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"abstract": "Varifocal displays are a practical method to solve vergence-accommodation conflict in near-eye displays for both virtual and augmented reality, but they are reliant on knowing the user's focal state. One approach for detecting the focal state is to use the link between vergence and accommodation and employ binocular gaze tracking to determine the depth of the fixation point; consequently, the focal depth is also known. In order to ensure the virtual image is in focus, the display must be set to a depth which causes no negative perceptual or physiological effects to the viewer, which indicates error bounds for the calculation of fixation point. I analyze the required gaze tracker accuracy to ensure the display focus is set within the viewer's depth of field, zone of comfort, and zone of clear single binocular vision. My findings indicate that for the median adult using an augmented reality varifocal display, gaze tracking accuracy must be better than 0.541°. In addition, I discuss eye tracking approaches presented in the literature to determine their ability to meet the specified requirements.",
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"abstract": "Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) has been wildly applied to various tasks for its high-quality representation of 3D scenes. It takes long per-scene training time and per-image testing time. In this paper, we present EfficientNeRF as an efficient NeRF-based method to represent 3D scene and synthesize novel-view images. Although several ways exist to accelerate the training or testing process, it is still difficult to much reduce time for both phases simultaneously. We analyze the density and weight distribution of the sampled points then propose valid and pivotal sampling at the coarse and fine stage, respectively, to significantly improve sampling efficiency. In addition, we design a novel data structure to cache the whole scene during testing to accelerate the rendering speed. Overall, our method can reduce over 88% of training time, reach rendering speed of over 200 FPS, while still achieving competitive accuracy. Experiments prove that our method promotes the practicality of NeRF in the real world and enables many applications. The code is available in https://github.com/dvlabresearch/EfficientNeRF.",
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"abstract": "Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) regresses a neural param-eterized scene by differentially rendering multi-view images with ground-truth supervision. However, when interpolating novel views, NeRF often yields inconsistent and visually non-smooth geometric results, which we consider as a generalization gap between seen and unseen views. Recent advances in convolutional neural networks have demonstrated the promise of advanced robust data augmentations, either random or learned, in enhancing both in-distribution and out-of-distribution generalization. Inspired by that, we propose Augmented NeRF (Aug-NeRF), which for the first time brings the power of robust data augmentations into regular-izing the NeRF training. Particularly, our proposal learns to seamlessly blend worst-case perturbations into three distinct levels of the NeRF pipeline with physical grounds, including (1) the input coordinates, to simulate imprecise camera parameters at image capture; (2) intermediate features, to smoothen the intrinsic feature manifold; and (3) pre-rendering output, to account for the potential degra-dation factors in the multi-view image supervision. Extensive results demonstrate that Aug-NeRF effectively boosts NeRF performance in both novel view synthesis (up to 1.5dB PSNR gain) and underlying geometry reconstruction. Fur-thermore, thanks to the implicit smooth prior injected by the triple-level augmentations, Aug-NeRF can even recover scenes from heavily corrupted images, a highly challenging setting untackled before. Our codes are available in https://github.com/VITA-Group/Aug-NeRF.",
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"affiliation": "The University of Texas at Austin",
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"title": "2022 IEEE/ACM 15th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE)",
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"abstract": "Background: Volvo Cars is pioneering an agile transformation on a large scale in the automotive industry. Social psychological aspects of automotive software development are an under-researched area in general. Few studies on team maturity or group dynamics can be found specifically in the automotive software engineering domain. Objective: This study is intended as an initial step to fill that gap by investigating the connection between issues and problem reports and team maturity. Method: We conducted a quantitative study with 84 participants from 14 teams and qualitatively validated the result with the Release Train Engineer having an overview of all the participating teams. Results: We find that the more mature a team is, the faster they seem to resolve issues as provided through external feedback, at least in the two initial team maturity stages. Conclusion: This study suggests that working on team dynamics might increase productivity in modern automotive software development departments, but this needs further investigation.",
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"content": "A virtual reality study was conducted to understand participants' anxiety when immersed in a virtual reality trip with a self-driving car. Participants were placed as passengers in a virtual car, and they were seated in the co-driver seat. Five different conditions were developed and examined. For this experiment, the Anxiety Modality Questionnaire that captures the cognitive anxiety of participants was used. The obtained results indicated that the participants' level of anxiety for the partial awareness of the driver condition is influenced less than expected. Specifically, lower levels of anxiety were found when the driver is either fully or partially aware of the traffic and the behavior of the car, and higher anxiety levels were found when the driver is completely unaware.",
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"affiliation": "University of the Aegean",
"fullName": "Alexandros Koilias",
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"affiliation": "University of the Aegean",
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"abstract": "Despite the advantages of using physiological sensors to collect emotion data, emotion recognition systems using physiological signals such as Electrodermal Activity (EDA), Electrocardiogram (ECG) or Electromyography (EMG) are mainly tested in controlled environments or under laboratory conditions. The use of physiological data in real-world scenarios has not been widely investigated. One of the main issues of using physiological data from real-world scenarios is that the data may also be influenced by movement and in some cases, the physiological response to emotions can be even confused with the one due to physical activities, such as walking or running. In this paper, we investigate the impact of physical activities in the recognition of emotions and provide new insights on how emotion data from physiological sensors are affected by these activities. We use two scenarios (one with and one without the influence of physical movement) to investigate the effect of physical activities in the Blood Volume Pulse (BVP) and the Skin Temperature (TMP) signals. To overcome these issues we used a random forest algorithm to model both scenarios. Our results show that by combining emotion data from both scenarios, we can achieve a recognition accuracy of up to 96%.",
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"title": "Correlation Analyses Between Personality Traits and Personal Behaviors Under Specific Emotion States Using Physiological Data from Wearable Devices",
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"abstract": "In addition to the computational ability, human-like characteristics such as behavior, emotion, and personality can also be augmented to many personalized computers, applications robots and other systems. In recent years, there are many studies about human characteristics by using rich personal data collected from information systems and ubiquitous devices such as wearables. Besides separated studies on each aspect of human behavior, emotion and personality by using the personal data, it is also necessary to further study various relationships among these human characteristics. Therefore, this research is to examine how personality traits are associated with personal behaviors under specific emotional states based on physiological data collected from three wearable devices, Emotive Insight, Spire Stone and Huawei Fit Watch. Experimental data was gathered from 50 participants subjected to; a Big Five Inventory (BFI) questionnaire to get their personality traits, presenting before a crowd and/or watching a movie where physiological data measured by wearables. Attributes of personal behavior, e.g. blink, wink, surprise, furrow, smile and clench, are analyzed correlatively with the participants' personality traits under respective emotion states of excitement, relaxation, stress, engagement, interest and focus. Finally, we identify significant attribute correlations and find that correlations between the personality traits and the personal behaviors are greatly depended on the emotional states.",
"abstracts": [
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"content": "In addition to the computational ability, human-like characteristics such as behavior, emotion, and personality can also be augmented to many personalized computers, applications robots and other systems. In recent years, there are many studies about human characteristics by using rich personal data collected from information systems and ubiquitous devices such as wearables. Besides separated studies on each aspect of human behavior, emotion and personality by using the personal data, it is also necessary to further study various relationships among these human characteristics. Therefore, this research is to examine how personality traits are associated with personal behaviors under specific emotional states based on physiological data collected from three wearable devices, Emotive Insight, Spire Stone and Huawei Fit Watch. Experimental data was gathered from 50 participants subjected to; a Big Five Inventory (BFI) questionnaire to get their personality traits, presenting before a crowd and/or watching a movie where physiological data measured by wearables. Attributes of personal behavior, e.g. blink, wink, surprise, furrow, smile and clench, are analyzed correlatively with the participants' personality traits under respective emotion states of excitement, relaxation, stress, engagement, interest and focus. Finally, we identify significant attribute correlations and find that correlations between the personality traits and the personal behaviors are greatly depended on the emotional states.",
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"abstract": "Haptic display is the process of applying forces to a human \"observer\" giving the sensation of touching and interacting with real physical objects. Touch is unique among the senses because it allows simultaneous exploration and manipulation of an environment. A haptic display system has three main components. The first is the haptic interface, or display device, generally some type of electro-mechanical system able to exert controllable forces on the user with one or more degrees of freedom. The second is the object model-a mathematical representation of the object containing its shape and other properties related to the way it feels. The third component, the haptic rendering algorithm, joins the first two components to compute, in real time, the model-based forces to give the user the sensation of touching the simulated objects. This paper focuses on a new haptic rendering algorithm for generating convincing interaction forces for objects modeled as rigid polyhedra. We create a virtual model of the haptic interface, called the god-object, which conforms to the virtual environment. The haptic interface can then be servo-ed to this virtual model. This algorithm is extensible to other functional descriptions and lays the groundwork for displaying not only shape information, but surface properties such as friction and compliance.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "Haptic display is the process of applying forces to a human \"observer\" giving the sensation of touching and interacting with real physical objects. Touch is unique among the senses because it allows simultaneous exploration and manipulation of an environment. A haptic display system has three main components. The first is the haptic interface, or display device, generally some type of electro-mechanical system able to exert controllable forces on the user with one or more degrees of freedom. The second is the object model-a mathematical representation of the object containing its shape and other properties related to the way it feels. The third component, the haptic rendering algorithm, joins the first two components to compute, in real time, the model-based forces to give the user the sensation of touching the simulated objects. This paper focuses on a new haptic rendering algorithm for generating convincing interaction forces for objects modeled as rigid polyhedra. We create a virtual model of the haptic interface, called the god-object, which conforms to the virtual environment. The haptic interface can then be servo-ed to this virtual model. This algorithm is extensible to other functional descriptions and lays the groundwork for displaying not only shape information, but surface properties such as friction and compliance.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "Haptic display is the process of applying forces to a human \"observer\" giving the sensation of touching and interacting with real physical objects. Touch is unique among the senses because it allows simultaneous exploration and manipulation of an environment. A haptic display system has three main components. The first is the haptic interface, or display device, generally some type of electro-mechanical system able to exert controllable forces on the user with one or more degrees of freedom. The second is the object model-a mathematical representation of the object containing its shape and other properties related to the way it feels. The third component, the haptic rendering algorithm, joins the first two components to compute, in real time, the model-based forces to give the user the sensation of touching the simulated objects. This paper focuses on a new haptic rendering algorithm for generating convincing interaction forces for objects modeled as rigid polyhedra. We create a virtual model of the haptic interface, called the god-object, which conforms to the virtual environment. The haptic interface can then be servo-ed to this virtual model. This algorithm is extensible to other functional descriptions and lays the groundwork for displaying not only shape information, but surface properties such as friction and compliance.",
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Mech. Eng., MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA",
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"abstract": "In this paper we developed the free-viewpoint curved surface shape display, using the effect of visuo-haptic interaction. In our research, we aim to realize the simple mechanic visuo-haptic system with which we can touch various objects with our real hands. We proposed the free-viewpoint shape display system in which users can touch a virtual object with various shape through the tablet device, while walking around the object. The system figured the difference of shape between the real object and the virtual one from the current viewpoint, and calculates the amount of displacement of the touching hand image to fit to the virtual object, in real time. This modification of the movement of a hand image evokes the effect of the visuo-haptic interaction, and enable users to feel touching various shapes from various viewpoints, although actually users touch a physically static object.",
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"content": "In this paper we developed the free-viewpoint curved surface shape display, using the effect of visuo-haptic interaction. In our research, we aim to realize the simple mechanic visuo-haptic system with which we can touch various objects with our real hands. We proposed the free-viewpoint shape display system in which users can touch a virtual object with various shape through the tablet device, while walking around the object. The system figured the difference of shape between the real object and the virtual one from the current viewpoint, and calculates the amount of displacement of the touching hand image to fit to the virtual object, in real time. This modification of the movement of a hand image evokes the effect of the visuo-haptic interaction, and enable users to feel touching various shapes from various viewpoints, although actually users touch a physically static object.",
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"affiliation": "Beihang University,State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems,Beijing,China,100191",
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"affiliation": "Beihang University,State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems,Beijing,China,100191",
"fullName": "Lehiany Asma",
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"affiliation": "University of Auckland,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Auckland,New Zealand,1142",
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"affiliation": "Beihang University,State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems,Beijing,China,100191",
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"title": "Eighth International Symposium on Wearable Computers",
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"doi": "10.1109/ISWC.2004.1",
"title": "A Comparative Investigation into Two Pointing Systems for Use with Wearable Computers While Mobile",
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"abstract": "Target selection is a task carried out by many wearable computer users. Conventional desktop pointing devices such as mice are not appropriate for the wearable user as they are designed for use within the conventional desktop paradigm. Although many pointing systems have been devised for use with wearable computers, little empirical research has been carried out. This research investigates two different target selection systems: a touch screen stylus and an off-table mouse. This research takes a novel approach and evaluates users while moving and stationary. Twenty participants wore a wearable computer and selected targets while stationary and while mobile, input times and the participants' task load were recorded.",
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"content": "Target selection is a task carried out by many wearable computer users. Conventional desktop pointing devices such as mice are not appropriate for the wearable user as they are designed for use within the conventional desktop paradigm. Although many pointing systems have been devised for use with wearable computers, little empirical research has been carried out. This research investigates two different target selection systems: a touch screen stylus and an off-table mouse. This research takes a novel approach and evaluates users while moving and stationary. Twenty participants wore a wearable computer and selected targets while stationary and while mobile, input times and the participants' task load were recorded.",
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"affiliation": "Loughborough University, UK",
"fullName": "Alan Chamberlain",
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"affiliation": "Loughborough University, UK",
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"abstract": "The ISO 9241 Part 9 standard pointing task is used to evaluate passive haptic feedback in target selection in a virtual environment (VE). Participants performed a tapping task using a tracked stylus in a CAVE both with, and without passive haptic feedback provided by a plastic panel co-located with the targets. Pointing throughput (but not speed nor accuracy alone) was significantly higher with haptic feedback than without it, confirming previous results using an alternative experimental paradigm.",
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"title": "A Comparison of Input Devices for Precise Interaction Tasks in VR-based Surgical Planning and Training",
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"abstract": "In order to improve the reconstruction quality of hologram, the iterative layer-oriented angular spectrum optimization (ILASO) algorithm is proposed in this paper, which combines non-iterative and iterative methods to achieve full color holographic three-dimensional (3D) display. In this paper, the hologram is generated by layer-oriented angular spectrum diffraction, and then the hologram is optimized by error feedback iteration, so as to reduce the speckle noise and improve the reconstruction quality of the hologram. Simulation results show that the holographic reconstructed image has strong detail representation ability, weak speckle noise and small crosstalk, which is suitable for complex 3D scenes and has excellent holographic 3D display ability.",
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"content": "In order to improve the reconstruction quality of hologram, the iterative layer-oriented angular spectrum optimization (ILASO) algorithm is proposed in this paper, which combines non-iterative and iterative methods to achieve full color holographic three-dimensional (3D) display. In this paper, the hologram is generated by layer-oriented angular spectrum diffraction, and then the hologram is optimized by error feedback iteration, so as to reduce the speckle noise and improve the reconstruction quality of the hologram. Simulation results show that the holographic reconstructed image has strong detail representation ability, weak speckle noise and small crosstalk, which is suitable for complex 3D scenes and has excellent holographic 3D display ability.",
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"abstract": "Expression recognition has seen an increase in research in past years, however, little work has been on recognizing perceived emotion (i.e. subject self-reporting of emotion). Considering this, we investigate the perceived emotion of subjects that perform tasks meant to elicit emotion. To facilitate this investigation, we use the BP4D+ multimodal spontaneous emotion corpus. We first statistically analyze the subject's perceived emotions across 10 tasks available in BP4D+. We show the percentage of subjects that felt specific emotions for each of the tasks. This is done across all tested subjects, as well as male and female subjects independently. Along with our statistical analysis, we also propose a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to recognize multiple emotions felt for each task sequence. We report accuracy, Fl-binary and AUC for all subjects, as well as male and female subjects.",
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"content": "Expression recognition has seen an increase in research in past years, however, little work has been on recognizing perceived emotion (i.e. subject self-reporting of emotion). Considering this, we investigate the perceived emotion of subjects that perform tasks meant to elicit emotion. To facilitate this investigation, we use the BP4D+ multimodal spontaneous emotion corpus. We first statistically analyze the subject's perceived emotions across 10 tasks available in BP4D+. We show the percentage of subjects that felt specific emotions for each of the tasks. This is done across all tested subjects, as well as male and female subjects independently. Along with our statistical analysis, we also propose a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to recognize multiple emotions felt for each task sequence. We report accuracy, Fl-binary and AUC for all subjects, as well as male and female subjects.",
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"Face Recognition",
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"affiliation": "University of South Florida,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Tampa,Florida",
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"affiliation": "Binghamton University,Department of Computer Science,Binghamton,New York",
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"abstract": "Neural style transfer has drawn broad attention in recent years. However, most existing methods aim to explicitly model the transformation between different styles, and the learned model is thus not generalizable to new styles. We here attempt to separate the representations for styles and contents, and propose a generalized style transfer network consisting of style encoder, content encoder, mixer and decoder. The style encoder and content encoder are used to extract the style and content factors from the style reference images and content reference images, respectively. The mixer employs a bilinear model to integrate the above two factors and finally feeds it into a decoder to generate images with target style and content. To separate the style features and content features, we leverage the conditional dependence of styles and contents given an image. During training, the encoder network learns to extract styles and contents from two sets of reference images in limited size, one with shared style and the other with shared content. This learning framework allows simultaneous style transfer among multiple styles and can be deemed as a special 'multi-task' learning scenario. The encoders are expected to capture the underlying features for different styles and contents which is generalizable to new styles and contents. For validation, we applied the proposed algorithm to the Chinese Typeface transfer problem. Extensive experiment results on character generation have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of our method.",
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