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Izaskun Aramburu Balda (born December 29, 1975) is a Spanish sprint canoer who has competed from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s (decade). She won six medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two golds (K-2 200 m: 1999, 2001), and four bronzes (K-2 200 m: 1998, K-2 500 m: 1997;, K-4 500 m: 1997, 1998).
Aramburu also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning her best finish of sixth on two occasions (K-2 500 m and K-4 500 m: both 1996).
References
1975 births
Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Spain
Spanish female canoeists
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
20th-century Spanish women |
The Betty Crocker Cookbook is a cookbook written by staff at General Mills, the holders of the Betty Crocker trademark. The persona of Betty Crocker was invented by the Washburn-Crosby Company (which would later become General Mills) as a feminine "face" for the company's public relations. Early editions of the cookbook were ostensibly written by the character herself.
More than 75 million copies of the book have been sold since it was first published in 1950. Owing to the dominant color of the book's covers over the years, the Betty Crocker Cookbook is familiarly referred to as "Big Red", a term that General Mills has trademarked.
History
Early media forays for the Betty Crocker character included Betty Crocker Cooking School of the Air broadcast from Minneapolis radio station WCCO beginning in 1924, and several cooking pamphlets such as "Betty Crocker's 101 Delicious Bisquick Creations As Made And Served by Well-Known Gracious Hostesses". The character was so successful that in 1945 Fortune magazine named her the second most popular woman in the United States, after Eleanor Roosevelt. The same article exposed Crocker as "a fake", though to little apparent effect. By the early 1950s, General Mills surveys showed that 99% of American housewives were familiar with the character.
First published on September 8, 1950, with an initial print run of 950,000 copies, as Betty Crocker's Picture Cook Book, the first edition sold for $2.95, with a $3.95 deluxe edition available. The book's launch was heavily promoted by General Mills, with ample time devoted to it on the Betty Crocker's Magazine of the Air radio program and advertisements in magazines such as Ladies' Home Journal, which emphasized that over $100,000 had been spent developing the book's "revolutionary" recipes. The 2,161 recipes for the book were developed by a team of 50 chefs at the General Mills test kitchens, supervised by the home economist Janette Kelley. The book was an immediate best-seller and contemporary reviews were positive; the Chicago Tribune declared it the best general cookbook ever published, and The New York Times noted that its sales of 18,000 copies a week were several times that of the most recent Ernest Hemingway novel.
The original 1950 edition assumed very little knowledge on the part of the reader. The book made extensive use of photography and charts to make its techniques accessible to beginning cooks. It featured an extensive glossary that explained cooking terminology and in addition to recipes it offered instructions for using then-new appliances such as refrigerators and electric ranges. With the Great Depression and food rationing due to the Second World War in the very recent past, the book contains instructions for preparing rabbit, a food that rural Americans resorted to in lean times. In Germany, where food rationing continued for many years after the end of the war, the publication of the cookbook created a popular vision of the United States as a land of inexhaustible resources.
The book's advice extends beyond the kitchen as well: the 1961 edition includes an exhortation to comb one's hair and apply make-up before breakfast each day. Recipes for cake using Betty Crocker-brand cake mixes were a staple of early editions of the book.
The recipes in the first edition are "basic" according to a modern review, and many are "grossly outdated"; there are several recipes for hamloaf and an "international" recipe for "Spaghetti Oriental". A recipe for tuna and Jell-o pie from a 1965 cookbook was featured in a BuzzFeed listicle of "truly upsetting vintage recipes". The 12th edition (subtitled "Everything You Need to Know to Cook From Scratch") was published in October 2016 and features more contemporary cuisine; there are recipes for beef pho, ropa vieja, and shakshouka. An entire chapter is devoted to vegetarian cuisine.
The Betty Crocker Cookbook is now the flagship book of what has become a large collection of books printed under the Betty Crocker name.
Editions
The Betty Crocker Cookbook is available in binder, trade paperback, and comb-bound formats, as well as several special-interest formats such as bridal, heart health, and a breast cancer fundraising edition. Mobile apps for iOS and Android are available to access the Betty Crocker recipe database on the web.
The Betty Crocker cookbook series includes more than 250 different books published since 1950 on subjects such as cooking basics, entertaining, as well as Betty Crocker: Kids Cook, first published in 1957 as Betty Crocker’s Cook Book for Boys and Girls. In 1980, following broadening American tastes, Betty Crocker cookbooks based around international cuisine started to appear, such as the bilingual English/Spanish Cocina Betty Crocker (a Mexican food guide), Betty Crocker's Chinese Cookbook, Betty Crocker's Indian Home Cooking, and others. The current range of cookbooks features over twenty different books.
The original 1950 edition and the Betty Crocker Cooky Book have been reprinted as facsimiles.
Social perspectives
It is commonly asserted that the primary purpose of the Betty Crocker Cookbook is to sell pre-packaged Betty Crocker-brand ingredients, which are specified in the book's recipes. The culinary historian Laura Shapiro does not dispute this, but suggests that the relative ease of making a partially pre-packaged cake recipe from the cookbook empowered women to experiment and to view cooking as a creative outlet, which in turn helped housewives of the 1950s begin to see homemaking as a respectable profession unto itself.
See also
Betty Crocker
Betty Crocker Kitchens
The Joy of Cooking, a near-contemporary popular cookbook
References
1950 non-fiction books
American cookbooks |
Silver dollar is a dollar coin made of silver or any white metal. See:
Spanish dollar
Dollar coin (United States)
Dollar (Hong Kong coin)
Canadian silver dollar
Silver dollar or dollar may also refer to:
Silver certificate (United States)
Silver dollar, a North American–style pancake.
Silver dollar (fish), a name given to various fish species.
Geography
Silver Dollar, Ontario, a community in Ontario, Canada.
Silver Dollar City, a theme park in Missouri, United States.
People
Sylvestro Carolla, New Orleans gangster known as "Silver Dollar".
James Marion West, Jr., Texas oilman known as "Silver Dollar Jim" for throwing coins to passersby on the street.
Entertainment
Silver Dollar (film), a 1932 film starring Edward G. Robinson.
"Silver Dollar", hit song sung by Teresa Brewer
See also
Dollar coin
Eucalyptus cinerea, the silver dollar tree
Lunaria, the silver dollar plant |
Rita Orji is a Nigerian-Canadian computer scientist who is a Canada Research Chair in Persuasive Technology and the Director of the Persuasive Computing Lab at Dalhousie University. Her work is in the area of human–computer interaction with a major focus on designing interactive systems to achieve health and well being objectives. She has won over 70 awards and recognitions from both national and international organizations. She has addressed a United Nations panel about the status of women and at the Parliament of Canada.
Early life and education
Orji grew up in Enugu State Nigeria. She is Igbo by tribe. She was raised by parents, Maria and Okonkwo Orji, who never attended school, in a remote town called Owelli with no electricity and pipe-borne water. She is one of nine siblings and her parents supported the family through peasant farming. Orji did not have access to a computer growing up, and was admitted to study Computer Science at Nnamdi Azikiwe University without having used a computer. She graduated top of her class with First Class Honours. During her secondary education, she entered the Nigerian team for the International Mathematical Olympiad. In 2002, she launched "Education for Women and the Less Privileged in Nigeria", a nonprofit organisation that provides mentorship and scholarships for women in education. Orji joined a master's program at Middle East Technical University, where she was the only African student in class. She completed her master's in 2009 and moved to Canada as a graduate student.
In 2012, Orji presented at the Parliament of Canada, where she spoke about health promotion and disease prevention. She was awarded a Vanier scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Orji earned her PhD at University of Saskatchewan in 2014. She was the first woman from her town of 50,000 people to earn a PhD. She joined McGill University as a postdoctoral fellow, where she worked on technological interventions that can effect behavioural change.
Career
Orji joined the Games Institute at the University of Waterloo as a Banting Fellow in 2016. She is interested in persuasive technology and how to design technologies that can promote health and wellness and technologies for promoting social and public goods. Orji joined the Faculty of Computer Science at Dalhousie University as an assistant professor in 2017. She designs interactive systems and persuasive technologies, particularly to benefit under-served populations. She has studied how culture and age influence the efficacy of persuasive technologies. She analysed how reward, competition, social comparison and social learning differ between men and women in collectivist and individualist cultures, finding that in collectivist cultures, men are more susceptible to reward and competition.
Advocacy and engagement
Orji is a Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) diversity ambassador, working towards increased participation of women and minorities in computing, including using herself as a practical example. She is passionate about youth empowerment and women's access to education. She was honoured by hEr VOLUTION as one of the top 150 women scientists in Canada. She attended the UN Commission on the Status of Women in New York City. She spoke at the 2018 United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW62) Panel: It is Up to Me.
Awards and honours
2013 University of Saskatchewan Research Excellence in Science Award/
2017 Enugu State Award of Excellence in Recognition of Scholarly Achievement and Contributions to Advancement of Education
2017 Nnamdi Azikiwe University Award of Excellence in Recognition of Contribution for the Advancement of Knowledge in Computer Science.
2017 Top 150 Canadian Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
2018 Women Leaders in the Digital Economy Award, Digital Nova Scotia.
2019 Dalhousie University President's Research Excellence Award.
2019 International Society for Research on Internet Interventions Rising Star Award.
2020 Canada Research Chair in Persuasive Technology.
2020 Inducted into the Royal Society of Canada College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists.
2021 Top 100 Canada's Most Powerful Women
2021 Top 100 Leading Nigerian Women
2021 Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Awards
2021 Outstanding Young Computer Science Researcher Awards
2022 Admitted into the Global Young Academy
2022 100 Accomplished Black Canadian Women
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian women computer scientists
Nigerian women computer scientists
Canadian computer scientists
Nigerian computer scientists
Nnamdi Azikiwe University alumni
Middle East Technical University alumni
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Academic staff of the Dalhousie University
Human–computer interaction researchers
Nigerian expatriate academics
Nigerian expatriates in Canada
21st-century Canadian women scientists
21st-century Nigerian women
Nigerian women scientists
People from Enugu State
Canada Research Chairs
Royal Society of Canada
Black Canadian women
Black Canadian scientists |
Phycitodes saxicola, the small clouded knot-horn, is a species of snout moth described by Vaughan in 1870. It is found in most of Europe (except Poland, Ukraine and the western part of the Balkan Peninsula), as well as Iran, Morocco and the Canary Islands.
The wingspan is 12–19 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August in one generation per year.
The larvae feed on the flower heads of various Asteraceae species, including Achillea millefolium, Senecio (such as Senecio jacobaea), Anthemis, Jasione and Tanacetum species.
References
Moths described in 1870
Phycitini
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia |
Dabancheng District () or Dawan Cheng (, ), is one of 7 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Ürümqi, the capital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Northwest China. Located southeast of the Ürümqi urban area, it contains an area of . According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 40,000.
The district seat of government is the town of the same name (Dabancheng Town). The name means 'Pass City'. Just south of the town is a low pass on the road from Ürümqi southeast to Turfan. It crosses a mountain spur that connects the main Tien Shan with the Bogda Shan to the northeast. As of July 2015 GoogleEarth appears to show road and rail tunnels and viaducts being built to avoid the pass.
Human habitation and irrigated agriculture in this arid area are made possible primarily by streams flowing south from the Bogda Shan range, which is located on the northern border of the district. The water that is not used up for irrigation locally flows into the district's several small lakes (Yanhu, Xiao Yanhu and Chaiwopu Lake) or down the Baichang River into the Toksun County.
“It showed me the utter barrenness of the slopes of gravel and decayed rock over which the ascent is made from the Turfān depression to the watershed ; the remarkably low elevation of the latter, which on the plateau of Ta-fan-ch’êng [= Dawan Cheng] scarcely rises above 3,000 feet ; and the ease of communication secured by this route between the Turfān basin and Dzungaria. At the Chinese village of Ta-fan-ch’êng close to the watershed irrigation is still required for the fields, and a lively stream coming from the high Bogdo-ula mountains to the north-east serves this purpose. But on the low hills over which Urumchi is approached cultivation depends on rain and snowfall only. This marked change in climatic conditions made its effects strikingly felt when we reached Ta-fan-ch’êng from the south-east ; for there can be no doubt that the violent gales from the north-east for which the plateau is notorious, and one of which obliged us to make a day's halt there under rather trying conditions, are directly due to the ‘ aspiration ’ which draws the cold air of Dzungaria through this great gap of the T’ien-shan down into the deep depression of Turfān, where the atmosphere is warmed, even during the short winter, by far more abundant sunshine.”
Mountain ranges between Dabancheng and Ürümqi create a natural wind tunnel, increasing windspeed in the valley. Four of the five wind farms erected in Xinjiang in 2010 are in the area between National Highway 312 and the G30 Lianhuo Expressway, totaling more than 300 turbines.
Administrative divisions
Dabancheng District contains 3 subdistricts, 1 town, and 3 townships:
Climate
Notes
References
County-level divisions of Xinjiang
Ürümqi |
Zoom Schwartz Profigliano, also known as figliano, is a verbal "tag" drinking game with many variations. One player at a time is active ("it"). The active player states a command from a predefined set of words, which typically include "zoom," "schwartz," and "profigliano." The command shifts active status to another player, 'tagging' them. Play continues until a player fouls by giving a command when not active, by failing to give a command promptly when active, or in some cases by giving a command which is prohibited by the current state of the game. The game lends itself to bluffing where the active player uses nonverbal communication to suggest that someone else is active. In a high-speed game a player might give a command passing active status to one player while looking at a different player, confusing the situation.
General overview
Figliano requires at least four players, with six to eight optimum. The first player holds an imaginary ball. They pass it by looking at another player and stating one of the accepted calls. The ball is given to the person defined by the word chosen. The ball is passed either to the person looked at or to another player that was previously ricocheted off of in the prior pass, depending upon the word used. During play, only passage words are allowed to be spoken.
While it is often a drinking game, in which a player who fouls must take a drink, in non-drinking forms the fouling player is just embarrassed. Either way, the fouling player starts the next round. There is also a children's version where a break in the conversation eliminates the player. The games can have as few commands as the basic "Zoom", "Schwartz" and "Profigliano", but some variations have as many as fifteen commands. Play usually begins with two or three basic commands, then additional commands are added as the players become more proficient, increasing the difficulty factor.
Some variants also have motions which must be made along with the command. Other versions describe the game as players passing around an imaginary ball of energy, a version also used as an improvisation game, where the object is to get the 'ball of energy' moving around the circle as fast as possible. Generally, however, it is accepted that all those participating in the game are friends, and when a player 'fouls' it is considered rude for fellow participants to literally 'point out' the player that fouled, opting instead to simply 'indicate' the fouler, by raising a bent arm, with the elbow aimed at the participant that committed the foul. A common expression explaining this courtesy is that 'friends don't point fingers, friends indicate'.
Calls
Zoom—This call is for passing the 'ball' to the person the caller looks at. It is a foul to call zoom to a player already being engaged.
Schwartz—This call is for passing the 'ball' to the player that just passed the ball or the zoomer. It is a foul to look away when calling schwartz.
Figliano—A contracted version of Profigliano. It is a no-look or look pass back to the person you are currently engaged with.
Strategy
Techniques to stimulate a mistake by another include: using all six words instead of only a few, constantly changing who the 'it' player is looking at, and varying the speed.
The game lends itself to coaxing a non-active player into speaking a command word by looking at them with the expectation of a response when speaking a command word or visualizing an expectation of a response from a non-active player who was looked at in the last pass.
The player starting the round must start by stating the name of the game (Zoom-Schwartz-Profigliano in this case) and must start with the first command (Zoom in this case).
Possible origins
The first play of the game may have been at Towson University in 1914. Others say Zoom was brought to Ventura College in California in 1971 by Kelly Weaverling, a former Navy submariner who claimed the game originated by the Navy submarine crew he worked with. Kelly taught the game to the technical students at Ventura College.
Zoom Schwartz Figliano was actively played at Monclair State University in New Jersey by the Omega Phi Delta fraternity during the late '60s. As a result, it migrated to the Burroughs Corporation's world headquarters Technical Information Organization (TIO/Conversion) in Detroit during the late '70s. The ultimate rookie mistake was to Zoom a Zoomer.
Zoom Schwartz Profigliano was actively played at the University of California at Davis starting in 1976 and included the commands "Beefeater," which passed the "it" to the active player's left, and "Beutermann," which passed the "it" to the active player's right. This was normally done with bluffing to further enhance the game. Another variation utilized in the late 1980s at SUNY Morrisville coined the term “Coleman”. Alternately known as the CH29 rule, the studious player will sparingly employ this peppy bluffing tactic to pass the “it” to the player to their immediate left regardless of what direction they are looking.
Another version of the game was played at Northwestern University starting around late 1971. This version did not involve alcohol but rather LSD and other psychedelic drugs. Typically, only the three basic calls were used. Rather than having participants drink after fouling, the objective was to infer deep meaning from the calls based on facial expressions, voice tones, body language, timing, and other cues. Thus, the game took on the nature of a conversation wherein emotions, as well as the volume of laughter, could run high.
A complex version of the game was present at Dartmouth College in the late '70s (when it was introduced is unknown), particularly at The Tabard and Alpha Theta, both coeducational Dartmouth College Greek Organizations. In addition to 'zoom' and 'schwartz', calls included 'boint' (zoom with a headfake), 'mafigliano' (schwartz with a headfake), mergatroid (1 left), [?? 1 right], 'shripe' (2 left), 'dort' (2 right), 'beaver' (3 left), 'zunt' (3 right), and Mephistopheles (directly across).
Perhaps the most diabolical version of the game was played in the late 80s at SUNY University at Buffalo. The game began with the standard three calls (Zoom, Schwartz, Perfigliano), but then progressively added 5 others: Buteman, Coleman, Smith, Uncle Toby and Morowitz. Butaman gives "it" to the person to the right of the caller, without respect to whom the caller looks at. Coleman gives "it" to the person 2-to-the-left of the caller, again without respect to whom the caller looks at. Smith gives it back to the caller himself, making it possible to legally say Smith many times in succession. Uncle Toby must be called as an interrogative (e.g., Uncle Toby?). The person the caller is looking at must likewise answer with the interrogative "Yes?", and "it" passes 2 people to the right of the yes-man. The final call to be added is the dreaded Morowitz, which returns "it" to the person who was "it" 2 turns ago. Given that Morowitz is only added late in the game, and given the considerable degradation of memory concomitant with drinking games, Morowitz only enters the game when game play is nearing its natural end.
An equally challenging version was played at the Delta Phi chapter of the Alpha Chi Rho fraternity at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the late 1970s and 1980s. Being "it" was referred to as "having The Zoom" or being the "Zoomer." Starting with the typical calls of Zoom (pass The Zoom to the person The Zoomer is looking at), Schwarz (return The Zoom to the previous Zoomer while looking at them), and Profigliano (return The Zoom to the previous Zoomer without looking at them), the call of Mordice moved The Zoom one person to The Zoomers left without eye contact. Mordice was usually not used at the start of the game but added during play. If a player needed to leave the game temporarily (e.g., to get more beer or to relieve themselves), they called "Zoom flapping out" and then "Zoom flapping in" when they returned to game play. Play continued with the remaining players in the meantime, who typically also introduced a new random call into the game with different mechanics, e.g., move The Zoom one person to The Zoomers right, two persons to the left, etc. It was up to the returning player to identify the mechanics of the new call by observation. Typical fouls (penalty drink) were Zooming the Zoomer, Nebulous Eyeballs (not looking directly at a person when calling Zoom), Epileptic Tongue (not pronouncing a call properly), and Delta T (for not continuing play immediately, usually due to not realizing one has The Zoom). Not only ZSP, but all drinking games at the chapter house used the "No Pointing" rule, so players used their elbows to call out a player for fouling.
See also
Zip Zap Zop
Silent football
List of drinking games
References
External links
Game Description on BBC h2g2
"The Rules of Sprodzoom" by Gareth Rees and Simon Arrowsmith
"The Great Quux Poem Collection" by the Great Quux includes poems about the game written in January 1977. This represents the earliest documented evidence of the game.
The Official Rules for Zoom Schwartz Profigliano: Eshelman, Oshevsky, Groid, Hegeman, Comaneci, Nadia, Bozit, Boar, Obiwan, Ben Kenobe, Freznik, What/What, Lagnaf, Queeth and Kowalski by Jon Melzer and Bruce Hackett
Drinking games
Party games |
Panicos Chrysanthou (Greek: Πανίκος Χρυσάνθου; born in 1951 in Kythrea, Cyprus) is a Cypriot filmmaker and documentarian, who has won the Abdi İpekçi Peace Award for his film Our Wall.
Biography
Panicos Chrysanthou graduated from the University of Athens with a joint degree in literature and philosophy. He worked as an assistant director and executive producer in Greek and Cypriot films before beginning to make his own films.
He received the prestigious Abdi İpekçi Peace Award in 1997 for his film, Our Wall.
Filmography
References
External links
Living people
Cypriot film directors
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
1951 births
People from Nicosia District |
Albin John "Al" Kaporch (October 6, 1913 – October 14, 2004) was an American football player.
Kaporch was born in 1913 in Jenkins Township, Pennsylvania. His father was a Lithuanian immigrant who worked in the Pennsylvania coal mines and died in a mine collapse. He attended Pittston High School and played college football at St. Bonaventure. H
He played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) as a tackle and guard for the Detroit Lions from 1943 to 1945. He appeared in 22 NFL games, 21 as a starter, and intercepted three interceptions.
He married Helen Ann Janoski in 1951.
References
1913 births
2004 deaths
St. Bonaventure Brown Indians football players
Detroit Lions players
Players of American football from Pennsylvania |
Spilt Milk, a play on the idiom there's no point crying over spilt milk, may refer to:
Spilt Milk (Jellyfish album), 1993
Spilt Milk (Kristina Train album), 2009
"Spilt Milk" (American Horror Story), a 2013 episode of the series
Spilt Milk (festival), held in Canberra, Australia
Spilt Milk (novel), by Chico Buarque, 2009
Spilt Milk, a 1972 album by Laurie Styvers
Spilt Milk, a 2011 music piece composed by Stefan Abingdon
"Spilt Milk", a 2022 song by Tommy Trash and Benson |
Echiostoma barbatum, the threadfin dragonfish, is a species of barbeled dragonfish and is the only known species in its genus. It is widespread through tropical to temperate waters in all oceans in mid to deep waters up to . This species grows to a length of SL.
Like many fish that live in the Mesopelagic zone the threadfin dragonfish uses bioluminescent organs to attract prey.
References
Stomiidae
Taxa named by Richard Thomas Lowe
Fish described in 1843 |
The Philip F. Anschutz Trophy is a silver trophy that is awarded to winners of MLS Cup. Since the inaugural MLS Cup in 1996, three trophies have been used: the Alan I. Rothenberg Trophy from 1996 to 1998, a second version of the Rothenberg Trophy from 1999 to 2007, and the Philip F. Anschutz Trophy since 2008. The trophy appears in the logo of the tournament, and was featured on the now-retired "scudetto" that was worn by defending champions from 2009 through 2012.
Earlier trophies
The first MLS Cup trophy, introduced for the inaugural season in 1996, was named for league founder Alan Rothenberg. The trophy was phased out after three seasons, with a new trophy also named for Rothenberg introduced in 1999.
Current trophy
On October 29, 2008, Major League Soccer unveiled a redesigned trophy for the MLS Cup, named after Philip F. Anschutz, league co-founder and owner of multiple teams. The new trophy stands tall above a base, with two handles that have 11 facets each to represent the 22 players on the field during a match. The gold star represents the championship which typically becomes a permanent fixture of the winning team's crest with a star for each MLS Cup won. On the bottom side of the trophy is a map of North America with a star identifying the location of each MLS Cup-winning market. It weighs and is made of sterling silver. The original trophy is kept by the champions for the offseason before returning to Major League Soccer headquarters in New York City, while a duplicate is awarded to the club.
See also
List of MLS Cup Champions
References
Awards established in 1996
Major League Soccer trophies and awards
MLS Cup
Sports trophies and awards |
```kotlin
package mega.privacy.android.domain.repository
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.StateFlow
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.SdTransfer
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.node.NodeId
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.node.TypedNode
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.transfer.ActiveTransfer
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.transfer.ActiveTransferTotals
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.transfer.CompletedTransfer
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.transfer.InProgressTransfer
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.transfer.Transfer
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.transfer.TransferAppData
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.transfer.TransferData
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.transfer.TransferEvent
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.transfer.TransferType
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.transfer.TransfersFinishedState
import mega.privacy.android.domain.exception.MegaException
import java.io.File
/**
* Transfer repository of Domain Module
*/
interface TransferRepository {
/**
* Monitor transfer events
*
* @return flow of transfer event
*/
fun monitorTransferEvents(): Flow<TransferEvent>
/**
* Gets the number of pending download transfers that are not background transfers.
*
* @return Number of pending downloads.
*/
suspend fun getNumPendingDownloadsNonBackground(): Int
/**
* Gets the number of pending upload transfers.
*
* @return Number of pending uploads.
*/
suspend fun getNumPendingUploads(): Int
/**
* @return the number of pending Camera Uploads
*/
suspend fun getNumPendingCameraUploads(): Int
/**
* Gets number of pending transfers.
*
* @return Number of pending transfers.
*/
suspend fun getNumPendingTransfers(): Int
/**
* Checks if the completed transfers list is empty.
*
* @return True if the completed transfers is empty, false otherwise.
*/
suspend fun isCompletedTransfersEmpty(): Boolean
/**
* Gets the number of pending and paused uploads.
*
* @return Number of pending and paused uploads.
*/
suspend fun getNumPendingPausedUploads(): Int
/**
* @return the number of pending and paused Camera Uploads
*/
suspend fun getNumPendingPausedCameraUploads(): Int
/**
* Gets the number of pending, non-background and paused downloads.
*
* @return Number of pending, non-background and paused downloads.
*/
suspend fun getNumPendingNonBackgroundPausedDownloads(): Int
/**
* Cancels all upload transfers
*/
suspend fun cancelAllUploadTransfers()
/**
* Cancel Transfer by Tag
* @param transferTag Tag that identifies the transfer
*/
suspend fun cancelTransferByTag(transferTag: Int)
/**
* Monitor the offline availability of the file
*/
fun monitorOfflineFileAvailability(): Flow<Long>
/**
* Broadcast the offline availability of the file
* @param nodeHandle the node handle
*/
suspend fun broadcastOfflineFileAvailability(nodeHandle: Long)
/**
* Monitor transfer over quota
*/
fun monitorTransferOverQuota(): Flow<Boolean>
/**
* Broadcast transfer over quota
* @param isCurrentOverQuota true if the overquota is currently received, false otherwise
*
*/
suspend fun broadcastTransferOverQuota(isCurrentOverQuota: Boolean)
/**
* Monitor storage over quota
*/
fun monitorStorageOverQuota(): Flow<Boolean>
/**
* Broadcast storage over quota
*
*/
suspend fun broadcastStorageOverQuota(isCurrentOverQuota: Boolean)
/**
* Cancels all transfers, uploads and downloads.
*/
suspend fun cancelTransfers()
/**
* Monitor transfer failed
*
*/
fun monitorFailedTransfer(): Flow<Boolean>
/**
* Broadcast transfer failed
*
*/
suspend fun broadcastFailedTransfer(isFailed: Boolean)
/**
* Checks if exist ongoing transfers.
*/
suspend fun ongoingTransfersExist(): Boolean
/**
* Move transfer to first by tag
*
* @param transferTag
*/
suspend fun moveTransferToFirstByTag(transferTag: Int)
/**
* Move transfer to last by tag
*
* @param transferTag
*/
suspend fun moveTransferToLastByTag(transferTag: Int)
/**
* Move transfer before by tag
*
* @param transferTag
* @param prevTransferTag
*/
suspend fun moveTransferBeforeByTag(transferTag: Int, prevTransferTag: Int)
/**
* Get transfer by tag
*
* @param transferTag
*/
suspend fun getTransferByTag(transferTag: Int): Transfer?
/**
* Monitors paused transfers.
*/
fun monitorPausedTransfers(): StateFlow<Boolean>
/**
* Get in progress transfers
*
*/
suspend fun getInProgressTransfers(): List<Transfer>
/**
* Monitor completed transfers
*
* @return a flow of completed transfer
*/
fun monitorCompletedTransfer(): Flow<Unit>
/**
* Get the list of completed transfers
*
* @param size the limit size of the list. If null, the limit does not apply
*/
fun getAllCompletedTransfers(size: Int? = null): Flow<List<CompletedTransfer>>
/**
* Add a completed transfer to local storage
*
* @param transfer
*/
suspend fun addCompletedTransfer(
transfer: Transfer,
megaException: MegaException?,
transferPath: String? = null,
)
/**
* Add a list of completed transfer to local storage
*
* @param finishEventsAndPaths
*/
suspend fun addCompletedTransfers(
finishEventsAndPaths: Map<TransferEvent.TransferFinishEvent, String?>,
)
/**
* Add completed transfers if not exist
*
* @param transfers
*/
suspend fun addCompletedTransfersIfNotExist(transfers: List<CompletedTransfer>)
/**
* Delete oldest completed transfers
*/
suspend fun deleteOldestCompletedTransfers()
/**
* Starts the download worker to monitor the download transfers as a foreground service
*/
suspend fun startDownloadWorker()
/**
* Starts the chat uploads worker to monitor the chat uploads transfers as a foreground service
*/
suspend fun startChatUploadsWorker()
/**
* Monitors transfers finished.
*/
fun monitorTransfersFinished(): Flow<TransfersFinishedState>
/**
* Broadcasts transfers finished.
*/
suspend fun broadcastTransfersFinished(transfersFinishedState: TransfersFinishedState)
/**
* Monitors when transfers management have to stop.
*/
fun monitorStopTransfersWork(): Flow<Boolean>
/**
* Broadcasts when transfers management have to stop.
*/
suspend fun broadcastStopTransfersWork()
/**
* Reset total uploads
*/
suspend fun resetTotalUploads()
/**
* Start downloading a node to desired destination and returns a flow to expose download progress
*
* @param node The node we want to download, it can be a folder
* @param localPath Full path to the destination folder of [node]. If this path does not exist it will try to create it.
* @param appData Custom app data to save in the MegaTransfer object.
* @param shouldStartFirst Puts the transfer on top of the download queue.
*/
fun startDownload(
node: TypedNode,
localPath: String,
appData: TransferAppData?,
shouldStartFirst: Boolean,
): Flow<TransferEvent>
/**
* Gets information about transfer queues.
*
* @return [TransferData]
*/
suspend fun getTransferData(): TransferData?
/**
* Upload a file or folder
*
* @param localPath The local path of the file or folder
* @param parentNodeId The parent node id for the file or folder
* @param fileName The custom file name for the file or folder. Leave the parameter as "null"
* if there are no changes
* @param modificationTime The custom modification time for the file or folder, denoted in
* seconds since the epoch
* @param appData The custom app data to save, which can be nullable
* @param isSourceTemporary Whether the temporary file or folder that is created for upload
* should be deleted or not
* @param shouldStartFirst Whether the file or folder should be placed on top of the upload
* queue or not
*
* @return a Flow of [TransferEvent]
*/
fun startUpload(
localPath: String,
parentNodeId: NodeId,
fileName: String?,
modificationTime: Long,
appData: List<TransferAppData>?,
isSourceTemporary: Boolean,
shouldStartFirst: Boolean,
): Flow<TransferEvent>
/**
* Upload a file or folder
*
* @param localPath The local path of the file or folder
* @param parentNodeId The parent node id for the file or folder
* @param fileName The custom file name for the file or folder. Leave the parameter as "null"
* if there are no changes
* @param appData The custom app data to save chat upload related information
* @param isSourceTemporary Whether the temporary file or folder that is created for upload
* should be deleted or not
* queue or not
*
* @return a Flow of [TransferEvent]
*/
fun startUploadForChat(
localPath: String,
parentNodeId: NodeId,
fileName: String?,
appData: List<TransferAppData.ChatTransferAppData>,
isSourceTemporary: Boolean,
): Flow<TransferEvent>
/**
* Get active transfer by tag
*/
suspend fun getActiveTransferByTag(tag: Int): ActiveTransfer?
/**
* Get active transfers by type
* @return a flow of all active transfers list
*/
fun getActiveTransfersByType(transferType: TransferType): Flow<List<ActiveTransfer>>
/**
* Get current active transfers by type
* @return all active transfers list
*/
suspend fun getCurrentActiveTransfersByType(transferType: TransferType): List<ActiveTransfer>
/**
* Insert a new active transfer or replace it if there's already an active transfer with the same tag
*/
suspend fun insertOrUpdateActiveTransfer(activeTransfer: ActiveTransfer)
/**
* Insert (or replace if there's already an active transfer with the same tag) a list of active transfers
*/
suspend fun insertOrUpdateActiveTransfers(activeTransfers: List<ActiveTransfer>)
/**
* Set or update the transferred bytes counter of this transfer
*/
suspend fun updateTransferredBytes(transfer: Transfer)
/**
* Delete all active transfer
*/
suspend fun deleteAllActiveTransfersByType(transferType: TransferType)
/**
* Set an active transfer as finished by its tag
*/
suspend fun setActiveTransferAsFinishedByTag(tags: List<Int>)
/**
* Get active transfer totals by type
* @return a flow of active transfer totals
*/
fun getActiveTransferTotalsByType(transferType: TransferType): Flow<ActiveTransferTotals>
/**
* Get the current active transfer totals by type
* @return the current active transfer totals
*/
suspend fun getCurrentActiveTransferTotalsByType(transferType: TransferType): ActiveTransferTotals
/**
* Get current upload speed.
*
* @return Current upload speed.
*/
suspend fun getCurrentUploadSpeed(): Int
/**
* Pause transfers
*
* @param isPause
* @return boolean is pause or resume
*/
suspend fun pauseTransfers(isPause: Boolean): Boolean
/**
* Delete all completed transfers
*/
suspend fun deleteAllCompletedTransfers()
/**
* Get failed or cancel transfers
*
* @return the failed or cancelled transfer list
*/
suspend fun getFailedOrCanceledTransfers(): List<CompletedTransfer>
/**
* Delete failed or canceled transfers
*
* @return the failed or cancelled transfer list was deleted
*/
suspend fun deleteFailedOrCanceledTransfers(): List<CompletedTransfer>
/**
* Delete completed transfer
*
* @param transfer
*/
suspend fun deleteCompletedTransfer(transfer: CompletedTransfer, isRemoveCache: Boolean)
/**
* Pause transfer by tag
*
* @param transferTag
* @param isPause
*/
suspend fun pauseTransferByTag(transferTag: Int, isPause: Boolean): Boolean
/**
* Get all sd transfers
*
* @return the list of sd transfers
*/
suspend fun getAllSdTransfers(): List<SdTransfer>
/**
* Get sd transfers by tag
*
* @return the sd transfer with this tag or null if not found
*/
suspend fun getSdTransferByTag(tag: Int): SdTransfer?
/**
* Insert sd transfer
*
* @param transfer sd Transfer
*/
suspend fun insertSdTransfer(transfer: SdTransfer)
/**
* Delete sd transfer by tag
*
* @param tag tag of transfer
*/
suspend fun deleteSdTransferByTag(tag: Int)
/**
* Get completed transfer by id
*
* @param id id of completed transfer
*/
suspend fun getCompletedTransferById(id: Int): CompletedTransfer?
/**
* Get current download speed.
*
* @return Current download speed.
*/
suspend fun getCurrentDownloadSpeed(): Int
/**
* Get or create a folder for transfers in the cache of SD Card if any
*
* @return the File corresponding to the folder in cache in the SD
* Return null if the folder cannot be created or there's no SD card
*/
suspend fun getOrCreateSDCardTransfersCacheFolder(): File?
/**
* @return a flow that emits true if DownloadsWorker is enqueued. false otherwise
*/
fun isDownloadsWorkerEnqueuedFlow(): Flow<Boolean>
/**
* @return a flow that emits true if ChatUploadsWorker is enqueued. false otherwise
*/
fun isChatUploadsWorkerEnqueuedFlow(): Flow<Boolean>
/**
* @return true if the user can choose download's destination. False means downloads will be saved to default destination. See [settingsRepository.setDefaultStorageDownloadLocation()]
*/
suspend fun allowUserToSetDownloadDestination(): Boolean
/**
* Monitors ask resume transfers.
*/
fun monitorAskedResumeTransfers(): StateFlow<Boolean>
/**
* Set ask resume transfers.
*/
suspend fun setAskedResumeTransfers()
/**
* Starts the uploads worker to monitor the uploads transfers as a foreground service
*/
suspend fun startUploadsWorker()
/**
* @return a flow that emits true if UploadsWorker is enqueued. false otherwise
*/
fun isUploadsWorkerEnqueuedFlow(): Flow<Boolean>
/**
* Updates or adds a new transfer to the in progress transfers list.
*/
suspend fun updateInProgressTransfer(transfer: Transfer)
/**
* Updates or adds a list of transfers to the in progress transfers list.
*/
suspend fun updateInProgressTransfers(transfers: List<Transfer>)
/**
* Monitor in progress transfers flow.
*/
fun monitorInProgressTransfers(): Flow<Map<Int, InProgressTransfer>>
/**
* Remove in progress transfer by tag.
*/
suspend fun removeInProgressTransfer(tag: Int)
/**
* Remove a list of in progress transfers by tag.
*/
suspend fun removeInProgressTransfers(tags: Set<Int>)
}
``` |
Dave Nakdimen (June 28, 1933May 8, 2020) was an American broadcast journalist, and the political reporter for Louisville's WAVE 3 (TV) News. Nakdimen covered many major stories in Louisville during his long career. He was elected to the Kentucky Journalism Hall of Fame in 1998.
Biography
David Abie Nakdimen was born in Rocky Station, Lee County, Virginia on June 28, 1933, the second of Lucy (née Steelman) and Abe Nakdimen's four children.
Education and early journalism career
Nakdimen graduated from London High School in London, Kentucky.
In the 1950s, Nakdimen attended the University of Kentucky as a Journalism student, where he performed research, collecting folklore in 1954 for William Hugh Jansen. Jansen had received the third Doctorate in Folklore in the United States from the Indiana University and was a member of the faculty of the University of Kentucky English Department from 1949 to 1979. Nakdimen was a member of the University of Kentucky's billiard team. Nakdimen and the team placed eighth in the National Intercollegiate Billiard tournament held February 23, 1954.
While a student, Nakdimen also reported for the Kentucky Kernel. Nakdimen graduated with a degree in journalism.
His first professional job after graduation was as a sports reporter for the Lexington Leader, then the afternoon newspaper in Lexington, Kentucky. Nakdimen was also a correspondent for the Louisville Courier-Journal in 1960.
Louisville City Hall reporter
Known as "Dave Nakdimen" on-air and "Nak" inside the newsroom, Nakdimen joined WAVE (radio and television) News at the age of 28 on July 4, 1961. He was hired as the "City Hall" reporter. Nakdimen said of his hiring "WAVE was looking for somebody to cover City Hall," he said. "I had never worked a day on radio or TV in my life, but I decided to take a shot at it".
In his first two weeks on the job, he met NBC news anchor David Brinkley and Ronald Reagan, then host of the General Electric Theater. He said "it was fun to talk with John Wayne, sit down with George Bush and chase Hubert Humphrey around".
Political reporter
Nakdimen's reporting professionalism and expertise quickly earned him the political reporter position at WAVE TV. Nakidimen covered Louisville and Jefferson County government, the Kentucky legislature, along with gubernatorial and other state and national elections for WAVE TV for 36 years.
Nakdimen broke the story of the collapse of Louisville's Prudential Savings and American Building loan associations in the 1970s. Nakdimen also covered the Louisville area floods of 1964 and 1997, the 1978 blizzard, the open housing demonstrations of 1967, the tornados of 1974 and 1996, the Jefferson County school desegregation and court-ordered busing in 1975, the 1989 Standard Gravure shootings and other top stories including covering seven national political conventions.
Nakidimen interviewed Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. during an open housing march in Louisville during the 1960s. After the interview, Nakdimen discovered his film camera hadn't correctly recorded the audio of the interview. "So when King came around the block again, we asked him if he'd do the interview over and he was nice enough to do it".
Election coverage
Nakdimen provided live and recorded remote coverage of the July 1984 Democratic national convention held in San Francisco, California for WAVE TV News. Additional commentary was provided by then WAVE anchor Don Schroeder who accompanied Nakdimen on the trip.
During the 1988 presidential election coverage, then WAVE TV general manager Guy Hempel decided to "send the guy (Nakdimen) with years of local political reporting rather than anchor people" to cover the New Orleans Republican presidential convention that nominated incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush.
Louisville / Jefferson County (Kentucky) reorganization coverage
In 1982, Nakdimen moderated a cable news show discussing the effort to reorganize the city of Louisville and Jefferson County, Kentucky as a combined metro government entity. Then County Judge Mitch McConnell and
Louisville Mayor Harvey Sloane fielded phone calls during a live television show carried by the county and city cable television carriers.
The 1982 vote for the Louisville / Jefferson County reorganization was predicted by all local television news departments as "an easy win". However, the referendum was "too close to call" four hours after the polls had closed. By 10:30 pm that evening, with 98% of the vote counted, the merger had been defeated. Nakdimen said "Modern computer science sometimes falls short and it did this time".
In 1983, Nakdimen moderated a debate on government merger with representatives from both sides on the show Debate: The New Charter broadcast on WAVE TV on November 6, 1983.
Commentator
In 1970, Nakdimen was part of a WAVE TV News team that created Closeup: Report From Frankfort. The public affairs program was syndicated by the Kentucky Department of Public Information and was broadcast weekly in four cities in Kentucky and one in West Virginia. The 30-minute show featured "guest officials and legislators on issues vital to Kentuckians". Nakdimen frequently appeared as an interviewer on the program.
Nakdimen regularly appeared as a panel commentator on the Kentucky Educational Television's show Comment on Kentucky from its inception in 1974 until his retirement.
Nakdimen offered commentary from time to time during WAVE TV News newscasts both before and after his retirement. He ended each one by saying "...that’s my opinion. I’m Dave Nakdimen".
Political debate panelist
Nakdimen was a panelist in the 1975 gubernatorial debate between Julian Carroll and Robert "Bob" Gable, the first such debate ever telecast statewide in Kentucky.
Nakdimen was a panelist in the October 8, 1984 Kentucky senatorial debate between Mitch McConnell and then Senator Walter "Dee" Huddleston broadcast statewide on the KET television network. The debate was held after the presidential debate between Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale. Both debates took place at the Kentucky Center for the Arts in Louisville.
News documentary producer
Nakdimen produced Open Housing, a 1966 color news documentary exploring the state of racial profiling in the Louisville housing market. Subjects interviewed included Louisville Mayor Kenneth Schmied, Msgr. Alfred Horrigan, Rev. A. D. King and others. The one hour WAVE TV documentary aired on December 26, 1966.
Nakdimen produced Downtown Louisville – What's The Big Idea?, a one-hour documentary that aired June 26, 1969. Nakdimen single-handedly produced the documentary over a period of 18 months. In a review by James Doussard, the Courier-Journal TV critic said "Dave (Nakdimen) has done one helluva good job". Written, filmed, edited and narrated by Nakdimen, the documentary earned praise for its deft use of humor to illustrate the challenges then facing the revitalization of Louisville. When Mayor Kenneth Schmied said on camera he didn't "really think Fourth Street looks that bad", Nakdimen had "the camera - mounted in a car - pan down one side and up the other, letting viewers judge for themselves". Nakdimen said of the Urban Renewal efforts in Louisville "...some suggest the program has created a sort of ragweed Ponderosa, particularly in the West Downtown, where acres of land are cleared but undeveloped".
After the documentary aired, WAVE TV's management said Nakdimen had been taken off regular news assignments, "turning him loose", becoming both the station's and the area's first full-time investigative reporter.
Community activities
In 1984, Nakdimen appeared as a WGN Radio reporter in the then Louisville Museum of History and Science stage production of the transcripts of the Scopes "Monkey Trial". Nakdimen's character addressed the audience from behind a 1920's era radio microphone, leading the narrative through its ten scenes. The play was a part of the museum's "Jazz Age Beauties" exhibit, which examined American life in the 1920s.
Reflecting on his career
When asked if he would repeat his thirty-six year career as a political reporter, Nakdimen said "I think so. I really enjoyed it. It was a lot of hard work, but it was a lot of fun too".
After retirement
At his daughter's suggestion, Nakdimen started acting in the Mummers and Minstrels, an Anchorage, Kentucky-based volunteer performance group. He said "The first time I went on stage, it scared the hell out of me... there's no question that memorizing lines keeps you using your brain rather than sitting on the sofa and being a spud". By 2011, Nakdimen had appeared in six productions in six years.
Community service
Nakdimen served on the University of Kentucky Journalism Alumni Association Officers and Directors board.
Nakidimen was a member of Louisville's Highland Baptist Church, where he served as a director of the church and as an honor deacon.
Accolades
Upon retirement
Senator Mitch McConnell offered a tribute to Nakdimen on the US Senate floor on July 31, 1997, saying "I rise today to pay tribute to Mr. Dave Nakdimen, an outstanding newsman, who retired after a wonderful career in television news... in the world of television news it is extremely difficult to develop expertise in covering politics. Most of the political reporters that we deal with who are really talented... tend to be in print journalism. There is one real exception to that: Dave Nakdimen. Dave was the only expert political reporter I ever met in local television. He had a distinguished career. We will all miss him greatly. He is a man of great principle...".
In a letter to the editor of the Courier-Journal newspaper, attorney Harry A. Triplett said of Nakdimen "Dave Nakdimen's retirement as a news reporter for WAVE TV will cause a void in the profession. He had a reputation among those who frequent the Courthouse, City Hall and the Hall of Justice as a 'straight arrow'. He was honest, fair and objective and never an iconoclast. He is a splendid role model for those who are and aspire to be reporters".
Upon death
Hearing of Nakdimen's death in 2020, Senator McConnell said "Growing up listening to election results on Eastern Kentucky radio, Dave Nakdimen seemed almost destined to become a political reporter. Dave was one of the best local television journalists I’ve ever had the privilege to speak with, and he earned a hall of fame reputation from his viewers and his colleagues alike. Dave was a trusted voice broadcasting some of Louisville’s biggest stories. He helped inform views on politics, housing and civil rights. Through it all, Dave brought integrity and principle to every aspect of his work, plus his signature dry wit".
Honors
2011 – Silver Circle Award, National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, "recognizing lasting contributions to the TV industry in the Ohio Valley Region"
1998 – Gavel Award, Louisville Bar Association, given at the Bench & Bar dinner for coverage of the courts, including the first televised trial in Kentucky
1998 – Kentucky Journalism Hall of Fame, Kentucky Associated Press Broadcast Group
1997 – Golden Mike Award, Louisville Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists
1997 – Jefferson Cup, Jefferson County (Kentucky) Fiscal Court. Jefferson County Judge Executive Dave Armstrong called Nakdimen "the icon of local news", saying "the community has come to rely on the credibility of his reporting"
1987 – Outstanding Television Editorial, Louisville Metro Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists, Sigma Delta Chi
1986 – Honored by the Jefferson County, Kentucky Fiscal Court for having covered the County courthouse for 25 consecutive years
1978 – Reporter of the Year, Louisville Bar Association for his ongoing interest in the legal system as reflected in his work
1967 – Gabriel Award, Catholic Broadcasters Association of America for Open Housing documentary
References
1933 births
2020 deaths
People from Lee County, Virginia
Radio personalities from Louisville, Kentucky
Television personalities from Louisville, Kentucky
University of Kentucky alumni
American people of Russian-Jewish descent |
Timothy Lee Horner (born August 19, 1959) is a retired professional wrestler, best known as Tim "White Lightning" Horner, one half of The Lightning Express with Brad Armstrong.
Professional wrestling career
Early career (1978–1988)
Tim Horner started wrestling in 1978 in the Alabama territory.
Jim Crockett Promotions (1984–1988)
Horner signed to Jim Crockett Promotions in 1984, and formed The Lightning Express with Brad Armstrong. They won the Universal Wrestling Federation tag team title in 1987, defeating Sting and Rick Steiner. They also won the National Wrestling Alliance's National Tag Team title.
World Wrestling Federation (1988–1989)
Tim Horner signed with WWF in late 1988 and left in late 1989. On televised matches he was used as a jobber in both singles and tag-team matches, while at house shows he was frequently victorious over other jobbers including Danny Davis, Jose Estrada, Barry Horowitz, Jose Luis Rivera, Iron Mike Sharpe, Tom Magee, Steve Lombardi, and Johnny K-9 (Taras Bulba).
World Championship Wrestling / Smoky Mountain Wrestling (1990–1995)
In the 1990s, Horner wrestled for World Championship Wrestling as the masked "Star Blazer", and for Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW). In SMW, he also played the original "Kendo the Samurai" (a masked samurai gimmick, also used by Scott Antol, Brian Logan, Dave Pillman and others) managed by Daryl Van Horne.
Late career
After WCW, he occasionally wrestled on independent shows in Georgia and Tennessee. He then worked in World Wrestling Entertainment as a producer for its SmackDown! brand, until October 26, 2006. On June 16, 2013, he teamed with Tom Prichard to defeat Bob Orton, Jr. and George South at the Brad Armstrong Memorial Event.
Political career
On May 1, 2018, he was elected County Commissioner in Hamblen County, Tennessee.
Championships and accomplishments
All-Pro Wrestling
APW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Keith Hart
Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Brad Armstrong
Independent International Wrestling Association
IIWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chick Donovan
Mid-Atlantic Wrestling Alliance
MAWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Warrior Hawk
National Championship Wrestling
NCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jeff Tankersley
Southeastern Championship Wrestling
NWA Southeast United States Junior Heavyweight Championship (5 times)
Smokey Mountain Wrestling
SMW Beat the Champ Television Championship (3 times)
Southern States Wrestling
Kingsport Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 2002)
Tennessee Mountain Wrestling
TMW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Ron Garvin
United Atlantic Championship Wrestling
UACW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
UACW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jimmy Golden
Universal Wrestling Federation
UWF World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Brad Armstrong
References
External links
1959 births
American male professional wrestlers
Living people
Masked wrestlers
People from Morristown, Tennessee
Professional wrestlers from Tennessee
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
SMW Beat the Champ Television Champions
NWA National Tag Team Champions |
```yaml
{{- /*
*/}}
apiVersion: {{ include "common.capabilities.deployment.apiVersion" . }}
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: {{ include "pytorch.master.name" . }}
namespace: {{ include "common.names.namespace" . | quote }}
labels: {{- include "common.labels.standard" ( dict "customLabels" .Values.commonLabels "context" $ ) | nindent 4 }}
app.kubernetes.io/component: master
{{- if .Values.commonAnnotations }}
annotations: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" ( dict "value" .Values.commonAnnotations "context" $ ) | nindent 4 }}
{{- end }}
spec:
replicas: 1
{{- if .Values.updateStrategy }}
strategy: {{- toYaml .Values.updateStrategy | nindent 4 }}
{{- end }}
{{- $podLabels := include "common.tplvalues.merge" ( dict "values" ( list .Values.podLabels .Values.commonLabels ) "context" . ) }}
selector:
matchLabels: {{- include "common.labels.matchLabels" ( dict "customLabels" $podLabels "context" $ ) | nindent 6 }}
app.kubernetes.io/component: master
template:
metadata:
{{- if .Values.podAnnotations }}
annotations: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.podAnnotations "context" $) | nindent 8 }}
{{- end }}
labels: {{- include "common.labels.standard" ( dict "customLabels" $podLabels "context" $ ) | nindent 8 }}
app.kubernetes.io/component: master
spec:
{{- include "pytorch.imagePullSecrets" . | nindent 6 }}
serviceAccountName: {{ include "pytorch.serviceAccountName" . }}
automountServiceAccountToken: {{ .Values.automountServiceAccountToken }}
{{- if .Values.hostAliases }}
hostAliases: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.hostAliases "context" $) | nindent 8 }}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.affinity }}
affinity: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" ( dict "value" .Values.affinity "context" $) | nindent 8 }}
{{- else }}
affinity:
podAffinity: {{- include "common.affinities.pods" (dict "type" .Values.podAffinityPreset "component" "master" "customLabels" $podLabels "context" $) | nindent 10 }}
podAntiAffinity: {{- include "common.affinities.pods" (dict "type" .Values.podAntiAffinityPreset "component" "master" "customLabels" $podLabels "context" $) | nindent 10 }}
nodeAffinity: {{- include "common.affinities.nodes" (dict "type" .Values.nodeAffinityPreset.type "key" .Values.nodeAffinityPreset.key "values" .Values.nodeAffinityPreset.values) | nindent 10 }}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.nodeSelector }}
nodeSelector: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" ( dict "value" .Values.nodeSelector "context" $) | nindent 8 }}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.tolerations }}
tolerations: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.tolerations "context" .) | nindent 8 }}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.priorityClassName }}
priorityClassName: {{ .Values.priorityClassName | quote }}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.schedulerName }}
schedulerName: {{ .Values.schedulerName | quote }}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.topologySpreadConstraints }}
topologySpreadConstraints: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.topologySpreadConstraints "context" .) | nindent 8 }}
{{- end }}
{{- include "pytorch.securityContext" . }}
{{- if .Values.terminationGracePeriodSeconds }}
terminationGracePeriodSeconds: {{ .Values.terminationGracePeriodSeconds }}
{{- end }}
{{- if or .Values.cloneFilesFromGit.enabled (and .Values.volumePermissions.enabled .Values.persistence.enabled) }}
initContainers:
{{- if .Values.cloneFilesFromGit.enabled }}
- name: git-clone-repository
image: {{ include "git.image" . }}
imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.git.pullPolicy | quote }}
command:
- /bin/bash
- -c
- |
[[ -f "/opt/bitnami/scripts/git/entrypoint.sh" ]] && source "/opt/bitnami/scripts/git/entrypoint.sh"
git clone {{ .Values.cloneFilesFromGit.repository }} --branch {{ .Values.cloneFilesFromGit.revision }} /app
volumeMounts:
- name: empty-dir
mountPath: /app
subPath: app-dir
- name: empty-dir
mountPath: /tmp
subPath: tmp-dir
{{- if .Values.cloneFilesFromGit.extraVolumeMounts }}
{{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.cloneFilesFromGit.extraVolumeMounts "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
{{- end }}
{{- end }}
{{- if and .Values.volumePermissions.enabled .Values.persistence.enabled }}
- name: volume-permissions
image: "{{ template "mxnet.volumePermissions.image" . }}"
imagePullPolicy: {{ default "" .Values.volumePermissions.image.pullPolicy | quote }}
command:
- /bin/bash
- -ec
- |
chown -R {{ .Values.securityContext.runAsUser }}:{{ .Values.securityContext.fsGroup }} {{ .Values.persistence.mountPath }}
securityContext:
runAsUser: 0
{{- if .Values.volumePermissions.resources }}
resources: {{- toYaml .Values.volumePermissions.resources | nindent 12 }}
{{- else if ne .Values.volumePermissions.resourcesPreset "none" }}
resources: {{- include "common.resources.preset" (dict "type" .Values.volumePermissions.resourcesPreset) | nindent 12 }}
{{- end }}
volumeMounts:
- name: data
mountPath: {{ .Values.persistence.mountPath }}
{{- end }}
{{- end }}
containers:
- name: master
image: {{ include "pytorch.image" . }}
imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy | quote }}
{{- if .Values.containerSecurityContext.enabled }}
securityContext: {{- include "common.compatibility.renderSecurityContext" (dict "secContext" .Values.containerSecurityContext "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.diagnosticMode.enabled }}
command: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.diagnosticMode.command "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
{{- else if .Values.command }}
command: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.command "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
{{- else }}
command:
- bash
- -c
- |
{{- if .Values.entrypoint.file }}
python {{ .Values.entrypoint.file }} {{ if .Values.entrypoint.args }}{{ .Values.entrypoint.args }}{{ end }}
{{- end }}
sleep infinity
{{- end }}
env:
{{- $architecture := coalesce .Values.mode .Values.architecture }}
{{- if eq $architecture "distributed" }}
- name: MASTER_ADDR
value: "127.0.0.1"
- name: MASTER_PORT
value: {{ coalesce .Values.port .Values.containerPorts.pytorch | quote }}
- name: WORLD_SIZE
value: {{ .Values.worldSize | quote }}
- name: RANK
value: "0"
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.extraEnvVars }}
{{- toYaml .Values.extraEnvVars | nindent 12 }}
{{- end }}
envFrom:
{{- if .Values.extraEnvVarsCM }}
- configMapRef:
name: {{ include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.extraEnvVarsCM "context" $) }}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.extraEnvVarsSecret }}
- secretRef:
name: {{ include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.extraEnvVarsSecret "context" $) }}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.resources }}
resources: {{- toYaml .Values.resources | nindent 12 }}
{{- else if ne .Values.resourcesPreset "none" }}
resources: {{- include "common.resources.preset" (dict "type" .Values.resourcesPreset) | nindent 12 }}
{{- end }}
ports:
- name: pytorch
containerPort: {{ coalesce .Values.port .Values.containerPorts.pytorch }}
{{- if not .Values.diagnosticMode.enabled }}
{{- if .Values.customLivenessProbe }}
livenessProbe: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.customLivenessProbe "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
{{- else if .Values.livenessProbe.enabled }}
livenessProbe: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" (omit .Values.livenessProbe "enabled") "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
exec:
command:
- python
- -c
- import torchvision; print(torchvision.__version__)
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.customReadinessProbe }}
readinessProbe: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.customReadinessProbe "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
{{- else if .Values.readinessProbe.enabled }}
readinessProbe: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" (omit .Values.readinessProbe "enabled") "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
exec:
command:
- python
- -c
- import torch; print(torch.__config__.show())
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.customStartupProbe }}
startupProbe: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.customStartupProbe "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
{{- else if .Values.startupProbe.enabled }}
startupProbe: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" (omit .Values.startupProbe "enabled") "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
exec:
command:
- python
- -c
- import torch; print(torch.__config__.show())
{{- end }}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.lifecycleHooks }}
lifecycle: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" (dict "value" .Values.lifecycleHooks "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
{{- end }}
volumeMounts:
{{- if .Values.configMap }}
- name: ext-files
mountPath: /app
{{- else if .Files.Glob "files/*" }}
- name: local-files
mountPath: /app
{{- else }}
- name: empty-dir
mountPath: /app
subPath: app-dir
{{- end }}
- name: empty-dir
mountPath: /tmp
subPath: tmp-dir
{{- if .Values.extraVolumeMounts }}
{{- include "common.tplvalues.render" ( dict "value" .Values.extraVolumeMounts "context" $) | nindent 12 }}
{{- end }}
- name: data
mountPath: {{ .Values.persistence.mountPath }}
volumes:
- name: empty-dir
emptyDir: {}
{{- if .Values.configMap }}
- name: ext-files
configMap:
name: {{ .Values.configMap }}
{{- else if .Files.Glob "files/*" }}
- name: local-files
configMap:
name: {{ printf "%s-files" (include "common.names.fullname" .) | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }}
{{- end }}
- name: data
{{- if .Values.persistence.enabled }}
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: {{ template "pytorch.master.name" . }}
{{- else }}
emptyDir: {}
{{- end }}
{{- if .Values.extraVolumes }}
{{- include "common.tplvalues.render" ( dict "value" .Values.extraVolumes "context" $) | nindent 8 }}
{{- end }}
``` |
The red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) is a carnivorous passerine bird and member of the shrike family, Laniidae. Its breeding range stretches from Western Europe east to central Russia. It is migratory and winters in the eastern areas of tropical Africa and southern Africa.
Taxonomy
The red-backed shrike was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under its current binomial name Lanius collurio. The genus name, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as "butcher birds" because of their feeding habits. The specific collurio is from Ancient Greek kollurion, a bird mentioned by Aristotle. The common English name "shrike" is from Middle English *schrike, *schryke, from Old English sċrīc, "shriek", from the same root as shriek and screech, referring to the bird's shrill cry or call.
Description
This 16–18 cm (approx. 6.3–7.1 inches) long migratory bird eats large insects, small birds, frogs, rodents and lizards. Like other shrikes it hunts from prominent perches, and impales corpses on thorns or barbed wire as a "larder." This practice has earned it the nickname of "butcher bird."
The general colour of the male's upper parts is reddish. It has a grey head and a typical shrike black stripe through the eye. Underparts are tinged pink, and the tail has a black and white pattern similar to that of a wheatear. In the female and young birds the upperparts are brown and vermiculated. Underparts are buff and also vermiculated.
Distribution and habitat
This bird breeds in most of Europe and western Asia and winters in tropical Africa. The bird is listed as a "least concern" (LC) species on a global scale, but some parts of its range have seen a steep decline in numbers, so locally its status can be less secure.
Great Britain
Once a common migratory visitor to Great Britain, numbers declined sharply during the 20th century, and it is now classified as a UK 'Red List' species. The bird's last stronghold was in Breckland but by 1988 just a single pair remained, successfully raising young at Santon Downham. The following year for the first time no nests were recorded in the UK. But since then sporadic breeding has taken place, mostly in Scotland and Wales. In September 2010 the RSPB announced that a pair had raised chicks at a secret location on Dartmoor where the bird last bred in 1970. In 2011, two pairs nested in the same locality, fledging seven young. In 2012 there was another breeding attempt, this time unsuccessful, probably due to a prolonged spell of wet weather. In 2013 breeding was again confirmed in Devon, with two young fledged at a new site. The return to south-western England was an unexpected development, raising speculation that a warming climate might assist the bird in re-colonising some of its former haunts. However, since then breeding has been confirmed on only two occasions, both in Shetland, in 2015 and 2020.
Gallery
References
Further reading
Worfolk, Tim (2000) Identification of red-backed, isabelline and brown shrikes Dutch Birding 22 (6): 323–362.
Metzmacher, M. & Van Nieuwenhuyse, D. (2012). Dynamique de population de la Pie-grièche écorcheur (Lanius collurio) dans le sud-est de la Belgique : modélisation de l’influence du climat. Terre et Vie, 67 : 353-374.
External links
Red-backed shrike - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
Oiseaux pictures
The Internet Bird Collection videos
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.3 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
Feathers of red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio)
red-backed shrike
Birds of Europe
Birds of Central Asia
Birds of West Asia
red-backed shrike
red-backed shrike |
Edward L. Moyers, Jr. (October 3, 1928 – June 5, 2006) was an American railroad executive of the 20th century. He served as president and CEO of several railroads including MidSouth Rail, Illinois Central Railroad and Southern Pacific Railroad. In 1995, Railway Age magazine named Moyers its "Railroader of the Year".
Family and early life
Edward, Jr., was the son of Edward L. and Lucille (Lewis) Moyers. He was born on October 3, 1928, near Meridian, Mississippi. Moyers graduated from Louisiana Tech University with a business degree in 1955.
Railroad career
Moyers worked as an executive with the Peoria and Pekin Union Railway.
In the 1980s when Illinois Central Gulf Railroad was spinning off excess lines, New York based investment firm Prospect Group purchased of track to form MidSouth Rail and installed Moyers as the new railroad company's first president. The purchase included the assets of Gulf and Mississippi Railroad (restructured as SouthRail Corporation), which was also owned by MidSouth Corporation, MidSouth Rail's parent company. Immediately after the purchase was complete, train schedules were updated to double service between Shreveport and Meridian. Moyers worked to improve and rebuild these lines to allow trains to increase their average speeds from to . After Moyers left MidSouth, the lines were later acquired by Kansas City Southern Railroad in 1993, effective on January 1, 1994.
In 1989, Moyers was appointed as president of Illinois Central Railroad by its then new owners, Prospect Group. The purchase was, in fact, all part of a plan devised by Moyers to return the Illinois Central to profitability. He soon set to work reducing costs to the railroad including cutting payroll and selling excess rolling stock. One of the more controversial projects Moyers took on as president of Illinois Central was to reduce the railroad's trackage from a completely double tracked line with ABS to a single track mainline with CTC signals. This project began in May 1989 and was completed on August 28, 1991. The scrap materials removed from the single-tracking project were sold for approximately $50 million and further reduced the railroad's supply budget by $70 million; installing CTC was estimated to save the railroad about $100 million. Moyers also tried to bring the MidSouth lines back into the Illinois Central portfolio with a takeover bid announced on December 3, 1990, a move that was seen as positive by rail analysts at the time. But MidSouth, now led by Moyers' former business partner Mark Levin, rejected the offer. Moyers retired from Illinois Central in 1993 and was succeeded as president of that railroad by E. Hunter Harrison. In 1998, Illinois Central was acquired by Canadian National Railway.
After leaving the Illinois Central and undergoing heart surgery, Moyers was asked to return to railroad service by Philip Anschutz, the executive behind the Rio Grande Railroad's purchase of Southern Pacific Railroad (SP). Moyers became chairman and CEO of Southern Pacific Company (the parent company of Southern Pacific Railroad) and president of Southern Pacific Railroad in July 1993, leading the railroad up to the merger of Southern Pacific into Union Pacific Railroad. Part of his leadership strategy at SP, like his strategy at Illinois Central, was to trim excess capacity, such as by single-tracking sections of SP's Donner Pass line. Moyers also questioned the efficiency of the former Rio Grande's Tennessee Pass line versus its Moffat Tunnel line; he noted that the steep grades of Tennessee Pass led to increased fuel and maintenance costs to the railroad, favoring the shorter and lower elevation Moffat route. Under Moyers' leadership, SP went from a $149 million loss in 1993 to earning $242 million in 1994. The Southern Pacific Company announced on February 8, 1995, that Moyers had submitted his resignation, citing advice from his physicians. Southern Pacific was acquired by Union Pacific in 1996.
Upon his retirement from SP, Railway Age recognized Moyers' contributions to the American railroad industry by naming him "Railroader of the Year" in 1995.
Post-retirement and private life
Soon after Moyers had become a chief executive, in 1988 he joined the board of trustees for Millsaps College in Jackson, Mississippi, and was named a Life Trustee of the college in 1998. Moyers also gave the commencement speech at the college in 2000. He was also active with Louisiana Tech as chair of the university's Centennial Campaign and provided an endowment for honors students in the school's College of Business.
After retiring from direct railroad work, Moyers continued investing in railroad projects worldwide. He was one of the individual investors of Noel Group, which spent $8 million to acquire the western network of railroad lines in Brazil from the Brazilian government; Moyers' direct consultation and business plan development was credited as essential in this transaction that created Ferronorte.
Moyers died on June 5, 2006, in Naples, Florida. He was survived by his wife Helen, son Paul, daughter Nancy, sister Mary Ann, brother Pat, and their respective children. He was buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Ruston, Louisiana.
Moyers' estate left a "considerable bequest" to Louisiana Tech and in December 2007, Louisiana Tech established the Moyers Scholarships in his memory.
References
Further reading
1928 births
2006 deaths
Illinois Central Railroad people
Southern Pacific Railroad people
20th-century American railroad executives
American railroaders
Burials in Louisiana
Millsaps College
Louisiana Tech University alumni
People from Meridian, Mississippi |
Urshelsky () is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Posyolok Urshelsky, Gus-Khrustalny District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. Population: The population was 3,783 as of 2010. There are 49 streets.
Geography
Urshelsky is located 40 km west of Gus-Khrustalny (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sintsovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Gus-Khrustalny District
Sudogodsky Uyezd |
```c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
struct obj_t {
const char * hello;
};
static struct obj_t * obj;
int main(void) {
obj = malloc(sizeof(*obj));
assert(obj != NULL);
obj->hello = "World";
printf("{ ");
printf("hello: \"%s\"", obj->hello);
printf(" }\n");
free(obj);
return 0;
}
``` |
Rear Admiral Fischer Burges Watson, (3 September 1884 – 14 August 1960) was a Royal Navy officer who served as Commander-in-Chief of the New Zealand Division.
Naval career
Born the eldest son of Rear Admiral Burges Watson and Marie Thérèse Fischer and educated at Ashdown House and the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, Watson joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1899. In early June 1902 it was announced that he would be posted to , serving in the Channel Squadron, but the appointment was cancelled and later the same month he was posted as Midshipman on board the protected cruiser , about to become flagship on the North America and West Indies Station.
Watson served in the First World War as Commanding Officer of the destroyer from the start of the war, of from April 1917 and of from September 1918. After the War he briefly commanded before being appointed Assistant to Chief of Staff and Maintenance Captain at Portsmouth in 1920. He became Commanding Officer of the cruiser in 1924, Chief Staff Officer to the Rear Admiral-in-Charge Gibraltar in 1926 and Naval Assistant to the Second Sea Lord in 1928. He went on to be Commanding Officer of the battleship in 1930 and Commander-in-Chief of the New Zealand Division in 1932. He retired in 1935 but was recalled in 1939 at the start of the Second World War during which he served on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief Western Approaches before becoming Commodore of Ocean Convoys in October 1940, Senior Officer for Landing Ship Tank Flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet in April 1943 and Senior Naval Officer at Selsey in May 1944. He last appointment was as Flag Officer-in-Charge at Harwich in September 1944 before retiring again in 1945.
In 1935, Watson was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.
Family
In 1909 he married Sybil Mona Caroline Holden; they had three daughters. Following the death of his first wife he married Mabel Harford Underwood in 1931.
References
1884 births
1960 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
People educated at Ashdown House
Royal Navy admirals of World War II
Royal Navy personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Somerset |
Daniela Alves Lima (born 12 January 1984), commonly known as Daniela, is a former Brazilian football midfielder who played for professional clubs in Brazil, Sweden and the United States. As a member of the Brazil women's national football team she participated in two FIFA Women's World Cups and three Olympic Games. Daniela was a box-to-box central midfielder who was renowned for her powerful long range shots.
Club career
Daniela had already played for four seasons at the women's section of São Paulo club Portuguesa, when she was signed by San Diego Spirit of Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA). Having turned 19 the month before her February 2003 transfer, Daniela became WUSA's youngest player. She started 14 of her 17 regular season appearances in 2003 and posted three assists. When WUSA collapsed at the end of that season, Daniela moved to Europe and signed for Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC of Sweden's Damallsvenskan. She made three league appearances and scored one goal in a 2004 season beset by injury.
For 2005 Daniela moved back to the United States and played four games for Hampton Roads Piranhas in the pro–am W-League. She finished the 2005 season playing in the Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) with Bay State Select, scoring seven goals in 10 appearances. She remained with Bay State for 2006 and was named to the all-league team in both 2005 and 2006, before returning to Brazil with Saad Esporte Clube. At the inaugural 2007 edition of the Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino, Daniela was named player of the tournament and was top goalscorer with 14 goals as Saad won the trophy.
Sweden's Linköpings FC contracted Daniela and her Brazil teammate Cristiane for the 2008 Damallsvenskan season. After signing, Daniela stressed that she had improved as a player since her unhappy experience at Göteborg in 2004. She played in all 22 of Linköpings' league matches, scoring six goals, as the team finished runners-up behind Umeå IK.
Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), a new professional league formed in the United States, entered Daniela into its inaugural International Draft. She was selected as the Saint Louis Athletica's first pick and joined the team for its 2009 season.
In Athletica's fourth game against the Washington Freedom, Daniela scored the club's first two goals of the season in a fractious and controversial 3–3 draw. During the match, a challenge by Abby Wambach, described as "vicious" and "reckless", left Daniela with a broken tibia and torn knee ligaments. Wambach received a yellow card for the tackle but was later given a one-match suspension by the league's disciplinary panel. Saint Louis Athletica's doctor said that the injury would rule Daniela out "indefinitely".
She made a comeback with Hampton Road Piranhas in the 2010 W-League, but featured for 18 minutes of one match. The injury brought about Daniela's early retirement from football. She returned to São Paulo and became the proprietor of a butcher shop.
International career
Brazil wanted to include Daniela in their squad for the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup but at the age of 15 years she was not eligible to participate. Instead she made her debut in the next game, a friendly defeat to the United States. An inexperienced Brazil lost 6–0 to the world champions at Mile High Stadium in Denver on 26 September 1999.
At 16 years old Daniela was a member of the Brazil team that participated in the 2000 Sydney Olympics and finished in fourth place. At the pre-tournament training camp Daniela fought with teammate Mônica. The confrontation was attributed to premenstrual syndrome.
Daniela captained Brazil's under-19 team at the 2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship, scoring three goals as the team reached the semi-final. Ahead of the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup, she was named in Brazil's squad and praised by the coach: "She is very good. Everyone is interested in her." At the tournament she performed well and struck a celebrated goal as Brazil upset Olympic champions Norway 4–1. Sweden defeated Brazil 2–1 in the quarter-final.
Daniela and Brazil collected silver medals at the 2004 and 2008 editions of the Olympic Games. At the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China, Brazil produced a striking 4–0 semi-final win over the United States but were beaten 2–0 by Germany in the final. Daniela and teammates Marta, Cristiane and Rosana were nicknamed "the fantastic four".
Notes
References
External links
Profile at Women's Professional Soccer
Profile at Women's United Soccer Association
1984 births
Living people
Brazilian women's footballers
Women's association football midfielders
Footballers from São Paulo
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Olympic footballers for Brazil
Olympic silver medalists for Brazil
Olympic medalists in football
Saint Louis Athletica players
Expatriate women's footballers in Sweden
Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Women's United Soccer Association players
San Diego Spirit players
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Brazil women's international footballers
Brazilian expatriate women's footballers
BK Häcken FF players
Damallsvenskan players
Linköpings FC players
Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in football
Saad Esporte Clube (women) players
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Bay State Select players
Women's Premier Soccer League players
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Hampton Roads Piranhas players
Women's Professional Soccer players |
```objective-c
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
// Original code copyright 2014 Foxit Software Inc. path_to_url
#ifndef CORE_FPDFAPI_PAGE_CPDF_SHADINGPATTERN_H_
#define CORE_FPDFAPI_PAGE_CPDF_SHADINGPATTERN_H_
#include <memory>
#include <vector>
#include "core/fpdfapi/page/cpdf_colorspace.h"
#include "core/fpdfapi/page/cpdf_pattern.h"
#include "core/fxcrt/fx_system.h"
#include "core/fxcrt/unowned_ptr.h"
enum ShadingType {
kInvalidShading = 0,
kFunctionBasedShading = 1,
kAxialShading = 2,
kRadialShading = 3,
kFreeFormGouraudTriangleMeshShading = 4,
kLatticeFormGouraudTriangleMeshShading = 5,
kCoonsPatchMeshShading = 6,
kTensorProductPatchMeshShading = 7,
kMaxShading = 8
};
class CFX_Matrix;
class CPDF_ColorSpace;
class CPDF_Document;
class CPDF_Function;
class CPDF_Object;
class CPDF_ShadingPattern final : public CPDF_Pattern {
public:
CPDF_ShadingPattern(CPDF_Document* pDoc,
CPDF_Object* pPatternObj,
bool bShading,
const CFX_Matrix& parentMatrix);
~CPDF_ShadingPattern() override;
CPDF_TilingPattern* AsTilingPattern() override;
CPDF_ShadingPattern* AsShadingPattern() override;
bool IsMeshShading() const {
return m_ShadingType == kFreeFormGouraudTriangleMeshShading ||
m_ShadingType == kLatticeFormGouraudTriangleMeshShading ||
m_ShadingType == kCoonsPatchMeshShading ||
m_ShadingType == kTensorProductPatchMeshShading;
}
bool Load();
ShadingType GetShadingType() const { return m_ShadingType; }
bool IsShadingObject() const { return m_bShadingObj; }
const CPDF_Object* GetShadingObject() const { return m_pShadingObj.Get(); }
const CPDF_ColorSpace* GetCS() const { return m_pCS.Get(); }
const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CPDF_Function>>& GetFuncs() const {
return m_pFunctions;
}
private:
// Constraints in PDF 1.7 spec, 4.6.3 Shading Patterns, pages 308-331.
bool Validate() const;
bool ValidateFunctions(uint32_t nExpectedNumFunctions,
uint32_t nExpectedNumInputs,
uint32_t nExpectedNumOutputs) const;
ShadingType m_ShadingType = kInvalidShading;
const bool m_bShadingObj;
UnownedPtr<const CPDF_Object> m_pShadingObj;
// Still keep |m_pCS| as some CPDF_ColorSpace (name object) are not managed
// as counted objects. Refer to CPDF_DocPageData::GetColorSpace.
UnownedPtr<const CPDF_ColorSpace> m_pCS;
UnownedPtr<const CPDF_CountedColorSpace> m_pCountedCS;
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CPDF_Function>> m_pFunctions;
};
#endif // CORE_FPDFAPI_PAGE_CPDF_SHADINGPATTERN_H_
``` |
The 1973 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team represented California State University, Northridge as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1973 NCAA Division II football season. Led by first-year head coach Gary Torgeson, Cal State Northridge compiled an overall record of 2–9 with a mark of 1–3 in conference play, placing in a three-way tie for third in the CCAA. The team was outscored by its opponents 456 to 200 for the season and allowed over 50 points four times. The Matadors played home games at North Campus Stadium in Northridge, California.
Schedule
References
Cal State Northridge
Cal State Northridge Matadors football seasons
Cal State Northridge Matadors football |
The Great Wall Peri () is a city car produced by the Chinese automobile manufacturer Great Wall Motors.
Overview
The Peri is being sold in several countries of Asia. One of the main advantages against established European, American and other Asian rivals is the low cost of the Peri compared to these.
One of the reasons for the in-comparison low retail price of the Great Wall Peri is that it is based heavily on older models by other manufacturers. The entry-level motor is supplied by Mitsubishi and the interior resembles the second-generation Fiat Panda while the exterior strongly resembles the first-generation Nissan Note. The Great Wall Peri complies with the Euro-III emissions standard.
Peri 4x4/Haval M1
Great Wall also produce a crossover version called the Haval M1. It was previously known as the Peri 4x4.
Fiat Panda copy controversy
By December 2006, Italian automaker Fiat was considering taking legal action against Great Wall for copying their popular second-generation Panda as the Peri. Apart from the front end, the Peri was designed to look identical to the Panda inside and out.
On July 16, 2008, a Turin court upheld Fiat's claim and banned the Peri from being imported into Europe. In addition, the court order ruled that Great Wall Motors would pay Fiat a 15,000-euro fine for the first Peri imported, and an additional 50,000 euros for every subsequent car that was imported.
In October 2009, Great Wall Motor sued Fiat, accusing the latter of espionage. In the lawsuit, Great Wall claims that "Fiat once instigated espionage to prowl into its research center and take photos of Peri small car that was still under developed."
References
External links
Official website (archived)
City cars
Peri
2000s cars
2010s cars
Cars of China |
Gustavo Ramírez (born 15 May 1941) is a Guatemalan wrestler. He competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1941 births
Living people
Guatemalan male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Guatemala
Wrestlers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
People from San Marcos Department |
The teams which took part at the 1997 Rugby World Cup Sevens held in Hong Kong named squads of ten players each.
Pool A
Adedayo Adebayo
Neil Back
Nick Beal
Mike Catt
Austin Healey
Richard Hill
Tim Rodber
Dave Scully
Chris Sheasby
Jonathan Sleightholme
Head Coach: Doug Tate
Rob Card
Gregor Dixon
Barry Ebl
John Graf
Jason Hartley
Dave Lougheed
Mike Schmid
Winston Stanley
Scott Stewart
Ron Toews
Ryan Bekker
Craig Brown
Innocent Chidziva
Patrick Ewing
Campbell Graham
Isaac Mbereko
Charlton McNab
Victor Olonga
William Schultz
Kennedy Tsimba
Pool B
Gabriel Brezoianu
Vasile Brici
Lucian Colceriu
Constantin Dragnea
Cătălin Drăguceanu
Save Lutumailagi
Alin Petrache
Margant Rădoi
Lucian Sîrbu
Gheorghe Solomie
Sorin Trancă
Michael Brial (NSW Waratahs)
David Campese (NSW Waratahs)
Ryan Constable (QLD Reds)
David Kelaher
Stephen Larkham (ACT Brumbies)
John Moss
Matthew Mostyn
Damian Smith (QLD Reds)
Semi Taupeaafe
Roy Wayne Williams
Nick Broughton
Graeme Burns
James Craig
Cameron Glasgow
Duncan Hodge
Derrick Lee
Cameron Mather
Scott Nichol
Sikeli Votonisoga
Murray Wallace
Pool C
Coach: Gordon Tietjens
Alama Ieremia
Glen Osborne
Caleb Ralph
Roger Randle
Eric Rush
Owen Scrimgeour
Joe Tauiwi
Rua Tipoki
Nick Penny
Peter Woods
Head Coach: Paulo Nawalu
Hiroyuki Kajihara
Shinji Ono
Bruce Ferguson
Takeomi Ito
Hiroyuki Tanuma
Kiyoshi Imazumi
Kensuke Iwabuchi
Daisuke Ohata
Stephen Miln
Hiroki Ozeki
Maama Molitika
Siua Taumalolo
Ofa Topeni
Tevita Tuʻifua
Viliami Uhi
Tevita Vaʻenuku
Lui Veseseyaki
William Fakaʻosi
Sione Moa Latu
Saia Moeakiolo
Isi Fatani
Pool D
Manasa Bari
Leveni Duvuduvukula
Luke Erenavula
Lemeki Koroi
Inoke Maraiwai
Tamiela Naikelekele
Waisale Serevi
Aminiasi Naituyaga
Jope Tuikabe
Marika Vunibaka
Miguel Barbosa
Jon Dingley
Vasco Durão
José Maria Vilar Gomes
Rohan Hoffmann
João Diogo Marques
Nuno Mourão
Pedro Murinello
Pedro Netto Fernandes
Luís Pissarra
Miguel Sá
Head Coach: George Simpkin
Hamish Bowden
Robin Bredbury
Fuk Ping Chan
Riaz Fredericks
Vaughan Going
Steve Kidd
Stuart Krohn
Rodney McIntosh
Luke Nabaro
Rob Santos
Isi Tuivai
Pool E
Philippe Bernat-Salles
Olivier Campan
Franck Corrihons
Marc Lièvremont
Thomas Lièvremont
Olivier Magne
Ugo Mola
Meli Nakauta
Mickaël Noël
Frédéric Séguier
Willy Taofifénua
Head Coach: Mark Williams
Vaea Anitoni
Andre Bachelet
Jim Burgett
Jon Campbell
Malakai Delai
Brian Gallagher
Brian Hightower
Dan Lyle
Chris Morrow
Richard Tardits (c)
Chae Deuk-Joon
Cho Jin-Sik
Choi Chang-Yul
Kim Jae-Hyun
Kim Sung-Nam
Lee Keun-Wook
Park Jin-Bae
Sung Hae-Kyung
Yong Hwan-Myung
Yoo Min-Suk
Pool F
Álvar Enciso
Pablo Calderón
Jon Azkargorta
Francisco Puertas Soto
Oriol Ripol
Alberto Socías
Carlos Souto
Philippe Tayeb
Jorge Torres
Ferrán Velazco
Bryan Adams
Amosa Amosa
Grand Hagai
Save Lutumailagi
David Nekeare
Ryan Nicholas
Junior Charlie Noo
Terry Piri
Anthony Ruakere
Peter Tari
Aquila Tunisau
Alan Tyrrell
Mohamed Ahlalou
Yassine Alami
My Omar Nasrallah Alaoui
Hamid Amina
Aziz Andoh
Faycal Boukanoucha
Kazu Bouzedi
Mohamed Dermouni
Redouane Habbal
Abdelaziz Mesror
Carl Murray
Pool G
Head Coach: Ray Southam
Jonny Bell
Ben Cronin
Kieron Dawson
Denis Hickie
David Humphreys
Niall Malone
Denis McBride
Eric Miller
Richard Wallace
Niall Woods
Head Coach: Bernardo Otaño
Lisandro Arbizu (Belgrano Athletic)
Pablo Bouza (Duendes)
Gonzalo Camardón (Alumni)
Gonzalo García (Duendes)
Marcos Garicoche (CA San Isidro)
Leandro Lobrauco (Atlético del Rosario)
Santiago Phelan (CA San Isidro)
Eduardo Simone (Liceo Naval)
Facundo Soler (Tala RC)
Cristian Viel (Newman)
Head Coach: Dawie Snyman
Graeme Bouwer
Stephen Brink
Jacques Olivier
Breyton Paulse
Pieter Rossouw
Bobby Skinstad
André Snyman
Jeffrey Stevens
Joost van der Westhuizen (c)
Andre Venter
Pool H
Johan Britz
Dirk Farmer
André Greeff
Kobus Horn
Quinn Hough
Gerhard Mans
Jaco Olivier
Ronaldo Pedro
Schalk van der Merwe
Johan Zaayman
Kalolo Toleafoa
Isaac Fe'aunati
Rudolf Moors
Brian Lima
Tainafi Patu
Afato So'oalo
Terry Fanolua
Sila Vaifale
Laiafi Papali'i
Semo Sititi
Allan Bateman
Darren Edwards
Jason Forster
Dafydd James
Kevin Morgan
Wayne Proctor
Jamie Ringer
Gareth Thomas
Christopher Wyatt
Gareth Wyatt
References
Rugby World Cup Sevens squads |
Dick Dowling is a 1905 marble sculpture of Confederate commander Richard W. Dowling by Frank Teich, previously installed in 1958 at the Cambridge Street entrance into Houston's Hermann Park, in the U.S. state of Texas. In June 2020, the memorial was removed in response to the George Floyd protests.
History
The monument was publicly funded. Prior to 1958, the statue was at the city hall. This was the first public monument commissioned by the city government; he was chosen as he fought in favor of the CSA.
The site received a Historical Marker (#11938) by the Texas Historical Commission in 1998.
On August 19, 2017, Andrew Schneck was arrested at the statue with bomb materials. In response to the nationwide protests following the murder of George Floyd at the hands of the police in June 2020, the statue was removed from Hermann Park and placed into storage.
See also
1905 in art
List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests
List of public art in Houston
References
1905 establishments in Texas
1905 sculptures
Monuments and memorials in the United States removed during the George Floyd protests
Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Texas
Hermann Park
Marble sculptures in Texas
Outdoor sculptures in Houston
Relocated buildings and structures in Texas
Sculptures of men in Texas
Statues in Houston
Statues removed in 2020 |
Gerdeka Hartlevsdotter, or Hartlefsdotter, also called Gerdica (1370–1438), was a Swedish Bridgettine nun. She was the abbess of Vadstena Abbey from 1403 until 1422.
Life
Gerdeka Hartlevsdotter was the daughter of Hartlev Bolk (d.1390) and Ingeborg (d. 1400) from Skänninge. Her mother became a member of Vadstena Abbey as a widow. Gerdeka, when abbess, had her father reburied in the abbey graveyard when it became permitted for non-members of the order to be buried there. Gerdeka was elected abbess in 1403 after the deposition of her predecessor Ingegerd Knutsdotter. Her reign has been described as a golden age for the abbey.
In 1406, she received a delegation from England headed by Henry FitzHugh, 3rd Baron FitzHugh, for the purpose of creating a daughter abbey of the Bridgettine order in England. In 1415, she completed the negotiations, and at the wish of the English King sent the nuns Anna Karlsdotter, Christina Finwitsdotter, Christina Esbjörnsdotter and Anna Esbjörnsdotter to England with great festivities, escorted by all the bishops of Sweden, the archbishop and a bishop from Norway, as well as several ambassadors, to found Syon Abbey in England.
In 1419, Vadstena was subjected to an investigation after rumors that not only the abbess Gerdica but also the nuns had received male guests in private and accepted gifts from them.
Gerdeka resigned from her position for health reasons on 27 April 1422.
References
Sources
Syster Patricia, OSsS 2003: ”Vadstena klosters abbedissor”. I: Beskow, Per & Annette Landen (red.) Birgitta av Vadstena. Pilgrim och profet 1303–1373. Natur & Kultur, Stockholm. p. 297–314.
Tore Nyberg: Birgitta, hendes værk og hendes klostre i Norden (1991)
Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor /
https://archive.org/stream/MN5063ucmf_4/MN5063ucmf_4_djvu.txt
https://archive.org/stream/MN42054ucmf_3/MN42054ucmf_3_djvu.txt
Historiskt bibliotek utgifvet af Carl Silfverstolpe
1437 deaths
1370 births
Bridgettine nuns
Swedish Roman Catholic abbesses
15th-century Swedish nuns
14th-century Swedish nuns |
```java
package com.didispace;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class ApplicationTests {
@Autowired
private PersonRepository personRepository;
@Test
public void findAll() throws Exception {
personRepository.findAll().forEach(p -> {
System.out.println(p);
});
}
@Test
public void save() throws Exception {
Person person = new Person();
person.setUid("uid:1");
person.setSuerName("AAA");
person.setCommonName("aaa");
person.setUserPassword("123456");
personRepository.save(person);
personRepository.findAll().forEach(p -> {
System.out.println(p);
});
}
}
``` |
The book In the Name of Tradition is the outcome of a comprehensive study on female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Iran conducted by Kameel Ahmady, an anthropologist and researcher, and his colleagues. It was published in Farsi by Shirazeh in 2015 and followed by an English version by Uncutvoice publishing house in the same year. The study explores why and how FGM is practised in Iran. The researchers aimed to uncover the various dimensions of FGM between 2005 and 2015 in four provinces: West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and Hormozgan.
In 2017, Ahmady and his team revisited these four provinces to assess the impact of their educational and awareness-raising efforts, as well as their assessment, on FGM rates. The results of this follow-up study are presented in another book titled "The Changing Paradigms" Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Country report on FGM/C in Iran, With an introduction to Male Circumcision / Male Genital Mutilation (MGM/C) in Iran, which provides an up-to-date report on the trends and incomplete statistics of FGM in Iran. The book describes a significant decrease in FGM rates in the areas where the researchers conducted their work. This publication sheds light on the subject of FGM in Iran and highlights the importance of continued efforts to raise awareness and education about this harmful practice.
Ahmady has been recognized for his research on social harms including female genital mutilation. He has received several awards for his work, including the "Literature and Humanities" award from the World Peace Foundation at George Washington University.
Content and research methodology of books
In his career in Iran, Ahmady authored one of his earliest books titled In the Name of Tradition: A Comprehensive Research on FGM in Iran. The book is based on a research project of the same name, which Ahmady and his colleagues conducted between 2005 and 2015 in several villages across four Iranian provinces – Azarbaijan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and Hormozgan.
The book was written using a research method that involves describing and surveying a large group. The researchers used a technique called field research, where they collected data by observing and interviewing people who were part of the study.
The book was initially published in Farsi by Shirazeh publishing house in 2014, followed by its English version in 2015 by Uncutvoice publishing house. After conducting further research in 2017, Ahmady and his colleagues discovered a decrease in the prevalence of FGM/C in the aforementioned provinces. They subsequently published their findings in a new book called " The Changing Paradigms" Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Country report on FGM/C in Iran, With an introduction to Male Circumcision / Male Genital Mutilation (MGM/C) in Iran In 2022, Ahmady added a preface about male circumcision in Iran, and the book was re-published as an e-book by Avai Boof Publishing in Denmark.
Research results
The results found that FGM/C has been practiced for among the peoples of the Shafei branch of Sunni Islam in parts of four Iranian provinces: Hormozgan, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, and West Azarbaijan. The study found that this practice is still occurring in these areas, although it is not widespread.
The research revealed that FGM/C is still being practised in a scattered manner in the provinces mainly due to religious and cultural reasons, lack of awareness and education, poverty, and beliefs about chastity, health and beauty. To address this issue, Ahmady and his team worked with local community elders, religious scholars, and other influential groups to implement educational measures and raise awareness about the harmful effects of FGM/C. Through their efforts, they were able to gradually decrease the practice in these areas over time.
The book was originally licensed to be published in Iran, but later on, it was also published outside of Iran by Avay e Buf and LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. It is now available in several languages including English, French, Spanish, Farsi, Kurdish.
Arrest of Ahmady
Ahmady was arrested by the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in 2018. In 2019, he was sentenced to 9 years and three months in prison for various charges, including "subversion through research and research." This accusation was related to Ahmady's research on FGM/C, gender, children, homosexuality, and identity/ethnicity in Iran. While in prison and under interrogation by the Revolutionary Guard in Evin prison, some of his research, including research on homosexuality, was published by Mehri Publishing House in London.
Documentary
While conducting field research for his book on FGM/C in Iran, Ahmady also recorded the interviews and information he gathered. This material later served as the basis for his documentary In the Name of Tradition. This documentary is considered the first of its kind on the topic of FGM/C in Iran, and has been screened at various short film festivals, including the London Film Festival and on the BBC television network.
Awards
Ahmady has received awards from different scientific institutions and organizations for his research on social harms, including FGM/C, in Iran and other countries. In 2013, he received an international certificate from AMERA International for his research and scientific perspective on female genital mutilation/cutting. In 2017, he received Honor Award from the Inter-African Committee (IAC) for his research in Africa and Middle Eastern countries. In 2017, alongside other winners in various categories, Ahmady was awarded the "True Honour" award by the organization IKWRO at the London law university for his research collection in the field of gender and children's rights. Ahmady's literary works concerning social issues, children, and minorities were recognized in 2018 when he received the "Literature and Humanities Award" from the World Peace Foundation at the George Washington university.
References
Sociology books
Books about women
Anthropology books |
```objective-c
/*
* This file is part of libsidplayfp, a SID player engine.
*
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
*/
#ifndef INTEGRATOR8580_H
#define INTEGRATOR8580_H
#include "FilterModelConfig8580.h"
#include <stdint.h>
#include <cassert>
#include "siddefs-fp.h"
namespace reSIDfp
{
/**
* 8580 integrator
*
* +---C---+
* | |
* vi -----Rfc---o--[A>--o-- vo
* vx
*
* IRfc + ICr = 0
* IRfc + C*(vc - vc0)/dt = 0
* dt/C*(IRfc) + vc - vc0 = 0
* vc = vc0 - n*(IRfc(vi,vx))
* vc = vc0 - n*(IRfc(vi,g(vc)))
*
* IRfc = K*W/L*(Vgst^2 - Vgdt^2) = n*((Vddt - vx)^2 - (Vddt - vi)^2)
*
* Rfc gate voltage is generated by an OP Amp and depends on chip temperature.
*/
class Integrator8580
{
private:
mutable int vx;
mutable int vc;
unsigned short nVgt;
unsigned short n_dac;
const FilterModelConfig8580* fmc;
public:
Integrator8580(const FilterModelConfig8580* fmc) :
vx(0),
vc(0),
fmc(fmc)
{
setV(1.5);
}
/**
* Set Filter Cutoff resistor ratio.
*/
void setFc(double wl)
{
// Normalized current factor, 1 cycle at 1MHz.
// Fit in 5 bits.
n_dac = fmc->getNormalizedCurrentFactor(wl);
}
/**
* Set FC gate voltage multiplier.
*/
void setV(double v)
{
// Gate voltage is controlled by the switched capacitor voltage divider
// Ua = Ue * v = 4.76v 1<v<2
assert(v > 1.0 && v < 2.0);
const double Vg = 4.76 * v;
const double Vgt = Vg - fmc->getVth();
// Vg - Vth, normalized so that translated values can be subtracted:
// Vgt - x = (Vgt - t) - (x - t)
nVgt = fmc->getNormalizedValue(Vgt);
}
int solve(int vi) const;
};
} // namespace reSIDfp
#if RESID_INLINING || defined(INTEGRATOR8580_CPP)
namespace reSIDfp
{
RESID_INLINE
int Integrator8580::solve(int vi) const
{
// Make sure we're not in subthreshold mode
assert(vx < nVgt);
// DAC voltages
const unsigned int Vgst = nVgt - vx;
const unsigned int Vgdt = (vi < nVgt) ? nVgt - vi : 0; // triode/saturation mode
const unsigned int Vgst_2 = Vgst * Vgst;
const unsigned int Vgdt_2 = Vgdt * Vgdt;
// DAC current, scaled by (1/m)*2^13*m*2^16*m*2^16*2^-15 = m*2^30
const int n_I_dac = n_dac * (static_cast<int>(Vgst_2 - Vgdt_2) >> 15);
// Change in capacitor charge.
vc += n_I_dac;
// vx = g(vc)
const int tmp = (vc >> 15) + (1 << 15);
assert(tmp < (1 << 16));
vx = fmc->getOpampRev(tmp);
// Return vo.
return vx - (vc >> 14);
}
} // namespace reSIDfp
#endif
#endif
``` |
```c#
@{
ViewData["Title"] = "Privacy Policy";
}
<h2>@ViewData["Title"]</h2>
<p>Use this page to detail your site's privacy policy.</p>
``` |
Maianthemum amoenum is a perennial flowering plant, growing as an epiphyte on trees in cloud forests from Mexico south to Honduras.
Description
Plants are tall. Roots grow scattered evenly along densely clumped, rounded rhizomes. Stems are leaning to upright, usually with 6 to 9 leaves (sometimes up to 11), set apart.
Leaves
Leaves usually clasp the stalk; some may have a short ( long) petiole. Leaf blades are egg-shaped with pointed tips and veins are prominent. The leaf surface is hairless and shiny.
Flowering clusters
25 to 75 flowers are set on a branched flowering stalk (panicle). The main axis of the panicle is usually 4-6 cm long, stiff and straight. It is hairless and often red or with red patches. The side branches of the panicle are short (1-2 cm long) and arranged in a helix. They start off ascending, but become spreading as the flowers bloom. Each side branch has 3-5 flowers, with one flower set close to the base of the branch and the others set on 1-2 cm long stalks (pedicels) at about 4mm intervals along the branch.
Flowers and fruits
The flowers are cup-shaped and made up of lavender to pink-white tepals up to 6.5 mm long with stamens inserted at the base. Fruits are rounded to 3-lobed, 5-8mm across, green ripening to red. Flowering occurs from January to April and fruits remain on the plant into October.
Distribution
It has been found in El Salvador, Guatemala (the Totonicapán area), Honduras and in the Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas states of Mexico.
Habitat and ecology
Maianthemum amoenum usually grows as an epiphyte on canopy trees of the cloud forest at 2300 - 3300 m elevation. Plants are usually found or more above the ground, but sometimes persist in blow-downs. They can form dense clumps covering canopy trees such as Quercus and Drimys.
References
amoenum
Flora of Chiapas
Flora of Oaxaca
Flora of Veracruz
Flora of Honduras
Flora of Guatemala
Flora of El Salvador |
Andrzej Czabański (5 November 1959 – 21 April 1988) was a Polish murderer, and the last person executed in Poland before capital punishment was abolished in the nation.
Life and crime
At the time of the murder for which Czabański would be executed, Czabański was married. He and his wife lived in Tarnów, southern Poland. At the time of the murder, Czabański's wife was nine months pregnant. He was brought up on the Skowronków street, close to the woman who he would eventually murder, Iwona Nowak, and Nowak had visited Czabański's mother before.
On 11 June 1984, Czabański delivered his wife to the hospital to give birth; he then proceeded to go out drinking with friends. After he returned home, he lured Iwona Nowak (sometimes given the pseudonym "Anna B."), who was in her late 40s at the time, from her house under the pretense of giving her a ride to a post office (under false claim of being there an overseas call from the USA where the women's husband worked). Rather than taking her to the post office, he took her to a field in a nearby village Skrzyszów, where he raped her and beat her to death with a heavy tool. After the attack and murder, Czabański returned to Iwona's home. His intention was to murder her two teenage daughters, Daria and Emilia, to keep them from implicating him in the crime. The girls screamed, which scared Czabański away before he could murder them. The next day, he turned himself in to the police, who brought him into custody.
Czabański made a full confession to the murder, even leading the police to the location in the field where he left his victim's body. When he went on trial, the court held a hearing to determine Czabański's sanity. The hearing concluded that he was sane and had low marks in school, but he was of average intelligence; although he was asocial, he was not determined to be a psychopath. The hearing also revealed facts about Czabański's past, like the fact that his father was an abusive alcoholic and died in 1984, sometime before the crime occurred; Czabański followed in his footsteps and started drinking at 15. On 12 June 1986, a Polish Court in Tarnów found Czabański guilty of Iwona Nowak's murder and sentenced him to death by hanging, news which he apparently received calmly.
Appeals and impending moratorium
Czabański appealed his death sentence aggressively after his conviction, and he received much support from his family in his efforts, with his mother, Teresa, making public appeals on behalf of her son and his lawyer launching several post-conviction relief efforts, to no avail. Ultimately, the Council of State refused to commute Czabański's death sentence to life or a lesser jail term.
Czabański's death sentence had inconvenient timing as well, considering that during the time that he spent on death row, Polish legislators were in discussions to abolish the death penalty nationwide for civilian crimes. However, although Czabański and his family allegedly hoped that they could postpone his execution until after abolition came to fruition in Poland, those talks never resulted in any meaningful change in legislation before Czabański's execution took place. In fact, shortly before Czabański's execution, a Polish lawmaker drafted legislation to place a moratorium on the death penalty, but it was not enforced until after the execution took place.
Execution
On 21 April 1988, at approximately 5:10 p.m., Czabański was executed by hanging in Kraków's Montelupich Prison, where civilian death sentences were known to have been carried out. He was 28 years old. His last request before death was for a cigarette.
Poland's method of hanging was different from that which many other parts of the Western world, like the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia, among others, and was using "short drop" hangings, subjecting the prisoner to death by slow strangulation.
On 21 April 1988, Czabański was brought into the death chamber wearing denim. Witnesses claimed that it took Czabański approximately 20 minutes to strangle to death.
Aftermath
Just over a year after Czabański's execution, the United Nations declared a moratorium on the death penalty in its member nations. Accordingly, Poland enacted its own moratorium on December 7, 1989; between 1989 and 1996, Poland sentenced 10 individuals to death, all for murder, but none of them were ever executed. In 1997, capital punishment was abolished in Poland for both peacetime and wartime crimes.
Sometime after Czabański's execution, Iwona Nowak's surviving immediate family members moved out of Poland. Her husband moved to the United States, where he died sometime later. Daria's whereabouts were unknown outside of the fact that she no longer lived in Poland; there was no trace of what happened to Emilia.
See also
Capital punishment in Poland
Capital punishment in Europe
References
1958 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Polish criminals
Polish people convicted of murder
Executed Polish people
Polish rapists
People convicted of murder by Poland
People executed by the Polish People's Republic
People executed by Poland by hanging
People executed for murder |
Judy Prescott is an American actress and poet. She has performed many roles on stage and screen since 1987 and is the author of the book Searching For Cecy: Reflections on Alzheimer's.
Early life
Judith Neal Prescott, daughter of Mary Boodell Prescott and R. Donald Prescott Jr., was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey. She grew up in Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, less than an hour outside of New York City, with her brothers Tom and John.
Life and career
After graduating college, Prescott moved to New York City, where she began work as an actress in the theater. Upon her agent’s suggestion, she moved to Los Angeles, where she got her first television job in the pilot episode of Roseanne. From here, Judy landed a series regular role on NBC's Working Girl alongside Sandra Bullock. Her most recent work includes episodes of True Blood, Grey’s Anatomy, Cold Case, Bones, and the films Islander, and Hit and Runway.
Prescott is the author of Searching For Cecy: Reflections on Alzheimer's (2011). This collection of poetry explores her mother’s unexpected journey into Alzheimer’s and her own struggle to find peace. The book is illustrated by the art of four members of the Prescott family and a portion of its proceeds go to the Alzheimer’s Association, Maine chapter.
Filmography
Television
References
External links
Living people
American film actresses
American television actresses
American poets
American women poets
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women |
```objective-c
/*******************************************************************************
*
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
******************************************************************************/
/*!
* @header Pair.h
* @copyright (c) 2017, Jean-David Gadina - www.xs-labs.com
*/
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN
@interface Pair< __covariant FirstType, __covariant SecondType >: NSObject
@property( atomic, readwrite, strong, nullable ) FirstType first;
@property( atomic, readwrite, strong, nullable ) SecondType second;
- ( instancetype )initWithFirstValue: ( nullable FirstType )v1 secondValue: ( nullable SecondType )v2 NS_DESIGNATED_INITIALIZER;
@end
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_END
``` |
Randle John Montgomery (born August 12, 1947) was a National Football League cornerback and kick returner for the Denver Broncos and Chicago Bears. After going to high school at Cleveland (Seattle, WA), Montgomery attended Everett JC and Weber State University. Montgomery made his professional debut in the NFL in 1971 with the Denver Broncos. He later played with the Chicago Bears. Over his 4-year career he played in 40 games at cornerback, starting 10. He also played several games at kick returner.
Statistically, 1972 was Randy Montgomery's best year, as he had 756 kick return yards and ran back a kickoff for a touchdown.
Stats
References
1947 births
American football cornerbacks
American football return specialists
Chicago Bears players
Denver Broncos players
Living people
Players of American football from Houston
Weber State Wildcats football players |
Ghost Guns is a 1944 American Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer. This is the thirteenth film in the "Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie" series, and stars Johnny Mack Brown as Jack McKenzie and Raymond Hatton as his sidekick Sandy Hopkins, with Evelyn Finley, Riley Hill and Ernie Adams.
Cast
Johnny Mack Brown as Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
Raymond Hatton as Marshal Sandy Hopkins
Evelyn Finley as Ann Jordan
Riley Hill as Ted Connors
Ernie Adams as Doc Edwards
Sarah Padden as Aunt Sally
Jack Ingram as Waco - Henchman
Tom Quinn as Stringer - Henchman
Frank LaRue as Judge Kelbro
John Merton as Matson
Steve Clark as Steve
Marshall Reed as Blackjack - Henchman
George Morrell as Station Agent
References
Bibliography
Martin, Len D. The Allied Artists Checklist: The Feature Films and Short Subjects of Allied Artists Pictures Corporation, 1947-1978. McFarland & Company, 1993.
External links
1944 films
1944 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
Films directed by Lambert Hillyer
Monogram Pictures films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films |
The Young China Party (YCP), also known as the Chinese Youth Party (CYP), is a minor political party in Taiwan (Republic of China). It was one of the three legal political parties in Taiwan during the martial law period from 1949 to 1987, the other two being the Kuomintang and the China Democratic Socialist Party. The YCP was an important political party during the early history of the Republic of China, when its government was based on the mainland.
History
The Young China Party was founded by a group of Chinese students in Paris, France on 2 December 1923. It was originally known as the Chinese Étatiste Youth League (also translated as the Chinese Statist Youth League), but renamed after some time. Their name was inspired by the Young Turks. Given China's weakened condition in the early 1920s, the YCP's primary platform was to advocate the elimination of China's warlords and the establishment of a strong central government. It also promoted a nationalist agenda which focused on the abolition of the special privileges and extraterritoriality which foreign powers had obtained in China during the final years of the Qing dynasty. It was also strongly anti-communist. The party was made up largely of landlords, school teachers, and businessmen, similar to the Kuomintang.
Zeng Qi, the party's first chairman, and other YCP founders such as Li Huang, He Luzhi () and Li Buwei () returned to China starting in 1924. The YCP then established party organizations in Shanghai, other major Chinese cities, and among overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. From its foundation, the YCP's rank and file strength consisted mainly of students and intellectuals.
Initially called the China National Youth Corps, the YCP acquired its current name during its fourth national convention in September 1929. During the Northern Expedition, the party supported the northern warlords because they opposed the Communists within the First United Front. After the anti-communist purge, they still resisted the KMT because of its one-party state.
The party was banned after the Nationalists came to power in 1928 and the YCP refused Chiang Kai-shek's offer to merge the two parties. The Nationalists denounced them as a warlord party due to their early failed attempts to recruit Wu Peifu and their opposition to the Northern Expedition. The Communists called them fascists because of their strident anti-communism and their leaders' ties to the French fascists. The YCP considered itself to be a democratic parliamentary conservative party.
They were based in Manchuria under the protection of Zhang Xueliang. After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the YCP called for an immediate declaration of war against Japan, in contrast with the Nationalist government's resistance to a formal war declaration and initiating hostilities. The YCP joined the anti-Japanese United Front in 1937 to support the national government. After the initiation of the full-scale war, the YCP cooperated closely with the Kuomintang (KMT) in fighting the Japanese military aggression. It joined the China Democratic League, an umbrella group of small democratic parties. In the early years of the war, the Youth Party became the third largest party, after the KMT and the CCP, yet one informed historian called the party organization "extremely weak." The members were either personal friends of Zhang Junmai, many of whom had been followers of Liang Qichao, or his former students. Qian Duansheng criticized Zhang as "neither an organizer himself not a man able to pick capable men to organize for him." John Melby, an American diplomat who knew Zhang during the war, felt that Zhang was as "unrealistic" as his brother, Chang Kia-ngau, was hard headed. As a scholar, Melby conceded, Zhang was "highly intelligent and well educated," but as a politician he was "utopian" and "ineffectual."
In April 1945, one of the YCP's founders, Li Huang was appointed as one of the Republic of China's delegates to the San Francisco Conference at which the United Nations organization was created. The party left the CDL when it became pro-Communist after the war.
During the 1947 Republic of China National Assembly election, the YCP won more than 100 seats in the National Assembly and 16 seats in the Legislative Yuan. During the formation of the first cabinet of the constitutional government in 1948, the YCP's Chen Qitian () was appointed minister of commerce and industry, and party head Zuo Shunsheng () was appointed minister of agriculture and forestry.
After the Chinese Communist Revolution, many of the YCP's leadership and members moved overseas or relocated to Taiwan with the central government, though the YCP's headquarters were officially moved to Taipei only in 1969. The YCP cooperated closely with the KMT after 1949 and continually obtained seats in the National Assembly, Legislative Yuan and Control Yuan well into the late 1980s.
Given its intellectual foundations, the YCP placed great emphasis on periodicals and printed several reference books on party history and platforms. These include Brief History of the Young China Party, Biography of Past Members of the YCP, Fifty Years of the Young China Party and The Essay on Nationalism, all published in the early 1970s around the party's 50th anniversary. The YCP also published periodicals such as the fortnightly Democratic Tide, and the monthly the Modern Nation, National Tribune and Awakened Lion. For basic background on the YCP, please refer to the Republic of China 1987 - A Reference Book, published by the Government Information Office of the Republic of China.
In the 1990s, the YCP lost all of their seats and failed to gain elected representation after Taiwan's democratic transition. Continuing as a minor force in politics, it intended to participate in the 2020 Legislative Yuan election, but did not join. The party supports Chinese unification under a democratic China and opposes Taiwan independence and "One Country, Two Systems". It also supported the 2019 Hong Kong protests and condemned the actions of Hong Kong police.
Ideology
The YCP is a Chinese nationalist party which follows Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People. The party supports the unification of Taiwan and mainland China, but opposes the rule of the Chinese Communist Party.
See also
:Category:Young China Party politicians
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Political parties established in 1923
Political parties in China
Political parties in the Republic of China
Political parties in Taiwan
Conservative parties in Taiwan |
Faye S. Taxman, (born 1955) is an American legal scholar who is a criminology professor at George Mason University (2009–present) in Northern Virginia, United States as well as a director at the Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence Her work is better known for its influence on the redesign of aspects of the behavioural corrections system, specifically pertaining to the reduction of recidivism and mechanisms to achieve this such as offender rehabilitation. She is known to the general public for her novel, Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment (Springer, 2011). Taxman received the 2017 Joan McCord Award for her work concerning Experimental Criminology and the 2015 Caron Foundation Award for Research of the Year. Within her present day line of employment, she is also an Affiliate Professor at the College of Medicine at Howard University, based in Washington, D.C. (2012–present) as well as Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia (2013–present).
Educational background
Taxman's interest in Criminal Justice can be seen throughout the timeline of her various studies. In 1977, Taxman graduated from the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma with Bachelor of Arts (with Honours). Shortly after, she continued her studies within the field of Arts, graduating Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey from a Master of Arts (with Honours) in 1981. In 1982, Taxman attended the Rutgers University again to complete her Doctor of Philosophy and earn her Ph.D. title.
Career
Taxman commenced work in 1977 as a research analyst for the Police Foundation, a non-profit organisation in many cities and states around the United States. However, her work within the field of criminology began as she commenced her role as research assistant at Rutgers University (1978-1981).
This led to her role as acting director for the CJCC, otherwise referred to as the Criminal Justice Coordinating Commission. In this role, she monitored the administration of justice and the standard of law enforcement within the Montgomery County. From 1980 to 1981, she was employed by Rutgers University as an adjunct instructor, and soon after, as a staff associate within the field of applied management sciences in 1983–1986. Between 1988 and 1991, Taxman worked her way upwards within the CJCC organisation, moving into her role formally referred to as deputy director. Onwards between 1991 and 1994, she was employed by the Institute for Law and Justice as principal associate. Between 1999 and 2004, Taxman was employed at BGR, more commonly referred to as the Bureau of Governmental Research at the University of Maryland as director. Between 2004 and 2007, she was employed by the Virginia Commonwealth University within the position of full professor.
Present day, among other employment, within her main role as university professor at George Mason University, Taxman teaches a number of criminology-related courses such as: Drugs and Crime, Justice Organisations and Administration, Corrections and Sentencing.
Research
Taxman has published in excess of 190 articles, among these is Tools of the Trade: A Guide to Incorporating Science into Practice (National Institute of Corrections, 2004). The guide outlines primarily the factors that contribute to criminal behaviour and the mechanism employed by correctional behaviour facilities for the prevention of offender recidivism. Of her most reputable works, Tools of the Trade: A Guide to Incorporating Science into Practice, Taxman outlines the process by which rehabilitation facilities can affect a decline in criminal behaviour.
Attitude corrections
The publication advises offender correction facilities employ various techniques to redress criminal behaviour. Such techniques shall be evidenced through the actions of employees to accomplish the goals of the organisation and decrease the prominence of criminal-related issues. This section defines behavioural management as a construct affected by a number of factors: society, corrections, psychology and law. The chapter details a humanistic approach towards offenders, so as not to ostracise criminals and treat them as incapable of making meaningful contributions to society. In this, offenders must take an active role in the construction of their rehabilitation guidelines.
Mechanisms for effective communication
According to Tools of the Trade, positive outcomes are more likely to arise when the offender is persuaded. As such, the examination process places strong emphasis on employee skills, specifically, communication and obtaining information relevant to the proper examination of offenders. Such information is then processed and used to construct “supervision plans” and “behavioural contracts”. In this, offenders receive constant feedback and have an obligation to improve their behaviour. This translates the goal of the offender rehabilitation and reduction of criminal recidivism into an actionable and measurable plan. Such an approach requires open and effective communication between employees and offenders at all times so as to provide the opportunity for individuals to adopt the appropriate skillset to recognise and redress behavioural deficiencies.
Within the correctional facilities workplace environment, this process is more formally referred to as “staff-offender contacts”. It is paramount such communications are unambiguous so as to streamline the achievement of mutual offender and employee goals. The interview-style discussion adheres to a semi-structure of: introduction, middle and summary. In this, the conversation remains primarily goal-orientated while maintaining adaptability to employee methods.
Mechanisms to obtain information
In the attitude correction process, employees collate information concerning offenders under their guidance. Such information is sourced widely from “staff-offender contacts”, mandatory testing for illicit substances, polygraph test results and various monitoring systems such as electronic surveillance, Global Positioning Satellite systems and fingerprinting or biometric scanning. The advantage of such a wide source of information means employees almost always reserve the ability to pin point the location of offenders. Present day, the movement towards “community supervision” has taken the place of “office-based supervision”. This is based on indications interviews in the workplace environment neglect to provide employees with sufficient information required for the adequate supervision of criminals, specifically pertaining to high-risk offenders. In person meetings occur routinely, generally restricted to monthly or weekly sittings, therefore non optimal to the collation of offenders’ progress.
This constant monitoring enables behavioural correction employees to maintain a watchful-eye on the offender's reintegration into society and monitor whether or not the individual is acting in line with “supervision plans” and “behavioural contracts”. This allows staff to identify prominent members of offender's lives and foster appropriate employee-offender rapport. By extension of this, employees develop rapport with local home and business-owners who maintain the ability to a) offer information relevant to offenders and b) may be able to facilitate and support the offenders’ positive change. In this, both the community and technological surveillance as per the offenders’ risk level enables employees to adapt accordingly to counteract the recurrence of criminal behaviour.
How to incentivise offenders
Given the extensive use of resources, information concerning noncompliance with conditions of parole, probation or rehabilitation is readily available for employees. By nature of the “behaviour management model”, there are specific sanctions or rewards in place for both violations and compliant actions. Sanctions and rewards serve as mechanisms to ensure offenders act in line with behavioural contracts. This form of incentivisation occurs across a spectrum that progressively limits offenders’ freedoms, placing restrictions based upon their respective lifestyle. Such limitations can manifest in the form of increased staff-offender contact and short- or long-term imprisonment. Noncompliance are offset by heavier impositions and phases of compliance are rewarded by a decrease in restrictions on daily activities. In facilitating positive progression, offenders are made aware of the actions that warrant rewards and sanctions.
Categories of criminals
The degree to which offenders are supervised upon re-entering society is dependent upon their level of risk. Given this, criminals are classed according to the nature of their offence: aggressive and sex offenders, dealings in or use of illicit substances, white collar criminals and first-time offenders. However, all offenders must be supervised with respect to individual examination, communication, information and incentives. Proper examination method requires offenders be identified at the commencement of case planning. This ensures the correct guidelines are implemented based on the profile and description of the offender.
These Guiding Principles are testament to Taxman's well-researched title and heavy influence in the field of criminology.
Of her most recognised published works, Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment (Springer, 2011), is now part of the Springer Series on Evidence-Based Crime Policy (SSEBCP). This novel offers a platform for evidence-based programs to be reintroduced and reapplied for the more adequate provision of justice in the real-world context. The novel outlines mechanisms for positive offender rehabilitation based on extensive research into internal factors within the organisation, for example, faculty development and management buy-in and external factors, including stakeholder commitment and the allocation of resources and funding. The novel creates an actionable and measurable framework to ensure the implementation of evidence-based strategy in operational agencies.
According to Taxman and co-writer, Belenko, factors influencing the effectiveness of outcomes pertaining to the behavioural corrections system are as follows:
Part One
Taxman's novel is segmented into three parts, the first being the adaptability on the part of the broader community. This section of the novel is mostly concerned with the skills and resources of officers whom are entrusted to enforce the law within behavioural corrections facilities. This section questions the ability of officers to adopt various innovative structural frameworks based on readiness to adapt, learning capabilities and the goal-orientation of the organisation. Members of staff are required to be trained to a level deemed sufficient by the entity to ensure measurable achievement of organisational goals. This questions not only staff ability but overall success, insofar as the ability of the organisation to both train and retain employees as well as the commitment of staff to manifesting the vision of the organisation.
Part Two
This section enquires into the progress of the organisation and how on track it is to achieve the intended outcome of the change. Here, Taxman and her co-writers link organisational success to commitment to its goals. Based on studies undergone to construct the text, it is concluded the overall ineffectiveness of goal implementation when the organisation demonstrated a lack of commitment to the integration of such innovations. Thus, organisational commitment to its vision and values is a mechanism to improve overall success. The process by which such outcomes are measured can be seen through a decline in offender recidivism and substance abuse.
Part Three
In this section, Taxman and Belenko outline the mechanisms employed by an organisation to ensure the effective implementation of its goals and visions to innovate, counteract issues and engage in problem-solving behaviour. This is an ongoing methodology adopted for the overall enhancement of behavioural corrections systems. The process involves the monitoring of complaints on behalf of both officer and offenders and investigation into such complaints. Records must also be kept as issues arise as a means of measuring achievement goals. In addition, the organisation must prioritise issues based on merit and the overall level of their disruption to the organisations a) day-to-day life and culture and; b) goals and vision.
Awards and honours
Taxman received the Joan McCord Award granted by the American Society of Criminology. For research within her respective field, she was awarded the Caron Foundation Award for Research of the Year in 2015. She was also acknowledged to be among the most productive Criminology Scholars in the Journal of Criminal Justice Education. In 2013, Henriikka Weir and Erin Orrick recognised Taxman as one of The Most Prolific Female Scholars in Elite Criminology.
In 2013 again, Taxman was awarded the Ted Palmer and Rita Warren Differential Intervention Award and the Title of Distinguished Scholar within her respective fields of Sentencing and Corrections by the American Society of Criminology. For her work on Collaborative Behavioural Management to reduce Drug-Related Crimes and Substance-Abuse, she was awarded the Best Research Abstract Award in 2011 by AMERSA, more formally referred to as the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse. In 2009, Tewksburt R. recognised Taxman among The Most Successful Criminal Justice Scholars and Departments in Research Grant Acquisition. For contributions to the field of Criminology, the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services awarded Taxman the Dic2000.
References
Living people
American legal scholars
George Mason University faculty
University of Tulsa alumni
Rutgers University alumni
1955 births |
Wroniec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koniusza, within Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.
References
Wroniec |
```go
// Code generated by smithy-go-codegen DO NOT EDIT.
package ssm
import (
"context"
"fmt"
awsmiddleware "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/middleware"
"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssm/types"
"github.com/aws/smithy-go/middleware"
smithyhttp "github.com/aws/smithy-go/transport/http"
)
// Retrieves the high-level patch state of one or more managed nodes.
func (c *Client) DescribeInstancePatchStates(ctx context.Context, params *DescribeInstancePatchStatesInput, optFns ...func(*Options)) (*DescribeInstancePatchStatesOutput, error) {
if params == nil {
params = &DescribeInstancePatchStatesInput{}
}
result, metadata, err := c.invokeOperation(ctx, "DescribeInstancePatchStates", params, optFns, c.addOperationDescribeInstancePatchStatesMiddlewares)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
out := result.(*DescribeInstancePatchStatesOutput)
out.ResultMetadata = metadata
return out, nil
}
type DescribeInstancePatchStatesInput struct {
// The ID of the managed node for which patch state information should be
// retrieved.
//
// This member is required.
InstanceIds []string
// The maximum number of managed nodes to return (per page).
MaxResults *int32
// The token for the next set of items to return. (You received this token from a
// previous call.)
NextToken *string
noSmithyDocumentSerde
}
type DescribeInstancePatchStatesOutput struct {
// The high-level patch state for the requested managed nodes.
InstancePatchStates []types.InstancePatchState
// The token to use when requesting the next set of items. If there are no
// additional items to return, the string is empty.
NextToken *string
// Metadata pertaining to the operation's result.
ResultMetadata middleware.Metadata
noSmithyDocumentSerde
}
func (c *Client) addOperationDescribeInstancePatchStatesMiddlewares(stack *middleware.Stack, options Options) (err error) {
if err := stack.Serialize.Add(&setOperationInputMiddleware{}, middleware.After); err != nil {
return err
}
err = stack.Serialize.Add(&awsAwsjson11_serializeOpDescribeInstancePatchStates{}, middleware.After)
if err != nil {
return err
}
err = stack.Deserialize.Add(&awsAwsjson11_deserializeOpDescribeInstancePatchStates{}, middleware.After)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := addProtocolFinalizerMiddlewares(stack, options, "DescribeInstancePatchStates"); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("add protocol finalizers: %v", err)
}
if err = addlegacyEndpointContextSetter(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addSetLoggerMiddleware(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addClientRequestID(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addComputeContentLength(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addResolveEndpointMiddleware(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addComputePayloadSHA256(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRetry(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRawResponseToMetadata(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRecordResponseTiming(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addClientUserAgent(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = smithyhttp.AddErrorCloseResponseBodyMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = smithyhttp.AddCloseResponseBodyMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addSetLegacyContextSigningOptionsMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addTimeOffsetBuild(stack, c); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addUserAgentRetryMode(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addOpDescribeInstancePatchStatesValidationMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = stack.Initialize.Add(newServiceMetadataMiddleware_opDescribeInstancePatchStates(options.Region), middleware.Before); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRecursionDetection(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRequestIDRetrieverMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addResponseErrorMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRequestResponseLogging(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addDisableHTTPSMiddleware(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
// DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginatorOptions is the paginator options for
// DescribeInstancePatchStates
type DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginatorOptions struct {
// The maximum number of managed nodes to return (per page).
Limit int32
// Set to true if pagination should stop if the service returns a pagination token
// that matches the most recent token provided to the service.
StopOnDuplicateToken bool
}
// DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginator is a paginator for
// DescribeInstancePatchStates
type DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginator struct {
options DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginatorOptions
client DescribeInstancePatchStatesAPIClient
params *DescribeInstancePatchStatesInput
nextToken *string
firstPage bool
}
// NewDescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginator returns a new
// DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginator
func NewDescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginator(client DescribeInstancePatchStatesAPIClient, params *DescribeInstancePatchStatesInput, optFns ...func(*DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginatorOptions)) *DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginator {
if params == nil {
params = &DescribeInstancePatchStatesInput{}
}
options := DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginatorOptions{}
if params.MaxResults != nil {
options.Limit = *params.MaxResults
}
for _, fn := range optFns {
fn(&options)
}
return &DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginator{
options: options,
client: client,
params: params,
firstPage: true,
nextToken: params.NextToken,
}
}
// HasMorePages returns a boolean indicating whether more pages are available
func (p *DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginator) HasMorePages() bool {
return p.firstPage || (p.nextToken != nil && len(*p.nextToken) != 0)
}
// NextPage retrieves the next DescribeInstancePatchStates page.
func (p *DescribeInstancePatchStatesPaginator) NextPage(ctx context.Context, optFns ...func(*Options)) (*DescribeInstancePatchStatesOutput, error) {
if !p.HasMorePages() {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("no more pages available")
}
params := *p.params
params.NextToken = p.nextToken
var limit *int32
if p.options.Limit > 0 {
limit = &p.options.Limit
}
params.MaxResults = limit
optFns = append([]func(*Options){
addIsPaginatorUserAgent,
}, optFns...)
result, err := p.client.DescribeInstancePatchStates(ctx, ¶ms, optFns...)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
p.firstPage = false
prevToken := p.nextToken
p.nextToken = result.NextToken
if p.options.StopOnDuplicateToken &&
prevToken != nil &&
p.nextToken != nil &&
*prevToken == *p.nextToken {
p.nextToken = nil
}
return result, nil
}
// DescribeInstancePatchStatesAPIClient is a client that implements the
// DescribeInstancePatchStates operation.
type DescribeInstancePatchStatesAPIClient interface {
DescribeInstancePatchStates(context.Context, *DescribeInstancePatchStatesInput, ...func(*Options)) (*DescribeInstancePatchStatesOutput, error)
}
var _ DescribeInstancePatchStatesAPIClient = (*Client)(nil)
func newServiceMetadataMiddleware_opDescribeInstancePatchStates(region string) *awsmiddleware.RegisterServiceMetadata {
return &awsmiddleware.RegisterServiceMetadata{
Region: region,
ServiceID: ServiceID,
OperationName: "DescribeInstancePatchStates",
}
}
``` |
Ronald McKenzie (18 July 1883 – 13 August 1954) was a Scottish footballer who scored 6 goals from 28 appearances in the Football League playing for Lincoln City. He played as an inside left. He was on the books of Chelsea without representing them in the league. He transferred to Brentford on 2 January 1909 and appeared in the Southern League and F.A. Cup. Before and after his English career he played for Clachnacuddin and Inverness Thistle in his native Scotland.
References
1883 births
1954 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Brentford F.C. players
Inverness Thistle F.C. players
Clachnacuddin F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
English Football League players
Footballers from Inverness |
Aspergillus amoenus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Versicolores section. The species was first described in 1930.
References
amoenus
Fungi described in 1930 |
```javascript
import amqp from 'amqplib'
import config from '../config'
export const AMBAR_PIPELINE_QUEUE = "AMBAR_PIPELINE_QUEUE"
export const AMBAR_PIPELINE_QUEUE_MAX_PRIORITY = 2
export const AMBAR_PIPELINE_EXCHANGE = "AMBAR_PIPELINE_EXCHANGE"
export const AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_QUEUE = "AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_QUEUE"
export const AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_EXCHANGE = "AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_EXCHANGE"
export const AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_QUEUE_TTL = 60 * 60 * 1000
const getPipelineMessagePriority = (storage, fileName) => new Promise((resolve) => {
const regex = /(\.jp[e]*g$)|(\.png$)|(\.bmp$)|(\.tif[f]*$)|(\.pdf$)/i
const priority = regex.test(fileName) ? 1 : 2
resolve(priority)
})
export const enqueuePipelineMessage = (storage, message) => new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const fileName = message.meta.short_name
storage.rabbit.createConfirmChannel()
.then(channel => {
return getPipelineMessagePriority(storage, fileName)
.then(priority => {
channel.publish(AMBAR_PIPELINE_EXCHANGE, '', Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(message)), { priority: priority })
return channel.waitForConfirms()
.then(() => channel.close())
})
})
.then(() => resolve())
.catch(err => reject(err))
})
export const initRabbit = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
amqp.connect(`${config.rabbitHost}?heartbeat=0`)
.then((conn) => {
conn.on('error', (err) => {
//eslint-disable-next-line no-console
console.error('Rabbit error!')
throw err
})
return conn.createChannel()
.then((channel) => channel.assertExchange(AMBAR_PIPELINE_EXCHANGE, 'fanout', { durable: false })
.then(() => channel.assertExchange(AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_EXCHANGE,
'fanout', { durable: false }))
.then(() => channel.assertQueue(AMBAR_PIPELINE_QUEUE,
{ durable: false, arguments: { 'x-queue-mode': 'lazy', 'x-dead-letter-exchange': AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_EXCHANGE, 'x-max-priority': AMBAR_PIPELINE_QUEUE_MAX_PRIORITY } }))
.then(() => channel.assertQueue(AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_QUEUE,
{ durable: false, arguments: { 'x-queue-mode': 'lazy', 'x-dead-letter-exchange': AMBAR_PIPELINE_EXCHANGE, 'x-message-ttl': AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_QUEUE_TTL } }))
.then(() => channel.bindQueue(AMBAR_PIPELINE_QUEUE,
AMBAR_PIPELINE_EXCHANGE))
.then(() => channel.bindQueue(AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_QUEUE,
AMBAR_PIPELINE_WAITING_EXCHANGE))
.then(() => channel.close())
)
.then(() => resolve(conn))
})
.catch(err => reject(err))
})
``` |
Edward Daniel Johnson (30 September 1815 – 8 March 1889) was a respected London watch and marine chronometer maker. He was a founder member and vice President of the British Horological Institute, which was formed in June 1858.
During his early career he worked out of Ashley Crescent in Shoreditch. Watches from this period (c. 1849–1855) show the address as "21 Ashley Crescent, City Road, London" inscribed on the movement.
In 1855 he moved to 9 Wilmington Square, Clerkenwell where he produced the majority of his work. It was during this period that Johnson was involved with the founding of the British Horological Institute. Johnson was granted the Freedom of the City of London on 17 January 1860 by Redemption in the Company of Clockmakers.
He was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society on 10 May 1861.
In June 1873 the British Horological Institute ran an essay competition, sponsored by Baroness Burdett-Coutts. Johnson was involved with this, the title of which was "The Compensation Balance and its Adjustment in Chronometers and Watches".
From 1875 the company was listed as "Edward Daniel Johnson & Son". Two of his sons worked in the watch manufacturing industry—Edward Henry and William George. The 'son' is believed to refer to Edward given that he lived at 10 Wilmington Square, which was inscribed on E. D. Johnson watch movements at this time.
Johnson retired in 1879 by which time he was almost totally blind.
References
External links
British & Irish Clock and Watch Makers
1816 births
1889 deaths
English watchmakers (people)
English clockmakers
English inventors
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
People from Shoreditch |
```shell
#!/bin/bash
shopt -s extglob
SCRIPTS_PATH="$(dirname "$(realpath "$0")")"/..
RESOURCES_PATH=$SCRIPTS_PATH/../../resources
INSTALL_PATH=$SCRIPTS_PATH/../../install
QT_DIR=""
#checking for parameters
for i in "$@"
do
case $i in
-i=*|--install_path=*)
INSTALL_PATH="${i#*=}"
shift # past argument=value
;;
-qt=*|--qt_dir=*)
QT_DIR=${i#*=}
shift # past argument=value
;;
*)
# unknown option
;;
esac
done
if [ ! -z "$QT_DIR" ]
then
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$QT_DIR/lib
export QMAKE=$QT_DIR/bin/qmake
fi
# Make sure that deploy succeeds before we start deleting files
if $RESOURCES_PATH/linux/linuxdeploy --appdir=$INSTALL_PATH --plugin qt; then
# after deploy, all required libraries are placed into usr/lib, therefore we can remove the ones in
# usr/lib/meshlab (except for the ones that are loaded at runtime)
cd $INSTALL_PATH/usr/lib/meshlab
rm -v !("libIFXCore.so"|"libIFXExporting.so"|"libIFXScheduling.so")
echo "$INSTALL_PATH is now a self contained meshlab application"
else
echo "linuxdeploy failed with error code $?. Script was not completed successfully."
exit 1
fi
``` |
The men's 400m freestyle S6 event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics took place at the Beijing National Aquatics Center on 14 September. There were two heats; the swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final.
Results
Heats
Competed from 09:34.
Heat 1
Heat 2
Final
Competed at 18:07.
Q = qualified for final. WR = World Record. PR = Paralympic Record.
References
Swimming at the 2008 Summer Paralympics |
Josep María "Pep" Chavarría Pérez (born 10 April 1998) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Rayo Vallecano as a left-back.
Career
Early career
Chavarría was born in Figueres, Girona, Catalonia, and finished his formation with UE Figueres. On 10 September 2016, aged just 18, he made his first team debut by playing the last 11 minutes of a 0–4 Tercera División away loss against CF Peralada.
On 10 July 2018, after becoming a starter for Figueres, Chavarría moved to Segunda División B side UE Olot. He scored his first senior goal on 10 November 2018, netting the opener in a 2–1 away win against Villarreal CF B.
Zaragoza
On 25 August 2020, Chavarría agreed to a four-year contract with Real Zaragoza in Segunda División. He made his professional debut on 26 September, starting in a 2–2 home draw against UD Las Palmas.
Chavarría scored his first professional goal on 19 December 2020, netting the winner in a 1–0 home success over CD Lugo.
Rayo Vallecano
On 31 August 2022, Chavarría signed a five-year deal with La Liga side Rayo Vallecano.
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
People from Figueres
Footballers from the Province of Girona
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
UE Figueres footballers
UE Olot players
Real Zaragoza players
Rayo Vallecano players
Spain men's youth international footballers |
```javascript
// Generated by ReScript, PLEASE EDIT WITH CARE
'use strict';
let S = {};
let b1 = "Two";
let b2 = {
TAG: "One",
_0: true,
_1: "Bar"
};
let c = {
TAG: "Five",
_0: 2
};
let ddd = "Six";
let q = {
TAG: "One",
name: "hello"
};
exports.S = S;
exports.b1 = b1;
exports.b2 = b2;
exports.c = c;
exports.ddd = ddd;
exports.q = q;
/* No side effect */
``` |
Pachperwa is a town and a nagar panchayat in Balrampur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Pachperwa is situated from district headquarters Balrampur and from state capital Lucknow. The National Highway 730 connected the town to district headquarters as well as other cities.
Politics
The Pachperwa city is divided into 12 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.
Demographics
As of 2011 Indian Census, Pachperwa Nagar Panchayat had a total population of 17,220, of which 8,915 were male and 8,305 were female. The female sex ratio was of 932. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 2,646. The total number of literate persons in Pachperwa was 7,510, which constituted 43.6% of the population; with male literacy of 48.8% and female literacy of 38.1%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Pachperwa was 51.5%, of which male literacy rate was 57.8% and female literacy rate was 44.9%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 604 and 46 respectively. Pachperwa had 2573 households in 2011.
See also
Bargadwa Saif
Basantpur
Ganeshpur
Transportation
Railways
Pachperwa is connected to Gorakhpur though rail. Gorakhpur-Badshahnagar Express halts at Pachperwa railway station.
References
Cities and towns in Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh |
Maksym Zalizniak (, Maksym Zaliznyak) (born early 1740s in Medvedivka near Chyhyryn - date and place of death unknown, after 1768) was a Ukrainian Cossack and leader of the Koliivshchyna rebellion.
History
Zaliznyak was born in a poor peasant family of Orthodox Christians in the Crown land in Polish Right-bank Ukraine about 1740. At a very young age he joined the Zaporozhian Host of Sich in 1753 as an agricultural employee, then a fishery one.
By 1767 he had retired both from Sich and his canteen trade and became a lay brother at near Chyhyryn. He learnt that there was a lot of Russian money (false Dutch ducats) in the monastery and in many parts of Ukraine to fund an uprising against Bar confederation. Witnessing Bar confederation oppression of Ukrainian peasants in right-bank Ukraine Zaliznyak decided to divide ducats among rank-and-file Ukrainians, left the monastery and led an uprising of over 1,000 cossacks and of many others throughout right-bank Ukraine.
He called himself a colonel of Zaporozhian Sich although the people often called him an Otaman. In fact he was the employee of Zaporozhian Cossacks and then the owner of a canteen in Turkish Ochakov. This was very dangerous for him because he could be sent to Turkey by the Russian army after his imprisonment to investigate his canteen activities. But as reported the otoman of his regiment Vasily Korzh in July 1768 to Russian prosecutors Maxim apart from his service as an employee had had military training in artillery and was a subcannoneer of Tymashevsky kouren (regiment) in Sich up to 1762 and thus a Russian subject by July 1768. His otoman knew nothing about the honesty of activities of the Maxim's canteen in Ochakov and about his decision to become a monk and had no connection to him for many years.
The main reasons for the uprising were the brutal enforcement of new religious and social-economic laws implemented by the Polish nobility (szlachta) during the Bar Confederation which was very negative regarding Orthodox Christianity and even Eastern Catholics. Bar confederation members were used to hang a Uniate clergyman, a Jew and a dog on a single tree to emphasize that the Uniate faith and Orthodox one (the clergymen had the same clothes) were the same with the faith of dogs and Jews. People of Zaliznyak were used to hang Roman Catholic clergymen/noblemen together with Jews and dogs in the same way as retaliation.
There was a report of a "Golden bull" issued by the Russian Empress Catherine II in support of armed insurrection against Bar Confederation and its supporters, which in opinion of Zaliznyak included all Old Believers, Armenians, Greeks, Muslims, other minorities most probably for exception of Romanians as the active participants of haidamaka movement, many Roman Catholic Poles, Jews and even some Ukrainian clergy of Uniates who did not want to convert to Orthodoxy. He swore that he had never planned any massacres of Poles and Jews but planned to insist on their conversion into Orthodox Christianity contrary to other minorities to be cleansed together with children and women irrespective of their religion. The call to armed insurrection against Bar confederation could be inspired by father Melkhysedek Znachko-Yavorsky the abbot of the Motrynsky Monastery where Zaliznyak had become a dutiful novice though Melkhysedek had been absent in Ukraine since 1766 and had never met Zalizniyak who came to monastery in 1766.
Thousands of people throughout Ukraine responded to the Zaliznyak’s call and to ducats. In April 1768 Zaliznyak emerged from Motroninsky Forest and started to advance toward Uman.
Uman and Lysianka became the places of the most violent conflict during Koliivshchyna. At Uman Zaliznyak joined forces with Ivan Gonta, who was initially ordered by Bar confederation to attack Zaliznyak. Gonta and his men were the only household Cossacks joining Koliivshchyna. Other household Cossacks remained loyal to either the Polish Crown or Bar confederation. After Uman fell (see Massacre of Uman), Zaliznyak declared the reinstatement of Hetman State of Right-bank Ukraine and himself the new right-bank Hetman. The Koliivshchyna movement overwhelmed the Poles, and they appealed to Russia for help. Fearing that the rebellion would ignite a war with Turkey, Catherine crushed the rebels (known as "haydamaky" – see Haidamaka). Zaliznyak and Gonta were captured by Russian colonel Guriev.
As a subject of Russian Empire, Zaliznyak was kept under arrest by the Russians, unlike Ivan Gonta, who was turned over to the Poles for trial and then was executed. On July 8, 1768 Zaliznyak and 73 rebels were imprisoned in Kyiv-Pechersk Fortress . At the end of the month the case was ordered to trial by Kyiv Provincial Court. As Zaliznyak operated in peace time in the Russian empire he and his cohorts were spared the death sentence because of the order of Elizabeth I to spare death sentences in peacetime though deaths could be because of too severe whipping (unlike Pugachev, for example, whose troops including former participants of Koliivschina operated during the martial law). They were severely whipped and branded in the presence of the representatives of the Turkish government on the border with Turkey. There were no deaths, though many Russians not being Zaporozhians used to die after such whippings. By November 1, 1768 Zaliznyak was deported to Bilhorod. In the vicinity Ohtyrka he and 51 comrades were able to escape by disarming the guards. Most of the fugitives, including Zaliznyak, however were quickly captured. Finally the captives were sentenced to exile to Far East or Siberia instead of life imprisonment for hard labor there because the war with Turkey had begun and it became clear that the Ottoman empire would declare a war on Russia even without the raids of Zaliznyak's detachments on Balta, Golta and Dubossary. The exile could not prevent them to run away. His further whereabouts are unknown, though rumors were that he and many exiled members of both his force and Bar confederation joined Pugachev. Catherine II became the beneficiary of his activities because many Poles and especially Jews and other minorities in the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania began to support Russia. Kajetan Soltyk was considered insane in Poland as the main instigator of Bar confederation being the cause of Zalizniak's activities .
Legacy
In traditional culture of the Ukrainian people Zaliznyak lives on as a folk hero for his struggle to protect Ukrainian identity and Orthodox Christian faith though all Orthodox Christian Greeks including women and children were to be assassinated in Ukraine. A lot of Orthodox Christian Ukrainians were killed by his people as well. He had never insisted on the assassination of just Jews and Poles, his ethnic cleansing was targeted on just almost all other minorities of Ukraine. He explained that women and children being the vast majority of his army massacred Jews and Poles without any his orders. Many Jewish and Polish children became Ukrainians after his uprising while Old-believers, Greeks, Armenians, Moslems and others died together with their children. His idealized image is a subject of numerous folk songs, legends and lore. For example, Maksym Rylsky was the descendant of the Polish student of the Uniate academy in Uman, who studied Russian (Ukrainian) in the academy and sang an Orthodox/Uniate religious song before his would-be assassination. He was not killed as the result. Illegitimate children could become only Uniate clergymen, not Roman Catholic ones. He then became a landlord, an influential Polish nobleman and the ancestor of Maksym Rylsky, who protected the memory of Zaliznyak and Khmelnitzky.
In popular culture
Taras Shevchenko's dedicated to haidamaks including Zalizniak his epic poem «Haidamaky».
References
Sources
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1740 births
1775 deaths
Zaliznyak
Zaliznyak
Zaliznyak
Koliivshchyna |
The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, was the tenth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign, which lasted from 1875 to 1908, was largely dominated by his aunt Empress Dowager Cixi. Guangxu initiated the radical Hundred Days' Reform but was abruptly stopped when the empress dowager launched a coup in 1898, after which he was held under virtual house arrest until his death.
Following the death of the Tongzhi Emperor in 1875, Empress Dowager Cixi installed her four-year-old nephew as Guangxu Emperor, in contravention of Qing's dynastic custom. He began to rule in his own right in 1889 upon Cixi's semi-retirement, although the empress dowager continued to influence state affairs. His early personal reign saw Qing's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, which led to the Treaty of Shimonoseki, as well as the German lease of Jiaozhou Bay and a series of concessions to foreign powers. In the wake of these events, the emperor launched the Hundred Days' Reform in an attempt to push through sweeping political, legal and social changes. The reforms faced significant opposition from the Qing bureaucracy and were ultimately reversed after Cixi, with the support of Yuan Shikai and Ronglu, mounted a coup in late 1898 and took over the government.
Guangxu was effectively removed from power following the coup. During the Boxer Rebellion, the emperor and the empress dowager were briefly forced to flee Beijing in the face of an Allied invasion. The Guangxu Emperor died at the age of 37 in November 1908, a day before the death of Cixi, and the throne passed to his nephew Puyi.
Accession to the throne and upbringing
Zaitian was the second son of Yixuan (Prince Chun), and his primary spouse Yehenara Wanzhen, a younger sister of Empress Dowager Cixi. On 12 January 1875, Zaitian's cousin, the Tongzhi Emperor, died without a son to succeed him. Breaking the imperial convention that a new emperor must always be of a generation after that of the previous emperor, candidates were considered from the generation of the Tongzhi Emperor. Empress Dowager Ci'an suggested choosing one of Prince Gong's sons to be the next emperor, but was overruled by her co-regent, Empress Dowager Cixi. Instead, Cixi nominated Zaitian (her nephew) and the imperial clan eventually agreed with her choice because Zaitian was younger than other adoptable children of the same generation.
Zaitian was named heir and successor to his late uncle, the Xianfeng Emperor, rather than his cousin and predecessor, the Tongzhi Emperor, so as to maintain the father-son succession law. He ascended to the throne at the age of four and adopted "Guangxu" as his regnal name, therefore he is known as the "Guangxu Emperor". He was adopted by Empress Dowager Cixi and Ci'an. Cixi remained as regent under the title "Holy Mother, Empress Dowager" (聖母皇太后) while her co-regent Empress Dowager Ci'an was called "Mother Empress, Empress Dowager" (母后皇太后).
Beginning in 1876, the Guangxu Emperor was taught by Weng Tonghe, who had also been involved in the disastrous upbringing of the Tongzhi Emperor yet somehow managed to be exonerated of all possible charges. Weng instilled in the Guangxu Emperor a duty of filial piety toward the Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci'an.
In 1881, when the Guangxu Emperor was nine, Empress Dowager Ci'an died unexpectedly, leaving Empress Dowager Cixi as sole regent for the boy. In Weng's diaries during those days, Guangxu was reportedly seen with swollen eyes, had poor concentration and was seeking consolation from Weng. Weng too expressed his concern that Cixi was the one who had been suffering from chronic ill health, not Ci'an. During this time, the imperial eunuchs often abused their influence over the boy emperor. The Guangxu Emperor had also reportedly begun to hold some audiences on his own as an act of necessity.
Taking over the reins of power
In 1887, the Guangxu Emperor was old enough to begin to rule in his own right, but the previous year, several courtiers, including Prince Chun and Weng Tonghe, had petitioned Empress Dowager Cixi to postpone her retirement from the regency. Despite Cixi's agreement to remain as regent, by 1886 the Guangxu Emperor had begun to write comments on memorials to the throne. In the spring of 1887, he partook in his first field-plowing ceremony, and by the end of the year he had begun to rule under Cixi's supervision.
Eventually, in February 1889, in preparation for Cixi's retirement, the Guangxu Emperor was married. Much to the emperor's dislike, Cixi selected her niece, Jingfen, to be empress. She became known as Empress Longyu. She also selected a pair of sisters, who became Consorts Jin and Zhen, to be the emperor's concubines. The following week, with the Guangxu Emperor married, Cixi retired from the regency.
Years in power
Even after the Guangxu Emperor began formal rule, Empress Dowager Cixi continued to influence his decisions and actions, despite residing several months of the year at the Summer Palace. Weng Tonghe reportedly observed that while the emperor attended to day-to-day state affairs, in more difficult cases the emperor and the Grand Council sought Cixi's advice. In fact, the emperor often journeyed to the Summer Palace to pay his respects to his aunt and to discuss state affairs with her.
In March 1891, the Guangxu Emperor received the foreign ministers to China at an audience in the "Pavilion of Purple Light", in what is now part of Zhongnanhai, something that had also been done by the Tongzhi Emperor in 1873. That summer, under pressure from the foreign legations and in response to revolts in the Yangtze River valley that were targeting Christian missionaries, the emperor issued an edict ordering Christians to be placed under state protection.
The Guangxu Emperor, while growing up, apparently had been instilled with the importance of frugality. In 1892, he tried to implement a series of draconian measures to reduce expenditures by the Imperial Household Department, which proved to be one of his few administrative successes. But it was only a partial victory, as he had to approve higher expenditures than he would have liked to meet Cixi's needs.
1894 saw the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War. During the war, even though the Guangxu Emperor was nominally the sovereign ruler of the Qing Empire, officials often ignored him and instead sent their memorials to Cixi for her approval. Eventually, two sets of Grand Council memoranda were created, one for the emperor and the other for the empress dowager, a practice that continued until it was rendered unnecessary by the events in the autumn of 1898. Following the Qing Empire's defeat and forced agreement to the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Guangxu Emperor reportedly expressed his wish to abdicate. The emperor and the Qing government faced further humiliation in late 1897 when the German Empire used the murders of two priests in Shandong Province as an excuse to occupy Jiaozhou Bay, prompting a "scramble for concessions" by other foreign powers.
Following the war and the scramble for concessions, the Guangxu Emperor came to believe that by learning from constitutional monarchies like Japan, the Qing Empire would become more politically and economically powerful. In June 1898, the emperor began the Hundred Days' Reform, aimed at a series of sweeping political, legal and social changes. For a brief time, after Cixi's supposed retirement, the Guangxu Emperor issued edicts for a massive number of far-reaching modernizing reforms with the help of more progressive officials such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
Changes ranged from infrastructure to industry and the civil examination system. The Guangxu Emperor issued decrees allowing the establishment of a modern university in Beijing, the construction of the Lu-Han railway, and a system of budgets similar to that of Western governments. The initial goal was to make China a modern constitutional empire, but still within the traditional framework, as with Japan's Meiji Restoration.
The reforms, however, were not only too sudden for a China still under significant neo-Confucian influence and other elements of traditional culture, but also came into conflict with Cixi, who held real power. Many officials, deemed useless and dismissed by the Guangxu Emperor, begged her for help. Although Cixi did nothing to stop the Hundred Days' Reform from taking place, she knew the only way to secure her power base was to stage a military coup. The Guangxu Emperor became aware of such a plan, so he asked Kang Youwei and his reformist allies to plan his rescue. They decided to use the help of Yuan Shikai, who had a modernized army, albeit only 6,000-strong. Cixi relied on Ronglu's army in Tianjin.
Ronglu also had an ally, General Dong Fuxiang, who commanded 10,000 Muslim Kansu Braves, including generals such as Ma Fuxiang and Ma Fulu, stationed in the Beijing metropolitan area. Armed with more advanced firearms and artillery, they sided with Cixi's conservative faction during the coup.
The day before the staged coup was supposed to take place, Yuan Shikai revealed everything to Ronglu, exposing the Guangxu Emperor's plans. This gained Yuan Shikai the trust of Cixi, as well as the status of lifetime enemy of the Guangxu Emperor as well as the emperor's younger half-brother, Zaifeng. Following the exposure of the plot, the emperor and empress dowager met, and the emperor retreated to the Yingtai Pavilion, a palace on a lake that is now part of the Zhongnanhai Compound.
Lei Chia-sheng (雷家聖), a Taiwanese history professor, proposes an alternative view: that the Guangxu Emperor might have been led into a trap by the reformists led by Kang Youwei, who in turn was in Lei's opinion tricked by British missionary Timothy Richard and former Japanese prime minister Itō Hirobumi into agreeing to appoint Itō as one of many foreign advisors. British ambassador Claude MacDonald claimed that the reformists had actually "much injured" the modernization of China. Lei claims that Cixi learned of the plot and decided to put an end to it to prevent China from coming under foreign control.
Under house arrest after 1898
The Guangxu Emperor's duties after 1898 became rather limited. The emperor was effectively removed from power as emperor (despite keeping the title), but he did retain some status.
The emperor was kept informed of state affairs, reading them with Cixi prior to audiences, and was also present at audiences, sitting on a stool to Cixi's left hand while Cixi occupied the main throne. He discharged his ceremonial duties, such as offering sacrifices during ceremonies, but never ruled alone again.
In 1898, shortly after the collapse of the Hundred Days' Reform, the Guangxu Emperor's health began to decline, prompting Cixi to name Pujun, a son of the emperor's cousin, the reactionary Prince Duan, as heir presumptive. Pujun and his father were removed from their positions after the Boxer Rebellion. He was examined by a physician at the French Legation and diagnosed with chronic nephritis; he was also discovered to be impotent at the time.
During the Boxer Rebellion, Emperor Guangxu fiercely opposed the idea of using usurpers as a means to counter foreign invasion. His letter to then United States president Theodore Roosevelt is still preserved in U.S. government archives. On 14 August 1900, the Guangxu Emperor, along with Cixi, Empress Longyu and some other court officials, fled from Beijing as the forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance marched on the capital to relieve the legations that had been besieged during the Boxer Rebellion.
Returning to the capital in January 1902, after the withdrawal of the foreign powers, the Guangxu Emperor spent the next few years working in his isolated palace with watches and clocks, which had been a childhood fascination, some say in an effort to pass the time until Cixi's death. He also read widely and spent time learning English from Cixi's Western-educated lady-in-waiting, Yu Deling. His relationship with Empress Longyu, Cixi's niece (and the Emperor's own first cousin), also improved to some extent.
Death
The Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November 1908, a day before Cixi's death, at the age of 37. For a long time there were several theories about the emperor's death, none of which was accepted fully by historians. Most were inclined to believe that Cixi, herself very ill, poisoned the Guangxu Emperor because she was afraid he would reverse her policies after her death. China Daily quoted a historian, Dai Yi, who speculated that Cixi might have known of her imminent death and worried that the Guangxu Emperor would continue his reforms after her death. Another theory is that the Guangxu Emperor was poisoned by Yuan Shikai, who knew that if the emperor were to come to power again, Yuan would likely be executed for treason. There were no reliable sources to prove who murdered the Guangxu Emperor. In 1911, Cixi's former eunuch Li Lianying was murdered, possibly by Yuan, implying that they had conspired in the emperor's murder. This theory was offered by Puyi in his biography; he claimed he heard it from an old eunuch.
The medical records kept by the Guangxu Emperor's physician show the emperor suffered from "spells of violent stomachaches" and that his face had turned blue, typical symptoms of arsenic poisoning. To dispel persistent rumors that the emperor had been poisoned, the Qing imperial court produced documents and doctors' records suggesting that the Guangxu Emperor died from natural causes, but these did not allay suspicion.
On 4 November 2008, forensic tests revealed that the level of arsenic in the emperor's remains was 2,000 times higher than that of ordinary people. Scientists concluded that the poison could only have been administered in a high dose at one time.
The Guangxu Emperor was succeeded by Cixi's choice as heir, his nephew Puyi, who took the regnal name "Xuantong". In January 1912, the Guangxu Emperor's consort, who had become Empress Dowager Longyu, placed her seal on the abdication decree, ending two thousand years of imperial rule in China. Longyu died childless in 1913.
After the Xinhai Revolution of 1911–1912, the Chinese Republic funded the construction of the Guangxu Emperor's mausoleum in the Western Qing Tombs. The tomb was robbed during the Chinese Civil War and the underground palace (burial chamber) is now open to the public.
Appraisal
In 1912, Sun Yat-sen praised the Guangxu Emperor for his educational reform package that allowed China to learn more about Western culture. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, historian Fan Wenlan (范文瀾) called the Guangxu Emperor "a Manchu noble who could accept Western ideas". Some historians believe that the Guangxu Emperor was the first Chinese leader to implement modernizing reforms and capitalism. Imperial power in the Qing dynasty saw its nadir under Guangxu, and he was the only Qing emperor to have been put under house arrest during his own reign.
Honours
Domestic honours
Sovereign of the Order of the Peacock Feather
Sovereign of the Order of the Blue Feather
Sovereign of the Order of the Double Dragon
Foreign honours
: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (military), 18 July 1898
: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, in Diamonds, 28 June 1898
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1882
: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 29 April 1899
: Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders, 1904
: Order of St. Andrew
Family
The Guangxu Emperor had one empress and two consorts in total. The emperor was forced by Empress Dowager Cixi to marry her niece (his cousin) Jingfen, who was two years his senior. Jingfen's father, Guixiang (Cixi's younger brother), and Cixi selected her to be the Guangxu Emperor's Empress Consort in order to strengthen the power of her own family. After the marriage, Jingfen was made empress and was granted the honorific title of "Longyu", meaning "auspicious and prosperous" () after the death of her husband. However, the Guangxu Emperor detested Empress Longyu, and spent most of his time with his favorite concubine, Consort Zhen (), (better known in English as the "Pearl Consort"). Rumors allege that in 1900, Consort Zhen was drowned by being thrown into a well on Cixi's order after Consort Zhen begged Empress Dowager Cixi to let the Guangxu Emperor stay in Beijing for negotiations with the foreign powers. That incident happened before Empress Dowager Cixi was preparing to leave the Forbidden City due to the occupation of Beijing by the Eight-Nation Alliance in 1900. Like his predecessor, the Tongzhi Emperor, the Guangxu Emperor died without issue. After the Guangxu Emperor's death in 1908, Empress Dowager Longyu reigned in cooperation with Zaifeng (Prince Chun).
Empress
Empress Xiaodingjing, of the Yehe Nara clan (孝定景皇后 葉赫那拉氏; 28 January 1868 – 22 February 1913), first cousin, personal name Jingfen (靜芬)
Imperial Noble Consort
Imperial Noble Consort Wenjing, of the Tatara clan (溫靖皇貴妃 他他拉氏; 6 October 1873 – 24 September 1924)
Imperial Noble Consort Keshun, of the Tatara clan (恪順皇貴妃 他他拉氏; 27 February 1876 – 15 August 1900)
Ancestry
See also
Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)
First Sino-Japanese War
Boxer Rebellion
List of unsolved murders
References
Further reading
Hudson, James J. "A Game of Thrones in China: The Case of Cixi, Empress Dowager of the Qing Dynasty (1835–1908)." in Queenship and the Women of Westeros (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 3–27.
Rawski, Evelyn S. The last emperors: A social history of Qing imperial institutions (Univ of California Press, 1998).
External links
scholarly studies
1870s in China
1871 births
1880s in China
1890s in China
1900s in China
1908 deaths
1908 murders in China
19th-century Chinese monarchs
20th-century Chinese monarchs
20th-century murdered monarchs
20th-century murders in China
Child monarchs from Asia
Chinese dissidents
Chinese people of the Boxer Rebellion
3
3
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Male murder victims
Murdered Chinese emperors
Murdered royalty
Qing dynasty emperors
Unsolved murders in China
Deaths from arsenic poisoning
People from Beijing |
Syed Badr-ul Hasan Khan Bahadur was an Indian actor and classical dancer who acted in silver screen and television. He was known as Pappu Polister.
Biography
Khan Bahadur was a descendant of Wajid Ali Shah. He acted in The Sword of Tipu Sultan in 1990 where he played the role of Maharaja of Mysore and won a National Award for Best Supporting Actor for acting in this television series. He was a part of Jodhaa Akbar where he played the role of Mulla Do-Piyaza.
Khan Bahadur was a classical dancer too. For his dancing he received an award from Birju Maharaj. He also received honorary doctorate degree in acting from Ambedkar University.
Khan Bahadur died on 5 February 2019.
Selected filmography
Television
The Sword of Tipu Sultan
Pratigya
Jai Hanuman
Chandrakanta
Om Namah Shivay
Safar
1857 Kranti
Film
Ek Nambar Kaa Chor (1990)
Farishtay (1991)
Yalgaar (1992)
Khooni Dracula (1992)
Phool Aur Angaar (1993)
Andha Intaquam (1993)
Teri Payal Mere Geet (1993)
Betaaj Badshah (1994)
Khuddar (1994)
Hum Hain Khalnayak (1996)
Tere Mere Sapne (1996)
Daravani Haveli (1997)
Jeb Katari (1997)
Darmiyaan (1997)
Bhayanak (1998)
Maharaja (1998)
Hero Hindustani (1998)
Hindustan Ki Kasam (1999)
Mann (1999)
Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000)
Badal (2000)
Ittefaq (2001)
Dil Dhoondhta Hai (2002)
Yeh Mohabbat Hai (2002)
Kranti (2002)
Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage (2002)
Hamra Se Biyah Karba (2003)
Dhund: The Fog (2004)
Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (2004)
Bipasha: The Black Beauty (2006)
Khoya Khoya Chand (2007)
Jodhaa Akbar (2008)
Indian Never Again Nirbhaya (2018)
References
External links
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Indian male film actors
Male actors in Hindi television
Indian male television actors
Indian male dancers
2019 deaths
Male actors from Lucknow
Year of birth missing |
Pablo Juan Calvo Liste (born 17 February, 1965) is a Spanish lawyer and politician who has been a member of the Congress of Deputies since November 2019 for the Vox party.
Liste completed a degree in law at the University of Alcalá and worked as an attorney-at-law. Spanish newspaper Heraldo de Aragón noted Liste as one of fifteen Vox deputies who come from a legal background.
Ahead of the November 2019 Spanish general election, Liste was announced as Vox's number one candidate for the León constituency. He was accordingly elected as a deputy to the Congress of Deputies. In parliament, Liste sits on the Finance and Civil Service Commission and committee for childcare.
References
1965 births
Living people
Members of the 14th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Vox (political party) politicians
20th-century Spanish lawyers
21st-century Spanish lawyers |
Jefferson Chapman (born 1943) is an archaeologist who conducted extensive excavations at sites in eastern Tennessee, recovering evidence that provided the first secure radiocarbon chronology for Early and Middle Archaic period assemblages in Eastern North America. He also is a research professor in anthropology and the Director of the Frank H. McClung Museum at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Chapman’s professional interests include Southeastern archaeology, paleoethnobotany, museology and public archaeology.
Background
Chapman was born in Kinston, North Carolina, on March 13, 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts in anthropology from Yale University in 1965 and an M.A.T. in history and education from Brown University in 1968. Chapman completed a master's degree in anthropology in 1973 and a Ph.D. in anthropology in 1975 from the University of North Carolina. He has conducted archaeology studies for over 40 years and has written twenty books, dozens of journal articles and many other technical publications.
Employment history
Chapman began his career as a teacher at the Webb School of Knoxville (1965–1967) and was later promoted to be the chairman of the social studies department (1968–1971). Since 1984, he has been a research associate professor and, from 1990 to 2019, was the director of the Frank H. McClung Museum at the University of Tennessee Knoxville. Since 1959, Chapman has also worked as an archaeologist.
Archaeological excavations
Chapman has participated in numerous archaeological excavations in Tennessee including work on the Barkley Reservoir (1959, 1962), Melton Hill Reservoir (1960–1961) and the Tellico Reservoir (1970–1981). Research in the Tennessee River Valley has documented a Native American presence over the last 12,000 years.
Work at the Icehouse Bottom site (1970–1971 and 1975) uncovered the best evidence for early cultivation of maize in eastern North America. Other fieldworks Chapman led or participated in are the Howard Site, the Bacon Bend Site, Iddins Rose Island, Kimberly-Clark site (1989), and the Calloway Island site.
Awards and honors
In 1987, Chapman was made an Honorary Fellow of the Lower Mississippi Survey, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. In 1991, Webb School of Knoxville awarded him its Distinguished Alumnus Award. He was awarded the Robert Webb Distinguished Award in 2002. In 2006, the Tennessee Friends of Sequoyah awarded him with the Sequoyah Excellence Award.
Research emphases
Chapman's research concentrates on the material remains in paleoethnobotony, museology and public archaeology in the southeast United States and Americas.
Selected books and monographs
Chapman, Jefferson. 1973. "The Icehouse Bottom Site—40MR23". University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. 13.
Chapman, Jefferson 1975. "The Rose Island Site and the Bifurcate Point Tradition". University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. 14.
Chapman, Jefferson 1977." Archaic Period Research in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley - 1975. Icehouse Bottom, Harrison Branch, Thirty Acre Island, Calloway Island". University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. 18.
Chapman, Jefferson 1978. "The Bacon Farm Site and a Buried Site Reconnaissance". University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. 23 and Tennessee Valley Authority, Publications in Anthropology No. 21.
Chapman, Jefferson 1979. "Archaeological Investigations at the Howard (40MR66) and Calloway Island (40MR41) Sites". University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. 27 and Tennessee Valley Authority, Publications in Anthropology No. 23.
Chapman, Jefferson (Editor). 1980. "The 1979 Archaeological and Geological Investigations in Tellico Reservoir". University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. 29 and Tennessee Valley Authority, Publications in Anthropology No. 24.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1980. "Introduction; Chert Outcrop: 40MR22; Chert Outcrop: 40MR45; Wear Bend Site; Jones Ferry Site". In the 1979 Archaeological and Geological Investigations in Tellico Reservoir, edited by Jefferson Chapman, pp. 1–58. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. 29 and Tennessee Valley Authority, Publications in Anthropology No. 24, pp. 1–58.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1981. "The Bacon Bend and Iddins sites: The Late Archaic Period in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley". University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. 31 and Tennessee Valley Authority, Publications in Anthropology No. 25.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1982. The American Indian in Tennessee: An Archaeological Perspective. The Frank H. McClung Museum, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Russ, Kurt C. and Jefferson Chapman 1983. "Archaeological Investigations at the 18th Century Overhill Cherokee Town of Mialoquo". The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. 37 and Tennessee Valley Authority, Publications in Anthropology No. 36.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1985. "Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History". Report of Investigations No. 43, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Occasional Paper No. 5, Frank H. McClung Museum, and Publications in Anthropology No. 41, Tennessee Valley Authority.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1988. "The Archaeological Collections at the Frank H. McClung Museum". McClung Museum Occasional Papers No. 7.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1990. "The Kimberly-Clark Site and Site 40LD207". Tennessee Anthropological Association Miscellaneous Paper No. 14.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1995. Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History. Revised Edition. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville
Selected papers
Chapman, Jefferson. 1972. "Hopewell Elements in the Lower Valley of the Little Tennessee River". Proceedings of the 28th Southeastern Archeological Conference, Bulletin 15:11-20.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1976. "The Archaic Period in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley: The Radiocarbon Dates". Tennessee Anthropologist 1:1-12.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1976. "Early Archaic Site Location and Excavation in the Little Tennessee River Valley: Backhoes and Trowels". Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Bulletin 19:31-36.
Chapman, Jefferson 1979. "Tellico Archaeological Project - 1977". Tennessee Anthropological Association Newsletter 3(2):3-4.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1984. "A Buried Site Reconnaissance in the Tellico Reservoir, Eastern Tennessee". National Geographic Society Research Reports 17:273-280.
Chapman, Jefferson. (1985) "Archaeology and the Archaic Period in the Southern Ridge and Valley Province". In Structure and Process in Southeastern Archaeology, edited by Roy S. Dickens and H. Trawick Ward, pp. 137–153. The University of Alabama Press.
Chapman, Jefferson. 2009. "The Icehouse Bottom Site". In Archaeology in America, An Encyclopedia, Volume 1, general editor Francis P. McManamon, pp. 265–268.
Chapman, Jefferson and James Adovasio. 1977. "Textile and Basketry Impression from Icehouse Bottom, Tennessee". American Antiquity 42:620-625.
Chapman, Jefferson and Bennie C. Keel. 1979. "Candy Creek-Connestee Components in Eastern Tennessee and Western North Carolina and Their Relationship with Adena-Hopewell". In Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, edited by David S. Brose and N'omi Greber, pp. 157–161. The Kent State University Press.
Chapman, Jefferson and Andrea Brewer Shea. 1981. "The Archaeobotanical Record: Early Archaic Period to Contact in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley". Tennessee Anthropologist 6:62-84.
Chapman, Jefferson and Gary D. Crites. 1987. "Evidence for Early Maize (Zea mays) from the Icehouse Bottom Site, Tennessee". American Antiquity 52:352-354.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1988. "Chota-Tanasee" (p. 96), "Chucalissa" (p. 97), "Eva" (p. 157), "Hiwassee Island" (pp. 208–209), "Icehouse Bottom" (p. 223), "Old Stone Fort" (p. 347), "Pinson" (p. 374). In Historical Dictionary of North American Archaeology, edited by Edward B. Jelks and Juliet C. Jelks. Greenwood Press, New York.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1988. "The Federal Archeological Program in Tennessee, 1966-1986: An Archeological Second Coming". In Advances in Southeastern Archeology 1966-1986: Contributions of the Federal Archeological Program, edited by Bennie C. Keel, pp. 46–52. Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Special Publication, No. 6.
Chapman, Jefferson and Sue Myster. 1991. "The Kimberly-Clark Site: A Late Archaic Cremation Cemetery". In The Archaic Period in the Mid-South, edited by Charles H. McNutt, pp. 35–39. Occasional Papers No. 16, Memphis State University.
Chapman, Jefferson and Patty Jo Watson. 1993. "The Archaic Period and the Flotation Revolution". In Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by C. Margaret Scarry. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.
Chapman, Jefferson. 1998. "Bifurcate Tradition, Doerschuk Site, Hardaway Site, and Tellico Archaeology". In Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America, An Encyclopedia, edited by Guy Gibbon. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York
Sherwood, Sarah C. and Jefferson Chapman. 2005. "The Identification and Potential Significance of Early Holocene Prepared Clay Surfaces: Examples from Dust Cave and Icehouse Bottom". Southeastern Archaeology 24(1):70-82.
Chapman, Jefferson. Hazel R. Delcourt, and Paul A Delcourt (1989) "Strawberry Fields, Almost Forever". Natural History 9(89):50-59.
Chapman, Jefferson. 2003. "Prehistoric Native American Art in Tennessee". In Art of Tennessee. Frist Center for the Visual Arts, Nashville.
Chapman, Jefferson. 2009. "Prehistoric American Indians in Tennessee". Research Notes #27. On line publication Frank H. McClung Museum and the Tennessee State Museum.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20130118060639/http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/about/staff.shtml
https://web.archive.org/web/20120205072907/http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/research/renotes/rn-27txt.htm
http://www.tva.com/sites/tellico.htm
http://web.utk.edu/~anthrop/faculty/chapman.html
American archaeologists
1943 births
Living people
Yale College alumni
Brown University alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni |
```yaml
nodes:
schema_validator:
needs:
importer: __importer__
uses: rasa.graph_components.validators.default_recipe_validator.DefaultV1RecipeValidator
constructor_name: create
fn: validate
config: {}
eager: false
is_target: false
is_input: true
resource: null
finetuning_validator:
needs:
importer: schema_validator
uses: rasa.graph_components.validators.finetuning_validator.FinetuningValidator
constructor_name: create
fn: validate
config:
validate_core: false
validate_nlu: true
eager: false
is_target: false
is_input: true
resource: null
nlu_training_data_provider:
needs:
importer: finetuning_validator
uses: rasa.graph_components.providers.nlu_training_data_provider.NLUTrainingDataProvider
constructor_name: create
fn: provide
config:
language: null
persist: false
eager: false
is_target: false
is_input: true
resource: null
train_KeywordIntentClassifier0:
needs:
training_data: nlu_training_data_provider
uses: rasa.nlu.classifiers.keyword_intent_classifier.KeywordIntentClassifier
constructor_name: create
fn: train
config: {}
eager: False
is_target: True
is_input: False
resource: null
``` |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
// Code generated by applyconfiguration-gen. DO NOT EDIT.
package v1
import (
v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
intstr "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/intstr"
)
// NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration represents a declarative configuration of the NetworkPolicyPort type for use
// with apply.
type NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration struct {
Protocol *v1.Protocol `json:"protocol,omitempty"`
Port *intstr.IntOrString `json:"port,omitempty"`
EndPort *int32 `json:"endPort,omitempty"`
}
// NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration constructs a declarative configuration of the NetworkPolicyPort type for use with
// apply.
func NetworkPolicyPort() *NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration {
return &NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration{}
}
// WithProtocol sets the Protocol field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the Protocol field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration) WithProtocol(value v1.Protocol) *NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration {
b.Protocol = &value
return b
}
// WithPort sets the Port field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the Port field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration) WithPort(value intstr.IntOrString) *NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration {
b.Port = &value
return b
}
// WithEndPort sets the EndPort field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the EndPort field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration) WithEndPort(value int32) *NetworkPolicyPortApplyConfiguration {
b.EndPort = &value
return b
}
``` |
The 2019–20 Mississippi State Bulldogs women's basketball team represented Mississippi State University during the 2019–20 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by eighth-year head coach Vic Schaefer, played their home games at Humphrey Coliseum as members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).
The Bulldogs are coming off a 2019 NCAA Elite Eight loss to Oregon in which they lost 84–88.
At the conclusion of the season, Schaefer resigned to take the open coaching position at Texas.
Preseason
SEC media poll
The SEC media poll was released on October 15, 2019.
Roster
Rankings
^Coaches' Poll did not release a second poll at the same time as the AP.
Schedule
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Exhibition
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Non-conference regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style=| SEC regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style=| SEC Tournament
References
Mississippi State Bulldogs women's basketball seasons
Mississippi State
Mississippi State Bulldogs women's
Mississippi State Bulldogs women's |
Ahmed Emad Eldin () is an Egyptian digital artist who came to prominence as the designer of the sleeve of Pink Floyd's 2014 album The Endless River. In 2015, Emad Eldin was chosen by Adobe for their "25 Under 25" list. Emad Eldin has been described as "an acclaimed digital artist and photo manipulator whose work has been displayed all over, from museums to the sleeve of Pink Floyd's album The Endless River" and who "has made a name for himself in the global digital art space" often producing "commercial work" though "much of his artwork comes from his own dreams." Emad Eldin is an Oniros Film Awards winner. His work has been part of exhibitions, including the "Bad Consumers" exhibition at Doge's Palace, Genoa and "Kahlil Gibran: Guide for our Times" at Sotheby's Gallery in London, "featuring nine Egyptian artists, along with 38 others from across the Middle East."
Life
Emad Eldin was born October 23, 1996, and grew up in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (with the exception of three years he and his family spent in Egypt); his parents are both Egyptian. Emad Eldin has been an artist since the age of 13, stating that he is "self-taught and... learned from YouTube and many other websites." He cites Salvador Dalí as an influence.
Emad Eldin is an undergraduate student in Pharmacy at Future University in Egypt.
Career
The Endless River
Pink Floyd's creative team, led by Aubrey Powell, discovered Ahmed on the art portfolio website Behance. One of Ahmed's designs was chosen as the cover for the band's The Endless River album. Powell, the late Storm Thorgerson's partner at the Hipgnosis design studio, stated that when they "saw Ahmed’s image it had an instant Floydian resonance," citing its "enigmatic" qualities as well as how Emad Eldin's work is open to interpretation."
In an article in the UK's The Independent, Ahmed described what inspired the design Powell chose for The Endless River album cover: "Thinking about life and nature and what is beyond the world of charming factors we have never seen is enough to create millions of different amazing feelings." Ahmed has stated that he created the image on the cover of The Endless River on 3 October 2013 and that it was originally titled "Beyond the Sky."
As stated in the band's press announcement, once chosen, Ahmed's "concept for the powerful imagery of a man rowing on a 'river' of clouds was ... re-created by Stylorouge, [the] award-winning UK design agency," adding that "Pink Floyd's album artwork, mostly created by Storm Thorgerson of Hipgnosis, is as legendary as the band's music" but that "with Storm's passing in 2013, the task of finding an image that carried on Storm's legacy passed to Aubrey 'Po' Powell, Storm's original partner in Hipgnosis."
Other albums
Emad Eldin has dome album cover artwork for Massar Egbari (2015), Hamza Namira (2018), and Basata (2018). Emad Eldin also collaborated with Juno Records artist Tim Green, influencing the overall concept of his album "Her Future Ghosts" (2018).
Film poster art
Emad Eldin has produced poster art for the films Clash (2016), Stray (2017), and Heavy Rain (2018). Emad Eldin received an Orinos Film Awards recognition in 2018 in the category of "Best Poster" for "Heavy Rain."
References
External links
Ahmed Emad Eldin
Brain Damage UK News Story November 2014 by Ed Lopez-Reyes
1996 births
Living people
People from Jeddah
Digital artists
Saudi Arabian artists |
Bear Butte Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
The creek takes its name from Bear Butte.
See also
List of rivers of South Dakota
References
Rivers of Lawrence County, South Dakota
Rivers of Meade County, South Dakota
Rivers of South Dakota |
Sylvester Urban "Blix" Donnelly (January 21, 1914 – June 20, 1976) was an American professional baseball pitcher. A right-hander, Donnelly appeared in 190 Major League Baseball (MLB) games between and for the St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies and Boston Braves. In all, he had an 18-year (1935–52) professional career. Donnelly stood tall and weighed .
A lifelong resident of Olivia, Minnesota, Donnelly spent nine seasons in minor league baseball; in 1941, he had 28 wins and 304 strikeouts for the Class C Springfield Cardinals of the Western Association. Donnelly was promoted to the Major Leagues and the St. Louis Cardinals as a 30-year-old rookie in 1944. In 27 games, four as a starting pitcher, he posted a career-best 2.12 earned run average (ERA), won two of three decisions, and collected four saves as the Redbirds won their third successive National League (NL) championship.
Donnelly then turned in two outstanding performances in relief in the "All-St. Louis" 1944 World Series. In his first outing, in Game 1, he retired all six St. Louis Browns to face him, but the Browns held on for a 2–1 triumph. Then, in Game 2, Donnelly relieved starting pitcher Max Lanier in the eighth inning of a 2–2 tie. Donnelly worked four scoreless frames, allowing two hits and one base on balls while striking out seven, and was the winning pitcher when pinch hitter Ken O'Dea drove home the winning run in the bottom of the 11th inning. The Cardinals went on to win the World Series over the Browns in six games.
Donnelly was sent to the Phillies in and spent 4 seasons with them, appearing in 113 games as both a starter and reliever. He was a member of the 1950 "Whiz Kids" edition that won the NL pennant; however, at age 36, Donnelly was one of the older players on the squad and did not appear in the 1950 World Series.
Donnelly's MLB career stat line includes 659 hits allowed in 691 innings pitched, with 306 bases on balls, and 296 strikeouts. He recorded 27 complete games as a starter and 12 saves as a reliever.
References
External links
1914 births
1976 deaths
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Baseball players from Minnesota
Boston Braves players
Daytona Beach Islanders players
Decatur Commodores players
Duluth Dukes players
Fort Worth Cats players
Major League Baseball pitchers
People from Olivia, Minnesota
Philadelphia Phillies players
Rochester Red Wings players
Sacramento Solons players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Springfield Cardinals players
Superior Blues players |
```go
package log
import (
"bytes"
"io"
"log"
"regexp"
"strings"
)
// StdlibWriter implements io.Writer by invoking the stdlib log.Print. It's
// designed to be passed to a Go kit logger as the writer, for cases where
// it's necessary to redirect all Go kit log output to the stdlib logger.
//
// If you have any choice in the matter, you shouldn't use this. Prefer to
// redirect the stdlib log to the Go kit logger via NewStdlibAdapter.
type StdlibWriter struct{}
// Write implements io.Writer.
func (w StdlibWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
log.Print(strings.TrimSpace(string(p)))
return len(p), nil
}
// StdlibAdapter wraps a Logger and allows it to be passed to the stdlib
// logger's SetOutput. It will extract date/timestamps, filenames, and
// messages, and place them under relevant keys.
type StdlibAdapter struct {
Logger
timestampKey string
fileKey string
messageKey string
prefix string
joinPrefixToMsg bool
}
// StdlibAdapterOption sets a parameter for the StdlibAdapter.
type StdlibAdapterOption func(*StdlibAdapter)
// TimestampKey sets the key for the timestamp field. By default, it's "ts".
func TimestampKey(key string) StdlibAdapterOption {
return func(a *StdlibAdapter) { a.timestampKey = key }
}
// FileKey sets the key for the file and line field. By default, it's "caller".
func FileKey(key string) StdlibAdapterOption {
return func(a *StdlibAdapter) { a.fileKey = key }
}
// MessageKey sets the key for the actual log message. By default, it's "msg".
func MessageKey(key string) StdlibAdapterOption {
return func(a *StdlibAdapter) { a.messageKey = key }
}
// Prefix configures the adapter to parse a prefix from stdlib log events. If
// you provide a non-empty prefix to the stdlib logger, then your should provide
// that same prefix to the adapter via this option.
//
// By default, the prefix isn't included in the msg key. Set joinPrefixToMsg to
// true if you want to include the parsed prefix in the msg.
func Prefix(prefix string, joinPrefixToMsg bool) StdlibAdapterOption {
return func(a *StdlibAdapter) { a.prefix = prefix; a.joinPrefixToMsg = joinPrefixToMsg }
}
// NewStdlibAdapter returns a new StdlibAdapter wrapper around the passed
// logger. It's designed to be passed to log.SetOutput.
func NewStdlibAdapter(logger Logger, options ...StdlibAdapterOption) io.Writer {
a := StdlibAdapter{
Logger: logger,
timestampKey: "ts",
fileKey: "caller",
messageKey: "msg",
}
for _, option := range options {
option(&a)
}
return a
}
func (a StdlibAdapter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
p = a.handlePrefix(p)
result := subexps(p)
keyvals := []interface{}{}
var timestamp string
if date, ok := result["date"]; ok && date != "" {
timestamp = date
}
if time, ok := result["time"]; ok && time != "" {
if timestamp != "" {
timestamp += " "
}
timestamp += time
}
if timestamp != "" {
keyvals = append(keyvals, a.timestampKey, timestamp)
}
if file, ok := result["file"]; ok && file != "" {
keyvals = append(keyvals, a.fileKey, file)
}
if msg, ok := result["msg"]; ok {
msg = a.handleMessagePrefix(msg)
keyvals = append(keyvals, a.messageKey, msg)
}
if err := a.Logger.Log(keyvals...); err != nil {
return 0, err
}
return len(p), nil
}
func (a StdlibAdapter) handlePrefix(p []byte) []byte {
if a.prefix != "" {
p = bytes.TrimPrefix(p, []byte(a.prefix))
}
return p
}
func (a StdlibAdapter) handleMessagePrefix(msg string) string {
if a.prefix == "" {
return msg
}
msg = strings.TrimPrefix(msg, a.prefix)
if a.joinPrefixToMsg {
msg = a.prefix + msg
}
return msg
}
const (
logRegexpDate = `(?P<date>[0-9]{4}/[0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2})?[ ]?`
logRegexpTime = `(?P<time>[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}(\.[0-9]+)?)?[ ]?`
logRegexpFile = `(?P<file>.+?:[0-9]+)?`
logRegexpMsg = `(: )?(?P<msg>(?s:.*))`
)
var (
logRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(logRegexpDate + logRegexpTime + logRegexpFile + logRegexpMsg)
)
func subexps(line []byte) map[string]string {
m := logRegexp.FindSubmatch(line)
if len(m) < len(logRegexp.SubexpNames()) {
return map[string]string{}
}
result := map[string]string{}
for i, name := range logRegexp.SubexpNames() {
result[name] = strings.TrimRight(string(m[i]), "\n")
}
return result
}
``` |
The cosmology of J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium combines aspects of Christian theology and metaphysics with pre-modern cosmological concepts in the flat Earth paradigm, along with the modern spherical Earth view of the Solar System.
The created world, Eä, includes the planet Arda, corresponding to the Earth. It is created flat, with the dwelling of the godlike Valar at its centre. When this is marred by the evil Vala Melkor, the world is reshaped, losing its perfect symmetry, and the Valar move to Valinor, but the Elves can still sail there from Middle-earth. When Men try to go there, hoping for immortality, Valinor and its continent of Aman are removed from Arda, which is reshaped as a round world. Scholars have compared the implied cosmology with that of Tolkien's religion, Roman Catholicism, and of Medieval poetry such as Pearl or Dante's Paradiso, where there are three parts, Earth, Purgatory or the Earthly Paradise, and Heaven or the Celestial Paradise. Scholars have debated the nature of evil in Middle-earth, arguing whether it is the absence of good – the Boethian position, or equally as powerful as good – the Manichaean view.
Ontology
Creation and destruction
Eru is introduced in The Silmarillion as the supreme being of the universe, creator of all existence, including the world, Arda, and its central continent, Middle-earth. In Tolkien's invented Elvish language Quenya, Eru means "The One", or "He that is Alone" and Ilúvatar signifies "Allfather".
Eru first created a group of godlike or angelic beings, the Ainur, consisting of the powerful Valar and their assistants, the Maiar. These assisted in the creation of the universe through a holy music and chanting called the Ainulindalë or "Music of the Ainur".
Tolkien stated that the "Flame Imperishable" or "Secret Fire" represents the Holy Spirit in Christian theology, the creative activity of Eru, inseparable both from him and from his creation. In the interpretation of Christopher Tolkien, it represents "the mystery of authorship", the author both standing outside of his work and indwelling in it. In the First Age, Eru alone created Elves and Men, the "Children of Ilúvatar". The race of the Dwarves was created by Aulë, and given sapience by Eru. Animals and plants were fashioned by Yavanna during the Music of the Ainur after the themes set out by Eru.
Arda ends in the apocalyptic battle of Dagor Dagorath, which Tolkien stated owed something to the Norse myth of Ragnarök.
Eru's direct interventions
In the Second Age, Eru buried King Ar-Pharazôn of Númenor and his army when they invaded Aman in the Second Age, trying to reach the Undying Lands, which they wrongly supposed would give them immortality. He caused the Earth to take a spherical shape, drowned Númenor, and caused the Undying Lands to be taken "outside the spheres of the earth".
When Gandalf died in the fight with the Balrog in The Fellowship of the Ring, it was beyond the power of the Valar to resurrect him; Eru himself intervened to send Gandalf back.
Discussing Frodo's failure to destroy the Ring in The Return of the King, Tolkien indicates in a letter that "the One" does intervene actively in the world, pointing to Gandalf's remark to Frodo that "Bilbo was meant to find the Ring, and not by its maker", and to the eventual destruction of the Ring despite Frodo's failure to complete the task.
Fëa and hröa
Fëa and hröa are the "soul" and "body" of Elves and Men. Their hröa is made out of the matter of Arda; for this reason hröar are marred or as Tolkien wrote, contain a "Melkor ingredient". When an Elf dies, the fëa leaves the hröa, which then dies. The fëa is summoned to the Halls of Mandos in Valinor, where it is judged; however as with death their free-will is not taken away, they could refuse the summons. If allowed by Mandos, the fëa may be re-embodied into a new body identical to the previous hröa. The situation of Men is different: a Mannish fëa is only a visitor to Arda, and when the hröa dies, the fëa, after a brief stay in Mandos, leaves Arda completely.
Unseen world
In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien justifies the nature of the Ring by explaining that Elves and other immortal beings dwell in "both worlds" at once (the physical and the spiritual, or Unseen world) and have great power in both, especially those who have dwelt in the light of the Two Trees before the Sun and Moon; and that the powers associated with "magic" were spiritual in nature.
The Elves who stayed in Middle-earth where Melkor once was dominant, being in bodies and surrounded by things that are themselves marred and subject to decay by the influence of Melkor, created the Elven Rings out of a desire to preserve the physical world unchanged; as if it were in the Undying Lands of Valinor, home of the Valar. Without the rings they are destined to eventually "fade", eventually becoming shadows in the physical world, prefiguring the concept of Elves as dwelling in a separate and often-underground (or overseas) plane in historical European mythology. Mortals who wear a Ring of Power are destined to "fade" more rapidly, as the rings unnaturally preserve their life-span turning them into wraiths. Invisibility is a side-effect of this, as the wearer is temporarily pulled into the spirit-world.
Men, Elves, and Paradise
Men live only in the world (Arda), are able to die from it, have souls, and may ultimately go to a kind of Heaven, though this is left vague in the legendarium. The case of Elves is different. They may inhabit the "undying lands" of Valinor, home of the Valar, effectively, according to the Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey, an "Earthly Paradise" as envisaged for Elves in the Middle English South English Legendary. Other Elves are in Middle-earth; the Elf-queen Galadriel indeed is expelled from Valinor, much like the fallen Melkor, though she is clearly good, and much like an angel. Shippey considers whether Elves have souls. He reasons that since they can not leave the world, the answer would have to be no; but given that they do not disappear completely on death, the answer must be yes. In Shippey's view, the Silmarillion resolves the puzzle, letting Elves go not to Heaven but to the halfway house of the Halls of Mandos on Valinor. The problem arises again with apparently wholly evil beings such as Orcs. Since evil cannot make, only mock, Orcs cannot have an equal and opposite morality to that of Men; but since they speak and have a moral sense (though they are unable to keep to it), they cannot be described as wholly evil or lacking sentience. All of this implies, as various scholars have commented, a hierarchy of races comparable with the Medieval great chain of being.
Several scholars have likened the implied cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium to that of his religion, Roman Catholicism, and that of Medieval poetry.
Evil in Middle-earth
Tolkien used the first part of The Silmarillion, the Ainulindalë or creation account, to describe his thoughts on the origin of evil in his fictional world, which he took pains to comport with his own beliefs on the subject, as accounted in his Letters.
In the Ainulindalë, evil represents a rebellion against the creative process set in motion by Eru. Evil is defined by its original actor, Melkor, a Luciferian figure who falls from grace in active rebellion against Eru, out of a desire to create and control things of his own. Melkor creates Orcs in mockery of Elves, or by corrupting Elves he had captured in his northern Middle-earth fortress of Udûn.
Shippey writes that Tolkien's Middle-earth writings embody the ancient Christian debate on the nature of evil. Shippey notes Elrond's Boethian statement that "nothing is evil in the beginning. Even [the Dark Lord] Sauron was not so", in other words all things were created good; but this is set alongside the Manichean view that good and evil are equally powerful, and battle it out in the world. Tolkien's personal war experience was Manichean: evil seemed at least as powerful as good, and could easily have been victorious, a strand which Shippey notes can also be seen in Middle-earth. Brian Rosebury, a humanities scholar, interprets Elrond's statement as implying an Augustinian universe, created good.
The physical universe
Flat-earth cosmology
Eä is the Quenya name for the material universe as a realisation of the vision of the Ainur. The word comes from the Quenya word for the existential to be in its aorist form. Thus, Eä is 'that which is'. Eä was the word spoken by Eru Ilúvatar by which he brought the universe into actuality.
The Void (Kúma, the Outer Dark) is the nothingness outside Arda. From Arda, it is accessible through the Doors of Night. The Valar exiled Melkor to the Void after his defeat in the War of Wrath. Legend foretells that Melkor will return to Arda just before the apocalyptic battle of Dagor Dagorath. The void is not to be confused with the state of non-being that preceded the creation of Eä.
When Arda (the Earth) was created, "innumerable stars" were already in existence. To provide greater light, the Valar later created the Two Lamps in Middle-earth, and when these were destroyed they created the Two Trees of Valinor. These gave rise to the Ages of the Lamps and the Years of the Trees, however the Ages of the Stars did not conclude until the creation of the Sun. During the Years of the Trees, shortly before the Awakening of the Elves, Varda created the Great Stars: "new stars and brighter" and constellations.
Ilúvatar created Arda (Earth) according to a flat Earth cosmology. This disc-like Arda has continents and the seas, and the moon and the stars revolve around it. Arda was created to be the "Habitation" (Ambar) for Elves and Men. This world was lit by two lamps created by the Valar: Illuin ('Sky-blue') and Ormal ('High-gold'). To support the lamps, Aulë forged two enormous pillars of rock: Helcar in the north of the continent Middle-earth, and Ringil in the south. Illuin was set upon Helcar and Ormal upon Ringil. Between the columns, where the light of the lamps mingled, the Valar dwelt on the island of Almaren in the midst of a Great Lake. When Melkor destroyed the Lamps, two vast inland seas (Helcar and Ringil) and two major seas (Belegaer and the Eastern Sea) were created, but Almaren and its lake were destroyed. The Valar left Middle-earth, and went to the newly formed continent of Aman in the west, where they created their home called Valinor. To discourage Melkor from assailing Aman, they thrust the continent of Middle-earth to the east, thus widening Belegaer at its middle, and raising five major mountain ranges in Middle-earth: the Blue, Red, Grey, and Yellow Mountains, plus the Mountains of the Wind. This act disrupted the symmetrical shapes of the continents and seas.
Ekkaia, also called the Enfolding Ocean and the Encircling Sea, is a dark sea that surrounds the world before the cataclysm at the end of the Second Age. During this flat-Earth period, Ekkaia flows completely around Arda, which floats on it like a ship on a sea. Above Ekkaia is a layer of atmosphere. Ulmo the Lord of Waters dwells in Ekkaia, underneath Arda. Ekkaia is extremely cold; where its waters meet the waters of the ocean Belegaer on the northwest of Middle-earth, a chasm of ice is formed: the Helcaraxë. Ekkaia cannot support any ships except the boats of Ulmo. The ships of the Númenóreans that tried to sail on it sank, drowning the sailors. The Sun passes through Ekkaia on its way around the world, warming it as it passes.
Ilmen is a region of clean air pervaded by light, before the cataclysm at the end of the Second Age. The stars and other celestial bodies are in this region. The Moon passes through Ilmen on its way around the world, plunging down the Chasm of Ilmen on its return.
Spherical-earth cosmology
Tolkien's legendarium addresses the spherical Earth paradigm by depicting a catastrophic transition from a flat to a spherical world, in which Aman, the continent where Valinor lay, was removed "from the circles of the world". The only remaining way to reach Aman was the so called Straight Road, a hidden route leaving Middle-earth's curvature through sky and space which was exclusively known and open to the Elves, who were able to navigate it with their ships.
This transition from a flat to a spherical Earth is at the center of Tolkien's "Atlantis" legend. The Númenóreans, growing arrogant, tried to reach Valinor, thinking that being there would confer immortality; but Eru destroyed their island and reshaped the world to prevent Men from ever reaching it. Tolkien's unfinished The Lost Road suggests a sketch of the idea of historical continuity connecting the Elvish mythology of the First Age with the classical Atlantis myth, the Germanic migrations, Anglo-Saxon England and the modern period, presenting the Atlantis legend in Plato and other deluge myths as a "confused" account of the story of Númenor. The cataclysmic re-shaping of the world would have left its imprint on the cultural memory and collective unconscious of humanity, and even on the genetic memory of individuals. The "Atlantis" part of the legendarium explores the theme of the memory of a 'straight road' into the West, which now only exists in memory or myth, because the physical world has been changed. The Akallabêth says that the Númenóreans who survived the catastrophe sailed as far west as they could in search of their ancient home, but their travels only brought them around the world back to their starting points.
A few years after publishing The Lord of the Rings, in a note associated with the story "Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth", Tolkien equated Arda with the Solar System; because Arda by this point consisted of more than one heavenly body, with Valinor on another planet, while the Sun and Moon were celestial objects in their own right.
Planets and constellations
Tolkien developed a list of names and meanings called the Qenya Lexicon. Christopher Tolkien included extracts from this in an appendix to The Book of Lost Tales, with mentions of specific stars, planets, and constellations. The Sun was called Anor or Ur. The Moon was called Ithil or Silmo. Eärendil's Star denotes the light of a Silmaril, set on Eärendil's ship Vingilot as it flew across the sky, identified as the planet Venus. The English use of the word "earendel" in the Old English poem Christ A was found by 19th century philologists to be some sort of bright star, and from 1914 Tolkien took this to mean the morning-star. The line éala éarendel engla beorhtast "Hail, Earendel, brightest of angels" was Tolkien's inspiration. Tolkien created Sindarin names for the other planets in the solar system, as recorded in Morgoth's Ring, but these were not used elsewhere. The names were Silindo for Jupiter, Carnil for Mars, Elemmire for Mercury, Luinil for Uranus, Lumbar for Saturn, and Nenar for Neptune. The Book of Lost Tales lists Morwen as a name for Jupiter.
A few individual stars have been identified as names of real stars, whether by Tolkien, his son Christopher, or by scholars. Tolkien indicates in "Three is Company" in The Fellowship of the Ring that Borgil is a red star which appears between Remmirath (the Pleiades) and before Menelvagor (Orion). Larsen and others write that Aldebaran is the only major red star to fit the description. Helluin (also Gil, Nielluin and Nierninwa) is the dog star, Sirius, while Morwinyon is Arcturus.
As with the planets, a few major constellations are named in the Legendarium, and can be equated with real constellations seen in the Northern hemisphere. Eksiqilta (also Ekta) is Orion's Belt. Menelvagor (also Daimord, Menelmacar, Mordo, Swordsman of the Sky, Taimavar, Taimondo, Telimbektar, Telimektar, Telumehtar) is Orion the hunter and was meant to represent Túrin Turambar. Remmirath (also Itselokte or Sithaloth), "the Netted Stars", is the Pleiades or Seven Sisters. Valacirca, "the Sickle of the Valar", is Ursa Major (the Plough or Big Dipper) which Varda set in the Northern sky as a warning to Melkor. Wilwarin, meaning "Butterfly", is taken to be Cassiopeia.
Analysis
In his 2020 book Tolkien's Cosmology, the scholar of English literature Sam McBride suggests a new category, "monotheistic polytheism", for the theological basis of Tolkien's cosmology, insofar as it combines a polytheistic pantheon with the Valar, Maiar, and beings such as Tom Bombadil, alongside an evidently monotheistic cosmos created by one god, Eru Ilúvatar. In his view, the Valar "cannot be reduced either to spirit-beings or earth-forces; they encompass both simultaneously". McBride shows how Eru's actions can be seen in the creation of the world (Eä) and the Valar through which he acts, and more ambiguously in the Third Age where the divine will is at most hinted at.
The theologian Catherine Madsen writes that Tolkien found it impossible to make his many drafts and revisions of The Silmarillion consistent with The Lord of the Rings, leaving it unpublished at his death. Its cosmology is glimpsed: she notes that the tale of Earendil is recited, and it serves as background to Frodo and Sam's use of the Phial of Galadriel, which contains some of the light of Earendil's star. In contrast, the creation myth of the Ainulindalë is not even mentioned in The Lord of the Rings, though she notes that it could have been: Beowulf offered a suitable model familiar to Tolkien, in the minstrel's telling of a creation story. By having The Lord of the Rings told from the hobbits' point of view, Madsen writes, cosmology is pushed still further into the background: the hobbits know even less of the Valar than Men do, and Eru is not mentioned at all.
Scholars have noted that Tolkien seems in later life to have hesitated and drawn back from the flat earth cosmology of Arda, but that it was so deeply embedded in the entire Legendarium that recasting it in what Deirdre Dawson, writing in Tolkien Studies, calls "a more rational, scientifically plausible, global shape", proved unworkable.
The Tolkien scholar Janet Brennan Croft states in Mythlore that the races of Middle-earth, Hobbits, Men, Elves, and Dwarves, are all in no doubt at all that there is "a literal cosmological battle between Good and Evil", all expecting a "final cataclysmic battle". Readers may, she writes, consider interpreting the Ainulindalë metaphorically, so that Melkor's attempts to destroy Arda, "raising the valleys, throwing down the mountains, spilling the seas—could be read as a symbolic representation of geological forces", but there is no suggestion of this in the text.
See also
Tolkien's maps
References
Primary
Secondary
Sources
Mythopoeia
Fictional philosophies |
Polje Čepić or Čepić (, ), is a village in Istria County, Croatia, in the municipality of Kršan.
Description
It is located in the eastern part of Istria, on the western slopes of mountain Učka along the Čepić field, on the state road D500, 1.3 km south from neighboring village Purgarija Čepić, and 5.8 km north east from the municipal center Kršan (D64).
History
The village territory was first mentioned in 1102 at the time of Patriarchate of Aquileia in the grant by Ulric II to the Aquileia patriarchs, as part of Kožljak castle estate. In 1287 was founded Paulist monastery of St. Mary (also called the Monastery of Our Lady of the Lake). In 1385, the Kožljak lord Filip Gutenegg richly endowed the monastery. In 1606 the monastery is mentioned as župa (parish). In 1783 the monastery was disbanded and the property was sold out to Johann Weikhard from Auersperg noble family. The tombstone with Glagolitic inscription of Kožljak lord Martin Moysevich (1492), which was in the monastery, was relocated to castle chapel in Belaj.
In the hamlet Kloštar was sacral, while in Purgarija profane part of Čepić. The Purgarija was called according to the German word Bürger (citizen), and the former Burg (Engl. Castle). The castle was devastated in the Uskok War (1615-1617), but it was rebuilt. Although the last remains of the ruins were removed at the time of lake drying in 1930, he can be seen in Valvasor engraving from 1679, when was in Auersperg family property.
Inhabitants mainly live from agriculture on fertile field that was created by drying of Lake Čepić in 1930. Before also from lake fishery.
Demographics
According to the 2021 census, its population was 126. It was 148 in 2011.
Note: The data in 1857, 1869, 1921, 1931 and partially in 1880 and 1890, are contained in neighboring village Purgarija Čepić. Named as Polje-Čepić from 1948 until 1971.
References
Bibliography
Sources
External links
Čepić on Municipality of Kršan site
Istria on the Internet - Čepić
Populated places in Istria County |
```java
Use meaningful names
Use strings in a `switch` statement
There is no such thing as *pass-by-reference* in Java
How range operations work
Supply `toString()` in all classes
``` |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
var logEach = require( '@stdlib/console/log-each' );
var discreteUniform = require( './../lib' );
// Create a function for generating random arrays originating from the same state:
var random = discreteUniform.factory( -10, 10, {
'state': discreteUniform.state,
'copy': true
});
// Generate 3 arrays:
var x1 = random( 5 );
var x2 = random( 5 );
var x3 = random( 5 );
// Print the contents:
logEach( '%f, %f, %f', x1, x2, x3 );
// Create another function for generating random arrays with the original state:
random = discreteUniform.factory( -10, 10, {
'state': discreteUniform.state,
'copy': true
});
// Generate a single array which replicates the above pseudorandom number generation sequence:
var x4 = random( 15 );
// Print the contents:
logEach( '%f', x4 );
``` |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rss>
</rss>
``` |
```c++
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
#pragma once
#include <glib.h>
#include <arrow/api.h>
static inline std::shared_ptr<arrow::KeyValueMetadata>
garrow_internal_hash_table_to_metadata(GHashTable *metadata)
{
auto arrow_metadata = std::make_shared<arrow::KeyValueMetadata>();
g_hash_table_foreach(
metadata,
[](gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer user_data) {
auto arrow_metadata =
static_cast<std::shared_ptr<arrow::KeyValueMetadata> *>(user_data);
(*arrow_metadata)->Append(static_cast<gchar *>(key), static_cast<gchar *>(value));
},
&arrow_metadata);
return arrow_metadata;
}
``` |
Progne is a genus of passerine birds in the swallow family Hirundinidae. The species are found in the New World and all have "martin" in their common name.
Taxonomy
The genus Progne was introduced in 1826 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie for the purple martin. The genus name refers to Procne (Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow to save her from her husband. She had killed their son to avenge the rape of her sister.
The genus contains nine species:
References
Hirundinidae
Bird genera |
The Roman provinces (, pl. ) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as governor.
For centuries it was the largest administrative unit of the foreign possessions of ancient Rome. With the administrative reform initiated by Diocletian, it became a third level administrative subdivision of the Roman Empire, or rather a subdivision of the imperial dioceses (in turn subdivisions of the imperial prefectures).
History
A province was the basic and, until the Tetrarchy (from AD 293), the largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside Roman Italy.
During the republic and early empire, provinces were generally governed by politicians of senatorial rank, usually former consuls or former praetors. A later exception was the province of Egypt, which was incorporated by Augustus after the death of Cleopatra and was ruled by a governor of only equestrian rank, perhaps as a discouragement to senatorial ambition. That exception was unique but not contrary to Roman law, as Egypt was considered Augustus's personal property, following the tradition of the kings of the earlier Hellenistic period.
Republican period
The English word province comes from the Latin word provincia. The Latin term provincia had an equivalent in eastern, Greek-speaking parts of the Greco-Roman world. In the Greek language, a province was called an eparchy (, eparchia), with a governor called an eparch (, eparchos).
Emergence
The Latin , during the middle republic, referred not to a territory, but to a task assigned to a Roman magistrate. That task might require using the military command powers of imperium but otherwise could even be a task assigned to a junior magistrates without imperium: for example, the treasury was the of a quaestor and the civil jurisdiction of the urban praetor was the . In the middle and late republican authors like Plautus, Terence, and Cicero, the word referred something akin to a modern ministerial portfolio: "when... the senate assigned to the various magistrates... what they were doing was more like allocating a portfolio than putting people in charge of geographic areas".
The first commanders dispatched with were for the purpose of waging war and to command an army. However, merely that a provincia was assigned did not mean the Romans made that territory theirs. For example, Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus in 211 BC received Macedonia as his provincia but the republic did not annex the kingdom, even as Macedonia was continuously assigned until 205 BC with the end of the First Macedonian war. Even though the Second and Third Macedonian wars saw the Macedonian province revived, the senate settled affairs in the region by abolishing Macedonia and replacing it with four client republics. Macedonia only came under direct Roman administration in the aftermath of the Fourth Macedonian war in 148 BC. Similarly, assignment of various in Hispania was not accompanied by the creation of any regular administration of the area; indeed, even though two praetors were assigned to Hispania regularly from 196 BC, no systematic settlement of the region occurred for nearly thirty years and what administration occurred was ad hoc and emerged from military necessities.
In the middle republic, the administration of a territory – whether taxation or jurisdictrion – had basically no relationship with whether that place was assigned as a provincia by the senate. Rome would even intervene on territorial disputes which were part of no provincia at all and were not administered by Rome. The territorial province, called a "permanent" provincia in the scholarship, emerged only gradually.
Permanent provincia
The acquisition of territories, however, through the middle republic created the recurrent task of defending and administering some place. The first "permanent" was that of Sicily, created after the First Punic War. In the immediate aftermath, a quaestor was sent to Sicily to look out for Roman interests but eventually, praetors were dispatched as well. The sources differ as to when sending a praetor became normal: Appian reports 241 BC; Solinus indicates 227 BC instead. Regardless, the change likely reflected Roman unease about Carthaginian power: quaestors could not command armies or fleets; praetors could and initially seem to have held largely garrison duties. This first province started a permanent shift in Roman thinking about . Instead of being a task of military expansion, it became a recurrent defensive assignment to oversee conquered territories. These defensive assignments, with few opportunities to gain glory, were less desirable and therefore became regularly assigned to the praetors.
Only around 180 BC did provinces take on a more geographically-defined position when a border was established to separate the two commanders assigned to Hispania on the river Baetis. Later provinces, once campaigns were complete, were all largely defined geographically. Once this division of permanent and temporary emerged, magistrates assigned to permanent provinces also came under pressures to achieve as much as possible during their terms. Whenever a military crisis occurred near some province, it was normally reassigned to one of the consuls; praetors were left with the garrison duties. In the permanent provinces, the Roman commanders were initially not intended as administrators. However, the presence of the commander with forces sufficient to coerce compliance made him an obvious place to seek final judgement. A governor's legal jurisdiction thus grew from the demands of the provincial inhabitants for authoritative settlement of disputes.
In the absence of opportunities for conquest and with little oversight for their activities, many praetorian governors settled on extorting the provincials. This profiteering threatened Roman control by unnecessarily angering the province's subject populations and was regardless dishonourable. It eventually drew a reaction from the senate, which reacted with laws to rein in the governors. After initial experimentation with ad hoc panels of inquest, various laws were passed, such as the lex Calpurnia de repetundis in 149 BC, which established a permanent court to try corruption cases; troubles with corruption and laws reacting to it continued through the republican era. By the end of the republic, a multitude of laws had been passed on how a governor would complete his task, requiring presence in the province, regulating how he could requisition goods from provincial communities, limiting the number of years he could serve in the province, etc.
Assignment
Prior to 123 BC, the senate assigned consular provinces as it wished, usually in its first meeting of the consular year. The specific provinces to be assigned were normally determined by lot or by mutual agreement among the commanders; only extraordinarily did the senate assign a command (outside of sortition). But in 123 or 122 BC, the tribune Gaius Sempronius Gracchus passed the lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus, which required the senate to select the consular provinces before the consular elections and made this announcement immune from tribunician veto. The law had the effect of, over time, abolishing the temporary , as it was not always realistic for the senate to anticipate the theatres of war some six months in advance. Instead, the senate chose to assign consuls to permanent provinces near expected trouble spots. From 200 to 124 BC, only 22 per cent of recorded consular were permanent provinces; between 122 and 53 BC, this rose to 60 per cent.
While many of the provinces had been assigned to sitting praetors in the earlier part of the second century, with new praetorships created to fill empty provincial commands, by the start of the first century it had become uncommon for praetors to hold provincial commands during their formal annual term. Instead they generally took command as promagistrate after the end of their term. The use of prorogation was due to an insufficient number of praetors, which was for two reasons: more provinces needed commands and the increased number of permanent jury courts (quaestiones perpetuae), each of which had a praetor as president, exacerbated this issue. Praetors during the second century were normally prorogued pro praetore, but starting with the Spanish provinces and expanding by 167 BC, praetors were more commonly prorogued with the augmented rank pro consule; by the end of the republic, all governors acted pro consule.
Also important was the assertion of popular authority over the assignment of provincial commands. This started with Gaius Marius, who had an allied tribune introduce a law transferring to him the already-taken province of Numidia (then held by Quintus Caecilius Metellus), allowing Marius to assume command of the Jugurthine War. This innovation destabilised the system of assigning provincial commands, exacerbated internal political tensions, and later allowed ambitious politicians to assemble for themselves enormous commands which the senate would never have approved: the Pompeian lex Gabinia of 67 BC granted Pompey all land within 50 miles of the Mediterranean; Caesar's Gallic command that encompassed three normal provinces.
Late Republican period
In the late Republican period, Roman authorities generally preferred that a majority of people in Rome's provinces venerated, respected, and worshipped gods from Rome proper and Roman Italy to an extent, alongside normal services done in honor of their "traditional" gods.
Transition to empire
The increasing practices of prorogation and statutorily-defined "super commands" driven by political tactics undermined the republican constitutional principle of annually-elected magistracies. This allowed the powerful men to amass disproportionate wealth and military power through their provincial commands, which was one of the major factors in the transition from a republic to an imperial autocracy.
The senate attempted to push back against these commands in many instances: it preferred to break up any large war into multiple territorially separated commands; for similar reasons, it opposed the lex Gabinia which gave Pompey an overlapping command over large portions of the Mediterranean. The senate, which had long acted as a check on aristocratic ambitions, was unable to stop these immense commands, which culminated eventually with the reduction of the number of meaningfully-independent governors during the triumviral period to three men and, with the end of the republic, to one man.
Early imperial period
During his sixth and seventh consulships (28 and 27 BC), Augustus began a process which saw the republic return to "normality": he shared the fasces that year with his consular colleague month-by-month and announced the abolition of the triumvirate by the end of the year in accordance with promises to do so at the close of the civil wars. At the start of 27 BC, Augustus formally had a provincial command over all of Rome's provinces. That year, in his "first settlement", he ostentatiously returned his control of them and their attached armies to the senate, likely by declaring that the task assigned to him either by the lex Titia creating the Triumvirate or that the war on Cleopatra and Antony was complete. In return, at a carefully-managed meeting of the senate, he was given commands over Spain, Gaul, Syria, Cilicia, Cyprus, and Egypt to hold for ten years; these provinces contained 22 of the 28 extant Roman legions (over 80 per cent) and contained all prospective military theatres.
The provinces that were assigned to Augustus became known as imperial provinces and the remaining provinces, largely demilitarised and confined to the older republican conquests, became known as public or senatorial provinces, as their commanders were still assigned by the senate on an annual basis consistent with tradition. Because no one man could command in practically all the border-regions of the empire at once, Augustus appointed subordinate legates for each of the provinces with the title legatus Augusti pro praetore. These lieutenant legati probably held imperium but, due to their lack of an independent command, were unable to triumph and could be replaced by their superior (Augustus) at any time. These arrangements were likely based on the precedent of Pompey's proconsulship over the Spanish provinces after 55 BC entirely through legates, while he stayed in the vicinity of Rome. In contrast, the public provinces continued to be governed by proconsuls with formally independent commands. In only three of the public provinces were there any armies: Africa, Illyricum, and Macedonia; after Augustus' Balkan wars, only Africa retained a legion.
To make this monopolisation of military commands palatable, Augustus separated prestige from military importance and inverted it. The title pro praetore had gone out of use by the end of the republic and was regardless in inferior status to a proconsul. More radically, Egypt (which was sufficiently powerful that a commander there could start a rebellion against the emperor) was commanded by a equestrian prefect, "a very low title indeed" as prefects were normally low-ranking officers and equestrians were not normally part of the elite. In Augustus' "second settlement" of 23 BC, he gave up his continual holding of the consulship in exchange for a general proconsulship – with a special dispensation from the law that nullified imperium within the city of Rome – over the imperial provinces. He also gave himself, through the senate, a general grant of imperium maius, which gave him priority over the ordinary governors of the public provinces, allowing him to interfere in their affairs.
Within the public and imperial provinces there also existed distinctions of rank. In the public provinces, the provinces of Africa and Asia were given only to ex-consuls; ex-praetors received the others. The imperial provinces eventually produced a three-tier system with prefects and procurators, legates pro praetore who were ex-praetors, and legates pro praetore who were ex-consuls. The public provinces' governors normally served only one year; the imperial provinces' governors on the other hand normally served several years before rotating out. The extent to which the emperor exercised control over all the provinces increased during the imperial period: Tiberius, for example, once reprimanded legates in the imperial provinces for failing to forward financial reports to the senate; by the reign of Claudius, however, the senatorial provinces' proconsuls were regularly issued with orders directly from the emperor.
Late imperial period
The emperor Diocletian introduced a radical reform known as the tetrarchy (AD 284–305), with a western and an eastern senior emperor styled Augustus, each seconded by a junior emperor (and designated successor) styled caesar. Each of these four defended and administered a quarter of the empire. In the 290s, Diocletian divided the empire anew into almost a hundred provinces, including Roman Italy. Their governors were hierarchically ranked, from the proconsuls of Africa Proconsularis and Asia through those governed by consulares and correctores to the praesides. The provinces in turn were grouped into (originally twelve) dioceses, headed usually by a vicarius, who oversaw their affairs. Only the proconsuls and the urban prefect of Rome (and later Constantinople) were exempt from this, and were directly subordinated to the tetrarchs.
Although the Caesars were soon eliminated from the picture, the four administrative resorts were restored in 318 by Emperor Constantine I, in the form of praetorian prefectures, whose holders generally rotated frequently, as in the usual magistracies but without a colleague. Constantine also created a new capital, named after him as Constantinople, which was sometimes called 'New Rome' because it became the permanent seat of the government. In Italy itself, Rome had not been the imperial residence for some time and 286 Diocletian formally moved the seat of government to Mediolanum (modern Milan), while taking up residence himself in Nicomedia. During the 4th century, the administrative structure was modified several times, including repeated experiments with Eastern-Western co-emperors.
Detailed information on the arrangements during this period is contained in the Notitia Dignitatum (Record of Offices), a document dating from the early 5th century. Most data is drawn from this authentic imperial source, as the names of the areas governed and titles of the governors are given there. There are however debates about the source of some data recorded in the , and it seems clear that some of its own sources are earlier than others. Some scholars compare this with the list of military territories under the duces, in charge of border garrisons on so-called limites, and the higher ranking , with more mobile forces, and the later, even higher magistri militum.
Justinian I made the next great changes in 534–536 by abolishing, in some provinces, the strict separation of civil and military authority that Diocletian had established.This process was continued on a larger scale with the creation of extraordinary Exarchates in the 580s and culminated with the adoption of the military theme system in the 640s, which replaced the older administrative arrangements entirely. Some scholars use the reorganization of the empire into themata in this period as one of the demarcations between the Dominate and the Byzantine (or the Later Roman) period.
List of provinces
Republican provinces
241 BC – Sicilia (Sicily) taken over from the Carthaginians and annexed at the end of the First Punic War
237 BC – Sardinia and Corsica; these two islands were taken over from the Carthaginians and annexed soon after the Mercenary War, in 238 BC and 237 BC respectively
197 BC – Hispania Citerior; along the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula; part of the territories taken over from the Carthaginians
197 BC – Hispania Ulterior; along the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula; part of the territories taken over from the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War
147 BC – Macedonia was annexed after the Achaean War
146 BC – Africa (modern-day Tunisia, eastern Algeria and western Libya); created after the destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War
129 BC – Asia, formerly the Attalid kingdom, in western Anatolia (now in Turkey), bequeathed to Rome by its last king, Attalus III, in 133 BC.
120 BC – Gallia Narbonensis (southern France); prior to its annexation it was called Gallia Transalpina (Gallia on the other side of the Alps) to distinguish it from Gallia Cisalpina (Gaul on this same side of the Alps, in northern Italy). It was annexed following attacks on the allied Greek city of Massalia (Marseille).
67 BC – Crete and Cyrenaica; Cyrenaica was bequeathed to Rome in 78 BC. However, it was not organised as a province. It was incorporated into the province of Creta et Cyrenae when Crete was annexed in 67 BC.
63 BC – Bithynia et Pontus; the Kingdom of Bithynia (in North-western Anatolia) was bequeathed to Rome by its last king, Nicomedes IV, in 74 BC. It was organised as a Roman province at the end of the Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC) by Pompey, who incorporated the western part of the defeated Kingdom of Pontus into it in 63 BC.
63 BC – Syria; Pompey deposed the last Seleucid king Philip II Philoromaeus, creating the province of Syria.
63 BC – Cilicia; Cilicia was created as a province in the sense of area of military command in 102 BC in a campaign against piracy. The Romans controlled only a small area. In 74 BC Lycia and Pamphylia (to the east) were added to the small Roman possessions in Cilicia. Cilicia came fully under Roman control at the end of the Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC), reorganised by Pompey in 63 BC.
58 BC – Cyprus was annexed after the death of its last king Ptolemy of Cyprus and added to the province of Cilicia, creating the province of Cilicia et Cyprus.
46 BC – Africa Nova (Eastern Numidia – Algeria), Julius Caesar annexed Eastern Numidia and the new province called Africa Nova (new Africa) to distinguish it from the older province of Africa, created in 146 BC, which became known as Africa Vetus (old Africa). Western Numidia was annexed and added to the province of Africa Nova in 40 BC. The territory remained the direct part of the Roman Empire except for a brief period when Augustus restored Juba II (son of Juba I) as a client king (30–25 BC).
Cisalpine Gaul (in northern Italy) was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC and became considered geographically and de facto part of Roman Italy, but remained politically and de jure separated. It was legally merged into the administrative unit of Roman Italy in 42 BC by the triumvir Augustus as a ratification of Caesar's unpublished acts (Acta Caesaris).
Provinces of the Principate
Under Augustus
30 BC – Aegyptus, taken over by Augustus after his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII in 30 BC. It was the first imperial province in that it was Augustus' own domain as the Egyptians recognised him as their new pharaoh. Its proper initial name was Alexandrea et Aegyptus. It was governed by Augustus' praefectus, Alexandreae et Aegypti.
27 BC – Achaia (southern and central Greece), Augustus separated it from Macedonia (senatorial propraetorial province)
27 BC – Hispania Tarraconensis; former Hispania Citerior (northern, central and eastern Spain), created with the reorganisation of the provinces in Hispania by Augustus (imperial proconsular province).
27 BC – Lusitania (Portugal and Extremadura in Spain), created with the reorganisation of the provinces in Hispania by Augustus (imperial proconsular province)
27 BC – Illyricum, Augustus conquered Illyria and southern Pannonia in 35–33 BC. Created as a senatorial province in 27 BC. Northern Pannonia was conquered during the Pannonian War (14–10 BC). Subdivided into Dalmatia (a new name for Illyria) and Pannonia, which were officially called Upper and Lower Illyricum respectively in 9 BC, towards the end of the Batonian War. Initially a senatorial province, it became an imperial propraetorial province in 11 BC, during the Pannonian War. It was dissolved and the new provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia were created during the reign of Vespasian (69–79). In 107, Pannonia was divided into Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior – imperial provinces (proconsular and propraetorial respectively).
27 BC or 16–13 BC – Aquitania (south-western France) province created in the territories in Gaul conquered by Julius Caesar; there is uncertainty as to whether it was created with Augustus’ first visit and the first census on Gaul or during Augustus' visit in 16–13 (imperial proconsular province)
27 BC or 16–13 BC – Gallia Lugdunensis (central and part of northern France) province created in the territories in Gaul conquered by Julius Caesar; there is uncertainty as to whether it was created with Augustus’ first visit and the first census on Gaul or during Augustus’ visit in 16–13 (imperial proconsular province)
25 BC – Galatia (central Anatolia, Turkey), formerly a client kingdom, it was annexed by Augustus when Amyntas, its last king, died (imperial propraetorial province)
25 BC – Africa Proconsularis. The client kingdom of Numidia under king Juba II (30 - 25 BC), previously between 46 - 30 BC the province Africa Nova, was abolished, and merged with the province Africa Vetus, creating the province Africa Proconsularis (except territory of Western Numidia).
22 BC – Gallia Belgica (Netherlands south of the Rhine river, Belgium, Luxembourg, part of northern France and Germany west of the Rhine; there is uncertainty as to whether it was created with Augustus’ first visit and the first census on Gaul or during Augustus' visit in 16–13 (imperial proconsular province)
15 BC – Raetia (imperial procuratorial province)
14 BC – Hispania Baetica; former Hispania Ulterior (southern Spain); created with the reorganisation of the provinces in Hispania by Augustus (senatorial propraetorial province). The name derives from Betis, the Latin name for the Guadalquivir River.
7 BC – Germania Antiqua, lost after three Roman legions were routed in 9 AD
AD 6? – Moesia (on the east and south bank of the River Danube part of modern Serbia, the north part of North Macedonia, northern Bulgaria), Conquered in 28 BC, originally it was a military district under the province of Macedonia. The first mention of a provincial governor was for 6 AD, at the beginning of the Batonian War. In 85 Moesia was divided into Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior (imperial proconsular provinces).
AD 6 – Judaea, imperial procuratorial province, created after the deposition of ethnarch Herod Archelaus, formed initially from the territory of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea. Reverted to the status of client kingdom under king Herod Agrippa in AD 41 by Claudius and became province again after Agrippa's death in AD 44, enlarged by territories of Galilee and Peraea; renamed Syria Palaestina by Hadrian in AD 135 and upgraded to proconsular province.
Under Tiberius
AD 17 – Cappadocia (central Anatolia – Turkey); imperial propraetorial (later proconsular) province, created after the death of its last client king Archelaus.
Under Claudius
AD 42 – Mauretania Tingitana (northern Morocco); after the death of Ptolemy, the last king of Mauretania, in AD 40, his kingdom was annexed. It was begun by Caligula and was completed by Claudius with the defeat of the rebels. In AD 42, Claudius divided it into two provinces (imperial procuratorial province).
AD 42 – Mauretania Caesariensis, (western and central Algeria), after the death of Ptolemy, the last king of Mauretania, in AD 40, his kingdom was annexed. It was begun by Caligula and was completed by Claudius with the defeat of the rebels. In AD 42 Claudius divided it into two provinces( imperial procuratorial province).
AD 41/53 – Noricum (central Austria, north-eastern Slovenia and part of Bavaria), it was incorporated into the empire in 16 BC. It was called a province, but it remained a client kingdom under the control of an imperial procurator. It was turned into a proper province during the reign of Claudius (41–54) (imperial propraetorial province).
AD 43 – Britannia; Claudius initiated the invasion of Britannia. Up to AD 60, the Romans controlled the area south of a line from the River Humber to the Severn Estuary. Wales was finally subdued in 78. In 78–84 Agricola conquered the north of England and Scotland. Scotland was then abandoned (imperial proconsular province). In 197 Septimius Severus divided Britannia into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. Imperial provinces (proconsular and propraetorial respectively).
AD 43 – Lycia annexed by Claudius (in 74 AD merged with Pamphylia to form Lycia et Pamphylia).
AD 46 – Thracia (Thrace, north-eastern Greece, south-eastern Bulgaria and European Turkey), it was annexed by Claudius (imperial procuratorial province).
AD 47? – Alpes Atrectianae et Poeninae (between Italy and Switzerland), Augustus subdued its inhabitants, the Salassi, in 15 BC. It was incorporated into Raetia. The date of the creation of the province is uncertain. It is usually set at the date of Claudius' foundation of Forum Claudii Vallensium (Martigny), which became its capital (imperial procuratorial province).
Under Nero
AD 62 – Pontus (the eastern half of the Kingdom of Pontus) together with Colchis annexed, later incorporated in the Province of Cappadocia (probably under Emperor Trajan).
AD 63 – Bosporan Kingdom incorporated as part of the Roman province of Moesia Inferior. In 68 AD Galba restored the Bosporan Kingdom as a client kingdom.
AD 63? – Alpes Maritimae (on the French Alps), created as a protectorate by Augustus, it probably became a province under Nero when Alpes Cottiae became a province (imperial procuratorial province)
AD 63 – Alpes Cottiae (between France and Italy), in 14 BC it became a nominal prefecture which was run by the ruling dynasty of the Cotii. It was named after the king, Marcus Julius Cottius. It became a province in 63 (imperial procuratorial province).
Under Vespasian
AD 72 – Commagene, its last client king Antiochus IV was deposed and Commagene was annexed to Syria.
AD 72 – Lesser Armenia, its last client king Aristobulus of Chalcis was deposed and Lesser Armenia was annexed to Syria.
AD 72 – Western mountainous parts of Cilicia, formed into three client kingdoms established by Augustus, were disestablished, and merged with the imperial province of Cilicia.
AD 74 – Lycia et Pamphylia. Vespasian (reigned AD 69–79) merged Lycia, annexed by Claudius, and Pamphylia which had been a part of the province of Galatia.
Under Domitian
AD 83/84 – Germania Superior (southern Germany) The push into southern Germany up to the Agri Decumates by Domitian created the necessity to create this province, which had been a military district in Gallia Belgica when it was restricted to the west bank of the River Rhine (imperial proconsular province).
AD 83/84 – Germania Inferior (Netherlands south of the River Rhine, part of Belgium, and part of Germany west of the Rhine) originally a military district under Gallia Belgica, created when Germania Superior was created (imperial proconsular province).
AD 92 – Chalcis was annexed to Syria after the death of its last ruler, tetrarch Aristobulus of Chalcis.
Under Trajan
AD 100 – Territories of Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis and Paneas were annexed to Syria after the death of king Herod Agrippa II.
AD 106 – Arabia, formerly the Kingdom of Nabataea, it was annexed without resistance by Trajan (imperial propraetorial province)
AD 107 – Dacia "Trajana" (the Romanian regions of south-eastern Transylvania, the Banat, and Oltenia), conquered by Trajan in the Dacian Wars (imperial proconsular province). Divided into Dacia Superior and Dacia Inferior in 158 by Antoninus Pius. Divided into three provinces (Tres Daciae) in 166 by Marcus Aurelius: Porolissensis, Apulensis and Malvensis (imperial procuratorial provinces). Abandoned by Aurelian in 271.
AD 103/114 - Epirus Nova (in western Greece and southern Albania), Epirus was originally under the province of Macedonia. It was placed under Achaia in 27 BC except for its northernmost part, which remained part of Macedonia. It became a separate province under Trajan, sometime between 103 and 114 AD, and was renamed Epirus Nova (New Epirus) (imperial procuratorial province).
AD 114 – Armenia, annexed by Trajan, who deposed its client king. In 118 Hadrian restored this client kingdom
AD 116 – Mesopotamia (Iraq) seized from the Parthians and annexed by Trajan, who invaded the Parthian Empire in late 115. Given back to the Parthians by Hadrian in 118. In 198 Septimius Severus conquered a small area in the north and named it Mesopotamia. It was attacked twice by the Persians (imperial praefectorial province).
AD 116 – Assyria, Trajan suppressed a revolt by Assyrians in Mesopotamia and created the province. Hadrian relinquished it in 118.
Under Septimius Severus
AD 193 – Numidia, was separated from Africa Proconsularis by Septimius Severus (imperial propraetorial province).
AD 194 – Syria Coele and Syria Phoenice, Septimius Severus divided Syria into these two units in the north and the south respectively. Imperial provinces (proconsular and propraetorial respectively).
Under Caracalla
AD 214 – Osrhoene, this kingdom (in northern Mesopotamia, in parts of today's Iraq, Syria and Turkey) was annexed.
Under Aurelian
AD 271 – Dacia Aureliana (most of Bulgaria and Serbia) created by Aurelian in the territory of the former Moesia Superior after his evacuation of Dacia Trajana beyond the River Danube.
Many of the above provinces were under Roman military control or under the rule of Roman clients for a long time before being officially constituted as civil provinces. Only the date of the official formation of the province is marked above, not the date of conquest.
Provinces of the late empire
Primary sources for lists of provinces
Early Roman Empire provinces
Germania (ca. 100)
Geography (Ptolemy) (ca. 140)
Late Roman Empire provinces
Laterculus Veronensis (ca. 310)
Notitia dignitatum (ca. 400–420)
Laterculus Polemii Silvii (ca. 430)
Synecdemus (ca. 520)
See also
Ancient geography
Classical antiquity
Early world maps
Ecumene
Geography
History of cartography
History of the Mediterranean region
Latin spelling and pronunciation
List of Graeco-Roman geographers
List of historical maps
Local government (ancient Roman)
References
Citations
Sources
Modern sources
Other sources
External links
Map of the Roman Empire in the year 300
https://web.archive.org/web/20060409205643/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/
Historical regions
Provinces |
```swift
//
// RefCountDisposable.swift
// RxSwift
//
// Created by Junior B. on 10/29/15.
//
/// Represents a disposable resource that only disposes its underlying disposable resource when all dependent disposable objects have been disposed.
public final class RefCountDisposable : DisposeBase, Cancelable {
private var _lock = SpinLock()
private var _disposable = nil as Disposable?
private var _primaryDisposed = false
private var _count = 0
/// - returns: Was resource disposed.
public var isDisposed: Bool {
self._lock.lock(); defer { self._lock.unlock() }
return self._disposable == nil
}
/// Initializes a new instance of the `RefCountDisposable`.
public init(disposable: Disposable) {
self._disposable = disposable
super.init()
}
/**
Holds a dependent disposable that when disposed decreases the refcount on the underlying disposable.
When getter is called, a dependent disposable contributing to the reference count that manages the underlying disposable's lifetime is returned.
*/
public func retain() -> Disposable {
return self._lock.calculateLocked {
if self._disposable != nil {
do {
_ = try incrementChecked(&self._count)
} catch {
rxFatalError("RefCountDisposable increment failed")
}
return RefCountInnerDisposable(self)
} else {
return Disposables.create()
}
}
}
/// Disposes the underlying disposable only when all dependent disposables have been disposed.
public func dispose() {
let oldDisposable: Disposable? = self._lock.calculateLocked {
if let oldDisposable = self._disposable, !self._primaryDisposed {
self._primaryDisposed = true
if self._count == 0 {
self._disposable = nil
return oldDisposable
}
}
return nil
}
if let disposable = oldDisposable {
disposable.dispose()
}
}
fileprivate func release() {
let oldDisposable: Disposable? = self._lock.calculateLocked {
if let oldDisposable = self._disposable {
do {
_ = try decrementChecked(&self._count)
} catch {
rxFatalError("RefCountDisposable decrement on release failed")
}
guard self._count >= 0 else {
rxFatalError("RefCountDisposable counter is lower than 0")
}
if self._primaryDisposed && self._count == 0 {
self._disposable = nil
return oldDisposable
}
}
return nil
}
if let disposable = oldDisposable {
disposable.dispose()
}
}
}
internal final class RefCountInnerDisposable: DisposeBase, Disposable
{
private let _parent: RefCountDisposable
private let _isDisposed = AtomicInt(0)
init(_ parent: RefCountDisposable) {
self._parent = parent
super.init()
}
internal func dispose()
{
if fetchOr(self._isDisposed, 1) == 0 {
self._parent.release()
}
}
}
``` |
Peroxymonophosphoric acid () is an oxyacid of phosphorus. It is a colorless viscous oil. Its salts are called peroxymonophosphates. Another peroxyphosphoric acid is peroxydiphosphoric acid, .
Preparation
Peroxyphosphoric acids were first synthesized and characterized in 1910 by Julius Schmidlin and Paul Massini via the reaction between phosphorus pentoxide and highly-concentrated aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. However, this reaction proceeds very vigorously and is difficult to control. Aside from phosphorus pentoxide, syntheses from metaphosphoric acid and diphosphoric acid were also reported.
P2O5 + 2H2O2 + H2O -> 2H3PO5
H4P4O12 + 4H2O2 -> 4H3PO5
H4P2O7 + H2O2 -> H3PO5 + H3PO4
A less vigorous method of preparing peroxyphosphoric acid by introducing the inert solvent acetonitrile was described by Gerrit Toennies in 1937. This method was shown to be unsuitable in diethyl ether or isoamyl alcohol.
Contemporary methods
Peroxyphosphoric acid is usually produced by treating phosphorus pentoxide and concentrated hydrogen peroxide within an inert solvent like acetonitrile or carbon tetrachloride..
One method of preparation is the hydrolysis of potassium of lithium peroxydiphosphate in a strong acid such as perchloric acid. The peroxydiphosphate salts can be obtained by electrolysis of their respective phosphate salts.
Peroxydiphosphoric acid is obtained when phosphoric acid is treated with fluorine or oxidized electrolytically.
Properties
Peroxymonophosphoric acid is a colorless, viscous liquid. It is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The compound is a triprotic acid with acid dissociation constants pKa1 = 1.1, pKa2 = 5.5 and pKa3 = 12.8. In aqueous solutions it slowly undergoes hydrolysis to hydrogen peroxide and phosphoric acid.
With excess water, the hydrolysis can be considered pseudo-first order. The half-life for this decomposition is dependent on the pH and temperature, being about 31 hours at 35 °C and 2.5 hours at 61 °C. A solution in acetonitrile also slowly degrades, losing 30% of active oxygen after 26 days of storage at 5 °C. Relatively stable salts can be obtained by neutralization with bases, for example with potassium hydroxide to give the hygroscopic potassium dihydrogenperoxymonophosphate KH2PO5.
Uses and reactions
Peroxyphosphoric acids and peroxyphosphates have few commercial uses.
Reactions with organic compounds
They have been examined in the context of organic synthesis, as an electrophilic reagent for the oxidation of alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds and amines. Due to the strongly acidic nature, only relatively acid-stable epoxides can be prepared from alkenes, for example trans-stilbene oxide from trans-stilbene. Less stable epoxides are cleaved or react further; cyclohexene, styrene, and α-methylstyrene yield no isolable epoxides. In the cases of styrene and α-methylstyrene, acid-catalyzed alkyl migrations lead instead to the main products phenylacetic acid and 2-phenylpropionic acid, respectively.
The oxidation of diphenylacetylene at room temperature yields benzil, presumably through an oxirene intermediate.
Peroxymonophosphoric acid is an effective reagent for the hydroxylation of aromatic rings. The conversion of mesitylene to mesitol can be achieved at room temperature in less than four hours.
The compound can be used as an effective oxidizing agent for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. Substituted acetophenones can be converted to the corresponding phenyl acetates at 30 °C in high yields. The rate is about 100 times higher in comparison to using peroxybenzoic acid.
Tertiary aromatic amines like dimethylaniline are oxidized to the corresponding amine oxide.
Oxidation of THF with peroxymonophosphoric acid gives γ-butyrolactone.
References
Phosphorus oxoacids
Mineral acids
Substances discovered in the 1910s |
was a screw corvette of the Italian (Royal Navy) built in the late 1860s and early 1870s. The ship left Italy in 1882 for a three-year voyage round the world.
Design
The design for was prepared by the naval engineer Giuseppe Micheli. was long between perpendiculars, and she had a beam of and an average draft of . She displaced . She had a crew of 226.
Her propulsion system consisted of a single marine steam engine that drove a single screw propeller. Steam was supplied by a pair of coal-fired fire-tube boilers that were manufactured by the firm Guppy of Naples. could steam at a top speed of from . To supplement the steam engines, she was fitted with a full ship rig.
The main battery for consisted of six muzzle-loading guns, three guns per broadside. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, she initially carried a secondary battery of two guns, two guns, and two guns. During a refit in 1879, she was rearmed with a main battery of ten 120 mm breech-loading guns. Four of these guns were removed in 1885.
Service history
The ship was laid down on 11 May 1867 in the Venice Naval Yard, under the name . While still under construction in 1868, she was renamed , and her completed hull was launched on 22 July 1869. Fitting out was completed by 10 April 1871. After entering service, was sent on a cruise abroad, and later in 1871, she had reached Japanese waters. She remained abroad the following year, and during the voyage she visited Australia and New Guinea. She was still in Australian waters in 1873. The ship was modernized in 1879.
embarked on a lengthy voyage overseas in the early 1880s with a variety of goals, including training the crew, showing the flag, and conducting extensive scientific experiments. These tests included hydrographic surveys, depth soundings, and collection of marine animals for later study. A temporary laboratory was set up in the gun battery deck. The ship's captain was Commander Giuseppe Palumbo for the duration of the voyage. Lieutenants Cesare Marcacci and Gaetano Chierchia were responsible for supervising most of the experiments, and Chierchia had been sent to study at the Zoological Station at Naples for three months before the trip. Anton Dohrn, the director of the facility, came aboard to discuss the expedition before the vessel sent sail, and he later welcomed the ship home. The ship departed from Naples on 20 April 1882.
conducted surveys off the coast of South America, including around the Chonos Archipelago between 23 November and 6 December 1882. Later, during an exploration of the Gulf of Corcovado, ran aground twice but her crew was able to free the vessel at high tide both times. While there, the captain named several islands that had previously not been named. In early 1883, visited Valparaiso, Chile; from there, she sailed to Coquimbo and then Caldera, where she conducted extensive surveys of the coast, which had been dangerous for merchant vessels due to insufficient charts. In March 1884, she arrived in the Galápagos Islands, where she conducted further tests. then crossed the Pacific, conducting additional surveys along the way, including near the Hawaiian Islands.
While still overseas later in 1884, was sent to East Asian waters to reinforce the Italian presence there, which at that time consisted of the screw corvette , during a period of tension that resulted in the Sino-French War. arrived back in Italy on 29 April 1885, having collected some 1,600 specimens over the course of the voyage. Later that year, she was reduced to a training ship for naval cadets at the Italian naval academy in Livorno. She served in this capacity until the early 1890s, and on 12 February 1893, the Italian navy discarded the ship. Her ultimate fate is unknown.
Notes
References
Further reading
Research vessels
1869 ships
Corvettes of the Regia Marina
Ships built by the Venetian Arsenal |
Nick Wagner (born 4 November 1973) is a Republican party politician. He is an electrical engineer who served four years on the Marion, Iowa city council before his election to the Iowa House of Representatives in 2008, where he served two terms. He was a commissioner of the Iowa Utilities Board from 2013 to 2020. Since July 2020, he is Vice President of Colorado Regulatory Affairs & Policy with Black Hills Energy in Denver, Colorado.
Early life and education
Wagner holds bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Iowa.
He studied electrical engineering.
Career
Wagner worked as Director of Quality Management for the ESCO Group in Marion. He served four years on the Marion, Iowa city council before his election to the Iowa House of Representatives in 2008, where he served two terms.
In May 2013, he became a member of the Iowa Utilities Board; deliberating on the Bakken pipeline, he was asked in February 2016 to recuse himself for a conflict of interest, but refused to do so.
In June 2016 he voted alongside Libby Jacobs in favor and against Chairwoman Geri Huser to allow the controversial construction of the Bakken pipeline to continue.
In November 2018, he became President of the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC).
In July 2020, he became Vice President of Colorado Regulatory Affairs & Policy with Black Hills Energy in Denver, Colorado.
Personal life
Wagner lived in Marion, IA until he moved to Denver in 2020.
References
Sources
Iowa Republicans bio of Wagner
Iowa legislature bio of Wagner
1973 births
University of Iowa alumni
Republican Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Living people |
```c
/*
*
* in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
* path_to_url
*/
/* Adapted from the public domain code by D. Bernstein from SUPERCOP. */
#include <string.h>
#include "internal/endian.h"
#include "crypto/chacha.h"
#include "crypto/ctype.h"
typedef unsigned int u32;
typedef unsigned char u8;
typedef union {
u32 u[16];
u8 c[64];
} chacha_buf;
# define ROTATE(v, n) (((v) << (n)) | ((v) >> (32 - (n))))
# ifndef PEDANTIC
# if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__>=2 && \
!defined(OPENSSL_NO_ASM) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_INLINE_ASM)
# if defined(__riscv_zbb) || defined(__riscv_zbkb)
# if __riscv_xlen == 64
# undef ROTATE
# define ROTATE(x, n) ({ u32 ret; \
asm ("roriw %0, %1, %2" \
: "=r"(ret) \
: "r"(x), "i"(32 - (n))); ret;})
# endif
# if __riscv_xlen == 32
# undef ROTATE
# define ROTATE(x, n) ({ u32 ret; \
asm ("rori %0, %1, %2" \
: "=r"(ret) \
: "r"(x), "i"(32 - (n))); ret;})
# endif
# endif
# endif
# endif
# define U32TO8_LITTLE(p, v) do { \
(p)[0] = (u8)(v >> 0); \
(p)[1] = (u8)(v >> 8); \
(p)[2] = (u8)(v >> 16); \
(p)[3] = (u8)(v >> 24); \
} while(0)
/* QUARTERROUND updates a, b, c, d with a ChaCha "quarter" round. */
# define QUARTERROUND(a,b,c,d) ( \
x[a] += x[b], x[d] = ROTATE((x[d] ^ x[a]),16), \
x[c] += x[d], x[b] = ROTATE((x[b] ^ x[c]),12), \
x[a] += x[b], x[d] = ROTATE((x[d] ^ x[a]), 8), \
x[c] += x[d], x[b] = ROTATE((x[b] ^ x[c]), 7) )
/* chacha_core performs 20 rounds of ChaCha on the input words in
* |input| and writes the 64 output bytes to |output|. */
static void chacha20_core(chacha_buf *output, const u32 input[16])
{
u32 x[16];
int i;
DECLARE_IS_ENDIAN;
memcpy(x, input, sizeof(x));
for (i = 20; i > 0; i -= 2) {
QUARTERROUND(0, 4, 8, 12);
QUARTERROUND(1, 5, 9, 13);
QUARTERROUND(2, 6, 10, 14);
QUARTERROUND(3, 7, 11, 15);
QUARTERROUND(0, 5, 10, 15);
QUARTERROUND(1, 6, 11, 12);
QUARTERROUND(2, 7, 8, 13);
QUARTERROUND(3, 4, 9, 14);
}
if (IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN) {
for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
output->u[i] = x[i] + input[i];
} else {
for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
U32TO8_LITTLE(output->c + 4 * i, (x[i] + input[i]));
}
}
void ChaCha20_ctr32(unsigned char *out, const unsigned char *inp,
size_t len, const unsigned int key[8],
const unsigned int counter[4])
{
u32 input[16];
chacha_buf buf;
size_t todo, i;
/* sigma constant "expand 32-byte k" in little-endian encoding */
input[0] = ((u32)ossl_toascii('e')) | ((u32)ossl_toascii('x') << 8)
| ((u32)ossl_toascii('p') << 16)
| ((u32)ossl_toascii('a') << 24);
input[1] = ((u32)ossl_toascii('n')) | ((u32)ossl_toascii('d') << 8)
| ((u32)ossl_toascii(' ') << 16)
| ((u32)ossl_toascii('3') << 24);
input[2] = ((u32)ossl_toascii('2')) | ((u32)ossl_toascii('-') << 8)
| ((u32)ossl_toascii('b') << 16)
| ((u32)ossl_toascii('y') << 24);
input[3] = ((u32)ossl_toascii('t')) | ((u32)ossl_toascii('e') << 8)
| ((u32)ossl_toascii(' ') << 16)
| ((u32)ossl_toascii('k') << 24);
input[4] = key[0];
input[5] = key[1];
input[6] = key[2];
input[7] = key[3];
input[8] = key[4];
input[9] = key[5];
input[10] = key[6];
input[11] = key[7];
input[12] = counter[0];
input[13] = counter[1];
input[14] = counter[2];
input[15] = counter[3];
while (len > 0) {
todo = sizeof(buf);
if (len < todo)
todo = len;
chacha20_core(&buf, input);
for (i = 0; i < todo; i++)
out[i] = inp[i] ^ buf.c[i];
out += todo;
inp += todo;
len -= todo;
/*
* Advance 32-bit counter. Note that as subroutine is so to
* say nonce-agnostic, this limited counter width doesn't
* prevent caller from implementing wider counter. It would
* simply take two calls split on counter overflow...
*/
input[12]++;
}
}
``` |
The Angels–Athletics rivalry is a Major League Baseball (MLB) divisional rivalry played between the Los Angeles Angels and the Oakland Athletics. Both teams compete as member clubs of the American League (AL) West division, and both teams have grown a steady rivalry since the Athletics' relocation to California and to the AL West in 1968. Though not as intense as the Dodgers–Giants rivalry equivalent in the National League (NL) West; the A's and Angels have often battled for the division title on numerous occasions, with the added animosity between Northern and Southern California fueling the matchups. The Athletics lead the series 533–486, and the two teams have yet to meet in the postseason.
Background
The Angels joined the MLB in 1961 as part of the league's expansion plan that also granted a new incarnation of the Senators in Washington DC (Though they would relocate and become the Texas Rangers in 1972). The Athletics relocated to Oakland in 1968 after owner Charlie Finley endured much difficulty in securing a new ballpark in Kansas City, though Kansas City would later be granted an expansion franchise in 1969 known today as the Royals. The Athletics were one of the oldest franchises in league history, having joined the MLB in 1901 as the Philadelphia Athletics. Both teams struggled mightily through the 1960s as both encountered mediocre play, however; the Athletics began to quickly emerge as postseason titans, winning three straight World Series titles from 1972 to 1974. The Angels found a brief moment of postseason success as they reached the playoffs for the first time in 1979. The A's continued to stay competitive through the 1980s as they managed three appearances across the decade in the ALCS, even managing to win yet another World Series in 1989. The Angels would also manage two appearances in the ALCS in 1982 and 1986, but lost both times.
Both teams dealt with long term issues stemming from multiple mediocre seasons in which either team made the postseason, however; the rivalry began to have more implications within the division as the A's bolstered a younger lineup of future stars known famously as the "Moneyball" team. The Angels finished the 2002 season as runner-ups in the division, snagging a wild card berth; while the Athletics managed a record-setting 20 game win streak near the end of the season. Much to the shock of sportswriters and fans alike, the A's fell in the ALDS to the Minnesota Twins, while the Angels pushed onto win the World Series in an improbable playoff run. During the 2004 season, both teams came down to the wire tied for wins headed into the final week series of September with the last three games being played in Oakland. Both teams were battling to secure the division title, however; Oakland fell in 2 crushing losses to the Angels with only one victory in the series coming in the final game of the year. Oakland would find themselves eliminated from the playoff hunt, though the Angels would go on to suffer a crushing sweep at the hands of the eventual champion Boston Red Sox.
As of 2023, both teams have yet to meet in the postseason. The animosity waned yet again during the decade as both teams struggled mightily in either playoff contention or maintaining a winning record. Tension began to resurface between both teams in 2023, when Angels' third baseman Anthony Rendon received a four-game suspension following an altercation with an Athletics fan during the season opener series in Oakland. The fan reportedly taunted Rendon for his injuries and play. In retaliation; Rendon attempted to rip the fan's shirt and was subsequently removed from the stadium and given a 4 game suspension. He was also fined an undisclosed amount.
See also
Dodgers–Giants rivalry
49ers–Rams rivalry
Lakers–Warriors rivalry
Chargers–Raiders rivalry
Kings–Sharks rivalry
California Clásico
El Trafico
References
Inline citations
Major League Baseball rivalries
Los Angeles Angels
Oakland Athletics
Baseball in California |
Clelandella dautzenbergi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.
Description
The size of the shell varies between 9 mm and 15 mm, with a tiny protoconch of less than one whorl and a teleoconch up to 7-8 whorls. The sculpture on the spire whorls consists of beaded spiral cords as wide as interspaces; one cord running just above the suture and continued on the peripheral angle of the body whorl is a duplicate with adapical component strongly beaded and abapical one less so. The abapical surface is imperforate, slightly convex and bearing 6-10 spiral cords, as wide as interspaces and not beaded. The shell colour varies from whitish to yellowish, with nacre showing through in some cases, broad brown flames starting from the suture on the early spire whorls; later whorls usually contain cords and a peripheral rim white articulated by white and brown streaks. The abapical cords also articulated by smaller white and brown flecks.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Atlantic Ocean off West Africa, Norway and Iceland.
References
External links
dautzenbergi
Gastropods described in 2005 |
Romeo Nedelcu (born 14 November 1939) is a Romanian bobsledder. He competed in the two-man event at the 1968 Winter Olympics.
References
1939 births
Living people
Romanian male bobsledders
Olympic bobsledders for Romania
Bobsledders at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Bucharest |
```xml
import { jest } from '@jest/globals';
import { render, Screen, screen } from '@testing-library/react';
import fs from 'fs-extra';
import path from 'path';
import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';
import { DiffBlock } from '.';
const dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
const DIFF_PATH = '/static/diffs/expo-ios.diff';
const DIFF_CONTENT = fs.readFileSync(path.join(dirname, '../../../public', DIFF_PATH)).toString();
const validateDiffContent = (screen: Screen) => {
expect(screen.getByText('ios/myapp/AppDelegate.h')).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByText('ios/Podfile')).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByText('#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>')).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByText('#import <Expo/Expo.h>')).toBeInTheDocument();
};
describe(DiffBlock, () => {
it('renders diff from file correctly', async () => {
global.fetch = jest.fn(() =>
Promise.resolve({
text: async () => DIFF_CONTENT,
} as Response)
);
render(<DiffBlock source={DIFF_PATH} />);
await screen.findByText('ios/myapp/AppDelegate.h');
validateDiffContent(screen);
});
it('renders raw diff correctly on first render', () => {
render(<DiffBlock raw={DIFF_CONTENT} />);
validateDiffContent(screen);
});
it('renders diff correctly when no commit data', () => {
const noCommitDataDiff = DIFF_CONTENT.replaceAll(/\s+index.+/g, '');
expect(noCommitDataDiff.includes('index ')).toBe(false);
render(<DiffBlock raw={noCommitDataDiff} />);
validateDiffContent(screen);
});
it('Shows the operation in header when showOperation is true', () => {
render(<DiffBlock raw={DIFF_CONTENT} showOperation />);
expect(screen.getAllByText('MODIFIED')).toBeTruthy();
});
it('Collapses deleted files when collapseDeletedFiles is true', () => {
const diffWithDelete = `
diff --git a/templates/expo-template-bare-minimum/__tests__/App.js b/templates/expo-template-bare-minimum/__tests__/App.js
deleted file mode 100644
index fa45c70206..0000000000
--- a/templates/expo-template-bare-minimum/__tests__/App.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-import 'react-native';
-import React from 'react';
-import App from '../App';
-
-// Note: test renderer must be required after react-native.
-import renderer from 'react-test-renderer';
-
-it('renders correctly', () => {
- renderer.create(<App />);
-});`;
render(<DiffBlock raw={diffWithDelete} collapseDeletedFiles />);
expect(screen.queryByText(`import 'react-native';`)).not.toBeInTheDocument();
});
});
``` |
Magick is an album of contemporary classical music by American avant-garde composer John Zorn.
Reception
The Allmusic review awarded the album 3½ stars.
Track listing
All compositions by John Zorn.
"Necronomicon: Conjurations" - 2:45
"Necronomicon: The Magus" - 6:24
"Necronomicon: Thought Forms" - 3:07
"Necronomicon: Incunabula" - 7:13
"Necronomicon: Asmodeus" - 3:02
"Sortilège" - 8:53
Recorded at Hit Factory, New York City
Personnel
Tracks 1-5 performed by the Crowley Quartet:
Jennifer Choi: Violin
Fred Sherry: Cello
Jesse Mills: Violin
Richard O'Neill: Viola
Track 6 performed by:
Tim Smith: Bass Clarinet
Mike Lowenstern: Bass Clarinet
References
2004 albums
Albums produced by John Zorn
John Zorn albums
Tzadik Records albums |
Seán MacEllin (died 1 September 1969) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1928 to 1936, 1938 to 1943 and 1944 to 1948. He was first elected to the Free State Seanad in 1928 for 3 years. He was re-elected for a 9-year term at the 1931 Seanad election and served until the Free State Seanad was abolished in 1936. At the 1938 and 1943 elections, he was elected by the Industrial and Commercial Panel. He did not contest the 1948 Seanad election.
References
Year of birth missing
1969 deaths
Fianna Fáil senators
20th-century Irish farmers
Members of the 1928 Seanad
Members of the 1931 Seanad
Members of the 3rd Seanad
Members of the 5th Seanad
Politicians from County Mayo
Industrial and Commercial Panel senators |
Pirsaat is a village in the Hajigabul Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Nəvahı.
References
Populated places in Hajigabul District |
```java
package com.brianway.learning.java.base.generics;
public class InstantiateGenericType {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ClassAsFactory<Employee> fe =
new ClassAsFactory<Employee>(Employee.class);
System.out.println("ClassAsFactory<Employee> succeeded");
try {
ClassAsFactory<Integer> fi =
new ClassAsFactory<Integer>(Integer.class);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("ClassAsFactory<Integer> failed");
}
}
}
class ClassAsFactory<T> {
T x;
public ClassAsFactory(Class<T> kind) {
try {
x = kind.newInstance();
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
class Employee {
}
/* Output:
ClassAsFactory<Employee> succeeded
ClassAsFactory<Integer> failed
*///:~
``` |
Ali Laarayedh (, ; born 15 August 1955) is a Tunisian politician who was Prime Minister of Tunisia from 2013 to 2014. Previously he served in the government as the Minister of the Interior from 2011 to 2013. Following the resignation of Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali, Laarayedh was designated as Prime Minister in February 2013. He is a member of the Ennahda Movement.
Laarayedh resigned on 9 January 2014.
Early life
Laarayedh was born in Medenine in 1955.
Political activism
Laarayedh was the spokesperson for the Ennahda Movement from 1981 until his arrest in 1990. After he was harassed by the police under President Habib Bourguiba, he was sentenced to fifteen years in prison under President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, during which time he suffered torture. He was, among other techniques, threatened with HIV transfusion. His wife, Wided Lagha, was sexually abused and videotaped by officials from the Ministry of Interior. After being detained in September 2022, Laarayedh was arrested in December 2022 on accusations alongside others of facilitating the departure of Tunisians to fight with armed rebel groups in the Syrian conflict.
Career
On 20 December 2011, after President Ben Ali was deposed, he joined the Jebali Cabinet as Minister of the Interior. He vowed to support peace in Tunisia, rejecting religious extremism, tribalism or regionalism. On 22 February 2013, Laarayedh was appointed as Prime Minister after Hamadi Jebali resigned from office.
Personal life
Laarayedh is married and has three children. His wife is a medical technician.
References
External links
|-
|-
1955 births
Government ministers of Tunisia
Living people
People from Medenine Governorate
Prime Ministers of Tunisia
Ennahda politicians
Torture victims
Tunisian Muslims
Members of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People
20th-century Tunisian politicians
21st-century Tunisian politicians
Interior ministers of Tunisia |
```css
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
.history-unavailable div.recent-connections {
display: none;
}
div.recent-connections,
div.clipboardDiv,
div.settings,
div.all-connections {
margin: 1em;
padding: 0;
}
.all-connections .list-buttons {
text-align: center;
padding: 0;
}
div.recent-connections {
text-align: center;
}
div.recent-connections div.connection {
-moz-border-radius: 0.5em;
-webkit-border-radius: 0.5em;
-khtml-border-radius: 0.5em;
border-radius: 0.5em;
display: inline-block;
padding: 1em;
margin: 1em;
text-align: center;
max-width: 75%;
overflow: hidden;
position: relative;
}
a.home-connection, .empty.balancer a.home-connection-group {
display: block;
}
/* Show only expand/collapse icon for connection groups on home screen ... */
.all-connections .connection-group > .caption .icon {
display: none;
}
.all-connections .connection-group > .caption .icon.expand {
display: inline-block;
}
/* ... except for empty balancing groups, which should be rendered as if they
* are connections. */
.all-connections .connection-group.empty.balancer > .caption .icon {
display: inline-block;
}
.all-connections .connection-group.empty.balancer > .caption .icon.expand {
display: none;
}
.header-app-name {
font-size: 0.85em;
box-shadow: none;
}
.recent-connections .connection .remove-recent::after {
content: '';
display: block;
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
background-position: center center;
background-image: url('images/x.svg');
}
.recent-connections .connection .remove-recent {
background-color: red;
height: 1em;
width: 1em;
position: absolute;
top: 10px;
z-index: 10;
float: right;
right: 10px;
opacity: .2;
}
.recent-connections .connection .remove-recent:hover {
opacity: 1.0;
}
``` |
AmoebaDB is a functional genomics database for the genetics of amoebozoa.
See also
Amoebozoa
References
External links
AmoebaDB
Genome databases |
Alternognathus is an extinct conodont genus in the family Elictognathidae. An extensive study on its population dynamics and lifespan has recently been published.
References
Important candidate sections for stratotype of conodont based Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. Willi Ziegler and Charles A. Sandberg, Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 1984
Palmatolepis-based revision of upper part of standard Late Devonian conodont zonation. Willi Ziegler and Charles A. Sandberg, GSA Special Papers, 1984, volume 196, pages 179–194,
External links
Ozarkodinida genera
Devonian conodonts |
Valerian Ivanovich Albanov (; 26 May 1881 – 1919) was a Russian navigator, best known for being one of two survivors of the Brusilov expedition of 1912, which killed 22.
Early life
Albanov was born in 1881 in Voronezh and was raised by his uncle in the city of Ufa. At the age of seventeen he entered the Naval College at Saint Petersburg, from which he graduated in 1904.
Brusilov expedition
He served on board a number of ships before signing on as navigator aboard the , under Captain Georgy Brusilov, for an intended expedition to traverse the Northern Sea Route – a feat which only once before had been successfully completed, by explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld.
The expedition was ill-planned and ill-executed by Brusilov, and the Svyataya Anna became locked in the sea ice of the Kara Sea in October 1912. Supplies were abundant, so officers and crew prepared themselves for wintering, hoping to be freed in the following year's thaw. However, during 1913, the sea remained completely frozen. By early 1914, the ship had drifted with the ice northwest of Franz Josef Land, and did not seem likely to be freed that year either.
Journey across the ice
Albanov, believing that their position was hopeless, requested permission from Captain Brusilov to be relieved from his duties as second-in-command to leave the ship and attempt to return to civilization on foot. Albanov's aim was to reach Hvidtenland, the northeasternmost island group of Franz Josef Land. He used Fridtjof Nansen's inaccurate map, full of dotted lines where the archipelago was still unexplored.
Thirteen other crewmen accompanied Albanov when he travelled south-westwards by ski, sledge, and kayak. The progress was difficult because of the cracks in the ice, the numerous polynias and the abundance of ridges which made progress slow. After a long and gruesome ordeal, only Albanov and one crewman, Alexander Konrad, made it to Cape Flora on Northbrook Island, where they knew that Frederick George Jackson had left provisions and a hut in a previous expedition. Albanov and Konrad were rescued by timely arrival of the Svyatoy Foka, while they were preparing for the winter.
Later life
Albanov was later convinced to write up his memoirs of his adventure, and they were first published in Saint Petersburg in 1917. He returned to the sea, but died only a couple years later.
Accounts of his death vary, with some having him die of typhoid, and some reporting that he was killed in the explosion of a railway wagon carrying munitions in Achinsk, in the Governorate of Yeniseysk in Siberia.
Legacy
The data about the drift of the Svyataya Anna on the pack ice of the Kara Sea supplied by Albanov were carefully studied in 1924, by Soviet oceanographer Vladimir Wiese. He detected an odd deviation of the path of the ship's drift caused by certain variations of the patterns of sea and ice currents. Wiese deemed that the deviation was caused by the presence of an undiscovered island whose coordinates he was able to calculate with precision thanks to Albanov's data. This island was later discovered and named Wiese Island.
In 1975, Arctic expert William Barr wrote, "The name of Valerian Ivanovich Albanov must be ranked among those of the immortals of polar exploration."
A glacier in October Revolution Island, in the Severnaya Zemlya group has been named after Valerian Albanov. A Russian expedition in September 2010, following the route of the crew members left behind, found some remainders of them: a human skeleton, a watch, snowshoes, a knife, a spoon with a sailor's initials, and sunglasses made from empty rum bottles' glass in the shores of Franz Josef Land.
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
Valerian Albanov. In the Land of White Death
William Barr. ''The First Tourist Cruise in the Soviet Arctic
External links
1881 births
1919 deaths
Explorers of the Arctic
People from Voronezh
Navigators from the Russian Empire
Polar explorers from the Russian Empire |
```objective-c
#pragma once
#include "tensor_attribute.h"
#include <vespa/searchlib/attribute/attributesaver.h>
#include <vespa/searchlib/attribute/save_utils.h>
namespace search { class BufferWriter; }
namespace search::tensor {
class TensorStore;
class NearestNeighborIndexSaver;
/**
* Class for saving a tensor attribute.
* Will also save the nearest neighbor index if existing.
*/
class TensorAttributeSaver : public AttributeSaver {
using GenerationHandler = vespalib::GenerationHandler;
using IndexSaverUP = std::unique_ptr<NearestNeighborIndexSaver>;
attribute::EntryRefVector _refs;
const TensorStore& _tensor_store;
IndexSaverUP _index_saver;
bool onSave(IAttributeSaveTarget &saveTarget) override;
void save_dense_tensor_store(BufferWriter& writer, const DenseTensorStore& dense_tensor_store) const;
void save_tensor_store(BufferWriter& writer) const;
public:
TensorAttributeSaver(GenerationHandler::Guard &&guard,
const attribute::AttributeHeader &header,
attribute::EntryRefVector&& refs,
const TensorStore &tensor_store,
IndexSaverUP index_saver);
~TensorAttributeSaver() override;
static std::string index_file_suffix();
};
}
``` |
The Other World: Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon () was the first of three satirical novels written by Cyrano de Bergerac. It was published posthumously in 1657 and, along with its companion work The States and Empires of the Sun, is considered one of the earliest published science fiction stories. Arthur C. Clarke credited the book with the first description of rocket-powered spaceflight, and with the invention of the ramjet.
Plot summary
The book is narrated in the first person by a character also named Cyrano.
Cyrano attempts to reach the Moon to prove there is a civilization that sees the Earth as its own moon. He launches himself into the sky from Paris by strapping bottles of dew to his body, but lands back on Earth. Believing he had traveled straight up and down, he is confused by local soldiers who tell him he is not in France; they escort him to the provincial governor who informs him that it is in fact New France. The narrator explains to the governor that all matter is formed inside and expelled from stars, and that once the Sun has run out of fuel it will consume the planets and restart the cycle. He uses New France as evidence for this theory, claiming that it had only recently been discovered by European explorers because the Sun had only recently sent it to Earth.
The narrator tries again to reach the Moon, this time with a flying machine that he launches off the edge of a cliff. Though the craft crashes, local soldiers attach rockets to it, hoping that it will fly to celebrate the feast day of St. John the Baptist. Dismayed at this use of his machine, the narrator attempts to dismantle it while the fuse is lit, but the machine takes off and sends him into space. He meets the Moon's inhabitants, who have four legs, musical voices, and fantastical weapons that cook game for a meal as it's shot. He also meets the ghost of Socrates and Domingo Gonsales of Francis Godwin's The Man in the Moone. His discussions with Gonsales include how God is useless as a concept, that humans cannot achieve immortality, and that they do not have souls. After these discussions, the narrator returns to Earth.
Impact
Inspired by Lucian's proto-science fiction work True History or True Story, The Other World went on to influence many other works seen as early science fiction, including Jonathan Swift's novel Gulliver's Travels, which is also an example of fantastic voyages exploring both contemporary social commentary, and some ideas of the unknown and "modern" science.
The French comic book series De cape et de crocs, created by writer Alain Ayroles and artist Jean-Luc Masbou, draws inspiration from The Other World and makes frequent references to the work and its author.
See also
History of science fiction
References
External links
Additional copies: 1 2 3
1657 books
1650s science fiction novels
French science fiction novels
Space exploration novels
Novels set on the Moon
Novels by Cyrano de Bergerac
17th-century French novels |
Antoniew is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochaczew, within Sochaczew County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Sochaczew and west of Warsaw.
References
Antoniew |
```java
package org.web3j.abi.datatypes.generated;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import org.web3j.abi.datatypes.Int;
/**
* Auto generated code.
* <p><strong>Do not modifiy!</strong>
* <p>Please use org.web3j.codegen.AbiTypesGenerator in the
* <a href="path_to_url">codegen module</a> to update.
*/
public class Int176 extends Int {
public static final Int176 DEFAULT = new Int176(BigInteger.ZERO);
public Int176(BigInteger value) {
super(176, value);
}
public Int176(long value) {
this(BigInteger.valueOf(value));
}
}
``` |
James Evan Gattis (born August 18, 1986) is an American former professional baseball designated hitter and catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves and Houston Astros. Gattis has also earned the nickname of or The White Bear, due to his raw power capabilities when playing for the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. While with Atlanta, he played catcher and occasionally left field.
Gattis was a premier amateur baseball player in the Dallas–Fort Worth area through high school. However, anxiety and substance abuse led him to abandon his scholarship to Texas A&M University. After wandering around the Western United States for four years, he returned to baseball, and was drafted by the Braves in 2010.
After playing in minor league baseball for the Braves, Gattis made the team's Opening Day roster in 2013. Receiving playing time with Brian McCann on the disabled list, Gattis won the National League Rookie of the Month Award for both April and May 2013. He became the Braves' primary catcher in 2014, but was traded to the Astros before the 2015 season. He later won the 2017 World Series with the Astros over the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Early life
Gattis was born in Dallas, Texas on August 18, 1986. He was raised in Farmers Branch, Texas, and began playing baseball at the age of six. His parents divorced when he was eight years old, and at the age of 15, he moved to Forney, Texas. Busy playing baseball, Gattis never processed his parents' divorce.
Gattis played for the Dallas Tigers, one of the premier amateur teams in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Clayton Kershaw, Corey Kluber and Yovani Gallardo were some of his teammates. He played on traveling All-Star teams with Austin Jackson and in the Junior Olympic Games with Billy Butler, Homer Bailey, and Justin Upton. He attended high schools in the Dallas area, including R. L. Turner High School, Forney High School, and Bishop Lynch High School, in order to play for specific coaches.
Projected as a potential draft pick in the first eight rounds of the 2004 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft, Gattis instead intimated that he intended to attend college and play college baseball. While Rice University offered him a scholarship to play first base, he accepted an offer from Texas A&M University, who wanted him to play as their catcher. However, the divorce of his parents and anxiety derived from the fear of failing at college baseball led Gattis to abuse alcohol and marijuana. He went undrafted in the 2004 draft.
Instead of going to college, Gattis' mother took him to a drug rehabilitation facility, where he had a 30-day inpatient stay. He then went to Prescott, Arizona, where he had three months of outpatient therapy while living in a halfway house.
College career
Gattis enrolled at Seminole State College, a junior college in Seminole, Oklahoma, after receiving a recruitment phone call from the team's coach. Gattis redshirted as a freshman and played for half a season in 2006. He injured his knee at Seminole State, which led to him quitting baseball and dropping out of college.
Gattis' first job after quitting baseball was as a parking valet in Dallas. He then visited his sister in Boulder, Colorado, and decided to reside there. He sold his truck and worked in a pizza parlor and as a ski-lift operator at the Eldora Mountain Resort. Depressed, unable to sleep, and even contemplating to take his own life, Gattis was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric ward for three days in the summer of 2007, where he was diagnosed with clinical depression and an anxiety disorder. He was released into the care of his father.
After living in Colorado for seven months, Gattis then moved to Dallas with his brother, where they worked as janitors for Datamatics Global Services. He met a New Age spiritual advisor there, and on her advice, he followed her to Taos, New Mexico. There, he lived in a hostel and worked at a ski resort. Three months later, he moved to California to find more spiritual gurus. Gattis also moved to Wyoming, where he worked at Yellowstone National Park.
Gattis decided to return to baseball in 2010. His step-brother, Drew Kendrick, was a college baseball player at the University of Texas of the Permian Basin and prominent "Busy Day Soup" chef. Brian Reinke, the coach of the Texas–Permian Basin Falcons, remembered Gattis from his high school career, and offered him a spot on the team. That season, he had a .403 batting average and 11 home runs. He was named the Heartland Conference's player of the week for the week ending February 7, and to the Conference's post-season first team.
Professional career
Draft and minor leagues
The Atlanta Braves selected Gattis in the 23rd round of the 2010 MLB Draft. He batted .288 with four home runs in 35 games for the Danville Braves of the Rookie-level Appalachian League that year. He failed to make the opening day roster of any Braves minor league team in 2011, and remained in extended spring training. He was added to the roster of the Rome Braves of the Class A South Atlantic League (SAL) in May. Gattis won the SAL player of the week award twice during the season, and won the SAL batting title. After the season, the managers of the 14 teams in the SAL named Gattis to the post-season all-star team.
Gattis started the 2012 season with the Lynchburg Hillcats of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League. After starting the season with a .385 batting average, nine home runs, and 29 runs batted in (RBIs) in 21 games, he was promoted to the Mississippi Braves of the Class AA Southern League at the end of April. With Brian McCann starting for the Braves and top prospect Christian Bethancourt regarded as an excellent catcher, Gattis was shifted to left field. After the regular season, he played in the Venezuelan Winter League, where he batted .303 with 16 home runs and a .595 slugging percentage in 53 games, leading the league in home runs and slugging percentage. He earned the nickname , Spanish for "the White Bear".
The Braves invited Gattis to spring training in 2013 as a non-roster player. With a 19-for-53 (.358) performance in the Grapefruit League and McCann starting the season on the disabled list, the Braves added Gattis to their Opening Day roster to share catching duties with Gerald Laird.
Atlanta Braves (2013–2014)
On April 3, 2013, Gattis made his major league debut. He recorded his first hit as a major leaguer, a home run off of Roy Halladay, in his second at bat. He batted .333 in his first eight games, also homering off of Stephen Strasburg. Gattis was named the National League (NL) Rookie of the Month for April 2013, in which he batted .250 and led all major league rookies with six home runs, a .566 slugging percentage (SLG), 16 RBIs, and 43 total bases.
Following the return of McCann from the disabled list and an injury to outfielder Jason Heyward, Gattis began to play left field for the Braves. Gattis was again named NL Rookie of the Month for the month of May, after batting .303 with a .362 on-base percentage and a .683 SLG for the month, while leading all rookies with 16 RBIs and tying Jedd Gyorko for most home runs as a rookie with six. Gattis became the first rookie to win consecutive Rookie of the Month awards since Heyward in 2010. Gattis was on the disabled list from June 19 through July 14 with a strained oblique muscle.
With a 5-for-36 (.139) slump in August and McCann catching regularly, Gattis began to lose playing time. The Braves sent Gattis to the Gwinnett Braves of the Class AAA International League on August 31 so that he could play regularly. They recalled him on September 3, when the International League season ended. On September 8 against Cole Hamels, Gattis recorded the longest home run of 2013, calculated at , which was also the longest home run in the history of Citizens Bank Park. Later in that same game Gattis hit another 400+ foot home run off of Hamels after flying out to the warning track in a previous at bat. Hamels was quoted as saying "I felt like I was throwing a golf ball and he had a driver. He's probably going to be in the strongest man competition." He ended the season with a .243 batting average, 21 home runs and 65 RBIs. He played a total of 47 games in left field and 38 at catcher. Gattis finished tied for seventh in NL Rookie of the Year balloting.
During the offseason, Gattis had surgery to remove a bone chip in his knee, which had bothered him since 2006. With McCann leaving the Braves to sign as a free agent with the New York Yankees, Fredi González, the Braves' manager, declared that he planned for Gattis to start between 100 and 110 games at catcher, with Laird catching the remainder, during the 2014 season. On April 16, in a 1–0 win against the Philadelphia Phillies, Gattis went 4-for-4 with one home run, the first time a player has accomplished this in a 1–0 victory since Rogers Hornsby in 1929. On April 21, Gattis hit his first career walk-off home run, a 2-run shot off of Miami Marlins reliever Arquimedes Caminero in the 10th inning to give the Braves a 4–2 victory. In June, he had a 20-game hitting streak. He went on the disabled list on June 30 with a bulging disc in his upper back, and returned to the Braves' lineup on July 21. Gattis hit the game-winning home run, his 22nd of the season, against the Miami Marlins in the top of the 10th on September 6, 2014. This would give him a new career high and make him the first Braves catcher to hit 20 or more home runs in his rookie and sophomore seasons.
During the 2014–15 offseason, the Braves traded Heyward with the intention of shifting Gattis to left field, with Bethancourt at catcher.
Houston Astros (2015–2018)
The Braves traded Gattis and James Hoyt to the Houston Astros for Mike Foltynewicz, Andrew Thurman, and Rio Ruiz on January 14, 2015. Gattis said he was a fan of the Texas Rangers as a youth and not the Astros, but also said it is a "good environment" in Houston. During the 2015 season, Gattis hit 27 home runs in a career-high 604 plate appearances, spending most of the season as the Astros' primary designated hitter. He also recorded 11 triples, despite entering the 2015 season with one career triple and being the second-slowest player in baseball, behind David Ortiz of the Boston Red Sox.
Gattis lost approximately during the 2015–16 offseason by focusing on his nutrition and working with a personal trainer. He started only 11 games in left field in 2015, none at catcher, and 136 at designated hitter. The Astros planned to play Gattis in the field more for the 2016 season, including left field, first base, and his original position of catcher. Eligible for salary arbitration, the Astros and Gattis agreed on a one-year contract on February 16, 2016. The contract will pay Gattis $3.3 million for the 2016 season, with a $5.2 million club option for the 2017 season. Gattis underwent hernia surgery on February 9, 2016, causing him to miss spring training. He was activated in April 2016, having missed seven regular season games due to the operation. In his first 20 games of 2016, he batted .203 with a home run and seven RBIs. He was optioned to the Corpus Christi Hooks of the Class AA Texas League on May 7, 2016, in order to transition back into a catcher. He was recalled on May 18, and started at catcher the next day.
The Astros exercised their $5.2 million club option on Gattis' contract for the 2017 season. In 2017, Gattis played 84 games with a .263 batting average, 12 home runs, and 55 RBIs. The Astros finished the 2017 regular season with a 101-61, first in AL West, and won the 2017 World Series over the Los Angeles Dodgers. Gattis' major contribution to the Astros' championship run was his solo homer in the fourth inning of Game 7 of the ALCS off of CC Sabathia to help the Astros advance to the World Series. The Astros won the World Series in a deciding 7 games against the Los Angeles Dodgers, giving Gattis his first championship title.
Gattis became a free agent after the 2018 season. He announced on October 22, 2019, that he was no longer pursuing baseball opportunities. In a March 27, 2020, podcast with former teammate Eric O'Flaherty, Gattis announced he was done playing professionally. In a second appearance on the same podcast, Gattis stated that the sign stealing scandal that took place while he played for Houston "obviously cheated baseball and cheated fans." He has also stated that while he was an advocate of the system, he also believed they did not do anything wrong because they believed other teams were doing so.
Personal life
Gattis married longtime girlfriend Kimberly Waters on January 14, 2017, in Frisco, Texas.
See also
List of people from Dallas
Notes
References
External links
Evan Gattis at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
1986 births
Living people
Águilas del Zulia players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Texas
Corpus Christi Hooks players
Danville Braves players
Gulf Coast Braves players
Gwinnett Braves players
Houston Astros players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball designated hitters
Major League Baseball left fielders
Mississippi Braves players
People from Farmers Branch, Texas
People from Forney, Texas
Rome Braves players
Seminole State Trojans baseball players
Texas–Permian Basin Falcons baseball players |
Sylvia Rosila Tamale is a Ugandan academic, and human rights activist in Uganda. She was the first woman dean in the law faculty at Makerere University, Uganda.
Education
Tamale received her Bachelor of Laws with honors from Makerere University, her Master of Laws from Harvard Law School, and her Doctor of Philosophy in sociology and feminist studies from the University of Minnesota in 1997. Tamale received her Diploma in Legal Practice from the Law Development Center, Kampala, in 1990, graduating at the top of her class. She is set to retire this year (2022).
Academic career
Tamale has been a visiting professor at the African Gender Institute of the University of Cape Town and a visiting scholar at the University of Wisconsin. In 2003 she was condemned by Ugandan conservatives for proposing that gay men and lesbians be included in the definition of "minority". Tamale was the dean of the Faculty of Law and Jurisprudence at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, from 2004 to 2008.
Awards and honours
From 1993 until 1997, she received a Fulbright-MacArthur Scholarship to pursue her studies at Harvard. In 2003, she won the University of Minnesota Award for International Distinguished Leadership for her work at the university. In 2004, she was awarded the Akina Mama wa Afrika Award by Akina Mama wa Afrika, an international, Pan-African, non-governmental development organisation for African women based in the United Kingdom with its African headquarters in Kampala, Uganda. In 2004, she was recognized by several women's organisations in Uganda, for her for human rights activism.
On 28 October 2016, she became the first female lecturer to give a professorial inaugural lecture at Makerere University. Her lecture was entitled Nudity, Protests and the Law, inspired, in part, by the earlier-in-the-year nude protest of Stella Nyanzi at the university. In her speech, Tamale called for a revision of the Ugandan laws that discriminate against women.
Sexual harassment activism
In March 2018, Makerere University selected Dr Tamale to chair a select five member committee to investigate the causes and increasing cases of "sexual harassment" at the public institution of higher learning. The report of the committee is expected in May 2018. As Dean of Faculty at Makerere University, she started the Sexual Harassment Policy, which prohibits sexual harassment on and off campus among anyone associated with the university.
On May 18, 2018, Tamale presented the first report on sexual harassment that the select committee had investigated. She reported it to students, staff, public, and private partners of Makerere University. The report was conducted by a qualitative research method, consisting of 234 interviews, with 59% of the interviewees being women. She noted the importance of the media within her speech as it was instrumental on "creating a spotlight on the evils of sexual harassment hence increasing the awareness on the issue." Makerere University now reaffirms its zero tolerance policy for sexual harassment and is committed to creating an environment that respects all its member rights.
She has spoken out in support of the traditional practice of labia stretching, arguing that any comparison to female genital mutilation is invalid.
Global feminism
Tamale's research includes work on gender and sexuality, women in politics, and feminist jurisprudence, third world women and the law, all while combining academia and activism. To her, feminism is "a belief/ideology in gender equity and doing something about it and overall about people's dignity and humanity." She encourages other feminists to actively participate in all levels of public offices and use education as a weapon to destroy various patriarchal structures of power within law, culture, language and media. She believes in the inclusivity of feminism by stating, "patriarchy hurts men too," and "we must recognize that not all women are the same. Not all women experience oppression the same way."
She also includes religion within her inclusivity sentiments by stating, "you can be religious and feminist. There is a whole body of literature on interpreting the Bible to bring about gender equity."
In 2003, Tamale was named the "Worst Woman of the Year" by a conservative bloc in Uganda. She was vilified for weeks within one of Kampala's daily newspapers, New Vision, as responsible for everything from the moral degeneration of the nation to the reason Ugandan teenagers were going to go to hell. She was attacked for suggesting that the term "minorities" should cover lesbian and gay citizens of Uganda in the Equal Opportunities Commission.
She is a Working Group Member in the African Feminist Forum. The AFF brings African feminist activists to discuss strategy, refine approaches, and develop stronger networks to advance women's rights in Africa. She is an Advisory Board Member for the Open Society Foundations, an organization active in more than 120 countries that provides grants to individuals and groups toward building inclusive and vibrant democracies.
Above the Parapet
Tamale was interviewed by Dr. Purna Sen, Director of Policy at UN Women, for part of a research project called Above the Parapet. For this project, high-profile women who have had an impact on public life were interviewed in order to capture their views and experiences. The Sylvia Tamale interview was uploaded to YouTube on August 13, 2015, by London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). Tamale talks about using Makerere University as a platform to get her message out there and her views on politics and the law, among many other topics. Speaking about her work, Tamale says, "I'm really not doing it for my colleagues. I'm doing it for the betterment of our society." Tamale also speaks about being attacked for being vocal about taboo subjects such as abortion. She also speaks about being named the Worst Woman of the Year. "The reason why I was the worst woman that year was...because of my speaking out...always talking about issues that was seen as against African tradition...against religion...I even made a button that says 'Worst Woman 2003' and I wear it with a lot of pride," Tamale said. Tamale also offered advice to any women aspiring to be in a position of power. "The world will try as much as possible to define who you are. Don't let the world define who you are. Define who you are yourself. Never ever shrink to fit the expectations of others. That pressure will always be there," Tamale said, "You cannot get any rewards without working for it. Nothing good comes easy."
Personal life
She is married to Joe Oloka-Onyango a professor of law at Makerere University.
Publications
Decolonization and Afro-Feminism (2020)
When Hens Begin To Crow: Gender and Parliamentary Politics in Uganda (1999)
"African Feminism: How Should We Change?" (2006)
"The Right to Culture and the culture of rights: A critical perspective on women's sexual rights in Africa" in Feminist Legal Studies: Vol 16 (2006)
Eroticism, Sensuality, and 'Women's Secrets' Among the Baganda'" in the IDS Bulletin: Vol 37 (2009)
African Sexualities: A Reader (2011)
"Confronting the Politics of Nonconforming Sexualities in Africa" in the African Studies Review: Vol 56 (2013)
"Exploring the Contour of African Sexualities: Religion, Law and Power" in the African Human Rights Law Journal: Vol 14. (2014)
Researching and theorising sexualities in Africa
Out of the closet: Unveiling sexuality discourses in Uganda
Gender trauma in Africa: enhancing women's links to resources
'Point of order, Mr Speaker': African women claiming their space in parliament
A human rights impact assessment of the Ugandan Anti-homosexuality Bill 2009.
Homosexuality: perspectives from Uganda
Nudity, protest and the law in Uganda
Paradoxes of sex work and sexuality in modern-day Uganda
Bitches at the academy: Gender and academic freedom at the African university
Introducing quotas: discourse and legal reform in Uganda
Profile:'keep your eyes off my thighs': a feminist analysis of Uganda's 'miniskirt law'
The Personal is Political," or Why Women's Rights are Indeed Human Rights: An African Perspective on International Feminism
How Old is Old Enough? Defilement Law and the Age of Consent in Uganda
The outsider looks in: Constructing knowledge about American collegiate racism
Think globally, act locally: using international treaties for women's empowerment in East Africa
A human rights impact assessment of the anti-homosexuality bill
Taking the beast by its horns: Formal resistance to women's oppression in Africa
Legal Voice: Challenges and Prospects in the Documentation of African legal feminism
Law reform and women's rights in Uganda
Controlling Women's Fertility in Uganda
Research on gender and sexualities in Africa
Gender, economies and entitlements in Africa
The limitation of affirmative action in Uganda
Methodologies in Caribbean Research on Gender and Sexuality, by Kamala Kempadoo and Halimah AF DeShong (eds)
Crossing the bright red line: The abuse of culture and religion to violate women's sexual and reproductive health rights in Uganda
See also
Sarah Ssali
Barbara Ntambirweki
Zahara Nampewo
Samallie Kiyingi
References
External links
Brief Biography
Civil rights activists
Ugandan women academics
20th-century Ugandan lawyers
Ugandan academic administrators
Ugandan feminists
Ugandan women lawyers
Makerere University alumni
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
Academic staff of Makerere University
Women academic administrators
Law Development Centre alumni
1967 births
21st-century Ugandan lawyers
20th-century women lawyers
21st-century women lawyers |
```php
<?php
/**
* FecShop file.
*
* @link path_to_url
* @license path_to_url
*/
namespace fecshop\app\appadmin\modules\Config\block\appfrontcatalog;
use fec\helpers\CUrl;
use fec\helpers\CRequest;
use fecshop\app\appadmin\interfaces\base\AppadminbaseBlockEditInterface;
use fecshop\app\appadmin\modules\AppadminbaseBlockEdit;
use Yii;
/**
* block cms\staticblock.
* @author Terry Zhao <2358269014@qq.com>
* @since 1.0
*/
class Manager extends AppadminbaseBlockEdit implements AppadminbaseBlockEditInterface
{
public $_saveUrl;
//
public $_key = 'appfront_catalog';
public $_type;
protected $_attrArr = [
'category_breadcrumbs',
'product_breadcrumbs',
'category_filter_attr',
'category_filter_category',
'category_filter_price',
'category_query_numPerPage',
'category_query_priceRange',
'category_productSpuShowOnlyOneSku',
'product_small_img_width',
'product_small_img_height',
'product_middle_img_width',
'productImgMagnifier',
'review_add_captcha',
'review_productPageReviewCount',
'review_reviewPageReviewCount',
'review_addReviewOnlyLogin',
//'review_ifShowCurrentUserNoAuditReview',
'review_filterByLang',
'review_OnlyOrderedProduct',
'review_MonthLimit',
'favorite_addSuccessRedirectFavoriteList',
];
public function init()
{
//
$this->_saveUrl = CUrl::getUrl('config/appfrontcatalog/managersave');
$this->_editFormData = 'editFormData';
$this->setService();
$this->_param = CRequest::param();
$this->_one = $this->_service->getByKey([
'key' => $this->_key,
]);
if ($this->_one['value']) {
$this->_one['value'] = unserialize($this->_one['value']);
}
}
// form
public function getLastData()
{
$id = '';
if (isset($this->_one['id'])) {
$id = $this->_one['id'];
}
return [
'id' => $id,
'editBar' => $this->getEditBar(),
'textareas' => $this->_textareas,
'lang_attr' => $this->_lang_attr,
'saveUrl' => $this->_saveUrl,
];
}
public function setService()
{
$this->_service = Yii::$service->storeBaseConfig;
}
public function getEditArr()
{
$deleteStatus = Yii::$service->customer->getStatusDeleted();
$activeStatus = Yii::$service->customer->getStatusActive();
return [
//
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Category Show Breadcrumbs'),
'name' => 'category_breadcrumbs',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => ''
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Category Filter Attr'),
'name' => 'category_filter_attr',
'display' => [
'type' => 'inputString',
],
'remark' => '1.ServiceMongodb(services) 2.selecteditSelect',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Category Filter Category'),
'name' => 'category_filter_category',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => ''
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Category Filter Price'),
'name' => 'category_filter_price',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => ''
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Category NumPerPage'),
'name' => 'category_query_numPerPage',
'display' => [
'type' => 'inputString',
],
'remark' => '',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Category Filter PriceRange'),
'name' => 'category_query_priceRange',
'display' => [
'type' => 'inputString',
],
'remark' => '',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Category SpuShowOnlyOneSku'),
'name' => 'category_productSpuShowOnlyOneSku',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => 'spusku,YesskuscoreSku,No'
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Product Breadcrumbs'),
'name' => 'product_breadcrumbs',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => ''
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Product Small Img Width'),
'name' => 'product_small_img_width',
'display' => [
'type' => 'inputString',
],
'remark' => 'px',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Product Small Img Height'),
'name' => 'product_small_img_height',
'display' => [
'type' => 'inputString',
],
'remark' => 'px',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Product Middle Img Width'),
'name' => 'product_middle_img_width',
'display' => [
'type' => 'inputString',
],
'remark' => 'px',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('productImgMagnifier'),
'name' => 'productImgMagnifier',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' =>'',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Review Show Captcha'),
'name' => 'review_add_captcha',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => 'Review',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Review Rroduct Page ReviewCount'),
'name' => 'review_productPageReviewCount',
'display' => [
'type' => 'inputString',
],
'remark' => 'review',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Review Page ReviewCount'),
'name' => 'review_reviewPageReviewCount',
'display' => [
'type' => 'inputString',
],
'remark' => 'reviewreview',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Review AddReviewOnlyLogin'),
'name' => 'review_addReviewOnlyLogin',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => ''
],
/*
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Review ShowCurrentUserNoAudit'),
'name' => 'review_ifShowCurrentUserNoAuditReview',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => 'ip'
],
*/
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Review FilterByLang'),
'name' => 'review_filterByLang',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => 'No'
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Review MonthLimit'),
'name' => 'review_MonthLimit',
'display' => [
'type' => 'inputString',
],
'remark' => ', reviewOnlyOrderedProduct true',
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Review OnlyOrderedProduct'),
'name' => 'review_OnlyOrderedProduct',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => ' YesNo'
],
[
'label' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Favorite SuccessRedirectFavoriteList'),
'name' => 'favorite_addSuccessRedirectFavoriteList',
'display' => [
'type' => 'select',
'data' => [
Yii::$app->store->enable => 'Yes',
Yii::$app->store->disable => 'No',
],
],
'remark' => ''
],
];
}
public function getArrParam(){
$request_param = CRequest::param();
$this->_param = $request_param[$this->_editFormData];
$param = [];
$attrVals = [];
foreach($this->_param as $attr => $val) {
if (in_array($attr, $this->_attrArr)) {
$attrVals[$attr] = $val;
} else {
$param[$attr] = $val;
}
}
$param['value'] = $attrVals;
$param['key'] = $this->_key;
return $param;
}
/**
* save article data, get rewrite url and save to article url key.
*/
public function save()
{
/*
* if attribute is date or date time , db storage format is int ,by frontend pass param is int ,
* you must convert string datetime to time , use strtotime function.
*/
// bdmin_user_id user_id
$this->_service->saveConfig($this->getArrParam());
$errors = Yii::$service->helper->errors->get();
if (!$errors) {
echo json_encode([
'statusCode' => '200',
'message' => Yii::$service->page->translate->__('Save Success'),
]);
exit;
} else {
echo json_encode([
'statusCode' => '300',
'message' => $errors,
]);
exit;
}
}
public function getVal($name, $column){
if (is_object($this->_one) && property_exists($this->_one, $name) && $this->_one[$name]) {
return $this->_one[$name];
}
$content = $this->_one['value'];
if (is_array($content) && !empty($content) && isset($content[$name])) {
return $content[$name];
}
return '';
}
}
``` |
```java
/**
* Classes to store actions that correspond to QuPath's main menus.
* <p>
* Representing the menus in this way is intended to make it easier to find core functionality.
*/
package qupath.lib.gui.actions.menus;
``` |
Luis María Delgado (1926–2007) was a Spanish film director and screenwriter. He was the son of the director Fernando Delgado.
Selected filmography
Love and Desire (1952)
That Man from Tangier (1953)
Manicomio (1954)
La estrella del rey (1957)
The Italians They Are Crazy (1958)
Diferente (1961)
Secuestro en la ciudad (1965)
Mi marido y sus complejos (1969)
Hamelín (1969)
Mónica Stop (1969)
Aventura en las islas Cíes (1972)
Memorias de un visitador médico (1980)
References
Bibliography
Labanyi, Jo & Pavlović, Tatjana. A Companion to Spanish Cinema. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
Mira, Alberto. The Cinema of Spain and Portugal. Wallflower Press, 2005.
External links
1926 births
2007 deaths
Spanish film directors
Spanish male screenwriters
Mass media people from Madrid
20th-century Spanish screenwriters
20th-century Spanish male writers |
The Izon languages (), otherwise known as the Ịjọ languages, are the languages spoken by the Izon people in southern Nigeria.
Classification
The Ijo languages were traditionally considered a distinct branch of the Niger–Congo family (perhaps along with Defaka in a group called Ijoid). They are notable for their subject–object–verb basic word order, which is otherwise an unusual feature in Niger–Congo, shared only by such distant potential branches as Mande and Dogon. Like Mande and Dogon, Ijoid lacks even traces of the noun class system considered characteristic of Niger–Congo. This motivated Joseph Greenberg, in his initial classification of Niger–Congo, to describe them as having split early from that family. However, owing to the lack of these features, linguist Gerrit Dimmendaal doubts their inclusion in Niger–Congo altogether and considers the Ijoid languages to be an independent family.
The following internal classification is based on Jenewari (1989) and Williamson & Blench (2000).
East
Nkoroo
Kalabari (Bonny/Ibani, Okrika/Kirike)
Bille (Touma, Krikama, Jikeama)
Southeast Ijo
Nembe
Akassa
West (or Central)
Izon
Inland Ijo
Biseni
Akita (Okordia)
Oruma
Blench (2019) moves Southeast Ijo into the West (or Central) branch.
East
Nkoroo
Kalabari (Bonny/Ibani, Okrika/Kirike)
Bille
West (or Central)
Southeast Ijo
Nembe
Akassa
Izon–Inland Ijo
Izon
Inland Ijo
Biseni
Akita (Okordia)
Oruma
Names and locations
Below is a list of Ijaw language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).
In the diaspora
Berbice Creole Dutch, an extinct creole spoken in Guyana, had a lexicon based partly on an Ịjọ language, perhaps the ancestor of Kalabari.
Education and media
In June 2013, the Izon Fie instructional book and audio CDs were launched at a ceremony attended by officials of the government of Bayelsa State. The Niger Delta University is working to expand the range of books available in the Ijo language. Translations of poetry and the Call of the River Nun by Gabriel Okara are underway.
See also
List of Proto-Ijaw reconstructions (Wiktionary)
References
Bibliography
Freemann, R. A., and Kay Williamson. 1967. Ịjọ proverbs. Research Notes (Ibadan) 1:1-11.
Kouwenberg, Silvia 1994. A grammar of Berbice Dutch Creole. (Mouton Grammar Library 12). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lee, J. D., and Kay Williamson. 1990. A lexicostatistic classification of Ịjọ dialects. Research in African Languages and Linguistics 1:1.1-10.
Williamson, Kay. 1963. The syntax of verbs of motion in Ịjọ. J. African Languages 2.150-154.
Williamson, Kay. 1966. Ịjọ dialects in the Polyglotta Africana. Sierra Leone Language Review 5. 122-133.
Williamson, Kay. 1969. 'Igbo' and 'Ịjọ', chapters 7 and 8 in: Twelve Nigerian Languages, ed. by E. Dunstan. Longmans.
Williamson, Kay. 1971. Animal names in Ịjọ. Afr. Notes 6, no. 2, 53-61.
Williamson, Kay. 1973. Some reduced vowel harmony systems. Research Notes 6:1-3. 145-169.
Williamson, Kay. 1977. Multivalued features for consonants. Language 53.843-871.
Williamson, Kay. 1978. From tone to pitch-accent: the case of Ịjọ. Kiabàrà 1:2.116-125.
Williamson, Kay. 1979. Consonant distribution in Ịjọ. In: Linguistic and literary studies presented to Archibald Hill, ed. E.C. Polome and W. Winter, 3.341-353. Lisse, Netherlands: Peter de Ridder Press.
Williamson, Kay. 1979. Medial consonants in Proto-Ịjọ. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 1.73-94.
Williamson, Kay. 1987. Nasality in Ịjọ. In: Current trends in African linguistics, 4, ed. by David Odden, 397-415.
Williamson, Kay. 1989. Tone and accent in Ịjọ. In Pitch accent systems, ed. by Harry v.d. Hulst and Norval Smith, 253-278. Foris Publications.
Williamson, Kay. 2004. The language situation in the Niger Delta. Chapter 2 in: The development of Ịzọn language, edited by Martha L. Akpana, 9-13.
Williamson, Kay, and A. O. Timitimi. 1970. A note on number symbolism in Ịjọ. African Notes (Ibadan) 5:3. 9-16.
Williamson, Kay & Timitime, A.O. (197?) 'A note on Ijo number symbolism', African Notes, 5, 3, 9-16.
Filatei, Akpodigha. 2006. The Ijaw Language Project. (Editor of www.ijawdictionary.com). www.ijawdictionary.com
On specific languages
Williamson, Kay. 1962. (Republished by Bobbs-Merrill Reprints 1971.). Changes in the marriage system of the Okrika Ịjọ. Africa 32.53-60.
Orupabo, G. J., and Kay Williamson. 1980. Okrika. In West African language data sheets, Volume II, edited by M.E. Kropp Dakubu. Leiden: West African Linguistic Society and African Studies Centre.
External links
The Ijaw Dictionary Online
Languages of Nigeria
Indigenous languages of Rivers State
Subject–object–verb languages |
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