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Ljuba Welitsch (Veličkova; 10 July 1913 – 1 September 1996) was an operatic soprano. She was born in Borisovo, Bulgaria, studied in Sofia and Vienna, and sang in opera houses in Austria and Germany in the late 1930s and early and mid-1940s. In 1946 she became an Austrian citizen.
Welitsch became best known in the title role of Richard Strauss's Salome, in which she was coached by the composer. Her international career was short, its start delayed by the Second World War and its end hastened by vocal problems. It took off in 1947 in London and continued in New York from 1949, but her starring days were over by the mid-1950s. Her international career was just before the days when complete studio recordings of operas were common, and although some live recordings survive from broadcasts, her recorded legacy is not extensive.
From the mid-1950s, Welitsch sang character roles in operas and acted in stage plays. She died in Vienna at the age of 83.
Life and career
Early years
Welitsch was born in Borissovo, Bulgaria, and grew up on her family's farm with her two sisters. Her interest in music began as a young girl; when she was eight one of her sisters gave her a violin, and for a while she considered becoming a professional player. After leaving high school in Shumen she read philosophy at Sofia University, gaining a PhD. In Sofia she sang in choirs, and studied music with Georgi Zlatev-Cherkin. With funding from the Bulgarian government she moved to Vienna to study with Theo Lierhammer, professor of singing at the State Academy.
Welitsch made her operatic debut in Sofia in 1936, in a small part in Louise. Her first major role was Nedda in Pagliacci at the Graz Opera in the same year. She learned her craft with the Graz company over the next three years, singing an unusually wide range of soprano roles, in operas by composers from Mozart to Wagner, Humperdinck, Puccini and Richard Strauss.
Between then and the end of the Second World War she was a member of opera companies in Hamburg (1941–1943), Munich and Berlin (1943–1946). While in Berlin she played the role of the young Composer in Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos. Strauss saw her and was impressed; he arranged for her to sing the title role in a new production of his Salome at the Vienna Volksoper in 1944 to mark his eightieth birthday. He helped her prepare the part, and it became the one with which she was most closely associated. They worked on the piece for six weeks before the performance; Strauss attended rehearsals every day.
Welitsch took Austrian citizenship in 1946. She became a key member of the group of singers the opera manager Franz Salmhofer gathered around him as he strove to rebuild the Vienna State Opera company at the end of the war. In Vienna she further extended her repertoire, adding roles in French, German, Italian and Russian operas. As well as Salome, other roles with which she was particularly associated in Vienna were Cio-Cio-San in Madama Butterfly and Donna Anna in Don Giovanni.
International career
In 1947 Salmhofer took the company to London at the invitation of Covent Garden Opera. Welitsch was not completely unknown to British audiences, having been heard, and well-received, in performances of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Verdi's Requiem under John Barbirolli, but her reception in the opera house made headlines. At Covent Garden as Donna Anna and Salome she made a sensation, eclipsing her fellow company member Maria Cebotari, with whom she was sharing both roles. According to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians she "dazzl[ed] London audiences with the passion, vocal purity and compelling force" of her performances. While in London, Welitsch took part in two broadcast performances of Strauss's Elektra, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham in the presence of the composer.
David Webster, the director of the Royal Opera House, recognising Welitsch's talent, secured her services for the resident company, with whom she appeared between 1948 and 1953 in Aida, La bohème, Salome, Tosca and The Queen of Spades. In London, as in Vienna, operas were then customarily performed in the local language, and Welitsch, like other German singers performing at Covent Garden, had to learn her roles in English. As Musetta in La bohème, according to The Times, "she more often than not sang whoever was playing Mimì off the stage", although those Mimìs included Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and Victoria de los Angeles. When Welitsch sang Donna Anna for the Glyndebourne Festival Opera at the Edinburgh Festival in 1948, the critic Frank Howes wrote that she was a tiger who could have eaten both Don Giovanni and Don Ottavio "and still have called for more". In the same year she sang in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler at the Royal Albert Hall. In 1949 for Glyndebourne at Edinburgh she sang Amelia in Un ballo in maschera.
Also in 1949 Welitsch made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, in Salome; it was given in a double bill with Puccini's Gianni Schicchi, in which she did not appear. Comparing her with her predecessors as Salome, the critic Irving Kolodin wrote, "those who were better looking could not match Miss Welitsch's vocal performance, for euphony, clarity and meaning, and those who were comparable singers had no such physical identity with the role. Q.E.D. Miss Welitsch is the Metropolitan's Salome of record." Variety reported the praise of Welitsch's singing and acting, but concentrated more on her performance of Salome's dance of the seven veils: "Miss Welitsch really went to town, putting on a shimmy dance that makes 52nd Street swing coryphées look pale in comparison, and that had the Met audience gasping." The historian Kenneth Morgan writes:
At the Metropolitan Opera, Welitsch sang the roles with which she was associated in London, and added Rosalinde in Die Fledermaus. She returned to the house later in her career when she had switched to character roles, playing the non-singing character the Duchess of Crakentorp in La fille du régiment in 1972.
Welitsch's international career was mainly centred on Vienna, London and New York, although she remained loyal to Graz and made guest appearances there. She was twice invited to perform at La Scala, Milan, but her commitments were already too many to allow her to accept.
Later years
By 1953 Welitsch had developed nodules on her vocal cords, necessitating surgery. That, compounded by her unusually high number of performances, led to a swift deterioration in her singing, and she was obliged to give up the star roles for which she was most celebrated. She had expected a longer career, and had been contemplating taking on the role of Isolde in a few years' time, although she was not enamoured of Wagner in general. The critic Tim Ashley writes that Welitsch's farewell to Salome came on film in Carol Reed's 1955 thriller The Man Between, in a scene set in the Berlin State Opera during a performance of the opera. "You only see her in long shot, though it's enough to get an idea of what she was like on stage."
Welitsch was still able to sing roles such as Magda in Puccini's La rondine in Vienna in 1955, and to record the character part of Marianne, the duenna, in Herbert von Karajan's 1956 set of Der Rosenkavalier. She successfully turned to the non-operatic stage, in parts such as June in a German translation of The Killing of Sister George in Berlin in 1970.
Long after her retirement Welitsch continued to be regarded by professionals with admiration and affection. The Decca producer John Culshaw wrote in 1967 that she was a welcome guest at recording sessions, and "one of our regular jobs is to bring kippers to Vienna for Welitsch". Her hospitality was famous, and she remained the focus of public attention even in retirement, as a member of first-night audiences.
Welitsch was twice married and twice divorced; she had no children. She died in Vienna after a series of strokes, aged 83.
Critical assessment
In 1953, writing while Welitsch's career was at its height, Lord Harewood, editor of Opera, said of her:
Harewood's colleague Harold Rosenthal had earlier expressed strong doubt that recordings could do justice to Welitsch's powers. Rosenthal's comments were written in 1949, when Welitsch had made only a handful of recordings, but writing long after her retirement, J. B. Steane also felt that the various recordings available by then did not flatter her:
Steane later added that a recently unearthed live recording from a broadcast of 1944 "shows the young voice at its finest, and conveys perhaps the most vivid impression of the temperament".
Irving Kolodin's unflattering judgment of Welitsch's beauty was not shared by other critics. Philip Hope-Wallace, in an article titled "The most beautiful woman I know", called her "incontrovertibly beautiful, if in a very individual way", and Ashley called her "20th-century opera's ultimate sex goddess ... but she was also one of the greatest singers who ever lived." After her dance of the seven veils in Salome the pin-up artist George Petty put her at the top of his list of "the world's best undressed women".
The soprano Leontyne Price said that it was seeing Welitsch in Salome that made an operatic career her own goal in life. In Oxford University Press's Dictionary of Opera Characters (2008), Joyce Bourne writes, "Among famous Salomes, e.g. Emmy Destinn, Maria Jeritza, Maria Cebotari, Christel Goltz, Birgit Nilsson, Josephine Barstow, Hildegard Behrens and Catherine Malfitano, probably the most famous was the Bulgarian soprano Ljuba Welitsch."
Recordings
Complete operas
Welitsch's international career ended at about the time long-playing records were becoming the predominant medium for recordings. They opened the way for complete recordings of a large number of operas, but Welitsch retired too early to be part of this new development. Her only studio recording of a complete opera was Die Fledermaus (in English, without dialogue) recorded for the American Columbia label in December 1950 and January 1951 with the same cast and conductor as the contemporary Metropolitan Opera production.
There were plans to make a complete studio recording of Salome, with Fritz Reiner conducting, but they fell through for lack of funds. Complete live recordings of Welitsch in Salome were made in 1949 and 1952 and have been released in CD transfers. The critical consensus is that the first has Welitsch in better form, but with a weaker supporting cast than that of the 1952 set. Studio and off-air recordings of Welitsch in the final scene of Salome have been issued. The most widely circulated was a 1949 studio recording conducted by Reiner. The version mentioned by Steane, above, was recorded in Vienna in 1944 with Lovro von Matačić conducting.
Other off-air recordings of complete operas featuring Welitsch are Elektra (BBC, 1947), Un ballo in maschera (Glyndebourne company at Edinburgh, 1949), and Aida (Metropolitan, 1949 and 1950). A live recording of Don Giovanni was made at the Salzburg Festival in 1950, conducted by Furtwängler, with Tito Gobbi as Giovanni, Welitsch as Anna, Schwarzkopf as Elvira and Irmgard Seefried as Zerlina. It has been released on CD.
Welitsch sings Marianne in two complete recordings of Der Rosenkavalier. In addition to the Karajan set mentioned above, she plays the role in a 1957 Italian recording conducted by Artur Rodzinski.
Operatic excerpts
Early in 1946 the recording producer Walter Legge, talent-spotting in Vienna, signed Welitsch up as an EMI artist. For the EMI Columbia label she recorded arias including Tatiana's letter scene from Eugene Onegin, "Ritorna vincitor" from Aida, "Vissi d'arte" from Tosca, Musetta's Waltz from La bohème and "Wie nahte mir der Schlummer" from Der Freischütz.
With the Metropolitan orchestra under various conductors, Welitsch made studio recordings of two numbers from Don Giovanni in 1949, arias from Die Fledermaus, The Gypsy Baron and two numbers from Tosca in 1950.
In June 1950 Welitsch, accompanied by the Vienna State Opera Orchestra, conducted by Rudolf Moralt, recorded for Decca eight arias by Lehár, Tchaikovsky, Verdi and Millöcker. The Verdi numbers were sung in Italian; the Tchaikovsky arias were given in German.
Songs
Some recordings of (mostly) German songs made by Welitsch in New York, accompanied at the piano by Paul Ulanowsky, were not released at the time, but have been published on CD. Some or all of them may have been intended as trial runs for future recordings. They include songs by Richard Strauss, Mahler's Rückert-Lieder and songs by Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Alexander Dargomyzhsky and Joseph Marx.
Filmography
Notes, references and sources
Notes
References
Sources
External links
1913 births
1996 deaths
Bulgarian operatic sopranos
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
People from Targovishte Province
Bulgarian emigrants to Austria
Columbia Records artists
20th-century Austrian women opera singers
20th-century Bulgarian women opera singers |
The Franciscan missions of the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro in Mexico, are five missions built between 1750 and 1760, the foundation of the missions is attributed to Junípero Serra, who also founded the most important missions in California. They were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003.
They are an example of an architectural and stylistic unity with a tempera painting that is one of the best examples of popular New Spain Baroque. According to the criteria to which the UNESCO inscription as a World Heritage Site refers, the missions are testimony to the important exchange of values during the colonization process, both in the center and north of Mexico, and in the west of what currently occupies the territory of the United States.
Region
The Sierra Gorda is an ecological region centered on the northern third of the state of Querétaro and extending into the neighboring states of Guanajuato, Hidalgo and San Luis Potosí . The region is on a branch of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range and consists of a series of mountain chains that run north to southeast. Within Querétaro, the ecosystem extends from the center of the state starting in parts of San Joaquín and Cadereyta de Montes municipalities and covering all of the municipalities of Peñamiller, Pinal de Amoles, Jalpan de Serra, Landa de Matamoros and Arroyo Seco, for a total of 250km2 of territory.
All of the Sierra Gorda is marked by very rugged terrain, which includes canyons and steep mountains. Altitudes range from just 300 meters above sea level in the Río Santa María Canyon in Jalpan to 3,100 masl at the Cerro de la Pingüica in Pinal de Amoles. The micro-environments of the region range from conifer forests, oak forests, mostly found on mountain peaks, banana and sugar cane fields in the deeper canyons. On the east side, there are deciduous forests. On the west side, bordering the Mexican Plateau, there are desert and semi desert conditions, with a variety of cactus and arid scrub brush. Among its features are the peaks associated with the Sierra Alta de Hidalgo, the pine forests of Zamorano, the Extorax Canyon and the slopes of the Huazmazonta, the inter-mountain valleys where the five missions are found and the rolling hills leading into La Huasteca. The wide variations of altitude and rainfall favor a wide variety of flora and wildlife.
Foundation
Although the mission of Jalpan was founded in 1750 before Junípero Serra arrived in the region, he is credited with building the five main missions in the area and completing the evangelization of the local population. In reality, the missions were built by the Pame people, under the direction of various Franciscan friars, including José Antonio de Murguía in San Miguel Conca, Juan Crispi in Tilaco, Juan Ramos de Lora in Tancoyol, and Miguel de la Campa de Landa.
However, the vision for the construction of the missions belonged to Serra, as he imagined a kind of utopia based on Franciscan principles, Serra put a firm missionary attitude that consisted in the accompaniment and understanding of its social problems, in the knowledge of their hunger and their language; Serra founded cooperatives, supported and strengthened their organization and production capacities, motivated the distribution of land and imposed doctrinal tasks in the Pame language. It was a missionary task of great dimensions and profound consequences from the human point of view and whose results are today appreciable in the Baroque syncretism that it exhibits in all the missions.
History
Although there had been some city building in this area during the Pre Classic era, with heights between the 6th and 10th centuries, these cities had been abandoned long before the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. At this time, the native peoples of the region were nomadic hunter gathers, such as the Pames, Ximpeces Guachichils and Jonaz, generally referred to together as the Chichimecas. In addition, there were also groups of Otomis and Huasteca to be found. The Spanish dominated the far west and the far east of the Sierra Gorda (today in the states of Guanajuato and Hidalgo), but could not dominate the center in what is now Querétaro. This is because the rugged terrain and fierce resistance, especially by the Jonaz.
Efforts to dominate the region included evangelization efforts, many of which failed before the mid 18th century. During the 16th and 17th century, there were attempts to evangelize the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro by the Augustinians, Franciscans and Dominicans. However, almost all of these missions were never completed or were destroyed soon after they were built by the indigenous communities. The best known example is the Bucareli Mission is located in the community of Puerto de Tejamanil in the municipality of Pinal de Amoles. The mission was founded in 1797 by Franciscan Juan Guadalupe Soriano for evangelization of the local Jonaz people. The full name of the mission is the Purísima Concepción de Bucarelí. It was never finished with only part of the monastery, the mines and the church visible. On 4 February, mass in honor of Francis of Assisi is performed here, in a small chapel with still remains, although there is no roof in any part of the complex. The mission was completely abandoned during the Mexican Revolution in 1914 and construction officially suspended in 1926.
In 1740, the colonial government decided to exterminate indigenous resistance here to secure trade routes to Guanajuato and Zacatecas. This was accomplished by José de Escandón, whose expedition culminated in the Battle of Media Luna, defeating the Jonaz and Ximpeces. The military pacification of the area by José de Escandón in the 1740s allowed for the building of permanent missions in the heart of the Sierra Gorda. However, the five Franciscans missions accredited to Junípero Serra were built in Pame territory, as these people were more accepting of Spanish domination. The Spanish decided to burn original Pame villages and resettle the population around missions for better control. Those who did not submit either committed suicide or went to live in the mountains. The placement of the missions had the purpose of dividing the heart of the Sierra Gorda and to open roads into San Luis Potosí.
Junípero Serra spent eight years on the project of building the missions until 1770, when a number of historical events, including the expulsion of the Jesuits, forced the abandonment of the missions. Serra moved onto California. From then until the late 20th century, the complexes suffered abandonment, deterioration and damage. This was especially true during the Mexican Revolution with many churches in the region were sacked and a number of portal figures on these Franciscan churches became "decapitated" by the fighting.
In the 1980s, a group from the Xilitla office of INAH got lost in the area and came upon one of the missions. The find led to efforts to save the missions and culminated with their declaration as a World Heritage Site in 2003. Initial restoration work to the structure and exterior of the mission churches was begun in the 1980s. Between 1991 and 1997, interior work on altars, choirs, organs and paintings was done. Further work was sponsored by the state between 1997 and 2002, which included that on surrounding plazas and monuments. Restoration costs for the Tancoyol mission alone were over three million pesos by 2008. The effort to inscribe the missions as a World Heritage Site began in 2000 by a group of Mexican intellectuals including Dr. Miguel León Portilla. The effort took two and a half years but was ultimately successful in 2003, when it was added during the 27th meeting of the World Heritage Committee. The five missions are promoted by the state tourism authority as the Ruta de las Misiones, (Mission Route) .
Architecture
The main characteristic of these temples is the rich decoration of the main doors, this decoration is called "New Spanish Baroque" or "mestizo Baroque", according to the INAH. The rich decoration is mainly aimed at teaching the new religion to the indigenous peoples, but unlike the Baroque of the temples and works further south, the indigenous influence is obvious. The idea of Serra was to demonstrate a mixture of cultures instead of a complete conquest. One of them was the use of the colors red, orange and yellow, as well as pastel shades, and of sacred native figures, such as the rabbit and the jaguar. The temples have a single nave, covered by a barrel vault, but each one has its own peculiarities, especially in the portals. Serra spent eleven years in the Sierra Gorda, before moving to the north, around 1760. The missions established in Querétaro would be the first in a long series of missions that would be established in what is now southern California.
The Sierra Gorda missions have unique characteristics in New Spanish Baroque, both for their conceptions of floor plans and elevations. On their facades they present a series of very original compositions based on high-quality decorative elements and ingenious design; its forms are armed with partitions covered with stucco, made of quicklime burned on site and colored with earth. Despite the fact that these missions were established in the 18th century, in them some basic elements of the religious architecture of the Mendicant orders of the 16th century are discovered. The architecture of these missions obeys the so-called "moderate trace" program that was implemented in the 16th century and accepted by the Franciscan, Augustinian and Dominican orders; and that they applied in the convent-fortresses.
The missions have what is called a Capilla posa, one of the architectural solutions used in the monastery complexes of New Spain in the 16th century, consisting of four quadrangular vaulted buildings located at the ends of the atrium outside them. Like the Capilla abierta, it is a unique solution and a contribution of Spanish-American colonial art to universal art given its originality and the plastic and stylistic resources used in its ornamentation. There are several theories about its function. It has been proposed that, following the processional path, the Capillas posas were used to pose or rest the Blessed Sacrament when it was carried in procession through the atrium.
Missions
The Santiago de Jalpan mission was established before the arrival of Junípero Serra in 1744, but Serra was in charge of building the mission complex that stands today from 1751 to 1758, the first to be built. It is dedicated to James the Greater, the first evangelist. This complex is situated in the center of the modern town in front of the main plaza and formed by an atrium, cloister, pilgrim portal and church, with a chapel annex on the left side. The original atrium wall was lost, but reconstructed in the same style, with three portals and inverted arches. The main features of the ornate portal on the facade are Our Lady of the Pillar and the Virgin of Guadalupe, both with Mesoamerican connections, as well as a double headed eagle, meant to symbolize the blending of the two cultures.
The facade is elaborately done in stucco and stone work, with ochre of the pilasters contrasting with the yellow of many of the decorative details. Much of the detail is vegetative, along with small angels and eagles. European elements include images of saints such as Saint Dominic and Francis of Assisi and the Franciscan coat of arms. Inside the door, there are the images of Saints Peter and Paul. Native elements include a double-headed Mexican eagle devouring a serpent. On the upper left, there is an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe on the upper left, the Our Lady of the Pillar. These are the virgin images of Mexico and Spain respectively. This statue is said to have been taken by a general at the end of the 19th century. It was replaced by a more modern clock. Inside, the cupola of the Jalpan mission contains scenes of the appearance of the Virgin of Guadalupe.
A second mission is located in the community of Tancoyol called Nuestra Señora de la Luz de Tancoyol, dedicated to Our Lady of Light. This facade has profuse vegetative ornamentation, with ears of corn prominent and is the most elaborate of the five missions. It is likely that this mission was constructed by Juan Ramos de Lora, who resided here from 1761 to 1767. The structure is similar to those in Jalpan and Landa. It has a church with a Latin cross layout and choir area, a sacristy, atrium with cross and chapels in the corners of the atrium called "capillas posas." There is also a pilgrims' gate, a cloister and quarters for the priest.
The interior has a number of sculptures including one of "Our Lady of Light." The facade is marked by a rhomboid window surrounded by a representation of the cord Franciscans use to tie their habits. The basic theme of the facade is mercy, represented by interventions by the Virgin Mary and various saints. The iconography of this portal is the most elaborate of the five missions. The facade consists of three bodies, a pediment and four estípite columns. The lower body has sculptures of Saints Peter and Paul and who Franciscan coats of arms. The second body has sculptures of Joachim and Saint Anne, with the Virgin Mary in her arms, and a niche in the center. There are also images from the Passion such as nails and a lance. This niche contained an image of Our Lady of Light, but it is empty now. Between the second and third bodies, there is a large window and above it, a representation of the stigmata of Francis of Assisi.
The pediment contains a large cross in relief of two styles related to the Franciscan and Dominican orders. The main cross at the top represents redemption with the crosses of Calatrava and Jerusalem on either side. Indigenous elements are found in the church's interior, with an image of a jaguar and a person with Olmec features. The bell tower is narrow and the baptistery is at the base of this tower. On the lower part appears a small window which illuminates the baptistery. The cupola of the tower is in a pyramid shape with a Baroque iron cross on top.
San Miguel Concá mission is located forty km from Jalpan on Highway 69 to Río Verde. The church is in the center of the community on one side of Guerrero Street. It is oriented to the south and dedicated to the Archangel Michael. It is the smallest of the mission churches and was probably finished in 1754, according to an inscription located inside the church. Concá is a Pame word which means "with me." San Miguel Concá is the furthest north and the smallest of the missions. The decoration features large flowers, foliage and coarse figures in indigenous style. It is distinguished by an image of the Holy Trinity at the crest along with a rabbit (a Pame symbol) and double-headed eagle.
San Francisco de Asís del Valle de Tilaco mission is in a small community eighteen km northeast of Landa de Matamoros. It was constructed between 1754 and 1762 by Juan Crespi and dedicated to Francis of Assisi . It has some characteristics different from the other missions. First, it is built on a gradient. The bell tower is separated from the main nave of the church by the baptistery and structurally functions as a buttress for the church. Tilaco is the best conserved of the five missions and has the most subtle ornamentation on its facade. Its facades are composed of three horizontal and three vertical partitions, with the Franciscan coat of arms prominent over the main entrance. In Tilaco, the facade has small angels, ears of corn and a strange large jar over which is an image of Francis of Assisi. One distinctive decorative element is four mermaids with indigenous features. Tilaco has the best conserved atrium corner chapels called "capillas posas," which were used for processions.
Santa María de la Purísima Concepción del Agua de Landa mission is located twenty km from Jalpan on Highway 120 towards Xilitla. The mission was built between 1760 and 1768 by Miguel de la Campa is dedicated to Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, which gives rise to part of the community's name. It was the last of the missions to be built. The atrium is bordered by a wall and centered by a cross, and paved in stone. It is noted for its equilibrium in composition and very narrow bell tower, which is integrated into the facade. The sculpture of this facade is considered to be the best of the five according to Arqueología Mexicana magazine. The faces of the mermaids at Landa have indigenous features.
The facade bears a great resemblance to that of Jalpan, in various aspects, its sizes and aesthetics, the atrium is surrounded by a wall and centered by a cross, and paved. In addition to them, the Franciscan friars leave an unprecedented rubric and the notorious reflection of their predilections in the last of their missions, there we have seen through his mother, the Immaculate Conception, Saint Francis and the four saints of the column of observance, to Archangel Michael and those studies and protectors of the order, Duns Escoto and María de Agreda. We see the universal church with Saint Peter and Paul and Christ in these three martyrs, as well as the shields of the Franciscans.
Inside we have medallions on the ceiling of the main nave beginning with Saint Michael the Archangel, with his traditional iconography, followed by Juan Duns Escoto exposed in a very didactic way presented with his hands holding the Immaculate Conception in one and a same pen with which through writing he tirelessly defended the dogma of Mary. And again Archangel Michael account to the center of the transept of two other archangels, Raphael and Gabriel.
It stands out for its balanced composition and very narrow bell tower, which is integrated into the façade. The sculpture on this facade is considered the best of the five according to the Mexican Archeology magazine.
See also
Mendicant monasteries in Mexico
Spanish missions in Mexico
References
External links
UNESCO Site
Missions in Mexico
Buildings and structures in Querétaro
Colonial Mexico
Franciscan churches in Mexico
History of Querétaro
Tourist attractions in Querétaro
Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico
Baroque architecture in Mexico
Baroque church buildings in Mexico
World Heritage Sites in Mexico
Junípero Serra |
Frank Johnson (born 1 November 1936) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray and Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Before moving to Victoria he played for several seasons with South Fremantle in the West Australian Football League (WAFL).
Notes
External links
WAFL statistics
Living people
1936 births
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Western Bulldogs players
Fitzroy Football Club players
South Fremantle Football Club players |
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<div xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="refsynopsisdiv"><pre class="synopsis"><span class="comment">// In header: <<a class="link" href="../../boost_compute/reference.html#header.boost.compute.algorithm.transform_if_hpp" title="Header <boost/compute/algorithm/transform_if.hpp>">boost/compute/algorithm/transform_if.hpp</a>>
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<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> InputIterator<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> OutputIterator<span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> UnaryFunction<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Predicate<span class="special">></span>
<span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span>
<span class="identifier">transform_if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">InputIterator</span> first<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">InputIterator</span> last<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span> result<span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">UnaryFunction</span> function<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Predicate</span> predicate<span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">command_queue</span> <span class="special">&</span> queue <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">system</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_queue</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre></div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="idp99554624"></a><h2>Description</h2>
<p>Copies each element in the range [<code class="computeroutput">first</code>, <code class="computeroutput">last</code>) for which <code class="computeroutput">predicate</code> returns <code class="computeroutput">true</code> to the range beginning at <code class="computeroutput">result</code>.</p>
<p>Space complexity: O(2n) </p>
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Omorgus wittei is a species of hide beetle in the subfamily Omorginae and subgenus Afromorgus.
References
wittei
Beetles described in 1955 |
Sanjay Dina Patil (born 16 January 1969) is an Indian politician from Mumbai. He was elected to Maharashtra State assembly in 2004 from Bhandup. In 2009, he was elected to 15th Lok Sabha from Mumbai North East constituency in Maharashtra state in India, as a Nationalist Congress Party candidate. He lost the reelection for the same seat in 2014. He was succeeded by Kirit Somaiya of the Bharatiya Janata Party of India.
Sanjay Dina Patil joined Shiv Sena on 4 October 2019.
His father Dina Bama Patil was MLA from Mulund in 1985. Dina(nath) Patil had also contested elections to Vidhan Sabha unsuccessfully from Bhandup in 1978 and 1990 as Congress candidate.
References
https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/ncp-former-mp-sanjay-dina-patil-joins-shiv-sena-msr-87-1986016/
India MPs 2009–2014
Marathi politicians
Living people
1969 births
Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra
Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra
United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election |
Carex pendula (pendulous sedge, also known as hanging, drooping or weeping sedge) is a large sedge of the genus Carex. It occurs in woodland, scrubland, hedges and beside streams, preferring damp, heavy clay soils. It is sometimes grown as a garden plant because of its distinctive appearance.
It is native to western, central and southern parts of Europe occurring north to Sweden, Denmark and parts of Scotland where it reaches 58° N. It is also found in north-west Africa, the Azores, Madeira and parts of the Middle East.
Description
Carex pendula is a tall, perennial plant which forms large, dense tufts. It can grow to 1.8 metres, occasionally reaching 2.4 metres. The smooth stems are triangular in cross-section with rounded angles. The long, hairless leaves are yellowish-green above and glaucous below. They are 8–20 mm wide. The simple flowers are borne on long, drooping, catkin-like spikes. There are 1–2 male spikes at the top of the stem with usually 4–5 female spikes below them. The male spikes are 55–160 mm long while the females spikes are 50–260 mm long and 5–7 mm wide. The fruits are green-brown and 3–5 mm long with a 1–2.5-mm beak. The plant typically flowers from May to June and fruits from June to July.
It has been introduced to New Zealand and has begun to spread into the wild in the United States, where it has been recorded from Washington, Virginia, and California.
References
Stace, Clive A. (1997) New Flora of the British Isles, Cambridge University Press.
Tutin, T. G. et al. (1980) Flora Europaea, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press.
External links
pendula
Flora of Europe
Flora of North Africa
Flora of Macaronesia
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of the Caucasus
Plants described in 1762
Garden plants of Africa
Garden plants of Europe
Flora of Africa
Taxa named by William Hudson (botanist) |
Chrysaspis is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:
Chrysaspis armata Kerremans, 1891
Chrysaspis auricauda Saunders, 1872
Chrysaspis aurovittata (Saunders, 1867)
Chrysaspis bennettii Waterhouse, 1904
Chrysaspis cuneata Harold, 1878
Chrysaspis cupreomicans Kerremans, 1895
Chrysaspis elongata (Olivier, 1790)
Chrysaspis glabra Waterhouse, 1904
Chrysaspis higletti Waterhouse, 1904
Chrysaspis ignipennis Harold, 1879
Chrysaspis luluensis (Burgeon, 1941)
Chrysaspis overlaeti (Burgeon, 1941)
Chrysaspis propinqua Saunders, 1874
Chrysaspis schoutedeni (Théry, 1926)
Chrysaspis schultzei Kolbe, 1907
Chrysaspis splendens (Nonfried, 1892)
Chrysaspis tincta Waterhouse, 1904
Chrysaspis viridipennis Saunders, 1869
References
Buprestidae genera |
The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) or coney is a species of rabbit native to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal and Andorra), western France, and the northern Atlas Mountains in northwest Africa. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, often with devastating effects on local biodiversity. Its decline in its native range due to myxomatosis, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, overhunting and habitat loss has caused the decline of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) and Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti). It is known as an invasive species because it has been introduced to countries on all continents with the exception of Antarctica, and has caused many problems within the environment and ecosystems; in particular, European rabbits in Australia have had a devastating impact, due in part to the lack of natural predators there.
The European rabbit is well known for digging networks of burrows, called warrens, where it spends most of its time when not feeding. Unlike the related hares (Lepus spp.), rabbits are altricial, the young being born blind and furless, in a fur-lined nest in the warren, and they are totally dependent upon their mothers. Much of the modern research into wild rabbit behaviour was carried out in the 1960s by two research centres. One was the naturalist Ronald Lockley, who maintained a number of large enclosures for wild rabbit colonies, with observation facilities, in Orielton, Pembrokeshire. Apart from publishing a number of scientific papers, he popularised his findings in a book The Private Life of the Rabbit, which is credited by Richard Adams as having played a key role in his gaining "a knowledge of rabbits and their ways" that informed his novel Watership Down. The other group was the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia, where numerous studies of the social behavior of wild rabbits were performed. Since the onset of myxomatosis, and the decline of the significance of the rabbit as an agricultural pest, few large-scale studies have been performed and many aspects of rabbit behaviour are still poorly understood.
Naming and etymology
Because of its non-British origin, the species does not have native names in English or Celtic, with the usual terms "cony" and "rabbit" being foreign loanwords. "Rabbit" is also pronounced as rabbidge, rabbert (North Devon) and rappit (Cheshire and Lancashire). More archaic spellings include rabbette (15th-16th centuries), rabet (15th-17th centuries), rabbet (16th-18th centuries), rabatte (16th century), rabytt (17th century) and rabit (18th century). The root word is the Walloon rabett, which was once commonly used in Liège. Rabett itself is derived from the Middle Dutch robbe, with the addition of the suffix -ett.
The term "cony" or "coney" antedates "rabbit", and first occurred during the 13th century to refer to the animal's pelt. Later, "cony" referred to the adult animal, while "rabbit" referred to the young. The root of "cony" is the old French connil or counil, of which the Norman plural was coniz, and later conis. Its forerunner is the Greek κύνικλος, from which the Latin cuniculus is derived. The origin of κύνικλος itself is unclear: Ælian, who lived during the third century, linked the word to Celtiberian and later authors relate it to its Basque name unchi; Varo and Pliny connected it to cuneus, which refers to a wedge, thus making reference to the animal's digging ability.
The species' dwelling place is termed a warren or cony-garth. "Warren" comes from the Old English wareine, itself derived from the Old French warenne, varenne, or garenne. The root word is the Low Latin warenna, which originally signified a preserve in general, only to be later used to refer specifically to an enclosure set apart for rabbits and hares. "Cony-garth" derives from the Middle English conygerthe, which may be a compound of connynge+erthe (cony+earth). The term stems from the Old French conniniere or coninyere, and later conilliere. The root word is the Low Latin cunicularia, the feminine form of the adjective cunicularius, which pertains to the rabbit.
Taxonomy
Originally assigned to the genus Lepus, the European rabbit was consigned to its own genus in 1874 on account of its altricial young, its burrowing habits, and numerous skeletal characters. It is superficially similar to the North American cottontails (Sylvilagus) in that they are born blind and naked, have white flesh, and little sexual dimorphism. However, they differ in skull characteristics, and cottontails do not habitually construct their own burrows as the European rabbit does. Molecular studies confirm that the resemblance between the two is due to convergent evolution, and that the European rabbit's closest relatives are the hispid hare, the riverine rabbit, and the Amami rabbit. The oldest known fossils attributed to the modern European rabbit species are around 0.5 Ma old (Middle Pleistocene).
The cladogram is from Matthee et al., 2004, based on nuclear and mitochondrial gene analysis.
Subspecies
, six subspecies are recognised by MSW3. Genetic studies undertaken in 2008, however, indicate only two subspecies, O. c. algirus and O. c. cuniculus, with a hybrid zone connecting the two populations in central Iberia.
Description
The European rabbit is smaller than the European hare and mountain hare, and lacks black ear tips, as well as having proportionately shorter legs. An adult European rabbit can measure in length, and weigh . The hind foot measures in length, while the ears are long from the occiput.
Size and weight vary according to food and habitat quality, with rabbits living on light soil with nothing but grass to feed on being noticeably smaller than specimens living on highly cultivated farmlands with plenty of roots and clover. Pure European rabbits weighing and upwards are uncommon, but are occasionally reported. One large specimen, caught in February 1890 in Lichfield, was weighed at . Unlike the brown hare, the male European rabbit is more heavily built than the female. The penis is short, and lacks a baculum and true glans.
The fur of the European rabbit is generally greyish-brown, but this is subject to much variation. The guard hairs are banded brown and black, or grey, while the nape of the neck and scrotum are reddish. The chest patch is brown, while the rest of the underparts are white or grey. A white star shape is often present on kits' foreheads, but rarely occurs in adults. The whiskers are long and black, and the feet are fully furred and buff-coloured. The tail has a white underside, which becomes prominent when escaping danger. This may act as a signal for other rabbits to run.
Moulting occurs once a year, beginning in March on the face and spreading over the back. The underfur is completely replaced by October–November. The European rabbit exhibits great variation in colour, from light sandy, to dark grey and completely black. Such variation depends largely on the amount of guard hairs relative to regular pelage. Melanists are not uncommon in mainland Europe, though albinoes are rare.
Life history and behaviour
Social and territorial behaviours
The European rabbit lives in warrens that contain 2-10 other individuals living in smaller groups to ensure greater breeding success. Territoriality and aggression contribute greatly to the rabbits' maturation process, and help ensure survival of the population. Females tend to be more territorial than males, although the areas most frequented by females are not defended. Territories are marked with dung hills. The size of the species' home range varies according to habitat, food, shelter, cover from predators, and breeding sites, though it is generally small, encompassing about . Except during times of low rabbit density and abundance of high-quality food, male ranges tend to be larger than those held by females. The European rabbit rarely strays far from its burrow; when feeding on cultivated fields, it typically only moves 25 m away from its burrow, and rarely 50 m. It may, however, move as far as 500 m after an abrupt change in environment, such as a harvest. This behaviour may be an antipredator adaptation, as rabbits in areas where predators are under rigorous control may move three times further from their burrows than those in areas without predator management.
The European rabbit is a gregarious animal, which lives in stable social groups centred around females sharing access to one or more burrow systems. Social structures tend to be looser in areas where burrow construction is relatively easy. Dominance hierarchies exist in parallel for both bucks and does. Among bucks, status is determined through access to does, with dominant bucks siring the majority of the colony's offspring. The dominant does have priority access to the best nesting sites, with competition over such sites often leading to serious injury or death. Subordinate does, particularly in large colonies, typically resort to using single-entrance breeding spots far from the main warren, thus making themselves vulnerable to fox or badger predation.
Reproduction and development
In the European rabbit's mating system, dominant bucks exhibit polygyny, whereas lower-status individuals (both bucks and does) often form monogamous breeding relationships. Rabbits signal their readiness to copulate by marking other animals and inanimate objects with an odoriferous substance secreted though a chin gland, in a process known as "chinning". Though male European rabbits may sometimes be amicable with one another, fierce fights can erupt among bucks during the breeding season, typically January to August. A succession of litters (usually three to seven kittens each) are produced, but in overpopulated areas, pregnant does may lose all their embryos through intrauterine resorption. Shortly before giving birth, the doe constructs a separate burrow known as a "stop" or "stab", generally in an open field away from the main warren. These breeding burrows are typically a few feet long and are lined with grass and moss, as well as fur plucked from the doe's belly. The breeding burrow protects the kits from adult bucks and predators.
The gestation period of the European rabbit is 30 days, with the sex ratio of male to female kits tending to be 1:1. Greater maternal investment over male offspring may result in higher birth weights for bucks. Kits born to the dominant buck and doe—which enjoy better nesting and feeding grounds—tend to grow larger and stronger and to become more dominant than those born to subordinate rabbits. Not uncommonly, European rabbits mate again immediately after giving birth, with some specimens having been observed to nurse previous young whilst pregnant.
Female European rabbits nurse their kits once a night, for only a few minutes. After suckling is complete, the doe seals the entrance to the stop with soil and vegetation. In its native Iberian and southern French range, European rabbit young have a growth rate of per day, though such kittens in non-native ranges may grow per day. Weight at birth is and increases to by 21–25 days, during the weaning period. European rabbit kits are born blind, deaf, and nearly naked. The ears do not gain the power of motion until 10 days of age, and can be erected after 13. The eyes open 11 days after birth. At 18 days, the kittens begin to leave the burrow. Sexual maturity in bucks is attained at 4 months, while does can begin to breed at 3-5 months.
Burrowing behaviour
The European rabbit's burrows occur mostly on slopes and banks, where drainage is more efficient. The burrow entrances are typically 10–50 cm in diameter, and are easily recognisable by the bare earth at their mouths. Vegetation growth is prevented by the constant passing and repassing of the resident rabbits. Big burrows are complex excavations which may descend to depths of several feet. They are not constructed on any specified plan, and appear to be enlarged or improved as a result of the promiscuous activity of several generations. Digging is done by pulling the soil backwards with the fore feet and throwing it between the hind legs, which scatter the material with kicking motions. While most burrows are dug from the outside, some warrens feature holes dug from the inside, which act as emergency exits when escaping from predators below ground. These holes usually descend perpendicularly to 3–4 feet, and their mouths lack the bare-earth characteristic of burrow entrances. While kits sleep in chambers lined with grass and fur, adults sleep on the bare earth, likely to prevent damp, with warmth being secured by huddling. Although both sexes dig, does do so more skillfully, and for longer periods.
Communication
The European rabbit is a relatively quiet animal, though it has at least two vocalisations. The best-known is a high treble scream or squeal. This distress call has been likened to the cry of a piglet. This sound is uttered when in extreme distress, such as being caught by a predator or trap. During the spring, bucks express contentment by emitting grunting sounds when approaching other rabbits. These grunts are similar to shrill hiccups, and are emitted with the mouth closed. Aggression is expressed with a low growl.
Ecology
Habitat
The European rabbit's ideal habitat consists of short grasslands with secure refuge (such as burrows, boulders, hedgerows, scrub, and woodland) near feeding areas. It may dwell up to treeline, as long as the land is well-drained and shelter is available. The size and distribution of its burrow systems depend on the type of soil present; in areas with loose soil, it selects sites with supporting structures, such as tree roots or shrubs to prevent burrow collapse. Warrens tend to be larger and have more interconnected tunnels in areas with chalk than those in sand. In large coniferous plantations, the species only occurs on peripheral areas and along fire breaks and rides.
Diet
The European rabbit eats a wide variety of herbage, especially grasses, favouring the young, succulent leaves and shoots of the most nutritious species, particularly fescues. In mixed cultivated areas, winter wheat is preferred over maize and dicotyledons. During the summer, the European rabbit feeds on the shortest, and therefore less nutritious grass swards, thus indicating that grazing grounds are selected through antipredator considerations rather than maximising food intake. In times of scarcity, the rabbit increases its food intake, selecting the parts of the plant with the highest nitrogen content. Hungry rabbits in winter may resort to eating tree bark. Blackberries are also eaten, and captive-bred European rabbits have been fed on fodder consisting of furze and acorns, which can lead to considerable weight gain. The European rabbit is a less fussy eater than the brown hare; when eating root vegetables, the rabbit eats them whole, while the hare tends to leave the peel. Depending on the body's fat and protein reserves, the species can survive without food in winter for about 2–8 days. Although herbivorous, cases are known of rabbits eating snails.
Like other leporids, the European rabbit produces soft, mucus-covered faecal pellets, which are ingested directly from the anus. The soft pellets are produced posterior to the colon in the hind gut soon after the excretion of hard pellets and the stomach begins to fill with newly grazed food. The soft pellets are filled with protein-rich bacteria, and pass down to the rectum in glossy clusters. The rabbit swallows them whole, without perforating the enveloping membrane.
Predators
The European rabbit is prey to many different predatory species. Foxes, dingoes, wolves, lynxes, wolverines, and dogs kill both adult and young rabbits by stalking and surprising them in the open, but relatively few rabbits are caught this way, as they can quickly rush back to cover with a burst of speed. Further, evidence from a study in Spain suggests they may avoid areas where the recent scat of predators which have eaten rabbit is detected. Both foxes and badgers dig out kittens from shallow burrows, with the latter predators being too slow to catch adult rabbits. Both wild and domestic cats can stalk and leap upon rabbits, particularly young specimens leaving their burrows for the first time. Wildcats take rabbits according to availability; in eastern Scotland, where rabbits are abundant, they can make up over 90% of the wildcats' diet. Most domestic cats are incapable of killing healthy, full-grown adults, but will take weak and diseased ones. Does can be fiercely protective of their kits, having been observed to chase away large cats and mustelids, including ferrets, stoats, and weasels. However, rabbits typically run from mustelids, and may fear them innately. Cases are known of rabbits becoming paralysed with fear and dying when pursued by stoats or weasels, even when rescued unharmed.
The European rabbit makes up 85% of the polecat's diet, and its availability is important to the success of breeding female mink. Brown rats can be a serious threat to kittens, as they will reside in rabbit burrows during the summer, and attack them in groups. Although many birds of prey are capable of killing rabbits, few are strong enough to carry them. Large species, such as golden and sea eagles, may carry rabbits back to their nests, while small eagles, buzzards, and harriers struggle to do so. Hawks and owls typically only carry off very small kits.
Diseases and parasites
The European rabbit is the only species fatally attacked by myxomatosis. The most lethal strain has a five-day incubation period, after which the eyelids swell, with the inflammation quickly spreading to the base of the ears, the forehead, and nose. At the same time, the anal and genital areas also swell. During the last stages of the disease, the swellings discharge a fluid rich in viral material, with death usually following on the 11th-12th day of infection. In Britain, the primary carrier of myxomatosis is the flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi, while in Australia it is mosquitoes.
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), also known as viral haemorrhagic disease or rabbit calicivirus disease in Australia, is specific to the European rabbit, and causes lesions of acute necrotising hepatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and haemorrhaging, mainly in the lungs. Susceptible specimens may die within 30 hours of infection. Most rabbits in the UK are immune to RHD, due to exposure to a weaker strain.
Human relationship with rabbits
Recent research has shown that all European rabbits carry common genetic markers and descend from one of two maternal lines. These lines originated between 12,000 and 6.5 million years ago when glaciers isolated two herds, one on the Iberian Peninsula and the other in Southern France. Humans likely began hunting rabbits as a food source, but further research needs to be done to verify this. Little comprehensive evidence of the relationship of humans with European rabbits is documented until the medieval period.
Humans' relationship with the European rabbit was first recorded by the Phoenicians prior to 1000 BC, when they termed the Iberian Peninsula i-Shaphan-ím (literally, the land of the hyraxes). This phrase closely resembles related modern Hebrew: I (אי) meaning island and shafan (שפן) meaning hyrax, plural shfaním (שפנים). Phoenicians called the local rabbits 'hyraxes' because rabbits resemble hyraxes in some ways, and hyraxes are native to Phoenicia, unlike rabbits. Hyraxes, like rabbits, are not rodents. One theory states that the Romans converted the phrase i-Shaphan-ím, with influence from the Greek Spania, to its Latin form, Hispania, which evolved in all the Iberian languages - into Castilian España, Portuguese Espanha, Catalan Espanya (English "Spain"), and such other variations in modern languages. Different views have been voiced on the precise meaning of shafan, but the balance of opinion appears to indicate that the hyrax is indeed the intended meaning.
Like the Phoenicians, neither the later Greek nor Roman colonizers had a specific name for the rabbit, because the species is not native to Greece and Italy (though it is present there nowadays). They commonly called it "small hare" and "small digging hare", in contrast to the European hare, which is larger and doesn't make burrows. Catullus used the name cuniculus (a latinization of the Iberian word kiniklos and the etymological origin of the Castilian name conejo, Portuguese coelho and Catalan conill, and the old English name, coney), and referenced its abundance in Celtiberia by calling this region cuniculosa, i.e. rabbit-ridden.
The European rabbit is the only rabbit species that has been domesticated and all 305 global rabbit breeds— from Netherland Dwarf to Flemish Giant— are descendants of the European rabbit. Rabbits are an example of an animal that can be treated as a food, a pet, or a pest by different members of the same culture. In some urban areas, infestations of feral European rabbits (descended from pets) have become a problem. Helsinki, for example, host to one of the northernmost populations of the species, had an estimated 2,500 European rabbits at the end of 2006, doubling to 5,000 by autumn 2007. In Iceland, populations of O. cuniculus are found in urban Reykjavik as well as in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago. In Finland, the introduced European rabbit vies with the native lagomorphs: the European hare and the mountain hare.
As an introduced species
The European rabbit has been introduced as an exotic species into several environments, often with harmful results to vegetation and local wildlife, making it an invasive species. The first known mention of the rabbit as an invasive species (and possibly the first documented instance of an invasive species ever) was made in regard to the introduction of the rabbit to the Balearic Islands after the Roman conquest of the first century BCE. According to both Strabo and Pliny the Elder, the multiplying rabbits caused famines by destroying crop yields and even collapsed trees and houses with their burrowing. The inhabitants petitioned Augustus for help, who sent troops to curb the rabbit population with the help of ferrets.
Other locations where the European rabbit was introduced include Great Britain; the Hawaiian Islands of Laysan Island (in 1903) and Lisianski Island; Oceania's Macquarie Island; Washington's Smith Island and San Juan Island (around 1900 and later spreading to the other San Juan Islands); several islands off the coast of Southern Africa (including Robben Island); and Australia and New Zealand. The two accounts over the introduction of rabbits in Ukraine are conflicting. One holds that the species was brought there in the early 20th century by Austrian nobleman Graf Malokhovsky, who released them on his estate near the Khadzhibey Estuary, while another holds that rabbits were first brought to Kherson from Switzerland in 1894-1895 by landowner Pinkovsky.
In the British Isles
The European rabbit is widespread in both Great Britain, Ireland, and most islands, except for Isles of Scilly, Rùm, Tiree, and some small Scottish islands, such as Gunna, Sanday, and most of the Treshnish Isles. It was likely first brought to Britain by the Normans after the 1066 conquest of England, as no pre-Norman British allusions to the animal have been found. The rabbit was nonetheless scarce or absent throughout most of England a short time afterwards, as warrens are not mentioned in the Domesday Book or any other 11th-century documents. Rabbits became well known, but not necessarily accepted members of British fauna between the 12th and 13th centuries, with the first real evidence of their presence consisting of a number of bones from the midden of Rayleigh Castle, which was occupied from the 11th-13th centuries. The first references to rabbits in Ireland occur roughly at the same time as English ones, thus indicating another Norman introduction. They had become plentiful, probably at a local level, by the 13th century, as indicated by an inquisition of Lundy Island made in 1274 describing how 2,000 rabbits were caught annually. Subsequent allusions in official documents became more frequent, with the species later becoming an important food item in feasts.
Increases in truly wild populations occurred slowly, primarily in the coastal areas and lowland heaths of Breckland and Norfolk. Notable population increases occurred after 1750, when changes in agricultural practices created favourable habitat, and increasing interest in game management resulted in intensive predator control campaigns. Although now common in the Scottish lowlands, the species was little known in Scotland before the 19th century. Until then, it was confined to portions of the Edinburgh district at least as far back as the 16th century, certain islands and the coastal sand dunes of the Scottish mainland. Although unknown in Caithness in 1743, the species became well established there by 1793. Myxomatosis entered Britain from France in 1953, and reached Ireland by 1954, prompting the RSPB to set up "mercy squads" meant to euthanise myxomatous rabbits. Major myxomatosis outbreaks still occur in Britain, peaking twice annually in during spring and especially in the late summer or autumn periods, though immunity has reduced the mortality rate from 99% to 5-33%.
Between 1996 and 2018, rabbit numbers fell by 88% in the east Midlands, 83% in Scotland, and 43% across the whole of the UK. Numbers are still falling (in 2021). Pip Mountjoy, Shifting Sands project manager at Natural England said, "They (rabbits) are actually an endangered species in their native region on the Iberian peninsula. It's surprising for people that rabbits are important in some ecosystems. We think of them as a pest but in Britain they are a keystone species – they act as landscape managers and a lot of other species rely on them." The Shifting Sands project aims to encourage landowners to create safe habitats for rabbits, consisting of piles of branches placed near existing rabbit warrens. Species that depend in rabbits' grazing habits include purple milk vetch, rare spring sedge, spring speedwell, prostrate perennial knawel, caterpillars of the lunar yellow underwing moth, stone curlew, and the large blue butterfly.
In Australia
Twenty-four specimens of the European rabbit were introduced to Australia in 1859 by estate owner Thomas Austin in Victoria. Their descendants multiplied and spread throughout the country due to the lack of natural predators, a conducive habitat (provided by widespread farming), and the mild Australian winters that allowed year-round breeding. Australia's native equivalent, the bilby, was quickly pushed out by the invasive rabbit. (The bilbies are endangered, but are now making a comeback due to government protection.) Between 1901 and 1907, Australia built an immense "rabbit-proof fence" to halt the westward expansion of the infestation. The European rabbit, however, can not only jump very high, but also burrow underground, making fencing essentially futile.
During the 1950s, the intentional introduction of a virus that causes myxomatosis provided some relief in Australia, but not in New Zealand, where the insect vectors necessary for the spread of the disease were not present. Myxomatosis can also infect pet rabbits (the same species). Today's remaining feral rabbits in Australia are largely immune to myxomatosis. A second deadly rabbit virus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD), has been cleared in Australia as a biological control agent and has already killed millions of the European rabbits there. RHD was also introduced—illegally— in New Zealand with less success due to improper timing.
In Chile
The exact date on which the European rabbit was introduced into Chile is unknown, though the first references to it occur during the mid-18th century. By the 19th century, several authors referred to the presence of both rabbits and rabbit hutches in central Chile. The importation and breeding of rabbits was encouraged by the state, as rabbits were seen as cheap sources of food for peasants. Whether or not their escape into the wild was intentional is unknown, but warnings over the dangers of feral rabbits were raised during the early 20th century, and the species had propagated dramatically by the late 1920s in central Chile, Tierra del Fuego, and the Juan Fernández Islands. In the 1930s, the state sought to tackle the rabbit problem by banning fox hunting, though it was later discovered that indigenous South American foxes rarely preyed on rabbits, preferring native species. In modern times, the European rabbit problem has not been resolved definitively, though a deliberate outbreak of myxomatosis in Tierra del Fuego successfully reduced local rabbit populations. The species remains a problem in central Chile and on Juan Fernández, despite international financing.
Domesticated rabbits
The European rabbit is the only rabbit to be widely domesticated, for food or as a pet. It was first widely kept in ancient Rome, where fetal rabbits were known as laurices and considered a delicacy, and has been refined into a wide variety of breeds during and since the Middle Ages.
Domesticated rabbits have mostly been bred to be much larger than wild rabbits, though selective breeding has produced a range of sizes from "dwarf" to "giant", which are kept as food animals and pets across the world. They have as much color variation among themselves as other livestock and pet animals. Their fur is prized for its softness; today, Angora rabbits are raised for their long, soft fur, which is often spun into yarn. Other breeds are raised for the fur industry, particularly the Rex, which has a smooth, velvet-like coat and occurs in a wide variety of colors and sizes.
Meat and fur
In the United Kingdom, rabbit was a popular food source for the poorer classes. Among wild rabbits, those native to Spain were reputed to have the highest meat quality, followed by those in the Ardennes. As rabbits hold very little fat, they were hardly ever roasted, being instead boiled, fried, or stewed.
The pelt of the rabbit is heavier and more durable than the hare's. Marshall calculated that the value of the skin in proportion to the carcass was greater than that of the sheep and ox. Its fur is primarily used for felting or hats. It is also dyed or clipped, and sold as imitations of more valuable furbearers, such as fur seal. Although cheap and easily acquired, rabbit fur has little durability.
Conservation status
Though the European rabbit thrives in many of the locations where it was introduced, in its native Iberia, populations are dwindling. In 2005, the Portuguese Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests classified O. cuniculus in Portugal as "near threatened", while in 2006, Spanish authorities (SECEM) reclassified it in Spain as "vulnerable". In 2018, the International Union for Conservation of Nature reclassified O. cuniculus in Spain, Portugal, and France as "endangered", due to the extent of recent declines. However, worldwide, the species is endangered.
See also
Cuniculture, on the practice of breeding and raising the domesticated version of the European rabbit
List of breeds of the domesticated version of the European rabbit
References
Bibliography
External links
View the rabbit genome in Ensembl
Leporidae
Mammals described in 1758
Fauna of Gibraltar
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of North Africa
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
```java
package com.thealgorithms.datastructures.trees;
/**
* This code recursively validates whether given Binary Search Tree (BST) is balanced or not.
* Trees with only distinct values are supported.
* Key points:
* 1. According to the definition of a BST, each node in a tree must be in range [min, max],
* where 'min' and 'max' values represent the child nodes (left, right).
* 2. The smallest possible node value is Integer.MIN_VALUE, the biggest - Integer.MAX_VALUE.
*/
public final class CheckBinaryTreeIsValidBST {
private CheckBinaryTreeIsValidBST() {
}
public static boolean isBST(BinaryTree.Node root) {
return isBSTUtil(root, Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
private static boolean isBSTUtil(BinaryTree.Node node, int min, int max) {
// empty tree is a BST
if (node == null) {
return true;
}
if (node.data < min || node.data > max) {
return false;
}
return (isBSTUtil(node.left, min, node.data - 1) && isBSTUtil(node.right, node.data + 1, max));
}
}
``` |
```java
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.ballerinalang.langserver.workspace;
import org.ballerinalang.langserver.commons.workspace.WorkspaceDocumentException;
import org.ballerinalang.langserver.commons.workspace.WorkspaceManagerProxy;
import org.eclipse.lsp4j.DidChangeTextDocumentParams;
import org.eclipse.lsp4j.DidCloseTextDocumentParams;
import org.eclipse.lsp4j.DidOpenTextDocumentParams;
/**
* A proxy implementation for the ballerina workspace manager.
*
* @since 2.0.0
*/
public interface BallerinaWorkspaceManagerProxy extends WorkspaceManagerProxy {
/**
* Handle the document open event.
*
* @param params {@link DidOpenTextDocumentParams}
* @throws WorkspaceDocumentException on failure
*/
void didOpen(DidOpenTextDocumentParams params) throws WorkspaceDocumentException;
/**
* Handle the document change event.
*
* @param params {@link DidChangeTextDocumentParams}
* @throws WorkspaceDocumentException on failure
*/
void didChange(DidChangeTextDocumentParams params) throws WorkspaceDocumentException;
/**
* Handle the document close event.
*
* @param params {@link DidCloseTextDocumentParams}
* @throws WorkspaceDocumentException on failure
*/
void didClose(DidCloseTextDocumentParams params) throws WorkspaceDocumentException;
}
``` |
The Supreme Court of Hong Kong was the highest court in Hong Kong prior to the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China in 1997 and heard cases of first instance and appeals from the District and Magisrates Courts as well as certain tribunals. The Supreme Court was from 1976 made up of the High Court of Justice (High Court) and the Court of Appeal.
On 1 July 1997, the Supreme Court became the High Court which is made up of the Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeal.
History
Establishment
The Supreme Court was established in 1844 after Hong Kong became a British Crown colony under the Treaty of Nanjing. The first sitting of the court was on 1 October 1844 presided over by the first Chief Justice, John Walter Hulme.
Appeals
For almost 70 years after establishment of the court, there was no Court of Appeal in Hong Kong. Appeals were either by way or re-hearing or direct to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. From 1913, appeals were heard by a Full Court made up of 3 judges. From 1913 to 1943, a judge of the British Supreme Court for China in Shanghai was eligible to sit on the Full Court. In the 1910s and 1920s, a Shanghai judge would regularly travel to Hong Kong to sit on the Full Court. Sir Havilland de Sausmarez, a judge of the Shanghai court, was the President of the Full Court from 1910 to 1920. From 1926 to 1941, a judge of the Hong Kong Supreme Court also sat on the full court of the British Supreme Court for China.
The Court of Appeal was established in 1976. Appeals from the Court of Appeal and Full Court and, certain criminal appeals from the High Court, lay to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. In order to appeal to the Privy Council, leave to appeal was required either from the court appealed from or the Privy Council.
Renaming on transfer of sovereignty
After the transfer of sovereignty the Supreme Court was renamed as the High Court and the High Court of the former Supreme Court was renamed the Court of First Instance. Appeals from the Court of Appeal (and where there is such a direct appeal, the Court of First Instance) are now heard by the Court of Final Appeal which was established on 1 July 1997.
Buildings
1844–1848: A building at the junction of Wyndham and Wellington Streets
1848–?: Exchange Building, 7 Queen's Road, Central, a building originally erected for Dent & Co. by Tam Achoy.
1889–1911: No. 29 Queen's Road, Central, between the Post Office and Land Office
1912–1980: The old Supreme Court Building – until 2012, the Legislative Council Building at 8 Jackson Road, Central, Hong Kong Island. It became the new seat of the Court of Final Appeal in September 2015.
1980–1983: The Former French Mission Building, later home to the Court of Final Appeal (1997–2015)
1985–1997: The new Supreme Court Building – now the High Court Building at 38 Queensway, Admiralty, Hong Kong Island
Further reading
A full history of the Supreme Court up to the early 20th Century is in James William Norton-Kyshe's:
The History of the Laws and Courts of Hong Kong: Tracing Consular Jurisdiction in China and Japan and including Parliamentary Debates: And the Rise, Progress, and Successive Changes in the Various Public Institutions of the Colony from the Earliest Period to the Present
See also
Judiciary of Hong Kong
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong
Maurice Heenan
Sir Ti-Liang Yang
Sir Denys Roberts
Sir Noel Power
Sir George Phillippo
Sir Havilland de Sausmarez
References
Defunct courts
1844 establishments in Hong Kong
Courts and tribunals established in 1844 |
Arbin () is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
It lies southeast of Chambéry.
See also
Communes of the Savoie department
References
Communes of Savoie |
```java
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.flowable.cmmn.test.mgmt;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import org.flowable.cmmn.api.runtime.CaseInstance;
import org.flowable.cmmn.engine.test.CmmnDeployment;
import org.flowable.cmmn.engine.test.FlowableCmmnTestCase;
import org.flowable.job.api.Job;
import org.flowable.job.api.JobQuery;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* @author Simon Amport
*/
public class JobQueryTest extends FlowableCmmnTestCase {
@Test
@CmmnDeployment(resources = "org/flowable/cmmn/test/mgmt/TimerJobQueryTest.cmmn")
public void testQueryByCaseDefinitionKey() {
CaseInstance caseInstance = cmmnRuntimeService.createCaseInstanceBuilder()
.caseDefinitionKey("timerJobQueryTest")
.start();
Job timerJob = cmmnManagementService.createTimerJobQuery().singleResult();
Job executableJob = cmmnManagementService.moveTimerToExecutableJob(timerJob.getId());
assertThat(executableJob).isNotNull();
JobQuery jobQuery = cmmnManagementService.createJobQuery().caseDefinitionKey("timerJobQueryTest");
assertThat(jobQuery.count()).isEqualTo(1);
assertThat(jobQuery.singleResult().getScopeId()).isEqualTo(caseInstance.getId());
assertThat(jobQuery.list()).extracting(Job::getId)
.containsExactly(executableJob.getId());
jobQuery = cmmnManagementService.createJobQuery().caseDefinitionKey("invalid");
assertThat(jobQuery.count()).isZero();
assertThat(jobQuery.singleResult()).isNull();
assertThat(jobQuery.list()).isEmpty();
}
}
``` |
Alden is an unincorporated community in western Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. Alden is one mile east of Oklahoma State Highway 58 approximately south of Carnegie.
References
Unincorporated communities in Caddo County, Oklahoma
Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma |
```asciidoc
[[removejsonattributesresponsebody-filter]]
= `RemoveJsonAttributesResponseBody` Filter
The `RemoveJsonAttributesResponseBody` filter takes a collection of `attribute names` to search for, an optional last parameter from the list can be a boolean to remove the attributes just at root level (that's the default value if not present at the end of the parameter configuration, `false`) or recursively (`true`).
It provides a convenient method to apply a transformation to JSON body content by deleting attributes from it.
The following example configures an `RemoveJsonAttributesResponseBody` filter:
.application.yml
[source,yaml]
----
spring:
cloud:
gateway:
mvc:
routes:
- id: removejsonattributes_route
uri: path_to_url
filters:
- RemoveJsonAttributesResponseBody=id,color
----
This removes attributes "id" and "color" from the JSON content body at root level.
The following example configures an `RemoveJsonAttributesResponseBody` filter that uses the optional last parameter:
.application.yml
[source,yaml]
----
spring:
cloud:
gateway:
routes:
- id: removejsonattributes_recursively_route
uri: path_to_url
predicates:
- Path=/red/{segment}
filters:
- RemoveJsonAttributesResponseBody=id,color,true
----
This removes attributes "id" and "color" from the JSON content body at any level.
``` |
```ocaml
(*
* OWL - OCaml Scientific Computing
*)
(** Dataset: easy access to various datasets *)
open Owl_types
let remote_data_path () = "path_to_url"
let local_data_path () : string =
let home = Sys.getenv "HOME" ^ "/.owl" in
let d = home ^ "/dataset/" in
Owl_log.info "create %s if not present" d;
(* Note: use of Sys.file_exist is racy *)
(try Unix.mkdir home 0o755 with
| Unix.Unix_error (EEXIST, _, _) -> ());
(try Unix.mkdir d 0o755 with
| Unix.Unix_error (EEXIST, _, _) -> ());
d
let download_data fname =
let fn0 = remote_data_path () ^ fname in
let fn1 = local_data_path () ^ fname in
let cmd0 = "wget " ^ fn0 ^ " -O " ^ fn1 in
let cmd1 = "gunzip " ^ fn1 in
ignore (Sys.command cmd0);
ignore (Sys.command cmd1)
let download_all () =
let l =
[ "stopwords.txt.gz"
; "enron.test.gz"
; "enron.train.gz"
; "nips.test.gz"
; "nips.train.gz"
; "insurance.csv.gz"
; "mnist-test-images.gz"
; "mnist-test-labels.gz"
; "mnist-test-lblvec.gz"
; "mnist-train-images.gz"
; "mnist-train-labels.gz"
; "mnist-train-lblvec.gz"
; "cifar10_test_data.gz"
; "cifar10_test_labels.gz"
; "cifar10_test_filenames.gz"
; "cifar10_test_lblvec.gz"
; "cifar10_train1_data.gz"
; "cifar10_train1_labels.gz"
; "cifar10_train1_filenames.gz"
; "cifar10_train1_lblvec.gz"
; "cifar10_train2_data.gz"
; "cifar10_train2_labels.gz"
; "cifar10_train2_filenames.gz"
; "cifar10_train2_lblvec.gz"
; "cifar10_train3_data.gz"
; "cifar10_train3_labels.gz"
; "cifar10_train3_filenames.gz"
; "cifar10_train3_lblvec.gz"
; "cifar10_train4_data.gz"
; "cifar10_train4_labels.gz"
; "cifar10_train4_filenames.gz"
; "cifar10_train4_lblvec.gz"
; "cifar10_train5_data.gz"
; "cifar10_train5_labels.gz"
; "cifar10_train5_filenames.gz"
; "cifar10_train5_lblvec.gz"
]
in
List.iter (fun fname -> download_data fname) l
let draw_samples x y n =
let x', y', _ = Owl_dense_matrix_generic.draw_rows2 ~replacement:false x y n in
x', y'
(* load mnist train data, the return is a triplet. The first is a 60000 x 784
matrix where each row represents a 28 x 28 image. The second is label and the
third is the corresponding unravelled row vector of the label. *)
let load_mnist_train_data () =
let p = local_data_path () in
( Owl_dense_matrix.S.load (p ^ "mnist-train-images")
, Owl_dense_matrix.S.load (p ^ "mnist-train-labels")
, Owl_dense_matrix.S.load (p ^ "mnist-train-lblvec") )
let load_mnist_test_data () =
let p = local_data_path () in
( Owl_dense_matrix.S.load (p ^ "mnist-test-images")
, Owl_dense_matrix.S.load (p ^ "mnist-test-labels")
, Owl_dense_matrix.S.load (p ^ "mnist-test-lblvec") )
let print_mnist_image x =
Owl_dense_matrix_generic.reshape x [| 28; 28 |]
|> Owl_dense_matrix_generic.iter_rows (fun v ->
Owl_dense_matrix_generic.iter
(function
| 0. -> Printf.printf " "
| _ -> Printf.printf "")
v;
print_endline "")
(* similar to load_mnist_train_data but returns [x] as [*,28,28,1] ndarray *)
let load_mnist_train_data_arr () =
let x, label, y = load_mnist_train_data () in
let m = Owl_dense_matrix.S.row_num x in
let x = Owl_dense_ndarray.S.reshape x [| m; 28; 28; 1 |] in
x, label, y
let load_mnist_test_data_arr () =
let x, label, y = load_mnist_test_data () in
let m = Owl_dense_matrix.S.row_num x in
let x = Owl_dense_ndarray.S.reshape x [| m; 28; 28; 1 |] in
x, label, y
(* load cifar train data, there are five batches in total. The loaded data is a
10000 * 3072 matrix. Each row represents a 32 x 32 image of three colour
channels, unravelled into a row vector. The labels are also returned. *)
let load_cifar_train_data batch =
let p = local_data_path () in
( Owl_dense_ndarray.S.load (p ^ "cifar10_train" ^ string_of_int batch ^ "_data")
, Owl_dense_matrix.S.load (p ^ "cifar10_train" ^ string_of_int batch ^ "_labels")
, Owl_dense_matrix.S.load (p ^ "cifar10_train" ^ string_of_int batch ^ "_lblvec") )
let load_cifar_test_data () =
let p = local_data_path () in
( Owl_dense_ndarray.S.load (p ^ "cifar10_test_data")
, Owl_dense_matrix.S.load (p ^ "cifar10_test_labels")
, Owl_dense_matrix.S.load (p ^ "cifar10_test_lblvec") )
let draw_samples_cifar x y n =
let col_num = (Owl_dense_ndarray_generic.shape x).(0) in
let a = Array.init col_num (fun i -> i) in
let a = Owl_stats.choose a n |> Array.to_list in
( Owl_dense_ndarray.S.get_fancy [ L a; R []; R []; R [] ] x
, Owl_dense_matrix.S.get_fancy [ L a; R [] ] y )
(* load text data and stopwords *)
let load_stopwords () =
let p = local_data_path () in
Owl_nlp_utils.load_stopwords (p ^ "stopwords.txt")
let load_nips_train_data stopwords =
let p = local_data_path () in
Owl_nlp_utils.load_from_file ~stopwords (p ^ "nips.train")
``` |
Eosentomon betschi is a species of proturan in the family Eosentomidae. It is found in Africa.
References
Eosentomon
Articles created by Qbugbot
Animals described in 1978 |
Year 222 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Calvus (or, less frequently, year 532 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 222 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Roman Republic
Mediolanum (modern Milan), stronghold of the Gallic tribe of the Insubres (led by Viridomarus), falls to Roman legions in Lombardy (led by consul, Marcus Claudius Marcellus), in the Battle of Clastidium. Marcus Claudius Marcellus personally slays the chief, Viridomarus. This victory removes the Gallic threat to Rome. Marcellus wins the spolia opima ("spoils of honour": the arms taken by a general who kills an enemy chief in single combat) for the third and last time in Roman history.
Greece
Cleomenes III of Sparta is defeated in the Battle of Sellasia (north of Sparta) by Antigonus III and his allies, the Achaean League and the Illyrians (under the command of Demetrius of Pharos), and flees to Egypt under the protection of King Ptolemy III. Antigonus III's forces occupy Sparta, which is the first time this city has ever been occupied.
Almost all of Greece falls under Macedonian suzerainty after Antigonus III re-establishes the Hellenic Alliance as a confederacy of leagues, with himself as president.
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid forces under their general Achaeus succeed in winning back, from Pergamum, all the Seleucid domains in Anatolia lost six years earlier.
Mithridates II of Pontus gives his daughter Laodice in marriage to the Seleucid king Antiochus III. Another of his daughters, also named Laodice, is married about the same time to Achaeus, a cousin of Antiochus.
China
The Qin general Wang Jian conquers Wuyue, forcing the capitulation of its ruler. The conquered region becomes the province of Kuaiji. This campaign completes the subjugation of the lands formerly held by the State of Chu, and it also serves as a precursor for the Qin campaign against the Yue tribes.
The Qin generals Wang Ben and Li Xin conquer Liaodong, thereby completing the subjugation of Yan.
Wang Ben conquers Dai, thereby completing the subjugation of Zhao.
Deaths
Ctesibius, Greek inventor and mathematician
Eucleidas, king of Sparta (killed in the Battle of Sellasia)
Ptolemy III Euergetes (the Benefactor), king of Egypt
Viridomarus, military leader of the Insubres (Gaul)
Xi of Yan, king of the Yan State (Warring States Period)
References |
```html
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "path_to_url">
<!-- NewPage -->
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Generated by javadoc (1.8.0_152-release) on Thu Jun 28 11:01:15 BST 2018 -->
<title>JNA.InProgressBuilder</title>
<meta name="date" content="2018-06-28">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../stylesheet.css" title="Style">
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../script.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
try {
if (location.href.indexOf('is-external=true') == -1) {
parent.document.title="JNA.InProgressBuilder";
}
}
catch(err) {
}
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<li>Nested | </li>
<li>Field | </li>
<li><a href="#constructor.summary">Constr</a> | </li>
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<div class="subTitle">org.mozilla.mentat</div>
<h2 title="Class JNA.InProgressBuilder" class="title">Class JNA.InProgressBuilder</h2>
</div>
<div class="contentContainer">
<ul class="inheritance">
<li><a href="path_to_url" title="class or interface in java.lang">java.lang.Object</a></li>
<li>
<ul class="inheritance">
<li>com.sun.jna.PointerType</li>
<li>
<ul class="inheritance">
<li>org.mozilla.mentat.JNA.InProgressBuilder</li>
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<dt>All Implemented Interfaces:</dt>
<dd>com.sun.jna.NativeMapped</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Enclosing interface:</dt>
<dd><a href="../../../org/mozilla/mentat/JNA.html" title="interface in org.mozilla.mentat">JNA</a></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<br>
<pre>public static class <span class="typeNameLabel">JNA.InProgressBuilder</span>
extends com.sun.jna.PointerType</pre>
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<h3>Constructor Summary</h3>
<table class="memberSummary" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Constructor Summary table, listing constructors, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Constructors</span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colOne" scope="col">Constructor and Description</th>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colOne"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../org/mozilla/mentat/JNA.InProgressBuilder.html#InProgressBuilder--">InProgressBuilder</a></span>()</code> </td>
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``` |
Tajabad (, also Romanized as Tājābād; also known as Tājābād-e Pā’īn, Tājābād-e Soflá, and Taj Abad Sofla) is a village in Khosuyeh Rural District, in the Central District of Zarrin Dasht County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 738, in 139 families.
References
Populated places in Zarrin Dasht County |
Ángel Roberto Seifart (12 September 1940 – 2 July 2018), was a Paraguayan senior politician from the Colorado Party.
Seifart was a judge during the Alfredo Stroessner era. Later he was minister of education in the military government of Andrés Rodríguez. In the 1993 Paraguayan general election he was elected Vice President of Paraguay as running mate of Juan Carlos Wasmosy for the period from 15 August 1993 to 15 August 1998 and also a minister in the cabinet of Raúl Cubas Grau.
References
1940 births
2018 deaths
Vice presidents of Paraguay
Colorado Party (Paraguay) politicians
Government ministers of Paraguay
Paraguayan judges
Politicians from Asunción |
Penicillaria lineatrix is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in India and Sri Lanka.
Male antennae bipectinate (comb like on both sides). Forewings with an obtuse marginal central angle. Hindwings basally white with broad border.
References
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1858
Euteliinae |
```java
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.flowable.idm.engine.impl.persistence.entity;
import org.flowable.common.engine.api.delegate.event.FlowableEngineEventType;
import org.flowable.common.engine.api.delegate.event.FlowableEntityEvent;
import org.flowable.common.engine.impl.persistence.entity.AbstractEngineEntityManager;
import org.flowable.common.engine.impl.persistence.entity.Entity;
import org.flowable.common.engine.impl.persistence.entity.data.DataManager;
import org.flowable.idm.api.event.FlowableIdmEventType;
import org.flowable.idm.engine.IdmEngineConfiguration;
import org.flowable.idm.engine.delegate.event.impl.FlowableIdmEventBuilder;
/**
* @author Joram Barrez
*/
public abstract class AbstractIdmEngineEntityManager<EntityImpl extends Entity, DM extends DataManager<EntityImpl>>
extends AbstractEngineEntityManager<IdmEngineConfiguration, EntityImpl, DM> {
public AbstractIdmEngineEntityManager(IdmEngineConfiguration idmEngineConfiguration, DM dataManager) {
super(idmEngineConfiguration, dataManager);
}
@Override
protected FlowableEntityEvent createEntityEvent(FlowableEngineEventType eventType, Entity entity) {
FlowableIdmEventType idmEventType;
switch (eventType) {
case ENTITY_CREATED:
idmEventType = FlowableIdmEventType.ENTITY_CREATED;
break;
case ENTITY_INITIALIZED:
idmEventType = FlowableIdmEventType.ENTITY_INITIALIZED;
break;
case ENTITY_UPDATED:
idmEventType = FlowableIdmEventType.ENTITY_UPDATED;
break;
case ENTITY_DELETED:
idmEventType = FlowableIdmEventType.ENTITY_DELETED;
break;
default:
idmEventType = null;
}
if (idmEventType != null) {
return FlowableIdmEventBuilder.createEntityEvent(idmEventType, entity);
} else {
return super.createEntityEvent(eventType, entity);
}
}
}
``` |
Lieutenant General Mashudi (September 11, 1919 in Cibatu village, Garut Regency, West Java – June 22, 2005 in Jakarta) was a Governor of West Java who served as Vice Chairman of the People's Consultative Assembly (1967-1972).
In 1974, he became Chairman of the West Java Scout Council, and was elected Vice-Chairman of the national headquarters (Kwarnas) of the Gerakan Pramuka. At the National Scout Conference in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra in 1978, he was elected by acclamation as Chairman, in which position he served until 1993.
In 1985, Mashudi was awarded the 181st Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting.
References
External links
Scouting in Indonesia
Recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award
1919 births
2005 deaths
Governors of West Java
People from Garut |
```c++
/** testpolymorph.cpp --- A sequence of polymorphism examples.
*
*
* Author: Eric M. Ludlam <eric@siege-engine.com>
*
* This file is part of GNU Emacs.
*
* GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with GNU Emacs. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
#include <cmath>
// Test 1 - Functions w/ prototypes
namespace proto {
int pt_func1(int arg1);
int pt_func1(int arg1) {
return 0;
}
}
// Test 2 - Functions w/ different arg lists.
namespace fcn_poly {
int pm_func(void) {
return 0;
}
int pm_func(int a) {
return a;
}
int pm_func(char a) {
return int(a);
}
int pm_func(double a) {
return int(floor(a));
}
}
// Test 3 - Methods w/ different arg lists.
class meth_poly {
public:
int pm_meth(void) {
return 0;
}
int pm_meth(int a) {
return a;
}
int pm_meth(char a) {
return int(a);
}
int pm_meth(double a) {
return int(floor(a));
}
};
// Test 4 - Templates w/ partial specifiers.
namespace template_partial_spec {
template <typename T> class test
{
public:
void doSomething(T t) { };
};
template <typename T> class test<T *>
{
public:
void doSomething(T* t) { };
};
}
// Test 5 - Templates w/ full specialization which may or may not share
// common functions.
namespace template_full_spec {
template <typename T> class test
{
public:
void doSomething(T t) { };
void doSomethingElse(T t) { };
};
template <> class test<int>
{
public:
void doSomethingElse(int t) { };
void doSomethingCompletelyDifferent(int t) { };
};
}
// Test 6 - Dto., but for templates with multiple parameters.
namespace template_multiple_spec {
template <typename T1, typename T2> class test
{
public:
void doSomething(T1 t) { };
void doSomethingElse(T2 t) { };
};
template <typename T2> class test<int, T2>
{
public:
void doSomething(int t) { };
void doSomethingElse(T2 t) { };
};
template <> class test<float, int>
{
public:
void doSomething(float t) { };
void doSomethingElse(int t) { };
void doNothing(void) { };
};
}
// End of polymorphism test file.
``` |
A Comfortable Man is the debut studio album by British singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Cathal Smyth. It was produced by Charlie Andrew and Kirsty Mangan. The album was first made available in 2014 as a vinyl LP, limited to 1,000 copies and sold during Smyth's three night performance at Wilton's Music Hall. It was given a full release by the Phoenix Rising Recording Co. in 2015, reaching No. 68 on the UK Albums Chart and No. 10 on the Independent Albums Chart.
Many tracks on A Comfortable Man were written following the breakdown of Smyth's 28-year marriage in 2005. After completing the recording of the album, Smyth departed Madness to embark on his solo career. Speaking of the album to the BBC in 2015, Smyth said: "The cycle of songs started with "Are the Children Happy?" and "Love Song No. 7". It was a very emotional time, it was a very cathartic act writing those songs. I decided I wanted to sit on them for some time to let the dust settle. When you're in Madness and you're writing, it keeps you occupied. It's [was] a very personal project on the sidelines. And I always think timing is essential and when it feels right."
A music video for "You're Not Alone" was released in September 2014. The song was released as a download single in March 2015, followed by "Do You Believe in Love?" and "Are the Children Happy?".
Critical reception
Upon release, Tony Clayton-Lea of The Irish Times stated: "A Comfortable Man is a cathartic exercise. Smyth has taken the opportunity to lay bare his thoughts about personal matters across a sequence of gently wrought, beautifully orchestrated balladic pop songs with rather morose titles." The Times picked A Comfortable Man as their album of the week and commented: "Smyth's simple, honest lyrics and straightforward delivery mean that songs such as "Are the Children Happy?" make a real emotional connection with the listener, while his gift for a pop melody allows for light relief on the upbeat numbers."
Mojo wrote: "...the musical document of his journey is appropriately desolate but altogether rather moving. Essentially it's Smyth playing Victorian parlour piano accompanied by mournful strings and celestial backing vocals." Uncut commented: "The LP springs to life when Smyth ignores the ponderous ballads and hits the pop jugular. "Do You Believe in Love?" and "She's Got the Light" are joyous naif: "Love Song No. 7" tugs effectively at the heart strings, while "Are the Children Happy?" is the most gut wrenchingly poignant divorce song you'll ever hear."
Track listing
Charts
Personnel
Adapted from the album liners notes.
Musicians
Cathal Smyth – vocals, backing vocals, piano (1, 8, 9, 12), whistling (4)
Charlie Andrew – drums (2, 4, 5, 7), percussion (2-5, 7, 10, 11), bass (2), synthesizer (4), backing vocals (4, 6), arrangements
Kirsty Mangan – violin (1-6, 8, 10-12), piano (3, 4, 6, 7, 10), backing vocals (2, 4, 5, 7, 8), viola (3, 6, 12), dilruba (3), Hammond organ (7), Rhodes (10), arrangements
Tim Adam-Smith – guitar (2-5, 7, 10, 11), piano (5)
Adrian Acolatse – double bass (2, 5-8, 10, 11)
Paul Powell – bass (8, 12)
Sarah Bateson – ukulele (2, 4, 6, 7, 11), backing vocals (2)
Robert Cherry – accordion (5, 7, 11)
Rachael Lander – cello (3, 6, 12)
Jo Archard – violin (1)
Benedict Taylor – viola (1)
Rhian Porter – cello (1)
Madeleine Kate Hylland – additional vocals (1, 8)
The Noctis Chamber Choir – choir (1, 3, 6, 8, 11)
Jordan Florence Hess – children backing vocals (8)
Sophie Rose Davidson – children backing vocals (8)
Lily Charlotte Davidson – children backing vocals (8)
Joe Duddell – choir (1, 3, 6, 8, 11) and strings arrangements (1)
Production
Charlie Andrew – production (2-7, 9-11), additional production (8, 12), recording (2-7, 10, 11), strings recording (8)
Kirsty Mangan – production (2-7, 9-11), additional production (8, 12)
Paul Powell – production (1), main vocal production and recording (from original demo) (11)
Felix Quine – production (8, 12), recording (8, 12)
Alan Winstanley – recording (1), mixing (1-12)
Cameron Gower Poole – engineer (1)
Tom Campbell – assistant engineer (1)
Jason Howes – recording (9)
Simon Halfon – sleeve design
Raquel Martinez Royo – cover and colour photography
Simon Pantling – black and white photography
References
2015 debut albums
Albums produced by Charlie Andrew
Chas Smash albums |
Within economics, the feasibility condition, along with the tangency condition, is used in microeconomics to solve the consumer choice problem and obtain the demand function. The condition states that total spending on all goods cannot exceed available income. The general form of the feasibility condition for two goods is as follows:
,
where x and y are the quantities consumed of the two goods, px and py are their respective prices, and I is the income of the consumer.
References
Consumer theory |
```objective-c
//===-- CommandObject.h -----------------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
//
// See path_to_url for license information.
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#ifndef LLDB_INTERPRETER_COMMANDOBJECT_H
#define LLDB_INTERPRETER_COMMANDOBJECT_H
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <optional>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "lldb/Utility/Flags.h"
#include "lldb/Interpreter/CommandCompletions.h"
#include "lldb/Interpreter/Options.h"
#include "lldb/Target/ExecutionContext.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/Args.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/CompletionRequest.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/StringList.h"
#include "lldb/lldb-private.h"
namespace lldb_private {
// This function really deals with CommandObjectLists, but we didn't make a
// CommandObjectList class, so I'm sticking it here. But we really should have
// such a class. Anyway, it looks up the commands in the map that match the
// partial string cmd_str, inserts the matches into matches, and returns the
// number added.
template <typename ValueType>
int AddNamesMatchingPartialString(
const std::map<std::string, ValueType> &in_map, llvm::StringRef cmd_str,
StringList &matches, StringList *descriptions = nullptr) {
int number_added = 0;
const bool add_all = cmd_str.empty();
for (auto iter = in_map.begin(), end = in_map.end(); iter != end; iter++) {
if (add_all || (iter->first.find(std::string(cmd_str), 0) == 0)) {
++number_added;
matches.AppendString(iter->first.c_str());
if (descriptions)
descriptions->AppendString(iter->second->GetHelp());
}
}
return number_added;
}
template <typename ValueType>
size_t FindLongestCommandWord(std::map<std::string, ValueType> &dict) {
auto end = dict.end();
size_t max_len = 0;
for (auto pos = dict.begin(); pos != end; ++pos) {
size_t len = pos->first.size();
if (max_len < len)
max_len = len;
}
return max_len;
}
class CommandObject : public std::enable_shared_from_this<CommandObject> {
public:
typedef llvm::StringRef(ArgumentHelpCallbackFunction)();
struct ArgumentHelpCallback {
ArgumentHelpCallbackFunction *help_callback;
bool self_formatting;
llvm::StringRef operator()() const { return (*help_callback)(); }
explicit operator bool() const { return (help_callback != nullptr); }
};
/// Entries in the main argument information table.
struct ArgumentTableEntry {
lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type;
const char *arg_name;
CommandCompletions::CommonCompletionTypes completion_type;
OptionEnumValues enum_values;
ArgumentHelpCallback help_function;
const char *help_text;
};
/// Used to build individual command argument lists.
struct CommandArgumentData {
lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type;
ArgumentRepetitionType arg_repetition;
/// This arg might be associated only with some particular option set(s). By
/// default the arg associates to all option sets.
uint32_t arg_opt_set_association;
CommandArgumentData(lldb::CommandArgumentType type = lldb::eArgTypeNone,
ArgumentRepetitionType repetition = eArgRepeatPlain,
uint32_t opt_set = LLDB_OPT_SET_ALL)
: arg_type(type), arg_repetition(repetition),
arg_opt_set_association(opt_set) {}
};
typedef std::vector<CommandArgumentData>
CommandArgumentEntry; // Used to build individual command argument lists
typedef std::map<std::string, lldb::CommandObjectSP> CommandMap;
CommandObject(CommandInterpreter &interpreter, llvm::StringRef name,
llvm::StringRef help = "", llvm::StringRef syntax = "",
uint32_t flags = 0);
virtual ~CommandObject() = default;
static const char *
GetArgumentTypeAsCString(const lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type);
static const char *
GetArgumentDescriptionAsCString(const lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type);
CommandInterpreter &GetCommandInterpreter() { return m_interpreter; }
Debugger &GetDebugger();
virtual llvm::StringRef GetHelp();
virtual llvm::StringRef GetHelpLong();
virtual llvm::StringRef GetSyntax();
llvm::StringRef GetCommandName() const;
virtual void SetHelp(llvm::StringRef str);
virtual void SetHelpLong(llvm::StringRef str);
void SetSyntax(llvm::StringRef str);
// override this to return true if you want to enable the user to delete the
// Command object from the Command dictionary (aliases have their own
// deletion scheme, so they do not need to care about this)
virtual bool IsRemovable() const { return false; }
virtual bool IsMultiwordObject() { return false; }
bool IsUserCommand() { return m_is_user_command; }
void SetIsUserCommand(bool is_user) { m_is_user_command = is_user; }
virtual CommandObjectMultiword *GetAsMultiwordCommand() { return nullptr; }
virtual bool IsAlias() { return false; }
// override this to return true if your command is somehow a "dash-dash" form
// of some other command (e.g. po is expr -O --); this is a powerful hint to
// the help system that one cannot pass options to this command
virtual bool IsDashDashCommand() { return false; }
virtual lldb::CommandObjectSP GetSubcommandSP(llvm::StringRef sub_cmd,
StringList *matches = nullptr) {
return lldb::CommandObjectSP();
}
virtual lldb::CommandObjectSP GetSubcommandSPExact(llvm::StringRef sub_cmd) {
return lldb::CommandObjectSP();
}
virtual CommandObject *GetSubcommandObject(llvm::StringRef sub_cmd,
StringList *matches = nullptr) {
return nullptr;
}
void FormatLongHelpText(Stream &output_strm, llvm::StringRef long_help);
void GenerateHelpText(CommandReturnObject &result);
virtual void GenerateHelpText(Stream &result);
// this is needed in order to allow the SBCommand class to transparently try
// and load subcommands - it will fail on anything but a multiword command,
// but it avoids us doing type checkings and casts
virtual bool LoadSubCommand(llvm::StringRef cmd_name,
const lldb::CommandObjectSP &command_obj) {
return false;
}
virtual llvm::Error LoadUserSubcommand(llvm::StringRef cmd_name,
const lldb::CommandObjectSP &command_obj,
bool can_replace) {
return llvm::createStringError(llvm::inconvertibleErrorCode(),
"can only add commands to container commands");
}
virtual bool WantsRawCommandString() = 0;
// By default, WantsCompletion = !WantsRawCommandString. Subclasses who want
// raw command string but desire, for example, argument completion should
// override this method to return true.
virtual bool WantsCompletion() { return !WantsRawCommandString(); }
virtual Options *GetOptions();
static lldb::CommandArgumentType LookupArgumentName(llvm::StringRef arg_name);
static const ArgumentTableEntry *
FindArgumentDataByType(lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type);
int GetNumArgumentEntries();
CommandArgumentEntry *GetArgumentEntryAtIndex(int idx);
static void GetArgumentHelp(Stream &str, lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type,
CommandInterpreter &interpreter);
static const char *GetArgumentName(lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type);
// Generates a nicely formatted command args string for help command output.
// By default, all possible args are taken into account, for example, '<expr
// | variable-name>'. This can be refined by passing a second arg specifying
// which option set(s) we are interested, which could then, for example,
// produce either '<expr>' or '<variable-name>'.
void GetFormattedCommandArguments(Stream &str,
uint32_t opt_set_mask = LLDB_OPT_SET_ALL);
bool IsPairType(ArgumentRepetitionType arg_repeat_type);
bool ParseOptions(Args &args, CommandReturnObject &result);
void SetCommandName(llvm::StringRef name);
/// This default version handles calling option argument completions and then
/// calls HandleArgumentCompletion if the cursor is on an argument, not an
/// option. Don't override this method, override HandleArgumentCompletion
/// instead unless you have special reasons.
///
/// \param[in,out] request
/// The completion request that needs to be answered.
virtual void HandleCompletion(CompletionRequest &request);
/// The input array contains a parsed version of the line.
///
/// We've constructed the map of options and their arguments as well if that
/// is helpful for the completion.
///
/// \param[in,out] request
/// The completion request that needs to be answered.
virtual void
HandleArgumentCompletion(CompletionRequest &request,
OptionElementVector &opt_element_vector) {}
bool HelpTextContainsWord(llvm::StringRef search_word,
bool search_short_help = true,
bool search_long_help = true,
bool search_syntax = true,
bool search_options = true);
/// The flags accessor.
///
/// \return
/// A reference to the Flags member variable.
Flags &GetFlags() { return m_flags; }
/// The flags const accessor.
///
/// \return
/// A const reference to the Flags member variable.
const Flags &GetFlags() const { return m_flags; }
/// Get the command that appropriate for a "repeat" of the current command.
///
/// \param[in] current_command_args
/// The command arguments.
///
/// \return
/// std::nullopt if there is no special repeat command - it will use the
/// current command line.
/// Otherwise a std::string containing the command to be repeated.
/// If the string is empty, the command won't be allow repeating.
virtual std::optional<std::string>
GetRepeatCommand(Args ¤t_command_args, uint32_t index) {
return std::nullopt;
}
bool HasOverrideCallback() const {
return m_command_override_callback ||
m_deprecated_command_override_callback;
}
void SetOverrideCallback(lldb::CommandOverrideCallback callback,
void *baton) {
m_deprecated_command_override_callback = callback;
m_command_override_baton = baton;
}
void SetOverrideCallback(lldb::CommandOverrideCallbackWithResult callback,
void *baton) {
m_command_override_callback = callback;
m_command_override_baton = baton;
}
bool InvokeOverrideCallback(const char **argv, CommandReturnObject &result) {
if (m_command_override_callback)
return m_command_override_callback(m_command_override_baton, argv,
result);
else if (m_deprecated_command_override_callback)
return m_deprecated_command_override_callback(m_command_override_baton,
argv);
else
return false;
}
virtual bool Execute(const char *args_string,
CommandReturnObject &result) = 0;
protected:
bool ParseOptionsAndNotify(Args &args, CommandReturnObject &result,
OptionGroupOptions &group_options,
ExecutionContext &exe_ctx);
virtual const char *GetInvalidTargetDescription() {
return "invalid target, create a target using the 'target create' command";
}
virtual const char *GetInvalidProcessDescription() {
return "Command requires a current process.";
}
virtual const char *GetInvalidThreadDescription() {
return "Command requires a process which is currently stopped.";
}
virtual const char *GetInvalidFrameDescription() {
return "Command requires a process, which is currently stopped.";
}
virtual const char *GetInvalidRegContextDescription() {
return "invalid frame, no registers, command requires a process which is "
"currently stopped.";
}
// This is for use in the command interpreter, when you either want the
// selected target, or if no target is present you want to prime the dummy
// target with entities that will be copied over to new targets.
Target &GetSelectedOrDummyTarget(bool prefer_dummy = false);
Target &GetSelectedTarget();
Target &GetDummyTarget();
// If a command needs to use the "current" thread, use this call. Command
// objects will have an ExecutionContext to use, and that may or may not have
// a thread in it. If it does, you should use that by default, if not, then
// use the ExecutionContext's target's selected thread, etc... This call
// insulates you from the details of this calculation.
Thread *GetDefaultThread();
/// Check the command to make sure anything required by this
/// command is available.
///
/// \param[out] result
/// A command result object, if it is not okay to run the command
/// this will be filled in with a suitable error.
///
/// \return
/// \b true if it is okay to run this command, \b false otherwise.
bool CheckRequirements(CommandReturnObject &result);
void Cleanup();
CommandInterpreter &m_interpreter;
ExecutionContext m_exe_ctx;
std::unique_lock<std::recursive_mutex> m_api_locker;
std::string m_cmd_name;
std::string m_cmd_help_short;
std::string m_cmd_help_long;
std::string m_cmd_syntax;
Flags m_flags;
std::vector<CommandArgumentEntry> m_arguments;
lldb::CommandOverrideCallback m_deprecated_command_override_callback;
lldb::CommandOverrideCallbackWithResult m_command_override_callback;
void *m_command_override_baton;
bool m_is_user_command = false;
// Helper function to populate IDs or ID ranges as the command argument data
// to the specified command argument entry.
static void AddIDsArgumentData(CommandArgumentEntry &arg,
lldb::CommandArgumentType ID,
lldb::CommandArgumentType IDRange);
};
class CommandObjectParsed : public CommandObject {
public:
CommandObjectParsed(CommandInterpreter &interpreter, const char *name,
const char *help = nullptr, const char *syntax = nullptr,
uint32_t flags = 0)
: CommandObject(interpreter, name, help, syntax, flags) {}
~CommandObjectParsed() override = default;
bool Execute(const char *args_string, CommandReturnObject &result) override;
protected:
virtual bool DoExecute(Args &command, CommandReturnObject &result) = 0;
bool WantsRawCommandString() override { return false; }
};
class CommandObjectRaw : public CommandObject {
public:
CommandObjectRaw(CommandInterpreter &interpreter, llvm::StringRef name,
llvm::StringRef help = "", llvm::StringRef syntax = "",
uint32_t flags = 0)
: CommandObject(interpreter, name, help, syntax, flags) {}
~CommandObjectRaw() override = default;
bool Execute(const char *args_string, CommandReturnObject &result) override;
protected:
virtual bool DoExecute(llvm::StringRef command,
CommandReturnObject &result) = 0;
bool WantsRawCommandString() override { return true; }
};
} // namespace lldb_private
#endif // LLDB_INTERPRETER_COMMANDOBJECT_H
``` |
```c
This file is part of the GNU IO Library.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at
your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
along with this library; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
MA 02111-1307, USA.
As a special exception, if you link this library with files
compiled with a GNU compiler to produce an executable, this does
not cause the resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General
other reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU
#include "libioP.h"
#ifdef __STDC__
#include <stdlib.h>
#endif
#ifdef _LIBC
# include <shlib-compat.h>
#else
# define _IO_new_fopen fopen
#endif
_IO_FILE *
_IO_new_fopen (filename, mode)
const char *filename;
const char *mode;
{
struct locked_FILE
{
struct _IO_FILE_plus fp;
#ifdef _IO_MTSAFE_IO
_IO_lock_t lock;
#endif
#if defined _LIBC || defined _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T || defined(_GLIBCPP_USE_TYPE_WCHAR_T)
struct _IO_wide_data wd;
#endif /* !(defined _LIBC || defined _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T) */
} *new_f = (struct locked_FILE *) malloc (sizeof (struct locked_FILE));
if (new_f == NULL)
return NULL;
#ifdef _IO_MTSAFE_IO
new_f->fp.file._lock = &new_f->lock;
#endif
#if defined _LIBC || defined _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T || defined(_GLIBCPP_USE_TYPE_WCHAR_T)
_IO_no_init (&new_f->fp.file, 0, 0, &new_f->wd, &_IO_wfile_jumps);
#else
_IO_no_init (&new_f->fp.file, 1, 0, NULL, NULL);
#endif
_IO_JUMPS (&new_f->fp) = &_IO_file_jumps;
_IO_file_init (&new_f->fp);
#if !_IO_UNIFIED_JUMPTABLES
new_f->fp.vtable = NULL;
#endif
if (_IO_file_fopen ((_IO_FILE *) new_f, filename, mode, 1) != NULL)
return (_IO_FILE *) &new_f->fp;
_IO_un_link (&new_f->fp);
free (new_f);
return NULL;
}
#ifdef _LIBC
strong_alias (_IO_new_fopen, __new_fopen)
versioned_symbol (libc, _IO_new_fopen, _IO_fopen, GLIBC_2_1);
versioned_symbol (libc, __new_fopen, fopen, GLIBC_2_1);
#endif
``` |
Sondernach is a commune in the Haut-Rhin département in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
Geography
Located in the parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges, the village of Sondernach shares with Mittlach the benefit of being situated on the slopes of a large valley watered by one of the streams forming the river Fecht. The altitude of the centre is between 500 and 600 metres.
Its only immediate neighbour is the commune of Metzeral to the north.
Origin of name
The origin of the village's name is unclear. It could be from der Sonne nahe meaning "near the Sun", or zum sundern Ach meaning "near the south stream", Sondernach being the furthest south village in the valley.
History
Sondernach first appears in archives in the 12th century. Around 1240, the Benedictine Abbey of Munster owned lands in the village. From 1287, the village was made part of the valley community grouping Munster and the ten communes of the Fecht. It was destroyed during the First World War, during the battle of Metzeral, in June 1915.
See also
Communes of the Haut-Rhin department
References
Further reading
Communes of Haut-Rhin |
Lake Lucerne, a somewhat round lake, has a surface area of . Lake Lucerne is in an area that is rural-suburban in nature. This lake is completely surrounded by residences and a few undeveloped housing lots. Lake Lucerne is northeast of Winter Haven, Florida.
As Lake Lucerne is completely surrounded by private property, there is no public access to this lake. There also is no information about the types of fish in the lake.
References
Lucerne |
Eyulor is an Oron Community in Urue-Offong/Oruko local government area of Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria.
Eyo-Ulor as it is popularly called by the Oron people was formed by Ullor of one of the son of Ekete Okpo who found primacy at Okpe Oruko after the spread the Ubodung clan.
References
Places in Oron Nation
Villages in Akwa Ibom |
```java
package com.yahoo.vespa.indexinglanguage.expressions;
import com.yahoo.document.DataType;
import com.yahoo.document.datatypes.FieldValue;
import com.yahoo.document.datatypes.LongFieldValue;
import com.yahoo.document.datatypes.StringFieldValue;
import com.yahoo.vespa.indexinglanguage.SimpleTestAdapter;
import org.junit.Test;
import static com.yahoo.vespa.indexinglanguage.expressions.ExpressionAssert.assertVerify;
import static com.yahoo.vespa.indexinglanguage.expressions.ExpressionAssert.assertVerifyThrows;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
/**
* @author Simon Thoresen Hult
*/
public class ToLongTestCase {
@Test
public void requireThatHashCodeAndEqualsAreImplemented() {
Expression exp = new ToLongExpression();
assertFalse(exp.equals(new Object()));
assertEquals(exp, new ToLongExpression());
assertEquals(exp.hashCode(), new ToLongExpression().hashCode());
}
@Test
public void requireThatExpressionCanBeVerified() {
Expression exp = new ToLongExpression();
assertVerify(DataType.INT, exp, DataType.LONG);
assertVerify(DataType.STRING, exp, DataType.LONG);
assertVerifyThrows(null, exp, "Expected any input, but no input is specified");
}
@Test
public void requireThatValueIsConverted() {
ExecutionContext ctx = new ExecutionContext(new SimpleTestAdapter());
ctx.setValue(new StringFieldValue("69")).execute(new ToLongExpression());
FieldValue val = ctx.getValue();
assertTrue(val instanceof LongFieldValue);
assertEquals(69L, ((LongFieldValue)val).getLong());
}
}
``` |
Olof Skötkonung, (Old Norse: Óláfr skautkonungr) sometimes stylized as Olaf the Swede (–1022), was King of Sweden, son of Eric the Victorious and, according to Icelandic sources, Sigrid the Haughty. He succeeded his father in c. 995. He stands at the threshold of recorded history, since he is the first Swedish ruler about whom there is substantial knowledge. He is regarded as the first king known to have ruled both the Swedes and the Geats. In Sweden, the reign of king Olov Skötkonung () is considered to be the transition from the Viking age to the Middle Ages, because he was the first Christian king of the Swedes, who were the last to adopt Christianity in Scandinavia. He is associated with a growing influence of the church in what is today southwestern and central Sweden. Norse beliefs persisted in parts of Sweden until the 12–13th century (with some keeping the tradition into modern times).
Olof was victorious alongside Sweyn Forkbeard when the kings created an alliance to defeat the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason in the Battle of Svolder. After the battle, the victorious leaders split Norway into areas of control. Heimskringla gives the most detailed account of the division. Olof received four districts in Trondheim as well as Møre, Romsdal and Rånrike.
Etymology
One of many explanations for the name Skötkonung is that it is derived from the Swedish word "skatt", which can mean either "taxes" or "treasure". The latter meaning has been interpreted as "tributary king" and one English scholar speculates about a tributary relationship to the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard, who was his stepfather. That explanation, however, is not supported by evidence or historical sources. Another possible explanation of the name refers to the fact that he was the first Swedish king to mint coins. An ancient land ownership ceremony which placed a parcel of earth in someone's lap (Swedish: sköte) was called scotting and may have been involved in this epithet.
The Old Norse "Óláfr sœnski" means "Olaf the Swedish", an epithet used to distinguish him from the Norwegian kings Olaf Tryggvasson and Olaf Haraldsson.
Life
General knowledge of Olof's life is mostly based on Snorri Sturluson's and Adam of Bremen's accounts, which have been subject to criticism from some scholars. The eldest account by the German ecclesiastic chronicler Adam of Bremen (c. 1075), relates that Sweyn Forkbeard was expelled from his Danish realm by the Swedish King Eric the Victorious in the late 10th century. When Eric died (c. 995), Sweyn returned and regained his kingdom, marrying Eric's widow. Meanwhile, however, Olof had succeeded his father Eric, gathered an army, and launched a surprise attack against Sweyn. The Danish king was once again expelled while Olof occupied his lands. After this, however, the conflict was resolved. Since Sweyn had married Olof's mother, he was reinstated on the Danish throne and the two kings were thereafter allies. Snorri Sturluson (c. 1230) and the other Icelandic saga writers likewise say that Sweyn married Olof's mother after the death of Eric the Victorious, but without mentioning any conflict. Also, Snorri describes Sweyn and Olof as equal allies when they defeated the Norwegian king Olav Tryggvason in the battle of Svolder in 1000, and thereafter divided Norway between themselves (see below). It is commonly believed that Adam's account about Sweyn's defeats at the hands of Eric and Olof is partial and might have been misinterpreted; the marriage to Olof's mother may in fact have sealed Sweyn's senior position.
Viking expedition to Wendland
According to Snorri, Olof Skötkonung led a Viking expedition to Wendland early in his reign. He captured Edla, the daughter of a Wendish chieftain, and kept her as mistress. She gave him the son Emund (who was to become king of Sweden), and the daughters Astrid (later wife of Olaf II of Norway) and Holmfrid (married to Sven Jarl of Norway). He later married Estrid of the Obotrites, and they had a son, Anund Jacob, and a daughter, Ingegerd Olofsdotter.
Alliance with Sweyn Forkbeard
While Adam of Bremen praises Olof as a good Christian, Icelandic authors paint an unfavourable picture of the king as haughty and prickly. Olof is said to have preferred royal sports to war, which may explain the ease with which Sweyn Forkbeard retook the Danish lands Olof's father Eric had conquered. Olof may also have lost the right to tribute which his predecessors had preserved in what is now Estonia and Latvia.
In 1000, he joined forces with Sweyn Forkbeard and with the Norwegian Jarls Eric and Sven, against the Norwegian King Olaf Tryggvason. The circumstances have been much debated in modern historical research, but a contemporary poem confirms that Eric Jarl gathered auxiliaries in Sweden: "The belligerent jarl / gathered much manpower / in Svithiod, the chief went / southward to the battle." Olaf Tryggvason was attacked by the allied fleets in the Battle of Svolder, the location of which is uncertain. It may have been either in Øresund or Pomerania. Olaf Tryggvason disappeared during the battle and Norway was appropriated by the allied lords. The bulk of the conquests went to Sweyn Forkbeard while Olof gained a part of Trøndelag as well as modern Bohuslän. These lands were placed under Sven Jarl, son-in-law of the king.
Norwegian-Swedish War
When the Norwegian kingdom was reestablished by Olaf II of Norway (Olaf the Saint) in 1015, a new war erupted between Norway and Sweden. There is a circumstantial account of this in Snorri Sturluson's work. As he writes, many men in both Sweden and Norway tried to reconcile the kings. In 1018, Olof's cousin, the earl of Västergötland, Ragnvald Ulfsson and the Norwegian king's emissaries Björn Stallare and Hjalti Skeggiason had arrived at the thing of Uppsala in an attempt to sway the Swedish king to accept peace and as a warrant marry his daughter Ingegerd Olofsdotter to the king of Norway. The Swedish king was greatly angered and threatened to banish Ragnvald from his kingdom, but Ragnvald was supported by his foster-father Thorgny the Lawspeaker
Thorgny delivered a powerful speech in which he reminded the king of the great Viking expeditions in the East that predecessors such as Erik Anundsson and Björn had undertaken, without having the hubris not to listen to their men's advice. Thorgny himself had taken part in many successful pillaging expeditions with Olof's father Eric the Victorious and even Eric had listened to his men. The present king wanted nothing but Norway, which no Swedish king before him had desired. This displeased the Swedish people, who were eager to follow the king on new ventures in the East to win back the kingdoms that paid tribute to his ancestors, but it was the wish of the people that the king make peace with the king of Norway and give him his daughter Ingegerd as queen.
Thorgny finished his speech by saying: "if you do not desire to do so, we shall assault you and kill you and not brook any more of your warmongering and obstinacy. Our ancestors have done so, who at Mula thing threw five kings in a well, kings who were too arrogant as you are against us." Upon hearing this, King Olof complied with the demands of the peasantry for the time being.
However, far from keeping his promise Olof married his daughter Ingegerd-Irene to Yaroslav I the Wise instead. When Olaf of Norway heard about the arrangement he was furious and intent on attacking Olof Skötkonung. However, the Geatish jarl Ragnvald Ulfsson, colluding with Olaf II's skald Sigvat Thordarson, managed to avert the impending war. Olof's other daughter Astrid stayed with Ragnvald at the time, and it was agreed that she would take Ingegerd's place. Unbeknownst to Olof, she traveled to Norway and married Olaf II. That happened c. 1019. Olof Skötkonung was highly upset, but soon ran into trouble at home. Both the Swedes and Geats were displeased with the self-willed rule of the king. The lawspeaker of Västergötland, Emund, traveled to Gamla Uppsala and spoke to Olof's councilors, and a settlement was made. Olof agreed to share his power with his son Anund Jacob who was 10 or 12 years at the time. Olof was also forced to accept a settlement with Olaf II of Norway at Kungahälla. The veracity of Snorri Sturluson's account of Olof Skötkonung, written more than two centuries later, is difficult to assess; however, he quotes several probably genuine scaldic verses which allude to some of the related events.
One result of the hostilities between Olof Skötkonung and Olaf of Norway was, according to Snorri Sturluson, that the people of Jämtland and Hälsingland came under the Swedish rather than Norwegian king. Previously the Jämtlanders and part of the Hälsinglanders had adhered to Norway since the days of Hakon the Good. The veracity of this is not known, but the medieval provincial laws of Jämtland show Swedish influences, and there are indications that Christianity arrived from Central Sweden in the 11th century. Jämtland reverted to the Norwegian king in 1111, while Hälsingland was henceforth under Sweden.
Diplomacy
Olof's ally Sweyn Forkbeard occupied England in 1013, but died shortly afterwards, and the Anglo-Saxon ruler Æthelred the Unready was able to return. According to Adam of Bremen, "the son of the king, Cnut, returned home with the army and prepared a new war against the English. Olav [II], whom the Norwegians had chosen as their commander, now separated from the Danish kingdom. Cnut, who felt threatened from two directions, then entered an alliance with his brother Olof Eriksson who ruled in Sweden, and planned to take power in England, and then in Norway, with his assistance. Equipped with a thousand large ships, Cnut thus traversed the British Sea". From Swedish rune stones it also appears that many people joined the Danish Viking expeditions of the early 11th century. After Cnut the Great became King of England in 1016, he sent the two sons of the deceased King Edmund Ironside to Olof (who was either Canute's half-brother or stepbrother), supposedly with instructions to have the children murdered. Instead of having them killed, the two boys were secretly sent either to Kiev, where Olof's daughter Ingigerd was the Queen, or to Poland, where Canute's uncle Bolesław I Chrobry was duke.
Christian King
Included in the Westrogothic law from c. 1240 is the first brief Swedish chronicle, which begins with Olof Skötkonung. It relates that Olof was baptized in Husaby in Västergötland by the missionary Sigfrid, and made generous donations on spot. At Husaby parish church, there is a sign commemorating his baptism; nearby is a well thought to be the same sacred spring where Olof was baptized.
He was the first Swedish king to remain a Christian until his death. However, the circumstances about his baptism are not clear. A document from 1008 says that a certain bishop, dispatched by Archbishop Bruno of Querfurt, visited the Suigi tribe and managed to baptize the king, whose queen was already Christian. 1,000 people and seven communities followed his example. The Suigi have sometimes been identified as the Swedes, though this has been rejected by several other scholars. On the other hand, Olof's coinage (see below) indicates that he was a Christian already at the time of his accession in c. 995.
According to Adam of Bremen, Olof planned to tear down the Uppsala temple, which was allegedly an important cult centre. The fact that a large part of the Swedes were still pagan forced him to abandon this aim. The pagans, weary of his plans, made an agreement with Olof to the effect that he, if he wished to be a Christian, must exercise his royal authority in a province of his choice. If he founded a church, he was not supposed to force anyone to convert. Olof was content with this and installed a bishopric in the province of Västergötland, closer to Denmark and Norway. On the wishes of Olof, the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen anointed Thurgot as the first Bishop in Skara. This Thurgot was successful in disseminating Christianity among the West Geats and east Geats.
The legend of St. Sigfrid, known since the 13th century, relates that the still pagan Olof called in the English Archbishop of York, Sigfrid, to teach the new faith in his realm. On his way, Sigfrid and his three nephews came to Värend in southern Småland where the twelve local tribes endorsed Christianity at a Thing. Sigfrid left his nephews to tend matters in Värend and proceeded to Olof's court where the king and his family were baptised. Meanwhile, a heathen reaction in Värend cost the lives of the nephews, whose heads were sunk in the Växjö Lake. Hearing about this, Sigfrid returned to Värend where the heads were discovered through a miracle. King Olof then appeared in Värend with a force, punished the murderers, and forced the locals to yield properties to the Church. Whether the legend reflects the expansion of Olof's realm to the south is unsure. The account seems to incorporate various elements in order to legitimise the establishment of the Bishopric of Växjö in c. 1170. It is nevertheless known from Adam of Bremen that an English missionary called Sigfrid preached among the Swedes and Geats in the first half of the 11th century.
Coinage and extent of the realm
When he stamped coins in Sigtuna in the province of Uppland Olof used the word rex for king--OLUF REX as in the coin displayed above or OLAF REX. The use of Latin seems to suggest that he was already baptised at this time but on the other hand the coins were imitating English pennies in type and style. Sigtuna is written SITUN, ZINT (in the coin above), ZTNETEI, or SIDEI. The two last have been deciphered as Si(gtuna) Dei meaning God's Sigtuna. The earliest of Olof's coins merely depict him as "King in Sigtuna", while the later ones have "King of the Swedes".
It has been suggested that this change in nomenclature relates to a widening of Olof's base of power around 1000. Sigtuna may be understood as the area in Uppland ruled from the town of this name, while rulership over the Swedes may indicate a more extensive realm. Contemporary scaldic poetry indicates Olof as the ruler of the Swedes as well as the Geats (Götar), and the same goes for the account of Adam of Bremen. The exact nature of the relation between the Swedes and Geats, and the process by which a unified kingdom was created, has been intensively debated. While the unification has traditionally been thought to depart from the provinces around lake Mälaren some scholars hold that the Geatic provinces were leading the process, and that the construction of a Swedish kingdom was a long process that was only concluded in the 13th century.
Óláfsdrápa sænska
The Icelandic skald Óttarr svarti spent some time at Olof's court and composed the poem Óláfsdrápa sænska describing Olof's war expeditions in the east. The poem is interesting, since it gives a view of the reign of Olof: "The warrior guards his land, few kings are as mighty as him; Olof pleases the eagle, the Swedish king is outstanding". Other skalds who served Olof were Gunnlaugr ormstunga, Hrafn Önundarson and Gizurr svarti.
Death
Judging from Snorri Sturluson's chronology of events, Olof died a natural death in the winter of 1021–1022. Adam of Bremen asserts that he died at approximately the same time as Cnut the Great (1035), which is certainly too late.
Claims that he was martyred after refusing to sacrifice to pagan gods are likely due to a mix-up with the king Olof from Vita Ansgari and Olof Trätälja from Norse sources.
Since the 1740s, it has been claimed that he was buried in Husaby in the Christian part of his kingdom, but such identifications are controversial.
Family
Olof was the son of Eric the Victorious (Erik Segersäll) and a woman whose identity is debated. According to Adam of Bremen she was the sister or daughter of Boleslaw I Chrobry of Poland, but, according to Icelandic sources, she was Sigrid the Haughty (Sigrid Storråda), a daughter of the Viking chief Skoglar Toste. Certain sources say that Olof had a brother called Emunde.
With his mistress Edla, daughter of a Slavic chief, he first had three children:
Emund the Old, King of Sweden in c. 1050–1060
Astrid, d. after 1035, married to Olaf II of Norway (Olaf the Saint)
Holmfrid (possibly sister of Olof), married to Sven Jarl of Norway
With his spouse Queen Estrid he had two children:
Anund Jacob, King of Sweden in 1022–c. 1050
Ingegerd, d. 1050, married to Yaroslav I of Kiev
References
External links
10th-century births
1022 deaths
10th-century Swedish monarchs
11th-century Swedish monarchs
Converts to Christianity from pagan religions
Sons of kings
11th-century Swedish people
Swedish Christian religious leaders
Leaders ousted by a coup
Dethroned monarchs
House of Munsö
Christian monarchs |
South Dakota Highway 1804 (SD 1804) is a state highway in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
It consists of four disconnected segments. The southernmost segment is in the central part of Charles Mix County. It travels from the shore of the Missouri River south of Geddes north to an intersection with SD 50 also south of Geddes. The second segment is in the northwestern part of Charles Mix County. It travels from an intersection with 282nd Street southwest of Platte to an intersection with SD 44/SD 50 southeast of Academy. The third segment is in the central part of the state. It travels from an intersection with US 14/US 83 in Pierre north to an intersection with 160th Street north-northeast of Forest City. The fourth segment, which is the longest segment, travels from a continuation of 135th Street south-southeast of Glenham northward to the North Dakota state line. Here, it intersects 102nd Street and continues as ND 1804.
The segments from Pierre to US 212 and from Mobridge to the North Dakota state line are parts of the Lewis and Clark Trail. The number for SD 1804 and SD 1806 are numbered from the years of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
The segment from Pierre to the Oahe Dam was previously SD 514 prior to 1975.
Route description
Charles Mix County
The southern segment of SD 1804 begins on the eastern shore of the Missouri River, a few miles south of Geddes. It travels just to the east of the Spring Creek and Pease Creek recreation areas, before crossing over Spring Creek. It curves to the northeast and reaches its northern terminus, an intersection with SD 50.
Southwest of Platte, SD 1804 resumes at an intersection with 282nd Street east of Platte Creek Recreation Area. At this intersection, the highway utilizes 359th Avenue and travels in a due-north direction. It skirts along the southeastern part of the Gray State Public Shooting Area. It curves to the northeast and travels through the southern part of that area, crossing over Platte Creek in the process. It curves to the southwest, paralleling the creek and then curves back to the north. The highway then travels on the west side of the shooting area. A few miles later, it meets its northern terminus, an intersection with SD 44/SD 50. At this intersection, 359th Avenue continues to the north.
Hughes, Sully, and Potter counties
SD 1804 resumes again in the northern part of Pierre, at an intersection with US 14/US 83. It curves to a northeastward direction and travels along the eastern edge of the Tailrace Recreation Area. On the northern edge of the recreation area is an intersection with the eastern terminus of SD 204. The highway then slips between the East Shore and Overlook recreation areas. The highway curves to the north and crosses over Spring Creek. SD 1804 then passes the Spring Creek Recreation Area and enters Sully County.
It passes the Okobojo Creek Recreation Area before it meets Onida Road and 284th Avenue. Here, SD 1804 turns right and follows Onida Road on a due-east direction for approximately . At an intersection with 291st Avenue, SD 1804 leaves Onida Road and turns left onto 291st Avenue. It travels on that road on a due-north direction. It curves back to the east for a short distance before encountering an intersection with 293rd Avenue and Agar Road. Here, the highway turns left onto 293rd Avenue and takes that road to the north. Approximately later, it enters Potter County.
SD 1804 continues to the north and crosses over Artichoke Creek and then intersects US 212 just southeast of Forest City. At this intersection, SD 1804 turns right onto US 212 and begins a concurrency with that highway. Here, 293rd Avenue continues to the north. US 212 and SD 1804 briefly travel concurrently to the east-northeast. When SD 1804 splits off, it resumes its due-north direction. It curves to the north-northeast and then back to the north. At an intersection with 160th Street, this segment of SD 1804 ends, and 296th Avenue continues to the north.
Walworth and Campbell counties
SD 1804 resumes as a continuation of 135th Street south-southeast of Glenham, just west of 135th Street's intersection with 297th Avenue. It travels in a due-west direction. Just east of the Missouri River, it curves to the north. Here, it becomes known as 294th Avenue. It passes the Thomas Bay Recreation Area and proceeds to an intersection with 130th Street, which leads to Glenham. Here, SD 1804 turns left and proceeds in a due-west direction on 130th Street, while 294th Avenue continues straight ahead. It curves to the northwest and crosses over some railroad tracks of BNSF Railway. It then curve back to the north and has an intersection with US 12/SD 20. The three highways travel concurrently to the west and enter Mobridge, where SD 1804 splits off onto 4th Avenue East. It travels to the north, passing Legion Memorial Park, and then leaves the city limits of Mobridge. It then passes Mobridge Municipal Airport, Greenwood Cemetery, and Oahe Hills Country Club. The highway curves around the northwestern part of the country club, becomes known as 126th Street, and heads to the east. A short distance later, it turns to the left and resumes its northward direction, while 126th street continues straight ahead. SD 1804 begins to head to the north-northeast, before curving to the east-southeast and east. At an intersection with 122nd Avenue and 295th Avenue, the highway turns left and again resumes its northward path. It curves to a due-east direction and encounters an intersection with 119th and 297th streets. Here, SD 1804 travels to the north. It curves to the north-northwest and then back to the north. It passes to the east of the West Pollock Recreation Area and enters the southwestern part of Pollock. At an intersection with 103rd Street, it turns right onto Summit Road and travels to the east. In the south-central part of Pollock, SD 1804 turns left and almost immediately meets the western terminus of SD 10 (Main Street). It curves to the north-northwest, passes the West Pollock Recreation Area Camp Ground, and then leaves the city limits of Pollock. It skirts along the northwestern edge of Lake Pocasse. At an intersection with the southern terminus of 299th Avenue, SD 1804 turns left onto 102nd Street and travels to the west-northwest. The highway curves to the north-northwest and reaches its northern terminus, an intersection with 102nd Street at the North Dakota state line. Here, the roadway continues as ND 1804.
History
SD 1804, along with parts of SD 1806 and SD 204, were part of the original South Dakota Highway 514 (SD 514). The former SD 514 was removed when SD 1804 and SD 1806 were designated, and the remaining dam crossing portion of the highway was renumbered as SD 204 at that time. The section of highway between Pierre and Oahe Dam comprises SD 1804's portion.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
The Unofficial South Dakota Highways Page: Highways 201+
1804
Transportation in Charles Mix County, South Dakota
Transportation in Hughes County, South Dakota
Transportation in Sully County, South Dakota
Transportation in Potter County, South Dakota
Transportation in Walworth County, South Dakota
Transportation in Campbell County, South Dakota
Pierre, South Dakota micropolitan area |
Catalyst poisoning is the partial or total deactivation of a catalyst by a chemical compound. Poisoning refers specifically to chemical deactivation, rather than other mechanisms of catalyst degradation such as thermal decomposition or physical damage. Although usually undesirable, poisoning may be helpful when it results in improved catalyst selectivity (e.g. Lindlar's catalyst). An important historic example was the poisoning of catalytic converters by leaded fuel.
Poisoning of Pd catalysts
Organic functional groups and inorganic anions often have the ability to strongly adsorb to metal surfaces. Common catalyst poisons include carbon monoxide, halides, cyanides, sulfides, sulfites, phosphates, phosphites and organic molecules such as nitriles, nitro compounds, oximes, and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Agents vary their catalytic properties because of the nature of the transition metal. Lindlar catalysts are prepared by the reduction of palladium chloride in a slurry of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) followed by poisoning with lead acetate. In a related case, the Rosenmund reduction of acyl halides to aldehydes, the palladium catalyst (over barium sulfate or calcium carbonate) is intentionally poisoned by the addition of sulfur or quinoline in order to lower the catalyst activity and thereby prevent over-reduction of the aldehyde product to the primary alcohol.
Poisoning process
Poisoning often involves compounds that chemically bond to a catalyst's active sites. Poisoning decreases the number of active sites, and the average distance that a reactant molecule must diffuse through the pore structure before undergoing reaction increases as a result. As a result, poisoned sites can no longer accelerate the reaction with which the catalyst was supposed to catalyze. Large scale production of substances such as ammonia in the Haber–Bosch process include steps to remove potential poisons from the product stream. When the poisoning reaction rate is slow relative to the rate of diffusion, the poison will be evenly distributed throughout the catalyst and will result in homogeneous poisoning of the catalyst. Conversely, if the reaction rate is fast compared to the rate of diffusion, a poisoned shell will form on the exterior layers of the catalyst, a situation known as "pore-mouth" poisoning, and the rate of catalytic reaction may become limited by the rate of diffusion through the inactive shell.
Selective poisoning
If the catalyst and reaction conditions are indicative of low effectiveness, selective poisoning may be observed, where poisoning of only a small fraction of the catalyst's surface gives a disproportionately large drop in activity.
If η is the effectiveness factor of the poisoned surface and hp is the Thiele modulus for the poisoned case:
When the ratio of the reaction rates of the poisoned pore to the unpoisoned pore is considered:
where F is the ratio of poisoned to unpoisoned pores, hT is the Thiele modulus for the unpoisoned case, and α is the fraction of the surface that is poisoned.
The above equation simplifies depending on the value of hT. When the surface is available, hT is negligible:
This represents the "classical case" of nonselective poisoning where the fraction of the activity remaining is equal to the fraction of the unpoisoned surface remaining.
When hT is very large, it becomes:
In this case, the catalyst effectiveness factors are considerably less than unity, and the effects of the portion of the poison adsorbed near the closed end of the pore are not as apparent as when hT is small.
The rate of diffusion of the reactant through the poisoned region is equal to the rate of reaction and is given by:
And the rate of reaction within a pore is given by:
The fraction of the catalyst surface available for reaction can be obtained from the ratio of the poisoned reaction rate to the unpoisoned reaction rate:
Benefits of selective poisoning
Usually, catalyst poisoning is undesirable as it leads to the wasting of expensive metals or their complexes. However, poisoning of catalysts can be used to improve selectivity of reactions. Poisoning can allow for selective intermediates to be isolated and desirable final products to be produced.
Hydrodesulfurization catalysts
In the purification of petroleum products, the process of hydrodesulfurization is utilized. Thiols, such as thiophene, are reduced using H2 to produce H2S and hydrocarbons of varying chain length. Common catalysts used are tungsten and molybdenum sulfide. Adding cobalt and nickel to either edges or partially incorporating them into the crystal lattice structure can improve the catalyst's efficiency. The synthesis of the catalyst creates a supported hybrid that prevents poisoning of the cobalt nuclei.
Other examples
In catalytic converters used on automobiles, the combustion of leaded gasoline produces elemental lead, lead(II) oxide, lead(II) chloride, and lead(II) bromide. Lead alloys with the metals present in the catalyst, while lead oxides and halides coat the catalyst's surfaces, reducing the converter's ability to reduce NOx emissions.
In fuel cells using platinum catalysts, the fuels must be free of sulfur and carbon monoxide, unless a desulfurization system is used.
Ziegler-Natta catalysts for the production of polyolefins (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, etc) are poisoned by water and oxygen. This poisoning applies to both homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts for olefin polymerization. This requires the monomers (ethylene, propylene, etc.) to be purified.
See also
Hydrogen purity
Reaction inhibitor
Enzyme inhibitor
References
Catalysis
Fuel cells
fr:Poison de catalyseur |
The Keokuk County Courthouse located in Sigourney, Iowa, United States, was built in 1911. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. In 1999 it was included as a contributing property in the Public Square Historic District. The courthouse is the fourth building the county has used for court functions and county administration.
History
Keokuk County built its first courthouse in Sigourney in 1845 for $218. The building, which was constructed of logs, also housed the jail and served as a schoolhouse, public hall, and hotel. Lancaster became the county seat in the late 1840s and a two-story frame courthouse was built there in 1848 for $699. By the mid-1850s the county seat was back in Sigourney. A new courthouse was built in 1858 for $17,200. It was remodeled over the years until the present courthouse was begun in 1909. It was completed two years later at a cost of $150,000.
Architecture
The building was designed in the Classical Revival style by the Des Moines architectural firm Wetherell & Gage, and built by J.L Simmons. The Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago influenced the design of the building. The Bedford limestone structure rests on a raised basement level. Each facade features a frontispiece with large engaged columns in the Ionic order that are set in antis above first floor level. It is capped by a clock tower and cupola. Other historic structures on the courthouse square include a fountain, bandstand, and a Civil War Monument. The significance of the courthouse is derived from its association with county government, and the political power and prestige of Sigourney as the county seat.
References
External links
Government buildings completed in 1911
Sigourney, Iowa
Neoclassical architecture in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Keokuk County, Iowa
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Iowa
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
County courthouses in Iowa
Clock towers in Iowa
1911 establishments in Iowa |
```javascript
/* your_sha256_hash--------------
*
* # D3.js - basic donut chart
*
* Demo d3.js donut chart setup with .csv data source
*
* Version: 1.0
* Latest update: August 1, 2015
*
* your_sha256_hash------------ */
$(function () {
// Initialize chart
donutBasic('#d3-donut-basic', 120);
// Chart setup
function donutBasic(element, radius) {
// Basic setup
// ------------------------------
// Colors
var color = d3.scale.category20();
// Create chart
// ------------------------------
// Add SVG element
var container = d3.select(element).append("svg");
// Add SVG group
var svg = container
.attr("width", radius * 2)
.attr("height", radius * 2)
.append("g")
.attr("transform", "translate(" + radius + "," + radius + ")");
// Construct chart layout
// ------------------------------
// Arc
var arc = d3.svg.arc()
.outerRadius(radius)
.innerRadius(radius / 1.75);
// Pie
var pie = d3.layout.pie()
.sort(null)
.value(function(d) { return d.population; });
// Load data
// ------------------------------
d3.csv("assets/demo_data/d3/pies/pies_basic.csv", function(error, data) {
// Pull out values
data.forEach(function(d) {
d.population = +d.population;
});
//
// Append chart elements
//
// Bind data
var g = svg.selectAll(".d3-arc")
.data(pie(data))
.enter()
.append("g")
.attr("class", "d3-arc");
// Add arc path
g.append("path")
.attr("d", arc)
.style("stroke", "#fff")
.style("fill", function(d) { return color(d.data.age); });
// Add text labels
g.append("text")
.attr("transform", function(d) { return "translate(" + arc.centroid(d) + ")"; })
.attr("dy", ".35em")
.style("fill", "#fff")
.style("font-size", 12)
.style("text-anchor", "middle")
.text(function(d) { return d.data.age; });
});
}
});
``` |
```javascript
global.process = { __proto__: process, pid: 123456 }
Date.now = function () { return 1459875739796 }
require('node:os').hostname = function () { return 'abcdefghijklmnopqr' }
const pino = require(require.resolve('./../../'))
const asyncLogger = pino(pino.destination({ minLength: 4096, sync: false }))
asyncLogger.info('h')
``` |
Dorothy Vaughan (1910–2008) was an American mathematician and human computer.
Dorothy Vaughan may also refer to:
Dorothy Vaughan (actress) (18901955), American actress
Dorothy Vaughan (social reformer) (1881–1974), Australian social reformer |
James Dinan Green (September 8, 1798 – August 18, 1882) was a Massachusetts politician who served as a Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, a member of the Board of Selectmen and the first, fourth and eighth Mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Notes
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Mayors of Cambridge, Massachusetts
1798 births
1882 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Harvard College alumni
Cambridge, Massachusetts City Council members |
Ruby Ora Williams (1926–2009) was an American literary scholar and bibliographer, known for her bibliographies of black women's writing.
Life
Ora Williams was the daughter of Ida Bolles (Roach) Williams. She became professor at California State University, Long Beach in 1968. A participant in the university's pioneering equal opportunities program, she and Clyde Taylor designed and shaped the black studies program at CSU in the early 1970s. She retired in 1988.
Works
'A Bibliography of Works Written by American Black Women', College Language Association Journal, 1972. Published in book form as American Black women in the arts and social sciences : a bibliographic survey, Metuchen, N.J. : Scarecrow Press, 1973.
An In-Depth Portrait of Alice Dunbar-Nelson, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Irvine, 1974
(ed.) Works of Eva Jessye
An In-Depth Portrait of Alice Dunbar-Nelson, 1975
'Works by and About Alice Ruth (Moore) Dunbar-Nelson: A Bibliography', College Language Association Journal 19 (1976)
(ed.) American Black Women in the Arts and Social Sciences: A Bibliographic Survey, 1978
(ed.) An Alice Dunbar-Nelson Reader. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1979.
Just like a meteor: a bio-bibliography of the life and works of Charles William Williams, a New Jersey African-American, Glassboro, N.J.: Meteor Books, 1994
References
1926 births
2009 deaths
American literary historians
American bibliographers
Women bibliographers
American women historians
Women literary historians
20th-century American historians
20th-century American women writers
California State University, Long Beach faculty
21st-century American women |
```css
.ingress-rules .bordered {
border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
border-radius: 5px;
}
.ingress-rules .rule {
background-color: var(--bg-body-color);
}
.anntation-actions button > span,
.rules-action button > span,
.rule button > span {
display: inline-flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 5px;
}
.error-inline {
display: block;
}
.error-inline svg {
margin-right: 5px;
}
.error-inline svg,
.error-inline span {
display: inline;
}
``` |
Mount Disappointment is a mountain in the San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles County, California with a summit elevation of 5,963+ feet (1,818+ m). It was named "Disappointment" in 1894 when USGS surveyors in the Wheeler Survey sighted it from the Santa Susana Mountains, believing it to be the highest point in the immediate area, decided to use it as their next triangulation point. When they reached the summit, however, they discovered that San Gabriel Peak half a mile (0.8 km) to the east was higher and it was a disappointment so they moved there instead.
A Nike missile site was located there in 1955 and the summit was flattened to accommodate it. The missile site was abandoned in 1965. The mountain top is now an important telecommunications site for both commercial and government organizations.
References
Mountains of Los Angeles County, California
San Gabriel Mountains
U.S. Army Nike sites
Mountains of Southern California |
is the fifth studio album by Japanese singer/songwriter Mari Hamada, released on December 21, 1985 by Invitation. It is Hamada's first album to generate a single. Like the previous release Rainbow Dream, Blue Revolution includes two English-language cover songs. The album was reissued alongside Hamada's past releases on January 15, 2014.
Track listing
Personnel
Tak Matsumoto – guitar
Tomonori Yamada – bass
Yoshihiro Naruse – bass
Yōgo Kōno – keyboards
Rei Atsumi – keyboards
Tsutomu Ōhira – keyboards
Atsuo Okamoto – drums
Footnotes
References
External links
(Mari Hamada)
(Victor Entertainment)
1985 albums
Japanese-language albums
Mari Hamada albums
Victor Entertainment albums |
Długochorzele is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Prostki, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately west of Prostki, south of Ełk, and east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
References
Villages in Ełk County |
```javascript
"Hello\1World"
``` |
```smalltalk
/*
* Texturing.cs
*
*/
using System;
namespace LLGLExamples
{
public abstract class ExampleBase
{
sealed class MyEventListener : LLGL.Window.EventListener
{
private ExampleBase App { get; set; }
public MyEventListener(ExampleBase app)
{
App = app;
}
public override void OnKeyDown(LLGL.Window sender, LLGL.Key keyCode)
{
if (keyCode == LLGL.Key.Escape)
{
sender.PostQuit();
}
}
public override void OnResize(LLGL.Window sender, LLGL.Extent2D clientAreaSize)
{
App.OnResize(clientAreaSize);
App.OnDrawFrame();
}
};
protected static readonly LLGL.Color bgColor = new LLGL.Color(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.2f);
protected static readonly LLGL.Extent2D initialResolution = new LLGL.Extent2D(800, 600);
protected LLGL.RenderingDebugger Debugger { get; private set; } = new LLGL.RenderingDebugger();
protected LLGL.RenderSystem Renderer { get; private set; }
protected LLGL.CommandBuffer CmdBuffer { get; private set; }
protected LLGL.SwapChain SwapChain { get; private set; }
protected LLGL.Viewport FullViewport
{
get
{
var resolution = SwapChain.Resolution;
return new LLGL.Viewport(0, 0, (float)resolution.Width, (float)resolution.Height);
}
}
private static void PrintRendererInfo(LLGL.RendererInfo info)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Renderer: {info.RendererName}");
Console.WriteLine($"Device: {info.DeviceName}");
Console.WriteLine($"Vendor: {info.VendorName}");
Console.WriteLine($"Shading Language: {info.ShadingLanguageName}");
}
static string GetSelectedRendererModule(string[] args)
{
foreach (string arg in args)
{
switch (arg)
{
case "d3d11": return "Direct3D11";
case "d3d12": return "Direct3D12";
case "gl": return "OpenGL";
case "vk": return "Vulkan";
}
}
return "Direct3D11";
}
public int Run(string title, string[] args)
{
// Configure example by input arguments
Func<string, bool> HasArgument = (string search) =>
{
foreach (string arg in args)
{
if (arg == search)
{
return true;
}
}
return false;
};
string rendererModule = ExampleBase.GetSelectedRendererModule(args);
bool useDebugger = HasArgument("-d") || HasArgument("--debug");
var report = new LLGL.Report();
Renderer = LLGL.RenderSystem.Load(new LLGL.RenderSystemDescriptor(rendererModule, debugger: useDebugger ? Debugger : null), report);
if (Renderer == null)
{
Console.Write(report.ToString());
return 1;
}
var swapChainDesc = new LLGL.SwapChainDescriptor(resolution: initialResolution, samples: 8);
swapChainDesc.DebugName = "MySwapChain";
SwapChain = Renderer.CreateSwapChain(swapChainDesc);
ExampleBase.PrintRendererInfo(Renderer.RendererInfo);
// Create command buffer
CmdBuffer = Renderer.CreateCommandBuffer(new LLGL.CommandBufferDescriptor() { Flags = LLGL.CommandBufferFlags.ImmediateSubmit });
CmdBuffer.DebugName = "MyCommandBuffer";
// Create resources
OnInitialize();
// Change window title and register event listener
var window = SwapChain.Surface.AsWindow();
window.AddEventListener(new MyEventListener(this));
window.Title = $"LLGL C# Example: {title} ( {Renderer.RendererInfo.RendererName} )";
window.Show();
// Main loop
while (LLGL.Surface.ProcessEvents() && !window.HasQuit)
{
//Debugger.TimeRecording = true;
OnDrawFrame();
SwapChain.Present();
var frameProfile = Debugger.FlushProfile();
}
return 0;
}
protected abstract void OnInitialize();
public abstract void OnDrawFrame();
public virtual void OnResize(LLGL.Extent2D resolution) { }
}
}
// ================================================================================
``` |
```prolog
#!/usr/bin/perl
#
# Regenerate (overwriting only if changed):
#
# lib/warnings.pm
# warnings.h
#
# from information hardcoded into this script (the $WARNING_TREE hash), plus the
# template for warnings.pm in the DATA section.
#
# When changing the number of warnings, t/op/caller.t should change to
# correspond with the value of $BYTES in lib/warnings.pm
#
# With an argument of 'tree', just dump the contents of $WARNING_TREE and exits.
# Also accepts the standard regen_lib -q and -v args.
#
# This script is normally invoked from regen.pl.
$VERSION = '1.65';
BEGIN {
require './regen/regen_lib.pl';
push @INC, './lib';
}
use strict ;
sub DEFAULT_ON () { 1 }
sub DEFAULT_OFF () { 2 }
# Define the hierarchy of warnings.
#
# Each level in the tree is a hash which lists the names of all the
# children below that level. Each child is an array consisting of the
# version when that warnings category was introduced and, if a terminal
# category, whether that warning is on by default; otherwise a ref to
# another hash of children.
#
# Note that the version numbers are currently only used to sort and to
# generate code comments in the output files.
#
# Note that warning names aren't hierarchical; by having 'pipe' as a child
# of 'io', a warnings category called 'io::pipe' is NOT automatically
# created. But the warnings category 'io' WILL include all the mask bits
# necessary to turn on 'pipe', 'unopened' etc.
our $WARNING_TREE = {
'all' => [ 5.008, {
'io' => [ 5.008, {
'pipe' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'unopened' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'closed' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'newline' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'exec' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'layer' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'syscalls' => [ 5.019, DEFAULT_OFF],
}],
'syntax' => [ 5.008, {
'ambiguous' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'semicolon' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'precedence' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'bareword' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'reserved' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'digit' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'parenthesis' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'printf' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'prototype' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'qw' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'illegalproto' => [ 5.011, DEFAULT_OFF],
}],
'severe' => [ 5.008, {
'inplace' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_ON],
'internal' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'debugging' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_ON],
'malloc' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_ON],
}],
'deprecated' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_ON, {
'deprecated::goto_construct' => [ 5.011003, DEFAULT_ON],
'deprecated::unicode_property_name' => [ 5.011003, DEFAULT_ON],
'deprecated::dot_in_inc' => [ 5.025011, DEFAULT_ON],
'deprecated::version_downgrade' => [ 5.035009, DEFAULT_ON],
'deprecated::delimiter_will_be_paired' => [ 5.035010, DEFAULT_ON],
'deprecated::apostrophe_as_package_separator'
=> [ 5.037009, DEFAULT_ON],
'deprecated::smartmatch' => [ 5.037010, DEFAULT_ON],
}],
'void' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'recursion' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'redefine' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'numeric' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'uninitialized' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'once' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'misc' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'regexp' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'glob' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_ON],
'untie' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'substr' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'taint' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'signal' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'closure' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'overflow' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'portable' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'utf8' => [ 5.008, {
'surrogate' => [ 5.013, DEFAULT_OFF],
'nonchar' => [ 5.013, DEFAULT_OFF],
'non_unicode' => [ 5.013, DEFAULT_OFF],
}],
'exiting' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'pack' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'unpack' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'threads' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_OFF],
'imprecision' => [ 5.011, DEFAULT_OFF],
'experimental' => [ 5.017, {
'experimental::lexical_subs' =>
[ 5.017, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::regex_sets' =>
[ 5.017, DEFAULT_OFF ],
'experimental::smartmatch' =>
[ 5.017, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::postderef' =>
[ 5.019, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::signatures' =>
[ 5.019, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::refaliasing' =>
[ 5.021, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::re_strict' =>
[ 5.021, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::const_attr' =>
[ 5.021, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::bitwise' =>
[ 5.021, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::declared_refs' =>
[ 5.025, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::script_run' =>
[ 5.027, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::alpha_assertions' =>
[ 5.027, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::private_use' =>
[ 5.029, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::uniprop_wildcards' =>
[ 5.029, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::vlb' =>
[ 5.029, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::isa' =>
[ 5.031, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::try' =>
[ 5.033, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::defer' =>
[ 5.035, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::for_list' =>
[ 5.035, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::builtin' =>
[ 5.035, DEFAULT_ON ],
'experimental::args_array_with_signatures' =>
[ 5.035, DEFAULT_ON],
'experimental::extra_paired_delimiters' =>
[ 5.035, DEFAULT_ON],
'experimental::class' =>
[ 5.037, DEFAULT_ON ],
}],
'missing' => [ 5.021, DEFAULT_OFF],
'redundant' => [ 5.021, DEFAULT_OFF],
'locale' => [ 5.021, DEFAULT_ON],
'shadow' => [ 5.027, DEFAULT_OFF],
'scalar' => [ 5.035, DEFAULT_OFF],
#'default' => [ 5.008, DEFAULT_ON ],
}]};
my @DEFAULTS; # List of category numbers which are DEFAULT_ON
# for each category name, list which category number(s)
# it enables; e.g.
my %CATEGORIES; # { 'name' => [ 1,2,5], ... }
my %VALUE_TO_NAME; # (index_number => [ 'NAME', version ], ...);
my %NAME_TO_VALUE; # ('NAME' => index_number, ....);
# the experiments were successful (or abandonned),
# so no warning bit is needed anymore
my %NO_BIT_FOR = map { ( uc $_ => 1, $_ => 1 ) } qw(
experimental::lexical_subs
experimental::postderef
experimental::signatures
experimental::bitwise
experimental::alpha_assertions
experimental::script_run
experimental::isa
experimental::smartmatch
);
###########################################################################
# Generate a hash with keys being the version number and values
# being a list of node names with that version, e.g.
#
# { '5.008' => [ 'all', 'closure', .. ], 5.021' => .... }
#
# A ref to the (initially empty) hash is passed as an arg, which is
# recursively populated
sub valueWalk
{
my ($tree, $v_list) = @_;
my ($k, $v) ;
foreach $k (sort keys %$tree) {
$v = $tree->{$k};
die "Value associated with key '$k' is not an ARRAY reference"
if !ref $v || ref $v ne 'ARRAY' ;
my ($ver, $rest, $rest2) = @{ $v } ;
my $ref = ref $rest ? $rest : $rest2;
push @{ $v_list->{$ver} }, $k;
if (ref $ref)
{ valueWalk ($ref, $v_list) }
}
}
# Assign an index number to each category, ordered by introduced-version.
# Populate:
#
# %VALUE_TO_NAME = (index_number => [ 'NAME', version ], ...);
# %NAME_TO_VALUE = ('NAME' => index_number, ....);
#
# Returns count of categories.
sub orderValues
{
my ($tree) = @_;
my %v_list;
valueWalk($tree, \%v_list);
my $index = 0;
foreach my $ver ( sort { $a <=> $b } keys %v_list ) {
foreach my $name (@{ $v_list{$ver} } ) {
next if $NO_BIT_FOR{$name};
$VALUE_TO_NAME{ $index } = [ uc $name, $ver ] ;
$NAME_TO_VALUE{ uc $name } = $index ++ ;
}
}
return $index ;
}
###########################################################################
# Recurse the tree and populate
# %CATEGORIES
# %DEFAULTS
sub walk
{
my $tree = shift ;
my @list = () ;
my ($k, $v) ;
foreach $k (sort keys %$tree) {
$v = $tree->{$k};
die "duplicate key $k\n" if defined $CATEGORIES{$k} ;
next if $NO_BIT_FOR{$k};
die "Can't find key '$k'"
if ! defined $NAME_TO_VALUE{uc $k} ;
push @{ $CATEGORIES{$k} }, $NAME_TO_VALUE{uc $k} ;
die "Value associated with key '$k' is not an ARRAY reference"
if !ref $v || ref $v ne 'ARRAY' ;
my ($ver, $rest, $rest2) = @{ $v } ;
my $ref = ref $rest ? $rest : $rest2;
if (!ref $rest and $rest == DEFAULT_ON)
{ push @DEFAULTS, $NAME_TO_VALUE{uc $k} }
if (ref $ref)
{ push (@{ $CATEGORIES{$k} }, walk ($ref)) }
push @list, @{ $CATEGORIES{$k} } ;
}
return @list ;
}
###########################################################################
# convert a list like (1,2,3,7,8) into a string like '1..3,7,8'
sub mkRange
{
my @in = @_ ;
my @out = @in ;
for my $i (1 .. @in - 1) {
$out[$i] = ".."
if $in[$i] == $in[$i - 1] + 1
&& ($i >= @in - 1 || $in[$i] + 1 == $in[$i + 1] );
}
$out[-1] = $in[-1] if $out[-1] eq "..";
my $out = join(",",@out);
$out =~ s/,(\.\.,)+/../g ;
return $out;
}
###########################################################################
# return a string containing a visual representation of the warnings tree
# structure.
sub warningsTree
{
my $tree = shift ;
my $prefix = shift ;
my ($k, $v) ;
my $max = (sort {$a <=> $b} map { length $_ } keys %$tree)[-1] ;
my @keys = sort keys %$tree ;
my $rv = '';
while ($k = shift @keys) {
next if $NO_BIT_FOR{$k};
$v = $tree->{$k};
die "Value associated with key '$k' is not an ARRAY reference"
if !ref $v || ref $v ne 'ARRAY' ;
my $offset ;
if ($tree ne $WARNING_TREE) {
$rv .= $prefix . "|\n" ;
$rv .= $prefix . "+- $k" ;
$offset = ' ' x ($max + 4) ;
}
else {
$rv .= $prefix . "$k" ;
$offset = ' ' x ($max + 1) ;
}
my ($ver, $rest, $rest2) = @{ $v } ;
my $ref = ref $rest ? $rest : $rest2;
if (ref $ref)
{
my $bar = @keys ? "|" : " ";
$rv .= " -" . "-" x ($max - length $k ) . "+\n" ;
$rv .= warningsTree ($ref, $prefix . $bar . $offset )
}
else
{ $rv .= "\n" }
}
return $rv;
}
###########################################################################
# common backend for mkHex() and mkOct()
sub mkHexOct
{
my ($f, $max, @bits) = @_ ;
my $mask = "\x00" x $max ;
my $string = "" ;
foreach (@bits) {
vec($mask, $_, 1) = 1 ;
}
foreach (unpack("C*", $mask)) {
if ($f eq 'x') {
$string .= '\x' . sprintf("%2.2x", $_)
}
else {
$string .= '\\' . sprintf("%o", $_)
}
}
return $string ;
}
# Convert a list of bit offsets (0...) into a string containing $max bytes
# of the form "\xMM\xNN...."
sub mkHex
{
my($max, @bits) = @_;
return mkHexOct("x", $max, @bits);
}
# Like mkHex(), but outputs "\o..." instead
sub mkOct
{
my($max, @bits) = @_;
return mkHexOct("o", $max, @bits);
}
###########################################################################
sub main {
if (@ARGV && $ARGV[0] eq "tree")
{
print warningsTree($WARNING_TREE, " ") ;
exit ;
}
my ($warn_h, $warn_pm) = map {
open_new($_, '>', { by => 'regen/warnings.pl' });
} 'warnings.h', 'lib/warnings.pm';
my ($index, $warn_size);
# generate warnings.h
print $warn_h warnings_h_boilerplate_1();
$index = orderValues($WARNING_TREE);
die <<~EOM if $index > 255 ;
Too many warnings categories -- max is 255
rewrite packWARN* & unpackWARN* macros
EOM
walk ($WARNING_TREE) ;
for (my $i = $index; $i & 3; $i++) {
push @{$CATEGORIES{all}}, $i;
}
$index *= 2 ;
$warn_size = int($index / 8) + ($index % 8 != 0) ;
my $k ;
my $last_ver = 0;
my @names;
foreach $k (sort { $a <=> $b } keys %VALUE_TO_NAME) {
my ($name, $version) = @{ $VALUE_TO_NAME{$k} };
print $warn_h "\n/* Warnings Categories added in Perl $version */\n\n"
if $last_ver != $version ;
$name =~ y/:/_/;
$name = "WARN_$name";
print $warn_h tab(6, "#define $name"), " $k\n" ;
push @names, $name;
$last_ver = $version ;
}
print $warn_h tab(6, '#define WARNsize'), " $warn_size\n" ;
print $warn_h tab(6, '#define WARN_ALLstring'), ' "', ('\125' x $warn_size) , "\"\n" ;
print $warn_h tab(6, '#define WARN_NONEstring'), ' "', ('\0' x $warn_size) , "\"\n" ;
print $warn_h warnings_h_boilerplate_2();
print $warn_h "\n\n/*\n" ;
print $warn_h map { "=for apidoc Amnh||$_\n" } @names;
print $warn_h "\n=cut\n*/\n\n" ;
print $warn_h "/* end of file warnings.h */\n";
read_only_bottom_close_and_rename($warn_h);
# generate warnings.pm
while (<DATA>) {
last if /^VERSION$/ ;
print $warn_pm $_ ;
}
print $warn_pm qq(our \$VERSION = "$::VERSION";\n);
while (<DATA>) {
last if /^KEYWORDS$/ ;
print $warn_pm $_ ;
}
$last_ver = 0;
print $warn_pm "our %Offsets = (" ;
foreach my $k (sort { $a <=> $b } keys %VALUE_TO_NAME) {
my ($name, $version) = @{ $VALUE_TO_NAME{$k} };
$name = lc $name;
$k *= 2 ;
if ( $last_ver != $version ) {
print $warn_pm "\n";
print $warn_pm tab(6, " # Warnings Categories added in Perl $version");
print $warn_pm "\n";
}
print $warn_pm tab(6, " '$name'"), "=> $k,\n" ;
$last_ver = $version;
}
print $warn_pm ");\n\n" ;
print $warn_pm "our %Bits = (\n" ;
foreach my $k (sort keys %CATEGORIES) {
my $v = $CATEGORIES{$k} ;
my @list = sort { $a <=> $b } @$v ;
print $warn_pm tab(6, " '$k'"), '=> "',
mkHex($warn_size, map $_ * 2 , @list),
'", # [', mkRange(@list), "]\n" ;
}
print $warn_pm ");\n\n" ;
print $warn_pm "our %DeadBits = (\n" ;
foreach my $k (sort keys %CATEGORIES) {
my $v = $CATEGORIES{$k} ;
my @list = sort { $a <=> $b } @$v ;
print $warn_pm tab(6, " '$k'"), '=> "',
mkHex($warn_size, map $_ * 2 + 1 , @list),
'", # [', mkRange(@list), "]\n" ;
}
print $warn_pm ");\n\n" ;
print $warn_pm "our %NoOp = (\n" ;
foreach my $k ( grep /\A[a-z:_]+\z/, sort keys %NO_BIT_FOR ) {
print $warn_pm tab(6, " '$k'"), "=> 1,\n";
}
print $warn_pm ");\n\n" ;
print $warn_pm "# These are used by various things, including our own tests\n";
print $warn_pm tab(6, 'our $NONE'), '= "', ('\0' x $warn_size) , "\";\n" ;
print $warn_pm tab(6, 'our $DEFAULT'), '= "',
mkHex($warn_size, map $_ * 2, @DEFAULTS),
'"; # [', mkRange(sort { $a <=> $b } @DEFAULTS), "]\n" ;
print $warn_pm tab(6, 'our $LAST_BIT'), '= ' . "$index ;\n" ;
print $warn_pm tab(6, 'our $BYTES'), '= ' . "$warn_size ;\n" ;
while (<DATA>) {
if ($_ eq "=for warnings.pl tree-goes-here\n") {
print $warn_pm warningsTree($WARNING_TREE, " ");
next;
}
print $warn_pm $_ ;
}
read_only_bottom_close_and_rename($warn_pm);
exit(0);
}
main() unless caller();
# your_sha256_hash-
sub warnings_h_boilerplate_1 { return <<'EOM'; }
#define Perl_Warn_Off_(x) ((x) / 8)
#define Perl_Warn_Bit_(x) (1 << ((x) % 8))
#define PerlWarnIsSet_(a, x) ((a)[Perl_Warn_Off_(x)] & Perl_Warn_Bit_(x))
#define G_WARN_OFF 0 /* $^W == 0 */
#define G_WARN_ON 1 /* -w flag and $^W != 0 */
#define G_WARN_ALL_ON 2 /* -W flag */
#define G_WARN_ALL_OFF 4 /* -X flag */
#define G_WARN_ONCE 8 /* set if 'once' ever enabled */
#define G_WARN_ALL_MASK (G_WARN_ALL_ON|G_WARN_ALL_OFF)
#define pWARN_STD NULL
#define pWARN_ALL &PL_WARN_ALL /* use warnings 'all' */
#define pWARN_NONE &PL_WARN_NONE /* no warnings 'all' */
#define specialWARN(x) ((x) == pWARN_STD || (x) == pWARN_ALL || \
(x) == pWARN_NONE)
/* if PL_warnhook is set to this value, then warnings die */
#define PERL_WARNHOOK_FATAL (&PL_sv_placeholder)
EOM
# your_sha256_hash-
sub warnings_h_boilerplate_2 { return <<'EOM'; }
#define isLEXWARN_on \
cBOOL(PL_curcop && PL_curcop->cop_warnings != pWARN_STD)
#define isLEXWARN_off \
cBOOL(!PL_curcop || PL_curcop->cop_warnings == pWARN_STD)
#define isWARN_ONCE (PL_dowarn & (G_WARN_ON|G_WARN_ONCE))
#define hasWARNBIT(c,x) (RCPV_LEN(c) > (2*(x)/8))
#define isWARN_on(c,x) (hasWARNBIT(c,x) \
? PerlWarnIsSet_((U8 *)(c), 2*(x)) \
: 0)
#define isWARNf_on(c,x) (hasWARNBIT(c,x) \
? PerlWarnIsSet_((U8 *)(c), 2*(x)+1) \
: 0)
#define DUP_WARNINGS(p) Perl_dup_warnings(aTHX_ p)
#define free_and_set_cop_warnings(cmp,w) STMT_START { \
if (!specialWARN((cmp)->cop_warnings)) rcpv_free((cmp)->cop_warnings); \
(cmp)->cop_warnings = w; \
} STMT_END
/*
=head1 Warning and Dieing
In all these calls, the C<U32 wI<n>> parameters are warning category
constants. You can see the ones currently available in
L<warnings/Category Hierarchy>, just capitalize all letters in the names
and prefix them by C<WARN_>. So, for example, the category C<void> used in a
perl program becomes C<WARN_VOID> when used in XS code and passed to one of
the calls below.
=for apidoc Am|bool|ckWARN|U32 w
=for apidoc_item ||ckWARN2|U32 w1|U32 w2
=for apidoc_item ||ckWARN3|U32 w1|U32 w2|U32 w3
=for apidoc_item ||ckWARN4|U32 w1|U32 w2|U32 w3|U32 w4
These return a boolean as to whether or not warnings are enabled for any of
the warning category(ies) parameters: C<w>, C<w1>, ....
Should any of the categories by default be enabled even if not within the
scope of S<C<use warnings>>, instead use the C<L</ckWARN_d>> macros.
The categories must be completely independent, one may not be subclassed from
the other.
=for apidoc Am|bool|ckWARN_d|U32 w
=for apidoc_item ||ckWARN2_d|U32 w1|U32 w2
=for apidoc_item ||ckWARN3_d|U32 w1|U32 w2|U32 w3
=for apidoc_item ||ckWARN4_d|U32 w1|U32 w2|U32 w3|U32 w4
Like C<L</ckWARN>>, but for use if and only if the warning category(ies) is by
default enabled even if not within the scope of S<C<use warnings>>.
=for apidoc Am|U32|packWARN|U32 w1
=for apidoc_item ||packWARN2|U32 w1|U32 w2
=for apidoc_item ||packWARN3|U32 w1|U32 w2|U32 w3
=for apidoc_item ||packWARN4|U32 w1|U32 w2|U32 w3|U32 w4
These macros are used to pack warning categories into a single U32 to pass to
macros and functions that take a warning category parameter. The number of
categories to pack is given by the name, with a corresponding number of
category parameters passed.
=cut
*/
#define ckWARN(w) Perl_ckwarn(aTHX_ packWARN(w))
/* The w1, w2 ... should be independent warnings categories; one shouldn't be
* a subcategory of any other */
#define ckWARN2(w1,w2) Perl_ckwarn(aTHX_ packWARN2(w1,w2))
#define ckWARN3(w1,w2,w3) Perl_ckwarn(aTHX_ packWARN3(w1,w2,w3))
#define ckWARN4(w1,w2,w3,w4) Perl_ckwarn(aTHX_ packWARN4(w1,w2,w3,w4))
#define ckWARN_d(w) Perl_ckwarn_d(aTHX_ packWARN(w))
#define ckWARN2_d(w1,w2) Perl_ckwarn_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(w1,w2))
#define ckWARN3_d(w1,w2,w3) Perl_ckwarn_d(aTHX_ packWARN3(w1,w2,w3))
#define ckWARN4_d(w1,w2,w3,w4) Perl_ckwarn_d(aTHX_ packWARN4(w1,w2,w3,w4))
#define WARNshift 8
#define packWARN(a) (a )
/* The a, b, ... should be independent warnings categories; one shouldn't be
* a subcategory of any other */
#define packWARN2(a,b) ((a) | ((b)<<8) )
#define packWARN3(a,b,c) ((a) | ((b)<<8) | ((c)<<16) )
#define packWARN4(a,b,c,d) ((a) | ((b)<<8) | ((c)<<16) | ((d) <<24))
#define unpackWARN1(x) ((U8) (x) )
#define unpackWARN2(x) ((U8) ((x) >> 8))
#define unpackWARN3(x) ((U8) ((x) >> 16))
#define unpackWARN4(x) ((U8) ((x) >> 24))
#define ckDEAD(x) \
(PL_curcop && \
!specialWARN(PL_curcop->cop_warnings) && \
(isWARNf_on(PL_curcop->cop_warnings, unpackWARN1(x)) || \
(unpackWARN2(x) && \
(isWARNf_on(PL_curcop->cop_warnings, unpackWARN2(x)) || \
(unpackWARN3(x) && \
(isWARNf_on(PL_curcop->cop_warnings, unpackWARN3(x)) || \
(unpackWARN4(x) && \
isWARNf_on(PL_curcop->cop_warnings, unpackWARN4(x)))))))))
EOM
# your_sha256_hash-
__END__
package warnings;
VERSION
# Verify that we're called correctly so that warnings will work.
# Can't use Carp, since Carp uses us!
# String regexps because constant folding = smaller optree = less memory vs regexp literal
# see also strict.pm.
die sprintf "Incorrect use of pragma '%s' at %s line %d.\n", __PACKAGE__, +(caller)[1,2]
if __FILE__ !~ ( '(?x) \b '.__PACKAGE__.' \.pmc? \z' )
&& __FILE__ =~ ( '(?x) \b (?i:'.__PACKAGE__.') \.pmc? \z' );
KEYWORDS
sub Croaker
{
require Carp; # this initializes %CarpInternal
local $Carp::CarpInternal{'warnings'};
delete $Carp::CarpInternal{'warnings'};
Carp::croak(@_);
}
sub _expand_bits {
my $bits = shift;
my $want_len = ($LAST_BIT + 7) >> 3;
my $len = length($bits);
if ($len != $want_len) {
if ($bits eq "") {
$bits = "\x00" x $want_len;
} elsif ($len > $want_len) {
substr $bits, $want_len, $len-$want_len, "";
} else {
my $x = vec($bits, $Offsets{all} >> 1, 2);
$x |= $x << 2;
$x |= $x << 4;
$bits .= chr($x) x ($want_len - $len);
}
}
return $bits;
}
sub _bits {
my $mask = shift ;
my $catmask ;
my $fatal = 0 ;
my $no_fatal = 0 ;
$mask = _expand_bits($mask);
foreach my $word ( @_ ) {
next if $NoOp{$word};
if ($word eq 'FATAL') {
$fatal = 1;
$no_fatal = 0;
}
elsif ($word eq 'NONFATAL') {
$fatal = 0;
$no_fatal = 1;
}
elsif ($catmask = $Bits{$word}) {
$mask |= $catmask ;
$mask |= $DeadBits{$word} if $fatal ;
$mask = ~(~$mask | $DeadBits{$word}) if $no_fatal ;
}
else
{ Croaker("Unknown warnings category '$word'")}
}
return $mask ;
}
sub bits
{
# called from B::Deparse.pm
push @_, 'all' unless @_ ;
return _bits("", @_) ;
}
sub import
{
my $invocant = shift;
# append 'all' when implied (empty import list or after a lone
# "FATAL" or "NONFATAL")
push @_, 'all'
if !@_ || (@_==1 && ($_[0] eq 'FATAL' || $_[0] eq 'NONFATAL'));
my @fatal = ();
foreach my $warning (@_) {
if($warning =~ /^(NON)?FATAL$/) {
@fatal = ($warning);
} elsif(substr($warning, 0, 1) ne '-') {
my $mask = ${^WARNING_BITS} // ($^W ? $Bits{all} : $DEFAULT) ;
${^WARNING_BITS} = _bits($mask, @fatal, $warning);
} else {
$invocant->unimport(substr($warning, 1));
}
}
}
sub unimport
{
shift;
my $catmask ;
my $mask = ${^WARNING_BITS} // ($^W ? $Bits{all} : $DEFAULT) ;
# append 'all' when implied (empty import list or after a lone "FATAL")
push @_, 'all' if !@_ || @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'FATAL';
$mask = _expand_bits($mask);
foreach my $word ( @_ ) {
next if $NoOp{$word};
if ($word eq 'FATAL') {
next;
}
elsif ($catmask = $Bits{$word}) {
$mask = ~(~$mask | $catmask | $DeadBits{$word});
}
else
{ Croaker("Unknown warnings category '$word'")}
}
${^WARNING_BITS} = $mask ;
}
my %builtin_type; @builtin_type{qw(SCALAR ARRAY HASH CODE REF GLOB LVALUE Regexp)} = ();
sub LEVEL () { 8 };
sub MESSAGE () { 4 };
sub FATAL () { 2 };
sub NORMAL () { 1 };
sub __chk
{
my $category ;
my $offset ;
my $isobj = 0 ;
my $wanted = shift;
my $has_message = $wanted & MESSAGE;
my $has_level = $wanted & LEVEL ;
if ($has_level) {
if (@_ != ($has_message ? 3 : 2)) {
my $sub = (caller 1)[3];
my $syntax = $has_message
? "category, level, 'message'"
: 'category, level';
Croaker("Usage: $sub($syntax)");
}
}
elsif (not @_ == 1 || @_ == ($has_message ? 2 : 0)) {
my $sub = (caller 1)[3];
my $syntax = $has_message ? "[category,] 'message'" : '[category]';
Croaker("Usage: $sub($syntax)");
}
my $message = pop if $has_message;
if (@_) {
# check the category supplied.
$category = shift ;
if (my $type = ref $category) {
Croaker("not an object")
if exists $builtin_type{$type};
$category = $type;
$isobj = 1 ;
}
$offset = $Offsets{$category};
Croaker("Unknown warnings category '$category'")
unless defined $offset;
}
else {
$category = caller(1);
$offset = $Offsets{$category};
Croaker("package '$category' not registered for warnings")
unless defined $offset ;
}
my $i;
if ($isobj) {
my $pkg;
$i = 2;
while (do { { package DB; $pkg = (caller($i++))[0] } } ) {
last unless @DB::args && $DB::args[0] =~ /^$category=/ ;
}
$i -= 2 ;
}
elsif ($has_level) {
$i = 2 + shift;
}
else {
$i = _error_loc(); # see where Carp will allocate the error
}
# Default to 0 if caller returns nothing. Default to $DEFAULT if it
# explicitly returns undef.
my(@callers_bitmask) = (caller($i))[9] ;
my $callers_bitmask =
@callers_bitmask ? $callers_bitmask[0] // $DEFAULT : 0 ;
length($callers_bitmask) > ($offset >> 3) or $offset = $Offsets{all};
my @results;
foreach my $type (FATAL, NORMAL) {
next unless $wanted & $type;
push @results, vec($callers_bitmask, $offset + $type - 1, 1);
}
# &enabled and &fatal_enabled
return $results[0] unless $has_message;
# &warnif, and the category is neither enabled as warning nor as fatal
return if ($wanted & (NORMAL | FATAL | MESSAGE))
== (NORMAL | FATAL | MESSAGE)
&& !($results[0] || $results[1]);
# If we have an explicit level, bypass Carp.
if ($has_level and @callers_bitmask) {
# logic copied from util.c:mess_sv
my $stuff = " at " . join " line ", (caller $i)[1,2];
$stuff .= sprintf ", <%s> %s %d",
*${^LAST_FH}{NAME},
($/ eq "\n" ? "line" : "chunk"), $.
if $. && ${^LAST_FH};
die "$message$stuff.\n" if $results[0];
return warn "$message$stuff.\n";
}
require Carp;
Carp::croak($message) if $results[0];
# will always get here for &warn. will only get here for &warnif if the
# category is enabled
Carp::carp($message);
}
sub _mkMask
{
my ($bit) = @_;
my $mask = "";
vec($mask, $bit, 1) = 1;
return $mask;
}
sub register_categories
{
my @names = @_;
for my $name (@names) {
if (! defined $Bits{$name}) {
$Offsets{$name} = $LAST_BIT;
$Bits{$name} = _mkMask($LAST_BIT++);
$DeadBits{$name} = _mkMask($LAST_BIT++);
if (length($Bits{$name}) > length($Bits{all})) {
$Bits{all} .= "\x55";
$DeadBits{all} .= "\xaa";
}
}
}
}
sub _error_loc {
require Carp;
goto &Carp::short_error_loc; # don't introduce another stack frame
}
sub enabled
{
return __chk(NORMAL, @_);
}
sub fatal_enabled
{
return __chk(FATAL, @_);
}
sub warn
{
return __chk(FATAL | MESSAGE, @_);
}
sub warnif
{
return __chk(NORMAL | FATAL | MESSAGE, @_);
}
sub enabled_at_level
{
return __chk(NORMAL | LEVEL, @_);
}
sub fatal_enabled_at_level
{
return __chk(FATAL | LEVEL, @_);
}
sub warn_at_level
{
return __chk(FATAL | MESSAGE | LEVEL, @_);
}
sub warnif_at_level
{
return __chk(NORMAL | FATAL | MESSAGE | LEVEL, @_);
}
# These are not part of any public interface, so we can delete them to save
# space.
delete @warnings::{qw(NORMAL FATAL MESSAGE LEVEL)};
1;
__END__
=head1 NAME
warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use warnings;
no warnings;
# Standard warnings are enabled by use v5.35 or above
use v5.35;
use warnings "all";
no warnings "uninitialized";
# or equivalent to those last two ...
use warnings qw(all -uninitialized);
use warnings::register;
if (warnings::enabled()) {
warnings::warn("some warning");
}
if (warnings::enabled("void")) {
warnings::warn("void", "some warning");
}
if (warnings::enabled($object)) {
warnings::warn($object, "some warning");
}
warnings::warnif("some warning");
warnings::warnif("void", "some warning");
warnings::warnif($object, "some warning");
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The C<warnings> pragma gives control over which warnings are enabled in
which parts of a Perl program. It's a more flexible alternative for
both the command line flag B<-w> and the equivalent Perl variable,
C<$^W>.
This pragma works just like the C<strict> pragma.
This means that the scope of the warning pragma is limited to the
enclosing block. It also means that the pragma setting will not
leak across files (via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>). This allows
authors to independently define the degree of warning checks that will
be applied to their module.
By default, optional warnings are disabled, so any legacy code that
doesn't attempt to control the warnings will work unchanged.
All warnings are enabled in a block by either of these:
use warnings;
use warnings 'all';
Similarly all warnings are disabled in a block by either of these:
no warnings;
no warnings 'all';
For example, consider the code below:
use warnings;
my @x;
{
no warnings;
my $y = @x[0];
}
my $z = @x[0];
The code in the enclosing block has warnings enabled, but the inner
block has them disabled. In this case that means the assignment to the
scalar C<$z> will trip the C<"Scalar value @x[0] better written as $x[0]">
warning, but the assignment to the scalar C<$y> will not.
All warnings are enabled automatically within the scope of
a C<L<use v5.35|perlfunc/use VERSION>> (or higher) declaration.
=head2 Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
Before the introduction of lexical warnings, Perl had two classes of
warnings: mandatory and optional.
As its name suggests, if your code tripped a mandatory warning, you
would get a warning whether you wanted it or not.
For example, the code below would always produce an C<"isn't numeric">
warning about the "2:".
my $x = "2:" + 3;
With the introduction of lexical warnings, mandatory warnings now become
I<default> warnings. The difference is that although the previously
mandatory warnings are still enabled by default, they can then be
subsequently enabled or disabled with the lexical warning pragma. For
example, in the code below, an C<"isn't numeric"> warning will only
be reported for the C<$x> variable.
my $x = "2:" + 3;
no warnings;
my $y = "2:" + 3;
Note that neither the B<-w> flag or the C<$^W> can be used to
disable/enable default warnings. They are still mandatory in this case.
=head2 "Negative warnings"
As a convenience, you can (as of Perl 5.34) pass arguments to the
C<import()> method both positively and negatively. Negative warnings
are those with a C<-> sign prepended to their names; positive warnings
are anything else. This lets you turn on some warnings and turn off
others in one command. So, assuming that you've already turned on a
bunch of warnings but want to tweak them a bit in some block, you can
do this:
{
use warnings qw(uninitialized -redefine);
...
}
which is equivalent to:
{
use warnings qw(uninitialized);
no warnings qw(redefine);
...
}
The argument list is processed in the order you specify. So, for example, if you
don't want to be warned about use of experimental features, except for C<somefeature>
that you really dislike, you can say this:
use warnings qw(all -experimental experimental::somefeature);
which is equivalent to:
use warnings 'all';
no warnings 'experimental';
use warnings 'experimental::somefeature';
As experimental features become regular features of Perl,
the corresponding warnings are not printed anymore.
They also stop being listed in the L</Category Hierarchy> below.
It is still possible to request turning on or off these warnings,
but doing so has no effect.
=head2 What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
Although very useful, the big problem with using B<-w> on the command
line to enable warnings is that it is all or nothing. Take the typical
scenario when you are writing a Perl program. Parts of the code you
will write yourself, but it's very likely that you will make use of
pre-written Perl modules. If you use the B<-w> flag in this case, you
end up enabling warnings in pieces of code that you haven't written.
Similarly, using C<$^W> to either disable or enable blocks of code is
fundamentally flawed. For a start, say you want to disable warnings in
a block of code. You might expect this to be enough to do the trick:
{
local ($^W) = 0;
my $x =+ 2;
my $y; chop $y;
}
When this code is run with the B<-w> flag, a warning will be produced
for the C<$x> line: C<"Reversed += operator">.
The problem is that Perl has both compile-time and run-time warnings. To
disable compile-time warnings you need to rewrite the code like this:
{
BEGIN { $^W = 0 }
my $x =+ 2;
my $y; chop $y;
}
And note that unlike the first example, this will permanently set C<$^W>
since it cannot both run during compile-time and be localized to a
run-time block.
The other big problem with C<$^W> is the way you can inadvertently
change the warning setting in unexpected places in your code. For example,
when the code below is run (without the B<-w> flag), the second call
to C<doit> will trip a C<"Use of uninitialized value"> warning, whereas
the first will not.
sub doit
{
my $y; chop $y;
}
doit();
{
local ($^W) = 1;
doit()
}
This is a side-effect of C<$^W> being dynamically scoped.
Lexical warnings get around these limitations by allowing finer control
over where warnings can or can't be tripped.
=head2 Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
There are three Command Line flags that can be used to control when
warnings are (or aren't) produced:
=over 5
=item B<-w>
X<-w>
This is the existing flag. If the lexical warnings pragma is B<not>
used in any of your code, or any of the modules that you use, this flag
will enable warnings everywhere. See L</Backward Compatibility> for
details of how this flag interacts with lexical warnings.
=item B<-W>
X<-W>
If the B<-W> flag is used on the command line, it will enable all warnings
throughout the program regardless of whether warnings were disabled
locally using C<no warnings> or C<$^W =0>.
This includes all files that get
included via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>.
Think of it as the Perl equivalent of the "lint" command.
=item B<-X>
X<-X>
Does the exact opposite to the B<-W> flag, i.e. it disables all warnings.
=back
=head2 Backward Compatibility
If you are used to working with a version of Perl prior to the
introduction of lexically scoped warnings, or have code that uses both
lexical warnings and C<$^W>, this section will describe how they interact.
How Lexical Warnings interact with B<-w>/C<$^W>:
=over 5
=item 1.
If none of the three command line flags (B<-w>, B<-W> or B<-X>) that
control warnings is used and neither C<$^W> nor the C<warnings> pragma
are used, then default warnings will be enabled and optional warnings
disabled.
This means that legacy code that doesn't attempt to control the warnings
will work unchanged.
=item 2.
The B<-w> flag just sets the global C<$^W> variable as in 5.005. This
means that any legacy code that currently relies on manipulating C<$^W>
to control warning behavior will still work as is.
=item 3.
Apart from now being a boolean, the C<$^W> variable operates in exactly
the same horrible uncontrolled global way, except that it cannot
disable/enable default warnings.
=item 4.
If a piece of code is under the control of the C<warnings> pragma,
both the C<$^W> variable and the B<-w> flag will be ignored for the
scope of the lexical warning.
=item 5.
The only way to override a lexical warnings setting is with the B<-W>
or B<-X> command line flags.
=back
The combined effect of 3 & 4 is that it will allow code which uses
the C<warnings> pragma to control the warning behavior of $^W-type
code (using a C<local $^W=0>) if it really wants to, but not vice-versa.
=head2 Category Hierarchy
X<warning, categories>
A hierarchy of "categories" have been defined to allow groups of warnings
to be enabled/disabled in isolation.
The current hierarchy is:
=for warnings.pl tree-goes-here
Just like the "strict" pragma any of these categories can be combined
use warnings qw(void redefine);
no warnings qw(io syntax untie);
Also like the "strict" pragma, if there is more than one instance of the
C<warnings> pragma in a given scope the cumulative effect is additive.
use warnings qw(void); # only "void" warnings enabled
...
use warnings qw(io); # only "void" & "io" warnings enabled
...
no warnings qw(void); # only "io" warnings enabled
To determine which category a specific warning has been assigned to see
L<perldiag>.
Note: Before Perl 5.8.0, the lexical warnings category "deprecated" was a
sub-category of the "syntax" category. It is now a top-level category
in its own right.
Note: Before 5.21.0, the "missing" lexical warnings category was
internally defined to be the same as the "uninitialized" category. It
is now a top-level category in its own right.
=head2 Fatal Warnings
X<warning, fatal>
The presence of the word "FATAL" in the category list will escalate
warnings in those categories into fatal errors in that lexical scope.
B<NOTE:> FATAL warnings should be used with care, particularly
C<< FATAL => 'all' >>.
Libraries using L<warnings::warn|/FUNCTIONS> for custom warning categories
generally don't expect L<warnings::warn|/FUNCTIONS> to be fatal and can wind up
in an unexpected state as a result. For XS modules issuing categorized
warnings, such unanticipated exceptions could also expose memory leak bugs.
Moreover, the Perl interpreter itself has had serious bugs involving
fatalized warnings. For a summary of resolved and unresolved problems as
of January 2015, please see
L<this perl5-porters post|path_to_url
While some developers find fatalizing some warnings to be a useful
defensive programming technique, using C<< FATAL => 'all' >> to fatalize
all possible warning categories -- including custom ones -- is particularly
risky. Therefore, the use of C<< FATAL => 'all' >> is
L<discouraged|perlpolicy/discouraged>.
The L<strictures|strictures/VERSION-2> module on CPAN offers one example of
a warnings subset that the module's authors believe is relatively safe to
fatalize.
B<NOTE:> Users of FATAL warnings, especially those using
C<< FATAL => 'all' >>, should be fully aware that they are risking future
portability of their programs by doing so. Perl makes absolutely no
commitments to not introduce new warnings or warnings categories in the
future; indeed, we explicitly reserve the right to do so. Code that may
not warn now may warn in a future release of Perl if the Perl5 development
team deems it in the best interests of the community to do so. Should code
using FATAL warnings break due to the introduction of a new warning we will
NOT consider it an incompatible change. Users of FATAL warnings should
take special caution during upgrades to check to see if their code triggers
any new warnings and should pay particular attention to the fine print of
the documentation of the features they use to ensure they do not exploit
features that are documented as risky, deprecated, or unspecified, or where
the documentation says "so don't do that", or anything with the same sense
and spirit. Use of such features in combination with FATAL warnings is
ENTIRELY AT THE USER'S RISK.
The following documentation describes how to use FATAL warnings but the
perl5 porters strongly recommend that you understand the risks before doing
so, especially for library code intended for use by others, as there is no
way for downstream users to change the choice of fatal categories.
In the code below, the use of C<time>, C<length>
and C<join> can all produce a C<"Useless use of xxx in void context">
warning.
use warnings;
time;
{
use warnings FATAL => qw(void);
length "abc";
}
join "", 1,2,3;
print "done\n";
When run it produces this output
Useless use of time in void context at fatal line 3.
Useless use of length in void context at fatal line 7.
The scope where C<length> is used has escalated the C<void> warnings
category into a fatal error, so the program terminates immediately when it
encounters the warning.
To explicitly turn off a "FATAL" warning you just disable the warning
it is associated with. So, for example, to disable the "void" warning
in the example above, either of these will do the trick:
no warnings qw(void);
no warnings FATAL => qw(void);
If you want to downgrade a warning that has been escalated into a fatal
error back to a normal warning, you can use the "NONFATAL" keyword. For
example, the code below will promote all warnings into fatal errors,
except for those in the "syntax" category.
use warnings FATAL => 'all', NONFATAL => 'syntax';
As of Perl 5.20, instead of C<< use warnings FATAL => 'all'; >> you can
use:
use v5.20; # Perl 5.20 or greater is required for the following
use warnings 'FATAL'; # short form of "use warnings FATAL => 'all';"
However, you should still heed the guidance earlier in this section against
using C<< use warnings FATAL => 'all'; >>.
If you want your program to be compatible with versions of Perl before
5.20, you must use C<< use warnings FATAL => 'all'; >> instead. (In
previous versions of Perl, the behavior of the statements
C<< use warnings 'FATAL'; >>, C<< use warnings 'NONFATAL'; >> and
C<< no warnings 'FATAL'; >> was unspecified; they did not behave as if
they included the C<< => 'all' >> portion. As of 5.20, they do.)
=head2 Reporting Warnings from a Module
X<warning, reporting> X<warning, registering>
The C<warnings> pragma provides a number of functions that are useful for
module authors. These are used when you want to report a module-specific
warning to a calling module has enabled warnings via the C<warnings>
pragma.
Consider the module C<MyMod::Abc> below.
package MyMod::Abc;
use warnings::register;
sub open {
my $path = shift;
if ($path !~ m#^/#) {
warnings::warn("changing relative path to /var/abc")
if warnings::enabled();
$path = "/var/abc/$path";
}
}
1;
The call to C<warnings::register> will create a new warnings category
called "MyMod::Abc", i.e. the new category name matches the current
package name. The C<open> function in the module will display a warning
message if it gets given a relative path as a parameter. This warnings
will only be displayed if the code that uses C<MyMod::Abc> has actually
enabled them with the C<warnings> pragma like below.
use MyMod::Abc;
use warnings 'MyMod::Abc';
...
abc::open("../fred.txt");
It is also possible to test whether the pre-defined warnings categories are
set in the calling module with the C<warnings::enabled> function. Consider
this snippet of code:
package MyMod::Abc;
sub open {
if (warnings::enabled("deprecated")) {
warnings::warn("deprecated",
"open is deprecated, use new instead");
}
new(@_);
}
sub new
...
1;
The function C<open> has been deprecated, so code has been included to
display a warning message whenever the calling module has (at least) the
"deprecated" warnings category enabled. Something like this, say.
use warnings 'deprecated';
use MyMod::Abc;
...
MyMod::Abc::open($filename);
Either the C<warnings::warn> or C<warnings::warnif> function should be
used to actually display the warnings message. This is because they can
make use of the feature that allows warnings to be escalated into fatal
errors. So in this case
use MyMod::Abc;
use warnings FATAL => 'MyMod::Abc';
...
MyMod::Abc::open('../fred.txt');
the C<warnings::warnif> function will detect this and die after
displaying the warning message.
The three warnings functions, C<warnings::warn>, C<warnings::warnif>
and C<warnings::enabled> can optionally take an object reference in place
of a category name. In this case the functions will use the class name
of the object as the warnings category.
Consider this example:
package Original;
no warnings;
use warnings::register;
sub new
{
my $class = shift;
bless [], $class;
}
sub check
{
my $self = shift;
my $value = shift;
if ($value % 2 && warnings::enabled($self))
{ warnings::warn($self, "Odd numbers are unsafe") }
}
sub doit
{
my $self = shift;
my $value = shift;
$self->check($value);
# ...
}
1;
package Derived;
use warnings::register;
use Original;
our @ISA = qw( Original );
sub new
{
my $class = shift;
bless [], $class;
}
1;
The code below makes use of both modules, but it only enables warnings from
C<Derived>.
use Original;
use Derived;
use warnings 'Derived';
my $x = Original->new();
$x->doit(1);
my $y = Derived->new();
$x->doit(1);
When this code is run only the C<Derived> object, C<$y>, will generate
a warning.
Odd numbers are unsafe at main.pl line 7
Notice also that the warning is reported at the line where the object is first
used.
When registering new categories of warning, you can supply more names to
warnings::register like this:
package MyModule;
use warnings::register qw(format precision);
...
warnings::warnif('MyModule::format', '...');
=head1 FUNCTIONS
Note: The functions with names ending in C<_at_level> were added in Perl
5.28.
=over 4
=item use warnings::register
Creates a new warnings category with the same name as the package where
the call to the pragma is used.
=item warnings::enabled()
Use the warnings category with the same name as the current package.
Return TRUE if that warnings category is enabled in the calling module.
Otherwise returns FALSE.
=item warnings::enabled($category)
Return TRUE if the warnings category, C<$category>, is enabled in the
calling module.
Otherwise returns FALSE.
=item warnings::enabled($object)
Use the name of the class for the object reference, C<$object>, as the
warnings category.
Return TRUE if that warnings category is enabled in the first scope
where the object is used.
Otherwise returns FALSE.
=item warnings::enabled_at_level($category, $level)
Like C<warnings::enabled>, but $level specifies the exact call frame, 0
being the immediate caller.
=item warnings::fatal_enabled()
Return TRUE if the warnings category with the same name as the current
package has been set to FATAL in the calling module.
Otherwise returns FALSE.
=item warnings::fatal_enabled($category)
Return TRUE if the warnings category C<$category> has been set to FATAL in
the calling module.
Otherwise returns FALSE.
=item warnings::fatal_enabled($object)
Use the name of the class for the object reference, C<$object>, as the
warnings category.
Return TRUE if that warnings category has been set to FATAL in the first
scope where the object is used.
Otherwise returns FALSE.
=item warnings::fatal_enabled_at_level($category, $level)
Like C<warnings::fatal_enabled>, but $level specifies the exact call frame,
0 being the immediate caller.
=item warnings::warn($message)
Print C<$message> to STDERR.
Use the warnings category with the same name as the current package.
If that warnings category has been set to "FATAL" in the calling module
then die. Otherwise return.
=item warnings::warn($category, $message)
Print C<$message> to STDERR.
If the warnings category, C<$category>, has been set to "FATAL" in the
calling module then die. Otherwise return.
=item warnings::warn($object, $message)
Print C<$message> to STDERR.
Use the name of the class for the object reference, C<$object>, as the
warnings category.
If that warnings category has been set to "FATAL" in the scope where C<$object>
is first used then die. Otherwise return.
=item warnings::warn_at_level($category, $level, $message)
Like C<warnings::warn>, but $level specifies the exact call frame,
0 being the immediate caller.
=item warnings::warnif($message)
Equivalent to:
if (warnings::enabled())
{ warnings::warn($message) }
=item warnings::warnif($category, $message)
Equivalent to:
if (warnings::enabled($category))
{ warnings::warn($category, $message) }
=item warnings::warnif($object, $message)
Equivalent to:
if (warnings::enabled($object))
{ warnings::warn($object, $message) }
=item warnings::warnif_at_level($category, $level, $message)
Like C<warnings::warnif>, but $level specifies the exact call frame,
0 being the immediate caller.
=item warnings::register_categories(@names)
This registers warning categories for the given names and is primarily for
use by the warnings::register pragma.
=back
See also L<perlmodlib/Pragmatic Modules> and L<perldiag>.
=cut
``` |
```go
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package store
import (
"testing"
"time"
"github.com/coreos/etcd/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)
// Ensure that a successful Get is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsGetSuccess(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
s.Create("/foo", false, "bar", false, TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
s.Get("/foo", false, false)
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.GetSuccess, "")
}
// Ensure that a failed Get is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsGetFail(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
s.Create("/foo", false, "bar", false, TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
s.Get("/no_such_key", false, false)
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.GetFail, "")
}
// Ensure that a successful Create is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsCreateSuccess(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
s.Create("/foo", false, "bar", false, TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.CreateSuccess, "")
}
// Ensure that a failed Create is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsCreateFail(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
s.Create("/foo", true, "", false, TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
s.Create("/foo", false, "bar", false, TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.CreateFail, "")
}
// Ensure that a successful Update is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsUpdateSuccess(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
s.Create("/foo", false, "bar", false, TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
s.Update("/foo", "baz", TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.UpdateSuccess, "")
}
// Ensure that a failed Update is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsUpdateFail(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
s.Update("/foo", "bar", TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.UpdateFail, "")
}
// Ensure that a successful CAS is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsCompareAndSwapSuccess(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
s.Create("/foo", false, "bar", false, TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
s.CompareAndSwap("/foo", "bar", 0, "baz", TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.CompareAndSwapSuccess, "")
}
// Ensure that a failed CAS is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsCompareAndSwapFail(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
s.Create("/foo", false, "bar", false, TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
s.CompareAndSwap("/foo", "wrong_value", 0, "baz", TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.CompareAndSwapFail, "")
}
// Ensure that a successful Delete is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsDeleteSuccess(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
s.Create("/foo", false, "bar", false, TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: Permanent})
s.Delete("/foo", false, false)
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.DeleteSuccess, "")
}
// Ensure that a failed Delete is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsDeleteFail(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
s.Delete("/foo", false, false)
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.DeleteFail, "")
}
//Ensure that the number of expirations is recorded in the stats.
func TestStoreStatsExpireCount(t *testing.T) {
s := newStore()
fc := newFakeClock()
s.clock = fc
s.Create("/foo", false, "bar", false, TTLOptionSet{ExpireTime: fc.Now().Add(500 * time.Millisecond)})
assert.Equal(t, uint64(0), s.Stats.ExpireCount, "")
fc.Advance(600 * time.Millisecond)
s.DeleteExpiredKeys(fc.Now())
assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), s.Stats.ExpireCount, "")
}
``` |
```php
<?php
/**
*/
namespace OC\Core\Migrations;
use OCP\DB\ISchemaWrapper;
use OCP\Migration\IOutput;
use OCP\Migration\SimpleMigrationStep;
class Version13000Date20170814074715 extends SimpleMigrationStep {
/**
* @param IOutput $output
* @param \Closure $schemaClosure The `\Closure` returns a `ISchemaWrapper`
* @param array $options
* @since 13.0.0
*/
public function preSchemaChange(IOutput $output, \Closure $schemaClosure, array $options) {
}
/**
* @param IOutput $output
* @param \Closure $schemaClosure The `\Closure` returns a `ISchemaWrapper`
* @param array $options
* @return null|ISchemaWrapper
* @since 13.0.0
*/
public function changeSchema(IOutput $output, \Closure $schemaClosure, array $options) {
/** @var ISchemaWrapper $schema */
$schema = $schemaClosure();
if (!$schema->hasTable('accounts')) {
$table = $schema->createTable('accounts');
$table->addColumn('uid', 'string', [
'notnull' => true,
'length' => 64,
'default' => '',
]);
$table->addColumn('data', 'text', [
'notnull' => true,
'default' => '',
]);
$table->setPrimaryKey(['uid']);
}
return $schema;
}
/**
* @param IOutput $output
* @param \Closure $schemaClosure The `\Closure` returns a `ISchemaWrapper`
* @param array $options
* @since 13.0.0
*/
public function postSchemaChange(IOutput $output, \Closure $schemaClosure, array $options) {
}
}
``` |
```swift
/*
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or
other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the copyright holder(s) nor the names of any contributors
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
specific prior written permission. No license is granted to the trademarks of
the copyright holders even if such marks are included in this software.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
import Foundation
import os.log
/// A protocol that describes user progress for a task.
public protocol CareTaskProgress {
/// The fraction of the task that completed between 0 and 1 inclusive.
///
/// When using CareKit, the value is clamped to ensure it's within the proper range.
var fractionCompleted: Double { get }
}
extension CareTaskProgress {
var clampedFractionCompleted: Double {
let isClampingRequired = fractionCompleted < 0 || fractionCompleted > 1
// Make sure to notify the developer if we need to clamp the value. The need to clamp
// the value is typically an indicator that there's an issue in their implementation of
// `fractionCompleted`.
if isClampingRequired {
if #available(iOS 14, watchOS 7, *) {
Logger.store?.error(
"Clamping progress value of \(fractionCompleted, privacy: .public) to be within range [0, 1]."
)
} else {
os_log(
"Clamping progress value of %{public}@ to be within range [0, 1].",
log: .store,
type: .error,
fractionCompleted
)
}
}
return min(max(fractionCompleted, 0), 1)
}
}
public extension CareTaskProgress {
/// A property set to `true` if the task is considered completed.
var isCompleted: Bool {
let isCompleted = fractionCompleted >= 1
return isCompleted
}
}
``` |
Ann Mara (June 18, 1929 – February 1, 2015) was an American businesswoman, socialite, philanthropist, the wife and later widow of Wellington Mara, and the matriarch of the Mara family, which includes New York Giants CEO John Mara, and her granddaughters, actresses Rooney Mara and Kate Mara.
Personal life
Mara was born Ann Maria Teresa Mumm in Manhattan, New York City, the daughter of Olive (née DuBord) and George Mumm. She was of German, French-Canadian, and Irish ancestry. She married Wellington Mara (1916–2005) in 1954 and had eleven children.
Ann Mumm met Wellington Mara by chance when a woman fainted at a 7:30 a.m. Mass that they both regularly attended. Both Ann and Wellington rushed to her side to help. Three of their early dates took place at Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and the Fordham gymnasium. After that Ann and Wellington were married, in 1954. They took their honeymoon in Southern California. Ann and Wellington had 11 children (7 girls and 4 boys) and 42 grandchildren. All their girls attended Convent of the Sacred Heart.
Her husband is considered to have been one of the most influential figures in the history of the National Football League as the owner of the New York Giants. Ann Mara had been called the "First Lady of Football". As a philanthropist, she donated money to various causes. In November 2014 she dedicated the opening of a new building for the San Miguel Academy for children at risk, which was built through the NFL Snowflake Foundation.
Media attention
Mara was an active member of the Giants community. In 2012 she gained media attention after having an argument with Terry Bradshaw.
Death
Mara was in good health until she fell on ice when she was fetching her newspaper outside of her Harrison home. Mara's housekeeper usually went to get the paper but on that day Mara went to get it herself. She died from pneumonia two weeks after her fall, on February 1, 2015. She was 85 years old. She was remembered with a moment of silence during Super Bowl XLIX; also, the Giants wore a patch on the right side of their uniforms, near the shoulders during the following season in her memory, with the letters "ATM" in black on a white circle background.
References
1929 births
2015 deaths
American socialites
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Ann
American people of Irish descent
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
People from Manhattan
American people of German descent
American people of French-Canadian descent
New York Giants
Catholics from New York (state)
20th-century American philanthropists
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York) |
```xml
import React, { SyntheticEvent } from 'react';
import { DtoHeader } from '../../common/interfaces/dto_header';
import { KeyValuePair } from '../../misc/key_value_pair';
import { Input } from 'antd';
import { StringUtil } from '../../utils/string_util';
import KeyValueList from './key_value_list';
import { KeyValueEditMode, KeyValueEditType } from '../../misc/custom_type';
const TextArea = Input.TextArea;
interface KeyValueComponentProps {
headers?: DtoHeader[];
mode: KeyValueEditMode;
onHeadersChanged(headers: DtoHeader[]);
isAutoComplete?: boolean;
showFav?: boolean;
showDescription?: boolean;
favHeaders?: DtoHeader[];
}
interface KeyValueComponentState { }
class KeyValueComponent extends React.Component<KeyValueComponentProps, KeyValueComponentState> {
private onHeadersChanged = (data: SyntheticEvent<any> | DtoHeader[]) => {
let rst = data as DtoHeader[];
const oldHeaders = this.props.headers || [];
if (!(data instanceof Array)) {
rst = StringUtil.stringToKeyValues(data.currentTarget.value) as DtoHeader[];
rst.forEach((h, i) => {
h.isFav = oldHeaders[i] ? oldHeaders[i].isFav : false;
h.description = oldHeaders[i] ? oldHeaders[i].description : '';
});
} else {
rst = rst.filter(header => header.key || header.value);
}
this.props.onHeadersChanged(rst);
}
public render() {
const headers = this.props.headers as KeyValuePair[];
return this.props.mode === KeyValueEditType.bulkEdit ?
(
<TextArea
className="req-header"
spellCheck={false}
value={StringUtil.headersToString(headers)}
onChange={(e) => this.onHeadersChanged(e)}
/>
) :
(
<KeyValueList
headers={this.props.headers as DtoHeader[]}
onChanged={this.onHeadersChanged}
isAutoComplete={this.props.isAutoComplete}
showFav={this.props.showFav}
showDescription={this.props.showDescription}
favHeaders={this.props.favHeaders}
/>
);
}
}
export default KeyValueComponent;
``` |
The Moldova women's national rugby sevens team represents Moldova in women's rugby sevens. They won the FIRA–AER Women's Sevens - Division A in 2010. In 2019 they won the Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Conference and, were promoted to the Trophy division and qualified for the Europe Women's Sevens Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Russia.
Moldova finished last at the 2021 Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Trophy in Zagreb, Croatia.
Players
Previous squads
Cristina Popescu
Parascovia Chirita
Irina Tintari
Lilia Bunici
Oxana Bunici
Adriana Revenco
Maria Ursu
Elena Covali
Anastasia Mosneagu
Oxana Budean
Mihaela Artic
Marina Vladimirov
References
External links
Moldovan Rugby Federation Official Site
Women's national rugby sevens teams
Rugby union in Moldova |
```java
/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.ui.components;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Component;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Point;
import java.awt.Rectangle;
import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;
import java.awt.event.MouseListener;
import java.awt.event.MouseMotionListener;
import java.awt.event.MouseWheelEvent;
import javax.swing.BorderFactory;
import javax.swing.JToolTip;
import javax.swing.JTree;
import javax.swing.JViewport;
import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;
import javax.swing.tree.TreeCellRenderer;
import javax.swing.tree.TreePath;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.ui.UIConstants;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.ui.UIUtils;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.ui.components.tree.TreeCellRendererPersistent;
/**
*
* @author Jiri Sedlacek
*/
public class JExtendedTree extends JTree implements CellTipAware {
//~ Inner Classes your_sha256_hash--------------------------------------------
private class PrivateComponentListener implements MouseListener, MouseMotionListener {
//~ Methods your_sha256_hash----------------------------------------------
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
}
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {
}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {
// --- CellTip support ------------------
CellTipManager.sharedInstance().setEnabled(false);
}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {
// --- CellTip support ------------------
// Return if mouseExit occured because of showing heavyweight celltip
if (contains(e.getPoint()) && cellTip.isShowing()) {
return;
}
CellTipManager.sharedInstance().setEnabled(false);
lastTreePath = null;
}
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) {
// --- CellTip support ------------------
processCellTipMouseMove(e);
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
}
}
//~ Instance fields your_sha256_hash------------------------------------------
protected JToolTip cellTip;
protected Rectangle rendererRect;
protected TreePath lastTreePath = null;
private PrivateComponentListener componentListener = new PrivateComponentListener();
//~ Constructors your_sha256_hash---------------------------------------------
/** Creates a new instance of JExtendedTree */
public JExtendedTree() {
addMouseListener(componentListener);
addMouseMotionListener(componentListener);
setRowHeight(UIUtils.getDefaultRowHeight()); // celltips require to have row height initialized!
// --- CellTip support ------------------
cellTip = createCellTip();
cellTip.setBackground(getBackground());
cellTip.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(UIConstants.TABLE_VERTICAL_GRID_COLOR));
cellTip.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
CellTipManager.sharedInstance().registerComponent(this);
}
//~ Methods your_sha256_hash--------------------------------------------------
public JToolTip getCellTip() {
return cellTip;
}
public Point getCellTipLocation() {
if (rendererRect == null) {
return null;
}
return new Point(rendererRect.getLocation().x - 1, rendererRect.getLocation().y - 1);
}
public void processMouseEvent(MouseEvent e) {
if (e instanceof MouseWheelEvent) {
Component target = JExtendedTree.this.getParent();
if (target == null || !(target instanceof JViewport))
target = JExtendedTree.this;
MouseEvent mwe = SwingUtilities.convertMouseEvent(
JExtendedTree.this, (MouseWheelEvent)e, target);
target.dispatchEvent((MouseWheelEvent)mwe);
} else {
super.processMouseEvent((MouseEvent)e);
}
}
protected JToolTip createCellTip() {
return new JToolTip();
}
protected void processCellTipMouseMove(MouseEvent e) {
// Identify treetable row and column at cursor
TreePath currentTreePath = getPathForLocation(e.getX(), e.getY());
// Return if treetable cell is the same as in previous event
if (currentTreePath == lastTreePath) {
return;
}
lastTreePath = currentTreePath;
// Return if cursor isn't at any cell
if (lastTreePath == null) {
CellTipManager.sharedInstance().setEnabled(false);
return;
}
Component cellRenderer;
Component cellRendererPersistent;
int row = getRowForPath(lastTreePath);
TreeCellRenderer treeCellRenderer = getCellRenderer();
if (!(treeCellRenderer instanceof TreeCellRendererPersistent)) {
return;
}
cellRenderer = treeCellRenderer.getTreeCellRendererComponent(JExtendedTree.this, lastTreePath.getLastPathComponent(),
false, isExpanded(row),
getModel().isLeaf(lastTreePath.getLastPathComponent()), row,
false);
cellRendererPersistent = ((TreeCellRendererPersistent) treeCellRenderer).getTreeCellRendererComponentPersistent(JExtendedTree.this,
lastTreePath
.getLastPathComponent(),
false,
isExpanded(row),
getModel()
.isLeaf(lastTreePath
.getLastPathComponent()),
row, false);
// Return if celltip is not supported for the cell
if (cellRenderer == null) {
CellTipManager.sharedInstance().setEnabled(false);
return;
}
Point cellStart = getPathBounds(lastTreePath).getLocation();
rendererRect = new Rectangle(cellStart.x, cellStart.y, cellRenderer.getPreferredSize().width,
cellRenderer.getPreferredSize().height + 2);
if (!rendererRect.contains(e.getPoint())) {
CellTipManager.sharedInstance().setEnabled(false);
return;
}
// Return if cell contents is fully visible
Rectangle visibleRect = getVisibleRect();
if ((rendererRect.x >= visibleRect.x) && ((rendererRect.x + rendererRect.width) <= (visibleRect.x + visibleRect.width))) {
CellTipManager.sharedInstance().setEnabled(false);
return;
}
while (cellTip.getComponentCount() > 0) {
cellTip.remove(0);
}
cellTip.add(cellRendererPersistent, BorderLayout.CENTER);
cellTip.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(cellRendererPersistent.getPreferredSize().width + 2, getRowHeight() + 2));
CellTipManager.sharedInstance().setEnabled(true);
}
}
``` |
Jhantipahari High School is a Higher secondary school of Bankura district, India. It was established in 1945. This school is affiliated under two Boards. It is affiliated to West Bengal Board of Secondary Education for Madhyamik(10th) and to West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education for Higher Secondary.
It offers grades from class V to class XII. For Grade V to Grade X, it is only for Boys. But both Boys and Girls are there in Grade XI and XII.
Location
It is situated next to Jhantipahari Bus Stand and around one and half Kilometer away from Jhantipahari Railway Station.
References
High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal
Schools in Bankura district
Educational institutions established in 1945
1945 establishments in India |
Piperidolate is a pharmaceutical drug used to treat the symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders including gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastritis, enteritis, gallstones, cholecystitis, and biliary dyskinesia. It acts as an antimuscarinic agent. It was first approved in 1954 and is no longer marketed in the United States.
References
Piperidines
Muscarinic antagonists
Carboxylate esters |
The Glinščica () is a stream in Slovenia.
Geography
The source of Glinščica Creek is on the eastern slope of Peštota Hill (590 m) below the settlement of Toško Čelo and north of the Kucja Valley. It then flows through the Ljubljana neighborhood of Glinica (or Glince), between the neighborhoods of Kamna Gorica and Podutik (where it is crossed by the stone one-arch Kavšek Bridge and a new bridge for motorized traffic), briefly along the Path of Remembrance and Comradeship, and then southwest of Rožnik Hill and through the Rožna Dolina neighborhood before joining the Gradaščica River in the Vič District. Most of its lower course through Ljubljana is channelized.
Name
Glinščica Creek was probably originally called the Glinica, from which the names of Ljubljana's Glinica and Glince neighborhoods were derived, after which the name Glinščica was re-derived from the settlement. In any case, both the name of the stream and the name of the settlement are derived from the common noun glina 'clay' via the derived noun *glinьnica 'clay pit'. The stream is also occasionally known as the Glanščica.
History
Eyewitness reports state that Glinščica Creek was poisoned by seepage from the Big Brezar Shaft () and ran red with blood after the post–Second World War massacre of POWs in the Kucja Valley.
References
External links
Glinščica Creek on Geopedia
Rivers of Ljubljana |
The Joyboard is a balance board peripheral for the Atari 2600 home video game console. It was released in 1983 and was used by standing on top of it and leaning in a certain direction. Skier Suzy Chaffee appeared on television and at toy fairs demonstrating its use.
Design
The Joyboard worked by installing the four directional latches of a joystick on the bottom of the board. Leaning in a certain direction engaged these latches, controlling the game. A joystick could also be connected to the Joyboard if necessary. This is done via a standard Atari joystick port placed next to where the cable goes into the board. It can be used in a "plugthrough" manner which saves disconnecting the board when not in use.
Due to similarities in design and function, the Wii Balance Board, a peripheral for Nintendo's Wii video game console, has been compared to the Joyboard. The Wii Balance Board also allows users to control games with their feet, but uses more advanced technology in the form of pressure sensors under each foot.
Software
Mogul Maniac was the only game released for the Joyboard. A slalom skiing game, it was developed by Amiga Corporation and sold alongside the Joyboard upon release. Off Your Rocker, another game developed by Amiga, could also use the Joyboard, in place of a normal joystick. The object of the game was to repeat the color and sound patterns made by "Rockin' Rollie", the on-screen character. Although the game was completed, it was never officially sold by Amiga, and instead the cartridges were sent to a company called Pleasant Valley Video who then sold them to the public. Surf's Up, a surfing game, was the first game developed for use with the Joyboard, but was not released either.
Guru Meditation
Early in the development of the Amiga computer operating system, the company's developers became so frustrated with the system's frequent crashes that, as a relaxation technique, they attempted to sit perfectly still on the Joyboard so not to engage any of the latches on the bottom of it. This is where the infamous Guru Meditation error originates from in earlier versions of the AmigaOS operating system.
In homage to this, Ian Bogost, founder of video game developer Persuasive Games, has developed the video game Guru Meditation in an attempt "to create a legitimate zen meditation game". Although the game may be played using a joystick, if a player uses the Joyboard, they must sit perfectly still on it with their legs crossed. If a player is successful, the on-screen yogi will rise, and once enough time has passed the yogi will begin to float and the timer starts. The time of day changes roughly each hour, and clouds pass in the background. Ian Bogost worked in conjunction with Atari fansite AtariAge to manufacture ten copies of the game in cartridge form.
References
External links
The Joyboard at AtariAge
Joyboard Pics
Amiga
Game controllers |
Tandonia kusceri is a species of slug belonging to the family Milacidae.
Identification
Tandonia kusceri has the long keel continuing up to the mantle that is typical of the Milacidae and is pale pinky brown, usually with small black spots. It is thus liable to be confused with its close relative Tandonia rustica, requiring dissection for reliable distinction. Tandonia kusceri is distinct from this and other Tandonia species in having a very long epiphallus, five or more times as long as the penis. Another externally similar species is Tandonia serbica; it has been questioned whether it is truly distinct from T. kusceri. Length of crawling individuals up to 100 mm. Specimens preserved in alcohol lose the pink colouration.
Distribution
The species is believed to be native to parts of the Balkans (Bulgaria, the European part of Turkey, northern Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia) and eastern Romania. It has been introduced more widely:
It was reported in the Odessa region of Ukraine already in 1902, which might or might not represent an introduction. In 1998 it was observed in the Mykolaiv region and in 2004 in the Crimea. The first record from further west, in the Transcarpathian region, was in 2018, and it continues to spread further.
Croatia (garden in Dubrovnik) in 1972
Montenegro since 2000
Moldova since 2011
Slovakia since 2014
Samothraki Island in Greece since 2017
Hungary, widely distributed when first noted in 2019
Austria since 2020
In the Caucasus region, there are records from both Russia and Georgia (both in 2021).
In the USA it was reported from a Chicago garden in 2013.
In Canada, there are numerous records from Ontario from 2017 onwards.
References
Milacidae
Gastropods of Europe
Gastropods described in 1931 |
```shell
Quick `cd` tips
Quick `bash` shortcuts
Terminal incognito mode
Breaking out of a terminal when `ssh` locks
Keep useful commands in your shell history with tags
``` |
```php
<?php
namespace Elementor\Core\Page_Assets\Data_Managers\Font_Icon_Svg;
if ( ! defined( 'ABSPATH' ) ) {
exit; // Exit if accessed directly.
}
/**
* Font Awesome Icon Svg.
*
* @since 3.4.0
*/
class Font_Awesome extends Base {
const LIBRARY_CURRENT_VERSION = '5.15.3';
protected function get_config( $icon ) {
preg_match( '/fa(.*) fa-/', $icon['value'], $icon_name_matches );
$icon_name = str_replace( $icon_name_matches[0], '', $icon['value'] );
$icon_key = str_replace( ' fa-', '-', $icon['value'] );
$icon_file_name = str_replace( 'fa-', '', $icon['library'] );
return [
'key' => $icon_key,
'version' => self::LIBRARY_CURRENT_VERSION,
'file_path' => ELEMENTOR_ASSETS_PATH . 'lib/font-awesome/json/' . $icon_file_name . '.json',
'data' => [
'icon_data' => [
'name' => $icon_name,
'library' => $icon['library'],
],
],
];
}
protected function get_asset_content() {
$icon_data = $this->get_config_data( 'icon_data' );
$file_data = json_decode( $this->get_file_data( 'content', $icon_data['library'] ), true );
$icon_name = $icon_data['name'];
$svg_data = $file_data['icons'][ $icon_name ];
return [
'width' => $svg_data[0],
'height' => $svg_data[1],
'path' => $svg_data[4],
'key' => $this->get_key(),
];
}
}
``` |
```smalltalk
/*
* PROJECT: Atomix Development
* LICENSE: BSD 3-Clause (LICENSE.md)
* PURPOSE:
* PROGRAMMERS: SANDEEP ILIGER <sandeep.iliger@gmail.com>
* Aman Priyadarshi <aman.eureka@gmail.com>
*/
using Kernel_alpha.Lib;
using Kernel_alpha.FileSystem.FAT;
namespace Kernel_alpha.FileSystem.Find
{
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
public class ByCluster : ACompare
{
protected uint cluster;
public ByCluster(uint cluster)
{
this.cluster = cluster;
}
public override bool Compare(byte[] data, uint offset, FatType type)
{
BinaryFormat entry = new BinaryFormat(data);
byte first = entry.GetByte(offset + Entry.DOSName);
if (first == FileNameAttribute.LastEntry)
return false;
if ((first == FileNameAttribute.Deleted) | (first == FileNameAttribute.Dot))
return false;
if (first == FileNameAttribute.Escape)
return false;
uint startcluster = FatFileSystem.GetClusterEntry(data, offset, type);
if (startcluster == cluster)
return true;
return false;
}
}
}
``` |
Shale oil is an unconventional oil produced from oil shale rock fragments by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. These processes convert the organic matter within the rock (kerogen) into synthetic oil and gas. The resulting oil can be used immediately as a fuel or upgraded to meet refinery feedstock specifications by adding hydrogen and removing impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen. The refined products can be used for the same purposes as those derived from crude oil.
The term "shale oil" is also used for crude oil produced from shales of other unconventional, very low permeability formations. However, to reduce the risk of confusion of shale oil produced from oil shale with crude oil in oil-bearing shales, the term "tight oil" is preferred for the latter. The International Energy Agency recommends to use the term "light tight oil" and World Energy Resources 2013 report by the World Energy Council uses the term "tight oil" for crude oil in oil-bearing shales.
History
Oil shale was one of the first sources of mineral oil used by humans. In the 10th century, the Arabic physician Masawaih al-Mardini (Mesue the Younger) first described a method of extracting oil from "some kind of bituminous shale". It was also reported to have been used in Switzerland and Austria in the early 14th century. In 1596, the personal physician of Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg wrote of its healing properties. Shale oil was used to light the streets of Modena, Italy at the turn of the 18th century. The British Crown granted a patent in 1694 to three persons who had "found a way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tarr and oyle out of a sort of stone." Later sold as Betton's British Oil, the distilled product was said to have been "tried by diverse persons in Aches and Pains with much benefit." Modern shale oil extraction industries were established in France during the 1830s and in Scotland during the 1840s. The oil was used as fuel, as a lubricant and lamp oil; the Industrial Revolution had created additional demand for lighting. It served as a substitute for the increasingly scarce and expensive whale oil.
During the late 19th century, shale-oil extraction plants were built in Australia, Brazil and the United States. China, Estonia, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland produced shale oil in the early 20th century. The discovery of crude oil in the Middle East during mid-century brought most of these industries to a halt, although Estonia and Northeast China maintained their extraction industries into the early 21st century. In response to rising petroleum prices at the turn of the 21st century, extraction operations have commenced, been explored, or been renewed in the United States, China, Australia and Jordan.
Extraction process
Shale oil is extracted by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution of oil shale. The pyrolysis of the rock is performed in a retort, situated either above ground or within the rock formation itself. As of 2008, most oil shale industries perform the shale oil extraction process after the rock is mined, crushed and transported to a retorting facility, although several experimental technologies perform the process in place (in-situ). The temperature at which the kerogen decomposes into usable hydrocarbons varies with the time-scale of the process; in the above-ground retorting process decomposition begins at , but proceeds more rapidly and completely at higher temperatures. Decomposition takes place most quickly at a temperature between .
Hydrogenation and thermal dissolution (reactive fluid processes) extract the oil using hydrogen donors, solvents, or a combination of these. Thermal dissolution involves the application of solvents at elevated temperatures and pressures, increasing oil output by cracking the dissolved organic matter. Different methods produce shale oil with different properties.
A critical measure of the viability of extraction of shale oil lies in the ratio of the energy produced by the oil shale to the energy used in its mining and processing, a ratio known as "Energy Returned on Energy Invested" (EROEI). An EROEI of 2 (or 2:1 ratio) would mean that to produce 2 barrels of actual oil the equivalent in energy of 1 barrel of oil has to be burnt/consumed. A 1984 study estimated the EROEI of the various known oil-shale deposits as varying between 0.7 and 13.3. More recent studies estimates the EROEI of oil shales to be 1–2:1 or 2–16:1 – depending on whether self-energy is counted as a cost or internal energy is excluded and only purchased energy is counted as input. Royal Dutch Shell reported an EROEI of three to four in 2006 on its in situ development in the "Mahogany Research Project."
The amount of oil that can be recovered during retorting varies with the oil shale and the technology used. About one sixth of the oil shales in the Green River Formation have a relatively high yield of of shale oil per ton of oil shale; about one third yield from per ton. (Ten US gal/ton is approximately 3.4 tons of oil per 100 tons of shale.) About half of the oil shales in the Green River Formation yield less than 10 US gal/ton.
The major global shale oil producers have published their yields for their commercial operations. Fushun Mining Group reports producing 300,000 tons per year of shale oil from 6.6 million tons of shale, a yield of 4.5% by weight. VKG Oil claims to produce 250,000 tons of oil per year from 2 million tons of shale, a yield of 13%. Petrobras produces in their Petrosix plant 550 tons of oil per day from 6,200 tons of shale, a yield of 9%.
Properties
The properties of raw shale oil vary depending on the composition of the parent oil shale and the extraction technology used. Like conventional oil, shale oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, and is characterized according to the bulk properties of the oil. It usually contains large quantities of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It can also contain significant quantities of heteroatoms. A typical shale oil composition includes 0.5–1% of oxygen, 1.5–2% of nitrogen and 0.15–1% of sulfur; some deposits contain more heteroatoms than others. Mineral particles and metals are often present as well. Generally, the oil is less fluid than crude oil, becoming pourable at temperatures between , while conventional crude oil is pourable at temperatures between ; this property affects shale oil's ability to be transported in existing oil pipelines.
Shale oil contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are carcinogenic. The US EPA has concluded that raw shale oil has a mild carcinogenic potential, comparable to some intermediate petroleum refinery products, while upgraded shale oil has lower carcinogenic potential, as most of the polycyclic aromatics are believed to have been broken down by hydrogenation. The World Health Organization classifies shale oil as a Group 1 carcinogen to humans.
Upgrading
Although raw shale oil can be immediately burnt as a fuel oil, many of its applications require that it be upgraded. The differing properties of the raw oils call for correspondingly various pre-treatments before it can be sent to a conventional oil refinery.
Particulates in the raw oil clog downstream processes; sulfur and nitrogen create air pollution. Sulfur and nitrogen, along with the arsenic and iron that may be present, also destroy the catalysts used in refining. Olefins form insoluble sediments and cause instability. The oxygen within the oil, present at higher levels than in crude oil, lends itself to the formation of destructive free radicals. Hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation can address these problems and result in a product comparable to benchmark crude oil. Phenols can be first be removed by water extraction. Upgrading shale oil into transport fuels requires adjusting hydrogen–carbon ratios by adding hydrogen (hydrocracking) or removing carbon (coking).
Shale oil produced by some technologies, such as the Kiviter process, can be used without further upgrading as an oil constituent and as a source of phenolic compounds. Distillate oils from the Kiviter process can also be used as diluents for petroleum-originated heavy oils and as an adhesive-enhancing additive in bituminous materials such as asphalt.
Uses
Before World War II, most shale oil was upgraded for use as transport fuels. Afterwards, it was used as a raw material for chemical intermediates, pure chemicals and industrial resins, and as a railroad wood preservative. As of 2008, it is primarily used as a heating oil and marine fuel, and to a lesser extent in the production of various chemicals.
Shale oil's concentration of high-boiling point compounds is suited for the production of middle distillates such as kerosene, jet fuel and diesel fuel. Additional cracking can create the lighter hydrocarbons used in gasoline.
"Pale sulfonated shale oil" (PSSO), a sulfonated and ammonia-neutralized variant named "Ichthammol" (chemical name: Ammonium bituminosulfonate) is still in application today.
Reserves and production
Global technically recoverable oil shale reserves have recently been estimated at of shale oil, with the largest reserves in the United States, which is thought to have .
Worldwide production of shale oil was estimated at in 2008. The leading producers were China (), Estonia (), and Brazil ().
The production of shale oil has been hindered because of technical difficulties and costs. In March 2011, the United States Bureau of Land Management called into question proposals for commercial operations in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, stating that "(t)here are no economically viable ways yet known to extract and process oil shale for commercial purposes". The US Energy Information Administration sometimes uses the phrase "shale (tight) oil" to refer to tight oil, "crude oil ... produced directly from tight oil resources". In 2021, the US produced 7.23 million barrels of such tight oil each day, equal to about 64% of total U.S. crude oil production. The IEA also occasionally calls tight oil "shale oil", but classifies any products from oil shale with solid fuels.
See also
Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir
Oil shale economics
Oil shale gas
Underground coal gasification
Spent shale
References
Oil shale
Synthetic fuels
Arab inventions
Egyptian inventions |
Johan Brunström and Frederik Nielsen were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.
Peter Polansky and Adil Shamasdin won the title after defeating Ruben Bemelmans and Joris De Loore 6–1, 6–3 in the final.
Seeds
Draw
References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
Knoxville Challenger - Doubles |
Michael John Lowcock (born 4 December 1948) is an Australian priest.
Based in Mount Isa where he has been the parish priest at the Good Shepherd Catholic Church since 1992, Lowcock is best known for his community work in North West Queensland, particularly among First Nations people.
Life and career
Lowcock grew up in Bowen, Queensland and attended boarding school in Charters Towers.
Lowcock studied at the Pius XII Provincial Seminary in Brisbane prior to being ordained on 10 August 1973 at St Mary's Catholic School in Bowen where he had obtained his primary education.
After spending time in Ayr, Ingham and Townsville, Bishop Ray Benjamin decided to transfer Lowcock to a new parish.
Relocating to Mount Isa in 1992, Lowcock has been active in the community which has included being the local police chaplain . He is also credited with establishing a number of local services including a youth hub, local support groups for Murri people and the Jangawala Kitchen which provides meals to the homeless and to those in custody at the local police watchhouse.
Lowcock also established North West Queensland Indigenous Catholic Services Limited, which provides assistance to the disadvantaged, in particular local Aboriginal families.
An advocate of multiculturalism, Lowcock is also known for organising an annual multicultural festival in Mount Isa and for setting up a prayer room at the Catholic church to be used by local Muslims.
A proposal was put forward by Lowcock in 2019 of a low-custody facility being established in North West Queensland to negate the expensive need of transporting prisoners to facilities on the east coast only for them to be transported back to Mount Isa for court appearances. Lowcock's proposal was supported by state MP for Traeger Robbie Katter.
In 2021, Lowcock expressed his opposition to a local hotel's plans to open a new bottle shop in an old Blockbuster store.
Amid the crime crisis facing the Northern Territory town of Alice Springs in early 2023, Lowcock criticised the introduction of alcohol restrictions in the town as he believed the measures were encouraging people to travel elsewhere, including across the border into Queensland, to access alcohol.
Apart from his role in Mount Isa, Lowcock was appointed the diocesan administrator of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Townsville following the death of Bishop Michael Putney in 2014. Lowcock remained in the role until the ordination of Bishop Tim Harris in 2017.
Honours
In 2001, Lowcock received the Centenary Medal in recognition of his distinguished service to the community.
Lowcock received a Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2004 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of his service to North West Queensland through his role in the Catholic Church.
In 2020, Lowcock was named as a Queensland Great.
Lowcock was nominated to be the Queensland's Senior Australian of the Year in 2023 but lost to child protection campaigner Claude Harvey. Harvey in turn was nominated for Senior Australian of the Year but lost to human rights campaigner Tom Calma.
References
Living people
1948 births
Queensland Greats
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
20th-century Australian Roman Catholic priests
21st-century Australian Roman Catholic priests
People from Bowen, Queensland
Australian humanitarians
Australian social workers |
Tropical Storm Beta was a tropical cyclone that brought heavy rainfall, flooding, and severe weather to the Southeastern United States in September 2020. The twenty-third tropical depression and twenty-third named storm of the record-breaking 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Beta originally formed from a trough of low pressure that developed in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico on September 10. The low moved slowly southwestward, with development hampered initially by the development of nearby Hurricane Sally. After Sally moved inland over the Southeastern United States and weakened, the disturbance became nearly stationary in the southwestern Gulf, where it began to organize. By September 16, the storm had gained a low-level circulation center and had enough organization to be designated as Tropical Depression Twenty-Two. The system held its intensity for a day due to the influence of strong wind shear and dry air, before eventually attaining tropical storm strength. It slowly moved northward and intensified to a mid-range tropical storm before dry air and wind shear halted its intensification. Beta then became nearly stationary on September 19, before starting to move west towards the Texas coast the next day, weakening as it approached. On September 21, Beta made landfall near Matagorda Peninsula, Texas as a minimal tropical storm. It subsequently weakened to a tropical depression the next day before becoming post-tropical early on September 23. Its remnants moved northeastward, before the center elongated and merged with a cold front early on September 25.
The storm's sprawling nature and slow-movement caused numerous areas along the Gulf Coast to be pounded by heavy surf and high waves for several days, while torrential rainfall and storm surge affected areas that were already struggling to recover from previous tropical cyclones, such as Hurricanes Laura and Sally. Several streets, highways, and even interstates in Houston were closed due to flooding. Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas were all impacted by flooding, gusty winds, and severe weather as well. One fatality in Texas due to Beta's impacts has been confirmed. Total damage from the storm was estimated to be at least $225 million.
Meteorological history
The National Hurricane Center (NHC) began to monitor a trough at 12:00 UTC on September 10. Little to no development of the system occurred as it began to slowly turn southwestward and by September 14, it was not expected to become a tropical cyclone due to strong upper-level winds produced by nearby Hurricane Sally. Nonetheless, the disturbance persisted and moved southwestward into the southwestern Gulf of Mexico where it began to organize as Sally moved away into the Southeastern United States early on September 16. The next day, hurricane hunters found a closed circulation, and as thunderstorms persisted near the center, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Twenty-Two at 23:00 UTC on September 17. However, post-season analysis revealed that the system had developed into a tropical depression several hours earlier, at 12:00 UTC that day. At 21:00 UTC on September 18, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Beta, becoming the earliest forming 23rd tropical or subtropical storm on record in an Atlantic hurricane season, surpassing the old mark of October 22, established by Tropical Storm Alpha of 2005.
Although affected by wind shear and dry air, the storm continued to intensify, reaching a peak intensity of and a pressure of 994 mb (29.36 inHg) at 15:00 UTC on September 19. However, it became nearly stationary after turning westward over the Gulf of Mexico. This caused upwelling and the continued negative effects of dry air and wind shear caused the storm to become disorganized, although its wind speeds remained the same thanks to an outflow boundary. After jogging northeastward, Beta's convection continued to wax and wane as the storm moved west-northwest with the center reforming to the west. Beta's structure further degraded as stable cold-air stratocumulus clouds wrapped around its center. As Beta approached the Texas coast, it weakened some before making landfall on the Matagorda Peninsula at 04:00 UTC on September 22 with winds of and a pressure of . Afterwards, Beta weakened some more, falling to tropical depression status at 15:00 UTC. It then became nearly stationary again before turning east and weakening some more, causing the NHC to issue their final advisory and giving future advisory responsibilities to the Weather Prediction Center (WPC). Beta then became a post-tropical cyclone at 03:00 UTC on September 23 and accelerated northeastward, passing through Louisiana and Mississippi into Northern Alabama. The center became less defined and the heavy rainfall threat diminished, and the system dissipated at 06:00 UTC on September 25. Subsequently, the WPC issued their final advisory at 09:00 UTC that day.
Preparations and impact
Tropical storm, hurricane, and storm surge watches were issued along a large portion of the coastline from the Texas-Mexico border to south central Louisiana in advance of the storm. The hurricane watches were later dropped when the storm failed to strengthen past 60 mph, but most of the other watches were upgraded to warnings. Several voluntary evacuations were issued by city and county governments over concerns of particularly vulnerable areas around Houston and Galveston. Flood warnings and watches of various types were issued throughout Texas and Louisiana as the storm approached coastal Texas and then made landfall. As the storm moved inland into Louisiana, a tornado watch was issued for the southern and eastern part of the state as well as Southern Mississippi.
On September 18, prior to the system being upgraded into a tropical storm, a Hurricane Hunter mission which started at Keesler Air Force Base in Mississippi was aborted when lightning from the system struck the Lockheed WC-130J Hercules sent to gather data causing the plane's radar systems to go down, endangering the occupants of the flight.
A tornado warning was issued for Galveston County, Texas on the afternoon of September 21, although no tornadoes was confirmed. A number of flash flood warnings were also issued as rainbands began to continually move over the same areas. On September 23, favorable atmospheric conditions led to a flurry of tornado, severe thunderstorm and special marine warnings as the remnants of the storm moved through Louisiana and into Mississippi, but again no tornadoes were confirmed.
Heavy surf and high waves from Beta destroyed part of a pier in Galveston, Texas while storm surge flooding left many areas of the Texas coast under water. Around the time of landfall, a wind gust of was recorded in Port Lavaca. Parts of I-69 and TX 288 were closed by flooding and high water rescue teams responded to dozens of calls for help. By the time Beta had weakened to a tropical depression on September 22, over 100 high-water rescues had taken place in Houston as portions of the city became heavily inundated by the storm's high rainfall totals, exceeding in parts of the city. Dozens of streets and highways in the city, including parts of I-69, I-45, and TX 288 and 290, were closed by fast-rising water. Officials urged residents to stay home and avoid driving if possible. The sprawling nature of the storm also brought heavy rainfall to Louisiana, which was still recovering from a number of other systems that had affected the state during the season. Texas Governor Greg Abbott issued disaster declarations for 29 counties, while Louisiana Governor John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency. A missing fisherman who had gone into Brays Bayou during the storm was later discovered drowned. Heavy rainfall, flooding, and gusty winds also impacted Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Alabama, and Georgia. The remnants of the storm fueled a small severe weather event across the Carolinas on September 25 with severe thunderstorms producing wind damage and unusually significant hail up to in diameter. An EF0 tornado was also confirmed in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina as well, although it was not directly associated with the storm.
Naming
The 2020 season was the second (along with 2005) in which an alphabetic list of 21 storm names had been exhausted, necessitating use of the Greek alphabet auxiliary list. In March 2021, the World Meteorological Organization replaced that auxiliary list with a new 21-name supplemental list. As a result, the letter Beta will not be used to name another Atlantic hurricane.
See also
Tropical cyclones in 2020
Other storms named Beta
Tropical Storm Frances (1998) – Storm that followed a similar track.
Tropical Storm Allison (2001) – Also caused flash flooding in the Houston area before moving through the Southeast
Hurricane Claudette (2003) – Category 1 hurricane that struck Texas.
Tropical Storm Bill (2015) – Storm that followed a nearly identical track
Hurricane Harvey (2017) – A Category 4 hurricane that also caused catastrophic flooding in the same region when it stalled as a tropical storm.
Tropical Storm Imelda (2019) – Weak tropical cyclone which caused similar extreme flooding in the same region
Hurricane Nicholas (2021) - Minimal category 1 hurricane that took a similar track before making landfall in Texas
Notes
References
External links
The National Hurricane Center's Advisory Archive on Tropical Storm Beta
National Hurricane Center
Tropical cyclones in 2020
2020 Atlantic hurricane season
Tropical cyclones that lingered over Texas
Hurricanes in Louisiana
Hurricanes in Mississippi
Atlantic hurricanes in Mexico
2020 in Texas
2020 in Louisiana
2020 in Mississippi
2020 in Mexico |
Jungle Manhunt is a 1951 adventure film written by Samuel Newman and directed by Lew Landers. It was the seventh entry in the "Jungle Jim" series of films starring Johnny Weissmuller as the title character. Based on the comic strip "Jungle Jim" created by Alex Raymond,
Plot
In the African jungles, local tribes are terrorized by costumed skeleton people who kidnap the men of a local village. However, Bono. the local chieftain is able to escape. Jungle Jim rescues a photographer, Anne Lawrence, when her boat overturns She explains that she is searching for football player Bob Miller (played by real-life footballer Bob Waterfield) and enlists Jim to help with her search.
Bono, looking for his tribesmen, agrees to join the search as both trails seem to lead to the same place.
They subsequently stumble upon a crazed doctor who has been kidnapping villagers to work in a radioactive mine, where he has discovered a way of making diamonds out of mineral rocks, The group manages to stop the doctor's plan by exploding the mine. Bob and Anne agree to stay in the village to continue with improvements.
Cast
Johnny Weissmuller ... Jungle Jim
Bob Waterfield ... Bob Miller
Sheila Ryan ... Anna Lawrence
Rick Vallin ... Matusa Chief Bono
Lyle Talbot ... Dr. Mitchell Heller
Tamba the Chimp
Production
The Dinosaurs featured in the movie as are stock footage from One Million BC). Music by Mischa Bakaleinikoff
Home media
Released on DVD on March 4, 2011.
Review
Leonard Martin gave the movie 1.5 out of 5 stars. Variety found the movie to be typical of the genre, stating it was hokey and not aimed at adults.
References
External links
Review of film at Variety
1951 films
1950s science fiction films
Films directed by Lew Landers
Columbia Pictures films
Jungle Jim films
Films set in Africa
American science fiction films
American black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films |
Massaga tenuifascia is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo and in Zambia.
References
Hampson, G. F. 1910c. Zoological collections from Northern Rhodesia and adjacent territories: Lepidoptera Phalaenae - Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910(2):388–510, pls. 36–41.
Agaristinae
Moths described in 1910 |
An election to Monaghan County Council took place on 5 June 2009 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 20 councillors were elected from four local electoral areas (LEAs) for a five-year term of office on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Results by party
Results by local electoral area
Carrickmacross
Castleblayney
Clones
Monaghan
External links
Official website
Monaghan
Monaghan County Council elections |
Killick (formerly the Admiral Killick Haitian Navy base; also called Point Killick) is the Haitian Coast Guard base in Port-au-Prince. It is the main base for the Coast Guard. It is the other port for the city, aside from the main Port international de Port-au-Prince. It is located about 10 miles outside of downtown Port-au-Prince, and is about a century old. The base is named after Admiral Hammerton Killick of the Haitian Navy, who scuttled his own ship, the Crête-à-Pierrot, a 940-ton screw gunship, by igniting the magazine, and went down with the ship, instead of surrendering to German forces, in 1902, at Gonaïves, Haiti.
Facilities
The base is approximately an acre in size.
The port facilities can handle boats up to 40-footers. There were two piers, a north pier and a south pier. The north pier was destroyed in the 12 January 2010 quake.
A heliport is attached to the base.
History
The base was set up during the 1915–1934 occupation of Haiti by the United States. It was a US Marine base.
The base was used by UN MINUSTAH forces at the time of the 7.0 magnitude 2010 January 12 earthquake in Port-au-Prince. Stationed at the base was a battalion of Sri Lankan UN peacekeepers, and a Uruguayan maritime police unit also with the UN. The Haitian Coast Guard units on base were a 28-footer and a 40-footer.
2010 7.0 earthquake
The base was damaged in the 12 January 2010 7.0 earthquake. Only a handful of structures remained standing at the base. The roofs of many destroyed structures appeared to be collapsed down, while the four walls collapsed outwards. The main administrative building, mess hall, and depot were severely damaged. The south pier was damaged, and the north pier collapsed. The heliport was also non-operable as a result of the quake.
Crews from USCGC Tahoma and USCGC Mohawk are helping to rebuild the base. After the quake, a field hospital was set up at the base to treat victims of the quake. On the 18th, anchored at the base, and started relief operations. The crew of Gunston Hall made the heliport operational again. As of 9 February 2010, the south pier was mostly operational again. A floating pier had been set up, which has cranes. A second floating pier is on its way. The harbour is being used as an entry port for aid to Haiti.
References
Ports and harbours of Haiti
Government buildings in Haiti
Organizations based in Port-au-Prince |
Wreck (originally titled Wrecked) is a British comedy horror television series, created and written by Ryan J. Brown. It stars Oscar Kennedy as Jamie, a young man who takes a job on board a cruise ship in order to investigate the disappearance of his sister. It premiered on BBC Three on 9 October 2022, with all episodes airing on BBC iPlayer on the same day. The series received mixed reviews, but was received favourably by the LGBTQ+ press with Attitude, Gay Times and The Queer Review featuring the series on their lists of Top LGBT TV Shows of 2022.
The show was renewed for a second series in October 2022, set for a 2023 broadcast.
Cast
Main
Oscar Kennedy as Jamie Walsh/"Cormac Kelly", a nineteen-year-old who takes a job on the Sacramentum to find out what happened to his sister
Thaddea Graham as Vivian Lim, one of Jamie's colleagues who works on the Sacramentum after fleeing her homophobic family
Jack Rowan as Danny Jones, Pippa's ex-boyfriend and a member of the entertainment team
Anthony Rickman as Olly Reyes, a member of the Sacramentum's crew who befriends Jamie and Vivian
Louis Boyer as Sam Rhodes, an officer on the Sacramentum
Alice Nokes as Sophia Leigh, queen bee of the Sacramentum's entertainment team
Peter Claffey as Cormac Kelly, Jamie's friend with whom he switches identities in order to get onto the Sacramentum
Miya Ocego as Rosie Preston, Comac's ex-girlfriend and a transgender woman who works as a Cher impersonator
Jodie Tyack as Pippa Walsh, Jamie's sister who disappeared while working on the Sacramentum
Recurring
Harriet Webb as Karen MacIntyre, the crew manager of the Sacramentum
Warren James Dunning as Officer Beaker, an officer on the Sacramentum and Karen's second-in-command
Amber Grappy as Lauren Thompson, one of Jamie and Vivian's colleagues
Diego Andres as Jerome Dupont, one of Jamie and Vivian's colleagues
Louise Parker as Jenny, one of Jamie and Vivian's colleagues
Georgia Goodman as Dolce, a cleaner on the Sacramentum
James Phoon as Hamish Campbell, a member of the Sacramentum's entertainment team
Ali Hardiman as Bethany-May, a member of the Sacramentum's entertainment team
Melissa Dilber and Merih Dilber as Amy #1 and Amy #2, twin sisters who are members of the Sacramentum's entertainment team
Ramanique Ahluwalia as Lily Tee, a wealthy guest on board the Sacramentum
Ned Costello as Nile, a wealthy guest on board the Sacramentum and Lily's stepbrother
Donald Sage Mackay as Henry Allan, the director of the Sacramentum
Francis Flores as The Baby, the Sacramentum's tattooist
Marcia Lecky as Detective Martinez, a detective who boards the Sacramentum to investigate a suspicious death
Production
BBC Three commissioned Wrecked from Euston Films in March 2021. Written by Ryan J. Brown and directed by Chris Baugh, the six 45-minute episode series is executive produced by Noemi Spanos for Euston Films and Tommy Bulfin for the BBC.
While writing the show, Brown purposefully included explicit LGBT themes (both Jamie and Vivian are gay), explaining that "as a gay man and horror fan, I think horror has always been queer but it's always coded, and subtext. I thought, 'let's do away with the subtext. Let's have explicit representation" and adding that he was used to LGBT characters always being the sidekicks in horror content. Simultaneously, Brown was careful to ensure that Jamie and Vivian's sexuality did not define them as characters but that he did not dismiss this either, noting that "growing up gay has equipped them to be the perfect heroes but the story doesn't need to be about their trauma".
The cast was confirmed in March 2022, with Oscar Kennedy set to star as the lead Jamie. Also part of the cast were Thaddea Graham, Jack Rowan, and Jodie Tyack as well as Louis Boyer, Anthony Rickman, Amber Grappy, Diego Andres, Peter Claffey, Miya Ocego, Warren James Dunning, Ramanique Ahluwalia, and Alice Nokes. In a video posted to Instagram, Brown explained that Jamie is named after Jamie Lee Curtis, best known for playing Laurie Strode in the Halloween film franchise, and Jesse Walsh, the character played by Mark Patton in A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge, whom he dubbed the "first male scream queen".
Principal photography took place in Northern Ireland.
In October 2022, prior to the first series' broadcast, it was announced that a second series of the show has been in development, and that the show was designed to run for at least three.
Principal photography for the second series returned to Northern Ireland and lasted for four months between May 11 and September 1, 2023.
Episodes
All episodes were made available on BBC iPlayer on October 9, 2022, prior to their linear broadcast.
Critical reception
Both Attitude and Gay Times featured Wreck on their list of Top LGBT TV Shows of 2022.
In a four-star review, Benji Wilson of The Telegraph praised the premise and Chris Baugh's directing and described the series as being like a punk band at their first gig stating, "Wreck’s energy is infectious. Everyone on the ship is a suspect and no-one can get off. If that’s just Death on the Nile with ADHD, fine: I still want to know whodunit. And why they’re wearing a duck mask." Similarly, Neil Baker from Cinerama lauded BBC Three for commissioning the show, and referred to Wreck'''s killer duck as a "slasher icon". He called Brown's screenplay "as sharp as the knife our devilish duck wields", noting his ability to reference classic horror properties such as Scream, I Know What You Did Last Summer and Friday the 13th while still allowing Wreck to feel "fresh and different to anything else we have seen", and praised the series' humour, pacing, cinematography and queer representation. The show also received four-star reviews from Heat, which declared it a "stylish" and "fresh, vibrant, chilling horror treat", and TVTimes, who noted that the show "delivers jump-scares and witty one-liners with equal aplomb". In their round-up of new shows, NME referred to Wreck as a "comic-horror delight" and a "mischievous slasher in the vein of Scream".
In a wider article praising the series' queer and Asian representation, Alistair James of Attitude stated "the inclusion of LGBTQ characters doesn’t feel tokenistic or as if it’s been done to check a box. Therefore it’s more rewarding to watch as an audience. It feels sincere and heartfelt."
In a review for Autostraddle, Editor Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya praised the central relationship in the show stating, “It’s a series that surprised me and not in the expected avenues of plot twists but rather in its humor and its characters and relationship dynamics. Vivian and Jamie make for one of the best queer friendships I’ve seen on television in a while”.
In a mixed three-star review, Rachel Sigee of iNews praised the "refreshing" queer representation but criticised the show's merging of comedy and horror, stating that "with its original premise, game approach to genre-bending and admirable sense of silliness, Wreck certainly stands out, if not always for the right reasons."
Among more negative reviews from critics, the series received two stars from The Times, The Evening Standard and the Daily Mail'', who said "there’s not a great deal to recommend this barking mad drama, which is a cross between a high-school comedy movie and a slasher flick with the killer being Orville the Duck," and described it as “more convoluted with each episode, taking viewers from one daft plot to another like a marble in a pinball machine” and “This camp horror thriller is a bit confused about its identity."
Brown hit back at the negative reviews, stating on his Twitter, "Nearly all of the “critics” only watched the first episode and have no idea what the show is about."
References
External links
English-language television shows
2022 British television series debuts
2020s British horror television series
2020s British LGBT-related comedy television series
BBC television comedy
Gay-related television shows
British horror comedy television series
LGBT speculative fiction television series
Television shows filmed in Northern Ireland
Television series about teenagers
Television series by Euston Films
Television series set on cruise ships
2020s British mystery television series |
The 2006 Michigan House of Representatives elections were held on November 7, 2006, with partisan primaries to select the parties' nominees in the various districts on August 8, 2006.
Results
Districts 1–28
Districts 29–55
Districts 56–83
Districts 84–110
See also
2006 Michigan Senate election
References
House of Representatives
2006
Michigan House of Representatives
November 2006 events in the United States |
```go
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package vocabulary
import (
"sort"
metrics "github.com/google/gnostic/metrics"
openapi_v3 "github.com/google/gnostic/openapiv3"
)
func fillProtoStructures(m map[string]int) []*metrics.WordCount {
keyNames := make([]string, 0, len(m))
for key := range m {
keyNames = append(keyNames, key)
}
sort.Strings(keyNames)
counts := make([]*metrics.WordCount, 0)
for _, k := range keyNames {
temp := &metrics.WordCount{
Word: k,
Count: int32(m[k]),
}
counts = append(counts, temp)
}
return counts
}
func (vocab *Vocabulary) processOperationV3(operation *openapi_v3.Operation) {
if operation.OperationId != "" {
vocab.operationID[operation.OperationId]++
}
for _, item := range operation.Parameters {
switch t := item.Oneof.(type) {
case *openapi_v3.ParameterOrReference_Parameter:
vocab.parameters[t.Parameter.Name]++
}
}
}
func (vocab *Vocabulary) processComponentsV3(components *openapi_v3.Components) {
vocab.processParametersV3(components)
vocab.processSchemasV3(components)
vocab.processResponsesV3(components)
}
func (vocab *Vocabulary) processParametersV3(components *openapi_v3.Components) {
if components.Parameters == nil {
return
}
for _, pair := range components.Parameters.AdditionalProperties {
switch t := pair.Value.Oneof.(type) {
case *openapi_v3.ParameterOrReference_Parameter:
vocab.parameters[t.Parameter.Name]++
}
}
}
func (vocab *Vocabulary) processSchemasV3(components *openapi_v3.Components) {
if components.Schemas == nil {
return
}
for _, pair := range components.Schemas.AdditionalProperties {
vocab.schemas[pair.Name]++
vocab.processSchemaV3(pair.Value)
}
}
func (vocab *Vocabulary) processSchemaV3(schema *openapi_v3.SchemaOrReference) {
if schema == nil {
return
}
switch t := schema.Oneof.(type) {
case *openapi_v3.SchemaOrReference_Reference:
return
case *openapi_v3.SchemaOrReference_Schema:
if t.Schema.Properties != nil {
for _, pair := range t.Schema.Properties.AdditionalProperties {
vocab.properties[pair.Name]++
}
}
}
}
func (vocab *Vocabulary) processResponsesV3(components *openapi_v3.Components) {
if components.Responses == nil {
return
}
for _, pair := range components.Responses.AdditionalProperties {
vocab.schemas[pair.Name]++
}
}
func NewVocabularyFromOpenAPIv3(document *openapi_v3.Document) *metrics.Vocabulary {
var vocab Vocabulary
vocab.schemas = make(map[string]int)
vocab.operationID = make(map[string]int)
vocab.parameters = make(map[string]int)
vocab.properties = make(map[string]int)
if document.Components != nil {
vocab.processComponentsV3(document.Components)
}
for _, pair := range document.Paths.Path {
v := pair.Value
if v.Get != nil {
vocab.processOperationV3(v.Get)
}
if v.Post != nil {
vocab.processOperationV3(v.Post)
}
if v.Put != nil {
vocab.processOperationV3(v.Put)
}
if v.Patch != nil {
vocab.processOperationV3(v.Patch)
}
if v.Delete != nil {
vocab.processOperationV3(v.Delete)
}
}
v := &metrics.Vocabulary{
Schemas: fillProtoStructures(vocab.schemas),
Operations: fillProtoStructures(vocab.operationID),
Parameters: fillProtoStructures(vocab.parameters),
Properties: fillProtoStructures(vocab.properties),
}
return v
}
``` |
The Royal Turf Club of Thailand under Royal Patronage () is a sports club in Thailand, formerly located at its historic horse racing venue in Bangkok, which was commonly known as the Nang Loeng Racecourse (). It was founded in 1916 by a group of aristocrats as an alternative to the Royal Bangkok Sports Club, and became highly popular during the first half of the twentieth century. Horse racing in Thailand declined in popularity towards the end of the twentieth century, and the Royal Turf Club likewise saw large falls in spectator numbers. Nevertheless, it continued to hold races every other Sunday, until its land lease was terminated by the Crown Property Bureau in 2018 and the site redeveloped into King Rama IX Memorial Park. The club was long known as a site of business and political networking among the elite, especially senior military figures.
History
Early days
Horse racing was introduced to Thailand (then known as Siam) following King Chulalongkorn (Rama V)'s visit to Europe in 1897. Regular races were held at Gymkhana Club, later the Royal Bangkok Sports Club (RBSC), in Pathum Wan District. The King sponsored the sport, presenting a royal cup for annual competitions.
These exclusive clubs served both Western expatriates and the Thai aristocracy. By 1916, in the reign of King Vajiravudh, conflicts arose between them at the RBSC due to expatriates' introduction of new varieties of sports causing funds to be diverted from horse-racing prize money. Two Thai club committee members, Phraya Atthakanprasit and Phraya Pradiphatphuban, sought to establish a new club, and secured the King's permission to build a racecourse on royally owned land in the Nang Loeng area. King Vajiravudh opened the racecourse on 18 December 1916, naming it the Royal Turf Club and granting it royal patronage. In 1919, the King granted a golden cup, known as the Derby Cup, to be awarded to the winner. The club would also become known as Sanam Thai (the "Thai racecourse"), as opposed to the Sanam Farang ("Farang racecourse") at the RBSC, reflecting the split of the clubs' clients between Thais and Westerners.
One of stated goals of the club was to promote horse breeding, and the club ordered fifty mares from Australia and two Arabian stallions from England for breeding. It also sponsored students to attend veterinary school in the United Kingdom.
Unlike other traditional forms of gambling, horse racing was originally seen as a civilized activity and was (and is) one of the few venues in which gambling was legally permitted in the country. Originally confined to expatriates and the upper class, interest in the sport later spread to other groups in society and horse racing rapidly gained popularity in the 1920s. This eventually led to the sport taking on a negative image. By 1949, when two races were being held every weekend both at the Royal Turf Club and the RBSC, the government, concerned of excessive gambling among the poor, ordered them to be limited only to Saturday, alternating each month between the clubs. (This was later relaxed to both courses each holding one race per week, then tightened to once a week alternating between the clubs in 1982.)
Decline and demolition
By the end of the twentieth century, horse racing was in a long gradual decline. The public mostly saw racecourses as gambling venues where immoral activities took place, and other (illegal) forms of sport gambling also ate into their revenues. The Royal Turf Club saw dwindling spectator numbers (audiences were estimated at about 5,000 in 2018, down from previous numbers of up to 30,000), although the races still served as a venue for business and political networking. Relocation of the Nang Loeng Racecourse to Pattaya was suggested in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but was not acted upon due to cost concerns. Renovations to make the club more attractive to young people and local communities were also considered in 2017, but had not yet taken shape when the Crown Property Bureau, which owned the land, announced in April 2018 that it was evicting the club, whose latest lease had expired in 2000. The final race took place on 16 September 2018. At the club's annual general meeting on 22 September, the incoming executive board announced that the club—which had an outstanding tax debt of about 1.5 billion baht (US$46M in 2018) accumulated from 2000 to 2015—would seek to build a new site and continue operations. The grounds were razed for redevelopment as a park commemorating the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the designs of which were unveiled by the Bureau of the Royal Household in 2021. Construction of the new site, to be known as King Rama IX Memorial Park, is scheduled to take place until 2024.
Facilities
The club covered about of land between Phitsanulok, Rama V, Si Ayutthaya and Sawankhalok Roads, and featured facilities including, in addition to the racecourse, a golf course (the Royal Dusit Golf Club), a swimming pool, tennis courts, a fitness centre and dining services.
One of the original buildings on the site is the multi-purpose hall, believed to have been King Vajiravudh's royal stable. However, it is more likely to have been an indoor dressage practice arena. The building is of a rectangular floor plan, decorated in Neoclassical style with stucco and mouldings. It features a large central hall, covered by a steel tied truss roof structure with no pillar support. The building, which later housed badminton courts, received the ASA Architectural Conservation Award in 1984 and is listed as an unregistered ancient monument by the Fine Arts Department.
Races
By the time of its closure, races at the Nang Loeng Racecourse generally took place every other Sunday afternoon, alternating with the RBSC. Exceptions occurred when an uposatha (Buddhist sabbath) day fell on Sunday, in which case the race would be held on Saturday instead. Tickets were sold in three separate tiers, granting access to the lower and upper levels of the grandstand, or an air-conditioned VIP box. Admissions were limited to people 20 years and older. The majority of the audience consisted of older men (most aged 45–80, according to an estimate), many of whom have been attending the races every week for much of their lifetime.
Just outside the racecourse, vendors sold food and drink, cigarettes, programme booklets, and provide binoculars for rent. Rental shoes also used to be a distinctive business at the racecourse, as its rules required proper dress and open shoes were not allowed. However, in later times the rule was not strictly enforced, and most rentals subsequently disappeared.
The club hosted three major events annually: the Derby Cup in January, the President Cup in June, and the Ramraghob Cup in November.
Politics
The Nang Loeng Racecourse long served as a site of political activity. Physically, the racecourse itself served as the site where, following the 14 October uprising in 1973, the National General Assembly was convened to select members for the drafting of a new constitution. Forty years later, in 2012, during the prelude to the following year's political crisis, the anti-government group Pitak Siam used the racecourse for its demonstrations. The group's leader, Gen. Boonlert Kaewprasit, was in fact also the club's honorary secretary (its main administrative post) at the time.
The Royal Turf Club's administration was mostly dominated by senior military officers. In the 1960s, the old elite's position within the club began to give way to the ruling class of the time. The country was then under the dictatorships of Sarit Thanarat and Thanom Kittikachorn, and army generals Kris Sivara, Surachit Charuserani and Chote Hiranyasthiti came to control the club's administration. Following the 1973 uprising, control was handed to Boonwong Amatayakul and Gen. Chalard Hiranyasiri, who was later succeeded by his close subordinates Maj. Gen. Sanan Kachornprasart and then Gen. Boonlert. In 2016, Gen. Vitch Devahasdin replaced Boonlert as honorary secretary.
The club typically demonstrated a high level of cronyism in its administration, which controlled its large amounts of cash flow. Additionally, the races also served as a venue for networking among politicians and business people, who comprised most of the participating stable owners. Most of the provincial stable owners were also honorary members of the Royal Turf Club, making the club effectively the central hub among all of the country's racecourses.
Notes
References
Horse racing venues in Thailand
Clubs and societies in Thailand
Golf clubs and courses in Thailand
Sports venues in Bangkok
Dusit district |
Rye Harbour Site of Special Scientific Interest is a nature reserve located on the western side of the mouth of the River Rother at Rye Harbour, about 1 mile downstream from Rye East Sussex. It forms part of a wide network of SSSI's on the Kent-Sussex border that include the Romney & Walland Marsh, the Dungeness Peninsular, the lower Rother Valley and the Pett Levels.
It is a complicated site of both biological and geological interest. Varied habitats of shingle, saltmarsh and intertidal muds host a wide variety of flora and fauna. It forms the second largest area of shingle habitat in southern England, only surpassed in area by Dungeness. A much larger area is designated as the Rye Harbour Local Nature Reserve.
The Natural England citation for the site covers an area of 761 hectares, but the details page and map cover a small area of 5.6 hectares north of the nature reserve. The area covered by the map may have been transferred to the Dungeness, Romney Marsh and Rye Bay SSSI, but the citations are for the old SSSIs.
References
External links
http://rxwildlife.org.uk/category/rye-harbour-nature-reserve/
http://www.wildrye.info/
http://www.wildrye.info/reserve/about/map.php
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1953
Local Nature Reserves in East Sussex
Icklesham |
```xml
export = require("@xarc/webpack/lib/webpack.config.dev");
``` |
Tonkinospira is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Hypselostomatinae of the family Gastrocoptidae.
Species
Tonkinospira chytrophora (Mabille, 1887)
Tonkinospira crassicostata Páll-Gergely & Grego, 2019
Tonkinospira danangensis Páll-Gergely & Grego, 2019
Tonkinospira defixa (Bavay & Dautzenberg, 1912)
Tonkinospira depressa (Jaeckel, 1950)
Tonkinospira pauperrima (Bavay & Dautzenberg, 1909)
Tonkinospira pulverea (Bavay & Dautzenberg, 1909)
Tonkinospira raxajacki Páll-Gergely & Grego, 2019
Tonkinospira suturata Páll-Gergely & Grego, 2019
Tonkinospira tomasini Páll-Gergely & Jochum, 2017
Tonkinospira triangulata Páll-Gergely & Grego, 2019
References
External links
ochum, A.; Slapnik, R.; Kampschulte, M.; Martels, G.; Heneka, M.; Páll-Gergely, B. (2014). A review of the microgastropod genus Systenostoma Bavay & Dautzenberg, 1908 and a new subterranean species from China (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hypselostomatidae). ZooKeys. 410: 23-40
Bavay, A. & Dautzenberg, P. (1909). Molluscorum terrestrium Tonkinorum diagnoses. Journal de Conchyliologie. 56(4): 229–251.
Páll-Gergely, B., Grego, J., Vermeulen, J.J., Reischütz, A., Hunyadi, A. & Jochum, A. (2019). New Tonkinospira Jochum, Slapnik & Páll-Gergely, 2014 species from Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hypselostomatidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 67: 517–535
Gastrocoptidae
Gastropod genera |
```python
from .layer import YowPresenceProtocolLayer
``` |
```xml
/*
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
import inheritedNonEnumerableProperties = require( './index' );
// TESTS //
// The function returns an array of strings or symbols...
{
inheritedNonEnumerableProperties( { 'beep': 'boop', 'foo': 3.14 } ); // $ExpectType (string | symbol)[]
inheritedNonEnumerableProperties( { 'beep': 'boop', 'foo': 3.14 }, 1 ); // $ExpectType (string | symbol)[]
}
// The compiler throws an error if the function is provided a second argument which is not a number...
{
inheritedNonEnumerableProperties( [], 'abc' ); // $ExpectError
inheritedNonEnumerableProperties( [], false ); // $ExpectError
inheritedNonEnumerableProperties( [], true ); // $ExpectError
inheritedNonEnumerableProperties( [], [] ); // $ExpectError
inheritedNonEnumerableProperties( [], {} ); // $ExpectError
inheritedNonEnumerableProperties( [], ( x: number ): number => x ); // $ExpectError
}
// The compiler throws an error if the function is provided an incorrect number of arguments...
{
inheritedNonEnumerableProperties(); // $ExpectError
inheritedNonEnumerableProperties( [], 2, 2 ); // $ExpectError
}
``` |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var addon = require( './../src/addon.node' );
// MAIN //
/**
* Rounds each element in a single-precision floating-point strided array `x` toward zero and assigns the results to elements in a single-precision floating-point strided array `y`.
*
* @param {NonNegativeInteger} N - number of indexed elements
* @param {Float32Array} x - input array
* @param {integer} strideX - `x` stride length
* @param {Float32Array} y - destination array
* @param {integer} strideY - `y` stride length
* @returns {Float32Array} `y`
*
* @example
* var Float32Array = require( '@stdlib/array/float32' );
*
* var x = new Float32Array( [ 1.1, 2.5, -3.5, 4.0, -5.9 ] );
* var y = new Float32Array( [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ] );
*
* strunc( x.length, x, 1, y, 1 );
* // y => <Float32Array>[ 1.0, 2.0, -3.0, 4.0, -5.0 ]
*/
function strunc( N, x, strideX, y, strideY ) {
addon( N, x, strideX, y, strideY );
return y;
}
// EXPORTS //
module.exports = strunc;
``` |
```ruby
require 'chain'
chain = Chain::Client.new
signer = Chain::HSMSigner.new
key = chain.mock_hsm.keys.create
signer.add_key(key, chain.mock_hsm.signer_conn)
chain.assets.create(alias: 'gold', root_xpubs: [key.xpub], quorum: 1)
chain.accounts.create(alias: 'alice', root_xpubs: [key.xpub], quorum: 1)
chain.accounts.create(alias: 'bob', root_xpubs: [key.xpub], quorum: 1)
issuance_tx = chain.transactions.submit(signer.sign(chain.transactions.build { |b|
b.issue asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 200
b.control_with_account account_alias: 'alice', asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 100
b.control_with_account account_alias: 'alice', asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 100
}))
# snippet alice-unspent-outputs
alice_unspent_outputs = chain.unspent_outputs.query(
filter: 'account_alias=$1',
filter_params: ['alice'],
).each do |utxo|
puts "Unspent output in alice account: #{utxo.transaction_id}:#{utxo.position}"
end
# endsnippet
# snippet gold-unspent-outputs
goldUnspentOutputs = chain.unspent_outputs.query(
filter: 'asset_alias=$1',
filter_params: ['gold'],
).each do |utxo|
puts "Unspent output containing gold: #{utxo.id}"
end
# endsnippet
prev_transaction = chain.transactions.query(filter: 'id=$1', filter_params: [issuance_tx.id]).first
# snippet build-transaction-all
spend_output = chain.transactions.build do |b|
b.spend_account_unspent_output output_id: prev_transaction.outputs[0].id
b.control_with_account account_alias: 'bob', asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 100
end
# endsnippet
chain.transactions.submit(signer.sign(spend_output))
# snippet build-transaction-partial
spend_output_with_change = chain.transactions.build do |b|
b.spend_account_unspent_output output_id: prev_transaction.outputs[1].id
b.control_with_account account_alias: 'bob', asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 40
b.control_with_account account_alias: 'alice', asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 60
end
# endsnippet
chain.transactions.submit(signer.sign(spend_output_with_change))
``` |
Orrin Williams Robinson (August 14, 1834 – September 6, 1907) was a politician and businessman from the U.S. state of Michigan. He ran a successful logging operation in the Upper Peninsula and was elected to serve in both houses of the Michigan Legislature and two terms as the 31st lieutenant governor of Michigan, from 1899 to 1903 under Governors Hazen S. Pingree and Aaron T. Bliss.
Early life
Robinson was born in Claremont, New Hampshire, to Williams Dean and Zilpah (Clement) Robinson. Orrin's great-grandfather, David Robinson, was a soldier in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, reaching the rank of captain. After the war, David settled in Cornish, New Hampshire. A son, Everett Robinson, grandfather to Orrin, served in the War of 1812.
Orrin's early education was in the public schools. At the age of ten, he went to live on a neighboring farm, where he worked on the farm during the summer for his board and clothes and attended school in the winter. When he was 17, he went to work for a year at a gun factory in Windsor, Vermont. After this he spent two more years working a farm in the summer and attending school during the winter. In 1854, at the age of 19, he borrowed fifty dollars to travel and join his uncle, S.S. Robinson, who was managing the Derby copper mine in Ontonagon County, Michigan. Arriving in June 1854, he worked for nearly two years at various mines in the area. In February 1856, he walked to Green Bay, Wisconsin, where he then proceeded by stage to Fond du Lac, then by rail to Chicago and Galena, Illinois on to Dubuque, Iowa. He then walked across the prairie to Fort Dodge and then to Kossuth County, Iowa, where he worked as an engineer in a saw-mill. Following the Spirit Lake massacre in March 1857, immigration into the area nearly stopped and combined with the Panic of 1857 created greater economic hardship than usual for a frontier community. Robinson nonetheless purchased of land and lived there for about five years.
Return to Michigan
In 1862, Robinson returned to Michigan and settled at the village of Hancock, where he worked as a shipping clerk in the Quincy Mine until 1873. During that time, he had acquired about 2,000 acres (8 km²) of pine timber land. In 1873, he organized the Sturgeon River Lumber Company, which built mills in Hancock.
The owners of that company also organized the Sturgeon River Boom Company in 1875, and built a channel to bring logs from the Sturgeon River to Pike Bay. In 1881, Robinson purchased the land of John Chassell, a local banker and business man, located on Pike Bay. Robinson moved into Chassell's house and later built a new house on the same lot. To accommodate further expansion, the company's mills and principal operations were moved from Hancock to Chassell in 1887-88. By that time, the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway had extended a line to the area with a stop at the growing community that Robinson named Chassell.
The new mill at Chassell, which had a capacity of twenty million board feet (47,000 m³) a year, employed over two hundred and was considered one of the largest in the state. Robinson maintained an interest in the business until 1902, when it was sold to the C. H. Wooster Lumber Company. Robinson also invested successfully in orange groves in Florida.
Political career
Robinson cast his first vote in a U.S. presidential election in 1856 for John C. Frémont and was a firm Republican for the remainder of his life. He was a delegate from Michigan to the 1892 Republican National Convention. In November 1894, Robinson was elected to represent the 2nd district of Houghton in the Michigan State House of Representatives, and in 1896, he was elected to the Michigan Senate from the 32nd district. He was elected lieutenant governor in 1898 with Governor Hazen S. Pingree and re-elected in 1900 with Governor Aaron T. Bliss.
Family and legacy
Robinson married Cornelia L. Lombard, of Weathersfield, Vermont on August 20, 1865 in Cleveland, Ohio. They raised two children: M. Ethel, who graduated from Mary Institute in St. Louis, Missouri, and the Boston Conservatory of Music; and Dean L., who finished a course of study at Smith Academy in St. Louis, Missouri, then entered the Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, graduating in 1895. Dean graduated from the Literary Department of Harvard University in 1899 and the Columbia Law School in 1901.
References
The Political Graveyard
Dates in the History of Chassell, Michigan
1834 births
1907 deaths
Republican Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Republican Party Michigan state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Michigan
People from Claremont, New Hampshire
People from Cornish, New Hampshire
People from Hancock, Michigan
People from Chassell, Michigan
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians |
Prince Peter Mikhailovich Volkonsky (1861–1948) was a Russian aristocrat.
Biography
Peter M. Volkonsky was born in 1861 in St. Petersburg. His father was Prince Michael S. Volkonsky, his mother the Serene Princess Elizabeth G. Volkonskaia (1838–1897). He married Princess Catherine Shahovskaya, daughter of the General of Infantry Prince Shakhovsky Aleksei Ivanovich (1821–1890) and Sofia Alexandrovna Olsufyeva (1830–1882). Their son was Prince Mikhail Petrovich Volkonsky.
Brothers
The brothers Volkonsky, each in his own way, left a bright trace in the history of Russia.
1. Vladimir Volkonsky (1868–1953), was vice-chairman of the State Duma under Volkonskye chairmanship of Khomyakov and Rodzianko and later was a Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs, "survived" in office four ministers. Nicholas II told each new minister: "Take care of Volkonsky".
2. Serge Volkonsky (1860–1937) - was a Russian theater worker, director, writer, Chamberlain, Privy Counsellor and a Catholic convert.
3. Alexandr Volkonsky (1866–1934) was chamberlain, marshal of the nobility of the of Tambov province.
Life after Revolution
During World War I he worked at the front of one of the organizations the All-Russian Land Union. He was Initiator of the Petrograd Society advocates the reunification of the Churches (1917–1918). He converted to Catholicism from Russian Orthodoxy in exile in Istanbul. In 1931-1937 he worked in the archives of the Catholic Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky.
At the end of life was ordained a Catholic priest. He was author of "Catholicism and the sacred tradition of the East" and others.
He died 11 September 1948 in Paris.
References
A brief sketch of organization of the Russian Catholic Church in Russia. Lviv, 1930.
The Way of Bitterness: Soviet Russia, 1920. London, 1931.
Unionalnoe movement in Russia (partly published in the journal "Russia and the Universal Church» (1957 N 4; 1960, N 5-6; 1961, N 2)).
Notes
1. Volkonsky Peter M. 1861
2. Shahovsky
3. Catholic Encyclopedia - M., 2002 T. 1. — С. 1073-1074. - S. 1073-1074.
External links
Genealogical Knowledge Base: Volkonsky
Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Catholic writers
Former Russian Orthodox Christians
Russian Eastern Catholics
Peter |
Pierre Lévy (; born 1956) is a Tunisian-born French philosopher, cultural theorist and media scholar who specializes in the understanding of the cultural and cognitive implications of digital technologies and the phenomenon of human collective intelligence.
He introduced the collective intelligence concept in his 1994 book L'intelligence collective: Pour une anthropologie du cyberspace (Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace). Lévy's 1995 book, Qu'est-ce que le virtuel? (translated as Becoming Virtual: Reality in the Digital Age) develops philosopher Gilles Deleuze's conception of "the virtual" as a dimension of reality that subsists with the actual but is irreducible to it. In 2001, he wrote the book Cyberculture.
He was a professor at the communication department of the University of Ottawa, where he hold a Canada Research Chair in Collective Intelligence. Lévy is fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and received several awards and academic distinctions. Pierre Lévy is currently retired and works on developing the Information Economy MetaLanguage (IEML).
Life and work
Lévy was born in Tunisia, to a Sephardic Jewish family, before moving to France. He is one of the major philosophers working on the implications of cyberspace and digital communications. Lévy has written a dozen of books that have been translated in more than 12 languages and are studied in many universities all over the world. His principal work, published in French in 1994 and translated into English, is entitled Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace.
As early as 1990 Lévy published a book about the merging of digital networks and hypertextual communication. Lévy's theory of knowledge spaces and the cosmopedia foreshadowed the emergence of Wikipedia and anticipates wikinomics, and the efficacy of shared distributed knowledge systems.
From 1993 to 1998 Lévy was Professor at the University of Paris VIII, where he studied the concept of collective intelligence and knowledge-based societies. He has contributed to many scholarly discourses about cyberculture.
He was a member of the editorial board of the Revue virtuelle project of the Pompidou Center in Paris from 1995 to 1997 and was the author of a report on cyberculture for the Council of Europe in 1996.
In the chapter Interactivity from his book Cyberculture (2001), Lévy argues that analogue communication (telephone, mail) differs from digital communication (email, chat) in terms of temporal organization and material involvement of their communication systems. He claims that interactivity is a vague term that "has more to do with finding the solution to a problem, the need to develop new ways to observe, design, and evaluate methods of communication, than it does with identifying a simple, unique characteristic that can be assigned to a given system". Henry Jenkins, among others, cites him as an important influence on theories of online collective intelligence.
In Becoming Virtual: Reality in the Digital Age Lévy explores the way we virtualise every aspect of our lives, from real time (media) interaction through language, to our actions through technology, and our social relations through institutions. And in each case the mechanism is the same: we create some artifact, more or less material, which allows us to shift what's at stake away from the immediate here-and-now and towards a problematic where new possibilities open up.
Current project
Lévy's current project focuses on the development of an Information Economy MetaLanguage (IEML) for the purposes of improving knowledge management as part of his works on the design of a universal system for semantic addressing of digital documents.
Main publications
Lévy P., L’Œuvre de Warren McCulloch, in «Cahiers du CREA», 7, Paris 1986, pp. 211–255
Id., Analyse de contenu des travaux du Biological Computer Laboratory (BCL), in «Cahiers du CREA», 8, Paris 1986, pp. 155–191.
Id., La Machine Univers. Création, cognition et culture informatique, La Découverte, Paris 1987.
Id., Les Technologies de l’intelligence. L’avenir de la pensée à l’ère informatique, La Découverte, Paris 1990.
Id., L’idéographie dynamique. Vers une imagination artificielle?, La Découverte, Paris 1991.
Id., Authier M., Les Arbres de connaissances, La Découverte, Paris 1992.
Id., Le cosmos pense en nous, in «Chimères», XIV, 1992, poi in Id., Chambat P. (a cura di), Les Nouveaux Outils de la pensée, Éditions Descartes, Paris 1992.
Id., De la programmation considérée comme un des beaux-arts, La Découverte, Paris 1992.
Id., L’Intelligence collective. Pour une anthropologie du cyberespace, La Découverte, Paris, 1994.
Id., Qu’est-ce que le virtuel?, La Découverte, Paris 1995.
Id., Cyberculture. Rapport au Conseil de l’Europe dans le cadre du projet “Nouvelles technologie: coopération culturelle et communication”, Odile Jacob, Paris 1997.
Id., Labrosse D., Le Feu libérateur, Arléa, Paris 1999.
Id., World Philosophie: le marché, le cyberespace, la conscience, Odile Jacob, Paris 2000.
Id., Cyberdémocratie. Essai de philosophie politique, Odile Jacob, Paris 2002.
Id., The Semantic Sphere 1. Computation, Cognition and the Information Economy, ISTE / Wiley, London and NY, 2011.
Id., Société du savoir et développement humain, in P. Imbert (a cura di), Le Canada et la société des savoirs, CR Université d’Ottawa, Ottawa 2007, pp. 115–175.
Id., Toward a Self-referential Collective Intelligence: Some Philosophical Background of the IEML Research Program, First International Conference, ICCCI 2009, Wroclaw (Poland) 10.2009, in N.N. Than, K. Ryszard, C. Shyi-Ming (a cura di), Computational Collective Intelligence, Semantic Web, Social Networks and Multi-agent Systems, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-NY 2009, pp. 22–35.
Id., Algebraic Structure of IEML Semantic Space, CI Lab Technical Report, 2009.
References
Further reading
Berardi F., Mutazioni e cyberpunk, Costa & Nolan, Genova 1994.
Id., (a cura di), Cibernauti. Tecnologia, comunicazione, democrazia, Castelvecchi, Roma 1996.
Corchia L., "La teoria degli spazi antropologici di Pierre Lévy", in The Lab’s Quarterly, 3, 2007.
Id., La democrazia nell’era di Internet. Per una politica dell’intelligenza collettiva, Le Lettere, Firenze 2011.
de Kerckhove D., La pelle della cultura. Un’indagine sulla nuova realtà elettronica, Costa & Nolan, Genova 1996.
Id. [1997], L’intelligenza connettiva. L’avvento della Web society, Aurelio De Laurentiis multimedia, Milano 1999.
Magrassi P., Digitalmente confusi, Franco Angeli, Milano 2011, pp. 171–182
Rizza G., L’intelligenza collettiva di Pierre Lévy, Zerobook, Roma 2007.
Rodotà S., Tecnopolitica. La democrazia e le nuove tecnologie della comunicazione, Laterza, Roma-Bari 1997, 20042.
External links
Official blog
Blog about the Information Economy Meta Language project
Grammar and dictionary of the Information Economy Meta Language
1956 births
Living people
Writers from Tunis
Canadian non-fiction writers
Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
Academic staff of Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis
French mass media scholars
Tunisian Jews
Tunisian philosophers
Jewish philosophers
Tunisian emigrants to France
20th-century French Sephardi Jews
Postmodern theory
21st-century French philosophers
Philosophers of art
20th-century French philosophers
Social philosophers
Mass media theorists
Postmodernists
French male writers
Male non-fiction writers
Philosophers of technology |
Thrine Kane (born May 24, 1981, in Rockville Centre, New York) is an American sport shooter. She placed 35th in the women's 50 metre rifle three positions event at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
References
1981 births
Living people
ISSF rifle shooters
American female sport shooters
Olympic shooters for the United States
Shooters at the 2000 Summer Olympics
21st-century American women |
The DH postcode area, also known as the Durham postcode area, is a group of eight postcode districts in north-east England, which are subdivisions of five post towns. These districts cover northern County Durham (including Durham, Chester-le-Street, Consett and Stanley) and south-west Tyne and Wear (including Houghton-le-Spring), plus a very small part of Northumberland.
Coverage
The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:
|-
! DH1
| DURHAM
| Durham
| County Durham
|-
! DH2
| CHESTER LE STREET
| Chester-Le-Street (west of East Coast Main Line), Ouston, Pelton, Birtley (west of East Coast Main Line)
| County Durham, Gateshead
|-
! DH3
| CHESTER LE STREET
| Chester-le-Street (east of East Coast Main Line), Great Lumley, Birtley (east of East Coast Main Line)
| County Durham, Gateshead
|-
! DH4
| HOUGHTON LE SPRING
| Houghton-le-Spring (West of A690), Penshaw, Shiney Row
| County Durham, Sunderland
|-
! DH5
| HOUGHTON LE SPRING
| Houghton-le-Spring (East of A690), Hetton-le-Hole
| Sunderland
|-
!DH6
| DURHAM
| South Hetton, Haswell, Shotton Colliery, Ludworth, Shadforth, Sherburn, Littletown, Kelloe, Coxhoe , Bowburn, Cassop, Pittington, Thornley, Wheatly Hill
| County Durham
|-
! DH7
| DURHAM
| Brandon, Lanchester, Esh Winning, Burnhope, Langley Park, Sacriston, Ushaw Moor, Brancepeth
| County Durham
|-
!rowspan=3|DH8
| CONSETT
| Consett, Blackhill, Bridgehill, Shotley Bridge, Leadgate, Delves Lane
|rowspan=3|County Durham, Northumberland
|-
| DURHAM
|
|-
| STANLEY
|
|-
! DH9
| STANLEY
| Dipton, Stanley, Annfield Plain
| County Durham
|-
! style="background:#FFFFFF;"|DH97
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|DURHAM
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|HM Passport Office
| non-geographic
|-
! style="background:#FFFFFF;"|DH98
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|DURHAM
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|BT
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|non-geographic
|-
! style="background:#FFFFFF;"|DH99
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|DURHAM
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|National Savings and Investments
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|non-geographic
|}
Map
See also
List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom
Postcode Address File
References
External links
Royal Mail's Postcode Address File
A quick introduction to Royal Mail's Postcode Address File (PAF)
Durham, England
Postcode areas covering North East England |
The Euro-Mediterranean-Arab Association (EMA e.V.) is a German non-profit organization that works in the field of development cooperation between Europe, especially Germany, and the countries of the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The Association is a politically, religiously and ideologically independent organization. It is based in Berlin, with branches in Hamburg, Casablanca and Tunis. The association aims to further economic development cooperation and political, cultural, and academic exchange between Germany and the countries of Northern Africa, the Middle East, and the Persian Gulf region (EMA region).
History
The EMA was founded in 2008 as the Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development by Dr. Abdelmajid Layadi. In 2014, the association was renamed and has since been known as the Euro-Mediterranean-Arab Association. From 2014 to 2017, the former German President Christian Wulff was the President of the Association. In August 2017 he was named Honorary President along with Prince Hassan bin Talal of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan who occupied this post since January 2012.
List of presidents
Ralf Busch (August 2008 - August 2009)
Horst H. Siedentopf (August 2009 - December 2012)
Adelheid Sailer-Schuster (January 2013 - August 2014)
Christian Wulff (August 2014 - August 2017)
Gabriele Groneberg (August 2017 - August 2021)
Heike Fölster (since August 2021)
Aims
The primary task and goal of the Association is to promote and strengthen economic relations and intercultural dialogue between Europe - and here in particular Germany - and the Mediterranean and Middle East region and between the countries of this region themselves. Of particular importance to the EMA are the topics of female empowerment, green energy, food security, digitalization, and sustainably supply-chain. In general, the Association emphasizes the importance of ecological and social sustainability in its projects and activities. The EMA specifically supports German companies in entering the market, but also in expanding their business activities in the countries of the EMA region, focusing on a holistic approach to economic as well as social sustainability: the promotion of water and energy management to protect natural resources, good and responsible corporate governance and know-how transfer, as well as education and training of qualified junior staff, equality, and respect for diversity with regard to society as a whole.
In 2014, the statutes were expanded to include Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This serves as an ethical maxim. In the spirit of corporate ethics and social responsibility of developmental and economic associations, EMA sees it as its task to make the principles of The Global Compact formulated by the United Nations, the "Principles for Responsible Investment" (PRI), and the values set out in the so-called Corporate Social Responsibility Conventions binding for its activities. According to its own statements, this is how it lives up to its responsibility to contribute to sustainable development in international cooperation.
To ensure the long-term nature of its partnerships, the EMA attaches particular importance to a deeper understanding of the cultural realities of German and Arab societies. It regularly organizes intercultural trainings to meet this demand and to promote not only economic but also social and cultural exchange.
Activities
The EMA engages in three kinds of activities: Services for its members, international cooperation projects and events.
Services for members
Market Entries & B2B Matchmaking
To ensure the success of the specific aim of its members in entering the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern market it offers to match businesses in meetings and matchmaking events to help them to establish long-term relations for strategic partnerships.
International Cooperation Projects
If a member has an idea for a project in the EMA-Region it can profit from the Association’s network of political, economic as well as civil society actors to realize its project as an international cooperation.
Studies and Market Analysis
The EMA offers to do market research and studies for its members. Upon request, these are tailor-made for a specific project and include competitor and stakeholder analysis, facts about the latest developments in a certain field, or new business opportunities.
Training Seminars
To enable intercultural economic relations EMA organizes intercultural training for professionals and executives. The seminars cover socio-political and economic realities in the respective region or country, knowledge about communication and negotiation practices of Arab business partners as well as practical tips for initiating business. Leaders of the seminars are experts in the respective country, and change their program according to specific needs of the participants.
Translations
Translation and interpretive services are offered by the Association for its members in the languages Arabic, German, English, and French. This includes certified translations of various kinds of documents, personal interpreter support for communication with authorities, and the revision of translations.
Tender Database
Another service the association offers its members is information on current tenders in the economy. The database is updated regularly.
Events
An integral part of the EMA’s Services are events such as country-specific forums, sector-specific specialist events, or roundtables. These offer the possibility to inform the members about a certain topic and network with decision-makers.
International Cooperation Projects
The German-Arab women's project Ouissal
Ouissal (Arabic for "bridge" or "connection") is a German-Arab mentoring project for women entrepreneurs launched by EMA Secretary General Clara Gruitrooy at the request of the Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth and with support from the Federal Foreign Office and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. It is part of the transformation partnership and was initiated to strengthen the economic and social participation of women. The project is aimed at women from Germany, Tunisia, and Morocco with the goal of sustainable economic empowerment.
German-Tunisian cooperation on cross-sectoral digitalization in Tunisia
Within the framework of the ParterAfrika project and in partnership with “Club DSI Tunesie” and “VOICE e.V.”, a project was launched in 2021 with the aim to achieving a sustainable digitalization of Tunisian companies and public administration. To achieve this goal, EMA aims at fostering cooperation between companies and training institutions in the field of digitalization within the sector of business and public administration. The project highlights the importance of implementing a strategy that includes a sustainable financing concept as well as a gender component in the cooperation project.
Agriculture Morocco
In February 2022, the three-year Moroccan-German project was inaugurated that focuses on the agribusiness sector in Morocco. In the city of Ouezzane, a food academy for training and upgrading the skills of self-entrepreneurs, small managers, and cooperatives in the agro-food processing sector was created. The goal is to support job creation and employment in the northern part of Morocco. EMA emphasizes the importance of projects such as this in a larger framework of efforts to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Chamber of Commerce and Industry at Schwerin in Northern Germany, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Tangiers-Tetouan-Al Hoceima as well as other associations are partnering the project.
Material Purchasing and Supply Chain Management Morocco
The goal of this project is to strengthen Moroccan companies in their competitiveness and international orientation through the expansion of skills and structures of Moroccan partner associations. Namely, these are AMCA (on the purchasing side), AMICA (specialized in the automotive sector), and ASMEX (on the export side), which are familiarized with German structures in the sectors of buyers, supply chain managers, and logisticians. Ultimately, Moroccan SMEs will profit from demand-driven intermediaries that are experienced and skilled in internationalization and cross-border supply chain management.
Events
Country Forums
EMA e.V. regularly organizes country-specific forums, in which representatives of the countries of the region as well as experts from the fields of economy and politics explain their experiences and share their knowledge. Attending parties have the possibility to present themselves and their project ideas to potential partners and exchange ideas with decision-makers from Germany and the respective country.
Regional Forums
Regional Forum-Events such as “The Digital Forum”, “The Women Forum” or “The Maghreb Forum” a particular focus on trending issues and specific sectors or regions is stressed to address opportunities for cooperation and development. Representatives from various fields from Germany and the EMA-Region report on their experiences and present their current ideas and plans.
Business Delegations
The business delegations offered by the EMA to its members serve to inform about the market and to intensify business contacts between German companies and those of the target country. By visiting companies, meetings with important decision-makers on-site, and receiving presentations about the economic and political conditions of the target country, German companies are introduced to the respective market and informed about significant economic and political peculiarities as well as investment opportunities.
Expert meetings
Through roundtable events, parliamentary evenings, business breakfasts, and B2B discussions, the EMA aims at creating a platform for information and experience exchange in a smaller group.
Salon Diplomatique
Regularly, events on North Africa and the Middle East are held with diplomatic representatives to shed light on the different perspectives of the EMA countries. These events aim at stimulating new investments by German SMEs and exchange between important leaders.
Receptions
According to the EMA website, Receptions serve the purpose to generate, capture, process and implement ideas by bringing together the people of SMEs and understanding them as a corporate asset for innovation and growth.
Publications
Regularly, EMA publishes country profiles that inform about the political and economic developments as well as cultural aspects in the respective countries. They are specifically targeted at issues of interest for SMEs and underlie a strict quality check. Strengths and weaknesses are not only described but critically assessed.
The EMA regularly published the magazine "Mediterranes" which deals with recent developments in relevant industrial sectors such as water, environmental engineering, logistics, or trade, or analyses politics and diplomacy in the region. A wide variety of authors from fields such as science, business and politics are included to maximize readership.
Members
The Euro-Mediterranean-Arab Association has 165 Members. Moreover, the EMA has a number of cooperation agreements with institutions in the EMA region and Germany, among them sequa gGmbH, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK), Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ), Agentur für Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (AWE), many embassies of the countries of the EMA-Region, Chambers of Industry and Commerce in partnering countries and many others. Additionally, it engages in mutual membership with Forliance GmbH, B.A.U.M e.V. and Bundesverband Materialwirtschaft, Einkauf und Logistik e.V. (BME).
Board of directors
President: Heike Fölster
Honorary Presidents: Member of the Royal Jordanian Family, Majlis El Hassan, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and Mr. Christian Wulff, Former President of the Federal Republic of Germany
Vice Presidents: Dr. Abdelmajid Layadi and Gabriele Groneberg
Secretary General: Clara Gruitrooy
Treasurer: Dr. Stephan Jäger
External links
Official Web Site (German)
Photos of the Environment Forum for the EMA Region 2011
Video of the Opening Address of EMA-President Prof. Dr. Horst H. Siedemtopf at the Environment Forum 2011
References
International relations
Non-profit organisations based in Hamburg |
Riccardo Milani (born 15 April 1958) is an Italian film and television director and screenwriter.
Life and career
Born in Rome, Milani began his career in 1985, as assistant director of Mario Monicelli in Let's Hope It's a Girl.
After being assistant of Nanni Moretti, Florestano Vancini and Daniele Luchetti, in 1994 he made his feature film debut with the comedy-drama . In 2001 he made his television debut, directing the miniseries Il sequestro Soffiantini. He is married to actress Paola Cortellesi. He's an atheist but he admires Christian values.
Filmography
Film
(1997)
The Anto War (1999)
The Soul's Place (2003)
Piano, solo (2007)
Welcome Mr. President (2013)
Do You See Me? (2014)
Mom or Dad? (2017)
Like a Cat on a Highway (2017)
Don't Stop Me Now (2019)
Like a Cat on a Highway 2 (2021)
Corro da te (2022)
Thank You Guys (2023)
Television
Tutti pazzi per amore (TV, 2008–2010)
Atelier Fontana - Le sorelle della moda (TV, 2011)
References
External links
1958 births
Italian film directors
Italian television directors
Italian screenwriters
Italian male screenwriters
Writers from Rome
Living people
Italian atheists |
The National Liberal Party (, PNL) was the first organised political party in Romania, a major force in the country's politics from its foundation in 1875 to World War II. Established in order to represent the interests of the nascent local bourgeoisie, until World War I it contested power with the Conservative Party, supported primarily by wealthy landowners, effectively creating a two-party system in a political system which severely limited the representation of the peasant majority through census suffrage. Unlike its major opponent, the PNL managed to preserve its prominence after the implementation of universal male suffrage, playing an important role in shaping the institutional framework of Greater Romania during the 1920s.
History
Dominated throughout its existence by the Brătianu family, the party was periodically affected by strong factionalism. Among the many splits during the party's early history a notable one was that led by party founder C. A. Rosetti, whose followers, supporting rapid and more extensive social reforms, created the Radical Party in the late 1880s. In domestic matters, the National Liberal party supported the development of the local bourgeoisie, seeking to expand the Romanian industry through government subsidies and a protectionist trade policy. Party elites controlled major Romanian-owned enterprises and a significant part the local finance sector, including the National Bank of Romania. At the beginning of the 20th century, PNL, joined by many former leaders of the Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party, advocated an extension of the electoral franchise and a limited agrarian reform, though this did not prevent a National Liberal government from violently repressing the 1907 Peasants' revolt. Adopting a nationalist discourse, before World War I the party championed the cause of ethnic Romanians living outside the borders, primarily those in Austro-Hungarian-ruled Transylvania; its irredentism varied in degree, with a more pragmatic approach being preferred while in government. Traditionally Francophile, in foreign policy PNL supported cooperation with the Triple Entente, against King Carol's preference for the Central Powers. The party's stance had a major influence in Romania's decision to join the First World War on the side of the Allies, which ultimately led to Romanian rule over Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania. Seeing the post-War Minority Treaties as an encroachment on the country's sovereignty, between the World Wars PNL governments pursued a strong policy of centralisation, dismissing calls for autonomy coming from the newly attached provinces and seeking to limit the influence of the national minorities, as well as that of foreign capital. In foreign policy, it supported the cordon sanitaire against the Soviet Union, also cracking down on the local workers' movement.
Though initially opposed to the restoration of deposed King Carol II, it became increasingly supportive of his authoritarian policies, with PNL governments paving the way to a royal dictatorship in the 1938. Another major split was caused in 1930 by opposing attitudes towards the restoration of Carol II: Gheorghe I. Brătianu contested Vintilă Brătianu's decision to oppose the King and created parallel organisations, claiming the party's name and legacy. After Vintilă's death, his faction came under the control of Ion Gh. Duca and Gheorghe Tătărescu, realigned with Carol and led several governments, while Gheorghe's continued as a separate party, in opposition to the former's government. The two however reunited shortly before the dissolution of all parties in 1938. Formally disbanded along all political parties in 1938, party structures were preserved unofficially, with many party members also enlisting in Carol's National Renaissance Front. The growing power of Nazi Germany in the 1930s led some factions, primarily the one controlled by Gheorghe I. Brătianu, to seek a rapprochement with the former war enemy from 1936 onward; during World War II, PNL leaders supported Romania's participation in the Axis-led invasion of the Soviet Union, while maintaining contacts with the Western Allies, ultimately backing the realignment with the latter in August 1944. Tolerated by the totalitarian government of Ion Antonescu, it eventually joined King Michael I and the Communist, National Peasants' and Social Democratic parties in overthrowing the dictator in the closing phase of World War II, enabling the reorganisation of the party in 1944. Part of the first post-war grand coalition governments, it lost its importance as the new Communist-led coalition government used the denazification process in order to remove PNL supporters from government posts.
The last major split was motivated by the attitude towards the Communist-dominated left-wing alliance in the aftermath of World War II: while Dinu Brătianu, the party's president, opposed the increasing Communist influence, Tătărescu, the general secretary, favoured an alliance with it, hoping to preserve some influence in the Soviet-dominated political context. Both factions claimed the name and legacy of the original party, and, after a period of ambiguity, went on to create parallel organisations. Faced with a severe restriction of its activity by the Communist-dominated government, the first faction dissolved itself in late 1947. The second faction continued to be part of the governing coalitions until November 1947; nevertheless, Tătărescu's opposition to the policy of extensive economic planning pursued by the government led to his replacement as party leader with Petre Bejan. Forced into submission, the faction did not have any political activity after 1950. Deprived of their economic base, members of both factions also suffered political persecution after 1948. With the Communist-dominated government gaining the upper hand in local politics and starting to crack down on opposition, the party decided to cease political activity in the late 1947, effectively disbanding itself. After the overthrow of the Communist party rule in 1989, a new party was founded under the same name and assumed the National Liberal legacy.After the war, the Dinu Brătianu faction supported Anglo-American interests, while Tătărescu's sought a more pragmatic approach towards the Big Three and friendly relation with the Soviets.
Scissions and mergers
Parties seceded from PNL
National Liberal Party-Brătianu (1930)
National Liberal Party–Tătărescu/Bejan (1944)
Parties absorbed by PNL
National Liberal Party-Brătianu (1938)
Party leaders
Electoral history
Legislative elections
Notes:
Almost always the government was named before parliamentary elections and confirmed afterwards;
Votes received in alliance with PCD;
Votes received by National Union coalition. Coalition members: PNL, PGR, LA, and PND.
References
National Liberal Party (Romania)
Defunct political parties in Romania
Defunct liberal political parties
Liberal parties in Romania
Nationalist parties in Romania
National liberal parties
Political parties established in 1875
1875 establishments in Romania
Romanian nationalist parties
Formerly banned political parties |
Nicholas Jose (born 9 November 1952) is an Australian novelist.
Biography
Born Robert Nicholas Jose in London, England, to Australian parents, Nicholas Jose grew up mostly in Adelaide, South Australia. He was educated at the Australian National University and Oxford University. He has traveled extensively, particularly in China, where he worked from 1986 to 1990. He was President of Sydney PEN from 2002 to 2005, Visiting Chair of Australian Studies at Harvard University from 2009 to 2010, and is currently Professor of English and Creative Writing both at the University of Adelaide and Bath Spa University, England. He has written widely on contemporary art and literature from Asia and the Pacific.
In 2016 Jose presented "Gifts from China" for the Eric Rolls Memorial Lecture.
Since early 2017 Nicholas Jose has been involved in a research project, 'Other Worlds: Forms of "World Literature'", for which he is leading a theme on 'Antipodean China' exploring the relationship between Chinese literature and world literature.
Awards and nominations
1973 University Medal for English, Australian National University
1990 shortlisted for the Miles Franklin Award - Avenue of Eternal Peace
1997 shortlisted for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize, South-East Asia - The Custodians
2003 shortlisted for The Age Book of the Year, Non-fiction - Black Sheep
Bibliography
Novels
Rowena's Field (1984)
Paper Nautilus (1987)
Avenue of Eternal Peace (1989)
The Rose Crossing (1994)
The Custodians (1997)
The Red Thread (2000)
Original Face ( 2005)
Short story collections
The Possession of Amber (1980)
Feathers or Lead (1986)
Bapo (2014)
Non-fiction
Chinese Whispers (1995)
Black Sheep: Journey to Borroloola (2002)
As editor
Macquarie PEN Anthology of Australian Literature (2009)
The Literature of Australia (2009)
As writer
Children of the Dragon (novel) (1 episode, 1992)
References
External links
Official site
Interview Radio National
Macquarie PEN Anthology
1952 births
Living people
20th-century Australian novelists
21st-century Australian novelists
Academics of Bath Spa University
Australian male novelists
Australian non-fiction writers
Australian male short story writers
English emigrants to Australia
Writers from Adelaide
Novelists from London
20th-century Australian short story writers
21st-century Australian short story writers
20th-century Australian male writers
21st-century Australian male writers
Male non-fiction writers |
Zica may refer to :
Žiča, an early 13th-century Serb Orthodox monastery near Kraljevo, Serbia
Zica family, a historic Brazilian family, originating in Minas Gerais in the late 18th century
Zica, Africa, Ancient city and former bishopric in Roman Africa, probably in present Tunisian city of Zaghouan; now a Latin Catholic titular bishopric
ZICA may refer to:
Zambia Institute of Chartered Accountants, a member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC)
See also
Zika (disambiguation) |
Glycyrrhiza inflata is a plant species in the genus Glycyrrhiza from China, with common name Chinese licorice. A related species, G. uralensis, however, is more likely the licorice species one finds in traditional Chinese medicine.
Licochalcone A, licochalcone B and licochalcone D are chalconoids isolated from root of G. inflata as well as glycyrrhizin.
References
External links
inflata
Plants described in 1891 |
Acrobalance is a floor-based acrobatic art that involves balances, lifts and creating shapes performed in pairs or groups.
A performer on the ground doing the lifting and supporting in an acrobalance formation is often called the base, while a performer being lifted or tossed can be referred to as the flyer (or flier). Formats include male/female duo, trio, female/female, and other variations.
Acrobalance acts require a high degree of care, coordination, proprioceptive awareness, and mutual trust from the performers in order to avoid injury; they are often set to music and performed as part of circuses. Acrobalance performances can now also be seen on a wide variety of shows such as street performances, incorporated into children's theater and as part of modern dance performances.
Technique
Acrobalance is the combination of the two athletic art forms:
Adagio: consists of partner lifts, usually performed by a man and a woman, where the male lifts his female partner in many different poses and positions. Many forms of adagio also incorporate throws and tosses; the male usually throws the female into somersaults, layouts, and other acrobatic maneuvers. Many styles of dance incorporate some form of adagio (as dance lifts), including ballet (in pas de deux), jazz, and lyrical. Ice skaters also perform lifts that belong to the adagio art. Whenever a person lifts another up in different artistic poses, or performs tosses where the bottom mounter catches the top mounter again, it is considered adagio.
Hand balancing: performance of acrobatic body shape changing movements, or stationary poses, or both, while balanced on and supported entirely by one's hands or arms. It is performed by acro dancers, circus performers, gymnasts, and sports acrobats. Hand balancing may be performed by partners or individuals. In partner hand balancing, a strong bottom mounter supports the top mounter in handstands, planches and other acrobatic poses. In solo hand balancing, a single artist performs handstands, one-hand stands, planches and other equilibristic maneuvers, usually on top of pommels, blocks or other apparatuses.
See also
Acrobatic gymnastics
Human pyramid
Castell
Human tower (gymnastic formation)
Acroyoga
References
External links
Circus stunts tutorial - Directions for performing some common acrobalance formations.
Truuk.nl - A database of 220 acrobalance formations, including transitions between various poses. In Dutch.
- is a free resource that brings information and ideas together about the art of acro. This resource has been created to help acrobats develop their practice, and to foster a sense of global community.
Circus skills |
Myalyeshkavichy (, ) is a village in Gomel Region in Belarus. It is located south west of Mazyr.
By the Russian Empire Census of 1897 population of Myalyeshkavichy was 1,329 people, of whom 127 were Jews.
References
Populated places in Gomel Region
Villages in Belarus
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine
Mazyr District |
Lewis C. Lang (March 29, 1843 – December 9, 1893) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
Life
Lang was born in Potsdam, New York on March 29, 1843. He attended the St. Lawrence Academy (today the State University of New York at Potsdam) in 1860-1861 and Lawrenceville Academy in 1863.
After teaching for several years, Lang studied law under John R. Brinckerhoff of Norfolk and practiced law with him. He later moved to Brasher Falls, where he established a substantial law practice and lived for the rest of his life. He represented the town as a town supervisor. He helped organize a school in Brasher and Winthrop and served on the board of education.
In 1875, Lang was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Republican, representing the St. Lawrence County 3rd District. He served in the Assembly in 1876, 1877, and 1892. While in the Assembly, he proposed a constitutional amendment that would cut off pensions for New York Supreme Court and Court of Appeals judges. He also served as district attorney of St. Lawrence County from 1882 to 1887.
In 1865, he married Elizabeth Bailey of Massena. They had one daughter, Jessie, who married Dr. C. C. Kellum. Elizabeth died in 1888. In 1889, he married Nora O'Brien of Norfolk.
Lang died of complications from rheumatism and Bright's disease on December 9, 1893. He was buried in Fairview Cemetery in Brasher Falls.
References
External links
The Political Graveyard
Lewis C. Lang at Find a Grave
New York (state) lawyers
Town supervisors in New York (state)
School board members in New York (state)
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
19th-century American politicians
St. Lawrence County district attorneys
People from St. Lawrence County, New York
State University of New York at Potsdam alumni
1843 births
1893 deaths
People from Potsdam, New York
Deaths from nephritis
Burials in New York (state)
19th-century American lawyers |
```dart
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
import 'package:playground_components/playground_components.dart';
import 'common.dart';
void main() {
const urlString = 'path_to_url
group('HttpExampleLoadingDescriptor', () {
final descriptor = HttpExampleLoadingDescriptor(
sdk: Sdk.go,
uri: Uri.parse(urlString),
viewOptions: viewOptions,
);
test('toJson -> tryParse', () {
final map = descriptor.toJson();
final parsed = HttpExampleLoadingDescriptor.tryParse(map);
expect(parsed, descriptor);
});
test('copyWithoutViewOptions', () {
expect(
descriptor.copyWithoutViewOptions(),
HttpExampleLoadingDescriptor(
sdk: descriptor.sdk,
uri: descriptor.uri,
),
);
});
test('token', () {
expect(descriptor.token, urlString);
});
});
}
``` |
Nuria Rábano Blanco (born 15 June 1999) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left back for VfL Wolfsburg (women) and the Spain national team. She joined the German club on a free transfer following her exit from Liga F club FC Barcelona.
Early life
Rábano started her career at Atlético Arousana.
Club career
Deportivo la Coruña (2016–20)
While at Deportivo la Coruña, Rábano was a starter in their undefeated 2018–19 Reto Iberdrola campaign that saw them get promoted to the Primera División for the first time in their history. In Depor's first Primera División season, Rábano helped the team reach 4th place before the league season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. She made the decision to leave Depor at the end of the season because she felt it was time to play a higher level of football.
Real Sociedad (2020–22)
At the end of the 2019–20 season, Rábano departed Deportivo la Coruña to sign a two-year contract with Real Sociedad. In the 2021–22 season, Rábano was an essential piece of Real Sociedad's defense as they qualified for the UEFA Women's Champions League for the first time in their history.
Barcelona (2022–2023)
On 17 June 2022, Barcelona announced the signing of Rábano on a two-year contract.
On 4 July 2023, Rábano and Barcelona agreed to terminate her contract after she appeared sporadically throughout the season.
International career
Rábano was called up to represent Spain at the 2017 Under-19 Championship. In Spain's second group stage match against Germany, she suffered a sprain in the ligament of her right ankle and was ruled out for the remainder of the competition. Spain went on to win the competition against France to advance to the 2018 U20 World Cup. Rábano was included in the squad for that tournament as well, and was a substitute throughout the tournament as Spain finished as runners-up.
Honours
FC Barcelona
UEFA Women's Champions League: 2022–23
Primera División: 2022–23
Supercopa de España: 2022–23
References
External links
Nuria Rábano at FC Barcelona
Nuria Rábano at Real Sociedad
1999 births
Living people
Women's association football defenders
Spanish women's footballers
Footballers from Santiago de Compostela
Deportivo de La Coruña (women) players
Real Sociedad Femenino players
Liga F players
Spain women's youth international footballers
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate women's footballers in Germany
Spanish expatriate women's footballers |
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