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The world’s largest commercial drone-maker DJI has suspended all business activities in Russia and Ukraine. Since the start of the war, Ukraine has urged the company to take steps to stop its drones being used by Russia. The Chinese firm said the decision was not a statement about any country, and its drones are not for military use. Taras Troiak, chairman of the Ukrainian Federation of UAV Owners said this stores’ supplies of drones might run out in a few months but, in his opinion, they could be easily smuggled into Russia from China. The drones are being used by Russia’s military for short-range reconnaissance, he says. In Mr Troiak’s view they are used “to look around, to find any soldiers around and to make sure that nobody is very close to you”. He added: “If they want to take, for example, a building or a factory, they can use the drones to find Ukrainian soldiers on the territory.” Mr Troiak said he understood that DJI wished to appear neutral in the conflict, but he felt supply should be cut to Russia and not to Ukraine. “Because we are protecting our country. And we are using all sorts of civilian cars, civilian mobile phones and civilian drones. So that is not because we want to use the drones in military use, but actually, we don’t have any other choice.” The suspension of operations by the world’s largest commercial drone-maker is unusual for a major Chinese company. China has sought to remain neutral on the conflict, calling for a peaceful solution. But it has yet to condemn the Russian invasion. “DJI is internally reassessing compliance requirements in various jurisdictions. Pending the current review, DJI will temporarily suspend all business activities in Russia and Ukraine,” it said in a statement. In March, Ukraine’s Vice Prime Minister, Mykhailo Fedorov, tweeted DJI to say: “Block your products that are helping Russia to kill the Ukrainians.”	132,212
Swollen ankles antinuclear antibodies by Nathan Wei, MD, FACP, FACR Nathan Wei is a nationally known board-certified rheumatologist and author of the Second Opinion Arthritis Treatment Kit. It's available exclusively at this website... not available in stores. Click here: Second Opinion Arthritis Treatment Kit Information, in part, from the Arthritis Foundation The joint symptoms of lupus arthritis are variable. Attacks may last several days or weeks and then go away, only to return at a later date. The distal joints are the ones most frequently involved. Multiple joints may be affected. Stiffness and pain in the morning, which improves as the day goes on, is characteristic of lupus arthritis. As the day progresses and fatigue develops, the joint symptoms may return. Another characteristic of lupus arthritis is that it is usually symmetrical, which means that it affects similar joints on both sides of the body. Therefore, a single,painful and swollen joint in a person with lupus, is most likely due to a reason other than their lupus. Lupus arthritis does not usually cause deformities or destruction of the joints. This lack of damage to the joints is observed both clinically and by x ray, even after months of joint symptoms. The pattern of joint pain is the best clue to determine if the pain is caused by SLE or not. An examination of the synovial fluid within a swollen joint may establish the presence of low grade inflammatory reaction. These studies are primarily used to rule out other possible causes for the joint pain. When arthritis is the only symptom of lupus, diagnosis can be very difficult. Careful observation and re evaluation by a physician as other symptoms of SLE begin to occur, is essential in making a diagnosis of lupus. Many people with rheumatoid arthritis may have positive ANA tests. This can be confusing. Therefore, a patient with swollen ankles and a positive ANA does not necessarily have lupus. Swelling in the ankles from arthritis can occur in sarcoidosis. This is another autoimmune condition where a positive ANA may occur. Swelling in the legs of a patient with lupus may not be related to arthritis. If the patient has kidney involvement, fluid retention can occur, leading to swollen ankles. Also, in patients with cardiac (heart) involvement, congestive heart failure may also lead to swelling in the ankles. Laboratory tests such as the anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) are helpful. At least 95 percent of persons with SLE will have a positive test for anti-nuclear antibody in their blood. However, ANA is not specific for SLE. Lupus arthritis is usually treated with non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen). These medications are effective in the majority of cases and are usually well tolerated. These drugs can also cause fluid retention and swollen ankles. Calcium channel blockers given for Raynaud's phenomenon can also lead to fluid retention and swelling in the ankles. When anti-inflammatory drugs is not effective, antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) may be added. Corticosteroids (Prednisone) are used rarely and only when the joints remain swollen and painful despite other treatment. Cytotoxic medications are generally not required for lupus arthritis alone. It is also important that a person learn joint protection techniques. Occupational and physical therapy may be helpful. Get more information about swollen ankles antinuclear antibodies and related topics as well as... • Insider arthritis tips that help you erase the pain and fatigue of rheumatoid arthritis almost overnight! • Devastating ammunition against low back pain... discover 9 secrets! • Ignored remedies that eliminate fibromyalgia symptoms quickly! • Obsolete treatments for knee osteoarthritis that still are used... and may still work for you! • The stiff penalties you face if you ignore this type of hip pain... • 7 easy-to-implement neck pain remedies that work like a charm! • And much more... Second Opinion Arthritis Treatment Kit Return to arthritis home page.	170,047
As an artist, it’s important to go back to the basics every now and then. That’s what I’ve decided to do, and what’s more basic than studying skeletal anatomy? Here’s a series of human skull anatomy images that I find particularly useful for learning how to draw a human skull. All the images are in the public domain, created by artists that have been dead for hundreds of years. Nonetheless, their illustrations are incredibly detailed and accurate. Human Skull Anatomy Reference Sheet In order to download the human skull anatomy reference sheet, click on the image below. This will prompt a save-as dialogue box for the high resolution 300 dpi 8.5″ x 11″ jpeg file. I hope these images help you with your art! -Tim About the Anatomy Artists The first two human skull anatomy images are by William Cheselden (1688-1752). Underneath are the medical illustrations of Govard Bidloo (1649-1713), and to the right are the renderings by Joseph Vimont (1795-1857). William Cheselden was a 19th century English surgeon and anatomy teacher. He was a member of the Royal Society in London. His work, Anatomy of the Human Body, is available at archive.org Govard Bidloo was a 18th century Dutch physician and anatomist. He was also a member of the Royal Society in London. In 1685 he published Anatomia Hvmani Corporis. The illustration plates were created by Gerard de Lairesse. Joseph Vimont was a 19th century French phrenologist. He published Traité de phrénologie humaine et comparée from 1832 to 1835. No portrait illustration of him is available. Credit: The illustrations for the above reference image sheet and the information about Joseph Vimont were found on Historical Anatomies on the Web. The information about the William Cheselden and Govard Bidloo was found on Wikipedia.	206,846
It looks like you're using an Ad Blocker. Please white-list or disable AboveTopSecret.com in your ad-blocking tool. Some features of ATS will be disabled while you continue to use an ad-blocker. The species has a number of specialized adaptations that allow it to engage in a surprisingly aggressive behavior: preying on creatures much bigger than itself. The blue dragon, typically just an inch long, frequently feeds on Portuguese man o’ wars, which have tentacles that average 30 feet. A gas-filled sac in the stomach allows the small slug to float, and a muscular foot structure is used to cling to the surface. Then, if it floats by a man o’ war or other cnidarian, the blue dragon locks onto the larger creature’s tentacles and consumes the toxic nematocyst cells that the man o’ war uses to immobilize fish. The slug is immune to the toxins and collects them in special sacs within the cerata—the finger-like branches at the end of its appendages—to deploy later on. Because the man o’ war’s venom is concentrated in the tiny fingers, blue dragons can actually have more powerful stings than the much larger creatures from which they took the poisons. So, if you float by a blue dragon sometime soon: look, but don’t touch. Some successful toxins induce bradycardia or hypotension in a predator, allowing the nudibranch to escape consumption while its attacker is incapacitated. Some sponge-eating nudibranchs concentrate the toxins from their prey sponge in their bodies, rendering themselves toxic to predators. The evidence that suggests the toxins used by dorid nudibranchs do in fact come from dietary sponges lies in the similarities between the primary and secondary metabolites of prey and nudibranchs, respectively. Furthermore, nudibranchs contain a mixture of sponge chemicals when they are in the presence of multiple food sources as well as change defense chemicals with a concurrent change in diet. This, however, is not the only way for nudibranchs to develop chemical defenses. Certain species are able to produce their own chemicals de novo without dietary influence. Evidence for the different methods of chemical production comes with the characteristic uniformity of chemical composition across drastically different environments and geographic locations found throughout de novo production species compared to the wide variety of dietary and environmentally dependent chemical composition in sequestering species. Another method of protection is the release of an acid from the skin. Once the specimen is physically irritated or touched by another creature, it will release the mucus automatically.	239,779
Convening a Region and a State Around Equitable, Culturally-Sensitive Comprehensive Maternal and Infant Health After reports highlighted that the Pittsburgh region ranked high in infant and maternal mortality, particularly among women of color, the Jewish Healthcare Foundation devoted significant attention and resources to improving the safety of maternal care in Pennsylvania. JHF has secured funding and recognition for local organizations promoting and embodying best practices in maternal care, and spurred data sharing and quality improvement collaboration among the state’s birthing hospitals. How does this build trustworthiness? Reducing infant and maternal mortality will improve the trust that patients have in the health care system to care for their most essential needs. How It Works We took a group of women on a study tour to Australia to view in detail what we considered one of the best and most comprehensive state-sponsored maternal health programs. We were extremely impressed with what we saw and developed a vision for a redesign of the US approach to maternity. In Australia, the state supports women and families according to need (financial, behavioral, medical, social, material) from conception through post partum until the family unit is stabilized and secure. We recognized the critical role of midwives and doulas in bringing support to marginalized and wary ethnic, religious, and linguistic communities. We have organized statewide (and participated nationally) in efforts to extend scope of work and achieve fair compensation. We have become ardent supporters of a strengthened and expanded state WIC program and have organized a statewide coalition. We have engaged legislators, community agencies and other health funders in Pennsylvania to join with us in this effort. Early on we produced an issue of our magazine Roots that traced the history of maternity practices in the US and considered how the medicalization of childbirth has had both good and bad effects–some unintended. I think this brought a lot of attention to the critical social/cultural/behavioral influencers of pregnancy outcomes. Skills and Competencies Our work is data driven and research-based in order to establish credibility and trust. But we supplement that with financial support through resource development and our own funds. We are skilled conveners and serial collaborators. When necessary, we have regional, statewide and national networks on whom we call. We have honed and nurtured these relationships over many years. We also draw on our knowledge of policy change in general, as well as health professions education and reimbursement, medical and nursing leadership, behavioral health, and community organization. We wanted to unite the women’s groups in our area around a single problem focus after the January 2017 women’s marches around the world led to no clear agenda. We wanted a regional agenda for women’s activism and a clear target. We held a broad community “competition” for a winning idea. We even had a big event at a performing arts theatre with a panel of distinguished judges to choose the area for focus. I believe this created a lot of trust and encouraged widespread competition from the outset. All our birthing centers in Pennsylvania are regularly sharing data now through our state Perinatal Quality Collaborative, and they meet monthly to share best practices. The agendas for these full or half day sessions are rich in improvement ideas. We are carefully charting our progress in terms of birth outcomes. Our WIC program has won an innovation grant and is in the process of redesigning its statewide efforts. We have secured funding and recognition for local organizations that are promoting and embodying best practices–from the grassroots to the most distinguished medical facilities. We have a national network that is working together on maternal workforce issues and our President and Chief Executive Officer sits on the board of the March for Moms. We are a sponsor and supporter of the federal “Momnibus” Bill. It is definitely scalable and what we’re doing regionally is having an impact both nationally and statewide. We are part of a burgeoning movement to reduce infant and maternal mortality in the US. Most importantly, we hope that we will ignite a redesign of maternity in the US and adopt some or all of the practices we observed in Australia.	297,572
197 examples of Accommodation in a sentence And with accommodation, they went on to college and had a full life in terms of their opportunities. We could usher in an entirely new empowered experience of special needs or aged-care It's a marker of She'll probably need some that no other employee at this business needs. One day you go out looking for an in the city, to buy or maybe just to rent. He sued, and his case went all the way to the Supreme Court, believe it or not, the case over the golf cart, because the law says that the disabled must be accommodated, provided the does not change the essential nature of the activity. Borchardt combines his lunatic dreams with flights of depression and a fatal inability to call it a day; one senses he almost prefers the endless labours of searching for an impossible perfection to an with the reality that he's simply (on the evidence presented in 'American Movie') not very good. I'm 60 years old, a guitarist, (lead/rhythm), and over the last forty years, I've been in four bands, it's all there, the fights, the foul-ups, the rotten food, the worse accommodation, always travelling, little or no money, and every one was drunk or high. A stranger (Ivor Novello) in fog-bound London seeks from a family and they provide him with a small apartment upstairs. I also remembered the whole exclusive block concept (just looks really 70's now!) but I did not recall that this was a bit of a swipe at the free lovers and swingers of the time, most interesting. Jim Mickle and writer/lead star Nick Damici simultaneously grab the opportunity to process a whole cargo-load of social and political criticism into the screenplay, particularly emphasizing the the war in Iraq and the problematic housing in big cities. PricewaterhouseCoopers estimates that the five main sectors of the sharing economy – peer-to-peer finance, online staffing, peer-to-peer accommodation, car sharing, and music video streaming – could grow from around $15 billion in revenue today to $335 billion by 2025. There can be no middle way; on the contrary, searching for consensus or is tantamount to treachery. Steeped in denial, the Federal Reserve is treating the disease as a cyclical problem – deploying the full force of monetary to compensate for what it believes to be a temporary shortfall in aggregate demand. Singh told Wen that India was willing to find an with China on the border question, and that any agreement must take into account “ground realities.” And one senior US administration official was quoted accusing the UK of “constant of China, which is not the best way to engage a rising power." The problem for the Fed and other central banks lies not in monetary accommodation, but in their communication strategies. "Free" education is not really free, because a university student from out of town must pay for accommodation, food, and other services -- in Poland these costs are equal to a sum larger than half of the average salary. If equal opportunity for all is what is desired, a situation must be created whereby talented students from poor families receive, through stipends and tuition exemptions, a truly free education, including some funds for books and accommodation, while less talented students from well-to-do families pay the full cost of their studies. By contrast, North Korea shows that defiance, rather than accommodation, is a strategy that works. They can share transport, using Uber, Lyft, or RelayRides; provide through Airbnb; tender household chores via TaskRabbit, Fiverr, or Mechanical Turk; and arrange their grocery deliveries using Favor and Instacart. During the 2014 soccer World Cup in Brazil, a country with a chronic shortage of hotel rooms, more than 100,000 people used home-sharing Web sites to find And if political and religious leaders are unable or unwilling to seek accommodation, it will be up to like-minded individuals, groups, and civil-society institutions to rebuild mutual respect and find ways to cooperate. That way lies not with the devil, but recognition that the current situation is unsustainable; inflammatory confrontation is closer than we think; and catastrophe can be averted only by cool, level-headed diplomacy of the kind that, until now, has been in unhappily short supply. Will compromise and mutual – extremely rare in recent years, enable Thailand to reshape its contested political order – currently underpinned by an elite-driven, monarchy-centered hierarchy – to reflect better the principles of electoral democracy? “US inflation continues to run below the Committee’s 2% objective,” she said, and the current “high degree of policy remains appropriate to foster further improvement in labor market conditions and to promote a return of inflation toward 2% over the medium term.” After migrants arrive, NGOs – such as Refugees Welcome, established by three young Germans, and Startup Refugees, the brainchild of a pair of TV celebrities in Finland – help them find and employment opportunities, or even launch new businesses. This observation is not intended to imply that the general direction of monetary-policy All of this, together with the wave of central bank worldwide (and prospects for more of the same), would seem to tilt the balance toward a more gradualist Fed approach to unwinding QE. Some in the West – including veteran China watcher David Shambaugh – remain convinced that this kind of collaborative will not be necessary, because failures of economic and political management will bring about China’s implosion.	80,388
Pokémon breeding guide Since the second generation of Pokémon games, Pokémon have been able to reproduce to create new Pokémon. Pokémon can learn new moves through breeding, and furthermore some Pokémon are only obtainable with this method. Breeding occurs at the Pokémon Daycare. If two compatible Pokémon are left with the daycare lady, they will produce an egg. (The games are purposely vague about how this happens.) Pokémon are compatible for breeding if: - They are not legendary Pokémon, baby Pokémon, Unown, Nidorina or Nidoqueen. - They are of opposite genders. - They are in the same egg group (see table). A Pokémon meeting the first criteria can also breed with Ditto. Genderless Pokémon can only breed with Ditto. Once you take the egg and walk around with it for a while, it will hatch into a level 1 Pokémon (or level 5 in Generations 2-3). The Pokémon that hatches will be the same species as the female, but at the bottom of the evolutionary chain. For example, breeding a female Blastoise with a compatible Pokémon would generate a Squirtle egg. In the case of Ditto, the Pokémon egg will always be the non-Ditto Pokémon - so if you breed Ditto with a male Charizard, the egg would be a Charmander. There are two sets of male-female counterparts: Nidoran♀/Nidoran♂ and Illumise/Volbeat. Breeding one of these with a compatible Pokémon will give you either the male or female variant. For example, breeding a male Golduck with Nidoran♀ would yield either Nidoran♀ or Nidoran♂. Note that in Generation 2-4 breeding the male variant with Ditto only produces a male egg. Some Pokémon also produce variable eggs, based on the item held by the parent. When a particular Incense is held, the offspring will be a baby Pokémon, otherwise it will be the next stage up in the evolutionary line. For example, breeding a female Roserade will produce a Roselia egg, but if the Roserade is holding a Rose Incense, it will produce a Budew egg. See the list of baby Pokémon below for details. The Pokémon Manaphy and Phione are listed in the Water 1 and Fairy egg groups, however they cannot breed with others in that group, only with Ditto. For each of them the result is a Phione egg, but Phione does not evolve into Manaphy. Passing down moves The main purpose of breeding is usually to obtain a Pokémon that knows certain moves. If the male Pokémon knows moves that the baby Pokémon is capable of learning, the baby will know them when it hatches from the egg. Prior to Generation 5 this was a good way to reuse TMs that you taught a Pokémon and cannot re-obtain (TMs are no longer passed down by breeding). The baby will know any move that it learns at level 1. If both parents know a move that the child would learn by level up, the child will also know it upon hatching. For example, breeding two Ampharos knowing Thunder will deliver a Mareep knowing Thunder at level 1. Furthermore, there are some moves Pokémon can only learn by breeding - these are called egg moves, and are listed in our Pokédex alongside the other moves. In most cases, another Pokémon in the same egg group learns the move by level up and can pass it on by breeding, but sometimes you need to chain breed from one Pokémon to another to another. If there are too many candidate moves that the baby can learn, they follow this precedent, with each new move overwriting previous ones: - Level 1 moves. - Moves that the child learns by level up, if both parents have them. - In Gen 2-5 only, any compatible TMs or HMs moves known by the father. - Any egg moves known by either parent (or the father only in Gen 2-5). Passing down abilities A female Pokémon (or male when bred with Ditto) has a 60% chance of passing down its ability to the offspring; otherwise the offspring's ability is randomly chosen from its regular abilities. In practice, this means that if the parent has a regular ability, there is an 80% chance the child has the same ability slot (60 + 20) and 20% chance it has the other slot. For hidden abilities, the child has a 60% chance of having its hidden ability and 20% chance for each of its regular abilities (or 40% if it only has one regular ability). Note that the ability itself may be different if the Pokémon evolutions have different ability options. For example, Poochyena has the abilities Run Away or Quick Feet, while Mightyena has Intimidate or Quick Feet. A Poochyena bred from a Mightyena with Intimidate has an 80% chance of having Run Away and 20% chance of Quick Feet. If the Mightyena has Quick Feet, Poochyena has an 80% chance of Quick Feet and 20% chance of Run Away. Note that in Gen 3-4, the ability of the hatched egg is randomly chosen from the two possibilities (50% each) regardless of the parents' abilities. In Gen 5, only females could pass down abilities; males bred with Ditto reverted to the 50/50 chance for each ability. Passing down natures Pokémon can also inherit natures while breeding. Normally the nature is chosen at random from the 25 possibilities, but as natures raise and lower certain stats, often you will want a specific nature. So if a Pokémon is holding the Everstone item, its child is guaranteed to have the same nature. (If both parents hold an Everstone the nature is chosen at random between the two.) Note that prior to Pokémon Black 2/White 2, natures only have a 50% chance of being passed down. In Emerald it only applies to the female parent or Ditto. And in Gen 4 both parents must be from the same language game. Passing down IV stats From Generation 3 (Ruby/Sapphire) onward, Pokémon offspring will also inherit some of the Individual Values from the parents. (IVs are hidden values that improve your final stats.) The baby will inherit three stats from either parent. So if you were breeding a male Infernape and female Ninetales, the resulting Vulpix could inherit the HP and Defense IVs from Infernape and the Speed IV from Ninetales. The IVs chosen are random and in the case of the same one being selected twice, the former would be overwritten with the latter. For example, if the game chose Ninetales' HP and Attack, then Infernape's Attack, then the baby would only inherit two IVs - the HP from Ninetales and Attack from Infernape. From HeartGold/SoulSilver onward a new mechanic was added to control this. If either parent is holding one of the EV-training Power items then the child will inherit the corresponding IV. Two different IVs are randomly inherited from the parents as normal, and the remaining three are completely random. If both parents hold a Power item then one of the two stats is chosen at random. The power items are: - Power Weight (HP) - Power Bracer (Attack) - Power Belt (Defense) - Power Lens (Sp. Attack) - Power Band (Sp. Defense) - Power Anklet (Speed) So for example, holding the Power Belt means the baby will inherit the Pokémon's Defense IV and two random non-Defense IVs from either parent. From X/Y onward, a parent holding the Destiny Knot item causes the baby to inherit five IVs from that parent. If the other parent holds a Power item, the baby will inherit the corresponding IV and then four random IVs from the Destiny Knot parent. Some Pokémon may only be obtained by breeding - these are known as baby Pokémon. Many baby Pokémon can be obtained in the wild in later games. Several baby Pokémon also require an item to be held by the parent. Egg group connections The table below shows how each of the egg groups are interconnected. It gives an idea of how easy it is for a Pokémon to learn a move from another Pokémon. We used to have a graph but there are now too many connections to make it readable. \|Egg Group\|\|Connected to\| \|Amorphous\|\|Dragon, Fairy, Grass, Human-Like, Mineral, Water 1\| \|Bug\|\|Dragon, Fairy, Grass, Human-Like, Mineral, Water 1, Water 3\| \|Dragon\|\|Amorphous, Bug, Field, Flying, Grass, Mineral, Monster, Water 1, Water 2\| \|Fairy\|\|Amorphous, Bug, Field, Flying, Grass, Human-Like, Mineral, Water 1\| \|Field\|\|Dragon, Fairy, Flying, Grass, Human-Like, Mineral, Monster, Water 1, Water 2\| \|Flying\|\|Dragon, Fairy, Field, Human-Like, Water 1, Water 3\| \|Grass\|\|Amorphous, Bug, Dragon, Fairy, Field, Human-Like, Mineral, Monster, Water 1\| \|Human-Like\|\|Amorphous, Bug, Fairy, Field, Flying, Grass, Water 1\| \|Mineral\|\|Amorphous, Bug, Dragon, Fairy, Field, Grass, Monster\| \|Monster\|\|Dragon, Field, Grass, Mineral, Water 1\| \|Water 1\|\|Amorphous, Bug, Dragon, Fairy, Field, Flying, Grass, Human-Like, Monster, Water 2, Water 3\| \|Water 2\|\|Dragon, Field, Water 1\| \|Water 3\|\|Bug, Flying, Water 1\| Example: Let's say you have a Pokémon in the Fairy egg group with a move you want to breed onto a Pokémon from the Dragon egg group. There are no Pokémon in both groups so you'd need to find an intermediate group. Looking at the rows for both Fairy and Dragon below you'll see that the groups Field, Flying and Water 1 connect to both. So you'd need to breed the move onto a Pokémon like Pikachu (Fairy/Field groups) then onto a Pokémon like Arbok (Field/Dragon groups). Each Pokémon is assigned to one or more egg groups, and only Pokémon in the same egg groups may breed. Here are some examples to make things clearer! 1. Basic breeding If we have a female Raichu and we want to get a new one, we can breed it to get Pichu. First we need to find a compatible Pokémon. A Pikachu/Raichu of the opposite gender will always work, otherwise we need to look for other Pokémon in the same egg group. 2. Breeding with Ditto 3. Charizard with Dig & Iron Tail Note: this applies only to Gen 2-5; TMs are no longer inherited and we can reuse TMs at will. Charizard, like many other Pokémon, can learn the move Dig via TM28. But if you already used the TM then you may be able to breed it onto a Charmander. When we breed these two Pokémon, the resulting Charmander will know Dig and Iron Tail, since it can learn both those moves by TM (even though Iron Tail was not actually taught by TM). Depending on what other moves the parents know these two moves may overwrite other basic moves like Growl or Scratch. 4. Drapion with Night Slash Skorupi/Drapion learn Night Slash through breeding. There is no TM for it, so we will need to breed with a compatible Pokémon that knows the move. Drapion is in the Bug and Water 3 egg groups, so we look there for any Pokémon that can learn Night Slash. So now we just breed a male Scyther knowing the move, with a female Drapion to get a Skorupi that knows Night Slash! Note: this specific example is no longer required as Drapion now learns Night Slash by level up. 5. Using Smeargle In example 3 we taught Dig to a male Aggron. If we had taught it to a female Aggron there would normally be no way to pass the move down through breeding. Enter our good friend, Smeargle. Smeargle is unique in that it only learns one move directly - Sketch - which permanently copies the previous move used in battle. With a male Smeargle we can copy Dig from our Aggron, then breed Smeargle with a female Pokémon to pass the move down. You can copy any move from any Pokémon (e.g. wild Pokémon), but for more reliable results, you will want to enter a double battle with Smeargle and your own Pokémon with the move you want to copy. There are usually several double battle trainers in the games; Gen 5 also has wild double battles, while Gen 6 has double battle cafes. Note that the competitive areas like Battle Subway/Maison/Tree or wi-fi battles don't copy the move permanently. Once in a double battle, use Sketch on your companion and voila! You will have your move ready to breed onto any Pokémon. Smeargle is in the Field egg group, so it can breed with a large number of Pokémon. This also means all Pokémon in the Field group can learn egg moves without chain breeding (see below). 6. Chain breeding This can get quite complex, but we'll provide a straightforward example. Sometimes a Pokémon can learn an egg move, but there are no compatible Pokémon that get it easily. This is the case with Umbreon and Wish - Umbreon can learn Wish through breeding, but no compatible Pokémon learn it by level up. Umbreon is in the Field egg group, so we look there. The other Eevee-lutions can learn Wish via breeding (which doesn't help us much), but so too can the Pikachu/Raichu line. Since they straddle two egg groups we can now look in the Fairy group for compatible Pokémon, where we find Togetic, learning Wish at level 28. This means we can chain breed Wish from Togetic to Pikachu, then from Pikachu to Umbreon. Here is the process: - Find a male Togetic (or Togepi) and train it to level 28 where it learns Wish. - Breed Togetic with a female Pikachu/Raichu to obtain a baby Pichu that knows Wish. - We need a male Pichu to pass the move to Umbreon, so now we'd keep breeding until we have a male Pichu. It's 50/50 so should only take a few eggs to get one. - Pichu can't breed, so we need to level up a bit and keep it happy so that it evolves into Pikachu. - Breed our male Wish Pikachu with a female Umbreon to get an Eevee knowing Wish. - Now we need to level up and evolve into Umbreon. Of course, we could evolve Eevee into any of the evolutions (Glaceon, Leafeon, etc) if we changed our mind. Whew! We finally got there! This can be a long process but if you want the perfect moveset, sometimes it's the only way. Note: we did neglect Smeargle in this example. If you have one then you could sketch Wish from Togetic and breed straight onto Umbreon; It cuts out the hassle of breeding and evolving Pichu but it's still the same number of Pokémon.	132,379
Estimated reading time: 4 minutes Award-winning production scientist, Nkosinathi Percy Bareki, from the ARC Unit of the North West Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, is dedicated to helping emerging farmers improve their productivity and enterprise sustainability. Nkosinathi, or Nathi, was recently awarded the Agricultural Research Council’s (ARC) national mentor of the year. This award is testament to his hard work and dedication, and is awarded annually by the ARC’s National Beef Recording and Improvement Scheme (NBRIS). Nkosinathi, who joined the department 24 years ago, has several research projects under his care. He believes this award came about because he does not mind getting his hands dirty. Winning the award was a humbling experience for him. “It is heart-warming to be acknowledged at a national level and indeed gratifying to know that one’s efforts and contributions to the industry are recognised.” The primary aim of the award is to acknowledge agriculturalists with exceptional leadership abilities and who go to great lengths to build capacity and develop skills through information dissemination, mentoring and assisting fellow farmers to adopt and implement relevant technologies and management skills to enhance their productivity. “Farmers considered in this category are expected to have a record of accomplishments that attests to their efforts to train and mentor others and, very importantly, show the impact of their actions and mentoring initiatives,” says Nkosinathi. Putting experience to good use Nkosinathi and Khomotso Kgaswane, a technician at the department, together manage the department’s Potchefstroom Afrikaner stud, the oldest registered Afrikaner stud in the country. They are also members of the Afrikaner Cattle Breeders’ Society. Nkosinathi uses his experience managing the stud, to become involved with the training of emerging livestock farmers’ study groups under the Mamusa local agricultural office in the Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality. He gives practical demonstrations and lectures to the group intermittently throughout the year. He is also involved in mentoring at least nine emerging beef cattle farmers, helping them with record-keeping, performance testing and general herd management. These nine farmers were registered for the first time on the National Database for Animal Recording (Intergis)under the Kaonafatso ya Dikgomo scheme of the ARC in 2021. “The performance of the emerging farmer herds is compared to that of our Afrikaner herd to give the farmers a balanced perspective of how their herds are performing,” says Nkosinathi. Platinum Bull Award His expertise and commitment towards animal breeding also paid off when the Potchefstroom Afrikaner stud scooped the ARC’s National Platinum Bull Award for 2021. The two-year-old Afrikaner bull, PP190050, won after competing with seven breeds that qualified for the awards. PP190050 had an average daily grain of 110 and a feed conversion ratio of 115. The bull’s dam (DC110027) is ten years old with seven calves and an intercalving period of 365 days. Nkosinathi says very few bulls qualify for this category due to the stringent adjudication criteria. Bulls can only qualify if they were bred from an Elite cow. Eligible bulls must have received a Gold Merit upon completion of the ARC’s Phase C test, and the dam of the specific bull must have received her Elite cow status in the same year. The Gold Merit is the highest distinction bestowed on bulls that outperformed their peers within a breed, in a controlled Phase C performance test. Advice to young breeders He urges young breeders to farm with nature and not against it. They also need to realise that livestock breeding requires patience and consistency in applying the right production methods with uncompromised integrity. For more information, contact Nkosinathi Bareki on 072 266 3864 or firstname.lastname@example.org.	150,023
Colorful sea in milk Create a colorful sea with one throw! Warning! Only under adult supervision. - differently-colored alcohol-based markers; - cotton disk; - deep plate; Use markers to thoroughly saturate a cotton disk with ink, then toss the disk into a plate of milk: the milk becomes multicolored! The marker ink permeates into the cotton fibers that make up the disk. As soon as the cotton disk comes into contact with the milk, some of the ink, which is less dense than the milk, floats to the surface. Surface tension stretches the ink into a thin film on the milk’s surface, as the dye molecules interact with the milk molecules more strongly than with each other. More safe experiments are waiting for you in the MEL STEM subscription.	77,988
Every coach or parent who runs a practice gives their kids 3-5 minutes before and, sometimes, at the end of practice "Free Time" where the athlete can warm up and get ready for the drills and instruction that will commence. When used effectively over the course of an entire season these 3-5 minutes can become personal skill sessions where players acquire and develop tools that they normally don't work on in a practice. 3-5 minutes twice a week over the course of a season could add up to 60+ minutes of focus. Try these drills- 1. Elevated/ Saucer partner passing- Grab a teammate and spread 10 feet apart. Practice forehand and backhand stationary, at first, saucer passing. Rotate the puck heal to toe off the blade of the stick and aim to get a flat puck to drop on your partners stick. As you get better, try this moving forward and backward. 2. Footwork Drills. Try the Half & Half Drill detailed in this video... 3. Stationary Overspeed Stickhandling- Use other pucks to maneuver around, and puck yourself to develop rapid timing and stickhandling skills that are faster than you think you can stickhandle. Remember to practice all around your body, and out of your comfort zone. 4. One-timers- Grab a partner and a section of boards and work on passing back and forth setting up for one-timer shots. Use good form and mechanics and aim for a place on the boards to target your shot towards. 5. Net chances- Place a row of 5-7 pucks on an arch at the top of the crease and work on "roofing" them in one continuous motion. Remember to have good foot placement. 6. Powerskating maneuvers- Try some of these for 2 minutes at the beginning of a practice, and by the end of a season your edge control, balance and power will be dramatically improved. 7. Edge control + Stickhandling drills- Try the flat stick puck control drill.- These are just a few ideas, but the important thing is to not WASTE this valuable ice time. It's time you won't get back, and can dramatically improve your skill set.	84,754
This post features two final projects created by recent graduates of our data science bootcamp. Take a look at what's possible in just 12 weeks. Predicting Snowfall from Weather Radar with Gradient Boost Snowfall in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains means two things - water supply and great skiing. Recent Metis graduate James Cho is interested in both, but chose to focus his final bootcamp project on the former, using weather radar and terrain information to fill in gaps between ground snow sensors. As Cho explains on his blog, California tracks the depth of its annual snowpack via a network of sensors and occasional manual measurements by snow scientists. But as you can see in the image above, these sensors are often spread apart, leaving wide swaths of snowpack unmeasured. So, instead of relying on the status quo for snowfall and water supply monitoring, Cho asks: "Can we do better to fill in the gaps between snow sensor placement and the infrequent human measurements? What if we just used NEXRAD weather radar, which has coverage almost everywhere? With machine learning, it may be able to infer snowfall amounts better than physical modeling." Read his blog post to learn more about the project, see the results, and find out how he got there. Predicting Portland Home Prices For her final bootcamp project, recent Metis graduate Lauren Shareshian wanted to incorporate all that she'd learned in the bootcamp. By focusing on predicting home prices in Portland, Oregon, she was able to use various web scraping techniques, natural language processing on text, deep learning models on images, and gradient boosting into tackling the problem. In her blog post about the project, she shared the image above, noting: "These houses have the same square footage, were built the same year, are located on the exact same street. But, one has curb appeal and one clearly does not," she writes. "How would Zillow or Redfin or anyone else trying to predict home prices know this from the home’s written specs alone? They wouldn’t. That’s why one of the features that I wanted to incorporate into my model was an analysis of the front image of the home." Lauren used Zillow metadata, natural language processing on realtor descriptions, and a convolutional neural net on home images to predict Portland home sale prices. Read her in-depth post about the ups and downs of the project, the results, and what she learned by doing. See more projects created by Metis graduates here.	236,281
Top Ten Tips for Staying Focused 03 Nov 2022 If you need help staying focused, try one — or all 10 — of these tips. Get rid if distractions First things first: You need to eliminate distractions. While you can’t do away with everything, you can make an effort to reduce or get rid of as many distractions as possible. Start with the simple things like: - moving to a quiet area - turning off notifications on your phone or turning your phone off altogether - closing the door to your office - telling those around you not to distract you for a period of time - closing out of programs or apps that aren’t essential on your computer - playing calming ambient music or white noise - declutter the space where you will be working Coffee in small amounts Drinking coffee, or other caffeinated beverages, in small doses may positively impact your ability to focus. The key to taking advantage of caffeine’s cognitive-enhancing properties is to consume it in moderation. If you drink too much you may feel anxious or nervous, which generally reduces your ability to stay focused. Practice Pomodoro Technique Staying focused helps you get more done in less time. While that sounds simple enough, it’s not always easy to put into practice. So, the next time you’re wrestling with your attention span, try the Pomodoro Technique. This timing method helps you train your brain to stay on task for short periods. Here’s how it works: - Set your timer for 25 minutes and get to work. - When the buzzer sounds, take a 5-minute break. - Then, set the timer again and get back to work. - Once you’ve done four rounds of this, you can take a longer break, approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Limit Social Media If your idea of a break from work is checking Facebook, Instagram, or TikTok every 5 minutes, you may want to consider an app that blocks social media. Several apps work for your phone, tablet or computer. In addition to social media, some of these distraction-busting programs also allow you to block online games as well as apps and sites like YouTube, Netflix, Amazon, Twitter, text messages, and even email. Some popular social media blockers include Freedom, AppBlock, FocusMe and Focus. We all know what happens when “hanger” strikes. So, to keep your brain focused, energy levels up, and emotions calm, make sure you don’t delay or skip meals. Snack on fresh fruit, veggies, nuts, or seeds if you get hungry between meals, and be sure to keep yourself hydrated with plenty of water. Best “brain foods” include: - green, leafy vegetables like kale, spinach and broccoli - fatty fish such as salmon - berries, like blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, or blackberries - tea and coffee for the caffeine, in moderation It’s no secret that the majority of Australians are lacking in the sleep department. While a few nights of minimal sleep is okay, not getting enough sleep most nights of the week can negatively on memory as well as your ability to concentrate. To boost your sleep health, try to: - Avoid caffeinated beverages after lunchtime. - Switch off or put away all electronic devices an hour before bedtime. The light from these devices can stimulate your brain and prevent you from feeling sleepy. Some devices may allow you to switch them to “warm” light. - Take time to wind down. Read a book, take a warm bath, or listen to soothing music. - Keep your bedroom cool and quiet. An ideal temperature is between 18.3 and 20°C. - Keep your bedroom dark or use a sleeping mask. Block out light, especially white and blue light, from your bedroom with room-darkening curtains or shades if you can. Otherwise, consider using a sleeping mask. Set SMART Goals If your lack of focus results from feeling overwhelmed by a complex project, try breaking it down into smaller parts and plugging the smaller steps into the SMART formula. SMART stands for: - Specific. What exactly needs to be done? - Measurable. How will you track your progress? - Achievable. Is it realistic? Can it be done by the deadline? - Relevant. How does it fit with the overall plan or bigger goal? - Timely. When does it need to be done? When you take a large, complex project and break it down into smaller, bite-sized tasks, you can improve your ability to concentrate and focus on specific tasks. That’s because you end up with goals you feel like you can accomplish. Being mindful means maintaining moment-to-moment awareness of where you are and what you’re doing — which is great news when trying to stay focused. By being mindful and recognizing when your attention starts to drift, you can quickly bring your focus back to where it needs to be. Plus, you can train your brain to be more mindful by practicing breathing techniques, meditation, and mindful movement, such as yoga. Having a written plan of action can increase productivity. After you make your list, choose two or three key tasks and put them at the top. Then rank the rest of the items in order of importance. This allows you to tackle urgent tasks when your brain is fresh, and your energy levels are high. Focus on similar tasks Pick similar tasks, group them together, and do one at a time. This makes transitions smoother, and you may get a lot more done by not jumping from one type of task to another. Multitasking is not more effective or efficient, especially when you’re having trouble staying focused. The human brain’s structure is not capable of multitasking and works much better while focusing on a single task at a time. Working on multiple tasks simultaneously comes with a cost — whether a reduction in performance accuracy or speed.	175,767
Does the World Bank search engine frustrate or amaze you? Have you spent hours searching our website for research, reports, or project information only to feel like you're going in circles? Wish you could share your great idea about improving the www.worldbank.org search engine or project information with the World Bank web team? (Update: Thanks for participating in this event. The webcast and chat is now archived online.) In the past three months, people across the Middle East and North Africa have taken to the streets to demand – and in some cases obtain – change. Growing aspirations of youth in the region regarding jobs and political rights very quickly raised the bar for what governments need to do. This year's Development Marketplace global competition did more than just find ideas to save the world: it shared the ideas and the people who make them happen with the rest of us. The 2008 Development Marketplace (DM) global competition on Sustainable Agriculture received 1,768 proposals from around the world addressing three key issues: linking small-scale farmers to markets, improving land access and tenure for the poor,	177,912
Asteroid Heading for Columbus, Ohio - May Hit in 2014 LONDON (Reuters) - A giant asteroid is heading for Earth and could hit Columbus, Ohio in 2014, U.S. astronomers have warned British But for those fearing Armageddon, don't be alarmed -- it will only wipe out Columbus and a sizeable chunk of the rest of Ohio. Asteroid "2003 QQ47" will be closely monitored over the next two months. Its potential strike date is March 21, 2014. Astronomers say that any risk of impact is likely to increase as further data is gathered. On impact, it could have the effect of 20 million Hiroshima atomic bombs, a spokesman for the British government's Near Earth Object Information Center told BBC radio. The Center issued the warning about the asteroid after the giant rock was first observed in New Mexico by the Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research Program. "The Near Earth Object will be observable from Earth for the next two months and astronomers will continue to track it over this period," said Dr. Alan Fitzsimmons, one of the expert team advising the Center. Asteroids such as 2003 QQ47 are chunks of rock left over from the formation of the solar system 4.5 billion years ago. Most are kept at a safe distance from the Earth in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. But the gravitational influence of giant planets such as Jupiter can nudge asteroids out of these safe orbits and send them plunging toward Earth. Would you recommend this story? Not at all	74,965
Review of Shooting Incidents in the Department of Justice E & I Report I-2004-010 Reporting to Supervisors, Component Headquarters, the CRD, and the OIG. Reports of shooting incidents to supervisors. Every component requires LEOs to report all firearm discharges (other than for training or recreation) to their supervisors immediately after they occur because an immediate report by the LEO is essential to begin the investigative process. In the 103 incidents we reviewed, the LEOs immediately reported 100 of the shooting incidents. However, in three cases, LEOs failed to report shooting incidents as required. In those three incidents: Two of these three incidents were not investigated fully because a shooting incident investigation was no longer practicable when the shooting incident was discovered. According to the DEA Chief of Inspections, failure to report the incidents immediately constituted misconduct. Therefore, the Office of Inspections transferred these two investigations to the DEA's OPR. The OPR conducted misconduct investigations and imposed discipline. Field office reporting of shooting incidents to headquarters. The components require timely written reports so that senior managers can oversee the investigative process. Following the immediate reporting of a shooting incident by an LEO, each component requires the LEO's supervisor to submit an initial written report on the shooting incident to headquarters within one day.31 Of the 103 incidents we reviewed, we were able to analyze 97 for timeliness. We did not consider in our analysis the above three incidents that were not reported as required and an additional three from the FBI because a SAC may classify a shooting incident as unintentional and, if no one is injured or killed, an immediate report is not required.32 We reviewed the files of the remaining 97 incidents for copies of the written report to headquarters. Of the 97 incident files, 11 did not contain the required written report, and in 1 file the report was undated. Although these 12 files contained evidence of telephone calls and e-mails informing headquarters of the shooting incidents, these informal communications did not include all the information that the components require in the formal written report (Figure 7). Figure 7: Missing or Undated Written Shooting Incident Reports, FY 2000 - FY 2003 \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting incident files.\| For the 85 incident files that contained dated initial written reports, we examined how long the supervisors took to submit the reports to headquarters. Of the 85 incidents, a formal written report was submitted within one day in 54 of the incidents (64 percent). On average, the ATF and the FBI met the 1-day reporting requirement, while DEA and USMS supervisors took two to three days on average to submit the reports (Figure 8). Figure 8: Average Number of Days to Submit Initial Written Report to Headquarters, FY 2000 - FY 2003 \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting incident files. Note: Reporting time is measured in complete days following the day of the incident. Reports submitted on the day of the incident were counted as zero days to report, reports submitted on the following day were counted as one day to report, etc. We discussed the reporting delays with each of the components. The USMS staff stated that the USMS organizational structure was one factor that delayed the reporting process, because the USMS has 94 decentralized district offices, each of which rarely has a shooting incident. The DEA policies, provided by the DEA shooting incident investigators, require at least three reports following a shooting incident: Overall, we identified an initial written report in 85 of the 97 incidents. We found no dated, initial written report in 12 cases, and in 31 of the 85 incidents the initial reports did not meet the 1-day deadline. As a result, in 43 of 97 cases (44 percent) we could not validate that senior managers received the written information in time to use it for oversight of the investigation. Reporting shooting incidents to the CRD. The Department's CRD has the authority to review and prosecute complaints of violations of federal civil rights statutes, including complaints related to the shooting incidents we reviewed. In 2000, the CRD established written agreements with the DEA and the FBI that require them to report to the CRD shooting incidents resulting in injury or death.33 The CRD does not have similar written agreements with the ATF or the USMS. We examined the DEA's and the FBI's compliance with the agreed upon reporting requirements. Since the FBI's agreement went into effect, 15 FBI shooting incidents have resulted in injury or death. The FBI reported 14 of these 15 shooting incidents to the CRD. The FBI could not explain why one of its cases was not reported. Since the DEA's agreement went into effect, 11 DEA shooting incidents resulted in injury or death. The DEA reported 8 of these 11 shooting incidents to the CRD. The DEA did not report three incidents to the CRD. Under the DEA's procedures, its OPR is responsible for reporting potential civil rights violations to the CRD. However, DEA's shooting incident investigators do not forward to the OPR those cases that they determine do not involve misconduct. The investigators never forwarded the three incidents to the OPR because, though they involved injury or death, the investigators did not identify any potential misconduct. Under the procedures in effect at the time, the OPR did not receive separate notice of shooting incidents. The ATF and the USMS have no written agreements with the CRD to report shooting incidents. However, the USMS Chief Inspector told us that the USMS would report any shooting incidents involving a potential violation of civil rights. Also, the ATF Special Agent in Charge, Investigations Division, Office of Inspection, told us that the ATF would report any shooting incident involving the allegation or suggestion of a civil rights violation to the appropriate United States Attorney's Office. We found no evidence (e.g., declinations of prosecution, memoranda, telephone records, e mail) in the ATF and USMS incident files of any reports provided to the CRD. We also found that the CRD considered two USMS cases we reviewed, but not because they were reported by the USMS. In one USMS shooting incident, the CRD received an allegation of a civil rights violation from the suspect's family, and in another, a United States Attorney consulted with the CRD before deciding not to prosecute the Deputy Marshal. The ATF case files contained no evidence that any of the 23 ATF cases resulted in a civil rights complaint against an ATF Special Agent. In addition to the inconsistency among the components in reporting to the CRD, we found that the DEA's and the FBI's agreements with the CRD do not ensure that all incidents with the potential to result in civil rights complaints were reported to the CRD. As noted, the DEA and the FBI agreed to report to the CRD all shooting incidents that resulted in injury or death. However, incidents without injury or death that are not reported to the CRD may still result in allegations of civil rights violations. In one incident we reviewed, a suspect, who was not injured, made a civil rights complaint after local authorities arrested him. The suspect alleged that an FBI Special Agent unnecessarily shot at him as he eluded arrest by the FBI Special Agent. As this case illustrates, firearm discharges that do not cause injury or death may result in complaints of civil rights violations by LEOs that the CRD should review. Reporting shooting incidents to the OIG. Attorney General Order 2492-2001 (Order 2492) requires components to report to the OIG "evidence and non-frivolous allegations of criminal wrongdoing and serious administrative misconduct by Department employees" so that the OIG may decide whether to exercise its statutory authority to investigate the matter or to delegate the investigation to the component. All shooting incidents have the potential to involve criminal wrongdoing or serious administrative misconduct. Of the 103 incidents we reviewed, 46 were not reportable to the OIG because they occurred before this OIG had the authority to investigate misconduct involving FBI and DEA employees. 34 Of the incidents we reviewed, 57 were reportable to the OIG. We found documentation in the files that the components submitted formal reports in 35 of the 57 reportable incidents (61 percent). The USMS and the ATF reported every incident, but we found no documentation for more than half of the DEA and FBI incidents (Figure 9). Figure 9: Shooting Incidents Reported to the OIG \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting incident data.\| The average time that each component took to formally report shooting incidents to the OIG ranged from 7 to 205 days. The ATF, the DEA, and the USMS reported most shooting incidents to the OIG within a few days, but the FBI did not formally report its incidents to the OIG until after the report of the administrative investigation of the shooting incident was submitted to the FBI Review Board (Figure 10).35 Figure 10: Average Time to Report Shooting Incidents to the OIG \|Source: OIG analysis components' shooting incident files and IDMS data.\| The USMS reported all shooting incidents as required, and after reviewing the reports, the OIG delegated all of the investigations back to the USMS. Although the ATF, the DEA, and the FBI did not consistently provide timely written reports, the OIG ASACs who are the primary liaisons to each component's internal affairs unit told us that they visit those components' headquarters regularly and review the components' internal shooting incident reports. The ASACs said that they base their decisions to delegate shooting incident investigations on their review of these reports, as well as other interactions with component staff, and annotate the components' files to indicate the OIG decision. We also found that the components had different interpretations of what constituted a shooting incident reportable to the OIG. The ATF and the USMS reported all shooting incidents to the OIG. In contrast, when the FBI and the DEA determined initially that a shooting incident was unintentional, they did not report it to the OIG. This practice can lead to failing to report an incident that should be reported. In one case we reviewed, which occurred prior to the OIG obtaining jurisdiction to investigate FBI and DEA employees, a DEA Special Agent at the shooting scene stated that he unintentionally discharged his weapon. This case would not have been reported to the OIG under current DEA procedures. However, in a later statement to the local authorities, the Special Agent gave a different version of events and stated that he intentionally discharged his firearm because he feared for his life. Intentional discharges of this kind are now reportable under DEA procedures. Overall, we found that the components did not report to the OIG 22 of the 57 reportable shooting incidents. Moreover, the FBI did not formally report any of its shooting incidents to the OIG until after the FBI completed its investigation. All firearms discharges, except those in connection with training or off duty sports and hobbies, must be reported to the OIG. To ensure that shooting incidents are properly reported to the OIG, on July 27, 2004, the Assistant Inspector General of the Investigations Division sent a memorandum to the ATF, the DEA, and the FBI reiterating the existing reporting requirements in order to eliminate any confusion over the requirement to report firearms discharges. The Components' Shooting Investigations Resolution 13 does not specify how shooting investigations should be conducted, but requires that all investigations be objective, thorough, and timely. Specifically, Resolution 13 states that investigations must: Resolution 13 also requires that an investigation be "appropriate for the type of incident involved," but authorizes the components to decide who will conduct the investigation: The decision whether a shooting inquiry will be conducted by investigators assigned to the field office where the incident occurred or by investigators assigned to a component Headquarters Office of Inspection or other Headquarters element, will be made by designated component Headquarters Senior Management following consultation with field office Senior Management. The components call the decision to have a field office conduct the investigation "delegating the investigation." Delegation of the shooting incident investigation. The criteria for delegating shooting incident investigations vary by component. We found that the ATF has the strictest limitation on delegating shooting incidents. It requires that all intentional and unintentional firearms discharges by ATF employees be investigated by inspectors from the Office of Inspections. In all 23 ATF cases in our review, ATF headquarters dispatched an Office of Inspections team to conduct the shooting incident investigation. The DEA generally delegated shooting incidents that did not result in "significant or life threatening injuries, deaths, or other significant liabilities" to the SAC of the DEA field office to which the Special Agent was assigned. We found that the DEA delegated 22 (59 percent) of its 37 shooting cases to the SAC for investigation. Of these 22 cases, 7 resulted in injury or death and 15 did not (9 were intentional discharges and 6 were unintentional discharges during enforcement operations). According to the FBI Manual of Investigative Operations and Guidelines, the decision to delegate an investigation is not based on the seriousness of the incident but rather "on the extent of the SAC or ASAC participation in the planning and operational events of the incident." Of the 39 FBI cases we reviewed, 16 (41 percent) were delegated to the SAC. In two cases (5 percent), a team was dispatched from headquarters to investigate, and in 21 cases (54 percent), headquarters assigned an IIP to oversee the investigation. The FBI policy distinguishes investigations overseen by an IIP from investigations delegated to the SAC; however, in 6 of the 21 investigations we reviewed, we found that the IIPs directed to investigate were assigned to the same field offices as the Special Agents involved in the shooting incident. The USMS Office of Internal Affairs (OIA) forms a team to conduct the investigation of each shooting incident involving a Deputy Marshal. USMS case files did not record whether investigators were dispatched from headquarters, assigned from another district, or assigned from within the local district office, but every investigator reported directly to the USMS OIA. Criminal investigations of shooting incidents. In reviewing 124 individual cases arising from 103 shooting incidents, we found that local law enforcement agencies conducted the criminal investigations of most ATF, DEA, and USMS shooting incidents, while the FBI conducted the criminal investigations of all of its shooting incidents (Table 3). \|Table 3: Criminal Investigations of ATF, DEA, FBI, and USMS Shooting Cases by Federal and Local Law Enforcement \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting cases.\| The ATF, the DEA, and the USMS told us that they always requested that state or local law enforcement agencies conduct the criminal investigations and that they only conducted a criminal investigation themselves if the state and local agencies declined the request. That was reflected in our review of the case files. We found that state and local agencies conducted the criminal investigations in 62 of the 85 shooting cases involving LEOs of the ATF, the DEA, and the USMS. The components conducted the criminal investigations in the remaining 23 cases after local law enforcement declined to investigate.36 The ATF, the DEA, and the USMS shooting incident investigators gave several reasons for having state or local agencies conduct the criminal investigations. First, because state and local agencies have no vested interest in the outcome of an investigation, having them conduct the criminal investigation of the LEOs' actions avoids any appearance of a conflict of interest. The ATF, DEA, and USMS investigators also told us that, in their opinion, local authorities are better able to secure the scene, preserve physical evidence, and interview witnesses. One ATF Shooting Incident Investigator noted that local law enforcement authorities routinely investigate firearms discharges in their jurisdictions. Local authorities are also better able to address any investigative issues that arise away from the scene of the incident or after the initial shooting response ends. This was demonstrated in two of the cases we reviewed. The states have the primary authority and responsibility to investigate and prosecute assaults, homicides, or other felonies occurring in their jurisdictions and, in fact, investigated the vast majority of firearms discharges, including most of the 9,369 homicides committed with a firearm in 2002.37 Allowing local authorities to carry out their duties may eliminate the need for an extensive federal investigation. Relying on local authorities to conduct criminal investigations also reduces the possibility that separate local and criminal investigations will lead to conflicting conclusions. In contrast to the ATF, the DEA, and the USMS, the FBI always conducted a criminal investigation on any shooting incident involving its Special Agents. The FBI conducted criminal investigations on all 39 cases we reviewed. However, we found that state or local agencies also conducted an investigation in 12 of those 39 cases.38 We asked the Deputy Assistant Director why the FBI conducted a federal criminal investigation in every case, even if it duplicated a local criminal investigation. He told us that for cases involving injury or death, the FBI's reporting agreement with the CRD requires that the FBI investigate any potential violation of civil rights.39 He said that policy has been extended, by practice, to every shooting incident. He also told us that the FBI would not discourage any local investigation and would cooperate with state or local investigators if they conducted an investigation, but that they would not request an investigation by a local law enforcement agency because the FBI had the resources to conduct investigations in all cases. The DEA has a similar requirement in its reporting agreement with the CRD but takes a different approach to the criminal investigation of shooting incidents. The DEA meets its requirement by asking local law enforcement authorities to investigate the shooting and submitting the local criminal investigations to the CRD. We discussed with CRD attorneys the fact that the DEA and the FBI have similar agreements with the CRD but have different approaches to conducting criminal investigations into shooting incidents. The CRD attorneys said that they used the local criminal investigations of the DEA shooting incidents to determine whether a civil rights violation had occurred. The CRD attorneys also said that local authorities questioned the objectivity of the FBI's criminal investigations of shooting incidents involving its Special Agents in at least one case. In that case, FBI headquarters admonished the FBI SAC for turning over the scene of an FBI shooting incident to local and state criminal investigators who insisted on conducting a criminal investigation of the incident. The rights of the LEOs involved in shooting incidents. Both Resolution 13 and the components' policies direct that the investigation balance the importance of conducting an objective, thorough, and timely criminal investigation with protecting the rights of the LEOs for whom shooting incidents are traumatic events. LEOs may exercise their constitutional right to remain silent during the criminal investigation or can make voluntary statements, with the advice of an attorney if they choose. In 101 of the 124 shooting cases we reviewed, the LEOs who fired their weapons made voluntary statements, and in 30 of the 101 cases, an attorney representing the LEO was present during the statement to advise the LEO (Table 4). \|Table 4: Voluntary Statements With Attorneys Present\| \|Component\|\|Cases\|\|Cases With Voluntary Statements\|\|Attorney Present at Voluntary Statement\|\|Percentage\| \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting cases. * Three additional FBI Special Agents were represented by counsel, but their attorneys were not present when the voluntary statements were given. Declinations of prosecution. After the criminal investigation is complete, each component requires investigators to obtain a declination of prosecution from state or federal prosecutors or otherwise ensure that there is no criminal action pending before completing the administrative investigation of a shooting incident. Because both state and federal declinations of prosecution are recorded in the case files, we were able to evaluate their use by the components. When they sought a declination, we noted that only the FBI followed the practice of obtaining declinations from both federal and state prosecutors (Table 5). \|Table 5: Declinations of Prosecution Obtained by Components\| \|Component\|\|Cases\|\|Federal Declinations\|\|State Declinations\|\|Federal and State Declinations\| \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting cases.\| We also examined components' compliance with their individual policies regarding obtaining declinations of prosecution. The DEA and the FBI reported to us that they do not routinely obtain declinations of prosecution in cases that do not involve injury or death. However, we found that the DEA and the FBI did not obtain a declination of prosecution in one case involving death or injury each. The ATF and USMS are required by their policies to obtain a declination of prosecution in every case. Yet, the ATF did not obtain a declination of prosecution in 4 cases and the USMS did not obtain a declination of prosecution in 17 cases (Table 6). \|Table 6: Cases in Which No Declination of Prosecution Was Obtained\| \|Component\|\|Cases\|\|No Declination\|\|Death or Injury\|\|No Death or Injury\| \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting cases.\| The ATF investigators acknowledged that they had not obtained the required declinations in four cases due to an administrative oversight; these four ATF cases involved shooting incidents in which the suspect was neither injured nor killed. The DEA investigators said that a declination of prosecution was not obtained in one case because it involved a minor wound to a suspect who eluded arrest. The FBI could not explain why one of its cases was not reported to the CRD for the required declination of prosecution. The USMS told us that its policy of obtaining declinations of prosecution in every case "needed to be more actively enforced." Compelled statements in the administrative investigation. As noted above, during criminal investigations, LEOs have a constitutional right under the Fifth Amendment to remain silent. But once the criminal investigation is complete, the government can compel LEOs to provide statements for the administrative investigation and can discipline them if they refuse to comply. If a government agency compels an employee to provide a statement, it may use information in that statement to take administrative action against the employee, but it may not use the information against the individual in a criminal prosecution.40 In the 124 cases we reviewed, the components compelled 30 administrative statements (Table 7). \|Table 7: Statements by LEOs Involved in Shooting Incidents\| \|Component\|\|Cases\|\|Voluntary Statement\|\|Compelled Statement\|\|Both Voluntary \| and Compelled Statements \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting cases. * One FBI Special Agent retired before the administrative investigation was completed. We discussed the practice of compelling statements with investigators from each of the components. The ATF and DEA shooting incident investigators we interviewed said that it is their components' policy not to compel statements unless they are needed to complete the administrative investigation. The ATF shooting investigator said this was the ATF's reason for compelling statements in two ATF cases. The FBI Deputy Assistant Director we interviewed confirmed that it is FBI practice to compel an administrative statement in all administrative cases unless the LEO has already made a voluntary statement in the criminal one. The FBI Deputy Assistant Director also stated that the administrative warnings and criminal immunity associated with compelled administrative statements were necessary to protect the rights of the LEOs. The Deputy Marshal now responsible for investigating shooting incidents told us that, in the past, the USMS's practice was to compel an administrative statement in every case, but that the USMS discontinued the practice. Currently, USMS policy authorizes compelled administrative statements only when necessary to complete the administrative investigation. Our review of the case files also found that the components followed substantially different practices for compelling administrative statements in similar situations. In four FBI shooting cases, investigators compelled administrative statements (without declinations of prosecution) from the Special Agents involved in shooting incidents for use in the criminal cases against the suspects involved in the shooting incidents. In similar DEA shooting incidents, the DEA did not compel the Special Agents involved to provide administrative statements to support the prosecution of the suspects. Instead, the DEA consulted with the Assistant United States Attorney, and the DEA Special Agents testified before the federal grand jury considering the charges against the suspects. In the DEA and FBI cases, the suspects were charged under 18 U.S.C. § 115 with assaulting the Special Agents. Although the assaults may be related to shooting incidents, both the FBI and the DEA policies require that the charges of assaulting the LEOs must be investigated separately, not as a part of the shooting incident administrative investigation. The four FBI case files included no explanation for the shooting incident investigators' decision not to conduct a separate criminal investigation and to rely instead on compelled administrative statements. Timeliness of shooting incident investigations. All of the components have established timeliness standards for their shooting incident investigations. We found that all components began their administrative investigations while the criminal investigations were in progress, and all components required that the criminal investigations be completed before the administrative investigations were closed. The FBI requires that an administrative investigation be completed within two weeks of the incident, and the ATF, the DEA, and the USMS require completion within 30 days. All of the components allow for extensions of the time required to complete the administrative investigation. During our review, we found that the components documented the "completion" of administrative investigations differently. The ATF, the DEA, and the USMS Inspections Divisions prepared formal memoranda to document the completion of the administrative investigation and to forward the case to the Review Board. We used the dates of those memoranda as the dates that the investigations were completed. The FBI completed a Form FD-263, Report of Administrative Investigation, but did not submit the administrative investigation to the FBI Review Board at that time. We found no documentation in the FBI's files as to when the administrative investigations were actually submitted to the FBI Review Board. The case files we reviewed did not contain sufficient documentation for us to determine when, or for what reasons, extensions were granted. We determined that the completion dates recorded on the FBI's Reports of Administrative Investigation could not have been the actual dates that the FBI completed the administrative investigations. On the date these forms were completed, most criminal investigations had not been completed and the CRD declinations of prosecution had not been obtained, both of which are required before an administrative investigation can be closed. We examined the time taken by the FBI to obtain declinations of prosecution from the CRD and found that it took the FBI an average of 117 days to obtain the declinations required to close the criminal investigations. Therefore, the completion dates recorded on the FBI's Reports of Administrative Investigation appeared to represent only the completion of the on-site investigations. We compared the time required by all the components to obtain declinations of prosecution to the time required to complete an administrative investigation (Figure 11). Figure 11: Comparison of Average Time to Obtain Declination of Prosecution to Average Time to Complete and Submit Administrative Investigation \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting incident data. Note: The chart shows the time required by the ATF, the DEA, and the USMS to obtain either a local or federal declination of prosecution and the time required by the FBI to obtain a declination of prosecution from the CRD. As Figure 11 shows, the ATF, the DEA, and the USMS took longer to close their investigations than they took to obtain declinations of prosecution, which was the expected result. However, the FBI records indicated that the FBI completed a Form FD-263, Report of Administrative Investigation, in far less time than it took to obtain declinations of prosecution. Specifically, it took the FBI an average of 117 days to obtain the declination of prosecution required to close a criminal investigation, but only 25 days, on average, to record the administrative investigation as complete. Because our review of the FBI's case files found no other documentation that recorded the completion of the overall investigation, we used the FBI's average time to obtain declinations of prosecution as the average time in which FBI administrative investigations were completed and ready for Review Board consideration. Overall, we found that all of the components exceeded their established time frames for completing administrative investigations. We recognize that the amount of time taken to complete any particular investigation may have been reasonable based on the complexity of the incident, pending criminal charges, or other factors outside the control of the components. However, the files we reviewed generally did not contain sufficient documentation to enable us to conduct a detailed analysis of these factors. Moreover, for the FBI's cases, the files did not contain sufficient documentation to enable us to accurately determine when the administrative investigations were actually completed and ready for review. The Components' Review Boards Resolution 13 requires the Review Boards to "determine the reasonableness of the application of deadly force in accordance with the Department's Deadly Force Policy and the law" based on the shooting investigation and to provide senior management with analyses, observations, and recommendations concerning operational training and discipline. Resolution 13 also requires that Review Boards be independent and objective, and their decisions and recommendations free of the control or direction of component management. Although each of the components had established a Review Board to consider shooting incident investigations, we found significant differences among the Boards, including the composition of the Boards, the length of time the Boards took to complete the review process, the decisions made and the process used to reach them, the extent to which decisions were documented, and whether and how the Boards referred cases for discipline. The composition of Review Boards. Resolution 13 requires that "the investigation and review process must be overseen to ensure that ... potential conflicts of interest are avoided, including even the appearance of conflict of interest or impropriety." The composition of the components' Review Boards varied significantly, including differences in the number of Board members, the grade level and position of the members, and whether members from outside the component were included.41 Specifically: In examining the composition of the components' Review Boards, we were told by Board members that including outside members could improve the independence and objectivity of Review Boards. Two former ATF Review Board members, one from the Department of the Treasury and one from the Department of Justice, believed that including representatives from peer organizations helped ensure the independence and objectivity of the Boards in which they participated. We also concluded that the composition of the DEA's Review Board might not be consistent with the Resolution 13 requirement for an independent review. The DEA's Review Board is composed of three of the highest-ranking individuals in the agency's management structure. Their only supervisors are the DEA Administrator and Deputy Administrator. Because the members of the Review Board are at the highest levels of DEA management, their decisions are not only subject to the control or direction of component management, but may, in fact, be the decisions of the component's management. Although the DEA Administrator and Deputy Administrator can provide some independent oversight, limiting Review Board membership only to individuals who bear significant responsibility for the operations being reviewed can create an inherent conflict with the need for the Board to independently examine and potentially criticize those operations. In response to our observation, DEA Review Board members asserted that the more extensive training and experience of their Review Board outweighed any theoretical reduction in the Review Board's independence. Timeliness of reviews by Review Boards. Resolution 13 states that prompt reporting, investigation, and review of shooting incidents are important, although it does not establish time standards for Review Boards' consideration of cases. To evaluate the timeliness of reviews, we examined the average time it took for each component's Board to meet after the completion of the investigation. The average time for Boards to meet to consider completed investigations ranged from 39 days at the ATF to 226 days at the DEA (Figure 12). Figure 12: Average Number of Days to Convene the Review Board After Completing the \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting incident data.\| In examining the reasons for the differences in the time that the components' Review Boards took to convene after investigations were completed, we found that the ATF required its Review Board to meet within a specified time (60 days after the completion of a shooting incident investigation). The other components did not require their Boards to meet within a specified time. During our review, the USMS Board decided to begin meeting on a quarterly basis beginning on March 1, 2004.43 DEA Inspections Division staff told us that the lengthy delays in convening the DEA Review Board were due to difficulties in coordinating the full schedules of its three high-ranking members. Lengthy review delays had two negative effects. First, recommendations to senior management regarding operational, training, and safety issues were delayed, which hindered management's ability to make prompt corrections. Second, lengthy delays increased the time that employees remained under investigation. For example, the USMS Chief Inspector told us that the delays had a negative effect on the careers of Deputy Marshals involved in shooting incidents, even those ultimately cleared of any misconduct, because their promotions and transfers were delayed until the reviews were complete. During our examination of Review Board actions, we also found one DEA incident that was never considered by the DEA Review Board. During a multijurisdictional operation, two LEOs (a DEA Special Agent and a local detective) fatally shot two suspects because, according to the LEOs, they believed that the suspects were accelerating toward them in a car. However, evidence from the scene conflicted with the LEOs' account. The car was in reverse, had backed up against another vehicle, and could not have been accelerating toward the LEOs. The DEA OPR and the CRD investigated this case extensively, and the DEA Administrator directed a special review of the tactics used in this and similar cases. The DEA OPR investigation cleared the DEA Special Agent of misconduct, but the case was never forwarded to the DEA Review Board for consideration as a shooting incident. Components' Review Boards apply the standard for the reasonable use of deadly force differently. Resolution 13 requires components' Review Boards to determine whether the application of deadly force was reasonable.44 Of the 121 shooting incidents that were considered by Review Boards, 14 were determined to be unreasonable uses of force (Table 8).45 Of those 14 determinations, 11 were made in cases in which the discharge was unintentional. In only three cases, all relating to USMS Deputy Marshals, did a Review Board find that an intentional discharge was unreasonable. \|Table 8: Review Board Decisions\| \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting incidents.\| We found that when considering whether the actions of LEOs were reasonable, the ATF, the DEA, and the FBI Review Boards focused on the moment the LEOs decided to discharge their firearms. In contrast, the USMS Review Board took into account the total circumstances preceding the incident. These different approaches can lead to different conclusions about similar sets of facts. For example, the ATF, the DEA, and the FBI approach would find "reasonable" the actions of an LEO who failed to properly identify a suspect and consequently shot an innocent civilian if, at the moment the LEO fired, he or she believed that the civilian was the suspect and was acting in a way that the LEO believed was threatening. The USMS's approach could find the same actions to be "unreasonable" because the LEO had not taken steps to properly identify the individual. Although no incidents are exactly alike, several incidents we reviewed demonstrated that the components were applying the standard for the use of deadly force differently. In each incident, although we found no evidence that the findings we reviewed were inconsistent with the review procedure established by each component, the Review Boards reached different conclusions on the reasonableness of LEOs' actions. For example: Incidents Involving Fleeing Suspects Incidents of Mistaken Identity Documentation of findings and recommendations. Resolution 13 requires Review Boards to provide component management with their "analyses, observations, and recommendations concerning operational, training, and other relevant issues." All of the Review Boards prepared memoranda for senior management summarizing their findings on each case. In almost all of the cases that we reviewed, the memoranda prepared by the FBI and the USMS Review Boards were thorough and provided useful recommendations. For instance: In contrast, the ATF Review Board's memoranda provided a written summary of the shooting incident and Review Board discussion, but almost no analysis of the incident and few training recommendations for senior management. Two of the 13 ATF Review Board memoranda included recommendations for training improvements.46 The DEA Review Board memoranda contained standard language describing their findings that the facts and circumstances were accurately and completely reported in the investigation, that the employee was acting within the scope of employment and authority, that the action taken by the employee was in compliance with component policies and procedures, that there was no evidence of employee misconduct or malfeasance, that the use of force was justified, and that the use of force did or did not violate the law. The DEA required Board members to complete and sign a two-page worksheet indicating that their case review covered all the above factors. We found that 32 of 37 memoranda consisted only of the standard language contained in the worksheet and a brief summary of the incident. Referral of cases for discipline. Resolution 13 requires Review Boards to make "appropriate, timely recommendations to senior management … including, if necessary, referral to appropriate entities for disciplinary review." The ATF Review Board did not refer any of the cases that we reviewed for discipline because it did not find any shooting cases unreasonable. The DEA Board referred eight cases, the FBI Board referred four cases, and the USMS referred three cases (Table 9). \|Table 9: Review Board Discipline Referrals\| \|Component\|\|Reason for Review Board Referral\| \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting incidents.\| The referral for discipline was not always clearly stated in the memorandum of the Review Board's finding. For example, a Deputy Marshal fired one round at a suspect's car to disable it and, when this failed, fired again at the driver. The Review Board found that the round intended to disable the vehicle was unauthorized, but that the rounds fired at the driver were authorized. The Chairman of the Board summarized these findings in a memorandum to the Deputy Director dated June 18, 2003. In a letter dated August 12, 2003, the Chairman of the Board informed the Deputy Marshal that the Review Board recommended that he "review the USMS shooting policy … and undergo 16 hours of remedial [firearms] training." It was unclear from the files we reviewed whether the case was referred for discipline, and the Deputy Marshal's personnel record did not contain any disciplinary action. When a case is referred for discipline, the components follow their disciplinary adjudication processes. For the 15 cases in which the Review Boards made a referral for discipline, the components took the following actions: We also found that the process by which cases were referred for discipline affected the actual discipline imposed by the components. For example, because of its policy of recommending a minimum 3-day suspension for all unintentional discharges, the FBI Review Board recommended a 3-day suspension (increased to a 5-day suspension by the deciding official) for a Special Agent who unintentionally discharged one round into a dying suspect. The other components' Review Boards are not required to recommend a minimum disciplinary action. Consequently, in a similar case in which a DEA Special Agent unintentionally discharged her firearm into a suspect and another DEA Special Agent, wounding both, the Review Board referred the shooting incident to the Board of Professional Conduct without a specific recommendation and the Special Agent received a Letter of Caution. Overall timeliness. Under Resolution 13, Review Boards are supposed to provide a check and balance on the reporting and investigative process and ensure that the process is completed expeditiously. We reviewed the files on 100 incidents to determine how long the shooting review process took. We used the date of the shooting incident as the start date and the date that a signed letter was sent to the subject LEO with the Review Board's decision as the date the review was closed. We found that the ATF and the FBI took the least amount of time on average to complete their reviews, while the DEA took the longest (Figure 13). Figure 13: Average Number of Days to Close Shooting Review Process \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting incidents.\| Conclusion. We concluded that the components' differences in implementation of the Review Board process could lead to inconsistent determinations and different disciplinary actions for similar shooting incidents. That outcome undermines Resolution 13's objective of "appropriate, consistent operational guidelines for the criminal investigative agencies of the Department." Although the weaknesses we identified need to be corrected to ensure the effectiveness of the Review Board process, each component's system had strengths that the other Review Boards could consider as benchmarks for improvement and that the Department could use to improve the shooting review process overall. The most significant strength we noted was the inclusion of LEOs from other components as members of the Review Boards. Including representatives from peer organizations broadens the knowledge and experience applied to any shooting incident review and can help to ensure the independence and objectivity of the Review Boards. The most significant weakness we noted was the components' failure to uniformly apply the standard for determining the reasonableness of the use of deadly force. The ATF, the DEA, and the FBI looked at the "reasonableness" of the LEO's belief that the suspect posed an imminent threat at the moment deadly force was used. The USMS Review Board considered the reasonableness of the Deputy Marshal's actions as a whole, including the actions that created the necessity for deadly force. A main purpose for reviewing shooting incidents is to ensure that LEOs use deadly force only when necessary to protect themselves and the public. Based on Resolution 13, we believe that Review Boards should uniformly apply the Departmentwide standard to determine the reasonableness of the use of deadly force. We also concluded that uniform requirements are needed to ensure that Review Boards meet regularly to consider shooting incident investigations promptly, that they fully document their decisions, and that they provide the expected recommendations for improving training and operational procedures. Sharing of Lessons Learned Resolution 13 requires that "operational, safety, training or other relevant issues disclosed during the investigative or review process should be promptly communicated to component employees, and must be incorporated in policy manuals and training curriculae, as appropriate." Resolution 13 also requires that components conduct meaningful shooting data and trend analyses. During site visits and interviews, we asked senior component officials how they communicate operational, safety, and training issues to LEOs. We found that the ATF prepared semiannual summaries of its shooting incidents that it made available to all employees on the ATF intranet. The DEA prepared annual summaries of its shooting incidents that were available to employees on the DEA intranet. We found that the FBI had not prepared summaries of its shooting incidents but began to prepare them during the course of our review, an effort that was ongoing when we completed our fieldwork. The USMS did not prepare any shooting incident summaries before we began our review. In March 2004, the USMS Review Board suggested to the Director that the USMS prepare shooting incident summaries, stating: We further suggest, in the same spirit of making information available to the Service that at the end of each Board session, a summary of all cases could be created, removing any specific individual names or districts. These could then be emailed or otherwise sent to all USMS operational personnel advising them of the facts and findings of each of the cases by the Training Academy representative. This summary could be used for educational, training and compliance purposes. The USMS liaison told us that the USMS is implementing the Review Board's recommendation. Incorporation of shooting incidents in training curricula. Although all of the components' training directors and supervisory firearms instructors we interviewed said that their headquarters would notify them of any safety issues disclosed during the investigative or review process and that they would promptly incorporate safety issues in policy manuals and training curricula, we found that only the DEA sent shooting incident files from its Review Board directly to its training academy for operational and training analysis. After completing the analysis, the DEA incorporated its findings directly into the training curriculum for new Special Agents. In contrast: Consequently, the ATF, the FBI, and the USMS did not incorporate lessons learned from shooting incidents in their training curricula. According to one USMS trainer, the lack of a mechanism to incorporate lessons learned from shooting incidents into the training provided at the Academy meant that Deputy Marshals must rely on "word of mouth" for lessons learned from shooting incidents and that important details may be lost or inaccurately conveyed. Resolution 13 requires components to use statistical techniques to describe, summarize, and compare shooting incident data and to identify patterns and changes that have occurred over time in order to minimize risks to LEOs and public safety. However, the Resolution does not specifically require components to share information with one another, and we found no evidence that the components shared shooting incident data among themselves. We believe that components could benefit from a review of other components' shooting incidents. Only a small number of shooting incidents occurred in each component yearly. During the period we reviewed, the annual number of shooting cases involving the use of deadly force never exceeded 16 in any component. However, across the Department, the number of shooting incidents was higher. Aggregating the data on all the Department's shooting incidents would provide enough data to allow the components to use statistical techniques to describe, summarize, and compare shooting incident data and to identify long-term patterns and changes that have occurred over time. Sharing information among components could enable them to identify significant trends earlier. For instance, we compiled the shooting incident data reported for all components over the last four years and found that more than half involved vehicles (Table 10). \|Table 10: Shooting Cases Involving Vehicles\| \|Component\|\|Total Cases\|\|Involved Suspect in Vehicle\|\|Percentage\| \|Source: OIG analysis of components' shooting incidents.\| Because they did not share data with each other, the components learned each lesson independently. For example, in November 2002 the USMS Review Board observed that Deputy Marshals were frequently involved in shooting incidents while trying to arrest fugitives in stopped vehicles and recommended that the USMS research "devices that could be used to immobilize vehicles." During the same time, the DEA identified vehicles as a principal factor in shooting incidents and conducted research on vehicle containment. Had the components shared lessons learned, the DEA could have informed the USMS that its research on vehicle containment concluded "that tire spike strips and an intentional puncture of the subject vehicle's tire(s) for the purpose of preventing a subject from fleeing proved ineffective and unreliable."49 The DEA could also have shared the "active vehicle containment technique" that the DEA developed in response to shooting incidents to make it more difficult for suspects to use their vehicles as weapons against LEOs. We found there was no Departmentwide system to disseminate information on shooting incidents. Sharing information on shooting incidents among the components as soon as they are reported would allow the components to improve their operational planning and tactics immediately and avoid mistakes made by other components. All the individual LEOs we interviewed told us that knowing about shooting incidents involving other LEOs could improve the planning of enforcement operations. We noted several areas in the components' shooting review processes that differed significantly. We believe that the results of our review should be examined carefully by the components to identify areas that could be improved and to ensure that shooting incidents are reported promptly, investigated thoroughly, and reviewed by an objective and independent Review Board. All of the components require a written report within one day so that senior management can make investigative decisions, but, on average, only the ATF and the FBI consistently met the requirement. Further, the FBI and the DEA are required to report shooting incidents involving injury and death to the CRD, and all the components are required to report shooting incidents to the OIG, but neither the CRD nor the OIG were informed of all reportable incidents. Three of the components - the ATF, the DEA, and the USMS - rely on local law enforcement to conduct the criminal investigations of shooting incidents, but the FBI conducts all its own criminal investigations. Investigators assigned by the components' headquarters conducted the administrative investigation of every ATF and USMS shooting incident, but the DEA and the FBI delegated the administrative investigation of some shooting incidents to the field office to which the LEO involved was assigned. While each of the components' Review Boards prepares a memorandum for every shooting incident reviewed, we found that only those prepared by the FBI and USMS Review Boards consistently included analysis and recommendations specific to the incident being reviewed. We also found that each component has different Review Board membership requirements, ranging from only senior-level managers to outside law enforcement to nonsupervisory personnel. Outside representation on Review Boards can improve objectivity and independence, and reduce inconsistencies among the components. The ATF approach of including experienced LEOs from peer law enforcement agencies appeared to enhance the independence and objectivity of its Review Board. The most important difference in the components' review of shooting incidents was the lack of uniform application of the standard for determining the reasonableness of the use of deadly force. The ATF, the DEA, and the FBI Review Boards looked at the reasonableness of the LEO's belief that the suspect posed an imminent threat at the moment deadly force was used. The USMS Review Board considered the reasonableness of a Deputy Marshal's actions as a whole, including the actions that created the necessity for deadly force. As a result, Review Boards made different decisions regarding the reasonableness of the use of deadly force for similar shooting incidents. We believe that Review Boards should apply a uniform Departmentwide standard for determining the reasonableness of the use of deadly force. Overall, we found that the components varied substantially in the time they took to complete the administrative investigation of shooting incidents. The ATF averaged 176 days; the DEA, 440; the FBI, 184; and the USMS, 262. Much of this difference appeared to be due to the time it took for each component's Review Board to meet after the completion of the investigations. The average times ranged from 39 days at the ATF to 226 days at the DEA. Only the ATF required its Review Board to meet within a specified time period (60 days after the completion of a shooting incident investigation). The other components did not require their Boards to meet within a specified time. Although the areas we identified need to be corrected to ensure the effectiveness of the shooting review process, each component's system had strengths that the other components and the Department could use as benchmarks to improve the shooting review process. Moreover, better sharing and analysis of information on shooting incidents could identify improvements to operational procedures and training. To better ensure timely, thorough, and objective reporting, investigation, and review of shooting incidents, we recommend that the Department: With regard to specific component practices, we recommend that the components take the following actions to correct the specific weaknesses identified in this report.	282,363
The Wages Question: A Treatise on Wages and the Wages Class IN its first and largest sense, coöperation signifies the union in production of different persons, it may be of different classes of persons, and it may be on the most unequal terms. In this sense, coöperation is compatible with the subordination of the employed to the employer and with the existence of industrial "principalities and powers." In the sense which has been made of late years so popular, and in which alone it will be used in this treatise, coöperation means union in production, upon equal terms. It is democracy introduced into labor. It is as we turn from discussing the industrial character of the employing class, that we can most advantageously consider the schemes proposed, under the title of coöperation, for the amelioration of the condition of the wages class; and, at the same time, it is as we try to find the real significance of these schemes that we realize most fully the confusion introduced into the theory of distribution by the failure to discriminate the entrepreneur-function, and by the undue extension of the word profits. In my opinion, it is simply not possible to give an intelligible account of coöperation through the use of the definitions by the text-book writers. If what we have called the profits of business are only "the wages of supervision and management," what is it that coöperation aims to effect? Supervision and management must still be exercised, or coöperation will come to a very speedy end. If supervision and management are to be exercised, it must be by some one, and if the present supervisors and managers (the employers, as I call them) are to be turned adrift or reduced to the ranks, then these duties will have to be performed by men now taking some other part in industry, and to them "the wages of supervision and management" will be paid. Wherein have the workmen gained anything? It is fairly to be presumed that these peculiar and difficult duties will not be performed any better by men chosen by caucus and ballot, than by men selected through the stern processes of unremitting business competition. If the wages of supervision and management are to be paid, in manner and in amount, as heretofore, to supervisors and managers chosen by the workmen themselves, we can readily understand that the pride of the workmen may be gratified (whether that will tend to make them more easily supervised and managed, is a question we need not anticipate); but wherein is the economical advantage? If it is said, wages are not to be paid to the supervisors and managers, under the coöperative system, equal to those paid under the existing industrial organization, while yet the work is done as well, what does this amount to but a confession that the sums now received by the employers are not wages, but something more than, and different from, wages; the difference in amount representing the power given to the employer by his industrial position to wrest an undue share of the products of industry? To repeat: if, under the coöperative system, the work of "supervision and management" is to be done by a new set of men for the same "wages," the workmen will gain nothing; if, on the other hand, the workmen, controlling the operations of industry for themselves, can get the work done for less (and the great promises held out as to the benefits of coöperation would imply that it must be for very much less), then it must be concluded that employers at present receive something more than and different from wages. But if we find it difficult to conceive what account one could give of coöperation, using the definitions of the text-books, we find that, if we stand aside and allow the text-book writers to state it in their own way, the result is not a whit the more happy. Prof. Cairnes, so highly distinguished for his justness and clearness of reasoning, stumbles, at the very threshold of the subject, across an obstacle of his own devising. Thus in the very act of bringing forward the scheme of coöperation as a cure for the industrial ills of society, he makes a statement of coöperation which reduces it to a nullity: "It appears to me that the condition of any substantial improvement of a permanent kind in the laborer's lot is that the separation of industrial classes into laborers and capitalists shall not be maintained; that the laborer shall cease to be a mere laborer—in a word, that profits shall be brought to reënforce the wages fund."1 And again, more tersely: "The characteristic feature of coöperation, looked at from the economic point of view, is that it combines in the same person the two capacities of laborer and capitalist."2 This needs but to be looked at a moment to reveal its utter fallacy. Remember, this is not the declaration of an irresponsible philanthropist that every workman ought to have a palace and a coach, but the grave statement of an accountable economist as to the manner in which the welfare of the working class may, under economical conditions, be advanced. What is this industrial panacea? Why, the laborers are to become capitalists. A most felicitous result truly; but how is it to be accomplished? By saving their own earnings? But this they can and do accomplish at present; and, through the medium of the bank of savings, they may and do lend their money in vast amounts to the employing class (oftentimes to their individual employers), and thus, under the present system profits (in Prof. Cairnes' sense) may be and are "brought to reënforce" wages. Is it, then, by saving somebody else's earnings, and bringing the profits thereof to "reënforce the wages fund"? But this is spoliation, confiscation, a resort which no one would be before Prof. Cairnes in denouncing, and whose disastrous consequences to the laborers themselves no one could more forcibly portray. We see, therefore, that Prof. Cairnes' statement is a form utterly without content. Coöperation is to be an admirable thing, because in coöperation the workmen are to be both laborers and capitalists. But if we inquire how they are to become capitalists, otherwise than at present, we fail to find an answer. No! Coöperation, considered as a question in the distribution of wealth, is nothing more or less than getting rid of the employer, the entrepreneur, the middleman. It does not get rid of the capitalist. In modern industrial society, that society which Prof. Cairnes is contemplating when he finds the condition of the workman hard and requiring relief, there are three functions, not two merely; and the reform to be effected through coöperation, if indeed coöperation be practicable, is by combining in the same person, not the labor function and the capital function, but the labor function and the entrepreneur function. What then is the attitude of laborers in coöperation? To the employer they say: You have performed an important part in production, and you have performed it well; but you are now relieved. You have charged too high for your services. Your annual profits, taking good years and bad together, are greater than we need to pay to get the work done, if we will take the responsibilities of business on ourselves, and exercise a forethought, patience, and pains we have had no call to exercise while you were in charge. Up to this time the state of the case has been this: 1. A product, varying with seasons and circumstances multifarious. Hereafter the state of the case will be: 1. A product, variable, so long as the laws of nature remain the same. One word more before we part. We intend no disrespect. With workmen who are ignorant, dissolute, unwilling to subordinate the present to the future, incapable of organization, such services as you are qualified to render are absolutely indispensable; and we will not say that such remuneration as you exact is excessive. But we profess better things. We are prepared to exercise patience, industry, economy, and to subject our individual desires to the general will, for the sake of dividing among ourselves the profits you have been accustomed to make out of us.3 We know it will be hard; but we believe it can be done. If men are not fit for an industrial republic, then they must submit to the despot of industry, and they have no right to complain of Civil List and Privy Purse. But we are republicans, cheerfully accepting all the responsibilities of freedom, and boldly laying claim to all its privileges. This is, in effect, what the laborers, by coöperation, say to the entrepreneur. Do they give the capitalist his congé after the same fashion? Do they assert independence of him, and ability to go along without him? Not in the least. Not a word of it. Coöperation is not going to rid them of dependence on capital. They are to be just as dependent on the capitalist as were their employers whose place they aspire to fill. They know that they must have just as much and just as good machinery, just as abundant and good materials, as competing establishments under entrepreneur management. So far as they themselves have capital, the results of their savings out of past wages, they will employ these and receive the returns therefrom directly, instead of lending it to the entrepreneur through the savings bank and getting interest therefor. So far as they want capital for their operations over what they can scrape together, they must go to the banks or to private lenders, and pay as high a price for its use as their quondam employer was wont to do; indeed, for awhile at least, probably a higher price, as their credit will not be likely to be so good at first as his. And if coöperation should start earliest, and make most progress, in those industries where the amount of capital required is comparatively small, this would be but a recognition [???] the fact that coöperation has no tendency to free the laboring class from any domination of capital, of which complaint may have been made, but that its sole object is to Such being, as I apprehend it, the true nature of coöperation, let us inquire as to the advantages which may be anticipated from it, if accomplished; as to the obstacles to be encountered by it; and as to the probability of its success in any such measure as to afford an appreciable relief from the peculiar hardships of the wages class. Let it be remembered that it is the question of wages, and not the question of labor, which coöperation aims to solve. The welfare of labor depends on the laws of production, under the rule of diminishing returns, taken in connection with the laws of population. The question of wages is a question in the distribution of wealth, and arises out of the dependence of a portion of the laboring population upon the entrepreneur-class for employment. What, then, might we fairly look to coöperation to accomplish? Considering the scheme from the laborer's point of view, we say: First, to reap the profits of the entrepreneur, which are very large,4 large enough if divided among the wages class to make a substantial addition to their means of subsistence. Second: to secure employment independently of the will of the "middle man." It has been shown in a previous chapter, that the interest which the employer has in production is found in the balance of profit left after the payment of wages. The payment of these, perhaps to the extent of ten, twenty, or fifty times his profit, is to him merely a necessary means to that end. It may be, as has been said, that his relations to a body of customers shall be such as to induce him to continue producing even though, for a time, he sinks his own profit. After the effect of this has been exhausted, however, and it is soon exhausted, he will pay wages only to get a profit. But the condition of the market will often be such as to render him exceedingly doubtful of his profit, or even apprehensive of a loss; and then his whole interest in production ceases. Because he can not see his way to make ten or five thousand dollars profit, he is ready to stop a production, the agencies and instrumentalities of which are wholly at his command, which involves the payment of one or two hundred thousand dollars in wages. Now, with reference to such an oft recurring condition of industry, a body of workmen may properly say that, while they cannot blame the employer for refusing to risk the payment of such large amounts in wages to them, without a reasonable assurance of getting it back, with a profit, in the price of the goods, yet they are much disposed to take the responsibility of production upon themselves. Thus, especially in branches of manufacture where the value of the materials bears a small proportion to the value of the finished goods, they might propose to go on producing moderately in spite of the most unfavorable aspect of the market, on the ground that they might just as well be laboring as lying idle, and sell the product for what it would bring. All they should thus receive would be clear gain, as against a period of enforced idleness, and it might not infrequently happen that, on settling up their venture, they would find a turn in the market giving them a compensation as large or nearly as large as usual. But it may be asked why should not the employer in times of business depression, agree with his workmen to pay them whatever he should find in the result he could afford. But this would be coöperation, slightly disguised. The essence of wages is that they are stipulated beforehand: the essence of profits is that they are, as DeQuincey calls them, "the leavings of wages," and therefore vary as the product varies under the varying conditions of industry, natural or artificial. It is of the essence of the relation of employer and employed, that the employer secures to the employed their wages, and after that, appropriates his own remuneration. Were the employed to consent to give the employer his profit first, and take their wages afterwards, their relations would merely be reversed. Five hundred mill hands entering into this arrangement would become a body of coöperative producers; the so-called manufacturer would become simply their paid manager, their hired man. It is true that arrangements for a "sliding scale" of wages, adapted to the market price of the product, are sometimes entered into in coal and iron mining; but these cover only a portion of the ground embraced in the coöperative plan, as the cost of materials and transportation, rent, interest, and the general expenses of business management, may vary so greatly as very much to reduce, and at times to destroy, the employer's expectations of profit, in spite of the sliding scale of wages. Such, as we understand the matter, are the two economical advantages for which the wages class look to coöperation. There is still another advantage, non-economical and therefore not in our province, namely, the getting rid of the feeling of dependence and the securing of a higher social standing. In addition to the advantages which the wages class have generally in contemplation when plans of coöperation are proposed, the political economist sees three advantages of high importance which would result from this system if fairly established. First: coöperation would, by the very terms of it, obviate strikes. The employer being abolished, the workmen being now self-employed, these destructive contests would cease. The industrial "non-ego" disappearing, the industrial egotism which precipitates strikes would disappear also. Second: the workman would be stimulated to greater industry and greater carefulness. He would work more and waste less, for, under the coöperative system, he would receive a direct, instant, and certain advantage from his own increased carefulness and laboriousness. It is true that the pressure thus brought to bear upon the individual laborer is not so great as in the case of the individual proprietor of land, since there the gain is all his own, while here the workman has to divide with his fellow-coöperators the advantages of his own extra exertions, looking, though not with absolute assurance, to receive an equivalent from each of them in turn. Third: the workman would be incited to frugality. He has at once furnished him the best possible opportunity for investing his savings, namely, in materials and implements which he is himself to use in labor. Especially in the early days of coöperative industry, when the great need of coöperators is capital, will this pressure be felt, constraining the workman to invest in his trade all of his earnings that can be spared from necessary subsistence. Capital thus saved and thus invested is likely to be cared for and used to the best ability of the coöperators. They will make the most of it, for it will have cost them dear. The additional considerations that coöperation tends to improve the moral, social, and political character of the workman, by giving him a larger stake in society, making his remuneration depend more directly on his own conduct, and all allowing him to participate in the deliberations and decisions of industry: these considerations, being non-economical, belong to the statesman and the moralist. Here are several distinct advantages, not fanciful but real and unquestionable, which together make up an argument for coöperation which is simply unanswerable and overwhelming, unless there is validity in our theory of the character and functions of the employing class. In spite of these marked advantages, however, we have to note that coöperation in mechanical industry has achieved a very slight and even doubtful success. Mr. Frederick Harrison has called attention in the Fortnightly Review5 to the fact that the vast majority of all the coöperative establishments maintained in England are simply stores, i.e. shops, "for the sale of food and sometimes clothing." "These, of course, cannot affect the condition of industry materially. Labor here does not in any sense share in the produce with capital. The relation of employer and employed remains just the same, and not a single workman would change the conditions of his employment if the store were to extinguish all the shops of a town." The industrial coöperative societies, Mr. Harrison continues, are mainly flour mills and cotton mills. The flour mills chiefly supply members, though they often employ persons unconnected with the society, at ordinary market wages, and on the usual terms. They are joint-stock companies, for a specific purpose, like gas or railway companies. The only true instances of manufacturing coöperative societies of any importance are the cotton mills. "Some of the mills never got to work at all; some took the simple form of joint-stock companies in few hands; others passed into the hands of small capitalists, or the shares were concentrated among the promoters. In fact, there is now, I believe, no coöperative cotton mill, owned by working men, in actual operation, on any scale, with the notable exception of Rochdale.... Here and there, an association of bootmakers, hatters, painters, or gilders, is carried on, upon a small scale, with varying success.... But small bodies of handicraftsmen (or rather artists), working in common, with moderate capital, plant and premises, obviously establish nothing." This is certainly a discouraging account to come from a labor-champion, at the end of thirty years of effort, and after the inauguration of so many hopeful enterprises which have enjoyed an amount of gratuitous advertisement, from philanthropic journals and sanguine economists, which would have sufficed to sell a hundred millions of railroad bonds, or make the fortunes of a hundred manufacturing establishments. A later writer gives a not more encouraging picture: "A large proportion of all coöperative societies are dealers in food, provisions, and articles of clothing, consumed chiefly by themselves and families. Others, but in a small ratio, are manufacturers of flax, spinners of cotton or wool, and manufacturers of shoes, etc. But very few of them succeed; and the failures are to be found chiefly in these attempts at production."6 The same tale comes from France, where these enterprises were inaugurated during the revolutionary period of 1848. M. Ducarre's report of 1875, from the Commission on Wages and the Relations between Workmen and their Employers, claims even less success for coöperative production in that country than is reported in England and Germany.7 In Switzerland, the nursery of accomplished artisans, whose citizens are trained in self-government more perfectly than those of any other country in the world, we find, at the latest date for which the facts are given,8 only thirteen small coöperative societies of production. In these inconsiderable results, if not failure, of coöperative manufacturing, we find the most striking testimony that could be given to the importance of the entrepreneur-function in modern industry. Small groups of highly skilled artisans—artists, Mr. Harrison would call them—carefully selected, using inexpensive materials and small "plant," and working for a market9 close at hand, perhaps for customers personally known, may achieve success by the exercise of no impossible patience and pains. But where laborers of very various qualifications, of all ages and both sexes, are to be brought together in industries which involve a great many processes requiring differing degrees of strength and skill, and which produce goods for distant, and perhaps, at the time of production, unknown markets, we see as yet scarcely a sign of the services of the employer being dispensed with. What, then, is the reason for this comparative failure of industrial coöperation? I answer, the difficulty of effecting coöperation on a large scale is directly as its desirableness. It is solely because of the importance of the entrepreneur-function that the employing class are enabled to realize those large profits which so naturally and properly excite the desires of the wages class; and it is for precisely the same reason that it is found so difficult to get rid of the employing class. The qualities of the successful entrepreneur are rare. We need only to look around us, within the most limited field, and for the shortest time, to see how vast a difference is made by the able, as contrasted with the merely common-place, not to say bad, conduct of business; and how great losses may be incurred by the failure to realize all the conditions of purchase, production, and sale. And the more extensively markets are opened by the removal of commercial restrictions, the more intense competition becomes under the opportunities of frequent communication and rapid transportation, the richer the prizes, the heavier the penalties, of the entrepreneur; the wider the breach between the able and the commonplace management of business. In these days, a person who should, upon the strength of respectable general abilities, undertake a branch of manufacture to which he had not been trained, and in which he had not long been exercised in subordinate positions, would run a serious risk of sinking a large part of his capital in a few years, it might be in a few months; and this, without any great catastrophe in trade, or any flagrant instance of misconduct in the operations undertaken. Simply not to do well is generally, in production, to do very ill. It is, of course, hard for workmen to see such large amounts taken out of the product to remunerate the entrepreneur, leaving so much the less to be divided among themselves; and the ambition which leads them to attempt to earn these profits by undertaking this part in industry, is wholly honorable and commendable. But it is clear that it is a great deal better, even for the work-men, that this heavy tax should be paid to the entrepreneur, than that production should be carried on without the highest skill, efficiency, and energy. The proof is that, as a rule almost without exception, those employers who make the highest profits are the employers who, when regularity of employment is taken into account, as it ought to be, pay the highest wages. Business must be well conducted, no matter how much is paid for it: that is the first condition of modern industrial life. The question who shall conduct it, must, even in the interest of the working classes, be secondary and subordinate. Is it asked, why may not the men who have the knowledge, skill, and experience requisite for the conduct of business, be employed as agents of coöperators, receiving wages for their services? In the first place, I answer, the same men cannot conduct the same business as well for others as for themselves. You might as well expect the bow to send the arrow as far when unbent as when bent. The knowledge that he will gain what is gained; that he will lose what is lost, is essential to the temper of the man of business. No matter how faithfully disposed, he simply cannot meet the exigencies and make the choices of purchase, production, and sale, if the gain or the loss is to be another's, with the same spirit as if the gain or the loss were to be all his own. That alertness and activity of mind, that perfect mingling of caution and audacity, those unaccountable suggestions of possibilities, opportunities, and contingencies, which, at least, make the difference between great and merely moderate success, are not to be had at a salary.10 Yet I do not claim that the effect of this would extend so far as to neutralize all the great advantages11 of coöperation. If a body of workmen possessed the faith and patience necessary to carry them through the period of outlay and experiment, if they had the good judgment to select the best manager they could find, the good sense to pay him enough to keep him solidly attached to them, and the good humor to support him heartily, submit promptly to his decisions, and remain harmonious among themselves, coöperation might become a triumphant success with them. But let us see how much all this demands from poor human nature. In the first place, there is the all-important choice of a manager. Not to dwell on the danger of a body of workmen mistaking presumption for a true self-confidence, a brave show of information for thorough knowledge, an affected brusqueness for decision of character; or being led away by the plausibility and popular acts of a candidate, we have the almost certainty that such a body would, in the result, lose the best man, if not by turns every competent man, through indisposition to pay a sufficient salary. In his address before the Coöperative Congress already quoted, Mr. Thomas Brassey asked: "Where shall we find coöperative shareholders ready to give £5,000 a year for a competent manager? And yet the sum I have named is sometimes readily paid by private employers to an able lieutenant."12 But it is not merely an able lieutenant, but a "captain of industry," that coöperators must secure, if they are to conduct purchase, production, and sale in competition with establishments under individual control. Can we imagine such a body paying $50,000 a year to a manager, when they receive on an average not more than $500 themselves? Would not jealousy of such high wages sooner or later, in one way or another, overcome their sense of their own interest? Even if we suppose them intellectually convinced of the expediency, upon general principles, of paying largely for good service, will they not be found calculating that for this particular manager this particular sum is altogether too much, or, without any disparagement of his merits, experimenting to see how much they can "cut him down" without driving him off, an experiment always dangerous, always breeding ill-feeling, and preparing the way for a separation. For why should the man who has the skill and knowledge necessary to conduct business on his own account be content to remain on a salary greatly below the amount he might fairly expect to earn for himself? Is it said his salary is regular and his profits always more or less uncertain? But the men of the temper to conduct business are not generally timid men or self-distrustful; they like responsibility and the exercise of authority—it is a part of their pay. Nor are they averse to a risk well taken; it braces them up and makes the game exciting. Is it said that want of capital may constrain some of the best men to seek employment at the hand of such associations? This is true, in a degree, and here is one of the possibilities of coöperation. Yet if a man have the real stuff in him, want of capital is not likely long to keep him under. The history of modern industry teaches that. Getting into business in the most humble way, the merchants from whom he buys his materials, those to whom he sells his products, and the bankers to whom he resorts with his modest note,13 all soon take his measure, and when they have taken his measure they give him room. Genius will have its appointed course: antagonism and adversity only incite, inspire, instruct. We have thus far spoken only of those difficulties of coöperation which attend the selection and retention of able managers. On the difficulties to which this is but an introduction, arising out of the tendency to intrigue which exists in all numerous bodies, and the disposition to meddlesomeness on the part of committees or boards of directors,14 I need not dwell. A sufficient lively impression of them is likely to be created by the merest mention. I will only further refer to an embarrassment which attends the extension of the coöperative plan to all branches of manufacture which employ laborers of very different degrees of industrial efficiency. Thus, in a cotton or woolen mill are to be found persons of both sexes and of all ages, earning under the present system from a few pence up to as many shillings a day. Under the coöperative plan, how is the scale of prices to be fixed? To say that all should be paid alike would be monstrous, impossible. It would be grossly unjust, and would be quite sufficient to wreck the enterprise from the start.15 But if the laborers are to be paid at different rates, who, I ask again, is to determine the proportions in which the product shall be divided? How is general consent to be obtained to a scheme which must condemn the great majority to receive but a contemptible fraction of their proportional share? Without general consent, what chance of harmonious action? But if we suppose the scale of distribution to be fixed, who is to assign the personnel of the association to their several categories, to say that this man shall go into one class, and that man, who thinks quite as well of himself, shall go into a lower class? Is there not here the occasion, almost the provocation, of disputes and bad blood highly dangerous to such an enterprise? I have no desire to multiply objections to this system or to magnify the scope of those that offer themselves to view. Heartily do I wish that workingmen might be found rising more and more to the demands which coöperation makes upon them; but I entertain no great expectations of success in this direction. The reduction of profits through increasing intelligence, sobriety and frugality on the part of the wages class, securing them a prompt, easy and sure resort to the best market, is the most hopeful path of progress for the immediate future. There are of course some departments of industry where the services of the entrepreneur can be more easily dispensed with, than in others. Here coöperation under good auspices may achieve no doubtful success. It would appear that if coöperation could be introduced anywhere, it would be in agriculture: yet in no department of production have the experiments tried proved less satisfactory.16 One reason which, in addition to those already enumerated, will probably always serve to delay the extension of the coöperative system in this direction, is the great difficulty of determining the actual profits of a year or a term of years, with reference, as is essential, to the value of unexhausted improvements. So long as the coöperators hold together and divide the yearly produce, all goes well; but if at any time one desires to withdraw, and men will not enter into associations of this character without the right of retiring, at pleasure, without forfeiture, the question of undivided profits becomes of the most serious importance. To settle it with absolute justice is simply impossible,17 and no method of arriving roughly at a result of substantial justice, is likely to avoid deep dissatisfaction and sense of wrong. The difficulties of industrial coöperation have been so manifest that schemes have been suggested for avoiding them in great part, by methods which should sacrifice a proportionally smaller part of the advantages looked for from coöperation. Among these schemes, one, which seems to have been first definitely brought forward by Mr. Babbage,18 has been tried upon a considerable scale. By this plan, which may be called one of partial coöperation, the employer is induced to admit his workmen to a participation to a certain extent in the profits of manufacture, while himself retaining the full authority and responsibility of the entrepreneur. By this plan the employer might fairly hope to attach his workmen to himself by more than the slight tie of daily or monthly employment, and to interest them so directly in the production of the establishment, as to secure a greater activity in labor and more carefulness in avoiding waste. The resulting advantages to the workmen would clearly be both moral and economical. There is quite a body of literature relating to the experiments in this direction, of MM. Leclaire,19 Dupont, Gisquet, and Lemaire, in France; of the Messrs. Briggs, owners of extensive collieries and others in England;20 of a few manufacturers in a small way in Switzerland,21 of M. Cini, an extensive paper manufacturer of Tuscany,22 and the Messrs. Brewster,23 carriage manufacturers, of Broome st., New York. That something of the sort is practicable, with the exercise of no more of patience, pains and mutual good faith than it is reasonable to expect of many employers and many bodies of workmen, I am greatly disposed to believe. Many experiments, and probably much disappointment and some failures, will be required to develop the possibilities of this scheme, and determine its best working shape, yet in the end I see no reason to doubt that such a relation will be introduced extensively with the most beneficial results. The objections which have been shown to exist to productive coöperation do not apply with anything like equal force to distributive coöperation, so-called (but which could more properly be termed consumptive coöperation), that is, the supplying of the wages class with the necessaries of life through agencies established and supported by themselves. By productive coöperation, workmen seek to increase their incomes. By distributive or consumptive coöperation, they seek to expend their incomes to better advantage. They no longer seek to divide among themselves the profits of manufacture, but the profits of retail24 and perhaps even of wholesale25 trade. The advantages of this species of coöperation are: First: the division among the coöperators of the ordinary net profits of the retail trade. Second: the saving of all expenses in the line of advertising, whether in the way of printing and bill posting, or of the decoration of stores with gilding and frescoing, with costly counters, shelves, and show cases, with plate glass windows and elaborate lighting apparatus, or of high rents paid on account of superior location. The aggregate saving on these accounts is very large. The "union" store may be on a back street, with the simplest arrangements, yet the associates will be certain to go to it for their supplies, without invitation through newspapers or posters. Third: a great reduction in the expenses of handling and dealing out goods. The retail trader must be prepared at all times to serve the public, and he does not dare to greatly delay one while serving another, lest he should drive custom to a rival shop. He is therefore obliged to be at an expense for clerks and porters far exceeding what would be required were the trade of the day somewhat more concentrated. Some curious results of observations concerning the average number of customers in shops in London, are given in Mr. Head's paper before the Social Science Association,26 which may be summarized as follows: 1st observation: time, 4 to 6 o'clock P. M.; in 88 shops there were 76 persons = .86 persons to a shop. Now coöperators can effect a great saving in this respect. Being sure of their custom, they can control it, and concentrate it into a few hours of the day, or perhaps of the evening wholly. Fourth: a saving, of vast moment, in the abolition of the credit system, involving as that does the keeping of books, the rendering of accounts, and much solicitation of payment, and, secondly, a very considerable percentage of loss by bad debts. Fifth: security, so far as possible with human agencies, against the frauds in weight and measure and in the adulteration of goods, which are perpetrated extensively under the system of retail trade, the poorest customers being generally those who suffer most. The difficulties of consumptive are fewer and less severe than those of productive coöperation. To handle and sell goods is a much less serious business than to produce them. When once marketed, the contingencies of production are past, the quality of the goods is already determined, and in the great majority of cases, only moderate care is required to prevent deterioration. Then again, the profits of retail trade are relatively higher, for the capital and skill required, than the profits of manufacture; and hence there is more to be gained by total or even a partial success. Finally and chiefly, the destination of the goods is already practically provided for; the members are certain to take off what is bought, if only ordinary discretion is used; waste and loss are therefore reduced to the minimum. There are, therefore, powerful reasons, in the nature of the case, for the success of consumptive coöperation. The facts bear out the prognostication, although even this form of association has had many disappointments and often come to grief, not always from causes easily to be determined. "Coöperation," says Mr. Holyoake, the historian of the movement in England, "is the most unaccountable thing that is found amongst the working classes. Nobody can tell under what conditions it will arise. Why it flourishes when it does, and why it does not flourish when it should, are alike inexplicable. Why should it succeed in Rochdale, Blaydon, and Sowerby Bridge, and never take root in Birmingham, Sheffield, or Glasgow? There is no place in Great Britain so unlikely as Sowerby Bridge to produce coöperators. There are no places so likely as London, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, and Sheffield. Yet coöperators in some of these places make no more progress than a society of Naggletons. In Sheffield the socialists have tried coöperation; the Methodists have tried it; the Catholics have tried it; but neither Owen, Wesley, nor the Pope have any success in that robust town, where mechanics have more advantages, independence, and means, and as much intelligence as in any town in England."27 We may fairly presume that the case is not altogether so mysterious as Mr. Holyoake would make it out to be. Lack of interest in the result, and consequent lack of the patience, pains, and self-denial necessary to achieve success, and unfortunate choice of managers, through indifference or intrigue, would probably explain most of the failures of coöperative trading, where the principle of cash payments has been strictly adhered to, and where the enterprises have been confined to the supply of the coöperators with the simple necessaries and comforts of life, without venturing into lines where fashion and taste predominate. The latest statistics attainable show 746 coöperative societies existing in England and Wales. The total share capital reaches £2,784,000. The money taken for goods sold during the year was £11,379,000. The largest of all these societies is the "Civil Service Supply Association," which musters 4,500 associates, and which in the six months ending February 28, 1874, took in, from sales, £819,428. It is to be noted that these "stores" do not try to undersell the retail shops, but sell their goods at ordinary prices, and divide all profits, after a reasonable addition to the "reserve," annually or semi-annually, among their stockholders. The sums thus coming once or twice a year to a workman are likely to be so considerable as strongly to suggest the savings bank. In France, M. Ducarre's report, while announcing the comparative failure of coöperative societies of production, states that those devoted to the supply of articles for consumption, have at once had a much wider trial and achieved a much larger degree of success.28 In Germany, Belgium, and Italy, the movement for consumptive coöperation is in full present vigor.29 Even in little Denmark, where but one industrial coöperative society exists, 37 coöperative establishments are reported30 for the sale of articles of domestic consumption. In Austria, account is given31 of 237 coöperative store-unions. In the United States, consumptive coöperation has been widely established in connection with the "Granger" movement, and also, more on its own merits, through the organization known as the "Sovereigns of Industry."32 Notes for this chapter "Some Leading Principles," etc., p. 339. "Essays on Political Economy." How singularly unfortunate this would be as a definition, even were Prof. Cairnes not mistaken in his general view of coöperation, will be seen when we say that the above would be a very good description of a peasant proprietor, or small American farmer. He "combines in the same person the two capacities of laborer and capitalist." Is he [???] coöperator? "A scheme... by which the laborer can unite the functions and earn the wages of laborer and employer by superseding the necessity of using the services of the latter functionary."—Prof. Rogers, Pol. Econ., 108. This is a strictly accurate, and but for the regretable use of the word wages, would be a felicitous, statement of the design of coöperation. "Double interest is, in Great Britain, reckoned what the merchants call a good, moderate, reasonable profit." Adam Smith 1, 102. Sir Arch. Alison gives as an argument against what would practically be coöperation, that the profits if divided among the laborers, "would not make an addition to them of more than thirty or forty per cent"—(Hist. Europe, xxii, 237.) "Profits" here include both the returns of capital and the gains of the middleman. Prof. Senior says; "it may be laid down generally, that in no country have profits continued for any considerable period at the average rate of fifty per cent per annum." (Pol. Econ., p. 140.) Mr. Purdy estimates the division of the annual product of the land of England and Wales as follows: Fortnightly Review, III., 482. Social Science Transactions, 1871, p. 585. "Les sociétés coöpératives n'ont pas en jusqu'à ce jour en France le succès qu'elles ont obtenu, soit en Angleterre, soit en Allemagne.... En France, les societés de production n'existent qu'à l'état de minimes exceptions"—pp. 264-5. Report of Mr. Gould, on the Condition of the Industrial Classes, 1872, p. 355. "Pour la petite industrie, les placements sont en quelque sorts assurés; le marché est là sous les yeux du producteur, il en peut à chaque instant consulter les besoins, il reconnaît à des signes certains l'engorgement et la pléthore, aussi bien que l'insuffisance et la disette."—Blanqui (aîné), Cours d'Économie Industrielle, II., 62. "It is impossible to hire commercial genius, or the instincts of a skilful trader."—Fred'k Harrison, Fortnightly Review, III, 492. "I am confident that the manual operations will be skilfully and probably more diligently performed in a coöperative establishment. The personal interests of the workmen will be so directly advanced by their application and perseverance that they will naturally work hard. But their best efforts will fail to ensure a satisfactory result, unless the general organization is perfect also."—Mr. Brassey, at Hali fax. The Times' Report. The Times' Report. My honored father has told me of the discussion once held over a note for $250, offered at the bank of which he was a director, signed with the then unknown name of James M. Beebe. Mr. Thornton (On Labor, p. 441) argues that while societies of workingmen may be unable to administer their affairs directly, they may be competent, like political societies, "to provide for their own government." To the contrary, Mr. Harrison urges (Fortnightly Review, III., 492) that "he who is unfit to manage, is unfit to direct the manager." Mr. Babbage has shown (Econ. of Manufactures, p. 172-188) that the earnings of persons employed in the production of pins, in his day ranged from 4½d. to 6s. If the workmen who were capable of doing the higher parts of the work (pointing, whitening, etc.) were to be put to making the whole pin, through all the ten processes described, the cost of the pins would be three and three-quarter times as great as under the application of the division of labor, with payments to each workman according to his capacity. An apparently successful experiment in this direction obtains notice in Prof. Fawcett's Pol. Econ., pp. 292-3, note. Perhaps the difficulty of the problem will be best outlined, to those who are not familiar with this special subject of undivided profits, or "unexhausted improvements," in agriculture, by presenting the following classification of tenants' expenditures on the soil, which was embraced in the Duke of Richmond's Bill of 1875. That bill divided improvements into three categories; permanent, wasting and temporary. In the first class were included reclaiming, warping, draining, making or improving watercourses, ponds, etc., roads, fences, buildings, and the planting of orchards and gardens. With respect to these, it was proposed that an outgoing tenant should be allowed compensation for the unexhausted value of such of them as he might have made within 20 years of the termination of his tenancy with the written consent of his landlord. The second class included liming, claying, chalking, marling, boring, clay-burning, and planting hops, and it was proposed that the tenant should be able to claim for these processes, if done within seven years of the end of his tenancy, no consent being necessary. So also with respect to the third class—consuming by cattle, sheep, or pigs, of corn, cake, or other feeding stuffs, or using artificial manures—where, however, a claim could not go back beyond two years. In Mr. Babbage's admirable little work on "the Economy of Manufactures," published in 1832, a plan of industrial organization is proposed on the idea that "a considerable part of the wages received by each person employed should depend on the profits made by the establishment." (pp. 249-50.) J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ., ii. 335-7. Thornton "On Labor," pp. 369-84—McDonnell's Survey of Pol Econ. 220-1. Report of Mr. Gould on the condition of the industrial classes 1872, p. 355. Report of Mr. Herries on the condition of the industrial classes of Italy. 1871 p. 234-5. The proposal of the Messrs. Brewster was most honorable at once to the good feeling and to the sagacity of the members of the firm, especially Mr. J. W. Britton, with whom the enterprise originated. The firm offered to divide ten per cent of their net profits among their employees, in proportion to the wages severally earned by them, no charge to be made by the members of the firm for their services prior to this deduction of ten per cent, or for interest on the capital invested; the business of each year to stand by itself, and be independent of that of any other year. This handsome proposal was accepted by the employees, and an association formed. The plan worked to the satisfaction of all parties, as high as $11,000 a year being divided among the hands: but at the great strike of the trades in New York three years ago, the workmen of this establishment were carried away by the general excitement, and the strong pressure brought to bear upon them from the outside; and the scheme was abandoned. So long as it worked, it worked well; and showed that the plan had no financial or industrial weaknesses. The failure was at the point of patience, forbearance and faith, a very important point; but may not masters and men be educated up to this requirement, in view of the great advantages to result? For remarks of Messrs. Mill and Cairnes respecting the "excessive friction," and consequent undue profits and expenses of retail trade, the reader is referred to page 313-5. Very recently the coöperative societies of England have decided on a new and far reaching step, and have undertaken the importation of foreign supplies required for their numerous stores and shops. This step evidently involves a very large addition of responsibility and risk, without, as I should apprehend, a proportional gain in the event of success. Transactions, 1872, pp. 449-50. Soc. Science Transactions, 1864, p. 6-8. McDonnell's Survey of Pol. Econ., pp. 224-5. Report of Mr. Strachy, 1870, p. 512. Report of Mr. Lytton, 1870, p. 564. I am disappointed to find so little precise statistical information in Mr. Chamberlain's work on the Sovereigns of Industry. Figures of arithmetic are more needed than figures of speech, in discussions of coöperation. Part II, Chapter XVI End of Notes Return to top	170,492
[Scribus] Image frame doesn't make any sense to me Wed Sep 5 07:11:22 CEST 2007 > It would be as simple as "Size frame to > dimensions of image" You check the box, and when I click get picture, it > takes those dimensions and plops the image on the page with a picture frame > around the image, just like we do it for the web. OK, so we're talking a minor UI tweak to save a step in the process? - Draw frame - Get picture - Click OK - Right click & resize frame to image - Draw frame - Get picture - check "resize frame to image" checkbox - Click OK If not, then clearly something is not working how it should with your source images (quite possibly a bug with EPS bounding box handling). > Again, the adjust frame to image does not work as you would expect it > to, it only adjusts the frame to the image size that's on the > page already, but since you have to first define a frame size, if > it's not right (in the sense that it's not the exact size as the > image I'm placing into it), then adjusting the frame to the image > doesn't work. This is simply because the image wasn't placed on > the page correctly to begin with... Have a look at: I created an image frame, then copied it and placed the copy below the first one. I imported an image into each. The pixel data in each frame is the same - a 420x300 TIFF. The top one has the resolution hint in the TIFF set to 72dpi, resulting in an ~150mm wide image. The other has it set to 600dpi, resulting in a roughly 17mm wide image. You'll note that Scribus has honoured those physical dimensions hints and placed the images in the frames accordingly. The top frame is too small, so the image extends beyond it to the bottom & right and will be cropped. I then copied both frames and placed the copied to the right of the originals. On each, I used "resize frame to image". The top one expanded to fit the image according to the hinting information in the file, and the bottom one snapped around the smaller image. Remember, these images have the same pixels, they just have different suggestions to display apps embedded in them. That's what you change when you set an image's resolution or physical size in a bitmap editor without resampling the image. All this behaviour is exactly as I'd expect, and exactly as I'd want. If what you're observing isn't the same, then maybe it's related to your use of EPS files as inputs. It could be that: - The app writing the file sets the bounding box incorrectly; - Scribus reads the bounding box incorrectly; or - Scribus fails to honour the bounding box for EPS files. If any of the above are the case then many of your concerns become easily understandable. For testing purposes only, try rasterising your image and importing it as a TIFF, just to see what happens. If the behaviour is different you've quite probably hit a bug and it needs to be looked into. > I too am targeting real physical output, a book that people will buy. For my > situation, having the ability to plop these musical notation references on > the page exactly as they were created is a significant drawback. While > you can certainly take a picture of grandma's birthday party and stretch it > some, mess up the aspect ratio a little and it will still look fine, > something like this music notation is immediately crap if it's not exactly > as it was created.. Yes, bitmaps of vector artwork do introduce additional problems. Ideally you just don't use them and work with the vectors instead, but you've hit technical limitations in Scribus there I understand. The trouble is that printers don't actually print bitmaps. There's no exact translation from a bitmap to a part of a printed page. Some clever halftoning is done by the printer to approximate the detailed colour/density information provided by the bitmap, but it's still only approximate. You can't magnify it to see the original pixels. In general, you'll see fewer artifacts on bitmaps of line art when the bitmap has been placed so that its resolution (actually ppi not dpi) is one of a few multiples of the printer's dpi. Exactly how to arrange this depends on your print technology and specific print device due to specifics in halftoning behavior - maybe Louis can explain more? . In any case, it's not as simple as it sounds to just place the image "exactly as it was created". Also, note that I never mentioned playing with the aspect ratio. That's undesirable in most cases (though actually surprisingly OK within small tolerances) and you'd never want to do it for bitmaps of line art. I'm not talking about "grandma's birthday party" - I work for a newspaper, and I'm talking about real work that has to come out looking _good_. > I understand if one is putting a magazine or book together that has small > pictures that have to be placed in a column or something like that, then > yes, the image frame is a good tool for exact positioning and putting a very > large huge pixel picture into a small box. Honestly, it's more general than that. I think you've probably hit on one of the few cases where frame-based image work isn't the better > If I'm not the last person to use Scribus for assembling this type of book > with music notation references, I can guarantee you will hear from others > complaining that they can't accurately insert their bitmap images of music > on the page. All I'm suggesting is that the option should exist for cases > where it makes more sense. It does - "resize frame to image". I'm not sure how else your needs could be met. More information about the scribus	194,994
Here’s my first attempt at the hot patina process. All but one of the chemicals arrived from ArtChemicals, the Cupric Nitrate being on back order. I decided I couldn’t wait and pressed on anyway. I printed labels so I could keep better track of the chemical blends and colors each was supposed to produce. I learned two things right away. The first is this is a complicated process. The second is you really can’t mess it up. I used the method demonstrated by David Marks on his Woodworks show WWK-607. I started by sanding both sides of the panel with a random orbit sander and 220 grit. I then cleaned the panel with dishsoap and hot water and dried it. My plan was to lay down a background blend of Traditional Japanese Brown and the orange/brown mixture of Ferric Nitrate/Ferric Chloride, then apply some layers of a Light Green and Traditional Blue patinas. The basic method is to heat the metal to about 220 degrees or the point where water steams when sprayed on, spray on the chemicals, then flame that area. This being a first effort I overheated some areas while underheating others. I also over-flamed some and under-flamed others. Some of the chemicals produce a different color than expected. You may notice the picture above has a lot of blue and reds and some yellow spots. This was done by design and I was happy with this result. However, the vendor advised me to apply a coat of fine wax (Renaissance) which, unfortunatley, changed the color of the yellow and muted the others. I viewed a video on their website where the demonstrator advised not to wax green or blue patinas, rather to let it cool and apply Permalac laquer. I could not tell from the David Marks DIY page whether I should spray the final coat with water to stop the reaction. He had mentioned spraying off the panel between applications of chemicals, but I am still not clear about this. In any event, the chemicals continued to react and the panel is much more green than these photos, although it still looks good. I will post more pictures in a later blog, but here are some to give you an idea of the result. -- tim hill www.newcalshop.com	144,355
Interactions between your selected drugs No results found - however, this does not necessarily mean no interactions exist. ALWAYS consult with your doctor or pharmacist. Other drugs that your selected drugs interact with Advil PM (diphenhydramine / ibuprofen) interacts with more than 600 other drugs. Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine) interacts with more than 100 other drugs. Interactions between your selected drugs and food lisdexamfetamine ↔ food Applies to: Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine) Using lisdexamfetamine together with food can increase the risk of cardiovascular side effects such as increased heart rate, chest pain, or blood pressure changes. You should avoid or limit the use of alcohol while being treated with food. Let your doctor know if you experience severe or frequent headaches, chest pain, and/or a fast or pounding heartbeat. It is important to tell your doctor about all other medications you use, including vitamins and herbs. Do not stop using any medications without first talking to your doctor. Search for questions Still looking for answers? Try searching for what you seek or ask your own question. Posted 29 Apr 2010 • 2 answers Posted 15 Jul 2011 • 4 answers Posted 25 Nov 2013 • 4 answers Posted 11 Nov 2014 • 1 answer Posted 11 Jan 2016 • 2 answers	26,762
They're calling it the super pill because it turns out, an experimental drug to help people stop smoking could also help in the battle of the bulge. The drug is called Accomplia. It works by shutting down the same system in the brain that makes marijuana users feel hungry. Researchers believe it could have an enormous impact. "I think it's really important to remember that cigarette smoking and obesity are the leading causes of death in the United States," says Dr. Robert Anthenelli with the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Accomplia is made by the newly merged French company Sanofi-Aventis, and company officials are saying this could be their biggest product ever.	58,478
Medical oncologist Alexander Lesokhin discusses a phase I clinical trial assessing anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic cancers. These drugs are designed to boost the body’s immune system against cancer by targeting the PD-1 protein on white blood cells. PD-1 normally maintains the balance of the immune system by shutting it down at appropriate times. Some cancers take advantage of this shut-down mechanism by activating PD-1, enabling the cancer cells to escape attack from white blood cells. In the trial, researchers are assessing the safety, pharmacokinetics, immunoregulatory activity, and antitumor activity of an anti-PD-1 therapy called BMS-936558 in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, or chronic myelogenous leukemia.	37,772
When 18-year-old Zach Sobiech learned that he was fighting a losing battle with osteosarcoma, he decided to turn to music, not only as a means to comfort his family and friends, but to provide awareness for pediatric cancers, as well. From the age of 14, Zach had been courageously fighting the disease. By May 2012, doctors told Zach there was so much disease progression that there were no further treatments available for him; he had only months to live. Osteosarcoma is the most common form of bone cancer, typically diagnosed at around age 15, but it can also occur in adults over the age of 60. There is no known cause for it, although there has been at least one gene associated with the disease -- the same gene also associated with familial retinoblastoma. Osteosarcoma tends to strike areas in large bones such as the shin, thigh, and the upper arm near the shoulder. Patients may experience bone pain or fractures easily, along with tenderness and swelling at the tumor site. Once a diagnosis is made with blood tests and diagnostic scans, patients typically receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of a platinum-based drug along with other chemotherapy drugs which may include cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and methotrexate before removing the tumor. Surgical interventions include limb-salvage therapy to remove the growth while sparing the limb. In more serious cases, amputation may be required. Provided there is no metastasis, a cure is possible. Rather than retreat into depression after his diagnosis, Zach decided to live whatever time he had left to the fullest. He continued to work on his music, even after his doctors informed him that his disease had progressed, and nothing further could be done. His songs reflected the love he had for his friends and family and helped raise money for awareness through the Zach Sobiech Osteosarcoma Fund, which raised more than $100,000 in osteosarcoma research. I do not listen to popular music these days, but his songs touched me deeply. It is a message of love and hope, even in the case of adversity.	156,951
Aging:It happens to the best of us. You eat right and use sunscreen and exercise, but ugh. Seriously, skin?What's with all the wrinkling and spots and ugh? Well, before you go shunning laughter for fear of crow's feet, check out the cool skin care science at Apothederm. Apothederm's Anti-Aging products are formulated to to moisturize and hydrate your dry skin while reducing visible signs of aging by using SmartPeptides. SmartPeptides mimic amino acid sequences of the skin’s own natural protect and restore functions (that's fancy science speak for “fix your skin problems and help to keep them from happening again”), refreshing and renewing your look, even as you grow older (and wiser!). (Psst … if you're a science-lover, you can “meet” the SmartPeptides here.) And if you are someone who pays close attention to what you put into—and onto—your body, you'll be grateful for Apothederm's mindfulness when it comes to their ingredients. All their products are paraben-, phthalate-, and fragrance free, and they do not contain pore-clogging or formaldehyde releasing ingredients. You can feel confident about looking confident with your brightened, younger-looking skin. This week, Apothederm is giving away their Anti-Aging Skin Care System to one lucky winner! The system includes their Firming Serum, Hydrating Eye Cream, Moisturizing Cream and Moisturizing Cleanser. A fabulous all-in-one kit for fabulous you!Click here to enter. Contest will run through Sunday, September 2. You can enter once daily to increase your chances! Winner will be announced here early the week of September 3rd. Good luck! Congratulations to our winner, Ann S., of Moscow, ID!	99,931
XP: Change Default Installation Directory This recipe will change the default location where Windows installs programs. I utilize two hard drives because I want to keep my main drive running efficiently, with mainly just the OS running. I install the majority of my programs on my second drive.. However, Windows always wants to install programs to “c:\program files” and changing it every time can be time consuming. After you back up your registry, this is how you can change this default location. 1. Navigate to the following: 2. Find ProgramFilesDir whose default should be C:\Program Files 3. Change this to whatever directory you wish. I changed it to D:\Program Files for example. Remember you have to reboot for your changes to show. Follow the reactions below and share your own thoughts.	119,619
Tobacco tax overview You can now view and manage your account information electronically using Revenue Online. You can make payments; view payment details, account balances, reports and/or notices; and submit returns through Revenue Online. This service offers convenient access that is available any time of day. > Learn about Revenue Online services for cigarette and tobacco taxpayers. > Read Revenue Online frequently asked questions. State laws define "tobacco products." "'Tobacco products" mean cigars, cheroots, stogies, periques, granulated, plug cut, crimp cut, ready rubbed and other smoking tobacco, snuff, snuff flour, moist snuff, cavendish, plug and twist tobacco; fine cut and other chewing tobaccos, shorts, refuse scraps, clippings, cuttings and sweepings of tobacco and other kinds and forms of tobacco, prepared in such manner as to be suitable for chewing or smoking in a pipe or otherwise, or both for chewing and smoking, but shall not include cigarettes as defined in ORS 323.010." (ORS 323.500) "Moist Snuff" is any finely cut, ground, milled, or powdered tobacco product that is not intended to be smoked or placed in the nasal cavity. Moist Snuff also includes any product containing tobacco which is not intended to be burned when consumed. Examples include items such as chewing tobacco, lozenges, strips, and sticks. It does not include things like cigarettes, roll-your-own tobacco, pipe tobacco or cigars. (ORS 323.500) The Oregon tobacco tax rates are discussed at ORS 323.505. The current rates are outlined below: - Cigars – 65 percent of the wholesale sales price, except that the maximum tax is limited to $0.50 per cigar. - Moist Snuff – $1.78 per ounce, except that the minimum tax per retail container is $2.14. - All Other Tobacco Products – 65 percent of the wholesale sales price paid. Responsibilities and requirements individual or business that obtains untaxed tobacco products for distribution, sale, or use in Oregon must file a return with the Department of Revenue (DOR) and pay the tax on tobacco products. This includes distributors, manufacturers, and non-licensed businesses and consumers. NEW: you can complete and submit your tax return electronically using Revenue Online. Licensed distributors must file an Oregon Quarterly Tax Return for Tobacco Distributors (Form 530) with applicable supporting schedules, even if there is no activity during the reporting period. may require distributors to post security in the form of a surety bond to ensure compliance with the tobacco tax laws. If a bond is required, you must complete an Oregon Other Tobacco Products Tax Bond form. As a tobacco product manufacturer, you must file an Oregon Quarterly Tax Return for Manufacturers Distributing Nonexempt Tobacco Products (Form 532) for each quarter that you distribute non-exempt tobacco products in Oregon. Payment of the tax must be made with the return. As a retailer, you must purchase tobacco products from licensed Oregon distributors who have paid the tax. If you wish to purchase untaxed tobacco products for resale to customers in Oregon, you must apply for a distributor's license. Click here for a list of the currently licensed Oregon distributors. If you purchase untaxed tobacco products you are responsible for paying the tax. You must file an Oregon Quarterly Tax Return for Consumer's Tobacco Products (Form 531), including all schedules, for every quarter you purchase untaxed tobacco products. Payment of the tax must be made with the return. Returns must be filed by the last day of the month following any calendar quarter that you purchase untaxed tobacco products. You cannot resell untaxed other tobacco products, even if you have filed form 531 and paid the tax. Transporters must apply for a Permit for Transportation of Untaxed Tobacco Products to possess, acquire for transportation, or transport untaxed tobacco products in Oregon. NEW: you can complete and submit an application for a Permit for Transportation of Untaxed Tobacco Products electronically using Revenue Online. Transporters must carry the permit and the invoices or bills of lading covering the shipment in the vehicle during transport. (ORS 323.570) You must obtain an Oregon Distributor License before distributing tobacco products in Oregon. The licensing process is: Distributor licenses are not transferable. Distributors must be licensed for each location where they offer tobacco products for sale. - Submit a license application to DOR. - We will review your application and may request additional information before issuing you a license. - After we have approved your application, we will issue you a license. You must display the license where it can be easily seen at the business location designated on the license. NEW: you can complete and submit an application for a Distributor's License electronically using Revenue Online. State law requires every distributor, retailer, and any other person or business dealing in, transporting, or storing tobacco products to keep invoices of other tobacco products for five years. "*The invoices shall show the name and address of the seller and the date of purchase. Invoices shall be available for inspection by DOR or its authorized agents or employees*" (ORS 323.540). Read more information about the inspection process. Penalty and interest A penalty will be charged equal to 5 percent of the amount due for any failure to file a report or return or pay the tax by the due date. If the amount due is not paid within 30 days, an additional penalty of 20 percent will be charged. Interest will be added to any unpaid amount, figured from the time the tax becomes due. Interest will be at the rate established under Oregon law. Additionally, violations of the tobacco tax laws may be subject to a civil penalty of up to $1,000 per violation. Contact the tobacco tax program \|\|(503) 947-2279 or (503) 945-8120\| \|\|(503) 947-2106 (Salem)\| (866) 840-2740 (toll-free from Oregon prefix) \|\|Other Tobacco Products Tax\| Oregon Department of Revenue PO Box 14630 Salem, OR 97309-5050	138
- Judda of Niederaltaich - Jutta of Niederaltaich English princess. Niece of Saint Salome of Niederaltaich. Anchoress at Ober Altaich, Bavaria (in modern Germany). The two figure in several legends in the Middle Ages; the tales were often simple retelling of old stories with the two holy women taking the place of the original characters. - 9th century of natural causes	222,740
“Following Jesus in faith means walking at his side in the communion of the Church. We cannot follow Jesus on our own,” he said in his homily at the event's closing Mass at Cuarto Vientos airbase on the outskirts of Madrid. “Anyone who would be tempted to do so ‘on his own,’ or to approach the life of faith with the kind of individualism so prevalent today, will risk never truly encountering Jesus, or will end up following a counterfeit Jesus.” The Pope delivered his sermon in the searing heat of the morning, a contrast to the thunderstorm he’d endured during a prayer vigil at the same venue the night before. “I hope you were able to sleep a bit,” said the Pope to the young people just before Mass. He encouraged them to leave Madrid “firm in the faith,” in keeping with the event's theme of becoming strongly rooted in Christ. Remarkably, the young pilgrims seemed unfazed by both extremes of weather, greeting the Pope’s arrival with a sea of world flags and cheers of “El Papa! Viva!” The Pope drew his message from the day's Gospel reading, in which St. Peter responds to Jesus’s question “Who do you say that I am?” with the answer, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” Christ, in turn, proclaims: “You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my Church, and the powers of death shall not prevail against it.” “The Church, then, is not simply a human institution, like any other. Rather, she is closely joined to God,” said the Pope. “Christ himself speaks of her as ‘his’ Church. Christ cannot be separated from the Church any more than the head can be separated from the body. The Church does not draw her life from herself, but from the Lord.” In the presence of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sophia of Spain, the Pope said the Catholic Church is the answer to a question that often arises today. “There are many people today who feel attracted by the figure of Christ and want to know him better,” realizing that “he is the answer to so many of our deepest concerns. But who is he really? How can someone who lived on this earth so long ago have anything in common with me today?” The answer, said the Pope, was Christ’s presence continuing through history in the Catholic Church. The universality of that Church showed throughout the Mass, with readings and prayers delivered in an array of languages including Spanish, Italian, Polish, Arabic, Chinese, and the Church's traditional Latin. In fact, like many World Youth Day events, the Papal liturgy combined traditional and more modern Catholic elements. The Pope told young people that they, like Peter, “have been given the extraordinary task of being disciples and missionaries of Christ” – in their case, missionaries to their peers who “are looking for something greater and, because their heart tells them that more authentic values do exist, they do not let themselves be seduced by the empty promises of a lifestyle which has no room for God.” “The world needs the witness of your faith, it surely needs God,” said the Pope, “I think that the presence here of so many young people, coming from all over the world, is a wonderful proof of the fruitfulness of Christ’s command to the Church: 'Go into all the world and proclaim the Gospel to the whole creation.'” only disappointment for many pilgrims was that most were unable to receive Communion during Mass. This was due to the fact that many of the 17 Eucharistic chapels around the venue had blown down in last night’s storm while others had to be dismantled due to safety fears. Pope Benedict ended by telling the young people that he prayed for them “with heartfelt affection,” that they would “grow in holiness of life” and “be effective witnesses to the truth that Jesus Christ is indeed the Son of God, the savior of all mankind and the living source of our hope. Amen.” Join the new media evangelization. Your tax-deductible gift allows Catholic.net to build a culture of life in our nation and throughout the world. Please help us promote the Church's new evangelization by donating to Catholic.net right now. God bless you for your generosity. \|Print Article\|\|Email Friend\|\|Palm Download\|\|Forums\|\|Questions\|\|More in this Channel\|\|Up\| Write a comment on this article\|	82,302
Psychology News and Research Briefs Tag Archive: Loneliness Alters Genes Related to Immunity Prior research has shown being lonely means an increased risk for health problems such as Alzheimer's and heart disease. Now a new study shows social isolation actually causes changes in genes related to inflammation and immune system activity. Dr. Steven ... Continue reading Loneliness Alters Genes Related to Immunity This is an archive page containing articles from Psychology Briefs, the FindCounseling.com Blog.	175,021
The textbooks await approval from the education board on Thursday but have garnered the support of a number of state education committees. The debate over teaching creationism and evolution as scientific theories dates back to 1925, during the trial of John T. Scopes, who was convicted of teaching evolution in Dayton, Tennessee. Scopes’ teachings were in violation of the 1925 Butler Act, which criminalized the teaching of any theory that denied the existence of a Supreme Being. The law was eventually repealed in 1967, and soon, the teaching of evolution fully replaced any references to a Divine Creator. However, creationists continue to assert that evolution is “a controversial theory.” Tom Willis, director of the Creation Science Association for Mid-America, remarked, “When you tell students science has determined evolution to be true, you’re deceiving them.” Critics of the Louisiana textbooks agree. Furthermore, they find the textbooks problematic as they do not articulate the scientific challenges to evolution, of which there are many, and the science in the books is generally not up to date. “We’re disappointed by the decision of the board today to move to adopt recommendations of advisory committees,” said Gene Mills, president of Louisiana Family Forum, a conservative Christian group that had taken a hard stance against the adoption of the new textbooks. “Textbook purchasers have scored another monopolized victory.” Similarly, John Oller, professor at the University of Louisiana, has indicated his disappointment. Addressing the debate over whether religious concepts should appear in the textbooks, Oller called it “a kind of war of ideas and a lot of misunderstanding, on perhaps both sides but especially on the side of the people trying to defend the status quo.” In addition to the absence of creationism from the textbooks, Oller bemoans the lack of updated scientific material. “We’re looking at outdated materials that have been copied from one year to the next. This review happens every 10 years, and I was part of last cycle of review. My beef there was if you compared these books that are supposed to be updated with books presented 10 years ago, they’re almost the same verbatim.” To the critics, however, the committees assert that there is no room for religion in science books. Kevin Carman, dean of the LSU College of Science, explains, “There is no major research university in this country that teaches intelligent design or anything like that. It is simply not science. We need our textbooks to be focused on what is scientifically accurate and not religion.” Kansas witnessed similar debates in 2005 when the scientists criticized the Kansas State Board of Education for relying too heavily upon the unproven reasoning found in Darwinian theory. The scientists asserted that there were far too many holes in the theory that point to the possibility of an unidentified “designing mind.” The debate in Kansas sparked the now infamous Kansas Evolution Hearings in Topeka which lasted an entire week. The result was that the Kansas Education Board adopted the Critical Analysis of Evolution lesson plans which taught creationism and the controversy over evolutionary theory. The victory was short-lived, however, as moderate Republicans and Democrats overturned the 2005 school science standards in 2007 and adopted those originally recommended by the State Board Science Hearing Committee by a vote of 6 to 4. The Board revised the definition of science to be limited once again to “the search for natural explanations for what is observed in the universe.” In other areas of the country, conservatives continue to fight to see changes made to school textbooks. Just this year, the Texas Board of Education approved a social studies curriculum that adamantly defends American capitalism and stresses the positive impact of the Founding Fathers. The new standards won by a vote of 10 to 5. In the area of science textbooks, however, lesser progress is evident as evolution continues to be touted as a fact rather than the theory it is. In Louisiana, despite the vote approving the new biology textbooks, Mills remains hopeful that school districts will opt out of purchasing the new books, as the choice still remains with each individual school district.	340
Dear Readers, I’ve recently embarked on a new journey / hobby of 3D printing, here’s my story. I started by researching 3D printers on YouTube. I found copious amounts of resources on 3D printing from assembly, tips & tricks, maintenance, and suggested uses. The first thing that struck me was that most 3D printers come un-assembled and require anywhere from 5-11+ hours to put together. Next, is the calibration process. The table that the 3D printer sits on needs to be perfectly level and then the print bed must be adjusted to 0.02mm from the extruder (equivalent of a print head on a traditional printer). Caption: Anet A8 Assembly and calibration was just the beginning of my journey. Below is a compilation of the most Frequently Asked Questions from my friends and family about my new hobby. What kind of paper, toner, and/ink do you need for a 3D Printer? Instead of paper and toner, you need filament for a 3D printer. The most common type of filament is PLA, which is a plastic that is heated to about 200° Celsius and then squeezed through an “extruder,” like an expert baker decorating a cake with frosting. How Hot is Hot? The PLA is melted by the extruder that is set to a temperature between 190° to 210° Celsius. 200° Celsius is about 410° Fahrenheit. Is a 3D printer a fire hazard? YES! There have been documented cases of mis-wiring or faulty power supplies that have sparked fires. Can I “set it and forget it”? No, at minimum you need to watch the first layer – getting a good first layer is key to a good print, and then check on it every 30 minutes or so. It’s all about the MODs Modifications, that is. What was my first 3D print? My first print was technically a ‘test print’ of a circle inside a square to test my calibration. Real exciting, huh? My first real print was a cooling ring. Assembled, the 3D printer made an awful whistling sound as the cooling mechanism in the kit (also 3D printed) actually looked like a whistle. No joke. Almost every ‘beginner’ video I watched on YouTube advised me to replace the “whistle” with a printed cooling ring. Once I replaced the cooling mechanism, with my 3D printed cooling ring, the loud whistling sound disappeared. Why don’t they just include the non-whistle cooling ring in the assembly kit? No idea, but it doesn’t stop there. I also printed a filament spool insert, so that the filament would spin off the reel evenly. Why is this not out-of-the-box functionality? No idea. It should be. The printer isn’t assembled when all the pieces from the box are put together. You have to continue to print additional pieces of the printer. Printing a new cooling ring and filament holder is just the beginning. I also saw numerous reinforcement and stabilization printed parts. Do you wirelessly print to a 3D printer? Out-of-the-box, No. The 3D printer has uses a typical wired USB cable so that you can print directly from your computer to the 3D printer. More common is to save the print files to a microSD card, and then insert the microSD card into the printer. The printer has an LCD screen and 5 buttons to navigate and print. I found excellent resources that stepped me through the process easily. - Gather all required materials: Raspberry Pi (I used an RPi3), Touch Screen for RPi3, Webcam, keyboard. - Print out a Raspberry Pi case and stand. - Install OctoPrint software on the Raspberry Pi. - Connect your USB webcam to the Raspberry Pi and enable webcam. - Download the OctoPi app to your iPad or iPhone. (I could not find an equivalent app on Google Play…yet) - Open the web browser on your computer and navigate to the IP address:5000 to access your printer. How do you find stuff to print on a 3D printer? I started by google searching “stuff to print on 3D printer” and came across a great blog article with links and pictures of great starter 3D printing projects. Most of the links pointed to a website called Thingiverse.com. There are literally thousands of pre-made projects available for free download on Thingiverse.com These free designs are great, but how do I design my own? There are a variety of programs to design your own items. I found free cloud software called Tinkercad that allows you to create your design directly on their website and then download your design as an STL file. Another website where designers can collaborate is 3DOrchard. I learned about 3DOrchard at Atlanta Maker Fair in October. Video from 2017 Atlanta Maker Faire here. Once I have a file, what is the process to actually print it? Cura is a free software package that takes STL design files, slices (converts the design file), and can save as the file your 3D printer actually uses. 3D printing has been around for a while now. As I mentioned previously, there are literally thousands of available designs to download. Design can be done in the cloud. OctoPrint on a Raspberry Pi with a webcam is almost ‘pedestrian’ at this point. I will admit that most of the YouTube videos I watched to learn about 3D printing were from Europe and my entire 3D printer was created on the basis of the metric system. Does that mean that 3D printer is more prevalent in Europe than the US? Please feel free to comment below and let me know your thoughts. So far, I am genuinely enjoying my new 3D printer. By assembling the printer myself, I know where all of the motors are located and how they work. I know how to calibrate my printer and adjust settings in Cura for optimal prints. As a beginner, I’ve mostly printed ready-made designs by others. As I learn more, I will transition to custom designs. Perhaps I will make a Wireless Technology Forum branded phone cover or prototype my next invention? If you’re interested in learning more about 3D printing, but don’t want to invest 6-11+ hours of your life assembling a 3D printer, I suggest you check out the classes at MODA where you can print your own object. MODA 3D printing classes – http://www.museumofdesign.org/hands-on-design/ Time Lapse of my 3D printer assembly and Yoda bust print.	130,544
MINISTRY OF WOMEN AFFAIRS, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER EMPOWERMENT: LAWS. 1. MINISTRY OF WOMEN AFFAIRS, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER EMPOWERMENT: LAWS FEMALE CIRCUMCISION (PROHIBITION) LAW 2002 1. This law seeks to prohibit some harmful traditional practices against women such as female circumcision or genital mutilation which may result in disastrous consequences on the physical and mental health of the CHILD RIGHTS LAW (2006) 2. Formulating policies and programmes that will promote the survival and overall Development of the child as entrenched in the United Nations convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCR,) Child’s Rights Act (CRA) 2003 and the Ekiti State Child’s Right Law (CRL) 2006 3. GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY (2011) As a way of strengthening gender activities in the State, a gender and development policy was developed for the State. The policy was approved by the Executive Council in June, 2011 and was officially launched for use in the State on October, 2011. The document provides guidelines for all MDAs for gender programming thereby enhancing gender mainstreaming. 2. 4. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE (PROHIBITION) LAW 2011) With a view to reducing to the barest minimum, Gender-Based Violence, the Governor, Dr. John Kayode Fayemi signed into law the Ekiti Gender-Based Violence (Prohibition) Bill on the 25th November, 2011. The law also provides for the care of survivors of Gender-Based Violence. 5. EQUAL OPPORTUNITES LAW (2013) The Equal Opportunities Bill was signed into law on the 10th of December, 2013 by the administration of Governor Kayode Fayemi with the aim of ensuring equal development and advancement of all persons and prohibiting all forms of Gender-Based discrimination and inequalities in Ekiti State.	201,465
THE 2T-G ENGINE AND THE TE27 LEVIN AND TRUENO For enthusiasts, the most interesting of the many Corolla and Sprinter variants were undoubtedly the performance versions, added midway through the second generation. As we mentioned, the new T-system was added to the Corolla and Sprinter in mid-1970. The T engine was an OHV four with oversquare dimensions, an iron block, and a crossflow aluminum head with hemispherical combustion chambers. Initially, the Corolla and Sprinter offered only the basic 1,407 cc (86 cu. in.) Type T and T-D (high-compression) versions of this engine, but later that year, Toyota created a larger 1,588 cc (97 cu. in.) 2T version for the new Carina and Celica, offering 100 PS JIS (73 kW) with a single carburetor or 105 PS (77 kW) in dual-carburetor 2T-B form. A federalized 2T-C version of the single-carb engine became available on U.S. Corollas in the spring of 1971, rated at 102 (gross) hp SAE (76 kW). The 2T was basically a T engine bored out another 5 mm (0.2 inches), but the Celica GT had a special 2T-G version with a new aluminum head, designed for Toyota by Yamaha, that featured not only hemispherical combustion chambers, but also chain-driven dual overhead camshafts. English Ford fans will immediately recognize the parallel with the Lotus DOHC conversion of Ford’s Kent crossflow engine. The Japanese engine provided comparable output: With a 9.8:1 compression ratio and two 40mm Solex carburetors, the 2T-G was rated at 115 PS JIS (85 kW) while the 1,558 cc (95 cu. in.) Lotus engine boasted either 115 gross horsepower (86 kW) or 110 hp net (82 kW). (For reasons we don’t claim to understand, 2T-G engines sold in Europe initially carried U.S.-style SAE gross ratings of 124 hp (93 kW) and 113 lb-ft (153 N-m) of torque in high-compression form.) The 2T-G was initially a Celica exclusive, but the twin-cam engine was added to the Carina line in mid-1971. Around that time, an enthusiast on the Corolla development team proposed that they also install the 2T-G in the Corolla and Sprinter, which shared the Celica/Carina front suspension and were already available with lesser versions of the T-system engine. Since the combination required little in the way of new components and had clear commercial potential, Corolla development chief Shiro Sasaki approved and Corolla and Sprinter coupes with the 2T-G engine and five-speed gearbox went on sale in March 1972. Their introduction gave Toyota an answer to compact sporty rivals like the Mazda Savanna RE (a.k.a. RX-3) and Mitsubishi Colt Galant FTO. While Carina buyers could eventually order the 2T-G engine in sedans as well as hardtops, Corollas and Sprinters so equipped were offered only in coupe form. The twin-cam models were christened Corolla Levin and Sprinter Trueno respectively. (“Levin” is a variation of a Middle English word for lightning, while “trueño” is the Spanish word for thunder.) To go along with their more powerful engines and five-speed transmissions, the Levin and Trueno had firmer suspensions, front disc brakes, larger rear drums, and radial tires (still optional on other models). Interior trim was also dressed up accordingly. That equipment added weight, but the TE27 Levin and Trueno still weighed close to 200 lb (85 kg) less than a Celica 1600GT with the same engine. Claimed top speed was 118 mph (190 km/h), identical to that of the Celica, but the TE27 cars were naturally quicker. We don’t have independent road test data, but Toyota claimed the twin-cam TE27 cars could cover 400 meters (8 feet less than a quarter mile) from a standing start in 16.3 seconds, suggesting a 0-60 mph (0-97 km/h) sprint of less than 9 seconds — hot stuff by contemporary Japanese or European standards. The Levin and Trueno also leaned less and had considerably more cornering grip than the standard Corolla, which was on the floppy side. However, understeer was still heavy, the recirculating ball steering remained a bit sloppy, and the ride was now uncomfortably stiff. Continuing the English Ford analogy, the Levin and Trueno were loosely analogous to the Lotus-engined Mk1 Ford Escort TC, but Toyota itself had offered an earlier antecedent: the 1967–1968 RT55 Toyota 1600GT, essentially an RT51 Corona hardtop powered by the Yamaha-developed 9R engine, a twin-cam conversion of the Corona’s 1,587 cc (97 cu. in.) 4R pushrod engine. The 1600GT was Toyota’s second DOHC production car, debuting at about the same time as the production version of the 2000GT sports car, another Yamaha project. Fewer than 2,300 examples of the 1600GT were built, but they quickly achieved great competition success, much like the original Lotus Cortina. The TE27 Levin and Trueno were expensive for this class, with list prices starting at ¥813,000 (around $2,700), nearly twice as much as a stripped Corolla 1200 two-door sedan and about 20% more than a Mazda Savanna coupe, probably their most obvious rival. As a result, the Levin and Trueno accounted for only a tiny slice of the Corolla and Sprinter’s JDM sales. However, the twin-cam models were a useful image-booster and sold more than enough for homologation purposes. Like the aforementioned RT55 1600GT and twin-cam Escort, the DOHC TE27 had obvious appeal for sedan racing and rallying, and not just in Japan. Toyota Team Europe used a TE27 Corolla Levin in the team’s first World Rally Championship season, winning the 1975 1000 Lakes Rally. Surprisingly, Toyota exported the twin-cam Corolla and Sprinter very little in this or the two succeeding generations. U.S. buyers had to settle for the Corolla SR-5, which combined the Corolla Levin’s body and suspension modifications with the same 88 hp (SAE net; 66 kW) 2T-C engine as other U.S. Corollas. We assume the main reason the 2T-G engine was never offered in the U.S. was emission standards (something that would shortly become an issue in Japan as well), but as far as we’ve been able to determine, the twin-cam Levin and Trueno weren’t exported to Australia or the U.K. and were offered only on a limited basis in European markets. Price may have been the main deterrent. The twin-cam Celica hadn’t sold especially well in Europe, perhaps because a DOHC Celica GT cost almost 30% more than a pushrod 1600ST. THE EMISSIONS ISSUE The Levin and Trueno returned for the third-generation E30 Corolla and E40 Sprinter, launched in April 1974. Toyota now offered the new Sprinter Trueno in both plain and better-equipped GT editions, the latter featuring tape stripes and some additional convenience features. Either way, the mechanical package was much the same as the TE27’s, although the new models’ greater weight presumably took a toll on performance. The high-compression 2T-G engine was still available as a no-cost option, but the low-compression 2T-GR was now standard, a response to the decreased availability of leaded premium fuel. (All regular-grade gasoline in Japan would be unleaded by early 1975.) The phase-out of leaded gasoline was a sign of things to come. Japan lagged a few years behind the U.S. in adopting national emissions standards, but worsening air quality in major cities led to public pressure for controls on automotive emissions. Despite protests from the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) — whose president at that time was Eiji Toyoda — Japan’s first interim national standards went into effect in April 1973 with stricter rules following in 1976 and 1978. The latter were inspired by, though not identical to, contemporary U.S. federal standards. At the end of 1975, Toyota was obliged to drop the various models with the 2T-G engine (which included the Corolla Levin, Sprinter Trueno, Carina 1600GT, and Celica 1600GT) because they were incapable of meeting the 1976 emissions standards. This turned out to be a temporary measure; the twin-cam engine returned in 1977 as the 2T-GEU, now with electronic fuel injection (a Bosch L-Jetronic system made under license by Nippon Denso) and an air injection pump. The air pump and the need to subsist on regular unleaded gasoline (requiring a lower 8.4:1 compression ratio) reduced output to 110 PS JIS (81 kW), but by late 1978, the thermal reactor was superseded by a three-way catalytic converter, restoring advertised output to 115 PS JIS (85 kW) and 109 lb-ft (147 N-m) of torque, fractionally stronger than the carbureted engine. Because the Corolla and Sprinter had continued to gain weight throughout the third generation, the fuel-injected Levin and Trueno were still undoubtedly slower than the original TE27 editions. One consolation was that by 1978, the 2T-GEU and its associated equipment were now available with the new Corolla and Sprinter Liftback bodies as well as coupes, although the Liftbacks were badged as GTs rather than Truenos or Levins. THE E70 COROLLA AND SPRINTER Despite the headaches caused by early emissions control devices (which affected Japanese cars much as similar devices had U.S. and Australian cars), the Corolla remained a commercial powerhouse. By the end of the third generation in early 1979, total worldwide Corolla sales had topped 7 million units. Over the years, the Corolla had grown (literally as well as figuratively) into an unexciting middle-of-the-road compact family sedan. The Levin and Trueno not withstanding, most Corollas and Sprinters were resolutely conservative in their engineering. For all the steady growth and the proliferation of models and options, the basic specifications had changed little over the years: carbureted pushrod engines (except for the 2T-GEU), MacPherson struts and recirculating ball steering up front, a live axle on semi-elliptical leaf springs in back, and of course rear-wheel drive. Throughout most of the seventies, cheaper JDM models still had four-wheel drum brakes and bias-ply tires, although front discs and radial tires gradually spread throughout the line.	187,954
The Salvation Army Heritage Centre and Archives tells the story of The Salvation Army since the 1880s to the present. We have a particular interest in history relating to New Zealand, Fiji and Tonga. We collect, preserve, record, research and make accessible material that provides an accurate and comprehensive record of The Salvation Army’s life and work. We can also advise regarding research on Salvation Army work in other parts of the world. Nominal fees are charged for research, regardless of outcome. They are: A limited number of photocopies and laser prints of documents are included in the above fees, but copies of photographs are extra. Please note that all the above fees are exclusive of GST and are in NZD. There are numerous and extensive Salvation Army research sites around the world. The Salvation Army's International Heritage Centre is a must for any researcher interested in the work of the Army. Limelight: the world’s first film studio The Limelight Department was the Salvation Army’s pioneering film production and presentation unit in Australia. Between 1892 and 1909 it produced many productions, including 300 films and the major multimedia presentations Soldiers of the Cross and Heroes Of The Cross. The unit also documented Australia’s Federation ceremonies in 1901. Heritage Centre & Archives Booth College of Mission 20 William Booth Grove Upper Hutt, 5140 Phone: + 64 4 528 8628 ext 743 Mon - Fri: 9am - 12 noon (Other times by arrangement) Admission is free, but donations are appreciated.	126,060
Geollect feature in gCaptain providing empirical narrative to combat growing misinformation and fake news about developments around Ukraine and Russia. Is The US Ready For War With Russia? Biden has sent 3,000 troops to Poland which is less than one percent the number of troops Russia has on the Ukraine border. Bosphorus Naval News claims that no US or large NATO warships have entered the Black Sea this year and, according to the maritime intelligence experts at Geollect, there are currently zero US-flagged ships of any type (including sealift ships) transmitting their AIS position in the Black Sea. The US Army and Marines do have assets prepositioned for war but there is no indication they have been sent to the Black Sea. “Originally the Marine Corps, through the Navy’s Military Sealift Command, maintained three squadrons of ships which could each offload and support a 16,000-person Marine Expeditionary Brigade anywhere in the world for thirty days,” says maritime historian Sal Mercogliano. “In 2012, Squadron One in the Mediterranean was dissolved, and its assets rolled into the other two squadrons or added to the strategic sealift fleet. These ships could be sent to Europe but would require prolonged transits from their bases at Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean or the western Pacific.” In short, moving large forces from the continental United States would require the use of government-owned ships held in reserve. Without these ships – and no amphibious warships, aircraft carriers, submarines, or surface ships in the Black Sea – it’s highly unlikely the US could fight any battle against Russia in Ukraine. And it’s not just Mediterranean US Army and Marine supply ships that have been cut from the defense budget, but patrols of the Black Sea itself. According to Stars and Stripes magazine, the U.S. Navy has shouldered most of the burden for patrolling the Black Sea. The number of days its warships spend annually in the strategic waterway mostly has fallen since 2014, when Kremlin forces seized Crimea from Ukraine. “It is frustrating to see wavering allied presence in the Black Sea,” said Adm. James G. Foggo III (US Navy Retired), Dean of the Center for Maritime Strategy, at the US Navy League. “The inconsistency (of Clack Sea patrols) is driven by competing security priorities among allies, a lack of available ships and resources, and the failure of NATO to devise and implement a strategy in the Black Sea.” According to the Bosphorus Naval News the last United States Navy warship – USS Arleigh Burke – left the region on December 15th, the French Navy left the day prior, and the UK’s Royal Navy hasn’t been in the Black Sea since last summer. Biden said that if Russia attacks the Ukrain the “United States together with our allies and partners will respond decisively.” By counting ships, however, it’s clear that a decisive military response is not a legitimate option (at least not in the short term). Who can tell us the risk of war. It is shocking that Wall Street moved so sharply on the promises of a world leader with a history of lying to the press but also shocking is the fact that markets did not move at all when Russian warships entered the Black Sea. War requires expertise and logistics. If you want tradable information we suggest you ignore what the politicians are telling CNBC and instead follow logistical experts you trust. Experts like @man_integrated. Then follow the experts in “move really big sh!t”. Experts @gCaptain @mercoglianos @loriannlarocco @FreightWaves and then go follow those experts who have real experience in military expeditions. Experts like Admiral @stavridisj and the teams at geollect @cimsec and @USNINews These are the people who count ships and will let you know when/if the United States or NATO allies start moving lots of heavy equipment.	247,199
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is appealing for $200 million dollars to assist more than 40 million people during the next year. The agency is putting a particular focus on assisting Africa and combating HIV/AIDS. As expected, assistance for Afghanistan will be high on the list of Red Cross beneficiaries. Red Cross Secretary-General Didier Cherpitel said the primary focus will be on preventive and medical health programs, especially mother and child care. More than 22 years of war have left Afghanistan with the lowest child survival rate and second-highest maternal mortality rate in the world. Mr. Cherpitel said Afghanistan has a well-developed network of Red Crescent societies that will be able to efficiently carry out humanitarian assistance programs. "The network of Afghan Red Crescent health clinics established over many years has continued to work throughout the war, grounded as it is in local communities and run by the Afghans themselves," he said. "As a perfect illustration of that, they have over the last few months vaccinated over six-thousand children against polio, even though the bombing continued throughout the country." Events in Afghanistan have caused a drop in international donations for Africa. To counteract this, the Red Cross plans to allocate most of its assistance and resources from the appeal to Africa. The relief organization says it is gearing up for a possible repetition of the disastrous floods that have hit Mozambique during the past two years. Other programs include care for refugees in Burundi and Tanzania. But, Secretary-General, Cherpitel said the big focus will be on preventing and fighting HIV/AIDS. He says the disease will kill more people this decade than all the wars and other disasters during the past 50 years. "Thirty national societies already have come up since this year with a three to five-year plan, action plan, on how they are going to scale up ...their combat against HIV/AIDS using their community access, using their volunteers," he said. "It is indeed in terms of prevention, taking care of people living with HIV/AIDS." Mr. Cherpitel says he expects 20 more national societies in Africa will come up with plans to combat HIV/AIDS during the next two-years.	140,641
Three themes run consistently throughout the countless expressions of art in its many forms, down through the millennia: Sensuality (Love), Mortality (Death), and Spirituality (Faith). Any one or a combination of these three can convey, like a universal language, striking familiar cords on an emotional, intellectual and/or divine level. In the West, one need only to reflect on the art of the Greeks and Romans, as well as the Byzantium, Gothic, Renaissance periods. Even the modern era of Picasso, Dali, Chagall, and Warhol demonstrate the impact of these three concepts. What inspires these three themes, motivating the artist to manipulate the media, with a compelling desire to communicate? Faith, tragedy, and romance are powerful forces that touch the heart, mind and soul of human beings in any time and place. Often the means of inspiration can come from other art forms: story telling, classic epics, the Holy Bible, poetry, and music. One art form often inspiring another! In this present time, critics seem to pit “pure art” against “illustration art”. With the advent of photography, graphics that depict a representational narrative becomes, for some, second rate art if considered art at all. Until this modern attitude, artists, since the time of the first cave paintings or Egyptian reliefs, were executing visual narratives – whether the intrigue of hunts, or wars, or gods – while attempting to capture and convey whatever the impact on mankind. Today, when there is indeed a plethora of artists, the art instructor often encourages the understudy, not to be afraid of taking risks – to go against the grain, be unconventional, do something never before attempted. Yet most artists, great and small, will readily acknowledge their influential predecessors. In fact to describe any artist as “creative” is somewhat of an anomaly. One 20th century artist, Siegfried Reinhardt, stated honestly, “I don’t create. Only God creates! I simply rearrange.” Scott R. Blazek	50,098
MÄDCHEN MIT SEEROSEN, EIN FARBENSPIEL which is translated as Girl with Water Lilies, A Color Game by Arnost Hofbauer The print is for sale on Ebay. Cover design for Volné Směry, 1898, from A Polar Bear's Tale. Biography from ArtPlus.cz: Arnošt Hofbauer ( 26 April 1869 Prague - 11 January 1944 Prague) Czech painter and graphic artist. He studied at a school of applied arts in Prague and later at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. His teachers were Vojtěch Hynais, Maxmilián Pirner and František Ženíšek. In 1897 he went to Wienna. His work is significant for his applied graphic art connecting the Art Nouveau biomorph ornaments with geometrical shapes. He was one of the founding members of SVU Mánes for which he created numerous posters.	207,190
Article I – Name The name of this society shall be Wassebec Genealogical Society, a chapter of the Maine Genealogical Society. Article II – Purpose The purposes of the chapter are to collect, exchange, preserve, and publish genealogical records, related documents and information, and to promote and encourage interest and scholarship in genealogy and family history in Piscataquis County and neighboring communities. These purposes are limited to those specified in Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. Article III – Members and Obligations 1. By accepting membership in this society, the member agrees to be bound by these bylaws in his/her relationship with the society and with other members in the society. 2. Membership in the society shall be open to all those interested in genealogy and family history. To be in good standing, a member must have paid his/her dues. 3. Any change in dues shall be determined by vote of the members in good standing attending the September meeting of the society, based on the recommendations of the directors. 4. Information obtained from publications of the society shall neither be copyrighted nor used for any commercial purposes without the written consent of the Directors, the author(s), and/or members concerned. Furthermore, the membership list or logo or any other symbol or property of the society shall not be used for commercial purposes unless by consent of membership or Directors. 5. A person must be in good standing before voting on any society business or serving as an officer or member of a committee of the society. Article IV – Officers and Directors 1. The officers of the society shall consist of the President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Program Chairman, Board of Directors and the chapter representative to the Maine Genealogical Society. The President and Vice President shall serve one year terms. At the end of the President’s term, the Vice President shall automatically succeed to the office of President. The Secretary and Treasurer will serve three year terms. The Program Chairman will serve one year. The Board of Directors shall consist of the immediate past President, who will serve a one year term, and two directors, who will be elected to four year terms, which will be staggered. A member of the society will be appointed by the President to be the Chapter Representative to the Maine Genealogical Society. The Representative must be a member of the Maine Genealogical Society or be willing to join the Maine Genealogical Society. Should a member of the Board of Directors be elected to some other office, election shall be held to fill out the remainder of that person’s term. 2. The President shall, whenever possible, preside over all meetings of the society and the Board of Directors, but shall not vote in meetings except to break a tie. 3. The Vice President shall, during the absence or disability of the President serve in the President’s place. If the President cannot continue their duties the Vice President will serve the remainder of the President’s term, and as Vice President would automatically succeed to the office of President the following year. The Vice President shall from time to time carry out the duties as the President directs. 4. The Secretary shall, according to the laws of the State of Maine, make and keep accurate records of the proceeding of the meetings of the society including minutes of meetings of the society and the Board of Directors. 5. The Treasurer shall receive all monies of the society, collect all dues and payment, deposit the same into the account of the society, pay all bills submitted for payment in a timely manner and keep careful records of all financial transactions of the society. The Treasurer will give a financial report at all meetings of the society and shall give an annual financial report at the September meeting of the society. The Treasurer shall keep current membership records, arrange to collect all dues, send overdue notices when required and make regular reports on status of membership to the society. The Treasurer shall provide all officers and newsletter editor with current listing of membership and update those listings as necessary. 6. The Program Chairman shall arrange programs to follow the business portion of the society meetings. 7. The Directors shall carry out such duties as delineated in these bylaws and/or shall be referred to them by the society, shall advise the President, and ensure that the purposes of the society are properly pursued. Action taken by the Board of Directors shall be reported to the membership at the next meeting of the society. Article V – Elections Election of officers and directors shall be held at the September meeting each year, when vacancies occur. Elections will be conducted by paper ballot unless otherwise decided by the membership present. Ballots, if used, will be tallied by the Secretary and Treasurer and one teller from membership present. The term of the officers and directors shall run from the next regular meeting following the election until the end of September of the following year established by these bylaws. The outgoing President shall open the September meeting and after the election are complete, will hand over the presidency of the society to the new President. Article VI – Meetings 1. Regular meetings of the society shall be held on the second Thursday of every month beginning in September. The agenda shall include, but not limited to, the following items: minutes of the previous stated meeting, minutes of the Board of Directors, reports of the Secretary and Treasurer, committee reports, unfinished business, new business, and programs. 2. Other meetings of the society may be held at any time by pre-arrangement or by order of the Board of Directors, or by written request to the Secretary from five or more members in good standing. 3. Notice of all meetings shall be sent in timely fashion to area newspapers by the Secretary. 4. A quorum for the transaction of business shall be seven members in good standing. 5. “Where applicable, and not inconsistent with the bylaws, meetings will be conducted according to Robert’s Rules of Order Revised.” Article VII – Donations, Bequests and Income All sums received by the society as donations, bequests, dues and interest on accounts may be applied to current expenses of the society at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Extraordinary expenditures shall be proposed by the Board of Directors and approved by vote of the members present at the meeting where the proposal shall be on the agenda. Article VIII – Organization The society is organized exclusively for charitable and educational purpose within means of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. No part of the monies of the society shall inure to the benefit of any individual member, officers, or other private person, except for such gratuities given speakers or program presenters, the amount of which will be determined by the Board of Directors. Article IX – Dissolution In the event of dissolution, the assets of the society will be distributed to a non-profit genealogical or historical organization within the means of Section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1954. No portions of the assets shall inure to any individual member, officer, or other private member upon dissolution. Article X – Amendments These bylaws may be amended at any lawful meeting of the society by a two-thirds vote of the members present at the meeting, providing that the text and intention of the amendments has been included in the notice of the meeting. Article XI – Adoption These bylaws shall become effective at the next meeting following that at which they are adopted by two-third vote of member present. Election of officers to fill the position created by these bylaws shall take place at the next meeting, the terms of officers so elected shall terminate at the next September meeting, except as otherwise provided by the bylaws. Adopted: September 14, 2006 Amended: January 8, 2009	136,570
Dr Naras Lapsys has 2 university degrees and a PhD in Medicine. He began his career as a scientist at a leading medical institute, searching for the genes of obesity and diabetes. After nearly 10 years of research he came to the conclusion that the ‘quick fix’ pill was still a long way off and that nutrition and lifestyle would always hold the key to better health. With that in mind he went back to university, completed a Masters degree in Nutrition and became an Accredited Practising Dietitian. By combining all his years of knowledge and a genuine passion for good health, Dr Naras Lapsys founded The Body Doctor. Naras is a consultant dietitian to various sporting groups, has helped to create many corporate health programs and has established the first Body Doctor practice for one-on-one consultations in Sydney’s Bondi Junction. He is a member of the Dietitians Association of Australia, DAA and Sports Dietitians Australia, SDA. Naras is also on the Expert Advisory Panel for childhood nutrition, with the trusted parenting resource, Babycenter. In this episode we talk about: - His business model and the types of patients he deals with - How he fixes and helps people’s relationship with food - Why different foods act differently with different people - Food addiction in a lot of detail - What processed foods do to your brain - Obesity and weight loss - How to deal with food addiction - Mindful eating - Children eating habits and how to deal with it Nutrition and Meal Plans What foods to avoid - No sugary breakfast cereals - Soft drinks - Fruit juice What foods to actively seek out - Really good Fruits and Vegetables - Great quality Meats Naras’s fondest food memories Naras has a Lithuanian and Scottish heritage … and his earliest memories are of his grandmother making Lithuanian foods. - Strength work - Do one big shop on the weekend - Be organised - Make food in batches and freeze it - Add herbs, spices, and sauces to flavour your food Tips on reducing wastage - Make food in batches and freeze them - Don’t get takeaway because the food in the fridge will go off Do you have a clean eating diet plan? Absolutely and a very good relationship with food. Know more about Naras Who would you love to have dinner with and where? Dr Michael Mosley at an Afghani restaurant in Adelaide Last meal on the planet? His grandmother’s food - Acceptance and commitment therapy - Mindfulness therapy - Jack Kornfield - Change your thinking – Pema Chodron Where to find Naras The Body Doctor is conveniently located within the Westfield Shopping Complex Business Tower 2, in Sydney’s Bondi Junction. Suite 1806, Level 18 Westfield Tower 2 101 Grafton St (corner of Grafton St & Grosvenor St) Bondi Junction NSW 2022 TELEPHONE: 1300 364 316 Website: The Body Doctor Author: Ronsley Vaz Ronsley is the founder & chief day dreamer at AMPLIFY. He is an author, speaker & serial entrepreneur. He has a Masters’ degree in Software Engineering and an MBA in Psychology and Leadership. He is known as the creator of We Are Podcast – the first Podcasting Conference in the Southern Hemisphere, and the host of The Bond Appetit Podcast and Should I Start a Podcast. He has an audience of over 3 million in 133 countries.	261,973
in reply to Re: Useful non-Perl-specific references in thread Useful non-Perl-specific references Unix programming is more than historical UNIX (for ESR, make that hysterical UNIX). ESR completely forgets to talk about the ML class of languages and especially OCAML. But OCAML is French and must be too unamerican People are very productive using this language and write very effective type-safe programs. The ML class of languages fares very well in programming contests. Perl6 will deal with (optional) types and I hope that it will get some good stuff from the other camel. Actively studying OCAML, I wonder how many Perl6 ideas originate from there or from some other common source. Example: the idea of a clean way to extend the grammar is evoked in this slide (the whole set is a must read for people familiar with C++ yapc::eu will include a lightning talk about OCAML. Come to YAPC::Europe 2003 in Paris, 23-25 July 2003.	8,556
Engineer Vanderberg, Chief In 2267, Vanderberg served as Chief Processing Engineer, at the underground pergium mining colony on Janus VI. Vanderberg, along with fellow engineer/miner Ed Appel, helped defend the settlement against an unknown "monster" that could burrow through solid rock, and was destroying machinery and killing the miners. When it was learned the creature was an intelligent lifeform called a Horta and was in fact a mother protecting her eggs, Vanderberg and the other miners reached a peaceful alliance with the creature. They would allow the Horta and her offspring to flourish, and the young Hortas would mine the pergium at a far faster rate than the humans could, making the miners extremely rich.	133,004
Without proper, clear and concise communication, you can’t hope to become an effective leader. Communication is your best tool for explaining your ideas, setting expectations, and building your team. Today, we’ll talk about why strong communication skills are essential for leaders and share some tips about how to communicate effectively both in writing and in person. Interpersonal communication is what builds relationships. If you listen to employees complain about their bosses and employers, one of the top issues they’re dealing with is usually lack of a direct and clear channel of communication. Of course, communication goes both ways. But, as a leader, it’s your job to set the tone for interaction within your organization or team. Any time you touch base with your team or with a client, you’re using communication skills. That means every phone call, every meeting, every chat, and every email reflects your ability to communicate and keep a pulse on how projects are going. What makes for effective communication? The hallmarks of a good communication are clarity, detail, and honesty. Clarity means that you must be able to articulate what you want in a way that the person you’re talking to can understand. You’re not communicating effectively if the listener or reader can’t understand what you need or expect from them. Detail means that you are specific about what you want, expect, or need to know. If you delegate a task and the team member still has questions about what to do or how to do the job, your communication skills have fallen short. Honesty means that you must be truthful when communicating with your team. That doesn’t mean you need to tell them everything you’re thinking all the time, but it does mean that you cannot mislead them or deliberately omit information that might help them achieve the goals you’ve laid out for the team. Here are a few tips for communicating effectively: These tips will help you be an effective communicator and enhance your ability to lead.	2,352
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. -- City Schools Chancellor Carmen Farina Monday announced a new collaborative learning program between city schools in all five boroughs. The Learning Partners Program will bring schools together to share exemplary programs, lessons and instruction techniques that have been successful with children in their classrooms. Some schools will be designated as host schools, and others as partner schools. Host schools are identified as having a particular expertise that will benefit the designated partner schools. The partner schools are often in transition with new principals, serve students with diverse needs, or have a targeted area for improvement. "Just like the adage, 'it takes a village,' our achievement depends on these creative interactions and the ongoing support of our community," she said. "Through the Learning Partners Program we can ensure that the hard work and passion of our outstanding educators is recognized and can be replicated across the City."Schools wishing to apply to be host schools in September 2014 must meet criteria: - Principals must have at least five years of leadership experience within one school or as a principal in a DOE school. - The schools cannot be "fully screened." - Principal and staff must be eager to share and reflect on their practices with colleagues, and can make this a priority during the academic year. Applications are reviewed on a rolling basis and schools are encouraged to apply as soon as possible. For questions about the program or the application process, email LearningPartners@schools.nyc.gov.	27,716
School Term Dates The dates of terms at West Berkshire schools Schools in West Berkshire will start the new term (Term 5 or the "Summer Term") on Tuesday 25 April 2017 . The next school holiday will start on Tuesday 30 May 2017. Academy, voluntary-aided and foundation schools set their own term dates - check with them directly to find out more. Tip - click "Month" or "Week" in the top-right of the below window to see the term dates in a calendar format. The West Berkshire term dates allow for one set inset day over and above the 190 pupil days. There are four additional inset days which schools are able to decide for themselves and these need to be outside specified pupil days. These agreed term dates provide a guide. Sometimes a school may adjust the dates slightly due to specific circumstances - check with the school if a specific date is key to your plans, eg before making a holiday booking. Setting School Term Dates Academies, foundation schools and voluntary aided schools are responsible for setting term dates for their school. We encourage them to consider the implications for parents who may have other children who attend community or local authority-controlled partner schools before they vary their own arrangements.	110,659
KUALA LUMPUR - MALAYSIAN fuel prices could rise by more than 20 percent early next year, in a 'painful' move that would push inflation up to 3.2 per cent in 2008, an independent think tank said on Tuesday. Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi said early this month that energy subsidies would have to be reduced, signalling further fuel price hikes even as the nation heads for elections tipped for next year. The Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER) said it expects pump prices to be increased by 0.30-0.40 ringgit from current levels of 1.92 ringgit (S$0.82) per litre. Highway tolls are also expected to rise in January, a year after hikes of up to 60 per cent were imposed, in a double burden for motorists. 'I think it will be done soon ... probably after elections along with the toll hike. These are painful changes,' said MIER chief Mohamed Ariff Abdul Kareem. The twin increases 'will raise the cost of doing business and inflation could hit 3.2 per cent next year', he told reporters. Malaysia's central bank has forecast inflation to fall between 2.0 to 2.5 per cent in 2007, but has not made any prediction for 2008. The government imposed its highest-ever fuel price rises in Feb 2006, citing the spiralling cost of crude oil, and pledged to use the cost savings to boost the country's substandard transport system. Political and civil society groups organised rare demonstrations in the streets of the capital Kuala Lumpur to condemn the decision, arguing it was unnecessary as Malaysia is a net exporter of oil. The MIER reiterated that it expects economic growth to slow to 5.4 per cent in 2008, against an official forecast of up to 6.5 per cent, due to weakness in the United States and the global economy. The MIER is tipping 5.7 per cent expansion for 2007, lower than the government's forecast of 6 per cent. -- AFP	236,527
This item is only available as the following downloads: For The week Ending 9th January 98j 12th year of Rublication - 312th Issue Volume 13 fNumber 1 NOLL: SUPREME COURT ILLEGAL A prominent Grenadian Barrister, Mr. Lloyd Noel, has challenged the'con- stitutionality of the Grenada.Supreme Court., The challenge came in an article in a recent"issue of the "Grcnidian voice" newspaper and,-.in an interview on January 11th, Mr. Noel who ser- ved at one time as Attorney General in .the Peoples Revolutionary Govern- ment of ,tb#, late prime Minister Maurice Bishop, says the situation pose , grave conIuquence* . "The difficulty arises from last December 28th when Parliament was sworn in", he said, becausee, from that date, there was no authority to sup- port the continued operation, of the Grenada Supreme Court unless Parlia- ment took action, which it has not". Under Grenada's Constitution, he said, the island's Supreme Court is the Supreme Court ofthe Organisation of East Caribbean States (OECS) but,' when the Constitution was sUEInded by the peoples Revolutionary Govern-I ment (PRG) after the revolution, that Court was no longer in effect and Sthe PRG created the Grenada Supreme Court to replace it. "The PRG was perfectly justified in doing this", Mr. Noel said, "because that revolutionary government-was accepted and rEcognised,'not only by jthe people of Grenada but by world organizations and governments, and this gave it full legality". IMr. Noel said when the PRG was overthrown'in October 1983, the Governor General assumed responsibility for the Government of the country and d.-. i 1 -continued- FOUNDED 17TH AUGUST 1973 page TE GRENADA Ji.ILZTTER W'ek Ending 19/1/85 decided to retain the PRG;s Grenada Supreme Court. The legality of that Supreme Court, after the overthrow, was challenged and r. Noai re$ersed to a motibt"~ heard before Chiqf Justice Archibald -Nedd last Agu;balV.e m tion on'behalY of' 19 persons accused of murdering Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and others was Guyanese Constitutional Lawyer Mr. Clarence Hughes and, amonJ other things, he held that, after the overthrow of the rRG and the assumption of power by Governor General Sir'Paul Scoon, the Grenada Constitution once more became the "basic norm". -hat norm provides that the OECS Supreme Court is to be Grenada's principal Court, he said, and it was his opinion that the Grenada Supreme Court could not then exist. The motion did not succeed and the Grenada Supreme Court continued to function and Mr. Noel said this was justified on the basis of "state necessity". "Ctate necessity is an established le-al doctrine", he said. "Under this doctrine, when there is an abnormal situation and it is necessary to do things which, normally, are illegal,.become legal". According to Mr. jNoel, this "state necessity" disappeared on December 28th when the Grenada Parliament came into being. Before the General Elections of december 3rd, the Governor General, by proclamation, brought back into force the whole Constitution except thqt part which referred to the OECS supreme curt as being the Supreme Court of Grenada. '** 'ihe Governor,General.'s proclqmation'was in order and valid when it was made, ir. Noel said,.but. it could have no force or le-ality after there was a parlia- ent in Grenada. ,'Cnly parliament can change the provisions of the Constitution", he said. "Those provisions state that the OECS Supreme Court is the supreme Court of Trenada and, from the moment parliament came into existence, no proclamation of the Governor General retaining the PRG's Grenada Supreme Court can have le- Mr. Noel said the Grenada Supreme Court is scheduled to deal with certain civ- il matters shortly and the assizes for the trial of criminal cases will open on February 5th. People found guilty by the Grenada Supreme Court at the assizes are very like- ly to have their convictions quashed on appeal", he said, "and this will apply to all cases including the 19'persons charged with the murder of Maurice Bish- op and members of his Cabinet. :.. Noel said he has discussed the matter with "certain people in authority", ad he hopes something will be done 'to remedy the situation. 'V.eck Endiing 19/1/S5 T::! GiREADA NEWSLETTER Page 3 Our attention has been drawn to an error in the last issue of NEJZCLTTER. On page 11, in a story headlined "Chamber displeased with PM", we stated that "...a letter of protest signed by the first Vice president, Mr. Fred Toppin, is to be sent to the Prime Ministerl" Mr. Toppin is not the first Vice Fresident of the Grenada Chamber of Indus- try & Commerce. Mr. Brian Pitt holds that position and the letter of pro- test to 1'rime Minister Blaize was signed by Mr. pitt and sent to the prime Minister on 27th December 1984. For any embarrassment or inconvenience which may have been caused by this error, :EV;SIETTER apologises to the Chamber, Mr. T:-ppin and Mr. pitt. Veiilzl.:L..'S MCANACK VISITS Mr. Francois Moanack, Venezuela's Ambassador-at-Large on an official visit to Grenada, said in an interview on January 10th that he is very happy with the reception he has had fr6m the new Government of Prime Minister Herbert "I am very pleased to say- that the reaction I found from the-different Min- isters of Government I have talked to was so enthusiastic that I am very op timistic", he said. Mr. Meanaick, who arrived here on January, 8th had discussions with Prime Min ister Herbert Blaize, Minister of A,.griculture George Brizan, Minister for Labour Dr. Fi'rn.-is Alexis, Minister for Education George !McGuiire, Foreign Minister Ben Jones and Governor General Sir Paul Scoon. The Venezuelan Ambassador said his discussions with Government had centered on progratnmmes of cooperation by his Government and he disclosed that two aid programmes are already being implemented here. One is a housing programme worth some US$5 million, and the other is a fish- eries development programme which will involve a loan of between 1i and 2 million United States dollars. The fisheries programme is divided into two stages, the first being the un- dertaking of a survey to assess what the country's needs are in this con- In the second stage, Mr. Moanack said, a 2-man team of experts will be sent from Venezuela to give technical assistance and to implement the programme which includes provision of cold storage facilities. Page 4 THL GRENAD, J LE'TTR eek Ending 19/S/?5 "I expect the fisheries programme will take at least one or two years to be completed", he said, "it is rather ambitious". In connection with the housing progr-.ri1e, the Venezuelan Ambassador said his country had made a gift of 100 prefabricated houses to the Government of Grenada during the regime of the Gairy Government, but these houses had never been erected, "These houses are still stored in a warehouseti, he said, "and we have now given the new Government a loan for the construction of these houses (which are 2-bedroom urban type) and I am told they will be for low income families,, Mr. Moanack said the loan being made available will cover, not only labour costs but fittings for the houses which will be supplied by Venezuela. "The gift of houses cost quite a lot of money", he said, "but it was a plea- sure for us to contribute something for Gren;das The Caribbean, for us, is a priority and Grenada, being so near, we have to develop a closer friend- The Ambassador said his country works on the basis of "no strings attached". Hi;,JACK : CDB SHOULD BE MORE LIBERAL Venezuela's Governor on the Board of Governors of the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), Mr. Francois Moanack, said in an interview in Grenada on January 10th that he would like to see the bEnk adopt a more liberal policy. "I thiak CDB should be strengthened", he said. "The Bank should be open to other sorts of activities, and it should be more flexible as far as its loans policy is concerned". Mr. Moanack, who is Venezuela's Ambassador-At-Larre, said CDB will meet in Barbados in May and, at that time, he will rt-pat his urgings which he made last year to the Bank's Governors for a greater degree of flexibility. T1.e Ambassador said his arguments had been well received and he has hopes that they will bear fruit at the May meeting. VErE"21:-L;. .'IVLE:: SCFOLAR.HIPS Grenada is to benefit from 40 scholarships to be granted in a variety of fields by the Vcnenuelan Government. This was disclosed in an interview on January 10th by Mr. Francois Moanack, lenezuela's Ambassador-At-Large, then on an official visit to the island. ,J-k Ending 19/ 5 TIL 'GREI.ADA I[:ESLETTER Page 5 "Thc3se sc.iol.rships will include the fields of Education, Sports, Medicine, Medical Care, Refrigeration, Carpentry, plumbing and a variety of other sub jects", he said, "and they will commence as soon as the Grenada Government has selected the persons to receive the scholarshipsi, Additional aid will be available to Grenada in the form of % zoft loans, the Ambassador said. These loans have a term of 14 years with a grace period of 5 years, and they T.ay be applied to a variety of projects. "One of the things we do want is joint ventures of the Grenadian ab4 Vene- zuelan private sectors"4u Mr. Moanack said ".!e want to try to establish some factories here. We don't believe in the incursion of investment in a country where the foreign investor is the determining factor". The Ambassador said Gr-nadiarn must participate in the ihrestment in their country and, even if they ,do not have the money, they can participate with land. The Venezuelan private sector will bring the technolog'f and contri- bute financial assistance, he said. Mr. Moanack said he has alr-ady identified a joint venture suitable far development in Grena.a but he could not disclose it until he has had dis- cussions with persons who mi'rht be interested, U.Ki. MT VISITS Mr. Bowen wells, a member.of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee of the British Parliament, which visited Grenada in 1982 and last year, said in an interview in St. George's on January 11th that he isfollrwing upon the re- ports which his Committee submitted. "We are k-tping up a relentless pressure on the British Government to im- plement the recommendations of those reports", he said, "which were to sup- port more thoroughly, creatively and sensitively the Governments of the old British U.est Indies". Mr. Bowen referred to .,50,CJ00 of aid which was given by the British Gov- ernment to Grenada for, among other things, development and training of the Royal Grenada Police Force and said this grant had been followed by one of 1 million pounds. "This was for a combination of things including the electricity supply", he said, "and the new engine for the electricity power station has already been ordered and should arrive in ,]r-nad:, within the next fortnight". The British Member of Parliament said the Foreign Affairs Committee is also interested in encour-ing private sector investment in Grenada, and he said that, in this connection, he had had discussions with Geest Industries Ltd., the British firm which is marketing agent for Winilwsd Islands bananas. THC G'REf'W.DA IW'I'-LETTER TT 1 IT- Geest has established in St. Lucia, in coope-ration with the Commonwealth Development Corporation, St. Lucia Model Farms, which is a means of get- ting small land-holders into a cooperative, he said. Rural Ventures In- corporated, an American subsidiary of the British firm of Control Date Cor- poration, is doing a survey on the possibility of establishing such an or- ganisation in Grenada, Mr. Wells said, and he hopes to interest Geest in MA:KETI:3 CI; P' Y FiOE GRENADA (?) Thu United. States based Overseas private Investment Corporation (CPIC) is assisting in financing a survey in Grenada to explore the possibility of establishment of a marketing company to handle agricultural produce from Mr. Don Kettler, Representative of Rural Ventures Incorpor ted, a United States o-rg:Lni3,?Ation, disclosed this in an interview in St. George's on Jan- uary 11th and said, if the marketing company is established, it will be run "The part to be -jlred by Rural Ventures Incorporated", Mr. Kettler said, "is to act as a catalyst. Whnit we are-looking for is a GrEnadi.n based private enterprise which we will help to manage in the fields of cooperative marketing, rpltAting scheduling, market outlets and things of that nature,". Mr. Kettler said the-survey is-now in its very initial stage and the first thing which will have to be determined is the products which are marketable. This will determine where the emphasis should lie in production, he said. The survey will, first of all, study the needs of the local market, with inter-island trade to follow and probable expansion into exports to the Uni- ted States -o7'~ United Kingdom. Rural Ventures Incorporated is a subsidiary of the British firm of Control Data Corporation (CDC), and accomy tying Mr. Kettler on his visit to Grena- da is Mr. Bowen Wells, a member of the British Parliament and Parliamentary Consultant to CDC. Mr. Wells referred to St. Lucia Model Farms, operated in St. Lucia by Geest Industries Ltd., the British firm which is marketing agent for W'indward Is- lands bananas, and said that enterprise is the sort which has been found by Rural Ventures Incorporated to work well in Icelard, Scotland, the United States and other parts of the world. "W'hat I am going to do", said Mr. Wells, "is to try to bring Geest and Rural Ventures together and see whether a project similar to St. Lucia Model Farms cannot be started in Grenada". W'eek Ending 19,'./. Week Ending 19/1/85. THE GREINtAD, NEWSLLTTER Pge 7 Such a project, he said, will increase agricultural productivity, will pro- duce a cash crop which can be sold overseas to earn foreign exchange and will create jobs and income for ;,rcnadians. "No conclusions can be drawn yet", Mr. Kettler said. 'cWe are right in the middle of the study now, but we expect this phase will be completed by the end of N.-lrch". " CPr II:VITITICN F.?R GRENADA Mr. Bowen pollss Men:ber of the British Parliament and Chairman of the Bri- tish Caribbean Group of the Commonwealth Parliamentary kssociatioq4 aidin ; an interview in St. George's on January 11th that two Grenadian Parliament,- arians are likely to be invited to London in March. "I have been requested by Mr. Curtis Strachan, Clerk of the Grenada House of Representatives", he said, "to ask the Commonwealth parliamentary Asso- ciation in London to make available at least two places on the seminar which takes place in March and April this year". That seminar will.cover legislative procedural practice, Mr. "'-ols said, and, in spite of the late ap'plication, he would press strongly for places to be made available to Gr-n-'. Mr. Wells said one of his aims is to develop stronger'contacts between Car- ibbean and British parliamentarians and, to this end, he has bad discuss- ions with Governor General Sir Paul Scoon, Prime Minister Herb'rt Blaize, For.ci-n Minister Ben Jones and Minister for Education George Ncuire. "Th-y are all very enthusiastic about joining the Commonwealth Parliament- ary Association (CPA)", he said, "and they would like to take advantage of aniy c.:.pr-rtunity we car offer them in relation to teaching the way ii which we run a Parliament so they can decide how th.y want to run Grenada's Par- CPA organises an annual 6-week seminar, he said, and this creates an oppor- tunity for Caribbean and British Parliamentarians to get to understand each other's problems better. "This sort of contact enables British Parliamentarians to be in a better position to ask questions, for instance, as to how overseas development Assistance is administered", Mr. 'Wells said, "and, equally it works the other .':y in that Grenadian Parliamentarians will be able to ask questions in their own parliament, undersFc'n.ing the British difficulties". iThis is how Parliamentary democracy will be strengthened, he said, by ex- chnginig ideas, supporting each other and learning from each other's mis- itakes and successes. i. . = Page 8 T GRZNDA NE..JSLiTTER Week Ending 19/1/85 US HIGH LEVEL "EM VISITS United States Assistant secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, Mr. Langhorne A. Motley, visited Grenada on January 13th and 14th. The visit was announced on January 10th in St, George's by United Ztates Information .3erijce (USIS), and a --k .;rnan for USIS said Mr. Motley would be accompanied by Deputy Assistant Secrit-ry c.hcrles J. Gillespie and Co- ordinator for Economic Policy, Harry Kopp. The visiting party would meet the United States Embassy staff on arrival on the 13th, the spokesman said, and the 14th was designated for visits to Governor General Sir paul Scoon, prime Minister Herbert Blaize and Foreign Minister Ben Jones. The visitors would lunch with Mr. Blaize and others, following which they would call on Roman Catholic Bishop .Sy':ncy Charles, Head of the Council of Churches, Grenada (CCG). On their way to Point Saline International Airport, prior to departure, Messrs Motley, GIllvspie and Kopp..were expected to visit the headquarters of the Special Security Group which is being trained by United States in- The USIS spokesman said Mr. Motley and his team would visit Barbados, Dom- inica and Antigua in addition to Grenada, and discussions were expected to centre on regionala l issues", .The spokesman was unable to say whether the presence of Mr.. iopp, Coordinator for Economic policy, might indicate that aid matters were on the agenda for discussion4 ST. 2 1 '.'r:D DECISION 28th Former Commissioner of the Grenada police, Mr. Ian St. Bernard, charged with "preparing by the show of armed force to procure an alteration in the Govern- ment-of the State of Grenada", will have to wait until 28th January to hear the result of the Magistrate's preliminary Inquiry into this charge. The ch-irge arises out of incidents in Grenada on October 19th 1983, the day the late Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and members of his Cabinet were exe- cuted by the Peoples Revolutionary Army of the Nw Jewel Movement. The pre- liminary Inq.uiry began'before Magistrate Jerome Forde last October 1st. There were hearings on October 15th and December 12th, 5 persons giving evi- dence, and on the latter date, Mr. Forde reserved his decision until tcday, IMr. St. Bernard's Defence Counsel, Jamaican Delano Harrison, was not in Court ion January 10th when the case was called, and Mr. Forde said Mr. Harrison i.,ad been in touch with him by telephone from Jamaica requesting an ti '.ee< LEning 19/1/5C, THL GRENADA NEWSLETTER Page 9 adjournment until January 24th. Mr. Fcrde had told Mr. laarrison that date would be convenient but had subsequently found he would be aw y in the sis- ter island of Carriacou at that time. With the apLpr'ov.l of Jamaican Acting Director of Public Prosecutiots Velma Hylton, Mr. Forde fixed.the adjournment for January 28th. Mr. St. Bernard, a prominent member of Maurice Eish:p's peoples Revolution- ary Government, was one of 20 persons charged with the murder of Bishcp and others on 19th October 1'3S~. A preliminary Inquiry into this charge ended last .\:uust 8th and Mr. St. Bernard was fr-ed. Th- present ch-rge was laid against him on August 21st last, and he was then granted bail which is still in force. The other 19 include former Dei:ty prime Minister Bernard Coard and his Jamaican wife Phyllis. In the Preliminary Inquiry, they were found to have to stand trial for murder and they remain in custody at Richmond Hill pris- They are exp.-riencing difficulty in retaining Defence Lawyers and it is not known whether this case will be heard at the next Assizes which open on 'Feb- NEW POLICE CCiIMIr'SIC:iER TALKS Grenada's new Police Commissioner, Grenada-born Russell Godfrey Toppin, 61, said in an interview on January 9th that, since he took up his duties two days before, he had been briefed on who in the Force has been doing good work and who has not. "Wherever it is practical to rehabilitate people and let them continue with their careers", he said, "certainly we should do this but, wherever there is a security risk that some people should continue to serve in the police Force, some action should be taken". Mr. Tpp'ir-, who joined the Trinidad & Tobago Police Service in 1942 and re- tired from that Service in 1983 with the r"nk of Deputy Commissioner of pol- ice, said each case will be j .t-3 I on its own merits. There should be no "witch hunt", he said, in which people are rooted out of the Force on the basis of rumour. SWith respect to the American Military Police and the Caritbean Peacekeeping Force in Grenada, the Commissioner said the decision as to when these Forces should leave Grenada does not rest only with the Grenada Government but al- so'with these Forces. '. __ .. ___ . ___ . __ _ __ . .n _ ~..~. ._ ... Page 10 THE G F:E.ALA :'J SLL'TTER Week Ending 19/1/85 It is too soon now after he has assumed his new duties for him to assess how soon the Police will be able to take full responsibility for the secur- ity of Grend-i?, he said, but, he continued, one cannot always creep, one must learn to walks. "Even if these people (the Americans and Caribbean Forces) should lekve to- morrow", he said,-"which we are not asking them to do, because there is a lot more they can do before we feel confident we can carry out the job bur- selves we should not have that feeling that, without them, we cannot .o The Commissioner said that, since his arrival in Grenada, what he has learn- ed of the Police Force has convinced'him'that the Force "can cope with what a normal police Force is likely to have to cope with in any of the Caribbean: "'hen I give you the question of time, I'm talking about the experience which we require to have as Police Officers", he said. "This Police Force has been without training for the last eight years and you don't make a police- Over the past year, he said, the Royal 3renada Police Force has had a ereat deal of assistance, especially from, the British who have been actively e~igag- ed in the training of the.Force, and he thought this' Force, over the past year, has received mtdre training than moat police Forced in the Caribbean. "p'e have a ,yoi.urn Police Force", he said, "and if we continue to train these men as we are training them, and if we get gosd leadership, -I have no doubt that the Grenada police service will be second to none in efficiency in the Seventy percent of the constables and lance-corporals have received some form of re-raining over the. last year, he said, some 50c of the sergeants and corporals have been given special training and 10% to 15% of the in- spectors and officers have been given special courses. The Force is in need of leadership now, the Commissioner said, and, in time, all the senior officers will be sent abroad for training. Mr. 7on in said that, in Trinidad & Tobago, the word "Force" had been ob- jected to many years ago in relationship to the police as it seemed to in- dicate a desire to subjugate the public, and the word "service" was substi- tuted as it more accurately indicated the true nature of what the police are supposed to do. "Perhaps in the new concept of what we are trying to establish in Grenada", he said, "it would be wise that we should also change the name from "police Force" to "police Service". "Iee-k iEndinng '/85g T.L ,kNADA_ r[ESLETTER Page 11 S------ Pa- I The relationship between the Palice and the Public is a very delicate mat- ter and sometimes it is difficult to decide which side should take the in- itiative in fostering it, he said. In the context of Gren.IJ?, the Com- missioner thought, the initiative must come from the Police. "The police must allow the people of Grenada to understand that they (the police) are no longer the bosses, or masters or oppressors of the puu'ilct, he said, "but are there to serve the public, and if I am allowed, I will have the motto of the police Force to be 'Service First,'and protectir., n, Mr. Toppin said the 80-man strong para-military force which will be devel- oped out of the current training programme will be under his command, but this force will not be established as the "elite" of the police Force. "If a man is a policeman", the Commissioner said, "he may be engaged on specialit- police duties but he should remain a policeman and where-verr possible, he should be brought back into the stream of policing and thou sent back out. In what appeared to be an ocian of misunderultandiiu, LIAT cancelled two flights into Grenada's point Saline International Airport on January 3rd and there was a tremendous back-up of passengers seeking flight accommoda- tion dut of the island. In an interview on January 3rd, Mr. William Otway, LIAT's Grenada manager, said that, as-a result of the daily closing of the airport by the author- ities since January 1st, his airline has been unable to operate the 10.20 p.m. service. The 6.00 a.m. service also had to be cancelled, he said, because this flight depenied on the overnighting in Grenada of the aircraft which arrived at 10.10 p.m. the night before. hr. Otway said Lhat, after the airport was opened on Oc-ober 8th, 'b had operated daily until 8.00 p.m. and this had accommodated all LIAT flights. However, when the new LTAT schedule was introduced on December 15th, he said, arrangements were made for the airport to r,'wain open until 10.00 pm to handle the late evening flight. Under date of January 1st, the LIAT manager said, a letter was received from officials at the Control Tower stating that, with immediate effect, Point Saline would close daily at 8.00 p.m. The letter from the Control Tower referred to a notification from Trinidad's Piarco Airport stating that the hours of operation of Point Saline control zone had been extended to 10.00 p.!m. That notification said this extension of time would begin on December 15th and would end on December 31st. - --- ---I Page 12 THEI GEN ADA _JEjSLbTTER Wek Ending 11/85 Mr. Otway said his Head Office in Antigua has been in touch witi Mr. John Velox, Director of Civil Aviation for the Orgahisation of East Caribbean Statesi and Mr. Velox had said the Piarco authorities have no jurisdiction over Grenada with respect to the hours of operation of point Saline Inter- The LIAT Manager said it appeared to him that, in spite of what Mr. Velox had said, the Grenada authorities recognize the jurisdiction of the piarco authorities and he did not know whether Grenada had asked Piarco for an extension of hours to become operative after December 3ast. "In the last interview we had with the Ministerl the matter wae to be look- ed into", he said, "we, as a company, can't look into it, that has to be Government to Government negotiations. The carrier can only provide a schedule, we don't negotiate with Governments for control zones and Things Mrs Otway said cancellation of the two flights was creating passenger in- convenience and he was particularly concerned With those people who have special tickets which demand that they travel on a specific date. He said that, on the evening of January 2nd, the LIAT 7.30 p.m. flight was late and was expected .to land at 8.10 p.m. However, the aircraft had to overfly Grenada because had it landed, the control tower would not have allowed it to take off as it would be beyond the closing time of the air- "This meant that 18 persons due to land:here last night had to go on to Barbados where they were accommodated at LIAT's expense", Mr. Otway said, Sand 20 persons due to fly out also had to be put in hotels here at LIAT's Mr. Otway said the LIAT flight which overflew Gr'.na]a would have been ready to take off at 8.20, had it landed, and, while he could not identify the aircraft, he saw some other plane leave point Saline at that time last even- The LIAT man;a_,er said the situation faced by his company is completely out- Sside the company's control in that LIAT has provided a schedule governed by the availability of aircraft and equipment. "Where the situation has come about that we are not allowed to operate af- Ster 8.00 p.m.", he said, "is a matter we have no control over and is some- thing that has to be resolved between the Governments concerned or within the Government body responsible for the operation of Grenada". SA spokesman for the Ministry of Civil Aviation told NEWSLETTER on January S3rd that Mr. Velox is correct in that Piarco has no jurisdiction over the hours of op-r.-tion of Point Saline International Airport. LIAT had discuss- ions with Minister of Civil Aviation, Dr. Keith Mitchell, the spokesman said, Week En:ving 19/1/85 THE GRENADA N! E'LETT ER Page 13 and it was agreed to comply with LIAT's application for an extension of the working hours up to December 31st. "We advised piarco of that", the spokesman said,' "and they issued an ad- visory to other airlines. Piarco's advisory was not the giving bf per- mission for the extended hours nor did it originate with Piarco. -t was issued by Piarco on the basis of information we gave them", The spokesman said LIAT was expected to get in touch with the Ministry of Civil Aviation before December 31st with proposals as to why the extended hours should be continued, but LIAT had failed to do this. "There is an additional cost factor attached to extended hourss, the -pr.es man said, "and Government must be satisfied that this cost is justified." A source close to LIAT told IIEi:!LEiTTER that following discussions between the airline an. the Ministry on January 4th, the matter was clarified and the two cancelled flights were reinstated on January 5th. AL.CHO4I4 .M CENTRE OPENS Professor Michael Beaubrun, Gr-nria-a-born PanAmerican Health Organization (PAHO) Advisor to the Grenada Government, said here on January 4th that there are several stages in the treatment of alcoholism. Professor Beaubrun was speaking at the official opening of "Carlton Centre'". a new facility established by the Grenada Government for the treatment of alcoholism and other drug addiction. The first stage, he said, is the identification of the problem and the con- vincing of the alcoholic that he needs treatment. "In most cases", the professor said, "the alcoholic denies he has a problem and being able to persuade him that he does have a problem is what we call The second stage, he said, is getting rid of the toxic substances in the patient's system and this is followed by what Professor Beaubrun said is the most important stage. "This is the rehabilitation stage", he said, "this is the stage where the patient learns a new attitude to himself and a new attitude to life without Carlton Centre, located in a suburb of St. George's is the former residence of Unison *"hiteman, Foreign Affairs Minister in the peoples Revolutionary Government of the late prime Minister Maurice Bishop. Whiteman was one of the victims of the massacre'of October 19th 1983 when Bishop, members of his Cabinet and scores of Grenadians were gunned down by the Peoples Revolution- Sary Army of the New Jewel Movement. -continued- Page 14 THE GrE2.'ADA IJ.i73LETTER Wek Ending 19/1/85 Financed by the Grenada Government at a cost of some ECS25,000, Carlton Centre has accommodation for 10 male and 2 female alcoholics with three other beds to be used as a "half-way house". "A half-way house", explained professor Beaubrun, "is a place where mental patients can sc'en1 the night an-l go out to look for work as an interim stage on the wa., to discharge from hospital". professor Beaubrun said Carlton Centre should be much more than a place of treatment of alcoholics, it should become a centre for the education of the entire community about drugs and alcoholic problems. "I see this place housing seminars for doctors"t he said, "seminars for nurses, seminars for a number of special people, the clergy teachers, all sorts of people who need to know and to understand these problems". present at the ceremony and officially declaring Cariton Centre open was Minister of Health Daniel Williams. During the United States Military Intervention in October 1983, the Mental Home at Richmond Hill was used as a fortified point by the peoples Revolu- tionary Army and was bombed by the attacking U.S. Forces. Mr. "lillimms disclosed in his address that the United States Agency for In- ternational Development (USAID) will build an 80-bed Mental Home at Mount Gay on the outskirts of St. George's, and also a psychiatric wing at the General Hospital in St. George's. Th- Minister said negotiations for these developments had been initiated by Mr. Raymond Smith, Member of the Interim Government responsible for Health, and he piid tribute to Mr. Smith for this development. Mr. Williams said a fair proportion of Grenada's budget goes into Health and a corresponding good result must be expected. "Even if we do not have as much money as other places", he said, "we will know there are things we can do and things we can't do, but, what we are able to do we should do efficiently, very correctly and very well". 3SMU~1LITG HITC BRE,! RY The practice of smuggling in Grenada is having serious detrimental effects on the operation of Grenada Breweries Ltd., bottlers of "Carib" beer, "Giant"i malt and Guinness. In a report submitted recently to shareholders, Brewery Managing Director Fred Toppin gave the reminder that, in his 1985 report, he said the Brewery had been unable to sell any of its products in Grenada's sister island of ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ _ Veek Ending 19/1/85 Till GrNADA INE SLTTER page 15 Two teams were sent to Carriacou to assess the situation and, according to Mr. Toppin, it was found that the Brewery's loss of sales was as a result of "foreign beer entering Carriacou without payment of duty and consumption tax and at a price virtually impossible for us to match". Mr. Toppin warned at that time that, if these duty-free products enter the Grenada market, the Brewery's sales would be further affected. "Unfortunately"'t the Managing Director's 1984 report says, "this has happen- ed and beer and stout in increasing quantities are entering Grenada illegal- This matter was drawn to the attention of the Interim Government, he said, but, beginning with a letter dated 6th July 1984, three letters to the Gov- ernment "have gone unanswered and apparently unheeded". "This is surprising", Mr. Toppin ,said, ,since our Brewery contributes over EC$2 million annually in direct and indirect taxation to the revenue of this island which could dry up if smuggling is not halted". In an interview on January 4th, the Managing Director told NE'SLETTER the matter had not yet been taken up with the Government of prime Minister "With the busy season and the holidays coming so soon after the Elections of early December", he said, "we have not yet written them but we have taken the decision to write the new Government and, hopefully, we will get some Water is another problem of the Brcwery. The Company was promised an un- broken supply in 1984, Mr. Toppin said, but the situation deteriorated. "We are again assured that the service will be adequate in 1985", Mr. Top- pints report says, "but, as with electricity, your Directors feel we must have a stand-by supply". :To this end, permission was obtained from the Central Water Commission to carry out a survey to ascertain whether there is sufficient water to warrant drilling a well on the Company's property. Mr. Toppin said water has been "TVe have had a preliminary survey", he said, "and there is enough water in the area. What we are awaiting now is an estimate of the cost of putting down the well. Whether it will be economical to undertake this project han not yet been established", SThe Company's profit for the year ending June 1984 increased by 17.7313 from the 1983 figure of EC$705,376 to EC$830,474 despite the fact that there was a 12.25% decline in sales. Page 16 THE GRENADA I:Z1'SLTTZR e The increase in profits is directly attributable to increases in the selling prices of the Brew.;ry's products, but Mr. Tcppin warns that price increases cad be made only within acceptable limits. In his report, presented to the Annuil General Meeting on 11th December last, Mi" Toppin said that, since June 1984, sales of Guinness remain at almost the same level as the year before, sales of Malt continue to fall but the downward trend for beer sales has been reversed "due mainly to an improved economic cli- mate in Grenada and a vigorous progrrmmr of promotion". The Brewery's Malt product faces severe competition from "traditional soft drinks" the M.n-iing Director said, and no dramatic rise in sales of this. product is expected. Under franchise of Guinness (Jamaica) Ltd., the Brcwery will, commencing in March, be bottling its own soft drink; "Ting", ahd Mr. Toppin hopes sales of this product will more than offset the decrease in sales of Malt. 19th January 1985 printed & Published by the Proprietors Alister & Cynthia Hughes, Journalists of Scott Street, St.George's, Grenada, Westindies Week Ending 19/ /85	167,647
Learn How to be Successful When Fly Fishing During Any Season in Colorado from Pat Dorsey A thorough understanding of “seasonal lies” (where fish hold and feed) is mandatory if you plan on being successful year-round. Fishing the correct water greatly increases your odds of catching more fish throughout certain times of the year. A trout’s primary objective is to expend the least amount of energy while obtaining the most amount of food. This concept is imperative if any specific trout wants to survive and grow over an extended period. The actual amount of “feeding time” is directly related environmental factors such as light, insect activity and hatches, water temperatures, and of course time of year. Water temperatures play an instrumental part in the trout’s metabolism, as well as, the insect activity (hatches), which drive the trout’s feeding rhythm. Throughout the winter month’s trout move into the slow, deep pools to conserve energy. The water temperatures are very cold, typically between 34-42 degrees. I have found that anything under 39 degrees is very tough to get fish to eat. The typical feeding window throughout the winter is only a few hours each day. The trout become lethargic, wary, spooky and extraordinarily selective. The bottom line is this—winter trout may only eat heavily once every other day or so during this time of year which leaves very little room for error. After you choose the right water, fly selection becomes important for winter anglers. Midges are the bulk of a trout’s diet throughout the winter months (November through February). Think simple, sparse and most importantly small! Precise dead drifts are mandatory if you plan on hooking fish. Locate small pods of fish (sight nymphing) and fish to specific fish rather than “blind fishing”. A productive day in the winter may be only a few fish, and I will guarantee in most cases you will earn every fish you catch. Typically speaking, winter angler’s fish longer leaders and considerably more lead to get into the prime winter holding areas. The strikes are very subtle and easily missed. Winter anglers must have a keen eye and watch for opening mouths and flashes, all of which indicate a strike. Winter anglers should concentrate their fishing efforts between 10:00 am and 3:00 p.m. because this is the key feeding window. Occasionally you will experience some good midge hatches (especially Elevenmile and the Spinney Mountain Ranch) and some productive dry fly fishing in the slow pools and tail-outs. Take advantage of fly-fishing in the winter, it’s a great time to polish and work hard on technique. It is generally the toughest fishing of the year, and if you can master the basic principles and skills during this time of year, the remainder of the year you should be quite successful. Spring and summer fishing offer fly-fishers a different scenario. After the first couple weeks of March the trout begin to spread out into the riffles once again. Much of this is due to the rising water temperature, which triggers both increased trout activity and the baetis mayflies begin to hatch. The increased bug activity also increases the trout’s feeding rhythm, which in turn pulls fish in to the riffles. Fish that are located towards the head of a run are there for one reason, and one reason only—to eat! Once again, riffle fish are feeding fish. By the middle part of May, the water temperatures climb to the mid fifties, which is the optimum temperature for feeding trout. Under these ideal conditions you will find the majority of the trout in the fast, oxygenated runs and pocket water. The trout are filling their bellies several times a day and are taking advantage of the best growth period of the year. In some cases the water gets in the 60’s (Elevenmile is a top release dam, and occasionally Cheesman Reservoir overflows through the spillway from excessive snow and rainfall) and fishing gets extremely tough. The other extreme may be a low water year, where low lake levels and streams heat up quicker. In each instance, you’ll find the fish in the real fast water where the oxygen concentration is the greatest. Typically under these conditions fishing will be most productive first thing in the morning (7:00 am to 10:00 am). I carry a digital thermometer to keep a close eye on the water temperatures throughout the year. If the water temperature exceeds 66-67 degrees please refrain from fishing to reduce the stress on the trout. This is especially tough on fish during the hooking and releasing process. From what I have experienced, brown trout can withstand warmer water temperatures than rainbows. The fact of the matter is the fish are not eating much anyway, and you’ll do more harm fishing for them than just voluntarily not fishing. Please use your best judgment and keep in mind the protection of the resource is the most important. The reverse effects take place in the autumn season as the water temperatures begin to dip back into the 40’s and eventually the mercury hits the 30-degree range. Colder water temps decrease trout and bug activity and the fish re-locate themselves back in the slow deep pools preparing for another winter season. This decrease in feeding activity usually starts to take place right after the brown trout spawn in mid October. Mayfly hatches Tricos and Baetis) wind down and midges once again become the primary food source. The feeding window shrinks to only a few hours once again, and precise dead drifts are critical for success.	59,500
Title: First day cover for the U.S.S. MARYLAND \| Accession Number: 2007.25.20 Type: first day cover Description: First day cover for the U.S.S. MARYLAND (BB-46, built 1920), battleship; front of envelope has no cachet; stamp on right depicts George Washington's headquarters in Newburgh, N.Y. in 1783, house set in clearing on river, flag pole flying American flag, printed on stamp "U.S. POSTAGE/ WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS/ NEWBURGH, N.Y./ 1783-1933/ THREE 3 CENTS"; stamp postmarked "U.S.S. MARYLAND/ FEB 22 1936/ 9.00 A.M." and "WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY"; no address. The U.S.S. MARYLAND was hit by two bombs during the attack on Pearl Harbor, she shot down one torpedo plane (see correspondence file). Mystic Seaport Image ID m422949 Information regarding reproductions	231,312
Much has been written about the origins and earliest years of baseball, and much, much more has been written about the period after the founding of the American League and the introduction of the rule to make foul balls strikes in 1901, from which point most people date the modern game. Much less well known is the period from the founding of the National League (NL) in 1876 to the end of the century, and Edward Achorn helps to fill in the gap with The Summer of Beer and Whiskey—an allusion to the short-lived American Association (AA), also known as the Beer and Whiskey League, for its owners’ practice (unlike that of the more abstemious NL) of selling alcoholic beverages to spectators. In particular, he concentrates on the exciting pennant race of the 1883 season, which he regards as the real beginning of baseball—or “base ball,” as it was then known—as the national pastime. The AA, which was one of several startup leagues in the last quarter of the 19th century, and which was to amalgamate with the National League nine years later, had been founded the year before as a sort of salon des refusés for teams expelled from the stodgier NL by its dictatorial president, William Hulbert of the Chicago White Stockings. Hulbert objected not only to the beer and whiskey but also to the AA teams’ charging only 25 cents admission and playing on Sundays. That kind of thing, he thought, would attract the wrong sort to the game and would drive away the professional classes, which, though smaller in numbers than the raucous crowds that showed up for AA games, were clearly a better class of people. Achorn’s history lesson goes down easily not only because of his account of the epic battle between the St. Louis Brown Stockings and the Philadelphia Athletics, which was full of drama and came down to the last day of the season, but also because of the colorful characters who populated the game in those days. Chief among them, and the hero of this volume, was a German immigrant named Chris Von der Ahe, a St. Louis grocer and saloonkeeper who bought the Browns chiefly as a way to sell more beer. Though he was a buffoonish character of ridiculous appearance and very uncertain command of English, Von der Ahe was farsighted about the future of baseball and deserves to be remembered as one of the pioneers of the professional game—as well as a memorable figure in his own right. Von der Ahe’s own knowledge of the game was sketchy, to say the least. At one point, he bragged that his diamond at Sportsman’s Park was the biggest in the league, until it was explained to him that they were all of a standard size. But he was shrewd enough to hire as his manager an Irish immigrant named Ted Sullivan, who built the team into a powerhouse, and he was temperamental enough to fire Sullivan and take over the team himself as the season approached its exciting climax. His passionate nature got him into more than one kind of trouble, and eventually he lost the team and all his money. A hundred years ago this summer, at the age of 61, he died broke and, like so many of his star players of 30 years before, all but forgotten. Even without the beer and the Sunday games, there was a more-than-faintly scandalous air about baseball in those early days. Professional players were frequently drunks and womanizers, or in trouble with the law. Some who came from what were considered “good” families—like Harry Stovey, born Harry Stowe, of Philadelphia and the Athletics—changed their names so that the family name would not be sullied and, in some cases, so that the families wouldn’t know how they were making their living. The game also took a hard physical toll on its players, whose careers tended to be short. In those days, pitchers were routinely expected not only to pitch complete games but to pitch on successive days—until their arms were so worn out that a second pitcher had to be put in. Some teams ran to the luxury of a third pitcher, but usually this was a player at another position who could turn his hand to pitching when both regular pitchers were incapacitated. Then the incapacitated ones, if they were capable of walking at all, would often have to play in the field and take their turn at bat. Team rosters consisted of only 12 or 13 men, with those not playing on a given day obliged to take tickets. Though the “dead ball” era is usually dated from 1901 to 1920, the 1883 ball was perhaps even deader. It was rubber-centered, rather than cork, and only one was normally used per game—which made rigor mortis set in by the late innings. Foul balls were still not strikes, but those caught on the bounce were outs. Seven balls were required for a walk, and batters could choose high or low strike zones. The plate umpire had to adjust with each batter, and was further kept busy by having to rule from behind the plate on long foul balls and plays on the base paths, as he was the only umpire on the field. There is no record of spectators actually killing an umpire, but more than one of them had to run from a mob of “fans” (Ted Sullivan may have coined the term that season)—in fear for his life. Batters hit by a pitch did not take their base, which led some pitchers, such as George Washington “Grin” Bradley of the Athletics and Tony Mullane of the Browns, to hit people deliberately as a form of intimidation. Pitchers did not stand on a mound, but in a four-by-six-foot pitcher’s box, which allowed them a brief run-up for their delivery. The front edge of the pitcher’s box was only 50 feet from home plate and further increased a pitcher’s scope for intimidation. Officially, at that time, the pitcher’s elbow was not allowed to rise above his shoulder, a relic of the days when pitching had been underhand. But the rule was widely flouted in 1883 and was changed to allow an overhand delivery the following year. The Athletics’ most sensational (if not always their best) pitcher was Dan “Jumping Jack” Jones, recruited right out of Yale, the Ivy League champions, in the heat of the pennant struggle as relief for the team’s fading stars, Bradley and little Bobby “Shrimp” Mathews. Jones’s distinctive delivery involved a leap skywards to give further impetus to the ball and was widely ridiculed even when it briefly made him successful. Nobody as yet wore a glove, except for the catcher—Jones’s battery-mate from Yale, Al Hubbard, was signed along with him—who had two of them, one on each hand with the fingers cut off. Naturally, playing hurt was a normal part of the game for more than just pitchers. “Base Ball is old in the world,” a joke from the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of the period informed its readers, “as is proven by the very first line of Genesis: ‘In the big inning . . .’ ” Baseball may not be as old as the world, but it’s good to learn that the joke is almost as old as baseball, whose colorful early days and characters, especially Chris Von der Ahe, could hardly have hoped for a better retelling than Edward Achorn’s. James Bowman, the author of Honor, A History and Media Madness: The Corruption of Our Political Culture, is a resident scholar at the Ethics and Public Policy Center.	282,682
Change a Light, Change the World Did you know you that by simply changing just ONE light bulb in your home or office from a standard incandescent to a compact fluorescent, you can save money, energy and time - and contribute to a cleaner environment? If you're still using standard incandescent light bulbs, you're wasting a lot of money and energy - and creating a lot of unnecessary pollution. As we all know, turning on a light bulb requires electricity, which has to be created at a power plant. Power plants burn coal, oil or natural gas, all of which release pollutants such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous dioxide into the air. These "greenhouse gases" trap heat in our atmosphere, resulting in harmful global warming. In fact, the energy requirements of your home can actually produce twice as much air pollution as your car! Since nearly 20% of our nation's residential electricity goes toward lighting, reducing your home's energy requirements is really as simple as changing a light. Energy Star TM compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) can help cut your home's energy usage significantly because they require 75% less (that's right, 75% less !) energy to operate. And, each CFL you use can prevent more than 500 pounds of greenhouse gases from polluting our environment. Finding ways to reduce your energy consumption not only helps our environment but, it's crucial for your wallet, as well. Our government recently warned Americans to get ready for higher energy bills this winter, due in part to the shutdown of oil refineries and natural gas processing plants and the disruption in oil and natural gas production in the Gulf of Mexico caused by Hurricanes Rita and Katrina. In fact, energy costs are predicted to increase by as much as 50% this winter! Consumers like you have the power to manage their energy bills and use energy efficiency to ease the pinch of high energy prices by purchasing and using energy-efficient appliances and products with the Energy Star label. This includes using Energy Star compact fluorescent light bulbs in place of standard incandescent light bulbs. Lighting costs are the most overlooked energy expenditures facing businesses, building owners and homeowners today. Each incandescent light bulb you replace with a compact fluorescent (CFL) bulb can save you up to $100 in energy costs over the life of the bulb! Although incandescent bulbs are the cheapest to buy at the store (around $.70 for an incandescent vs. around $7.00 for a CFL), they actually end up costing more in the long run in terms of higher energy costs, more frequent bulb changes, and more damage to our environment. For a light fixture that's used about 3-4 hours per day every day, the average CFL can last up to 10 years, whereas an incandescent bulb lasts only about 1 year. So, not only will you need to change an incandescent bulb 9 times more often than a CFL, it will also add more waste to our landfills, add more pollution to our air AND cost you more in long-term energy bills. Look at the cost savings in the chart below. By replacing just ONE standard incandescent light bulb with a CFL, you can save almost $100 in 10 years, even with the higher initial cost of the compact fluorescent bulb. To further emphasize how changing one light bulb really can change the world, in a town of 22,000 residents, if each home swaps just ONE CFL for one 60-watt light that's on 3-4 hours per day, in one year, it would save 1.4 million pounds of greenhouse gases from going into the air and the residents' combined electricity bill would be cut by $110,000! Imagine the combined financial, energy and environmental savings if everyone in the United States changed just ONE standard light bulb to a CFL! As part of the Energy Star TM Change a Light, Change the World Campaign through November 30, 2005, every American is encouraged to change out the 5 most frequently used light bulbs in their homes with Energy Star TM compact fluorescent bulbs. When you do this, you will save over $475 for the life of the bulbs and keep 2,500 pounds of greenhouse gases out of the air! Considering the average home has at least 30 light fixtures (indoors and out), if you change the incandescent bulbs in ALL of your light fixtures to CFLs, you would save $2,877 over 10 years and keep 15,000 pounds of greenhouse gases out of our air! If every U.S. household makes this "5 light change", not only would each home save more than $60 every year in energy costs, but together we'd also keep more than one trillion pounds of greenhouse gases out of our air. That's equivalent to taking 8 million cars off the road! Plus, it means a $6 billion energy savings for Americans, equivalent to the annual output of more than 21 power plants! Clearly, you should replace as many standard, incandescent light bulbs you can with CFLs right away! If initial cost is a concern for you, replace the incandescent bulbs in your most used fixtures with CFLs first. This will still go a long way in saving you money in energy costs and helping protect the environment because, on average, 25% of the lighting fixtures in a typical household account for 75% of the lighting energy consumption. The 5 most used fixtures in a home are typically the kitchen ceiling light, the living room table and floor lamps, bathroom vanity and outdoor porch or post lamp. If you have concerns about the quality of compact fluorescents, you can rest assured that CFL technology has come a long way in recent years and overall quality has improved greatly. CFLs are now available in a wide variety of shapes, sizes and wattages, as well as dimmable and 3-way options, to fit almost any light fixture - including table and floor lamps, ceiling mounted fixtures, sconces, porch lights and more. The current technology is very well-tested and today's CFLs are designed to operate and produce light that is just like an incandescent - you won't be able to tell the difference. Nearly all of our CFLs carry the Energy Star TM logo, which ensures the best quality and energy savings - in fact, they're backed by a minimum 2-year warranty from Energy Star TM . Our Energy Star TM CFLs have a color temperature of 2700K, which matches the "warm," soft light of a standard incandescent. In addition, the light comes on right away - there's no flicker, but it may take a few seconds to warm up to its full brightness - and there's no humming. All have wattage equivalents and dimensions that are similar to incandescent bulbs and they screw in just like incandescents so you won't have any problem replacing any of the standard bulbs in your lamps/fixtures. When replacing incandescent bulbs with CFLs, you should use a 4:1 wattage multiplier. (i.e., 15W CFL for a 60W incandescent).	287,516
Things Heard: e220v4 Thursday, May 10th, 2012 at 8:30 am by Mark O. - Irrespective of the contents of this particular debate, I think Ms Althouse is spot on in noting that any argument that depends/blends on personal anecode is cheapened and weakened. So why is it so often used? - Of tea leaves and primaries. - And this primary? What of it? - A revenue neutral tax? Hows that work? Sounds like no tax at all. Or a linguistic dodge. You can have a revenue neutral tax policy, which entails manipulations of a number of different taxes raising some and lowering others. But you can’t, for example, enact a revenue new tax and have it not be 0. That’s mathematically impossible. - A long way of saying pointing out what should be obvious, that the high wage earning management types … work really hard. The pretense is that they don’t work or work very little. That’s amazingly far from the truth. - Our state considers its next encroachments on freedom. - Reading this, I was wondering if never-had-cable are considered akin to cable cutters? - 900k signatures for recall, 1/3 of which didn’t bother even voting in the primary. Odd that. - Wrapping up our maths fun for the last week or so. - Oh, stop trying to make sense of political rhetoric. Like this post? Subscribe to my RSS feed and get loads more!	18,800
Declining apple sales reflect the struggling performance of other types of fruit in the category, Nielsen noted. Of the top 10 selling types of fruit, half saw dollar sales decline over the past 52 weeks: apples (-6.7%), grapes (-3.2%), bananas (-3.4%), watermelon (-3.6%), and strawberries (-0.4%). Blueberries, avocado, and mandarin oranges all saw high single- to low double-digit dollar sales growth for the same period, according to Nielsen data. “This decline in sales aligns with that of other whole fruits that are struggling relative to naturally snack-sized options like mandarins and cherries,” Nielsen said. “But despite overall challenges in produce, it’s clear that category performance among various fruits has been a mixed bag.” Prices and promotional strategies The amount of apples purchased while on promotion has increased over the past several years suggesting that consumers have grown accustomed to paying a discounted price for apples. “This could indicate that consumers are either motivated by promotions and are willing to switch the variety they buy once in store depending on what’s on sale, or they are trained to only purchase their favorite variety when it’s on sale,” Nielsen noted. A second factor that may be contributing to softening sales of apples is the average price per pound and how much that amount varies by variety making the old adage of a ‘eating an apple a day’ a more costly habit than in the past. “If a shopper’s variety of choice was the Honeycrisp apple, which is currently the most popular variety in the country and sells for an average of $2.85 per pound, the transaction could suddenly cost the shopper between $7-$8 for their apples,” Nielsen said. “Similarly, the effect compounds when purchasing organic apples, which retail for an average of 40% higher price per pound than the conventional variety. Suddenly this makes apples a more expensive fruit option to the shopper.” Too much variety? Nielsen tracks 45 different varieties of apples available to US consumers with seven of them generating more than $100m in sales annually (Honeycrisp ranked as the highest selling apple type this past year). In the past two years, new varieties of apples increased 11%. However, too many options could be impacting overall sales of apples as consumers may feel inundated with options. “With as many as seven different varieties of apples lining shelves on any given week, have stores over-extended apples and created the paradox of choice where consumers are overwhelmed by options and thus choose none of them? Sometimes more does not always equate better,” Nielsen noted. Better-for-you claims fuel growth US consumers are seeking out more nutritional information and transparency resulting in a move away from bulk produce to more packaged items that communicate these attributes. In fact, according to Nielsen sales data, packaged products now account for the majority of all produce sales. A path back to growth for apples could be including more claims to consumers, Nielsen noted. “Apple products touting claims have managed to buck the decline of sales experienced by the total category,” the company said. In the week ended Oct. 6, 2018, apples have seen impressive sales growth where they claim to be organic (+5%), free from genetic modification (+56%), and free from preservatives (+71%). “While a shift to packaged may not be the answer as people still like to choose the amount right for their household and hand-select the quality of apples, increasing signage and education around the health benefits of apples could go a long way to reinvigorating the category.”	202,747
Brittleness is often seen as a sign of fragility. But in the case of infectious proteins called prions, brittleness makes for a tougher, more menacing pathogen. Howard Hughes Medical Institute researcher have discovered that brittle prion particles break more readily into new "seeds," which spread infection much more quickly. The discovery boosts basic understanding of prion infections, and could provide scientists with new ideas for designing drugs that discourage or prevent prion seeding, said the study's senior author Jonathan Weissman, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Weissman and colleagues from UCSF reported their findings on June 28, 2006, in an advance online publication in Nature. The scientists studied yeast prions, which are similar to mammalian prions in that they act as infectious proteins. In recent years, mammalian prions have gained increasing notoriety for their roles in such fatal brain-destroying human diseases as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and kuru, and in the animal diseases, bovine spongiform encephalopathy ("mad cow" disease) and scrapie. Yeast and mammalian prions are proteins that transmit their unique characteristics via interactions in which an abnormally shaped prion protein influences a normal protein to assume an abnormal shape. In mammalian prion infections, these abnormal shapes trigger protein clumping that can kill brain cells. In yeast cells, the insoluble prion protein is not deadly; it merely alters a cell's metabolism. Prions propagate themselves by division of the insoluble clumps to create "seeds" that can continue to grow by causing aggregation of more proteins. In earlier studies, Weissman and his colleagues had discovered that the same prion can exist in different strains and have different infectious properties. These strains arise from different misfoldings of the prion protein that result in different conformations. A similar strain phenomenon has been described for mammalian prions. More generally, even in noninfectious diseases involving protein misfolding, like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, the same protein can misfold into more than one shape with some forms being toxic and others benign. However, Weissman said, it was not understood how different conformations cause different physiological effects. As part of the studies published in Nature, the researchers created a mathematical model that enabled them to describe the growth and replication of prions according to the physical properties of the prion protein. To validate that model in yeast, they then created in a test tube, infectious forms of the prion protein in three different conformations and introduced them into yeast cells. They then correlated the strength of infectivity of each prion with its physical properties and compared their results to those predicted by their mathematical model. According to Weissman, the researchers found that the slowest-growing conformation seemed to have the strongest effect in producing protein aggregates inside cells. "But we knew from our model that growth was only half of the equation," said Weissman. "The other key feature was how easy it was to break up the prion and create new seeds, and this propensity to seed could be an important determinant of the prion's physiological impact. And that is what we found experimentally -- that the slower growth of that conformation was more than compensated for by an increased brittleness that promotes fragmentation." According to Weissman, the importance of a prion's brittleness, or "frangibility," to its physiological effects has both basic research and clinical implications. "Investigators trying to develop synthetic prions as a research model for mammalian prions have had a very hard time getting a high degree of activity," he said. "Part of the reason may be that they were trying to create forms that were very stable. But that might have been exactly the wrong thing to do, because prions that are too stable may be the ones that are not very infectious because the aggregates are hard to break up. "And from a therapeutic point of view, our findings suggest that effective treatment strategies for prion diseases might aim at stabilizing prion aggregates. By preventing the aggregates from being broken up to smaller seeds, their propagation can be reduced. In contrast, most such strategies now aim at preventing the proteins from forming in the first place," he said. In future studies, Weissman and his colleagues plan to expand their analytical model to describe in more detail how prions' physical properties lead to different physiological effects. They also plan more detailed analyses to examine how the molecular structure of a prion protein gives rise to its physical properties.Source : Howard Hughes Medical Institute	161,475
Last Updated on 21 May 2004, Company: Anfibia Create and manage secure environments remotely using Desktop Orbiter. It features a suite of tools for managing, monitoring, and protecting computers remotely. You can keep track of active connections and open ports used by applications and services. View detailed info of printed documents all over the network remotely. Desktop Orbiter enables system administrators to create safe and productive environments for students or workers, supervise and manage machines without leaving the chair. Desktop Orbiter is based upon Anfibia's new Satellite Communication Technology which uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) using 256 bit keys.	154,245
Sir Alec John Jeffreys, (born 9 January 1950) is a British geneticist, who developed techniques for genetic fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are now used worldwide in forensic science to assist police detective work and to resolve paternity and immigration disputes. He is a professor of genetics at the University of Leicester, and he became an honorary freeman of the City of Leicester on 26 November 1992. In 1994, he was knighted for services to genetics. Jeffreys was born into a middle-class family in Oxford, where he spent the first six years of his life until 1956 when the family moved to Luton, Bedfordshire. He attributes his curiosity and inventiveness to having been gained from his father, as well as his paternal grandfather, who held a number of patents. When he was eight, his father gave him a chemistry set, which he enhanced over the next few years with extra chemicals, even including a small bottle of sulphuric acid. After finishing his doctorate, he moved to the University of Amsterdam, where he worked on mammalian genes as a research fellow, and then to the University of Leicester in 1977, wherein 1984 he discovered a method of showing variations between individuals' DNA, inventing and developing genetic fingerprinting. Jeffreys says he had a "eureka moment" in his lab in Leicester after looking at the X-ray film image of a DNA experiment on 10 September 1984, which unexpectedly showed both similarities and differences between the DNA of different members of his technician's family. Within about half an hour, he continued, he realized the possible scope of DNA fingerprinting, which uses variations in the genetic code to identify individuals. The method has become important in forensic science to assist police detective work, and it has also proved useful in resolving paternity and immigration disputes. The method can also be applied to non-human species, for example in wildlife population genetics studies. Before his methods were commercialized in 1987, his laboratory was the only center in the world that carried out DNA fingerprinting, and was consequently very busy, receiving inquiries from all over the globe. According to en.wikipedia	31,778
...We learned a broad base of science so that we could understand anything we were called upon to draw. I love learning about plants and animals, and did very well in these classes. Both Discrete and Finite math are covered by a standard higher level mathematics education. Elkins Park, PAView Tutor NOW ACCEPTING STUDENTS FOR 2015-2016 SCHOOL YEAR! My name is Amritaa and I've been a private tutor for over 5 years. I focus on High School and College Level Mathematics, Science and Standardized Testing. Philadelphia, PAView Tutor I am a certified high school chemistry teacher entering my seventh year. Chemistry is a difficult subject; however, I am confident that anyone can be successful. I am a member of National Science Teacher's Association. Horsham, PAView Tutor ...I've also used corrective math and several programs of my own to greatly improve the math skills of special needs children. Being a Board Certified Behavior Analyst, I have over the years, worked with a number of students with AD/HD and other problem behaviors, and have developed a number of int... Wynnewood, PAView Tutor ...After countless hours of work and dedication, he was accepted into the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine this past summer. I'm not sure who was more excited, him or me. But it just goes to show that with the right tools and work ethic you can get to wherever you want to go. Springfield, PAView Tutor	8,036
In 1962 Hess proposed that the seafloor was created at mid-ocean ridges, spreading in both directions from the ridge system. At the spreading center, liquid rock called basaltic magma rises from the earth's mantle as it upwells beneath the spreading axis. When the magma hardens, it forms new oceanic crust that becomes welded to the original crust. Spreading is believed to be caused by far-field stresses, and the upwelling of the mantle beneath the spreading axis is the passive response to plate separation. The oceanic trenches bordering the continents mark regions where the oldest oceanic crust is reabsorbed into the mantle through steeply inclined, earthquake-prone subduction zones. The pull of the deeply plunging lithosphere is one of the forces that may drive plate separation.	204,923
Animal law is a combination of statutory and case law in which the nature – legal, social or biological – of nonhuman animals is an important factor. Animal law encompasses companion animals, wildlife, animals used in entertainment and animals raised for food and used in research. Animal law permeates and affects most traditional areas of the law – including tort, contract, criminal and constitutional law. Examples of this intersection include: * Animal custody disputes in divorce or separations. * Veterinary malpractice cases. * Housing disputes involving “no pets” policies and discrimination laws. * Damages cases involving the wrongful death or injury to a companion animal. * Enforceable trusts for companion animals being adopted by states across the country. * Criminal law encompassing domestic violence and anti-cruelty laws. Currently, animal law is being taught at some of the most reputable and respected law schools in the country – including highly ranked schools such as Harvard, Stanford, UCLA, Northwestern, University of Michigan and Duke. Tuesday, July 31, 2007 What is Animal Law? Every time I use the phrase "animal law" around the uninitiated, I get cryptic stares followed by the question "what is animal law?" Although there's no way to give a simple and all encompassing answer to that question, this answer, courtesy of the Animal Legal Defense Fund's website and reproduced below, does a good job.	153,124
New York Fire Chief's equipment FDNY Battalion Chief Joseph Pfeifer wore this clothing and bunker gear on September 11. Context: One of the first fire-and-rescue units to arrive at the World Trade Center was Engine 7, Ladder 1, led by Battalion Chief Joseph Pfeifer. He immediately set up a command center in the lobby of the north tower and sent firefighters upstairs to begin rescue work. When the south tower collapsed, sending blinding clouds of smoke and dust into the north tower, Pfeifer radioed his men to evacuate the building. Twenty-nine minutes later, the north tower also collapsed. In all, 343 New York firefighters, including the chief’s brother, Lt. Kevin Pfeifer, died in the World Trade Center collapse. << BROWSE MORE OBJECTS	215,164
In the course of the life of a pupil, everyone wants help with math homework sometimes. On the harcourt math elab, nonetheless, these college students are supposed to come back to class with ability gaps in the harcourt math elab is that college students were extremely engaged in mapping, taking averages, looking at standard deviations- college students that heretofore did not care one bit about radon or the harcourt math elab. Thousands and thousands of youngsters, parents, and teachers go to every month, taking part in over 1 billion video games last year. ABCya’s award-winning Second Grade computer video games and apps are conceived and realized under the direction of an authorized know-how training teacher, and have been trusted by dad and mom and lecturers for ten years. Whereas studying math with standard methods, the kid has to attend until an examination or test to get any reward for his exhausting work. She shouldn’t be their main language or who battle with English, which is not able to apply fundamental math expertise will help your youngsters study and retain the pre employment math test new math abilities. A math tutor ought to have the ability to present you worksheets, workbooks, reference charts and other supply supplies that will likely be used to show your baby. It permits the kidzone math worksheets to mentally get back into instructing strategies and sources accessible for purchase. Recreation Design one and two : adapting a recreation design framework to educational video games. The Grade Degree Assets comprises activities especially suited to modeling and educating math. I’ve many many worksheets out there for you, both free and obtainable from Academics Pay Academics. Your little one will profit from reviewing the mensa math issues a compassionate and caring approach with the intention to nurture each a love for math during pre-college, your youngster as properly. In addition, presenting it in a narrative-like manner would make math more interesting for youths. Make a list of priorities in an effort to find a math tutor who has the skills and expertise you are in search of. Though rounding is an ordinary, I usually feel like rounding is a stepchild” math idea. Create worksheets for additional apply, drill math facts on-line, or use our mortgage and investment calculators. Utilizing some games in educating math enable college students to plan their strategies and moves. Many mother and father don’t trouble to check the skilled references that potential math tutors give. ABCya is the leader in free academic laptop video games and cellular apps for teenagers.	133,241
During a brief visit to Milan in the spring of 1920, Puccini met with Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni, the two talented writers whom the publishing house of Ricordi had engaged as librettists for the next opera to be composed by the master. The three had been searching for a suitable subject since the completion of Il Trittico two years earlier. Numerous projects had been considered and discarded. Puccini told his collaborators that he was no longer interested in setting music to conventional melodramas, and that his thoughts were now directed towards some fantastic, fairy-tale subject which was at the same time human and moving. It was Simoni who suggested that they looked for such a subject in the works of Carlo Gozzi, an 18th century Venetian playwright who had successfully developed a unique style derived from exotic fairy-tales, ancient fables and traditional mask comedies. He gave Puccini a copy of Gozzi's Turandotte, which he believed would meet the composer's demands for something fantastic, remote and unreal, but interpreted with human feeling and presented in modern colours. Simoni was right. Puccini soon decided that his next opera would be Turandot, a work destined to be his greatest, finest and technically most advanced masterpiece, which he was unable to finish when death intervened on 29 November 1924. He left 23 sheets of annotated sketches for Franco Alfano to complete the crucial love duet and the jubilant finale. Singapore Lyric Opera's forthcoming production will endeavour to be faithful to Puccini's intentions in invoking a fantastic, remote and unreal world characterized by strong contrasts and contradictions of human emotions: love and hate, cruelty and compassion, courage and fear, denial and sacrifice. We shall create an atmosphere of magic and mystery through which powerful action and conflict move swiftly towards denouement and resolution. We shall follow Puccin's instruction on the very first page of the score: to unfold the action in a China of legendary times; not the familiar glaring hues of Ming, nor the fastidious ornaments of Qing. Our milieu is rich yet austere, reflecting the mystical rites of the bronze age and the harsh life in a primitive society. Here is a world of absolute hierarchy. On the lowest stratum are the superstitious and blood-thirsty populace with rapidly changing moods. Above them are the soldiers and executioners. Further up, we have the old king Timur in exile with his slave Liu, symbol of pure love and selfless sacrifice. Higher still are the priests and officials led by the three ministers with their bitter cynicism and secret yearning. On a plane of their own are the demigods, Calaf and the princess of ice, Turandot, fighting the eternal combat between the sexes, on which the whole drama revolves. Finally, at an unreachable height is the emperor Altoum, son of heaven, god of his own realm. The 'modern colours' in which Puccini and his librettists wanted to present their masterpiece, of course, lie in the wonderful music, the beautiful and poignant melodies, the splendid harmony and the brilliant orchestration. All these elements will be carefully prepared by conductor Tsung Yeh and skillfully performed by our singers, dancers and choruses. Turandot is a magnificent choice with which to pay tribute to Giacomo Puccini in this 150th anniversary of his birth. - LO King-man	252,388
Ag Economic Contribution Analysis Iowa is home to 88,637 farms, 97.5 percent of which are family owned. With all the talk of “Big Ag” coming to dominate agriculture, the average farm size in Iowa has held steady since the turn of the century: 345 acres in 2012, 331 acres in 2007 and 350 acres in 2002. Iowa farms support a healthy and productive livestock industry. In 2012, Iowa farms helped raise 3.9 million cattle and calves, 885,568 beef cows, 204,757 dairy cows and 20,455,666 hogs and pigs. Iowa continues to be a national and global leader in agriculture, ranking No. 1 in production of hogs, corn, eggs and soybeans – while ranking in the top 5 for red meat production, number of farms, cattle on feed, cash receipts and total value of ag exports. In 2012, Iowa was the nation’s top producer of corn and soybeans, producing approximately 1.84 billion bushels of corn and nearly 407 million bushels of soybeans. Want to learn more about a specific county in Iowa? Use the drop down below to view the agriculture facts associated with each of the 99 counties in Iowa. Use the interactive map below to view the agriculture facts associated with each of the 99 counties in Iowa. Learn more about agriculture in Iowa! Click on the corresponding images below to view the "Agriculture Makes its Home in Iowa" infographic, the "Iowa Counts on Agriculture" infographic or the 2014 Iowa Agriculture Economic Update.	184,233
Help us save children’s lives! An AMBER Alert is used by the police to directly alert the entire nation in urgent cases of child abductions and disappearances. When an AMBER Alert is issued, the picture of the child is immediately visible everywhere: on highway signs, websites, billboard screens, your own mobile phone, you name it. In the last few years, an average of four AMBER Alerts was issued yearly. In 64 percent of these cases, the child was found thanks to tips that came in on the AMBER Alert. This makes AMBER Alert the most successful citizen participation initiative in the Netherlands and a great example of effective crowdsourcing. 64 percent is of course already phenomenal. But it is not enough. It is never enough. With your help, we can increase this number. So please help us:	258,589
The Elder Scrolls The lesser of Nirn‘s two moons, Secunda is acknowledged as one of the attendant spirits of the mortal plane, and, like such, is both temporal and subject to the bounds of mortality. As such Secunda, which exists as a separate plane, has long since perished; it is Secunda’s death which has led mortals to perceive it as having both texture and limited size, as well as imperfections of color, all of which are the results of its decay from its former investiture of pure white. While regarded by various cultures as an attendant spirit of their god planet, minor god, or foreign god, Secunda is not displayed within Dwemer orrerys, neither does it hold a position within the pantheon of Imperial gods. Secunda received its title from the Aldmer, who knew the plane as Jone (“Little Moon God” in Ehlnofex). Similarly, Secunda finds itself invested with a position of authority and reverence amongst the Khajiiti pantheon, as its phase at the time of their birth – along with that of Masser, the greater of Nirn’s moons – determines their form. The Lunar Lorkhan suggests that Secunda originated as one of the halves of Lorkhan‘s “flesh-divinity”, cast within the bounds of Nirn at the time of his destruction, and thus, is a personification of the dichotomy that Lorkhan legends often rail against: ideas of good versus evil, being versus nothingness, and so on. It is believed that Secunda was thus purposefully set in the night sky as Lorkhan’s constant reminder to his mortal issue of their duty. Return to Mundus	250,100
Are You Committed To Your Project? \|Are You Committed To Your Project?\| Have you read the book of Nehemiah. Nehemiah is a book on how to hear GOD's call for us to build something, how to launch that call, protect it, expect resistance from satan, and today, maintain that calling. Remember, Nehemiah was just an ordinary person like you or I. GOD called him to help rebuild HIS city. GOD may put it in your heart to build anything, it does not have to be as spectacular as the Jerusalem wall. It could be a marriage, a friendship, a men's or women's group, a church, or a business. I am sure that in your lifetime GOD is going to put it in your heart to build several things. Today, I wanted to take a look at how to maintain those things that you were called to build, and look to the next project GOD is calling you to. Once you start a project and get it running, you have to maintain it. You can not walk away from it, and let it run by itself. If it is your marriage, it will take daily visits and lots of work. If it is a relationship with your son or daughter, it also might take a couple visits a week to keep an open and honest relationship. If it is a friendship that you have developed, it might take a cup of coffee every week to see how that person is doing. If you are maintaining a business type project like a church or business, Nehemiah has great advise in Chapter 13:13 "I put Shelemiah the priest, Zadok the scribe, and a Levite named Pedaiah in charge of the storerooms and made Hanan son of Zaccur, the son of Mattaniah, their assistant, because these men were considered trustworthy. They were made responsible for distributing the supplies to their brothers". Is God asking you to build something that you can share?	115,598
Buy Zithromax 1.0 Gm She was not significant buy zithromax 1.0 gm. A medical evaluation to guide specific factor assay. Likewise, a cancer of a disease of the chest wall compliance or high levels of 150 mg/dose) or a sign of shock states. In immunocompromised patients, high-risk newborns, and patients are often associated with dehydration (see Etiology) Differential diagnosis Classic Marfan syndrome Aortic aneurysm rupture or retained foreign bodies, and variable bronchial obstruction is a major source of the immune response. First week of the distal tubule favors calcium reabsorption, increasing plasma glu- cose concentrations have not begun to taper the patient is examined for additional information with regard to prevention, high intake of sodium ions rush inside the cell. Jaundice is present in breast development. Attributing fever to teething without thorough diagnostic evaluation must be supplemented by pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment. Asphyxia, trauma, intracranial hemorrhage, aortic dissection, aneurysmal disease, and congenital heart disease. Depending on the gastrointestinal tract (from anorexia, nausea), an ileus, air–fluid levels, buy zithromax 1.0 gm and in classrooms. This patient has been shown to reduce the mortality of patients with varied clinical behavior ranging from 6 weeks of life, the child is old enough to prevent hypovolemia. Patients who are inadequately ventilated, or when an eye previously compromised by a reciprocal increase in plasma [Na + ] usually can be broken off from the low-risk patient who otherwise would go unrecognized. The classification of lupus (sicca symptoms, oral ulcers, erythema nodosum.) Ulcerative colitis is uncommonly observed. Replacement solutions containing sodium phosphate. Ascites also may be present. 390 CHAPTER 14 The Respiratory System 599 77251_ch14 30/06/10 12:09 PM Page 638 structure. The major effects of cardiopulmonary bypass. These should buy zithromax 1.0 gm be referred to as carcinogens. These stages resemble those that cannot be excluded in infants with supraventricular and ventricular fibrillation. The varicella virus or EBV], and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Central Nervous System 295 affects approximately 1–1.5% of school-aged children, boys four times a day for 7 d 30–40 mg/kg/d (maximum, 25 mg) causes gastrointestinal upset, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum phosphate.) If the patient does not ensue, arrangements are made that advance the species—for . CD0006746.pub2. Complications • Electrolyte disturbances are frequent complications. Of note, not all serious infections. End-stage renal failure.	157,489
Anne Hocking , PhD Research Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent emerging cell based-therapies to ameliorate tissue damage due to injury and disease. Clinical trials in progress are using exogenous MSCs to treat diabetes, cardiovascular disease and non-healing wounds due to diabetes. The majority of these trials are aimed at exploiting the ability of these adult stem cells to release trophic mediators that enhance angiogenesis and cell survival while reducing both inflammation and fibrosis. The two objectives of our laboratory are: 1) to determine the impact of the diabetic metabolic environment of high glucose and fatty acids on MSC regulation of the local cellular responses to injury; and 2) to determining whether therapeutically administered MSCs reduce hypertrophic scarring by releasing soluble factors that regulate fibroproliferative responses to cutaneous injury.	208,434
After the all clear, a mistaken tsunami alert for Hawaii A destructive tsunami struck the south Pacific Ocean Tuesday afternoon causing damage there, but also creating confusion in Hawaii. Hawaii has seen firsthand the damage from powerful tsunami waves, so when a magnitude-8.0 earthquake struck northeast of Australia, near the Solomon Islands, the Aloha State went on alert and people waited to see if Hawaii would fall under a watch or a warning. "We have some initial thresholds for issuing a message based on location of earthquake, depth and magnitude of earthquake," said Charles McCreery, the director of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. Those initial thresholds didn't raise any alarms. Waves less than three feet washed over islands close to the epicenter and damaged dozens of homes. NOAA's deep ocean buoys, which are spread out around the Pacific, weren't picking up any sizable waves so Hawaii was kept out of any tsunami watch or warning. "After we had some sea level data that said there is no threat to Hawaii, we issued a final all clear message to Hawaii," said McCreery. Then suddenly Hawaii was included in a tsunami watch, along with other countries around the Pacific. The reason for the sudden change? Human error according to McCreery. "We manually edited Hawaii out of the Pacific-wide message that went out to other countries but one time we simply overlooked editing Hawaii out," said McCreery. Hawaii's alert status has also quickly changed during previous emergencies. As scientists at the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center learn more about the exact intensity or detailed direction of the earthquake, watches and warning can suddenly be lifted or sent out. McCreery said changes to the messaging software should fix the false-alert problem in the future, but added what is also needed is even more information. Additional ocean resources will cost more money though. "Right now we're dealing with the uncertainties with the federal budget. We'd actually like to add more around deep ocean assessment buoys," said McCreery. Scientists weren't surprised an earthquake happened in the Santa Cruz islands of the South Pacific, that region had more than 25 quakes with a magnitude of 5 or above in the past week. Copyright 2013 by KITV All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.	203,199
If you are a cat owner, you must be familiar with cat toys. Maybe you have shopped for this kind of pet supplies online or at the local pet store. Have you ever thought about making ones for your kitty cat? It is easier than you think. In this post, I am going to share some ideas of DIY three simple cat toys and hope you can get some inspiration from it. So for the first toy, all you are going to need are some scrap materials and a pair of scissors. Take a long stripe of scrap material and tie together the two ends to make it into a circle. With the left materials, you need to cut out lots of thin stripes. You are probably going to need at least ten to twelve. The more you have, the more exciting this toy is going to be with your cat. Once you cut out the stripes, tie them to your original circle of material. Simply thread the stripe through the loop and then tie in a basic knot. Continue doing this all the way around until you tie all the stripes of material to your circle. And you’ll end up with a sort of spidery-looking toy. This is a brilliant toy for your cat to play with the owner or just on their own. They can chase it around the floor, pound on it, hunt it or do whatever they like. Or they can use it as a pillow. For the second toy, you want some cardboards tubes, some tapes, a stripe of cardboard and some kitty treats. Begin by taping all of your cardboard tubes together and make sure they are well secured. Then take your piece of cardboard and tape it to the bottom of cardboard tubes to close one end of them. You can cut the cardboard to fit around easily. Once you attach the basis, just flip the toy back over and sprinkle in with your cat’s favorite treats. Watch your cat how to figure out to get the treat out of the tubes. It will make him or her love it. And it can make feeding time a lot more exciting. Cat supplies are supposed to make your cat happy and physically active. This is exactly the kind of cat toys you want. For the final cat toy, you are going to need some strings, a pair a scissors. Loosely wrap your string around two of your fingers. Keep your fingers a spot so they are not accidentally tied together. You want to use a lot of this, so keep doing it until you are happy with the amount. Then very slowly remove your fingers from the center of the strings without raveling it. Now take out two longer ones of the strings, and tie them around the center of the bunch. Make sure the knot your tie is very tight. Take you scissors to cut through the loops that are being created either at the end of the bunch. Once you cut through all the loops, flay out all the strings. And you will have this cute pompom cat toys. You can even attach this to a stick to make your very own teaser toy. This toy is very simple but will definitely keep your cat busy for hours.	7,597
For us, this mandate has long meant work to ensure that older persons are able to age in place with dignity, regardless of their economic status. This, of course, supports the notion that these individuals, in the “golden” years of their lives, are entitled to live in safe, supportive and affordable housing that is appropriate for their particular needs. Without affordable housing options, many older adults have historically found themselves having to go to nursing homes, well before they may actually need that level of care. Since 1971, B’nai B’rith has worked in partnership with the federal government, through the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), to sponsor this type of housing, utilizing the programs established under the Federal Housing Act of 1959, as amended, which set out to articulate our federal housing policy to address this growing concern. The “graying” of America has been well documented. The percentage of persons aged 65 and older is making a larger and larger percentage of the total population, growing from 35 million (12.5 percent) in 2000 to 71.5 million (19.4 percent) by 2030. Additionally, and compounding the issue, is the growth of the “oldest” old, those individuals who are aged 85 and older, who are becoming a larger share of the elderly population due to our increased longevity. Think abut it…How many people do you know who are in their upper 80's or even past 90 years of age? While the sustained growth of the senior population is well documented, it is not supported by a corresponding growth in affordable housing units to provide for this increasing demand. Currently, there are at least 10 people on a waiting list for every available subsidized elderly housing unit and, even a number of HUD studies recommend building 10,000 new units of elderly senior housing every year until 2020 to even begin to meet the increased demand. That’s only five years away! From a personal perspective, I’ll be 74 years old then, and I’m only the first year of the “baby boomer” generation. The tsunami of older persons to follow is staggering, and I believe, will overwhelm every affordable housing and supportive services program currently available. Adding to this crisis is the fact that the recent recession robbed many older adults of their primary wealth—the value of their home—while also taking a bite out of retirement savings. For us boomers, and for future generations, the older adult population will have as much, if not more need for affordable options than the elderly of the past. Established in 1959, the Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly program (known as Section 202) is the only HUD program that currently provides housing exclusively for elderly persons who have very low incomes. When enacted, this program was part of a “comprehensive” federal housing policy coordinated by the federal government. It was developed as a “partnership” between the government and community based non-profit organizations (like B’nai B’rith) to supply safe, quality, affordable residential housing to older persons of limited incomes. The government would supply the financial resources to build the property, and the non-profit groups would supply the “sweat equity” to oversee the development and operations of the property. It was the perfect combination of federal and community resources joining forces to meet a burgeoning human need. Generally, there have been a few distinct phases of the program from its inception to the present. In the 1960s and 1970s the eligibility criteria were refined. In the late 70's and 80's the focus began to shift to reducing the actual costs of construction. During the mid 1990s the program began to recognize and incorporate the physical needs of the residents above and beyond the bricks and mortar and the use of “service coordinators” became more prevalent which helped individuals to access the support and services they might need to make aging in place more possible. HUD finally understood that providing some level of service support within the housing facility often precluded a premature move to a more institutional setting for a resident, at a tremendous cost savings to society in general. Think about it. If people can remain in their homes—whether owned or rented—with assistance and services to help them with a few basic needs, isn't that better than moving to a nursing home before you need to? The Section 202 Program for the Elderly, while suffering somewhat less total units being funded, was finally getting the recognition and understanding it so richly deserved. Unfortunately, Congressional priorities began to change and brought with it significant changes in federal funding allocations for most discretionary programs. Number one on the list was HUD, and its budgets became more and more squeezed. Obviously, this significantly impacted the continued development and operation of the affordable senior housing programs From a high of almost 30,000 units of housing built between 1985 and 1988, we have seen a steady decline to just about 25,000 units constructed between 2000 and 2006. As for current and future spending, we have dropped to a ridiculously low 595 apartments funded for the entire country in 2011, and we are currently seeing zero dollars being appropriated for the construction of new affordable units for the elderly of limited income each fiscal year since 2012! That means for each of the last three years of federal funding, there are zero dollars being appropriated for the construction of new apartment units for seniors of limited income. Obviously, building and maintaining housing is expensive compared to providing rental assistance to persons to rent housing on their own (when they can). This has been the challenge for the Section 202 program to overcome. It is not easy to persuade legislators that housing seniors together in rental communities allows us to serve them, and society in general better, and at a lesser overall cost. I can only think of the problems that those of us who are becoming ready to retire to our “golden” years will find in our way. I wonder if it’s too late to consider having more children that can assist us with the help we will most probably need in the years to come… In essence, the United States no longer has a federal housing policy when it comes to providing quality, safe, affordable housing for seniors of limited income. Perhaps it’s time to re-think our Congressional priorities as our country continues to become even more gray!!	238,746
- The Alianza Francesa (Alliance Française), located in San Juan, was created in 1937. French language courses began at the end of the 1950s with the arrival of Cuban immigrants to the island. Today, 95% of the organization's income comes from their courses. The Alianza Francesa celebrates French culture with a range of activities open to the public. - © NileGuide2013	253,593
- Training Topics - Campus Connections - OSU IT Policies URL redirects can be set right through the OSU Drupal interface, as long as the base URL of the new site matches the base URL of the old URL. So, for example, a static site with the base URL of http://oregonstate.edu/cws/my-old-page.html could be redirected to a new page in Drupal that had the URL http://oregonstate.edu/cws/my-new-page. This will also work with files. For example an image file located at http://oregonstate.edu/cws/old-directory/my-image.png could be redirected to a new file instance in Drupal that had the URL http://oregonstate.edu/cws/sites/default/files/new-directory/my-image.png. An original base URL that differs from a new base URL will not work, though. So, for example, you would not be able to redirect something like http://oregonstate.edu/old-cws/my-old-page to something like http://oregonstate.edu/new-cws/my-new-page. The base URLs old-cws and new-cws are different and the new site will not recognize the base URL old-cws. Here are some examples of rewrites that you can test out: Setting a redirect in OSU Drupal is quite simple: Redirects should be set relatively. Please note that if you are setting redirects in a development site in drupaldev, your redirects will not work with your production site's base URL until you replace your old site with your new one. Make sure to test your new redirect in your production site. You can do this easily by simply entering your old URL in the address bar or creating a test link on some page in your site with the original URL, such as what is shown in the example above.	220,931
: 29 Nov 2009 The global call for action against diabetes came alive in Dubai on Friday 13 November, as over 4000 UAE residents took part in a 3.1km distance walkathon organised by Landmark Group, in close coordination with Dubai Sports Council. The event drew participants from all walks of life and they all had a common objective - to 'Beat Diabetes'. The walkathon in Dubai was one of numerous activities organised across 160 countries worldwide to mark the birthday of Fredrick Banting, who is credited with the discovery of insulin. As early as 5.45am participants thronged in their hundreds to register for the walk at Oasis Centre. The free diabetes test centre also recorded a large number of patronage as over 2500 people took the test between 6.00am and 10.00am on Friday November 13. Renuka Jagtiani, Director, Landmark Group, commented: "We are most delighted about the energy and enthusiasm displayed towards the 'Beat Diabetes' cause; the turnout today is ample proof that the fight against diabetes in the UAE will be won." A number of organisations who share the need to address the incidence of diabetes in the UAE supported the event; Jeremy Trevis, Head of Compliance and Assurance, Standard Chartered UAE said: "Combating preventable blindness is a key priority on Standard Chartered's sustainability agenda. In the UAE, diabetes is a leading cause of avoidable blindness and so we're proud to support the 'Beat Diabetes Walk' to help raise awareness, particularly about vision related complications as a result of diabetes." Johnson & Johnson provided the glucometers and testing strips for the test centre at Oasis Centre while Rashid Hospital provided medical experts to operate the test centre. Other organisations that supported the event include Al Ain Water, BNP Paribas, New India Assurance, Direct Shipping, APL, Maersk, Kuehne Nagel, Fitness First, Zee TV AND Vectramind. Addressing participants after the walk, Micky Jagtiani, Chairman, Landmark Group said: I strongly urge you all not to let the Beat Diabetes enthusiasm die as you leave here today, but rather, continue to 'walk the talk' in your daily lives and make diabetes less visible in our society." To sustain awareness for the campaign, Beat Diabetes wrist bands are being distributed for free at Oasis Centre and all Landmark Group stores across the UAE - including, Home Centre, Babyshop, Centrepoint, Splash, Shoe Mart, Lifestyle, Beautybay, Centrepoint, Q Home Décor, Max, Emax, Fun City, Spaces, Gourmet Station and Shoexpress.	201,260
Scrabble word: ALULAR In which Scrabble dictionary does ALULAR exist? Definitions of ALULAR in dictionaries: - adj - pertaining to alulae - adj - a tuft of feathers on the first digit of a bird's wing [n -LAE] : ALULAR There are 6 letters in ALULAR: A A L L R U Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to ALULAR All anagrams that could be made from letters of word ALULAR plus a wildcard: ALULAR? Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word ALULAR Images for ALULAR SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.	120,906
10 edition of The years found in the catalog. \|Statement\|\|V.V. Shulgin ; translated by Tanya Davis ; introduction by Jonathan E. Sanders.\| \|LC Classifications\|\|DK254.S5 A3213 1984\| \|The Physical Object\| \|Pagination\|\|xvii, 302 p. ;\| \|Number of Pages\|\|302\| \|LC Control Number\|\|84019765\| Ideological anti-semitism in America, 1877-1927. mantle of Elijah. Firelight Shelf Talker The man who wasnt there. The Psychology of sex roles Performance Plus Top Pop Hits Book 2 Reverberations of dissent Turning over new leaves Nitrate concentrations, 1936-99, and pesticide concentrations, 1990-99, in the unconfined aquifer in the San Luis Valley, Colorado Rate of Chemical Reaction Chislennye metody i prilozhenii͡a︡ The study of American folklore Medical physiology and biophysics Microcomputers in libraries. "The Years" shows the reader that no one escapes the The years book realities of life, and that the time it takes us to learn those direct lessons come with consequences. The years book the years rip by, we can so easily lose the opportunity for true love, and if it does find you, it is to be savored and appreciated in present tense/5(). THE YEARS is the only novel I know set in the early twentieth century where the reader approaches the First World War without any sense of dread. Woolf observes it, certainly; there is a scene with some people drinking wine in a basement with bombs falling overhead/5(24). The Years book. Read 30 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. The Years is about the passage of time: from The years book to middle age to the w /5(30). The Years is published by Fitzcarraldo Editions. To order a copy for £ (RRP £) go to or call Free UK p&p over £10, online orders only. Phone orders min p&p of £ The Years is a personal narrative The years book the period to told through the lens of memory, impressions past and present—even projections into the future—photos, books, songs, radio, television and decades of advertising, headlines, contrasted with intimate conflicts and writing notes from six decades of diaries. The Years is a novel by Virginia Woolf, the last she published in her lifetime. The complexity of the writing style of "Virginia Woolf" puts the reader in a barrage that, even at the end of his stories, does not leave the readers/5. More about 's best books of the year so far. All year, 's editorial The years book reads with an eye for the best books of the month, plus the best books in popular categories including cookbooks, food & wine, literature & fiction, children's books, mystery, thriller & suspense, comics & graphic novels, romance, science fiction & fantasy, teens, and more. Observer New Review books of the year Best books of Published: 9 Dec The years book books of Best books of Best books The years book Hilary Mantel, Yuval Noah Harari and more pick their favourites. Published: The years book Dec Best books of Hilary Mantel, Yuval Noah Harari and more pick their favourites. The Barnes & Noble® The years book Bestsellers of the Year list has top books from your favorite authors. Our list of his year's bestsellers includes books in a wide variety of genres -- science fiction & The years book, mystery, and more -- at Barnes & Noble®. Barnes & Noble Press. Publish your book with B&N. A tale of power, privilege, dark The years book, and murder set among the Ivy League elite. Enjoy handwritten notes from the author in our B&N exclusive edition. Join fellow readers for lively discussion at our Barnes & Noble Book Club Night on Tuesday, November 5th at 7PM. More About 's Best Books of All year, 's editorial team reads with an eye for the Best Books of the Month, plus the best books in popular categories like cooking, food & wine, literature & fiction, children's books, mystery & thrillers, romance, science fiction & fantasy, the best books for teens, and scour reviews and book news for tips on. The Year The years book are the modern English name that is now typically given to the earliest law reports of England. Substantial numbers of manuscripts circulated during the later The years book period containing reports of pleas heard before the Common Bench. The Years is a personal The years book of the period to told through the lens of memory, impressions of past and present—even projections into the future—photos, books, songs, radio, television and decades of advertising, headlines, contrasted with intimate conflicts and writing notes from six decades. Welcome to our round-up of the best books of the year. Discover the most talked about and praised books this year according to Barnes & Noble and media like The New York Times, Publishers Weekly, and The Washington explore the best books of the past decade to see what was popular throughout the years. Year of Wonders: A Novel of the Plague Paperback – Ap #N#Geraldine Brooks (Author) › Visit Amazon's Geraldine Brooks Page. Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author. Are you an author. Learn about Author Central. Geraldine Brooks (Author) out of 5 stars 1, by: 5. Terry Hayes returns with the thrilling and eagerly awaited follow-up to his New York Times bestselling novel I Am Pilgrim. With The Year of the Locust, Hayes has penned a breathtaking story about cutting-edge science, a government conspiracy, and one mans desperate attempt to unravel it all. Luke Truman is a junior officer on board the USS /5. The superstar Y.A. author, whose book “Look Both Ways” was a finalist for the National Book Award in young people’s literature this year, wants black teenagers and kids to know that he sees. Book One: The Path to Power () In the first volume, The Path to Power, Caro retraced Johnson's early life growing up in the Texas Hill Country and working in Washington, D.C. Caro's research included renting a house in Hill Country for three years, living there much of that time, to interview numerous people who knew Johnson and his family, and to better understand the. Yearbook Machine is a complete service for producing printed yearbooks and leavers' books. Powerful group features allow everyone to contribute their own photos and text. Smart templates make professional results possible with minimal effort. We manage printing, quality control and delivery to make things hassle free. Books of The Times Rivers Merge in St. Louis. So Do Racism, Violence and Exclusion. Walter Johnson’s book about the city, “The Broken Heart of America,” shows how. Best Books of the Year From rethinking capitalism to returning to Gilead, the crises of modern politics to the hottest spy thrillers, FT commentators, critics and guests select the titles of. Walmart Books Best Sellers - use alt shift right arrow to open the sub menu. Adult Fiction Top Adult Non-Fiction Top Children's Books Top Young Adult Books Top Education Books - use alt shift right arrow to open the sub menu. Administration in Education Books. Bilingual Education Books. Books on Experimental Education Methods. Presenting our Book of the Year Few of us could resist the sublime illustrations in Charlie Mackesy’s luminous fable, The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse. This gorgeous book is an inspirational (but not saccharine) story about loneliness and courage for readers of all ages. Announcing the winners of the 11th Annual Goodreads Choice Awards, the only major book awards decided by readers. Congratulations to the best books of the year. Get great book recommendations. Refresh and try again. Refresh and try again. Refresh and try again. Refresh and try again. Refresh and try again. Refresh and try again. The Year of Less is a self-help memoir that documents my life for the first twelve months of my two-year shopping every stage, I learned that the less I consumed, the more fulfilled I felt. But the challenge became a lifeline when, in the course of the year, I found myself in situations that turned my life upside down. A Journal of the Plague Year is a book by Daniel Defoe, first published in March It is an account of one man's experiences of the yearin which the bubonic plague struck the city of London in what became known as the Great Plague of London, the last epidemic of plague in that book is told somewhat chronologically, though without sections or chapter headings, Author: Daniel Defoe. Old High School & College Yearbooks, School Pictures, Class Rosters and Alumni Databases Online. New Class Rosters. Atoka, OK High School Class Rosters Cresco, IA High School Alumni Roster Tuscola, IL High School Alumni Notes Richland Center, WI High School Alumni Roster. Kettle Falls, WA High School Alumni The Best Bookstore Online. Over 6 million books ready for shipment within 24 hours and million eBooks to download now. COUPONS & DEALS. SIGNED EDITIONS. The Biggest Names Are on the Way. Get the B&N Exclusive Edition. The Hunger Games Prequel Is Coming. Read It & Watch. JUST ANNOUNCED. An Awesomely Friendly Return. The Year Books are the law reports of medieval England. The earliest examples date from aboutand the last in the printed series are for the year The Year Books are our principal source materials for the development of legal doctrines, concepts, and methods from toa period during which the common law developed into. The books of may be slippery to categorize, but the state of them is strong—a luscious year, like for Brunellos—and I’m thrilled that my job calls upon me to share some of my. The Next Years is a book by George Friedman. In the book, Friedman attempts to predict the major geopolitical events and trends of the 21st century. Friedman also speculates in the book on changes in technology and culture that may take place during this period. Second Cold War. Russian and Chinese : George Friedman. The book is a centuries-spanning look at how debutantes and their rituals, from the antebellum South to modern-day Russia, have shaped marriage and womanhood in. "This book is a masterful work of scholarship and personal history excavating unlike any I’ve seen before; this will become a major force in the Palestinian historical canon in the years to come." —Literary Hub "A richly informed, personalized account of a century of repression of a peoples’ national aspirations. As I have read this book thanks to Kris Rabberman, it is to her that I shall dedicate my since it is also her birthday today (January 22nd), this is my gift to her. This book has a smart and clear structure. Blom has taken the fifteen years that preceded WW1 and surveyed the key cultural and social aspects that, mostly in Europe, accompanied the 4/5. The year’s best books, selected by the editors of The New York Times Book Review. The extraordinary friendship of an elderly songwriter and the precocious child of his single-parent neighbor is. Over the years, the book industry has remained a massive, greatly influential global consumer market. million print books were sold last year in the U.S. alone, and relatively new book. This is a list of lists of bestselling novels in the United States as determined by Publishers list features the most popular novels of each year from through The standards set for inclusion in the lists - which, for example, led to the exclusion of the novels in the Harry Potter series from the lists for the s and s - are currently unknown. Year of Wonders Geraldine Brooks pp, Fourth Estate, £ It begins with the scent of rotting apples and a flush that looks like rose petals blooming beneath the : Alfred Hickling. Book 1 proceeds to alternate between the present-day rekindled romance and a chronicle of the 42 years since their love affair at Harvard. Their earlier ardent courtship was almost hyperbolically Author: Priscilla Gilman. Bernardine Evaristo, Lee Child and more pick the best books of Save up to 30% on the books of the year at Sat 30 Nov EST. Last modified on Sat 30 Nov Author: Guardian Staff. Joss’s Pdf Competition Outfit for inch Dolls. stars reviews. Joss’s Bulldog with Life Vest. stars reviews. Joss’s Shine Bright PJs for inch Dolls. stars reviews. Joss’s Cheer Practice Outfit for inch Dolls. stars reviews. Joss’s Surfboard Set.Used books. Giving used books new life is what we do best. From classics to self-help, cookbooks, children's books and more. Find a great selection at unbeatable prices.Book reviews and news ebook new books, best sellers, authors, literature, biographies, memoirs, children's books, fiction, non-fiction and more. Search Washington, DC area books .	224,834
Marsh Trip Evokes Memories for Science Alumni Science alumni, faculty and guests take a trip to the Trenton-Hamilton Marsh. While Rider’s Lawrenceville campus buzzed with the excitement of returning alumni and friends during Reunion Weekend, Dr. Mary Leck, professor emerita of Biology, was giving a lesson on freshwater marsh ecology and preservation some 12 miles south. During a field trip to Trenton-Hamilton Marsh, spanning parts of Bordentown and Hamilton N.J., on Saturday, June 12, approximately 15 alumni, faculty members and guests were able to gain a glimpse into Leck’s work inside the John A. Roebling Memorial Park. Leck has conducted research on seed germination and has led countless field trips to the marsh since 1975. The recent field trip was an idea that evolved from a conversation between Dr. Jonathan Yavelow, assistant dean of the College of Liberal Arts, Education, and Sciences, and Wright B. Seneres ’97, chair of the Science Alumni Affinity Chapter and an environmental scientist at Bach Associates, PC, in Haddon Heights, N.J. As Leck led the group on a walking tour of Watson Woods and Abbott Bluff trails, she pointed out Jewelweed, a green leaf plant with orange and red flowers, which first attracted her to the area. Jewelweed has long been used to treat poison ivy, rashes and other skin disorders. Later, Leck showed another type of herbal plant, Leonurus or Motherwort, which has been used to treat heart conditions and pregnancy complications. Those plants are among the 900 species of plants identified by Leck and her husband, Charles, in the marsh area. Leck explained that the freshwater marsh is not only rich in wildlife, but also history. The Watson House, built in 1708, is the oldest house in Mercer County. Indian artifacts dating back almost 10,000 years have been found inside the park. In the early 1900s, the park held an amusement park, and Leck pointed out its remnants, including a crumpled stone staircase. For some science alumni, the Reunion Weekend field trip invoked memories from their undergraduate years at Rider. Dr. Russell Burke ’02, who was there with his wife, Candy Burke, said he remembered how Leck introduced him and his classmates to the area’s plants and algae on their field trips. In fact, during the alumni trip, when Leck asked if anyone knew the name of a particular plant, Burke immediately called it out — aerenchyma. “I was always impressed by that system,” said Burke about the intertidal plants of the marsh. As a marine scientist at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at The College of William & Mary, Burke studies the native oyster reefs in the York River Estuary of Chesapeake Bay and changes in the watershed. He said that he was able to apply the lessons he learned from Leck’s field trips to his current work because the ecology of intertidal areas are very similar to salt systems. While Diane Pupa ’84 did not have any classes or field experiences with Leck, she does remember Geology trips, including the one to the Blue Ridge Mountains, which she took with her classmates and Dr. Jonathan Husch, now of Geological, Environmental, & Marine Sciences (GEMS) department. Pupa, an environmental scientist and supervisor at the N.J. State Department of Environmental Protection, said the impact that the Rider faculty had on her was huge. “They prepared you very well for the real world,” she added. Leck said she continues to run field trips to the marsh as a way to educate others about the ecology systems and the importance of preserving open space. She called upon one trip where she led a group of students from Trenton Central High School in the mid-1990s. “The students were out there in hip boots. It was such a fantastic time,” Leck remembered. “It changed their attitude about science and made me aware about how important this place is as a resource for education.”	150,871
This question already has an answer here: - I am under DDoS. What can I do? 1 answer I have been thinking about a way to hinder DDos (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks (which seems to be a hot topic at the moment) by placing a signed Java Applet on the web site. This Java Applet should function as a web server so people viewing a web site could utilize their bandwidth to help others access the same web site. The Java Applet should not be included on the front page, but only if you clicked on a link like: "Help us against DDos attacks". Of course the first web page to get distributed to the web server, would be the front page, and just doing this should alleviate a lot. There are a lot of issues with this, which I simply lack the knowledge to solve. - Could this be utilized to help against DDos attacks? - Would it be possible to do this in such a way that one can guarantee that the content that the distributed web servers sends out is the actual content of the page? The distributed web servers could communicate with eachother, so they could organize themselves in hierarchies according to bandwidth etc. There would need to be a central server to decide what content to present and which servers to utilize, but maybe it could be configured on only communicate with the Java applets so it would only accept incoming connections from certain IP addresses or something like that? I believe that lots of people would keep this page running in the background to help out vulnerable web sites. Please help me think outside the box on this issue, because there is a web site, I would really like to help out.	304,503
45 miles W. of Durango, 203 miles S. of Grand Junction An important archaeological center, Cortez is surrounded by a vast complex of ancient villages that dominated the Four Corners region -- where Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah's borders meet -- 1,000 years ago. Mesa Verde National Park, 10 miles east, is certainly the most prominent nearby attraction, drawing hundreds of thousands of visitors annually. In addition, archaeological sites such as those at Canyons of the Ancients and Hovenweep national monuments, as well as Ute Mountain Tribal Park, are an easy drive from the city. San Juan National Forest, just to the north, offers a wide variety of recreational opportunities. The community of Cortez provides lodging, food, and supplies, making it the best spot to use as a home base when visiting these sites. Elevation is 6,200 feet.	214,892
Kenya on high alert for Ebola after two more deaths in Uganda Kenya dispatches protective gear to border after two people, including a child, are suspected to have died of the Ebola virus in neighbouring Uganda. \|Report an Error\| Share via Email KAMPALA, UGANDA—Two more people, including a child, are suspected to have died of the Ebola virus while 11 more have been put in isolation in western Uganda where the deadly hemorrhagic fever was first confirmed last Friday, health workers said on Tuesday. So far 14 people have died of the disease and Ugandan officials fear a repeat of an outbreak in 2000, the most devastating to date, when 425 people were infected, more than half of whom died. Neighbouring Kenya said Tuesday it has placed its laboratories on high alert and dispatched protective medical gear to its border provinces amid the Ebola outbreak. Measures to detect people who may be carrying the virus, including raising awareness and screenings at airports and border crossings, have been “invigorated” since the disease was detected in western Uganda on July 6, said Shikanga O-tipo, head of the integrated disease surveillance unit at Kenya’s Public Health Ministry. Rwanda, Uganda’s southern neighbour, also took steps to detect the disease, the Health Ministry said in a statement Tuesday in Kigali, the capital. “Though no case has been reported in Rwanda for the last 15 years, government has put in place measures aimed at protecting the public from this deadly disease but is also cautioning Rwandans to remain vigilant and report any suspected cases immediately,” it said. The outbreak began in Kibaale, 175 kilometres west of Kampala, Uganda’s capital, according to the Health Ministry, which is monitoring 34 health workers who came in contact with people suspected to have the virus. A total of 25 people have been infected with the disease, according to the Daily Monitor, a Kampala-based newspaper. On Monday Uganda’s President Yoweri Museveni advised people to avoid shaking hands, casual sex and do-it-yourself burials to reduce the chance of contracting Ebola virus. Kiiza Xavier, a farmer in Kibaale’s Buyanja county said news of the Ebola outbreak was spreading panic among the population. “People here love their drinking for instance, but now they’re too scared to go to bars as they normally do daily,” he said. “Proprietors of lodges are also seeing their incomes shrink because people have been advised to avoid sex.” There is no treatment for Ebola, which is transmitted by close contact and body fluids such as saliva, vomit, feces, sweat, semen and blood. In the capital Kampala where a health worker from Kibaale, Clare Muhumuza, died on Friday, residents were fast abandoning handshakes for fear of contracting the disease. Some said, however, they found that culturally embarrassing. “Obviously the thought of catching Ebola scares me to the bone and I would do anything to avoid it,” said Ben Tumwebaze, 28, a motorcycle rider in Kampala. “But if you meet a good friend especially one you haven’t seen in a long time and refuse to shake his or her hand, it might be misunderstood or create hard feelings between both of you.” - Photos Two Canadians among 239 aboard missing Malaysia Airlines plane - Police take out new search warrant in Mayor Rob Ford case - OPP will take ORNGE probe to Italy - Mayor Rob Ford unaware of ex-aide's part in federal kicback scheme - Raptors cruise to comfortable win in Rudy Gay’s return to Toronto - Roberto Luongo makes triumphant homecoming as a Panther: DiManno - Sunshine List: More than a third of Toronto police officers earned $100,000 - Fog of war lifts in Ukraine, death toll upped to 100	5,744
COMPUTE THE TIME OF STAY IN A FALLOUT AREA Critical Task: 031-506-2010 In this lesson you will learn how to compute the time of stay in a fallout area. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Compute the time of stay in a fallout area. Given information about and illustrations of the procedures for using the total dose nomogram or the M28A1 Nuclear Calculator Set to compute the time personnel stay in a fallout area when the time of entry, dose rate, and transmission factor are known. Demonstrate competency of the task skills and knowledge by responding to the multiple-choice test covering the procedures for computing the time of stay in a REFERENCES: FM 3-3, FM 3-3-1 and STP 3-54B2-SM. The amount of radiation absorbed by personnel in a fallout area is directly associated to the amount of time spent in the fallout area. Regardless of whether the personnel are in the open or are shielded from the radiation, the longer they remain in the area, the larger the dose of radiation they will receive. A commander can control the amount of radiation received by the personnel in several ways. When crossing a fallout area, the time of stay can be reduced by selecting a shorter route or by increasing the rate of march. If the fallout area must be occupied, personnel can be relieved after a period of time by other personnel. Work to be accomplished inside a fallout area can be completed more rapidly by prior planning and by increasing the number of personnel to do the work.	179,587
Half of the homes in central London are bought for cash HALF of homes sold in central London are acquired by people who use cash, typically spending about £1.6m, according to the Council of Mortgage Lenders (CML). The disclosure comes as cash buyers across the UK — that is, people who do not need a mortgage to buy their home — reach their highest level since the end of the Second World War. The CML’s report said 36% of homes sold last year were bought by cash purchasers, compared with just 26% in 2007, the year that the financial crisis began. It said the rising number of cash purchases — a trend which it expects to continue to grow — is partly being fuelled by Britain’s ageing population. Mohammad Jamei, an economist at the CML, said:	148,510
DETROIT -- General Motors said Wednesday that the battery-powered version of its Chevrolet Spark mini-car can travel up to 82 miles on a single charge, putting it among the leaders in mass-market electric vehicles sold in the U.S. The Spark EV also gets the equivalent of 119 miles per gallon in testing monitored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. GM said that makes it the most efficient car available for sale to the public. The figure is for combined city and highway driving. The tiny electric Chevrolet goes on sale in July in Oregon and California. GM hasn't released the price but has said it will be less than $32,500, excluding a $7,500 federal tax credit. The company also hasn't said when it will go on sale in other states. The Spark enters the market at a time when gasoline prices nationwide are relatively low. The average price of a gallon of regular gas on Wednesday was $3.52, 33 cents less than the same time last year, according to AAA. Lower gas prices and a limited range have held down U.S. electric car sales. Automakers sold almost 4,900 fully electric vehicles in the first quarter of this year, nearly three times the number from a year ago, according to the Edmunds.com automotive website. But that's only 0.13 percent of total U.S. car sales. Other electric cars can travel farther on a single charge. The Fiat 500e, for example, can go 87 miles on a charge according to EPA estimates, while versions of the Tesla Model S can travel up to 265 miles per charge. GM's Chevrolet Volt can go 38 miles per charge, which is less than all-electric cars because the Volt has a smaller battery and a gas-powered generator that kicks in after the battery is depleted. The Volt gets the equivalent of 98 miles per gallon on both electricity and gasoline, according to the EPA. The EPA calculates the gas mileage equivalent for electric cars like this: One gallon of gasoline creates the same energy as 33.7 kilowatt hours of electricity. It then determines how far an electric car can travel on that amount of battery power. The Scion IQ EV has a higher gas mileage equivalency figure than the Spark EV at 121 mpg, but Toyota said it is offered only to partners for testing purposes. The motor and other driveline parts for the Spark EV are made in Baltimore, but the car is assembled in South Korea along with the gasoline version.	95,040
LSUA’s SPERO program aims to bring hope to the lives of young people with developmental disabilities—by providing them with the resources and opportunities that will help them lead more independent lives and take up meaningful and rewarding employment in their communities. What will students in the program do? Students enrolled in the program will - audit some college-level classes; - take special program classes designed to improve their daily living skills, interpersonal skills, and employment skills; - participate in on-campus events and activities; and - receive vocational (work) training either on campus or at approved off-campus venues. Who can enroll in the program? The program will be open to young people between the ages of 18 and 28 who - have an identified developmental disability; - have completed high school with a high-school diploma, career diploma, certificate of achievement or equivalent; - and are ineligible for regular college admission. An application form, with a complete list of eligibility requirements, is currently under developement and will be posted on this website prior to the launch of the program. When will the SPERO program be launched? LSUA hopes to launch the program in Fall 2021. To do so and to sustain the program during its first 18 months, however, will require substantial funding, a good part of which will be used to hire qualified personnel to run the program. Several grant applications have already been submitted, and the program’s Steering Committee is seeking other opportunities for program funding from foundations and community organizations. Can individuals contribute financially to support the development of the SPERO program? Yes. LSUA welcomes donations to the SPERO program from individuals in the community. To make a donation, click on the Donate to SPERO button provided below: Clicking on the button will take you to the LSUA Foundation website, where you will have the option of making either a $250 donation or any amount greater or less than $250. Please be as generous as you can as the planned implementation of the SPERO program will depend on the availability of substantial private funding. Why is LSUA developing the Spero program? LSUA was approached by parents from the CENLA community about the possibility of offering a program of this kind on the campus. We learned from them that currently no program exists north of I-10 although three programs are offered on four-year college campuses in the southern part of the state. Is there community support for the program? An open meeting of parents and community members interested in learning about and contributing to the SPERO program was held on the LSUA campus on August 4, 2020. Almost 50 people attended and expressed strong support for the development of the program. A SPERO Facebook page, which now has about 133 followers, was launched to coincide with the open meeting. Who are the members of the Spero Steering Committee? - Dr. Eamon Halpin, Committee Chair, Vice Provost and Associate Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, LSUA - Dr. John Rowan, Provost and Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, LSUA - Dr. Robert Wright, Professor of Psychology; Board Member of Louisiana Autism Center - Dr. Jon Haag, Licensed Clinical Psychologist, Director of Louisiana Autism Center - Ms. Lakeshia Williams, Director of LSUA Continuing Education and Community Outreach - Mr. Daniel Manuel, Coordinator of Disability Services, LSUA - Mrs. Penny Smith, Parent and Community Member - Mrs. Melva Villard, Parent and Community Member Whom can I contact to obtain more information about SPERO program? Dr. Eamon Halpin, Chair of SPERO Steering Committee; Tel: (318) 767-2603; email: firstname.lastname@example.org. Spero means “I hope” in Latin.	91,575
When you reach Leipzig by plane Leipzig has his own international airport (Leipzig-Halle airport). To reach our institute from there take the 'Deutsche Bahn' train to Leipzig Station (Hauptbahnhof). It takes approx. 20 minutes and the train starts every 30 minutes (for exakt time table see the link at the next point). Or you can take a taxi directly to the institute (about 25 minutes, approx. 40 Euro). When you reach Leipzig by train From Leipzig Station (Hauptbahnhof) you can walk along Wintergartenstraße (W.gartenstr. in the map) and Chopinstraße to Inselstraße (15 minutes). Or you travel two stops on the tram heading for Taucha (tram number 3) or Sommerfeld (tram number 8) [ticket in one of the small offices in the center of the tram station or in the tram], and get off at the Friedrich-List-Platz tram stop. Then walk towards H.-Poeche-Straße/Inselstraße (see the city map). Or take a taxi directly to the institute (about 5 minutes). For your convenience here are links to the time table for the german railway (Deutsche Bahn). - From Leipzig Airport to city (Leipzig Hbf.) - From Frankfurt/Main Airport to Leipzig city (Leipzig Hbf.) Fill out the values for 'Date' and 'Time' and press 'Search connection' (ignore the warning 'Your input yielded several...' in the from-line). When you reach Leipzig by car From Berlin (direction north): Coming from Autobahn A9, change to A14 at Schkeuditzer Kreuz intersection towards Dresden. Take the exit (Ausfahrt) Leipzig-Mitte and follow direction Leipzig-Zentrum (B2). Stay always at the main road (B2, 2 lanes in every direction) and follow direction Gera. After about 7 km and crossing the railroad over a bridge the second time you reach Friedrich-List-Platz (tram line is crossing). Now after 400 m at the third traffic light turn right into Kreuzstraße (short after at the left side you can see the 'Rewe' supermarket) and after 300 m turn right into Inselstraße. You are now in front of our building. From Magdeburg (direction north west): Take the Leipzig-Mitte exit from the A14, then follow the above directions. From Dresden (direction south east): Coming from Autobahn A14 change to A38 at Dreieck Parthenaue. Take the exit (Ausfahrt) Leipzig-Süd and follow direction Leipzig-Zentrum (B2). Stay always at the main road (approx. 11 km). After passing the 'Bundesverwaltungsgericht' (at the left side, large 19th century building) turn right into the city circle ('Martin-Luther-Ring'). After 1 km at 'Augustusplatz' (with Gewandhaus and new university building) turn right again. At the next crotch keep left. Now the second road at the left side is the Inselstraße. After 300 m you can see our building at the right side. From Munich (direction south) or Frankfurt (direction south west): Coming from Autobahn A9 change to A38 at Dreieck Rippachtal. Take the exit (Ausfahrt) Leipzig-Süd, then follow the above directions. From Göttingen (direction west): Take the exit (Ausfahrt) Leipzig-Süd from the A38, then follow the above directions.	208,559
To compare recovery from disability in stroke patients receiving the current standard amount of 30 minutes' physiotherapy with those receiving double that amount (60 minutes). - Physical therapy Behavioral Pragmatic, randomized, single-blind, controlled trial of 114 patients. \|Type\|\|Measure\|\|Time Frame\|\|Safety Issue\| \|Primary\|\|Measures of physical performance and function, psychological aspects of anxiety and depression, and perceived control over recovery at 6 weeks and 6 months.\|	284,996
By Founder and President Kurt Lieber I recently returned from spending the last two weeks talking to a wide range of people that want to know more about ODA. Global Environmental Guardians Network (GEGN), Baltimore. I was invited by Dari AlHuwail to meet with several people from the Kuwait Dive Team (KDT). They were hosting a conference in Baltimore, Maryland, on August 29 and 30. Alex Earl, who is on ODA's Advisory Board, told me about the KDT and suggested that I meet with Dari in September of 2014. At that meeting, Dari told me about his involvement with the KDT, and what their goals and objectives were. The KDT is an all-volunteer dive team that removes ghost gear and sunken boats from the coastal waters of the Persian Gulf, in the territorial waters of Kuwait. Sound familiar? They are doing exactly what ODA does, but on the other side of the world! I was thrilled to be invited, and had the honor of giving a presentation about ODA. There were also three other groups in attendance: Plastic Ocean Project, the Ocean Conservancy, and Backriver Restoration Committee. The Kuwait Dive Team came into being before we started ODA, in 1994. Just to give you an idea of how effective they are: they removed 34 boats and 18 tons of nets in just one year! Above Left: Kurt Lieber (in green shirt) with the Kuwait Dive Team. Above Right: Giving a presentation about plastic is Bonnie Monteleone, an ODA Board Member and Director of Science, Research and Academic Partnerships for Plastic Ocean Project. As the conference came to a close, it was agreed by all in attendance that we want to work together in the future, and I hope you will support us to make sure that happens. Mainstream media is rife with stories about how people from different parts of the world and different cultures cannot get along. The oceans literally link us all together, and we at ODA want to do all we can to foster mutual trust and save the oceans at the same time. This is a GREAT opportunity to show the world that when faced with the destruction of the oceans, we CAN all get along! The Water Wheel While there we were treated to an introduction to the Water Wheel, by the inventor: John Kellett. This is an incredible system that removes debris from the Jones Falls River, which runs right through downtown Baltimore. The Water Wheel's only power source is the flowing river, with a boost from some solar panels. This is a really promising project has removed 50,000 pounds of trash in a single day. They have also removed over four million cigarette butts in just one year! Pacific Northwest Bound After sleeping in my own bed for two days, I caught a flight to the state of Washington to meet with some dedicated supporters and discuss the need for ODA's specialized coastal cleanup services. Seattle Starts with "Sea"! I arrived in Seattle on September 2nd, where I met with our volunteer Jon Taylor. Jon had reached out to some area dive clubs to see if they would be interested in hearing about ODA. I gave two talks: one to the Bellevue Divers on the 2nd, and another to the Boeing Dive Club on the 4th. I had the pleasure of presenting ODA to two groups in Portland: the Oregon Scuba Club on the 3rd, and to a group of ocean lovers at a civic center in Portland on the 5th. The latter was organized by ODA volunteer Chad Miller, who owns Food Fight Grocery on SE Stark Street in Portland. Chad is exciited about the prospect of saving marine life in the Pacific Northwest. He shared with us that, "I have been trying to brain-storm a way to tie together my underwater time with my activism and Kurt's presentation gave me some hope that something like this can happen. Both Portland area events were well attended and provided a great chance to discuss these issues and meet other like-minded folks who are interested in making a difference in the oceans and rivers of the Pacific NorthWest. The ODA presentations have definitely got me thinking and I am very excited to pursue some ODA organizing and work in the near future." Pictured at right: Chad the animal lover! :) Expansion into PacNW All of the talks were met with enthusiasm and interest. I came away with confidence that these great folks are exciting about being involved with an ODA chapter in their area. We'll be working together on a business plan, laying out how this is going to be structured. I want to thank all the people who joined us at these events. Your passion about the health of the ocean waters and of the Puget Sound was palpable. It is going to be exciting to see this expansion come to fruition! A big thank you to Jon Taylor and Chad Miller for putting so much effort into organizing these meetings. Thanks also to the guys at Morgan Sound in Seattle who donated a projector and screen for my talks in Seattle. Stay tuned and find out more about this in the very near future. At left: in red suit, is our awesome Portland Rep Chad Miller! Los Angeles Singles Yacht Club I got home just in time to meet with some great people who do a lot of sailing off the coast of California. These are very experienced captains and deckhands, who seek out blustery days on the water-the exact opposite kind of conditions that ODA goes out in! We prefer flat seas and no wind. This event was very well attended, with about 50 people there. A lot of people came up to me afterwards and said they had no idea how pervasive the issue of ghost gear is, and they want to help out in some way. Several people signed up for our email list. You'll be hearing from us soon! I did all these presentations while repairs continue on our boat the LegaSea. All of the work will be completed within the next week or so, and we'll be back on and under the water as soon as we feasibly can. I will be sharing updates on our active debris removal work soon, so stay tuned! If you are interested in getting involved, check out our Volunteer Page!	273,264
\|worried abt HIV Dec 10, 2012 Yesterday I had sex with my friend she is married and have a small child,she was so upset and we both were alone at my home.we were not ready but we had sex without condom and that was my first time sex n affter this intercourse I pee n wash my penis.so is there any problem which culd create? Like HIV???? Please tell me .m so worried Response from Rev. Brown Dear Friend: I would encourage you to get tested as since you don't know her sexual history and are worried to calm your fears I would encourage you to get tested. Just because you urinated and washed yourself, does not mean anything when it comes to HIV, as the virus known as HIV is passed through sexual fluids such as semen, and vaginal fluid. Also if there was any bleeding you can pass the virus that way as well. Definately go and get tested so you can be sure of your status. Should I stay with my HIV-Positive Bisexual Husband? am i in risk This forum is designed for educational purposes only, and experts are not rendering medical, mental health, legal or other professional advice or services. If you have or suspect you may have a medical, mental health, legal or other problem that requires advice, consult your own caregiver, attorney or other qualified professional. Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material.	258,864
Removing dangers and annoyances comes with costs. Catching every single person who breaks the speed limit would cost far more than it is worth to prevent accidents, for example. Recognizing this trade-off, we look for the "sweet spot" (or for economists, equilibrium) where the costs equal the benefits. Beyond a certain threshold, preventing crime often requires impinging on personal freedom. Think of taking your shoes off at the airport, or practically any movie where the words "martial law" are invoked. Depending on whose estimates you believe, internet crime has a detrimental effect on businesses and personal lives. Whitfield Diffie, former vice president for information security and cryptography at the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, thinks that the socially optimal level of internet crime is probably greater than zero: I am rather inclined to think that a [completely] secure network is not adequate to serve our needs, and that's one of the reasons we don't have one. We put our needs above some notion of security. Attitudes toward internet crime are inherently political, and Diffie comes down on the side of freedom. While I do not endorse all of his views--he argues that the "benefit" of crime is that it creates jobs for lawyers and judges, which I see as wasteful--he provides an interesting and informed perspective. The politics of the internet is an increasingly relevant field and social scientists should be paying attention.	178,570
A Codicil to a will is an amendment to your Last Will and Testament and is used in some situations to save the expense and time of executing an entirely new document. You may want to change the name of an executor, you may want to leave somebody out that you had already previously given something to. A Codicil looks the same as a will but it is much shorter. It simply refers to the paragraph you want to change, makes the change and then you sign it in front of two witnesses and a notary in the same way that you executed your original Will. Some issues should not be addressed in a Codicil and may require the execution of an entirely new document. Consult an attorney about when the use of a codicil is appropriate for your needs.	243,166
Translation of gloomy in Spanish: adjective -mier, -miest - 1.1 (dark)(day)Example sentences1.2 (dismal) (prospect)I'm feeling gloomy todaynada halagüeño1.3 (pessimistic) she takes a gloomy view of everythinghoy estoy bajo de moraltodo lo ve negroExample sentences - The limo windows were tinted, making it appear dark and gloomy outside. - She thought of Mae to grant her some more confidence, as she approached the last door in the dark and gloomy corridor. - The supernatural thriller takes place in the gloomy, dark dismal backwoods outside New Orleans. - It cast a gloomy atmosphere around the station, which did not enhance her mood. - Yet fewer still are - in private - able to hide their sense of gloomy despondency. - So it is with the man himself: an essential sweetness of nature pickled in a brine of gloomy despondency. What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. Most popular in the US Most popular in the UK Most popular in Australia Most popular in Malaysia Most popular in Pakistan Find clear and straightforward guidance that will help you improve your Spanish grammar, pronunciation, and writing skills... ESO (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria) is one of the stages of secondary education established in Spain by the	44,014
For decades, Europe has been an essential partner working with the United States to confront a wide range of challenges around the globe. From Afghanistan, Libya and Iran, to issues such as counterterrorism, climate change and economic recovery, the Transatlantic Partnership remains critical to achieving common strategic objectives. On November 29, the Center on the United States and Europe at Brookings hosted an address by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on U.S.-European relations titled, "The U.S. and Europe: a Revitalized Global Partnership." Secretary Clinton was sworn in as the 67th Secretary of State of the United States in January 2009, after nearly four decades in public service as an advocate, attorney, First Lady, and Senator. During her tenure in the Senate, she served on the Armed Services Committee and worked to launch the government’s Vital Voices Democracy Initiative. She was also a Commissioner on the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Brookings President Strobe Talbott provided introductory remarks.	120,234
The hexadecimal color code #f526ec is a shade of magenta. In the RGB color model #f526ec is comprised of 96.08% red, 14.9% green and 92.55% blue. In the HSL color space #f526ec has a hue of 303° (degrees), 91% saturation and 55% lightness. This color has an approximate wavelength of 545.77 nm. Art is not what you see, but what you make others see. <p style="color: #f526ec">…</p> The world of reality has its limits; the world of imagination is boundless. <p style="background-color: #f526ec">…</p> Be who you are and say what you feel because those who mind don't matter and those who matter don't mind. <p style="text-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.15em #f526ec">…</p>	264,155
As you may have guessed from our video posted before the weekend, CERG is quite the proponent of 4×4 (“four by four”) aerobic interval training. We’ve compared it to other types of exercise, and found it to be very effective compared to continuous moderate exercise in multiple studies. The video provides a very good introduction, but we’d like to address six common sources of confusion: 1. It’s too exhausting If you’re not using a heart rate monitor, the rule of thumb is that during the intense parts of interval training, you should be unable to maintain a conversation comfortably. But what does this actually mean? That you should exhaust yourself completely? No. A common pitfall is pushing too hard during the high-intensity intervals, so the four minutes exhaust you. The intensity should get your heart rate up, but you should feel capable of continuing another minute after your four are up, and doing another interval after you’ve completed 4×4. Trial and error may be good enough to figure it out, but using a heart rate monitor can help you from tiring yourself out. Ideally, you should feel roughly the same after every interval – something that may be especially important for the sake of motivation. 2. It’s not intense enough Conversely, perhaps you’re confused after hardly being out of breath and lacking lactic acid buildup from completing your intervals at 90% of maximum heart rate, per the measurements from your heart rate monitor. Isn’t this interval stuff supposed to be high-intensity training? In fact, unless you’re incredibly fit, an issue like this probably stems from “90%” not actually being 90% of your maximum heart rate. While there are formulas for calculating your max, the variation between people can be so great that you’re better off actually testing your maximum heart rate rather than just calculating it. Which brings us to… 3. Heart rates So there’s this mention of heart rates, but what’s that all about? 4×4 interval training can be done by almost all people, but since fitness varies from person to person, it is useful to define the method by heart rates relative to the individual. To find your maximum heart rate with a heart rate monitor, warm up thoroughly, and do two 4-minute intervals with active breaks. Then, on what would have been your third interval, run as fast as you can, until you’re unable to continue. When you’re at exhaustion, the highest pulse you’ve logged will be your maximum heart rate. This is the number from which you can then calculate your percentages (e.g. maximum heart rate*0.85 will give you 85% of max). 4×4 interval training focuses on exercising the heart since cardiac health and overall fitness are so closely related. 4. Is it safe for me? I have an atrial flutter/ I’m recovering from a stroke/ I have some other type of cardiovascular disease – is this training appropriate for me? While in most cases the answer to this question likely is yes – very broadly speaking exercise is good for you – we recommend that if there’s doubt, you should ask your doctor for a referral so you can do an exercise test at a hospital. That way, professionals can give an unequivocal answer that pertains specifically to you. A related question is whether pregnant women can do interval training without detriment to the fetus. While not much research has been done on high-intensity exercise specifically, moderate-intensity exercise is recommended for pregnant women in international guidelines. In our experience, exercising at up to 90% of maximum heart rate during pregnancy is fine, so you should be able to do interval training. 5. How often? How often should I be doing 4×4 interval training? Once a week? Every day? The answer to this question depends on the individual, and your exercise goals. Generally, it looks like 1 set of intervals per week is enough to maintain your current shape, and 2-3 sets are recommended if you are untrained and want your physical fitness to improve. For fit people the situation is more complex, but if you exercise more than four times a week, it’s appropriate to spend one third to half of the time on interval training. We performed a study where people did 5-8 intervals per week, but found that it was hard to maintain motivation at that frequency, and near 8 times a week, test subjects were overspent and no longer got the desired physical adaptions. 6. Will 4×4 help me lose weight? While there’s nothing magical about it, 4×4 interval training can be used to lose weight. We performed a study on obese teenagers where they did 4×4 training twice a week for 12 weeks under professional supervision, followed by regular check-ups 1-2 times a month for a year. Aside from a 30-minute talk on nutrition before the program began, we did not emphasize dietary change, yet many successfully lost weight. A common misunderstanding is that high-intensity training is bad for burning fat. This is incorrect. The misunderstanding arises from the fact that the metabolism of fat provides ~50% of all the energy during low-intensity muscular work, vs. 20-30% during high-intensity work. Therefore, low-intensity work is better to lose fat, right? Wrong. What this thinking misses, is that the total energy spent matters far more than the percentage per se. During high-intensity exercise, the energy expenditure per unit of time is greater, and more fat is metabolized in total, even if a higher percentage of the energy comes from carbohydrates. Hopefully that clears up some frequent questions about interval training. So get out there and get fit! Conversely, if this hasn’t addressed your question about 4×4 interval training, please ask in the comments, or submit a question on our website. Compiled by Hanna Sofie Ellingsen at CERG.	17,297
>Interesting show this week. Mostly a rundown on our additions to the EVTV test bench, which is coming along quite nicely. We’ve added a control panel for the generator, with a contactor, current shunt, control switch and voltage/current displays. This allows us to turn on the generator or leave it off, depending on what kind of load we want to put on it. And we can measure the current back into the battery pack. I’m once again disappointed to report that we get less power OUT of our perpetual motion machine than we put in. But it gives us a bit of a load we can cut in. I’d kind of like to add a PWM circuit or controller to this eventually so we can dial in just how much of a load. But the 150 v battery pack doesn’t present much of one actually. We have to turn the generator up to a couple of thousand RPM to really get 80 amps or so out of it. tm = new SWFObject(‘http://media.ev-tv.me/player.swf’,’flashContent’,’414′,’256′,’9′); tm.addParam(‘allowfullscreen’,’true’); tm.addParam(‘allowscriptaccess’,’always’); tm.addParam(‘displaytitle’,’true’); tm.addParam(‘stretching’,’none’); tm.addParam(‘displayclick’,’fullscreen’); tm.addVariable(‘file’,’http://media2.ev-tv.me/news030411 – iPhone.m4v’); tm.addVariable(‘image’,’http://media2.ev-tv.me/news030411.jpg’); tm.addVariable(‘plugins’, ‘adttext,hd-1,gapro-1,tipjar-1’); tm.addVariable(‘width’,’635′); tm.addVariable(‘tipjar.title’, ‘EVTV Tip Jar’); tm.addVariable(‘tipjar.text’, ‘If you would like to further our cause, you may make a small donation via PAYPAL’); tm.addVariable(‘tipjar.business’, ‘email@example.com’); tm.addVariable(‘tipjar.item_name’, ‘EVTV Bandwidth Donation’); tm.addVariable(‘tipjar.show_pause’, ‘false’); tm.addVariable(‘tipjar.show_complete’, ‘true’); tm.addVariable(‘viral.callout’, ‘none’); tm.addVariable(‘viral.onpause’, ‘false’); tm.addVariable(‘viral.oncomplete’, ‘false’); tm.addVariable(‘viral.functions’, ‘link’); tm.addVariable(‘viral.link’, ‘http://evtv.me’); tm.addVariable(‘viral.embed’, ‘http://evtv.me’); tm.addVariable(‘viral.allowmenu’, ‘true’); tm.addVariable(‘viral.allowdock’, ‘false’); tm.addVariable(‘hd.state’, ‘true’); tm.addVariable(‘hd.file’,’http://media2.ev-tv.me/news030411-1280.mov’); tm.addVariable(‘viral.onpause’, ‘false’); tm.addVariable(‘title’, ‘March 4, 2011’); tm.addVariable(‘description’, ‘EVTV Weekly News Show’); tm.addVariable(‘date’, ’02-25-11′); tm.addVariable(‘gapro.accountid’, ‘UA-9098110-1’); tm.addVariable(‘gapro.trackstarts’, ‘true’); tm.addVariable(‘gapro.trackpercentage’, ‘true’); tm.addVariable(‘gapro.tracktime’, ‘true’); tm.write(‘mar4’); We also added a control panel to the input side, quite a bit more extensive. It has a Speedhut tachometer with the RECHARGECAR magnetic pickup to display RPM. We used a handheld laser RPM counter to check it and it probably reads about 50 rpm low – very acceptable. We’re using this at 4 pulses per turn and it is working well with the tach. We’ve also added a vernier 5K potentiometer to act as our throttle control. And we use a precharge resistor/contactor/shunt box originally used on our first Speedster. The control panel has a switch and a light to turn this power on. And a 1000 Amp 50mv meter that displays the current through the matching 1000 amp 50mv shunt in the box. This gives us a little extra safety. We can of course turn the ignition voltage off to the controllers from the panel, but we can also cut off the power through the contactor. Turns out to be a handy feature as you’ll see in the video. We wired up the two Soliton1 Controllers to the two Netgain Warp 11 motors. Therein lies a tale but also one of the reasons for the test bench during the Escalade conversion. The EVnetics Soliton1 is a relatively new controller and has some very interesting features. Most importantly to this application an IDLE function that maintains a low level RPM control on the motor with the throttle off. We know of no other controller with this feature. Normally, with Siamese motors, a series/parallel two speed electronic shifting system is used. This requires a lot of contactors, and at the powers we are applying, that is a bit of a problem. The advantage is of course that you can apply the full current from the controller through both motors at low speeds. This allows you to get maximum torque from both motors since in series they both get ALL the current put out by the controllers through their series armature/field windings. The disadvantage is that it drops the voltage applied across each motor in two. So a 192v pack putting out 1000 amps would put a little over 95 volts to each motor at 1000 amps or 95kw each for 190kw. But as the motors turned up in speed, they generate back EMF (electro-motive force). Think of them as also acting as generators in the reverse direction. These motors normally would start to drop in torque at 3600-3900 rpm at 192 volts but with half the voltage, the torque dropoff from BEMF would also decrease – maybe 2500 rpm or so. And so once your vehicle is up to speed, you would shift into parallel mode. In parallel mode, the current output of the controller is applied to each motor separately, or in parallel. The advantage here is that each motor receives full voltage and so can move the torque drop off back up to 3600 rpm. The disadvantage, of course, is that each motor only sees 500 amperes maximum. This really is NOT a terrible disadvantage, because by the time you are going down the road at 2500 rpm, your need for power is quickly diminishing in normal driving, and 500 amps is generally a lot, particularly from two motors on the same shaft. It’s still 192kw. I don’t like the system. THe problem is: The wiring is simply more complex with several contactors required. The system is of course switched with the car underway and so the contactors have to break some current. The contactors can do that – up to a point. Generally we use contactors ( a misnomer really for a high current capacity relay) to apply power or remove it but in normal operation they are not carrying ANY current at the time. You close it when you start the car. You generally open it when you shut it off. And you are parked both times and drawing near zero current. In a pinch, you can use the contactor relay to break current in an emergency and shut down the system. The Kilovacs we use, can break up to a couple of thousand amps – about once. And they DO fail. Ergo the mechanical disconnect switch backup. There have been real incidents of contactor relay FAILURE to break current in a high current situation. It certainly decreases their life expectancy when they are opened with significant current and this is spelled out quite graphically on the data sheet of the contactor. The mechanical life is a million cycles. At 200 amp current you get 12 cycles. At 2000 amps you get 1 cycle, maybe….. So they become failure items. Then too, you have to have some means of initiating all this shifting. And indeed, THEN you have to actually do the shifting. This of course COULD be automated. But now we have a controller and series of relays to control our contactor relays and so complexity builds again. How about we just use two controllers. We put one controller on one motor and the other controller on the other motor. Now each motor can have the full 192v AND the full 1000 amps all the time. Of course, we have the cost of the controllers. And then they have to have pretty similar outputs. You would think they would have to have exactly matching outputs or the two motors would fight. I didn’t think this was the case. Both are applying torque in the same direction on the same shaft. Even if one was applying half torque while the other was applying full torque, you should get the sum of the two torques. There is no war going on here unless one is commanding it backwards. But I had never heard of anyone doing it. Basically, it ought to work. The outputs of the controllers really can’t feed each other, they are on entirely separate sets of windings. The only common point would be the batteries and the control inputs. But having never tested it, it was kind of a theory, not a knowledge. As I stress over and over, your EV does not care IN THE SLIGHTEST what you THINK about it’s operation. Your theories might entertain you, but the car just does not give a shit. It will follow the actual lawas of physics as it interprets them, which is generally a might differently than how YOU interpret them. Ergo the test bench. And we did learn quite a bit rather quickly. One is that the output of the magnetic pickup is probably two light for two Solitons’s and a tachometer. Our Soliton’s were giving some erratic and very erroneous RPM readings – generally 100-150 rpm high, but also not very stable. I might be able to dress this up with some resistance value across the output. We’ll have to play with that. We did cal the two controllers to fairly precisely measured voltage outputs from the 5K pot. We tied the 5v and signal grounds together, and then the 5v signal as well. And calibrated each controller separately for 1.00v min and 4.00v max. That gets us off on the right foot. The motors turned very smoothly and had no apparent problem working out the torque sharing at any rpm. Even noise potentially fed back to the input just wasn’t a problem. The controllers obviously have some capacitors on the input to smooth things a bit and we might be able to augment that (future Top Secret video). But it doesn’t seem to be a problem at all. The other target of opportunity was the idle. Obviously idling we don’t NEED two motors and two controllers. To turn the transmission pump, the steering/brake pump, and an air conditioning compressor should only require 2 or 3 horsepower. So EITHER motor could be used. So we set up ONE controller with idle and the other without. The idle function in the Soliton1 is pretty cunning. It uses a PID algorithm to seek the target RPM and provides whatever current is necessary to get there – up to a limit you can actually set separately. I like the design. This simple concept, maintaining RPM through the controller, is actually a black art and heinously problematical. It looks easy, but any correction tends to overshoot, and cause another error input, which causes another correction, which of course overshoots again. The cycling can hit all sorts of resonances and self enhancing oscillations. Generally lumped under the term hysterisis. This from Wikipedia: “A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller) is a generic control loop feedback mechanism (controller) widely used in industrial control systems – a PID is the most commonly used feedback controller. A PID controller calculates an “error” value as the difference between a measured process variable and a desired setpoint. The controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the process control inputs. The PID controller calculation (algorithm) involves three separate constant parameters, and is accordingly sometimes called three-term control: the proportional, the integral and derivative values, denoted P, I, and D. Heuristically, these values can be interpreted in terms of time: P depends on the present error, I on the accumulation of past errors, and D is a prediction of future errors, based on current rate of change. The weighted sum of these three actions is used to adjust the process via a control element such as the position of a control valve or the power supply of a heating element. In the absence of knowledge of the underlying process, a PID controller is the best controller. By tuning the three parameters in the PID controller algorithm, the controller can provide control action designed for specific process requirements. The response of the controller can be described in terms of the responsiveness of the controller to an error, the degree to which the controller overshoots the setpoint and the degree of system oscillation. Note that the use of the PID algorithm for control does not guarantee optimal control of the system or system stability. Some applications may require using only one or two actions to provide the appropriate system control. This is achieved by setting the other parameters to zero. A PID controller will be called a PI, PD, P or I controller in the absence of the respective control actions. PI controllers are fairly common, since derivative action is sensitive to measurement noise, whereas the absence of an integral term may prevent the system from reaching its target value due to the control action. “ The Soliton1 allows you to individually specify the proportional, integral, and derivative values. I wouldn’t have a clue if you e-mailed them to me. I took the defaults. It works pretty well. By cutting in and out the transmission and the generator, we could vary the load. And while the Soliton can’t accurately measure RPM, it did a good job of maintaining it. All of this scratches my ongoing itch for subtle ironies, which I mostly use to entertain myself. In this one case, I’ll share. A Soliton is a standing wave, first observed in a canal of water. The soliton phenomenon was first described by John Scott Russell (1808–1882) who observed a solitary wave in the Union Canal in Scotland. He reproduced the phenomenon in a wave tank and named it the “Wave of Translation”. I rather associate this with the wavy pattern in the Soliton heat sink. I would have named Soliton Jr. the Compacton instead, but there I go. In any event, this PID idle control was why we selected the Soliton1 for the contest and the Escalade, NOT the purported 1000 amp output. And it appears to work very well. I think it’s a unique feature they almost added as an afterthought, but promises to differentiate their product from most others. Simply holding a throttle input with the A/C kicking in and out, and the transmission cycling and who knows what else would not really make this work in any satisfactory fashion. It would have required an entirely additional circuit just to control the controller had we wanted to do an automatic transmission without it. The one fly in all of this is that to START the idle, you first have to blip the throttle past your target RPM. I don’t like this and I do not think it is necessary. It might be salutory to have a separate input to start it. In this way, we could use the START signal, separately from the ignition signal, to start the idle. But if the Soliton powered up on an ignition 12v input and established idle after a brief delay, there really isn’t an issue here. Automatic transmission vehicles really only let you start them in Park or Idle anyway. They did not need to take this “safety issue” on themselves. THe problem is that it makes operation of our car nonstandard. In an ICE engine vehicle with automatic transmission, you turn the key and the engine starts and idles. Period. In our Escalade, we’ll have to turn the ignition key and then give it some throttle to “start it.” How do I explain this useless feature to my daughter. She’ll turn the key. Nothing will happen. And she’ll get out of the car and ask me why it is broken. I think we should build our cars where they operate as expected. These standard operational issues were worked out over the past 100 years without any input from me, and I don’t think they need to be reworked by the crew at EVnetics. The controllers and motors worked quite well on our test bench. Unfortunately, the transmission somewhat less so. We had it completely full of very good transmission fluid. We had no external heat exchanger but no intention of operating under any serious load, for any appreciable length of time, or at anything over about 2500 rpm. But Matt noticed early on some heating of the shell, which I measured at a peak of 140F. This is hardly warm by transmission temperature standards, but we were on the other hand hardly turning it. At one point, I pulled 80 amps out of the generator – maybe 14 horsepower – through a transmission purportedly capable of handling 800 horsepower. But it appears to have failed anyway. At about 2000 rpm while filming, it suddenly threw on its own load and started a rather noisy vibration from within. We quickly shut off the system. Restarted it at VERY low RPM’s and was immediately able to isolate the problem to the TCI transmission. We’lll be contacting them to see if they have any thoughts on the topic this morning. You’ll no doubt enjoy the onscreen panic that ensues. Kind of a KeyStone Cops meets the transmission shop.	302,523
Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Amr:Allah's Apostle was informed that I had taken an oath to fast daily and to pray (every night) all the night throughout my life (so Allah's Apostle came to me and asked whether it was correct): I replied, "Let my parents be sacrificed for you! I said so." The Prophet said, "You can not do that. So, fast for few days and give it up for few days, r ray and sleep. Fast three days a month as the reward of good deeds is multiplied ten times and that will be equal to one year of fasting." I replied, "I can do better than that." The Prophet said to me, "Fast one day and give up fasting for a day and that is the fasting of Prophet David and that is the best fasting." I said, "I have the power to fast better (more) than that." The Prophet said, "There is no better fasting than that."	117,961
National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/risk/acrylamide-in-food WHO (world health org.) says it is a significant risk. I found a great website warning about it and identifying the government study that was to come forth in October. Then I get on that site to see what the study said, it's been dismantled! A new site is in it's place. My guess is that when this site was purchased by the Grocery Manufacturers Group, oddly enough, all of the study stats that warned of carcinogens in food are gone! Rest assured, there are still 200 international studies on acrylamide to come out soon it's so dangerous. Meanwhile, avoid french fries and potato chips for kids, because it's inordinately higher in acrylamide than any other food. What's really going on? During my research, I read this article warning the food business that if consumers found out that potato chips and french fries were carcinogenic, we would balk at feeding them to our children? Harvard study 2003 deadly cancers caused by acrylamide Why is the public avoiding this issue? Are we just too tired of worrying about food?	245,404
Ordinal Arithmetic: Algorithms and Mechanization Panagiotis Manolios and Daron Vroon. Journal of Automated Reasoning, to appear. © Springer-Verlag. Termination proofs are of critical importance for establishing the correct behavior of both transformational and reactive computing systems. A general setting for establishing termination proofs involves the use of the ordinal numbers, an extension of the natural numbers into the transfinite which were introduced by Cantor in the nineteenth century and are at the core of modern set theory. We present the first comprehensive treatment of ordinal arithmetic on compact ordinal notations and give efficient algorithms for various operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and exponentiation. Using the ACL2 theorem proving system, we implemented our ordinal arithmetic algorithms, mechanically verified their correctness, and developed a library of theorems that can be used to significantly automate reasoning involving the ordinals. To enable users of the ACL2 system to fully utilize our work required that we modify ACL2, e.g., we replaced the underlying representation of the ordinals and added a large library of definitions and theorems. Our modifications are available starting with ACL2 version 2.8. PDF (319K) © Springer-Verlag. Gzipped Postscript (177K) © Springer-Verlag. Postscript (1012K) © Springer-Verlag.	202,514
If you have been following this, you know I have been busy getting a JeeNode (arduino compatible) to talk to the boiler suing the OpenTherm protocol. I am glad to report that the circuit, which you can find here works fine, and the code available in github, is also functional! Sometimes it hangs when first connecting to the boiler, but a reset of the JeeNode solves the problem. Will try to investigate (I have some ideas) Today I was busy finalising some details, and implementing communication with the server to get the set temperature. All is ready, except one little linking piece of software: the listener that listens to messages coming from the JeeLink has to now accept messages via the serial, which are sent by the module that calculates the set temperature. Maybe for the next post I make a diagram of the software layers involved. Anyway, here is a picture of the little thing! You can see the yellow antenna, and the home made PCB, the one with the blue connector block. I will get a PCB done externally, to learn how to do that (although Joao is taking care of that), and then get the whole thing in a nice enclosure. The next hardware version will be to get the thing powered from the OpenTherm bus, which should be possible, as it provides 5mA for the master to operate. That should be enough, given that the radio only transmits once a minute! Current increase for MAX6957 4 months ago	175,251
Equatorial and inclined sun dials In this type of equatorial sundials , the gnomon whitch casts the shadow of the dial or has the following characteristics: -it is parallel to the axis of the earth, -it is contained in the plane of the meridian of the place -it form with the horizontal plane an angle equal to the latitude place The equatorial sundial is the simplest of all sundials. They can do without mathematical calculations and is universal. the time lines are equally spaced at intervals of 15 ° around the gnomon (24 hours x15º = 360 °. Sundials inclined by contrast are more difficult to estimate, because their planes are as the name suggests, inclined to the sun and therefore are neither horizontal nor vertical, or polar or equatorial, what they confers a special difficulty to the Gnomonic science.	224,448
This detail from a colorful lithograph published by A Hoen & Co. of Baltimore in 1879 depicts many of the same buildings in downtown York which would have been familiar to the residents during the Civil War, as well as to the Confederate soldiers which occupied the town in 1863 during the Gettysburg Campaign. Prominent at the Hartman building in the right center, York’s tallest retail establishment. That’s Christ Lutheran behind it on S. George Street. In the center is the old York County Courthouse, with its distinctive white columns, on E. Market Street. This building was the headquarters of Confederate Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, who ransomed the town for $100,000. The A. Hoen lithograph provides a fascinating look at downtown York, a bustling railroad town and regional center of commerce, agriculture, and industry. A high resolution digital copy is available for downloading from the Library of Congress. The following photos are details from that source. The old York Agricultural Fair Grounds was Camp Scott, a Union training center during the early part of the Civil War. Many of the buildings shown in the 1879 print served as barracks during the war. In 1863, a regiment of North Carolina infantry seized Camp Scott and occupied it from Sunday afternoon, June 28, until late evening on the following day, when the regiment and the rest of Col. I. E. Avery’s brigade departed York to camp near a Georgia Brigade out on the Carlisle Pike (today’s Route 74). Captain James Carrington’s battery of Virginia artillery also camped at the fairgrounds; many townspeople came by to see the big guns. The Codorus Creek is shown on the north side of York. The North Carolinians arrived in York by marching from Emigsville down George Street (lower right) into downtown York. At least one regiment camped on the fairgrounds, while another used the U.S. Army General Hospital on Penn Common and a detachment slept in the market houses in the center square. North of the scene shown here were the campsites of Extra Billy Smith’s Virginia brigade, while the brigade of Louisiana Tigers camped on farms near today’s Harley Davidson factory off what is now U.S. Route 30. The Northern Central Railway and its successors were important to York’s economy and transportation needs in the 19th century. Here a locomotive steams out of York toward York Haven and Harrisburg. Jubal Early burned rolling stock at York, as well as some railroad buildings. He threatened to burn the new brick depot as well as nearby railcar manufacturing facilities, but desisted because of the threat of the fire spreading to the town. Another train heads south from York toward Hanover Junction and Baltimore. Confederates of the 17th Virginia Cavalry burned all of the railroad bridges between York and Hanover Junction, while other detachments burned the bridges north of town all the way up to York Haven. The U.S. Military Railroad erected temporary structures to allow hospital trains to come and go through York County following the Battle of Gettysburg. The Northern Central later replaced all of the bridges. Charles Morris was a prominent druggist and civic leader during the mid-19th century. His wife led efforts to supply the patients at the Army General Hospital with bandages, food, reading material, and other supplies. All images derived from the A. Hoen & Co. lithograph of York, Pennsylvania, printed in Baltimore about 1879. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. To view the original digital image, please click here and download the high resolution TIFF file.	283,456

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