immediate feedback, continually guiding designers toward improved layouts. Effective visual metaphors, colour coding, and dynamic updating enable designers to interpret and utilize more complex information than from simple quantitative data or static overlays. This technique is especially suited to accelerated design and development using modern visual development tools. An experimental prototype for this approach is described and initial experience is reported",
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"abstract": "Secure and transparent policy enforcement by a cloud provider is crucial in cloud infrastructures. Particularly, enforcement of control-flow integrity (CFI) policy has been widely accepted for stopping software-induced attacks. Using low-level hardware metadata to encode CFI policy is a fairly recent development. Besides moving enforcement out of the software and into the hardware for performance benefit, tagging metadata also offers other benefits in the precision of defenses. We evaluate several different metadata layouts for CFI policy enforcement, and examine the layouts' effects on the number of valid forward edges remaining in a RISC-V binary after policy enforcement. Additionally we look at related work in tag-based tools that provide CFI policy enforcement in order to get a sense of their performance and the design trade-offs they make. We evaluate our policy and the related works in terms of space and precision trade-offs for forward- and backward-edge CFI, finding that some trade-offs have a higher impact on the number of remaining forward edges, notably return address protection. Additionally, we report that existing backward edge protections can be highly effective, reducing the number of remaining backward edges in a protected binary to an average of 0.034% over an equivalent coarse-grained CFI.",
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"content": "Secure and transparent policy enforcement by a cloud provider is crucial in cloud infrastructures. Particularly, enforcement of control-flow integrity (CFI) policy has been widely accepted for stopping software-induced attacks. Using low-level hardware metadata to encode CFI policy is a fairly recent development. Besides moving enforcement out of the software and into the hardware for performance benefit, tagging metadata also offers other benefits in the precision of defenses. We evaluate several different metadata layouts for CFI policy enforcement, and examine the layouts' effects on the number of valid forward edges remaining in a RISC-V binary after policy enforcement. Additionally we look at related work in tag-based tools that provide CFI policy enforcement in order to get a sense of their performance and the design trade-offs they make. We evaluate our policy and the related works in terms of space and precision trade-offs for forward- and backward-edge CFI, finding that some trade-offs have a higher impact on the number of remaining forward edges, notably return address protection. Additionally, we report that existing backward edge protections can be highly effective, reducing the number of remaining backward edges in a protected binary to an average of 0.034% over an equivalent coarse-grained CFI.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "Secure and transparent policy enforcement by a cloud provider is crucial in cloud infrastructures. Particularly, enforcement of control-flow integrity (CFI) policy has been widely accepted for stopping software-induced attacks. Using low-level hardware metadata to encode CFI policy is a fairly recent development. Besides moving enforcement out of the software and into the hardware for performance benefit, tagging metadata also offers other benefits in the precision of defenses. We evaluate several different metadata layouts for CFI policy enforcement, and examine the layouts' effects on the number of valid forward edges remaining in a RISC-V binary after policy enforcement. Additionally we look at related work in tag-based tools that provide CFI policy enforcement in order to get a sense of their performance and the design trade-offs they make. We evaluate our policy and the related works in terms of space and precision trade-offs for forward- and backward-edge CFI, finding that some trade-offs have a higher impact on the number of remaining forward edges, notably return address protection. Additionally, we report that existing backward edge protections can be highly effective, reducing the number of remaining backward edges in a protected binary to an average of 0.034% over an equivalent coarse-grained CFI.",
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"content": "In order to enable users to get an immersive experience in the game environment, a VR interactive game design method based on Unity3D engine is proposed. According to the VR game design process and the interactive methods in the game, analyze the VR interactive game design concept, according to the data structure of the VR interactive game, combined with the state space search method to traverse, use the gravity acceleration component of the multi-axis acceleration sensor to calculate the pitch of the VR device Angle, according to the user's pitch angle, acceleration and gravity sensing information, real-time positioning of the user's head movement, controlling the position of the VR device in the game engine, and optimizing the rendering result of the VR game space structure, completing the Unity3D engine-based VR interactive game design. The experimental results show that the experience satisfaction of the VR interactive game design is higher than that of the traditional VR interactive game design, and it fulfills the requirements of obtaining an immersive experience in a virtual reality game environment.",
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"abstract": "Consumer-level Virtual Reality (VR) locomotion has been gaining momentum with research focused on omnidirectional unlimited techniques in one place employing image processing, inertial sensors in mobile devices, redirected walking, and body tracking for hands-free locomotion while seated or standing. The affordability of current VR technologies has increased its user install base, thus requiring novel, creative and more effective forms of locomotion other than teleportation that can help users make the most of reduced spaces for walk-in-place. This paper presents the Spring Stepper, a seated VR locomotion prototype for walking in place. Finally, a preliminary study on usability and task completion was conducted comparing it against the 3D Rudder, a commercial off-the-shelf walking in place controller for Desktop VR and Playstation 4. Results indicate that the Spring Stepper was not perceived as usable with a System Usability Score of 65.26/100 in comparison with the teleportation, which obtained a score of 86.03. Interestingly, the Spring Stepper was better perceived with the 3D Rudder. In terms of time completion and task accuracy, the Spring Stepper was outperformed by the other technique. Despite these results, we believe that the stepping interactive mechanics of the Spring Stepper prototype caused slower and less accurate interactions but had the most impact on users who preferred.",
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"abstract": "Automatic saliency prediction in 360° videos is critical for viewpoint guidance applications (e.g., Facebook 360 Guide). We propose a spatial-temporal network which is (1) weakly-supervised trained and (2) tailor-made for 360° viewing sphere. Note that most existing methods are less scalable since they rely on annotated saliency map for training. Most importantly, they convert 360° sphere to 2D images (e.g., a single equirectangular image or multiple separate Normal Field-of-View (NFoV) images) which introduces distortion and image boundaries. In contrast, we propose a simple and effective Cube Padding (CP) technique as follows. Firstly, we render the 360° view on six faces of a cube using perspective projection. Thus, it introduces very little distortion. Then, we concatenate all six faces while utilizing the connectivity between faces on the cube for image padding (i.e., Cube Padding) in convolution, pooling, convolutional LSTM layers. In this way, CP introduces no image boundary while being applicable to almost all Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structures. To evaluate our method, we propose Wild-360, a new 360° video saliency dataset, containing challenging videos with saliency heatmap annotations. In experiments, our method outperforms baseline methods in both speed and quality.",
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"abstract": "Recent research in 4D saliency detection is limited by the deficiency of a large-scale 4D light field dataset. To address this, we introduce a new dataset to assist the subsequent research in 4D light field saliency detection. To the best of our knowledge, this is to date the largest light field dataset in which the dataset provides 1465 all-focus images with human-labeled ground truth masks and the corresponding focal stacks for every light field image. To verify the effectiveness of the light field data, we first introduce a fusion framework which includes two CNN streams where the focal stacks and all-focus images serve as the input. The focal stack stream utilizes a recurrent attention mechanism to adaptively learn to integrate every slice in the focal stack, which benefits from the extracted features of the good slices. Then it is incorporated with the output map generated by the all-focus stream to make the saliency prediction. In addition, we introduce adversarial examples by adding noise intentionally into images to help train the deep network, which can improve the robustness of the proposed network. The noise is designed by users, which is imperceptible but can fool the CNNs to make the wrong prediction. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model on the popular evaluation metrics. The proposed method performs favorably compared with the existing 2D, 3D and 4D saliency detection methods on the proposed dataset and existing LFSD light field dataset. The code and results can be found at https://github.com/OIPLab-DUT/ ICCV2019_Deeplightfield_Saliency. Moreover, to facilitate research in this field, all images we collected are shared in a ready-to-use manner.",
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"content": "Recent research in 4D saliency detection is limited by the deficiency of a large-scale 4D light field dataset. To address this, we introduce a new dataset to assist the subsequent research in 4D light field saliency detection. To the best of our knowledge, this is to date the largest light field dataset in which the dataset provides 1465 all-focus images with human-labeled ground truth masks and the corresponding focal stacks for every light field image. To verify the effectiveness of the light field data, we first introduce a fusion framework which includes two CNN streams where the focal stacks and all-focus images serve as the input. The focal stack stream utilizes a recurrent attention mechanism to adaptively learn to integrate every slice in the focal stack, which benefits from the extracted features of the good slices. Then it is incorporated with the output map generated by the all-focus stream to make the saliency prediction. In addition, we introduce adversarial examples by adding noise intentionally into images to help train the deep network, which can improve the robustness of the proposed network. The noise is designed by users, which is imperceptible but can fool the CNNs to make the wrong prediction. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model on the popular evaluation metrics. The proposed method performs favorably compared with the existing 2D, 3D and 4D saliency detection methods on the proposed dataset and existing LFSD light field dataset. The code and results can be found at https://github.com/OIPLab-DUT/ ICCV2019_Deeplightfield_Saliency. Moreover, to facilitate research in this field, all images we collected are shared in a ready-to-use manner.",
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"authors": [
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"affiliation": "Dalian University of Technology",
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"affiliation": "Dalian University of Technology",
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"affiliation": "Dalian University of Technology",
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"affiliation": "Dalian University of Technology",
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"affiliation": "Dalian University of Technology",
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