text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
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High-Rise is a studio album by American vocal duo Ashford & Simpson, released in 1983 on Capitol Records. It was their second album for Capitol.
Critical reception
The Virginia Pilot called High-Rise "a fine transitional record for the duo, where A&S added more dazzle and lights to their urbane sound without compromising its soulful essence."
Chart performance
The album peaked at No. 14 on the Billboard R&B albums chart and No. 84 on the Billboard top albums chart. Three singles were released. The album's title track peaked at No. 17 on the Hot Black Singles chart, "It's Much Deeper" and "I'm Not That Tough" charted 45 and 78 respectively on the Hot Black Singles chart.
Track listing
All writing by Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson
"High-Rise" 5:35
"Side Effect" 4:07
"Experience (Love Had No Face)" 4:38
"It's a Rush" 5:06
"My Kinda Pick Me Up" 3:09
"I'm Not That Tough" 4:34
"It's Much Deeper" 6:30
"Still Such a Thing" 5:13
Personnel
Nickolas Ashford - vocals
Valerie Simpson – vocals, acoustic piano
Sid McGinnis - guitar
Francisco Centeno - bass
Ray Chew - Yamaha electric piano, synthesizer, vibraphone
Ed Walsh, Peter Cannarozzi - synthesizer
Yogi Horton, Steve Gadd - drums
Errol "Crusher" Bennett, Ralph MacDonald - percussion
George Young, Sephra Herman - horns
Vivian Cherry, Ullanda McCullough - backing vocals
Alfred Brown - strings
Leon Pendarvis, Paul Riser - strings and horns arrangements
Charts
References
External links
1983 albums
Ashford & Simpson albums
Albums arranged by Paul Riser
Albums produced by Ashford & Simpson
Capitol Records albums |
Jan Howard is the seventeenth studio album released by American country music singer Jan Howard. The album was released in 1985 in a joint venture with Dot Records and MCA Records. It was produced by Billy Strange. It is Howard's second eponymous studio album issued during her career. The record was also her final studio release. The album includes re-recordings of her previous singles as well as new tracks not previously recorded. It was released in a vinyl and cassette format.
Background, content and release
Howard second self-titled studio album was recorded because of a joint venture between the Dot and MCA record labels. In this label collaboration, a series of studio albums were to be recorded that contained material released by "veteran" country artists. Howard was approached to record the project by its producer, Billy Strange. Howard wrote the album's liner notes and called her new record "a dream come true!" She also commented about the privilege of being chosen for the project, calling the invitation an honor.
The eponymous album was recorded in 1985 at the Chelsea Recording Studio, located in Nashville, Tennessee. All sessions were produced by Billy Strange, whom Howard had not worked with before. The album consisted of ten tracks which featured re-recordings of Howard's early hits and new material as well. Howard's early hits included her 1966 single "Evil on Your Mind" and 1969's "When We Tried". Remaining tracks were new material Howard had not cut previously. Among the album's newer material was cover version of The Oak Ridge Boys' "Ozark Mountain Jubilee", Lee Greenwood's "Dixie Road" and the song "The Wind Beneath My Wings". Jan Howard was officially released in 1985 via Dot/MCA Records. Upon its original release, the album was issued in both a vinyl record format and a cassette album format. It was among Howard's first cassette album releases. The record did not chart on any major recording magazines, including Billboard. The project did not spawn any known singles either.
Track listing
Personnel
All credits are adapted from the liner notes of Jan Howard.
Musical personnel
Pete Brodonali – guitar
Jimmy Capps – guitar, dobro
Mary Fielder – background vocals
David Humphreys – drums
Jan Howard – lead vocals
Terry McMillan – harmonica, percussion
Tony Migiliore – keyboards, piano
Kim Young – background vocals
Curtis Young – background vocals
Technical personnel
Chuck Haines – engineering
Glenn Meadows – mastering
Billy Strange – producer
Kevin Smith – engineering
Release history
References
1985 albums
Jan Howard albums
Albums produced by Billy Strange
Dot Records albums
MCA Records albums |
The F. Jacob Schmidt House is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. F. Jacob Schmidt, who built this house, worked as a cooper. This Queen Anne style house was possibly ordered from a Victorian pattern book. It is a 1½-story structure with a projecting side pavilion. Its noteworthy feature is the sunburst pattern on the main gable. The Eastlake style porch has subsequently been replaced with one of a more simple design. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.
References
Houses completed in 1890
Queen Anne architecture in Iowa
Houses in Davenport, Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa |
Stary Zagór is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dąbie, within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.
References
Villages in Krosno Odrzańskie County |
Mordella haemorrhoidalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1801.
References
Beetles described in 1801
haemorrhoidalis |
Peter Heath Jaques (20 November 1919 − 4 July 2013) was an English cricketer. Jaques was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Aylestone, Leicestershire.
Jaques served in the British Army during World War II, obtaining the rank of second lieutenant on 14 January 1944 and being given the service number of 307125. He relinquished his commission from the Royal Regiment of Artillery in October 1944 on account of ill health. However, this was cancelled the following month, but the relinquishing of his commission was reinstated again later in that month. Following the war, Jaques made a single first-class appearance for Leicestershire against Northamptonshire at the County Ground, Northampton in 1949. Batting at number six in Leicestershire's first-innings, he made 55 runs before he was dismissed by Des Barrick. In their second-innings, he was dismissed by the same bowler for 14 runs. This was his only major appearance for the county.
His grandson, Robin Lett, has also played first-class cricket, while his sister, Faith Jaques, was a children's book author and illustrator.
References
External links
Peter Jaques at Cricinfo
Peter Jaques at CricketArchive
1919 births
2013 deaths
Military personnel from Leicester
Cricketers from Leicester
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery officers
English cricketers
Leicestershire cricketers
People from Aylestone |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using Foundation;
using ObjCRuntime;
namespace Test {
[Protocol]
public interface First {
[Abstract]
[Export ("doit:itwith:more:")]
void DoIt (int a, int b, int c);
}
[Protocol]
public interface Second {
[Abstract]
[Export ("doit:itwith:more:")]
void DoIt (int a, int b, int c, int d);
}
[BaseType (typeof (NSObject))]
public partial interface Derived : First, Second {
}
}
``` |
Ataşehir is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 25 km2, and its population is 423,127 (2022). It is located at the junction of the O-2 and O-4 motorways on the Anatolian (Asian) side of Istanbul. Its neighbours are the districts of Ümraniye to the north, Sancaktepe to the northeast, Maltepe to the east, Kadıköy to the south and Üsküdar to the west.
As of 2021, the tallest skyscraper in Ataşehir, Istanbul and Turkey is Metropol Istanbul Tower (70 floors, 301 metres tall including its twin spires), which is a mixed-use complex with three towers and a shopping mall.
Unlike in Başakşehir, another satellite city (on the western part of the European side of Istanbul), no single-family house types were designed for Ataşehir's residential projects. Most buildings in Ataşehir are high-rise towers, while some of them (especially around the main public squares in the district) are among Istanbul's and Turkey's tallest skyscrapers.
The M4 line (Kozyatağı and Yenisahra stations) of the Istanbul Metro serves the district.
History
In 2008 the district Ataşehir was created from parts of the districts Kadıköy, Üsküdar, Ümraniye and Kartal.
The original housing development of Ataşehir was designed to include 18,000 high-rise condominiums offering luxury residences for 80,000 people with higher incomes. Ataşehir was awarded the Habitat prize in 2005.
As of 2006, 8596 housing units were present within the site, housing approximately 35,000 people. New investments still continue on the last empty sites of the district.
Politics and administration
Ataşehir Municipality has been founded in 2009. The municipal building and the district's security directorate are located in the neighborhood of Barbaros. Ataşehir Municipality has 24 subordinate directorates.
Composition
There are 17 neighbourhoods in Ataşehir District:
Aşık Veysel
Atatürk
Barbaros
Esatpaşa
Ferhatpaşa
Fetih
İçerenköy
İnönü
Kayışdağı
Küçükbakkalköy
Mevlana
Mimar Sinan
Mustafa Kemal
Örnek
Yeni Çamlıca
Yenisahra
Yenişehir
Economy
Ataşehir is a business and trading centre and hosts the headquarters and offices of numerous companies.
Transportation
Ataşehir can be reached with the M4 line (Kozyatağı and Yenisahra stations) of the Istanbul Metro.
For private car owners the subdivision is: 20-30 minutes from the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge; 3 minutes from Highway D-100 and the İzmit-Ankara Trans-European Motorway (TEM); 20 minutes from Bağdat Avenue, the upper-class high street of Kadıköy district; and 30-40 minutes from Sabiha Gökçen Airport, the second international airport of Istanbul.
Sports
Ülker Sports and Event Hall, home of Fenerbahçe's basketball team, is in Ataşehir.
The women's football club Ataşehir Belediyespor plays in the Turkish Women's First Football League. The team was the champion in the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons.
Ataşehir Golf Club [tr] has a 6-hole course that was opened in 2017. The club also regularly hosts footgolf events.
Education
Yeditepe University, one of the largest private universities in Turkey, is located in Ataşehir.
Fenerbahçe University is also located in Ataşehir.
Libraries
Ahmet Telli Çocuk ve Halk Kütüphanesi is a public library in the district.
Climate
The district of Ataşehir has a Mediterranean climate (Csa/Cs) according to both Köppen and Trewartha climate classifications, with cool winters and warm to hot summers. It is in USDA hardiness zone 9a and AHS heat zone 3.
Notes
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Library website
Populated places in Istanbul Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Districts of Istanbul Province |
Xhevahir Sukaj (born 5 October 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Flamurtari Vlorë in Albanian Superliga.
He has played for Vllaznia Shkodër and Elbasani in Albania, Hacettepe and Orduspor in Turkey, Ismaily in Egypt, NK Zagreb in Croatia and most recently Sepahan in Iran.
Club career
Early career
Sukaj is a product of the Vllaznia academy and in 2004 he was promoted to the first team at the age of just 16. The 2004–05 season was his first in professional football and he made 15 league appearances scoring 1 goal along the way helping Vllaznia finish 4th in the table. In the Albanian Cup, Sukaj managed to grab 2 goals in the 8–0 thrashing of Tërbuni Pukë in the 2nd round of the cup. Vllaznia reached the semi-finals that season but were eventually knocked out by Tirana after a 3–2 aggregate loss.
He was then loaned out to Elbasani for the 2005–06 season in order to gain some more first team experience, but Sukaj found it difficult to compete with the more experienced strikers at the club and only managed to feature in 4 league games without scoring, but he did win the Albanian Superliga that season with Elbasani. He reached the Albanian Cup semi-finals again but did not score in any game during his loan.
Sukaj returned to Vllaznia in 2006 and immediately established himself in the first team and was instrumental in helping Vllaznia finish 3rd in the league with 8 goals in 31 games. He also scored 3 goals in the cup where Vllaznia were narrowly knocked out in the quarter-finals through the away goal rule against Partizani Tirana. Overall, he scored 11 goals in the 2006–07 season.
During the 2007–08 season Vllaznia played in the Intertoto Cup where Sukaj made his first European appearance in the return leg of the 1st round against NK Zagreb, but after wasting chances he was substituted by the coach Mirel Josa for Vioresin Sinani in the 69th minute. Vllaznia were then drawn against Turkish club Trabzonspor in the next round where Vllaznia were beaten 10–0 on aggregate, with Sukaj only playing the first leg, as he was dropped to the bench by Josa for the return leg. In the league Vllaznia had a difficult season finishing only 7th, despite Sukaj scoring 10 goals in 28 games. His side did however manage to win the Albanian Cup with the help of 3 goals by Sukaj, including the winning goal in the final against KF Tirana. His goal tally reached 13 for the 2007–08 season and he won his first trophy with Vllaznia.
In the 2008–09 UEFA Cup qualification Sukaj scored 2 away goals against Slovenian side NK Koper in the first half of the 2–1 win. His goals put Vllaznia through to the second round as the 2nd leg finished goal less and his side were drawn against Italian giants Napoli. Sukaj's double in Slovenia earned his team their first win the competition in their 7 games played and Sukaj gained the record of becoming the first ever Vllaznia player to score more than one goal in a European game. He played his last game for the club before moving abroad in the first leg of the next round against Napoli, where Vllaznia were outclassed and beaten 3–0 at home.
Gençlerbirliği
His departure from Vllaznia Shkodër was announced on 4 August 2008. The club who actually secured his signature was Gençlerbirliği, who are the parent club of Hacettepe. He was loaned to Hacettepe, until the end of the season. After being unable to break into the first team he was loaned back to his homeland of Albania. He only started 2 games, but made other appearances off the bench.
Vllaznia Shkodër
On his first match back he was able to get a hat-trick in the match against Besa Kavajë, helping the team to win the match 4–1. In the other 14 matches that season he scored another 7 goals.
Orduspor
After an uneventful spell in Turkish top flight, Sukaj joined fellow Turkish side Orduspor by signing a two-year contract. He made his club debut on 30 August by appearing as a second-half substitute in the 2–0 home defeat to Altay. Two goals in nine appearances were not enough to impress the club directors, who terminated his contract in January 2010.
Ismaily
In January 2010, Sukaj signed a contract with Ismaily for the second part of 2009–10 season.
NK Zagreb
Sukaj signed a three-year contract with Croatian side NK Zagreb on 15 July 2010, after it was widely believed that he would join Vllaznia once again. He only made five league appearances and scored one goal before terminating his contract in January.
Vllaznia Shkodër
Sukaj returned to his first club Vllaznia Shkodër by signing a two-year contract in June 2013. On the opening day of the 2011–12 Albanian Superliga, he scored a hat-trick against Laçi to secure a win for his side, despite Vllaznia trailing the game after 43 minutes. Sukaj's goals came in the 73rd, 80th and 92nd minute of the game.
Sepahan
In January 2012, Sukaj completed his transfer to Iran Pro League side Sepahan by signing an 18-month deal. During the second part of 2011–12 season, he managed to score only two goals in ten appearances.
Sukaj won his third trophy with Sepahan in May 2015 after his club secured the league title in the very last week after beating 2–0 Saipa, where Sukaj featured in the last 14 minutes. After the end of the season, the club's directors decided not to renew his contract, leaving him as a free agent.
Partizani Tirana
He returned to Albania in the summer of 2015 and after being linked with a host of Albanian Superliga sides including his former club Vllaznia Shkodër he signed a one-year contract with Partizani Tirana on 21 July. In the opening match of 2015–16 Albanian Superliga against Laçi at Qemal Stafa Stadium, Sukaj scored a goal with free-kick in the 64th minute to secure his side one point.
Sukaj was one of the top form players in the league as he scored a goal in each of his first seven matches for the team. For his performances, he was awarded Albanian Superliga Player of the Month for October 2015. After that, he suffered a goal drought as only netted once after 17 October 2015, which was against Tërbuni Pukë on 2 December 2015.
On 19 December 2015, he immediately got sent off against Skënderbeu Korçë for an altercation with Renato Arapi only seconds after coming into the pitch. It was his first ever red card career. He was banned for 5 matches by the Disciplinary Committee of AFA.
He played his first match in 2016, coming off the bench to score in the 89th minute against Flamurtari Vlorë on 6 February 2016. With 21 league goals, Sukaj was the second highest scorer in the Albanian Superliga for the 2015–16 season, only six goals behind Golden Boot winner Hamdi Salihi.
On 21 June 2016, Sukaj signed a new contract with Partizani Tirana, keeping him at the club until 2017. However, he announced his departure from the club eight days later after being told that he was not on the new coach's plans for the new season.
Perak FA
On 28 June 2016, Sukaj joined Malaysia Super League club Perak FA on an 18-month contract, worth $500,000 per season. He made his competitive debut with the team in the matchday 14 against FELDA United on 16 July, playing 83 minutes in a 1–1 away draw. Three days later, Sukaj opened his scoring account in a Malaysian Cup Group C match against PDRM, which ended in a 2–1 home defeat. Then he scored his first goals in the league in his third appearance, netting a brace in a 2–1 win at Pahang. Four days later, during the next cup match against Johor Darul Ta'zim in which Sukaj opened the score in the 12th minute, he suffered a major injury which forced him to leave the match.
Partizani Tirana return
Following his departure from Perak, Sukaj returned to Partizani Tirana in January 2017 to train with the squad in order to maintain his form. On 5 January, sporting director Genc Tomorri stated that Sukaj will be part of the team. The transfer was made official on 30 January with the player signing until the end of the season. Due to injury, Sukaj missed February and half of March. He made his return debut later on 18 March by entering as a second-half substitute for Realdo Fili in a 2–0 win over Korabi Peshkopi. His first score-sheet contributions came on 23 April in the matchday 30 against Teuta Durrës where he scored in the last moments to seal the win 5–1. Sukaj was again decisive for the team five days later where he entered as a substitute against the city rivals Tirana, netting a late header for a 2–1 win which kept Partizani's title hopes alive. It was his fourth Tirana derby goal. Sukaj finished the second part of 2016–17 season by making 8 appearances, all of them as substitute, collecting 131 minutes as Partizani failed to win the championship once again, finishing runner-up to Kukësi. On 17 June 2017, Sukaj signed a new one-year contract.
Sukaj continued his cooperation with Partizani for another season, and despite suffering an injury in June, he was still included in the team for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round against Botev Plovdiv. He started in the first leg at Selman Stërmasi Stadium on 29 June, netting inside 4 minutes with a shoot outside the zone in an eventual 1–3 loss. Then he played in the final 9 minutes in the second leg as Partizani lost 0–1 and was eliminated from the competition.
Sukaj chances to play were reduced under new manager Mark Iuliano, as the Italian preferred the 4–3–3 lineup with one center-forward, meaning that Sukaj would make space to newly acquired Edgar Çani. Even with the injury of Çani, Sukaj was forced to make space for the youngster Bardhi. He scored his first domestic goal of the season on 12 October at Teuta Durrës, netting a penalty kick to give his side the first league win of 2017–18 season. Sukaj found the net again four days later where he scored the opener in a 2–0 home win versus Luftëtari Gjirokastër; he was however replaced in the 60th minute due to an injury. Following the examinations, it was confirmed that Sukaj would be sidelined for 1 month.
He returned on action a month later as a late substitute in a 0–1 loss at Laçi. Sukaj returned to the score-sheet after more than a month on 30 November where he netted the lone goal in the match versus Pogradeci valid for the first leg of 2017–18 Albanian Cup second round. Sukaj left the club in late December due to limited playing time.
Vllaznia Shkodër return
On 5 January 2018, Vllaznia Shkodër announced to have acquired Sukaj's services on a contract until May 2018. Upon signing the contract, he flew out to Ulqin to link up with the rest of the squad on their winter training camp. His first goals came on 10 February in form of a brace in the 0–2 win at Abdurrahman Roza Haxhiu Stadium versus the fellow relegation strugglers Lushnja. Sukaj ended the second part of the season by scoring 8 goals in 18 appearances, a respectable amount which was not enough for Vllaznia who was relegated for the first time in 60 years.
Flamurtari Vlorë
On 29 January 2019, Sukaj joined Flamurtari Vlorë.
International career
Sukaj was well established in the Albania under-21 team during the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification campaign. On 17 November 2007, he scored a hat-trick in Albania 5–0 defeat of Faroe Islands which marked the Eagles largest win in a UEFA European Championship qualifying match. He eventually finished the campaign by bagging 5 goals in 10 matches as Albania finished Group 1 in 4th place.
After enjoying a successful under-21 career, Sukaj was called up by then coach Arie Haan for the friendly against Azerbaijan in Baku on 19 November 2008. He made his senior debut in this match by appearing as a substitute in the last minutes of the match, which finished in a 1–1 draw.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Club
Elbasani
Albanian Superliga: 2005–06
Vllaznia Shkodër
Albanian Cup: 2007–08
Sepahan
Iran Pro League: 2011–12, 2014–15
Hazfi Cup: 2012–13
Individual
Albanian Superliga Player of the Month: October 2015
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Shkodër
Albanian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Albania men's international footballers
KF Vllaznia Shkodër players
KF Elbasani players
Hacettepe S.K. footballers
Orduspor footballers
Ismaily SC players
NK Zagreb players
Sepahan S.C. footballers
FK Partizani Tirana players
Perak F.C. players
KF Laçi players
Flamurtari FC players
Kategoria Superiore players
Süper Lig players
Croatian Football League players
Egyptian Premier League players
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Malaysia Super League players
Albanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Egypt
Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia
Expatriate men's footballers in Iran
Expatriate men's footballers in Malaysia
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Iran
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia |
```c++
// __ _____ _____ _____
// __| | __| | | | JSON for Modern C++
// | | |__ | | | | | | version 3.11.3
// |_____|_____|_____|_|___| path_to_url
//
#pragma once
#include <algorithm> // reverse
#include <array> // array
#include <map> // map
#include <cmath> // isnan, isinf
#include <cstdint> // uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t
#include <cstring> // memcpy
#include <limits> // numeric_limits
#include <string> // string
#include <utility> // move
#include <vector> // vector
#include <nlohmann/detail/input/binary_reader.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/output/output_adapters.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/string_concat.hpp>
NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
namespace detail
{
///////////////////
// binary writer //
///////////////////
/*!
@brief serialization to CBOR and MessagePack values
*/
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CharType>
class binary_writer
{
using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
using binary_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t;
using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
public:
/*!
@brief create a binary writer
@param[in] adapter output adapter to write to
*/
explicit binary_writer(output_adapter_t<CharType> adapter) : oa(std::move(adapter))
{
JSON_ASSERT(oa);
}
/*!
@param[in] j JSON value to serialize
@pre j.type() == value_t::object
*/
void write_bson(const BasicJsonType& j)
{
switch (j.type())
{
case value_t::object:
{
write_bson_object(*j.m_data.m_value.object);
break;
}
case value_t::null:
case value_t::array:
case value_t::string:
case value_t::boolean:
case value_t::number_integer:
case value_t::number_unsigned:
case value_t::number_float:
case value_t::binary:
case value_t::discarded:
default:
{
JSON_THROW(type_error::create(317, concat("to serialize to BSON, top-level type must be object, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
}
}
}
/*!
@param[in] j JSON value to serialize
*/
void write_cbor(const BasicJsonType& j)
{
switch (j.type())
{
case value_t::null:
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xF6));
break;
}
case value_t::boolean:
{
oa->write_character(j.m_data.m_value.boolean
? to_char_type(0xF5)
: to_char_type(0xF4));
break;
}
case value_t::number_integer:
{
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer >= 0)
{
// CBOR does not differentiate between positive signed
// integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we used the
// code from the value_t::number_unsigned case here.
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= 0x17)
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x18));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x19));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1A));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1B));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
}
else
{
// The conversions below encode the sign in the first
// byte, and the value is converted to a positive number.
const auto positive_number = -1 - j.m_data.m_value.number_integer;
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer >= -24)
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x20 + positive_number));
}
else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x38));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(positive_number));
}
else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x39));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(positive_number));
}
else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x3A));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(positive_number));
}
else
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x3B));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(positive_number));
}
}
break;
}
case value_t::number_unsigned:
{
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0x17)
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x18));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x19));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1A));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned));
}
else
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1B));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned));
}
break;
}
case value_t::number_float:
{
if (std::isnan(j.m_data.m_value.number_float))
{
// NaN is 0xf97e00 in CBOR
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xF9));
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x7E));
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
}
else if (std::isinf(j.m_data.m_value.number_float))
{
// Infinity is 0xf97c00, -Infinity is 0xf9fc00
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xf9));
oa->write_character(j.m_data.m_value.number_float > 0 ? to_char_type(0x7C) : to_char_type(0xFC));
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
}
else
{
write_compact_float(j.m_data.m_value.number_float, detail::input_format_t::cbor);
}
break;
}
case value_t::string:
{
// step 1: write control byte and the string length
const auto N = j.m_data.m_value.string->size();
if (N <= 0x17)
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x60 + N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x78));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x79));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x7A));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
}
// LCOV_EXCL_START
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x7B));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
}
// LCOV_EXCL_STOP
// step 2: write the string
oa->write_characters(
reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(j.m_data.m_value.string->c_str()),
j.m_data.m_value.string->size());
break;
}
case value_t::array:
{
// step 1: write control byte and the array size
const auto N = j.m_data.m_value.array->size();
if (N <= 0x17)
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x80 + N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x98));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x99));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x9A));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
}
// LCOV_EXCL_START
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x9B));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
}
// LCOV_EXCL_STOP
// step 2: write each element
for (const auto& el : *j.m_data.m_value.array)
{
write_cbor(el);
}
break;
}
case value_t::binary:
{
if (j.m_data.m_value.binary->has_subtype())
{
if (j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype() <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xd8));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype()));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype() <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xd9));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype()));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype() <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xda));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype()));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype() <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xdb));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype()));
}
}
// step 1: write control byte and the binary array size
const auto N = j.m_data.m_value.binary->size();
if (N <= 0x17)
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x40 + N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x58));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x59));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x5A));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
}
// LCOV_EXCL_START
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x5B));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
}
// LCOV_EXCL_STOP
// step 2: write each element
oa->write_characters(
reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(j.m_data.m_value.binary->data()),
N);
break;
}
case value_t::object:
{
// step 1: write control byte and the object size
const auto N = j.m_data.m_value.object->size();
if (N <= 0x17)
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xA0 + N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xB8));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xB9));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xBA));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
}
// LCOV_EXCL_START
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xBB));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
}
// LCOV_EXCL_STOP
// step 2: write each element
for (const auto& el : *j.m_data.m_value.object)
{
write_cbor(el.first);
write_cbor(el.second);
}
break;
}
case value_t::discarded:
default:
break;
}
}
/*!
@param[in] j JSON value to serialize
*/
void write_msgpack(const BasicJsonType& j)
{
switch (j.type())
{
case value_t::null: // nil
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xC0));
break;
}
case value_t::boolean: // true and false
{
oa->write_character(j.m_data.m_value.boolean
? to_char_type(0xC3)
: to_char_type(0xC2));
break;
}
case value_t::number_integer:
{
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer >= 0)
{
// MessagePack does not differentiate between positive
// signed integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we used
// the code from the value_t::number_unsigned case here.
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned < 128)
{
// positive fixnum
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
// uint 8
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCC));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
// uint 16
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCD));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
// uint 32
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCE));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
{
// uint 64
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCF));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
}
else
{
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer >= -32)
{
// negative fixnum
write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() &&
j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)())
{
// int 8
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD0));
write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() &&
j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)())
{
// int 16
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD1));
write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() &&
j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())
{
// int 32
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD2));
write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() &&
j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)())
{
// int 64
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD3));
write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
}
break;
}
case value_t::number_unsigned:
{
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned < 128)
{
// positive fixnum
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
// uint 8
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCC));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
// uint 16
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCD));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
// uint 32
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCE));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
{
// uint 64
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCF));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer));
}
break;
}
case value_t::number_float:
{
write_compact_float(j.m_data.m_value.number_float, detail::input_format_t::msgpack);
break;
}
case value_t::string:
{
// step 1: write control byte and the string length
const auto N = j.m_data.m_value.string->size();
if (N <= 31)
{
// fixstr
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xA0 | N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
// str 8
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD9));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
// str 16
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDA));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
// str 32
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDB));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
}
// step 2: write the string
oa->write_characters(
reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(j.m_data.m_value.string->c_str()),
j.m_data.m_value.string->size());
break;
}
case value_t::array:
{
// step 1: write control byte and the array size
const auto N = j.m_data.m_value.array->size();
if (N <= 15)
{
// fixarray
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x90 | N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
// array 16
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDC));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
// array 32
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDD));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
}
// step 2: write each element
for (const auto& el : *j.m_data.m_value.array)
{
write_msgpack(el);
}
break;
}
case value_t::binary:
{
// step 0: determine if the binary type has a set subtype to
// determine whether or not to use the ext or fixext types
const bool use_ext = j.m_data.m_value.binary->has_subtype();
// step 1: write control byte and the byte string length
const auto N = j.m_data.m_value.binary->size();
if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
std::uint8_t output_type{};
bool fixed = true;
if (use_ext)
{
switch (N)
{
case 1:
output_type = 0xD4; // fixext 1
break;
case 2:
output_type = 0xD5; // fixext 2
break;
case 4:
output_type = 0xD6; // fixext 4
break;
case 8:
output_type = 0xD7; // fixext 8
break;
case 16:
output_type = 0xD8; // fixext 16
break;
default:
output_type = 0xC7; // ext 8
fixed = false;
break;
}
}
else
{
output_type = 0xC4; // bin 8
fixed = false;
}
oa->write_character(to_char_type(output_type));
if (!fixed)
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
}
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
const std::uint8_t output_type = use_ext
? 0xC8 // ext 16
: 0xC5; // bin 16
oa->write_character(to_char_type(output_type));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
const std::uint8_t output_type = use_ext
? 0xC9 // ext 32
: 0xC6; // bin 32
oa->write_character(to_char_type(output_type));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
}
// step 1.5: if this is an ext type, write the subtype
if (use_ext)
{
write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype()));
}
// step 2: write the byte string
oa->write_characters(
reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(j.m_data.m_value.binary->data()),
N);
break;
}
case value_t::object:
{
// step 1: write control byte and the object size
const auto N = j.m_data.m_value.object->size();
if (N <= 15)
{
// fixmap
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x80 | (N & 0xF)));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())
{
// map 16
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDE));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
}
else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())
{
// map 32
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDF));
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
}
// step 2: write each element
for (const auto& el : *j.m_data.m_value.object)
{
write_msgpack(el.first);
write_msgpack(el.second);
}
break;
}
case value_t::discarded:
default:
break;
}
}
/*!
@param[in] j JSON value to serialize
@param[in] use_count whether to use '#' prefixes (optimized format)
@param[in] use_type whether to use '$' prefixes (optimized format)
@param[in] add_prefix whether prefixes need to be used for this value
@param[in] use_bjdata whether write in BJData format, default is false
*/
void write_ubjson(const BasicJsonType& j, const bool use_count,
const bool use_type, const bool add_prefix = true,
const bool use_bjdata = false)
{
switch (j.type())
{
case value_t::null:
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('Z'));
}
break;
}
case value_t::boolean:
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(j.m_data.m_value.boolean
? to_char_type('T')
: to_char_type('F'));
}
break;
}
case value_t::number_integer:
{
write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer, add_prefix, use_bjdata);
break;
}
case value_t::number_unsigned:
{
write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned, add_prefix, use_bjdata);
break;
}
case value_t::number_float:
{
write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_data.m_value.number_float, add_prefix, use_bjdata);
break;
}
case value_t::string:
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('S'));
}
write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_data.m_value.string->size(), true, use_bjdata);
oa->write_characters(
reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(j.m_data.m_value.string->c_str()),
j.m_data.m_value.string->size());
break;
}
case value_t::array:
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('['));
}
bool prefix_required = true;
if (use_type && !j.m_data.m_value.array->empty())
{
JSON_ASSERT(use_count);
const CharType first_prefix = ubjson_prefix(j.front(), use_bjdata);
const bool same_prefix = std::all_of(j.begin() + 1, j.end(),
[this, first_prefix, use_bjdata](const BasicJsonType & v)
{
return ubjson_prefix(v, use_bjdata) == first_prefix;
});
std::vector<CharType> bjdx = {'[', '{', 'S', 'H', 'T', 'F', 'N', 'Z'}; // excluded markers in bjdata optimized type
if (same_prefix && !(use_bjdata && std::find(bjdx.begin(), bjdx.end(), first_prefix) != bjdx.end()))
{
prefix_required = false;
oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
oa->write_character(first_prefix);
}
}
if (use_count)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('#'));
write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_data.m_value.array->size(), true, use_bjdata);
}
for (const auto& el : *j.m_data.m_value.array)
{
write_ubjson(el, use_count, use_type, prefix_required, use_bjdata);
}
if (!use_count)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(']'));
}
break;
}
case value_t::binary:
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('['));
}
if (use_type && !j.m_data.m_value.binary->empty())
{
JSON_ASSERT(use_count);
oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
oa->write_character('U');
}
if (use_count)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('#'));
write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_data.m_value.binary->size(), true, use_bjdata);
}
if (use_type)
{
oa->write_characters(
reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(j.m_data.m_value.binary->data()),
j.m_data.m_value.binary->size());
}
else
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < j.m_data.m_value.binary->size(); ++i)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('U'));
oa->write_character(j.m_data.m_value.binary->data()[i]);
}
}
if (!use_count)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(']'));
}
break;
}
case value_t::object:
{
if (use_bjdata && j.m_data.m_value.object->size() == 3 && j.m_data.m_value.object->find("_ArrayType_") != j.m_data.m_value.object->end() && j.m_data.m_value.object->find("_ArraySize_") != j.m_data.m_value.object->end() && j.m_data.m_value.object->find("_ArrayData_") != j.m_data.m_value.object->end())
{
if (!write_bjdata_ndarray(*j.m_data.m_value.object, use_count, use_type)) // decode bjdata ndarray in the JData format (path_to_url
{
break;
}
}
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('{'));
}
bool prefix_required = true;
if (use_type && !j.m_data.m_value.object->empty())
{
JSON_ASSERT(use_count);
const CharType first_prefix = ubjson_prefix(j.front(), use_bjdata);
const bool same_prefix = std::all_of(j.begin(), j.end(),
[this, first_prefix, use_bjdata](const BasicJsonType & v)
{
return ubjson_prefix(v, use_bjdata) == first_prefix;
});
std::vector<CharType> bjdx = {'[', '{', 'S', 'H', 'T', 'F', 'N', 'Z'}; // excluded markers in bjdata optimized type
if (same_prefix && !(use_bjdata && std::find(bjdx.begin(), bjdx.end(), first_prefix) != bjdx.end()))
{
prefix_required = false;
oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
oa->write_character(first_prefix);
}
}
if (use_count)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('#'));
write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_data.m_value.object->size(), true, use_bjdata);
}
for (const auto& el : *j.m_data.m_value.object)
{
write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(el.first.size(), true, use_bjdata);
oa->write_characters(
reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(el.first.c_str()),
el.first.size());
write_ubjson(el.second, use_count, use_type, prefix_required, use_bjdata);
}
if (!use_count)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('}'));
}
break;
}
case value_t::discarded:
default:
break;
}
}
private:
//////////
// BSON //
//////////
/*!
@return The size of a BSON document entry header, including the id marker
and the entry name size (and its null-terminator).
*/
static std::size_t calc_bson_entry_header_size(const string_t& name, const BasicJsonType& j)
{
const auto it = name.find(static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0));
if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(it != BasicJsonType::string_t::npos))
{
JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(409, concat("BSON key cannot contain code point U+0000 (at byte ", std::to_string(it), ")"), &j));
static_cast<void>(j);
}
return /*id*/ 1ul + name.size() + /*zero-terminator*/1u;
}
/*!
@brief Writes the given @a element_type and @a name to the output adapter
*/
void write_bson_entry_header(const string_t& name,
const std::uint8_t element_type)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(element_type)); // boolean
oa->write_characters(
reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(name.c_str()),
name.size() + 1u);
}
/*!
@brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and boolean value @a value
*/
void write_bson_boolean(const string_t& name,
const bool value)
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x08);
oa->write_character(value ? to_char_type(0x01) : to_char_type(0x00));
}
/*!
@brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and double value @a value
*/
void write_bson_double(const string_t& name,
const double value)
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x01);
write_number<double>(value, true);
}
/*!
@return The size of the BSON-encoded string in @a value
*/
static std::size_t calc_bson_string_size(const string_t& value)
{
return sizeof(std::int32_t) + value.size() + 1ul;
}
/*!
@brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and string value @a value
*/
void write_bson_string(const string_t& name,
const string_t& value)
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x02);
write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value.size() + 1ul), true);
oa->write_characters(
reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(value.c_str()),
value.size() + 1);
}
/*!
@brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and null value
*/
void write_bson_null(const string_t& name)
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x0A);
}
/*!
@return The size of the BSON-encoded integer @a value
*/
static std::size_t calc_bson_integer_size(const std::int64_t value)
{
return (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= value && value <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()
? sizeof(std::int32_t)
: sizeof(std::int64_t);
}
/*!
@brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and integer @a value
*/
void write_bson_integer(const string_t& name,
const std::int64_t value)
{
if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= value && value <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x10); // int32
write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value), true);
}
else
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x12); // int64
write_number<std::int64_t>(static_cast<std::int64_t>(value), true);
}
}
/*!
@return The size of the BSON-encoded unsigned integer in @a j
*/
static constexpr std::size_t calc_bson_unsigned_size(const std::uint64_t value) noexcept
{
return (value <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()))
? sizeof(std::int32_t)
: sizeof(std::int64_t);
}
/*!
@brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and unsigned @a value
*/
void write_bson_unsigned(const string_t& name,
const BasicJsonType& j)
{
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()))
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x10 /* int32 */);
write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
}
else if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)()))
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x12 /* int64 */);
write_number<std::int64_t>(static_cast<std::int64_t>(j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
}
else
{
JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(407, concat("integer number ", std::to_string(j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned), " cannot be represented by BSON as it does not fit int64"), &j));
}
}
/*!
@brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and object @a value
*/
void write_bson_object_entry(const string_t& name,
const typename BasicJsonType::object_t& value)
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x03); // object
write_bson_object(value);
}
/*!
@return The size of the BSON-encoded array @a value
*/
static std::size_t calc_bson_array_size(const typename BasicJsonType::array_t& value)
{
std::size_t array_index = 0ul;
const std::size_t embedded_document_size = std::accumulate(std::begin(value), std::end(value), static_cast<std::size_t>(0), [&array_index](std::size_t result, const typename BasicJsonType::array_t::value_type & el)
{
return result + calc_bson_element_size(std::to_string(array_index++), el);
});
return sizeof(std::int32_t) + embedded_document_size + 1ul;
}
/*!
@return The size of the BSON-encoded binary array @a value
*/
static std::size_t calc_bson_binary_size(const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t& value)
{
return sizeof(std::int32_t) + value.size() + 1ul;
}
/*!
@brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and array @a value
*/
void write_bson_array(const string_t& name,
const typename BasicJsonType::array_t& value)
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x04); // array
write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(calc_bson_array_size(value)), true);
std::size_t array_index = 0ul;
for (const auto& el : value)
{
write_bson_element(std::to_string(array_index++), el);
}
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
}
/*!
@brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and binary value @a value
*/
void write_bson_binary(const string_t& name,
const binary_t& value)
{
write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x05);
write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value.size()), true);
write_number(value.has_subtype() ? static_cast<std::uint8_t>(value.subtype()) : static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x00));
oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(value.data()), value.size());
}
/*!
@brief Calculates the size necessary to serialize the JSON value @a j with its @a name
@return The calculated size for the BSON document entry for @a j with the given @a name.
*/
static std::size_t calc_bson_element_size(const string_t& name,
const BasicJsonType& j)
{
const auto header_size = calc_bson_entry_header_size(name, j);
switch (j.type())
{
case value_t::object:
return header_size + calc_bson_object_size(*j.m_data.m_value.object);
case value_t::array:
return header_size + calc_bson_array_size(*j.m_data.m_value.array);
case value_t::binary:
return header_size + calc_bson_binary_size(*j.m_data.m_value.binary);
case value_t::boolean:
return header_size + 1ul;
case value_t::number_float:
return header_size + 8ul;
case value_t::number_integer:
return header_size + calc_bson_integer_size(j.m_data.m_value.number_integer);
case value_t::number_unsigned:
return header_size + calc_bson_unsigned_size(j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned);
case value_t::string:
return header_size + calc_bson_string_size(*j.m_data.m_value.string);
case value_t::null:
return header_size + 0ul;
// LCOV_EXCL_START
case value_t::discarded:
default:
JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert)
return 0ul;
// LCOV_EXCL_STOP
}
}
/*!
@brief Serializes the JSON value @a j to BSON and associates it with the
key @a name.
@param name The name to associate with the JSON entity @a j within the
current BSON document
*/
void write_bson_element(const string_t& name,
const BasicJsonType& j)
{
switch (j.type())
{
case value_t::object:
return write_bson_object_entry(name, *j.m_data.m_value.object);
case value_t::array:
return write_bson_array(name, *j.m_data.m_value.array);
case value_t::binary:
return write_bson_binary(name, *j.m_data.m_value.binary);
case value_t::boolean:
return write_bson_boolean(name, j.m_data.m_value.boolean);
case value_t::number_float:
return write_bson_double(name, j.m_data.m_value.number_float);
case value_t::number_integer:
return write_bson_integer(name, j.m_data.m_value.number_integer);
case value_t::number_unsigned:
return write_bson_unsigned(name, j);
case value_t::string:
return write_bson_string(name, *j.m_data.m_value.string);
case value_t::null:
return write_bson_null(name);
// LCOV_EXCL_START
case value_t::discarded:
default:
JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert)
return;
// LCOV_EXCL_STOP
}
}
/*!
@brief Calculates the size of the BSON serialization of the given
JSON-object @a j.
@param[in] value JSON value to serialize
@pre value.type() == value_t::object
*/
static std::size_t calc_bson_object_size(const typename BasicJsonType::object_t& value)
{
const std::size_t document_size = std::accumulate(value.begin(), value.end(), static_cast<std::size_t>(0),
[](size_t result, const typename BasicJsonType::object_t::value_type & el)
{
return result += calc_bson_element_size(el.first, el.second);
});
return sizeof(std::int32_t) + document_size + 1ul;
}
/*!
@param[in] value JSON value to serialize
@pre value.type() == value_t::object
*/
void write_bson_object(const typename BasicJsonType::object_t& value)
{
write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(calc_bson_object_size(value)), true);
for (const auto& el : value)
{
write_bson_element(el.first, el.second);
}
oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
}
//////////
// CBOR //
//////////
static constexpr CharType get_cbor_float_prefix(float /*unused*/)
{
return to_char_type(0xFA); // Single-Precision Float
}
static constexpr CharType get_cbor_float_prefix(double /*unused*/)
{
return to_char_type(0xFB); // Double-Precision Float
}
/////////////
// MsgPack //
/////////////
static constexpr CharType get_msgpack_float_prefix(float /*unused*/)
{
return to_char_type(0xCA); // float 32
}
static constexpr CharType get_msgpack_float_prefix(double /*unused*/)
{
return to_char_type(0xCB); // float 64
}
////////////
// UBJSON //
////////////
// UBJSON: write number (floating point)
template<typename NumberType, typename std::enable_if<
std::is_floating_point<NumberType>::value, int>::type = 0>
void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n,
const bool add_prefix,
const bool use_bjdata)
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(get_ubjson_float_prefix(n));
}
write_number(n, use_bjdata);
}
// UBJSON: write number (unsigned integer)
template<typename NumberType, typename std::enable_if<
std::is_unsigned<NumberType>::value, int>::type = 0>
void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n,
const bool add_prefix,
const bool use_bjdata)
{
if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)()))
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('i')); // int8
}
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if (n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('U')); // uint8
}
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)()))
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('I')); // int16
}
write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if (use_bjdata && n <= static_cast<uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max)()))
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('u')); // uint16 - bjdata only
}
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()))
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('l')); // int32
}
write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if (use_bjdata && n <= static_cast<uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)()))
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('m')); // uint32 - bjdata only
}
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)()))
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('L')); // int64
}
write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if (use_bjdata && n <= (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)())
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('M')); // uint64 - bjdata only
}
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('H')); // high-precision number
}
const auto number = BasicJsonType(n).dump();
write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(number.size(), true, use_bjdata);
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < number.size(); ++i)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(number[i])));
}
}
}
// UBJSON: write number (signed integer)
template < typename NumberType, typename std::enable_if <
std::is_signed<NumberType>::value&&
!std::is_floating_point<NumberType>::value, int >::type = 0 >
void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n,
const bool add_prefix,
const bool use_bjdata)
{
if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() <= n && n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)())
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('i')); // int8
}
write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if (static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::min)()) <= n && n <= static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()))
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('U')); // uint8
}
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() <= n && n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)())
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('I')); // int16
}
write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if (use_bjdata && (static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::min)()) <= n && n <= static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())))
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('u')); // uint16 - bjdata only
}
write_number(static_cast<uint16_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= n && n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('l')); // int32
}
write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if (use_bjdata && (static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::min)()) <= n && n <= static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())))
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('m')); // uint32 - bjdata only
}
write_number(static_cast<uint32_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() <= n && n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)())
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('L')); // int64
}
write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(n), use_bjdata);
}
// LCOV_EXCL_START
else
{
if (add_prefix)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type('H')); // high-precision number
}
const auto number = BasicJsonType(n).dump();
write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(number.size(), true, use_bjdata);
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < number.size(); ++i)
{
oa->write_character(to_char_type(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(number[i])));
}
}
// LCOV_EXCL_STOP
}
/*!
@brief determine the type prefix of container values
*/
CharType ubjson_prefix(const BasicJsonType& j, const bool use_bjdata) const noexcept
{
switch (j.type())
{
case value_t::null:
return 'Z';
case value_t::boolean:
return j.m_data.m_value.boolean ? 'T' : 'F';
case value_t::number_integer:
{
if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() <= j.m_data.m_value.number_integer && j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)())
{
return 'i';
}
if ((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::min)() <= j.m_data.m_value.number_integer && j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())
{
return 'U';
}
if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() <= j.m_data.m_value.number_integer && j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)())
{
return 'I';
}
if (use_bjdata && ((std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::min)() <= j.m_data.m_value.number_integer && j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()))
{
return 'u';
}
if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= j.m_data.m_value.number_integer && j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())
{
return 'l';
}
if (use_bjdata && ((std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::min)() <= j.m_data.m_value.number_integer && j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()))
{
return 'm';
}
if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() <= j.m_data.m_value.number_integer && j.m_data.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)())
{
return 'L';
}
// anything else is treated as high-precision number
return 'H'; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
}
case value_t::number_unsigned:
{
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)()))
{
return 'i';
}
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()))
{
return 'U';
}
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)()))
{
return 'I';
}
if (use_bjdata && j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()))
{
return 'u';
}
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()))
{
return 'l';
}
if (use_bjdata && j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()))
{
return 'm';
}
if (j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)()))
{
return 'L';
}
if (use_bjdata && j.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)())
{
return 'M';
}
// anything else is treated as high-precision number
return 'H'; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
}
case value_t::number_float:
return get_ubjson_float_prefix(j.m_data.m_value.number_float);
case value_t::string:
return 'S';
case value_t::array: // fallthrough
case value_t::binary:
return '[';
case value_t::object:
return '{';
case value_t::discarded:
default: // discarded values
return 'N';
}
}
static constexpr CharType get_ubjson_float_prefix(float /*unused*/)
{
return 'd'; // float 32
}
static constexpr CharType get_ubjson_float_prefix(double /*unused*/)
{
return 'D'; // float 64
}
/*!
@return false if the object is successfully converted to a bjdata ndarray, true if the type or size is invalid
*/
bool write_bjdata_ndarray(const typename BasicJsonType::object_t& value, const bool use_count, const bool use_type)
{
std::map<string_t, CharType> bjdtype = {{"uint8", 'U'}, {"int8", 'i'}, {"uint16", 'u'}, {"int16", 'I'},
{"uint32", 'm'}, {"int32", 'l'}, {"uint64", 'M'}, {"int64", 'L'}, {"single", 'd'}, {"double", 'D'}, {"char", 'C'}
};
string_t key = "_ArrayType_";
auto it = bjdtype.find(static_cast<string_t>(value.at(key)));
if (it == bjdtype.end())
{
return true;
}
CharType dtype = it->second;
key = "_ArraySize_";
std::size_t len = (value.at(key).empty() ? 0 : 1);
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
len *= static_cast<std::size_t>(el.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned);
}
key = "_ArrayData_";
if (value.at(key).size() != len)
{
return true;
}
oa->write_character('[');
oa->write_character('$');
oa->write_character(dtype);
oa->write_character('#');
key = "_ArraySize_";
write_ubjson(value.at(key), use_count, use_type, true, true);
key = "_ArrayData_";
if (dtype == 'U' || dtype == 'C')
{
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(el.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
}
}
else if (dtype == 'i')
{
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(el.m_data.m_value.number_integer), true);
}
}
else if (dtype == 'u')
{
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(el.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
}
}
else if (dtype == 'I')
{
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(el.m_data.m_value.number_integer), true);
}
}
else if (dtype == 'm')
{
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(el.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
}
}
else if (dtype == 'l')
{
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(el.m_data.m_value.number_integer), true);
}
}
else if (dtype == 'M')
{
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(el.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
}
}
else if (dtype == 'L')
{
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(el.m_data.m_value.number_integer), true);
}
}
else if (dtype == 'd')
{
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
write_number(static_cast<float>(el.m_data.m_value.number_float), true);
}
}
else if (dtype == 'D')
{
for (const auto& el : value.at(key))
{
write_number(static_cast<double>(el.m_data.m_value.number_float), true);
}
}
return false;
}
///////////////////////
// Utility functions //
///////////////////////
/*
@brief write a number to output input
@param[in] n number of type @a NumberType
@param[in] OutputIsLittleEndian Set to true if output data is
required to be little endian
@tparam NumberType the type of the number
@note This function needs to respect the system's endianness, because bytes
in CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON are stored in network order (big
endian) and therefore need reordering on little endian systems.
On the other hand, BSON and BJData use little endian and should reorder
on big endian systems.
*/
template<typename NumberType>
void write_number(const NumberType n, const bool OutputIsLittleEndian = false)
{
// step 1: write number to array of length NumberType
std::array<CharType, sizeof(NumberType)> vec{};
std::memcpy(vec.data(), &n, sizeof(NumberType));
// step 2: write array to output (with possible reordering)
if (is_little_endian != OutputIsLittleEndian)
{
// reverse byte order prior to conversion if necessary
std::reverse(vec.begin(), vec.end());
}
oa->write_characters(vec.data(), sizeof(NumberType));
}
void write_compact_float(const number_float_t n, detail::input_format_t format)
{
#ifdef __GNUC__
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
#endif
if (static_cast<double>(n) >= static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest()) &&
static_cast<double>(n) <= static_cast<double>((std::numeric_limits<float>::max)()) &&
static_cast<double>(static_cast<float>(n)) == static_cast<double>(n))
{
oa->write_character(format == detail::input_format_t::cbor
? get_cbor_float_prefix(static_cast<float>(n))
: get_msgpack_float_prefix(static_cast<float>(n)));
write_number(static_cast<float>(n));
}
else
{
oa->write_character(format == detail::input_format_t::cbor
? get_cbor_float_prefix(n)
: get_msgpack_float_prefix(n));
write_number(n);
}
#ifdef __GNUC__
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
}
public:
// The following to_char_type functions are implement the conversion
// between uint8_t and CharType. In case CharType is not unsigned,
// such a conversion is required to allow values greater than 128.
// See <path_to_url for a discussion.
template < typename C = CharType,
enable_if_t < std::is_signed<C>::value && std::is_signed<char>::value > * = nullptr >
static constexpr CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept
{
return *reinterpret_cast<char*>(&x);
}
template < typename C = CharType,
enable_if_t < std::is_signed<C>::value && std::is_unsigned<char>::value > * = nullptr >
static CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept
{
static_assert(sizeof(std::uint8_t) == sizeof(CharType), "size of CharType must be equal to std::uint8_t");
static_assert(std::is_trivial<CharType>::value, "CharType must be trivial");
CharType result;
std::memcpy(&result, &x, sizeof(x));
return result;
}
template<typename C = CharType,
enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<C>::value>* = nullptr>
static constexpr CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept
{
return x;
}
template < typename InputCharType, typename C = CharType,
enable_if_t <
std::is_signed<C>::value &&
std::is_signed<char>::value &&
std::is_same<char, typename std::remove_cv<InputCharType>::type>::value
> * = nullptr >
static constexpr CharType to_char_type(InputCharType x) noexcept
{
return x;
}
private:
/// whether we can assume little endianness
const bool is_little_endian = little_endianness();
/// the output
output_adapter_t<CharType> oa = nullptr;
};
} // namespace detail
NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
``` |
Shankar P. Bhattacharyya (born 1946), is an American engineer. He is a professor at the College of Engineering of the Texas A&M University (TAMU), and is active in the field of automatic control systems. Since December 2011, he has been a foreign member of Brazilian Academy of Sciences.
Awards
Fellow Award - International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC), 2011.
References
External links
Living people
1946 births
21st-century American engineers
Texas A&M University faculty |
Chrome was one of ten electronic/dance commercial-free satellite radio channels operated by Sirius XM Radio on channel 83 (and since November 2005 on DirecTV 861), and was one of five dance music channels offered by XM. The channel played classic disco and dance music from the 1970s through the 1980s and freestyle music which was popular from the mid-1980s to early 1990s. On November 12, 2008, the channel was eliminated from the XM lineup with the XM/Sirius merger, and no equivalent music was made available.
Chrome was one of the first channels offered by XM Satellite Radio at launch; the first song played was "Get Down Tonight" by KC & the Sunshine Band. The last song played was Donna Summer's "Last Dance". Among its jingling promos was "Where Disco DOESN'T Suck".
During November and December 2004, the channel was pre-empted for Special Xmas on the satellite service.
Sirius/XM announced on December 16, 2008 that the format hole will filled by The Strobe (a channel that was heard exclusively on Sirius before its removal on November 12, 2008), the name of the disco/classic dance channel, effective January 15, 2009.
References
See also
XM Satellite Radio channel history
Defunct radio stations in the United States
XM Satellite Radio channels
Radio stations established in 2001
Radio stations disestablished in 2008
Dance radio stations |
Oud-Mathenesse is a neighborhood of Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Neighbourhoods of Rotterdam |
The Burkinabé Women's Cup is a women's association football competition in Burkina Faso, pitting regional teams against each other. It was established in 2011. It is the women's equivalent of the Coupe du Faso for men.
Finals
Most successful clubs
See also
Burkinabé Women's Championship
External links
Burkina Faso - List of Women Cup Winners - rsssf.com
Bur
Football competitions in Burkina Faso
Women's sport in Burkina Faso |
```c++
/*
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
* found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "Benchmark.h"
#include "SkCanvas.h"
#include "SkGradientShader.h"
#include "SkPaint.h"
#include "SkPatchUtils.h"
#include "SkString.h"
/**
* This bench measures the rendering time of the call SkCanvas::drawPatch with different types of
* input patches (regular case, with loops, a square, with a big difference between "parallel"
* sides). This bench also tests the different combination of optional parameters for the function
* (passing texture coordinates and colors, only textures coordinates, only colors or none).
* Finally, it applies a scale to test if the size affects the rendering time.
*/
class PatchBench : public Benchmark {
public:
enum VertexMode {
kNone_VertexMode,
kColors_VertexMode,
kTexCoords_VertexMode,
kBoth_VertexMode
};
PatchBench(SkPoint scale, VertexMode vertexMode)
: fScale(scale)
, fVertexMode(vertexMode) { }
// to add name of specific class override this method
virtual void appendName(SkString* name) {
name->append("normal");
}
// to make other type of patches override this method
virtual void setCubics() {
const SkPoint points[SkPatchUtils::kNumCtrlPts] = {
//top points
{100,100},{150,50},{250,150}, {300,100},
//right points
{350, 150},{250,200},
//bottom points
{300,300},{250,250},{150,350},{100,300},
//left points
{50,250},{150,50}
};
memcpy(fCubics, points, SkPatchUtils::kNumCtrlPts * sizeof(SkPoint));
}
virtual void setColors() {
const SkColor colors[SkPatchUtils::kNumCorners] = {
SK_ColorRED, SK_ColorGREEN, SK_ColorBLUE, SK_ColorCYAN
};
memcpy(fColors, colors, SkPatchUtils::kNumCorners * sizeof(SkColor));
}
virtual void setTexCoords() {
const SkPoint texCoords[SkPatchUtils::kNumCorners] = {
{0.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f,1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}
};
memcpy(fTexCoords, texCoords, SkPatchUtils::kNumCorners * sizeof(SkPoint));
}
// override this method to change the shader
virtual SkShader* createShader() {
const SkColor colors[] = {
SK_ColorRED, SK_ColorCYAN, SK_ColorGREEN, SK_ColorWHITE,
SK_ColorMAGENTA, SK_ColorBLUE, SK_ColorYELLOW,
};
const SkPoint pts[] = { { 200.f / 4.f, 0.f }, { 3.f * 200.f / 4, 200.f } };
return SkGradientShader::CreateLinear(pts, colors, NULL,
SK_ARRAY_COUNT(colors),
SkShader::kMirror_TileMode);
}
protected:
const char* onGetName() override {
SkString vertexMode;
switch (fVertexMode) {
case kNone_VertexMode:
vertexMode.set("meshlines");
break;
case kColors_VertexMode:
vertexMode.set("colors");
break;
case kTexCoords_VertexMode:
vertexMode.set("texs");
break;
case kBoth_VertexMode:
vertexMode.set("colors_texs");
break;
default:
break;
}
SkString type;
this->appendName(&type);
fName.printf("patch_%s_%s_[%f,%f]", type.c_str(), vertexMode.c_str(),
fScale.x(), fScale.y());
return fName.c_str();
}
void onPreDraw() override {
this->setCubics();
this->setColors();
this->setTexCoords();
this->setupPaint(&fPaint);
switch (fVertexMode) {
case kTexCoords_VertexMode:
case kBoth_VertexMode:
fPaint.setShader(this->createShader())->unref();
break;
default:
fPaint.setShader(NULL);
break;
}
}
void onDraw(const int loops, SkCanvas* canvas) override {
canvas->scale(fScale.x(), fScale.y());
for (int i = 0; i < loops; i++) {
switch (fVertexMode) {
case kNone_VertexMode:
canvas->drawPatch(fCubics, NULL, NULL, NULL, fPaint);
break;
case kColors_VertexMode:
canvas->drawPatch(fCubics, fColors, NULL, NULL, fPaint);
break;
case kTexCoords_VertexMode:
canvas->drawPatch(fCubics, NULL, fTexCoords, NULL, fPaint);
break;
case kBoth_VertexMode:
canvas->drawPatch(fCubics, fColors, fTexCoords, NULL, fPaint);
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
SkPaint fPaint;
SkString fName;
SkVector fScale;
SkPoint fCubics[12];
SkPoint fTexCoords[4];
SkColor fColors[4];
VertexMode fVertexMode;
typedef Benchmark INHERITED;
};
class SquarePatchBench : public PatchBench {
public:
SquarePatchBench(SkPoint scale, VertexMode vertexMode)
: INHERITED(scale, vertexMode) { }
void appendName(SkString* name) override {
name->append("square");
}
void setCubics() override {
const SkPoint points[SkPatchUtils::kNumCtrlPts] = {
//top points
{100,100},{150,100},{250,100}, {300,100},
//right points
{300, 150},{300,250},
//bottom points
{300,300},{250,300},{150,300},{100,300},
//left points
{100,250},{100,150}
};
memcpy(fCubics, points, SkPatchUtils::kNumCtrlPts * sizeof(SkPoint));
}
private:
typedef PatchBench INHERITED;
};
class LODDiffPatchBench : public PatchBench {
public:
LODDiffPatchBench(SkPoint scale, VertexMode vertexMode)
: INHERITED(scale, vertexMode) { }
void appendName(SkString* name) override {
name->append("LOD_Diff");
}
void setCubics() override {
const SkPoint points[SkPatchUtils::kNumCtrlPts] = {
//top points
{100,175},{150,100},{250,100}, {300,0},
//right points
{300, 150},{300,250},
//bottom points
{300,400},{250,300},{150,300},{100,225},
//left points
{100,215},{100,185}
};
memcpy(fCubics, points, SkPatchUtils::kNumCtrlPts * sizeof(SkPoint));
}
private:
typedef PatchBench INHERITED;
};
class LoopPatchBench : public PatchBench {
public:
LoopPatchBench(SkPoint scale, VertexMode vertexMode)
: INHERITED(scale, vertexMode) { }
void appendName(SkString* name) override {
name->append("loop");
}
void setCubics() override {
const SkPoint points[SkPatchUtils::kNumCtrlPts] = {
//top points
{100,100},{300,200},{100,200}, {300,100},
//right points
{380, 400},{380,0},
//bottom points
{300,300},{250,250},{30,200},{100,300},
//left points
{140,325},{150,150}
};
memcpy(fCubics, points, SkPatchUtils::kNumCtrlPts * sizeof(SkPoint));
}
private:
typedef PatchBench INHERITED;
};
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f), PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f), PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f), PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f), PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.f, 1.0f), PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f), PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f), PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f), PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f), PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f), PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f), PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new PatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f), PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new SquarePatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LODDiffPatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(0.1f, 0.1f),
PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(1.0f, 1.0f),
PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kNone_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kColors_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kTexCoords_VertexMode); )
DEF_BENCH( return new LoopPatchBench(SkVector::Make(3.0f, 3.0f),
PatchBench::kBoth_VertexMode); )
``` |
Fort Sinquefield is the historic site of a wooden stockade fortification in Clarke County, Alabama, near the modern town of Grove Hill. It was built by early Clarke County pioneers as protection during the Creek War and was attacked in 1813 by Creek warriors.
A marker was erected at the site by Clarke County school children in 1931 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974.
History
At the time of the Creek War, originally a civil war within the Creek nation, Clarke was a newly formed county in the Mississippi Territory. The Creek were divided between traditionalists in the Upper Towns and those who had adopted more European-American customs in the Lower Towns. Chiefs of the towns disagreed about the uses of communal land and other issues. The first hostilities of the war that involved Americans occurred nearby during the Battle of Burnt Corn, where white militia attacked the Red Sticks on July 27, 1813.
The next month, the Red Sticks on August 30, 1813 attacked Fort Mims, garrisoned by the Tensaw Creek. The Red Sticks believed the Tensaw had left behind core Creek values. They killed most of the several hundred people assembled inside Fort Mims, who included Lower Town Creek, intermarried whites and slaves, and other settlers, in an event that became known as the Fort Mims massacre.
Fort Sinquefield was used as a refuge by several pioneer families and friendly Lower Creek after the attack on Fort Mims. On September 1, 1813, Red Stick warriors led by Josiah Francis (Hillis Hadjo), a.k.a. Francis the Prophet, attacked the Ransom Kimbell and Abner James families, who had left the crowded fort for Kimbell's cabin nearby. Most of the men escaped back to the fort, but twelve women and children were killed and scalped in what became known as the Kimbell-James Massacre. The bodies were retrieved for burial outside the fort the next day.
The Red Sticks attacked a second time that day, catching several woman who were washing clothes at a spring away from the fort. They attempted to cut the women off from the fort, but were thwarted by settlers who released their 60 dogs from the fort. The Creek killed one woman, Sarah Phillips. The other settlers gained the fort, from where they fired at the Red Sticks. Casualties of the conflict included several warriors as well as the settler Stephen Lacey. The attack lasted two hours before the Red Sticks retreated. The survivors abandoned Sinquefield soon after, moving to the larger Fort Madison, several miles to the south.
See also
Choctaw Corner
References
External links
Power Point presentation on Fort Sinquefield, Official website
National Register of Historic Places in Clarke County, Alabama
Sinquefield
Battles of the Creek War
Pre-statehood history of Alabama
Sinquefield
Sinquefield
Sinquefield
Sinquefield |
```yaml
gl:
activerecord:
models:
decidim/pages/page:
one: Pxina
other: Pxinas
decidim:
admin_log:
page:
update: "%{user_name} actualizou a pxina %{resource_name} en %{space_name}"
components:
pages:
name: Pxina
settings:
global:
announcement: Anuncio
step:
announcement: Anuncio
pages:
admin:
models:
components:
body: Corpo
pages:
edit:
save: Actualizacin
title: Editar pxina
update:
invalid: Produciuse un erro ao gardar a pxina.
success: A pxina gardouse correctamente.
``` |
Edvard Peperko (2 June 1966 – 27 June 1991) was a Slovene soldier.
Life and death
Edvard Peperko was born in Kamnik and also lived in Domžale. He was one of the first to fall in Slovenia’s Ten-Day War of independence. He was struck in the chest on 27 June 1991 by special forces in Trzin and severely wounded. An ambulance was called from Domžale to transport Peperko, but he died during transport near the Ljubljana suburb of Šentjakob ob Savi. He left behind a wife and two children.
Distinctions and awards
In 1992, he was posthumously awarded the Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia for “exceptional merit in the defense of freedom and establishing the sovereignty of the Republic of Slovenia.”
Legacy
The Edvard Peperko Barracks in Ljubljana were named after Peperko in June 2012.
References
1966 births
1991 deaths
Slovenian soldiers
People from Kamnik
Military personnel killed in action
Ten-Day War |
Jesús Balmori y Rivera (January 10, 1887 – May 23, 1948) was a Filipino Spanish language journalist, playwright, and poet.
Biography
Jesús Balmori y Rivera was born in Ermita, Manila, on 10 January 1887. He studied at the Colegio de San Juan de Letrán and the University of Santo Tomás, where he excelled in Literature. He was married to Dolores Rodríguez. Joaquín Balmori y Rivera, a pioneer labor leader and the foremost organiser of labour unions in their Philippines, was his brother.
In his early years, Balmori was already gathering literary honors and prizes for poetry. In a Rizal Day contest, his three poems, each bearing a different pen name, won the first, second, third prizes. Later, he figured in friendly poetical jousts, known as Balagtasan (in reference to Tagalog poet Francisco Balagtás), with other well-known poets n Spanish of his time, notably Manuel Bernabé of Parañaque and the Ilonggo Flavio Zaragosa Cano, emerging triumphant each time.
Before the war, under the pseudonym "Batikuling", Balmori wrote a column called "Vida Manileña" for La Vanguardia, a daily afternoon newspaper. It was a trenchant critique of society’s power elite, showcasing his gift for irony and satirical humor, as well as serious verses. After the war, he wrote a similar column, "Vida Filipina", for the Voz de Manila. However, the number of Spanish-speaking readers was already diminishing by that time.
It was his work as a lyric poet, however, on which his fame and reputation rested.
Literary works
In 1904, when he was 17, he published his first book of verses, Rimas Malayas; it was noted for its spiritual and nationalistic themes. A second volume containing his satirical verses, El Libro de mis Vidas Manileñas, came out in 1928.
In 1908, his poem "Gloria" was adjudged first prized winner in a contest sponsored by the newspaper El Renacimiento. In 1920, another poem, "A Nuestro Señor Don Quijote de la Mancha", received the major award in a contest promoted by Casas de España. He reached the pinnacle of his success as a poet in November 1938 when his Mi Casa de Nipa, a collection of his best poems, gave him the first prize in the national literary contests held under the auspices of the Commonwealth Government, as a part of its third anniversary celebration.
Critics began to notice his literary skills more when he joined a contest sponsored by El Renacimiento in commemoration of Rizal Day. Three of his poems won. These were "Specs", "Vae Victis" (Woe to the Victor), and "Himno A Rizal" (Hymn to Rizal).
In 1940, his Mi Choza de Nipa (My Nipa Hut), another volume of poetry, won grand prize in a contest sponsored by the US-sponsored Commonwealth Government.
He wrote three novels: Bancarrota de Almas (Failure of the Soul), Se Deshojó la Flor (I Tear The Pages Out of The Flower), and Pájaros de Fuego (Birds of Fire) which was completed during the Japanese occupation. The themes of these novels revolved around the issues of sensuality, the privacy of morality, the existence of God, and man's limitations in society. He also wrote three-act dramas, which were performed to the capacity crowd at the Manila Grand Opera House: Compañados de Gloria, Las de Sungkit en Malacañang, Doña Juana LA Oca, Flor del Carmelo, and Hidra.
In 1926, he and Bernabé were awarded the Premio Zóbel for his contributions to Philippine literature.
Balmori also collaborated with periodicals such as El Renacimiento, El Debate and La Voz de Manila.
As ambassador
Balmori was sent abroad as Philippine Ambassador of Goodwill to Spain, Mexico, South America, and Japan. In Spain, Generalissimo Francisco Franco decorated him with the Cross of the Falangistas.
Death
He was travelling in Mexico when he suffered partial paralysis. He died of throat cancer on 23 May 1948, shortly after writing his last poem, "A Cristo" (To Christ), which he dedicated to his wife. At the time of his death, he was a presidential technical assistant and a member of the Philippine Historical Research Committee.
References
Bibliography
80 Años del Premio Zóbel by Lourdes Brillantes, Instituto Cervantes y Fundación Santiago, Manila, 2001
External links
Spanish letters in Philippine literature
1887 births
1948 deaths
Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni
Filipino dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Filipino lawyers
Filipino male poets
People from Ermita
Writers from Manila
Spanish-language writers of the Philippines
20th-century Filipino poets
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
University of Santo Tomas alumni
Spanish-language poets
20th-century male writers |
The Diocese of Lanusei () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Sardinia; before 1986 it was the diocese of Ogliastra. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Cagliari.
History
Ogliastra was formerly under the Archbishop of Cagliari. Pope Leo XII, at the petition of King Charles Felix of Sardinia, by a bull of 11 November 1824, erected Ogliastra into a diocese, suffragan of Cagliari, with the Capuchin Serafino Carchero for its first bishop.
Tortoli, the episcopal seat, was in the district of Lanusei. Other bishops were:
Giuseppe Paderi
Emanuele Virgilio, previously Vicar-General of the diocese of Venosa.
Ordinaries
Serafino Matteo Ignazio Marie Carchero (Serafino Carchero), O.F.M. Cap. (20 Dec 1824 – 20 Jan 1834 Confirmed, Bishop of Bisarchio o Bisarcio)
Vincenzo Fois (Vincentius Fois) (19 May 1837 – 3 Aug 1838 Resigned)
Giorgio Manurrita (13 Sep 1838 – 4 Dec 1844 Died)
Michele Todde Valeri, Sch. P. (14 Apr 1848 – 22 Dec 1851 Died)
Paolo Giuseppe Maria Serci Serra (24 Nov 1871 – 25 Sep 1882 Appointed, Archbishop of Oristano)
Antonio Maria Contini (25 Sep 1882 – 16 Jan 1893 Appointed, Bishop of Ampurias e Tempio)
Salvatore Depau-Puddu (12 Jun 1893 – 12 Dec 1899 Died)
Giuseppe Paderi (28 Mar 1900 – 30 Oct 1906 Died)
Emanuele Virgilio (15 Apr 1910 – 27 Jan 1923 Died)
Antonio Tommaso Videmari (2 Mar 1923 – 13 Feb 1925 Resigned)
Giuseppe Miglior (15 Jul 1927 – 6 May 1936 Died)
Lorenzo Basoli (28 Oct 1936 – 4 Jul 1970 Died)
Salvatore Delogu (2 Feb 1974 – 8 Jan 1981 Appointed, Bishop of Valva e Sulmona)
Antioco Piseddu (29 Sep 1981 – 31 Jan 2014 Retired)
Antonio Mura (31 Jan 2014 Appointed – 2 July 2019 Appointed, Bishop of Nuoro )
Bishop Mura was appointed as apostolic administrator after his appointment to Nuoro, Pope Francis appointed him to the see of Lanusei again, in addition to his current role as Bishop of Nuoro (uniting in persona Episcopi the dioceses of Nuoro and Lanusei).
Notes
External links
GCatholic.org page
Lanusei
Religious organizations established in 1824
Lanusei
1824 establishments in Italy
1824 establishments in the Kingdom of Sardinia |
Penalty or The Penalty may refer to:
Sports
Penalty (golf)
Penalty (gridiron football)
Penalty (ice hockey)
Penalty (rugby)
Penalty (rugby union)
Penalty kick (association football)
Penalty shoot-out (association football)
Penalty (sports manufacturer)
Entertainment
The Penalty (1920 film), an American crime film starring Lon Chaney
The Penalty (1941 film), an American crime film
Penalty (2019 film), an Indian sports film
The Penalty (novel), a 2006 sports novel for children by Mal Peet
Other uses
Penalty (Mormonism), an oath made during the original Nauvoo Endowment ceremony of the Latter Day Saint movement
Penalty (contract), a type of contractual clause
Penalty Records, a record label
Sentence (law) |
"You Don't Know" is a 1999 song recorded by 702, it was released as the second single from their second studio album 702. The song was written and produced by Danish record producers Soulshock & Karlin, it was a moderate hit in Europe peaking within the top 40 in the UK.
Background
When recording their sophomore album the girls of 702 wanted to record songs that they actually liked and when they heard the demo tape of "You Don't Know", they didn't like it. According to Lemisha, "Honestly, to tell you the truth, when we heard the demo, we didn't like the song, but at the urging of Motown President Kedar Massenburg, it made the cut". She continued saying, "We had a really bad vibe about the song ... and Kedar ... was like, 'Well, you guys are doing the song.' And that's when we had to trust people who know more (about the music industry) than us and who we're trying to learn from,".
Music and lyrics
Described as being a "futuristic track" by Billboard "You Don't Know" is a song about a girl liking a boy too much explained by 702 group member Irish." According to Irish "It's just one of those kinda songs [which says] 'I think I'm going crazy. I like you too much."
Music video
The official music video for "You Don't know" was directed by Bille Woodruff and it features the ladies in a futuristic setting throughout the video. The video starts with the girls dressed as robots. While they are moving robotically, various clips from the music video; are shown on medium TV screens. On one TV screen, Meelah is wearing a white dress; as she sings, white doves fly above her in the background. The clip then reverts to the scene of the girls dressed as robots. During the chorus, the other girls of 702 are shown in similar rooms as Meelah, with Irish wearing a blue outfit and Lemisha wearing a black outfit. The robotic scenes are shown simultaneously in between each girl's solo room scenes. The following video scene; shows the three girls walking in the woods. While wandering the woods, they come across a cave and go in. After looking around the cave, they sing the song's chorus while standing around. While the girls are in the cave, three guys walk around the woods with a tracking device, looking for the girls. They find the girl's secret location and go inside the cave, but the girls are not there anymore. In between that scene, a new clip emerges with the girls wearing white jumpsuits, and it's shown in small doses for the remainder of the video. The final scene reverts to the first scene with the girls dressed as robots; the video ends with them walking underwater. The You Don't know music video was ranked at number 5 on Bustle's "22 Weird 90's Music Videos That You Somehow Managed To Forget About" List.
The video made its premiere on video stations like BET on the week ending August 15, 1999. It later premiered on The Box on the week ending August 22, 1999.
Chart performance
"You Don't Know?" peaked at No. 50 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs on August 28, 1999 The song also peaked within the top 40 on the Official Charts in the UK at number 36 in November 1999. The song also charted in other places in Europe such as Germany and The Netherlands where it charted at number 90 and 60 respectively in those two regions.
Track listings
Charts
Release history
References
702 (group) songs
Songs written by Kenneth Karlin
1999 songs
Songs written by Soulshock |
Body Image is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of body image as it pertains to psychology and other disciplines. It was established in 2004 and is published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Tracy L. Tylka (Ohio State University).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 5.580. The journal exhibited unusual levels of self-citation and its 2019 journal impact factor was suspended from the Journal Citation Reports in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.
References
External links
Academic journals established in 2004
Quarterly journals
Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals
Psychology journals |
Jo Hamilton is a Scottish vocalist, composer and multi-instrumentalist based in Birmingham, England. Her official debut album Gown was released in September 2009 by independent production company and label Poseidon to four star reviews in the UK from Mojo magazine, The Independent, and The Independent on Sunday. In December 2009, she released an EP of Christmas songs which BBC Radio 2's Janice Long put on her Album of the Week list for the week of 14 December. Nic Harcourt at KCRW Radio in Los Angeles chose Gown as one of his four picks for KCRW's 2010 Winter subscription drive. In 2010 Hamilton became the first musician in the world to work with an Airpiano.
Biography
Hamilton is the daughter of a Jamaican mother and Kenyan father, although both families trace their roots back to Scotland. The first decade of her life was spent in the Scottish Highlands, Between stints abroad, Hamilton attended Gordonstoun School, near Elgin in Morayshire, Scotland, to which she was awarded a music scholarship aged 12. She went on to study viola at Napier University in Edinburgh, and then won another scholarship to read viola performance at the Birmingham Conservatoire, in the city where she is based.
Music career
Hamilton has supported Damien Rice, Michelle Shocked, and Colin Vearncombe (Black). She also contributed viola to Kirsty McGee's first album, and was invited by Fairport Convention founder (and discoverer of Nick Drake) Ashley Hutchings to sing lead vocals and play guitar and viola with first the Albion Band and then his new bands the Rainbow Chasers and The Lark Rise Band on several European tours.
Gown
Her first released album, Gown, got UK distribution in September 2009. In July 2009, in the lead-up to this release, she was featured artist twice on BBC Radio 2 in the same week, performing a session on Janice Long's show and featuring on Aled Jones' Sunday morning show. Upon its release Gown received 4 star reviews in the UK from Mojo, Rock n Reel, The Independent and The Independent on Sunday. Simmy Richman from the Independent on Sunday wrote of Gown: "In a world of La Roux and Lady Gaga, this is an unashamedly grown-up record that dares to step out of the boxes we have reserved for our female singer-songwriters". In January 2011 a Special Edition version of Gown was released featuring additional tracks, an expanded booklet and revised artwork.
In early 2013 Prince and his new band 3rdEyeGirl performed an instrumental cover version of Liathach from Gown as part of their world tour set, opening several shows with it - with Prince playing piano.[13]
Fractals
In 2014, Hamilton announced work was under way on her 2nd album, to be called 'Fractals'. Some of the new material was previewed at Fractal Sparks at Durham Cathedral.
Live work
The first launch concert for Gown was held on 20 April 2009 at the Glee Club, Birmingham, to mark the early fulfilment of pre-orders of Gown to her fanbase. A London launch was held in September 2009 at The Tabernacle in Notting Hill. In December 2009 Hamilton appeared at the Union Chapel, London, and then supported Scott Matthews at Birmingham Town Hall. In January 2010 she performed an internet-only concert for fans followed in April 2010 by an intimate concert at the Slaughtered Lamb, London, which received a 4 star review from the Guardian's Caroline Sullivan, who called her 'a find'.
In 2011 Hamilton played on the main stage at TEDGlobal as well as several festivals and smaller solo shows.
In 2012 following a significant uplift in her social media following, Hamilton launched a headlining tour entitled 'Always Heading West' with her band. The tour took in Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, London and Falmouth in the UK and Milan and Rome in Italy.
In 2014 Hamilton took over Durham Cathedral to create "Fractal Sparks", a one-off son et lumiere previewing some new work to appear on forthcoming 2nd album 'Fractals'. The show featured brass from The Band of the Royal Corps of Signals and 28 metre high projections of fire, waves and other natural phenomena. This was followed by theatre shows in London, Lincoln and a small tour of Canada.
Work with the Airpiano
In April 2010, Hamilton revealed she was the first artist in the world to be working with a prototype Airpiano, a non-contact electronic instrument being developed by Berlin-based inventor Omer Yosha. Hamilton had been looking for a way to recreate some of the intricate textures from Gown live without resorting to backing tracks, and had stumbled upon Yosha demonstrating a very early version on YouTube. She travelled to Berlin to meet Yosha and collect a prototype instrument from him which he'd made specially for her to experiment with it and give feedback to Yosha. The result was a short film entitled 'A New Instrument' about Hamiton's trip to Berlin and her resultant work with the instrument. The film received over 30,000 views on YouTube in the first three weeks, and was eventually syndicated by over 200 technology and music websites worldwide. In September 2010 she appeared live with the Airpiano at the Apple Store on Regent Street in London, assisted by Gown producer Jon Cotton and bassplayer Chaz West, to demonstrate and talk about her work with the instrument.
2011/12 appearances with the Airpiano included playing on BBC World Service's 'Click' January special to several million listeners, appearing on BBC Radio 4's Loose Ends, on Channel 5's Gadget Show and in the UK's Wired Magazine., and finally on the main stage at TEDGlobal 2011.
Films
As well as the Airpiano film 'A New Instrument', Hamilton has created a series of films to accompany Gown. These serve as both EPKs (electronic press kits) for industry use, and as visual extensions of Gown in their own right.
The first EPK film (now renamed Gown Film 1) was released as a teaser in December 2008, several months before Gown itself was released. It opens with a quote from Scott Matthews, followed by a succession of footage shot herself in Slovenia, Italy, France and the UK while on tour, set to the song "There It Is" from Gown. The second half of the EPK is a live performance of the song "Liathach", which was shot in a gatehouse in Birmingham, the home of artist and furniture designer Chris Eckersley. This features metal birdhouses made by Eckersley who after viewing the footage revealed that his inspiration for the birdhouses was in fact a video by the 1960s group The Byrds which looked uncannily similar. Later in the song the footage cuts to another live performance shot in Teatro Circolo Fratellanza in Casnigo near Bergamo, Italy. The first EPK was later released as a limited edition on DVD, accompanied by animations by Jordan Cadby based on the Gown album sleeve.
The second EPK film (aka Gown Film 2) was released in September 2009. It features footage shot on tour in Scotland and Paris as well as footage of her performing in Birmingham, in the studio and on the Janice Long show on BBC Radio 2. This is used as the backdrop to a series of press and radio quotes and is set to the songs "How Beautiful" and "Think of Me" from Gown.
Discography
December 2000 – 'Palace Place' (unreleased CD album of early demos)
December 2008 – Gown EPK 1 (DVD release, limited edition)
April 2009 – "Winter is Over" (download-only single)
September 2009 – Gown (download and CD Digipak)
September 2009 – "Pick Me Up" (download and CD single)
December 2010 – Gown special edition (iTunes-only download)
January 2011 – Gown special edition (download and CD Digipak)
December 2011 – Gown illuminated (DVD)
November 2017 - "War is Over" (Guest vocals on Blind Zero's "Often Trees" album)
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Scottish people of Jamaican descent
Scottish people of Kenyan descent
Scottish rock musicians
Scottish pop musicians
Scottish composers
Scottish multi-instrumentalists
Scottish women singer-songwriters
Scottish singer-songwriters
People educated at Gordonstoun
Living people
Scottish pop singers |
The International Tennis Tournament of Messina (also known as Torneo Hamilton) was a tennis tournament held annually in Messina, Italy. Held for 12 editions in 1980s, the tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was a part of the ATP Challenger Tour schedule from 1980 to 1991.
History
The tournament of Messina was part of ATP Challenger Tour circuit in 1980s.
Many important players have played in Messina, as Víctor Pecci or Guillermo Pérez Roldán, that when won in Messina was number 15 in ATP world Rankings.
Editions
References
External links
Past champions at ATP Tour
Cinque gloriose manifestazioni sportive che non esistono più
ATP Challenger Tour
Clay court tennis tournaments
Sports competitions in Messina
Tennis tournaments in Italy |
Hestiochora queenslandensis is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Australia from south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales.
The length of the forewings is 7.5–9 mm for males and 8.5–10 mm for females. There are at least two generations per year.
External links
Australian Faunal Directory
Zygaenid moths of Australia: a revision of the Australian Zygaenidae
Procridinae
Moths described in 2005 |
WLYC (1050 AM) is a classic country music formatted radio station licensed to serve Williamsport in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The station is owned by Seven Mountains Media, through licensee Southern Belle, LLC, and is operated out of studios in Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. The station previously operated in simulcast with sister stations WRBG, WQBG, and WCFT-FM. Although also owned by Seven Mountains Media, WLYC and its other simulcasting frequencies feature different programming than WIBF and WDBF, which are also branded as Bigfoot Country.
FM translators
WLYC programming is relayed to four FM translators in order to widen the coverage area, especially at night when WLYC reduces power to only 30 watts. The 104.1 translator previously rebroadcast WEJS, but went silent on May 16, 2020. The station returned to the air, rebroadcasting WLYC on March 20, 2021.
History
WLYC had been Williamsport's all-sports radio station since January 1, 2005, and carried local sports talk (The Locker Room from 4pm-5pm) and Jed Donahue from 5pm-7pm. The remainder of WLYC's schedule came from a satellite feed.
WLYC was the flagship station for athletic programs at Lycoming College and the Pennsylvania College of Technology, as well as Williamsport Crosscutters Baseball and in-game reports from the Little League World Series. WLYC also served as an affiliate of the Mansfield University Mountaineer Sports Network. Previously, WLYC served as the flagship station and network coordinator for Lock Haven University athletics.
WLYC was also the flagship (online) station for athletic programs at Wilkes University and Misericordia University.
WLYC has seen a variety of formats through the years; it has been an Adult Contemporary/Adult Standards station (2002–2004); a talk station (1999–2002) during which the nationally syndicated Travel World Radio Show was its highest-rated program; Classic Country (1997–1999); Music of Your Life station (1972–1997); and Top 40, along with various other formats prior to that.
Mike Yoder was the morning show host for 13 years. Other disc jockeys have included Lou Kolb, Vanessa Hunter, Kelly Watts (3 different times), Sam Jordan, Dr. Jay Richards and Dee Clark.
Prior to September 2010, a consortium of Jeff Andrulonis, Daniel Klingerman and Larry Allison, Jr. owned the station and operated it as a subsidiary of Andrulonis's Colonial Radio Group. Andrulonis sold his stake in the station in September 2010 but allowed the other partners to continue using the Colonial name. Klingerman and Allison, in turn, sold the station to Todd Bartley, its longtime general manager, in late 2013, continuing to use the Colonial name in its ownership moniker.
On May 18, 2016, the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County issued an Order granting a motion by First Citizens Community Bank that a Receiver be appointed to take control of the radio stations and assets of Colonial Radio Group of Williamsport, LLC and to facilitate the sale of the stations and pay the proceeds to the bank.
On March 1, 2017, WLYC switched affiliations from ESPN Radio to Fox Sports Radio.
In July 2017, WLYC ceased its simulcast on its sister-station WEJS as the result of a format change, but continued to air its programming on 1050 AM and 92.7 FM.
On April 8, 2020, Terry Ginn, Receiver, filed an application on FCC form 316 for the involuntary assignment of license of the stations pursuant to the Court of Common Pleas’ Order of January 15, 2019 due to the current owner's refusal to sign any Asset Purchase Agreement for the stations or otherwise cooperate in the sale of the station to the prospective
purchaser.
On May 16, 2020, WLYC was taken silent by Terry Ginn, the court appointed receiver of the previous licensee while the receiver and the prospective buyer negotiates an asset purchase agreement and files for the assignment of the station. The station is to return to operation after the consummation of the assignment of the station by the prospective new licensee.
On May 29, 2020, an asset purchase agreement for WLYC, sister-station WEJS, and associated translators between Terry Ginn, Receiver and Seven Mountains Media, LLC & Southern Belle, LLC was filed with the FCC with a closing date within 15 business days after the final order has occurred. The purchase was consummated on October 5, 2020, at a price of $100,000.
On March 20, 2021, the station was returned to the air, operating in simulcast with sister stations WRBG, WQBG, and WCFT-FM.
On February 1, 2022 WLYC split from its simulcast with WRBG, WQBG and WCFT-FM and changed their format to classic country, branded as "Bigfoot Legends".
Previous logos
References
External links
LYC
Radio stations established in 1951
1951 establishments in Pennsylvania
Classic country radio stations in the United States |
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Ghaibalishen / Qaybali
|native_name = Ղայբալիշեն / Qaybalı
|pushpin_map = Republic of Artsakh#Azerbaijan
|image_skyline = Qaybalı village, Azerbaijan.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|pushpin_mapsize = 300
|subdivision_type2 = Country <small>{{nobold|(')}}</small>
|subdivision_name2 =
|subdivision_type3 = District
|subdivision_name3 = Shusha
|timezone = AMT
|utc_offset = +4
|coordinates =
}}Ghaibalishen () or Qaybali' (; ) is a village that is part of the Shusha District of Azerbaijan, in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Toponymy
The village is also known as Khaibalikend'' ().
History
According to the 1897 census, 381 Armenians and 133 Azerbaijanis lived in the village.
In June 1919, 600-700 Armenian inhabitants of Ghaibalishen and the neighboring villages of Jamilli, Karkijahan and Pahlul were massacred by armed Kurdish irregulars and Azerbaijani soldiers. Ghaibalishen was looted and burnt.
The village had an Azerbaijani-majority population prior to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
References
External links
Populated places in Shushi Province
Populated places in Shusha District |
Roiphe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Anne Roiphe (born 1935), American author and journalist
Katie Roiphe (born 1968), American author and journalist
Rebecca Roiphe, American lawyer and legal historian |
```ruby
require_relative '../../spec_helper'
require_relative 'fixtures/common'
describe "Dir#initialize" do
before :each do
DirSpecs.create_mock_dirs
end
after :each do
DirSpecs.delete_mock_dirs
end
it "calls #to_path on non-String arguments" do
p = mock('path')
p.stub!(:to_path).and_return(DirSpecs.mock_dir)
dir = Dir.new(p)
begin
dir.path.should == DirSpecs.mock_dir
ensure
dir.close
end
end
end
``` |
Cricketers from Wales are currently represented by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) and compete for the England cricket team. There have been some historical instances of a separate Welsh team in the 1920–30s, in the 1979 ICC Trophy, and in the British Isles Championship between 1993 and 2001, however Wales is not a separate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC).
Some politicians in Wales have argued for Wales to achieve separate ICC status from England and field a Wales cricket team, citing representation and opportunities as contributing factors, and following the establishment of a Scotland team from the England team in 1994. Cricket bodies in Wales, such as Cricket Wales and Glamorgan County Cricket Club oppose such proposals, citing finances and early difficulties. The ECB is neutral on the proposal, whereas the Welsh Government states it is for the cricket bodies to decide, but recognises the opportunity for Sophia Gardens in Cardiff to host England matches. Various cricketers have supported either side of the proposal.
History
A Wales national team existed in the 1920s and 1930s playing against touring sides such as the West Indies, South Africa and New Zealand and secured a win against the West Indies in 1928. The team was assembled to play first-class matches, and was mainly supported by the Welsh Cricket Union and Gwilym Rowland, a Denbighshire-based businessman. There were plans for Home Internationals with Ireland and Scotland teams but plans for an annual series were not advanced. From 1923 to 1930 Wales played 16 first-class matches.
The Welsh Cricket Association was formed in 1969 and for the next three decades they played against other ICC teams. Wales competed in the 1979 ICC Trophy as a non-ICC team, playing by invitation after the late withdrawal of Gibraltar. Wales won two of four matches, against the Netherlands and Israel, and narrowly missing out on a place in the semi-finals to the United States. Among the Welsh wins was a match narrowly won against the Netherlands which was effected by rain. Welsh players that played in the tournament included William Douglas Slade. Between 1993 and 2001, a Welsh team played in the British Isles Championship, alongside Ireland, Scotland and an English XI team.
Between 2002 and 2004, a Wales cricket team was assembled by Glamorgan County Cricket Club, competing against England three times in One-Day Internationals in Cardiff, winning one of the matches.
Historically, the England team represented Great Britain, until Scotland became an independent ICC member in 1994. With former Welsh cricketer Robert Croft, previously representing Glamorgan and England, viewing the modern England team as comparable to the British & Irish Lions. Whereas Welsh Labour AM Mike Hedges stated that the Ireland and Scotland teams are actually "feeder teams" for the England team. However the use of the term "England", omitting Wales, has been criticised, and Scottish cricket executives are optimistic of their team's development.
Current status
The "Wales seniors friendly team" is the only senior men's Wales team listed by Cricket Wales. There are also Wales teams in ages up to U18.
The Wales National County Cricket Club competes in the National Counties of English and Welsh cricket competitions, representing all of Wales outside of Glamorgan, which is represented by Glamorgan County Cricket Club in first-class competitions.
The women's team played in the Women's European Cricket Championship in 2005, which Wales hosted, but have since adopted the same system as the men's team, with female players from Wales to represent the England women's cricket team.
Wales is currently represented by the England and Wales Cricket Board, internationally competing as the England cricket team. With Welsh players such as Simon Jones and Geraint Jones competing for the England team, such as during their 2005 Ashes series win.
Proposals for standalone Wales team
Wales is currently represented by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), however there have been some calls for Wales to have their own international cricket team like Scotland and Ireland, by various Welsh organisations, publications and public figures. Cricket Wales, the sport's governing body in Wales, and the Glamorgan County Cricket Club, have expressed their opposition to any separate team, in particularly over finances and potential exclusion from the County Championship, in which reductions in either would "have a significant negative impact [to the sport in Wales]". Cardiff Council and the Welsh Government view being part of the ECB as an opportunity to build-up Cardiff's reputation in cricket and as a sporting hub. The ECB is netural on the proposal.
Support
Politicians across the political spectrum have stated their support for a standalone team such as Jonathan Edwards, Bethan Sayed, Adam Price and Mohammad Asghar, with Sayed stating in 2013 that "Wales is the second-oldest cricket playing country in the world, yet it is alone in the British Isles in not having its own national side", and Asghar stating in 2021 "if Afghanistan can play world cricket, then for God’s sake Wales should" and that playing on the international stage would "raise Wales' profile" and be economically beneficial while dismissing concerns from Glamorgan. Former Labour First Minister, Carwyn Jones called in 2017 to reintroduce the Wales one-day team stating, "[It] is odd that we see Ireland and Scotland playing in international tournaments and not Wales", although if only Glamorgan's finances were not hit. Price stated in 2009, that "there are a great number of cricket teams in Wales [...] [but] no national side. In Carmarthenshire [...] [many] cricketers [...] could go on to represent Wales given the right opportunities". Price also added, "Many people argue that Wales is already represented in the England and Wales Cricket Board (the EWCB). But how often do you hear the second letter pronounced by the media or even game officials?", and that support for the team can be provided by the Welsh Government and ICC development funds for new nations.
In June 2010 a motion for establishing a "Welsh International 20-20 and one day cricket team" was tabled to the UK parliament. In October 2011, a petition was made to the Welsh Assembly for a Wales national cricket team. A 2013 Assembly debate was held on the topic with both Conservative and Labour members supporting the establishment of a Welsh team.
Bethan Sayed argued at a 2015 Assembly petition committee that Wales should have its own team, stating that Wales has more cricket players (7,500) than Ireland (6,000) which has its own team and twice the population, and that the idea is "an emotive subject". Calls were also made for a separate team following England's early departure from the 2015 Cricket World Cup in Australia.
Plaid Cymru included the proposal in its 2016 National Assembly for Wales election manifesto, although the issue was not part of negotiations with Welsh Labour.
There have been suggestions that the Hundred makes a Wales national cricket team more likely, as the ECB considers reducing County Championship matches putting Glamorgan at risk of not participating in high-level matches. Therefore potentially causing a Welsh cricket team as a response.
Cricket Ireland and Cricket Scotland have overseen growth in the sport in their nations from a smaller base than Wales, and Cricket Scotland has expressed that developments in increased international fixtures with other teams from Ireland and the Netherlands can allow a Scottish team "to prosper".
Criticisms of the ECB have also been expressed as reasons for Wales to have its own team. With critics questioning the ECB team being portrayed as the England cricket team and using the English flag and symbol, as well as the attitude of the "English establishment", with critics stating that a "significant section of the Welsh population [...] totally reject the England Cricket team as representative of our country".
Opposition
Cricket Wales and Glamorgan County Cricket Club oppose a standalone team separate from the ECB, with Glamorgan arguing for the financial benefits of the Welsh county within the English structure and that a separate team would make "no sense" and cause "serious financial repercussions for the club", with Cricket Wales stating they are "committed to continuing to play a major role within the ECB". Glamorgan, however, does hold two of the three votes in the management of Cricket Wales.
Alan Hamer, chief executive of Glamorgan County Cricket Club, stated they had informed the Welsh Government in 2011 of their opposition. Hamer stated such a move would end England internationals being played in Cardiff, such as the 2015 Ashes series, causing financial difficulties to the club, and that the current arrangement provided a "far higher" playing standard than those of tier two ICC nations. Succeeding chief executive Hugh Morris reiterated Glamorgan's opposition in 2018, stating he had seen no business plan, that it lacked any financial sense, and would cause the club to lose their stadium, players and make growing the game in Wales "more challenging" as the club was "very much wedded" to the ECB. Morris also stated a Glamorgan team and a Wales national team could not co-exist, with potential ICC Wales and Glamorgan matches clashing.
Mike Hedges, Labour AM, expressed his opposition to the idea in 2013, arguing that separation from the ECB would require Wales to "set up its own board under the ICC", causing Glamorgan to leave the County Championship, including any "shared-out revenue" with Sky, and the halting of test matches at the Swalec Stadium in Cardiff. Hedges also argued that the ECB has more money than the ICC can provide, that "Glamorgan is already effectively an all-Wales team", as it also plays in Abergavenny, Colwyn Bay and Llanelli (all not in Glamorgan county), and that the Ireland and Scotland teams are actually "feeder teams" for the England team. Eoin Morgan is given as an example of an Irishman playing for England.
Peter Black, Liberal Democrat AM, stated in 2013 that it would be "decades for Wales to be playing cricket with the top teams" and having Glamorgan in the County Championship delivered "great matches over the years". Black compared those supporting a separate Welsh cricket team to those aspiring for Welsh independence from the United Kingdom.
The Welsh Government and Cardiff Council have argued that participating in the ECB provides Cardiff, when it hosts England cricket matches, with an opportunity to build its reputation as a sporting hub.
Decision
The ECB expressed their open-mindedness to the issue. In the event of such a scenario, Wales would need to apply for affiliate ICC status, separate from the ECB, and meet international standards for competitions and venues, but the ECB stated there is little reason for Wales to not meet such criteria "in the future". The ECB stated they support "the democratic decision and preferences expressed by cricketers in Wales". Sophia Gardens in Cardiff would have to forgo England's Test host status, however between 2020 and 2024, Glamorgan were compensated £2.5 million from the ECB, in return for not hosting any Test matches at the cricket ground between those years.
Assembly Members (now Senedd Members) unanimously agreed in 2013, that the decision of whether Wales should compete as a separate team to the England cricket team would be decided by the cricket sporting bodies themselves. Welsh Minister for Culture and Sport, John Griffiths, stated in 2013, that whether there is a Welsh cricket team, it "is largely [the] matter for the relevant cricketing authority".
Notable Welsh cricketers
The following Welsh cricketers have played Test cricket for England:
Sydney Barnes: The legendary English fast-medium bowler, born in Staffordshire, made nine appearances for Wales from 1927 until 1930 (retiring at 57 years old). Barnes took 49 wickets for Wales in 1928, including seven for 51 and five for 67 in an eight wicket win over the touring West Indians.
Johnnie Clay: Clay played one Test match for England in 1935.
Robert Croft: Croft played international cricket for both England and Wales. He is first Welsh cricketer to score 10,000 runs and take 1,000 wickets in first-class cricket.
Jeff Jones: He took forty-four wickets in fifteen Tests for England from 1964 to 1968.
Simon Jones: He became an integral member of England's triumphant Ashes-winning team in 2005. Jones's pace and mastery of reverse-swing carried him to 18 wickets at 21 in four Tests, before he was forced to sit out a nervy final match due to an ankle problem.
Tony Lewis: Lewis captained Glamorgan and England, and went on to become the face of BBC Television cricket coverage in the 1990s, and become president of the MCC.
Austin Matthews: He played for Northamptonshire, Glamorgan and single Test for England.
Hugh Morris: He played in three Tests for England in 1991.
Gilbert Parkhouse: He played in seven Tests for England in 1950, 1950–51 and 1959.
Pat Pocock: He played in twenty Tests and one ODI for England from 1968 to 1985.
Greg Thomas: He played in five Tests and three ODIs for England between 1986 and 1987.
Maurice Turnbull: He played in nine Tests for England from 1930 to 1936.
Cyril Walters: He had most of his success after leaving Glamorgan, as captain-secretary of Worcestershire.
Steve Watkin: He played three Test matches in 1991 and 1993, and four One Day Internationals in 1993 and 1994.
Allan Watkins: He played for England in fifteen Tests from 1948 to 1952.
Wilf Wooller: Cricketer, rugby union footballer, cricket administrator and journalist, Wooller captained Glamorgan CCC for 14 years, was Secretary for thirty and President for six.
Alan Jones played a match for England against Rest of the World in 1970 which was later stripped of Test status. He holds the record for most runs in first-class cricket without playing a Test match. In 2020, he was awarded an England Test cap.
See also
List of movements in Wales
Sport in Wales
References
External links
Cricket Wales
Welsh Cricket Association
Cricket in Wales
National cricket teams
Wales in international cricket
C |
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1544.
Events
Summer – The engraver and publisher Cornelis Bos relocates from Antwerp to Paris, after becoming involved with an antisacerdotalist, free-thinking spiritualist sect. In his absence, he is declared to be exiled by the Council of Brabant.
December 31 – Eleven-year-old Princess Elizabeth of England presents her stepmother, Catherine Parr, with a manuscript book entitled The Miroir or Glasse of the Synneful Soul.
unknown dates
The University of Paris prohibits the printing of any book not approved by the appropriate University officials.
The first (partial) Latin translation of Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and Clitophon, made by Annibal della Croce (Crucejus), is published in Lyon.
New books
Prose
Cardinal John Fisher – Psalmi seu precationes (posthumous) in an anonymous English translation by its sponsor, Catherine Parr, queen of King Henry VIII of England
John Leland – Assertio inclytissimi Arturii regis Britanniae
Sebastian Münster – Cosmographia
Guillaume Postel – De orbis terrae concordia
Domingo de Vico – Los Proverbios de Salomón, las Epístolas y los Evangelios de todo el año, en lengua mexicana ("The Proverbs of Solomon, the Epistles and Gospels for the whole year, in the Mexican tongue"; later prohibited by the Spanish Inquisition)
Sefer HaYashar, printed in Venice
Michael Stifel – Arithmetica integra
Tripartito del Christianissimo y consolatorio doctor Juan Gerson, the first Mexican book with woodcut illustrations, published by Juan Pablos.
William Turner – Avium praecipuarum, quarum apud Plinium et Aristotelem mentio est, brevis et succincta historia (Brief and Succinct Account of Chief Birds Mentioned by Pliny and Aristotle; first English book devoted wholly to birds)
Vidus Vidius – Chirurgia
Poetry
See also 1544 in poetry
Clément Marot – Œuvres (definitive edition)
Births
May 24 – William Gilbert, astronomer and natural philosopher (died 1603)
Deaths
September 12 – Clément Marot, French poet (born 1496)
December – Denis Janot, French printer
Unknown dates
Pedro Damiano, Portuguese chess player and writer (born 1480)
Nilakantha Somayaji, Keralan mathematician and astronomer (born 1444)
References
Years of the 16th century in literature |
is a 1993 fighting arcade game developed by Scarab and published by Sammy. It uses digitized images of real actors with blood and gore, similar to Midway's arcade hit Mortal Kombat.
Ports for the Super NES and Sega Genesis were announced in early 1994, but quietly cancelled the following year. The monks from Viper's stage later appeared in Dyna Gear, another arcade game developed by Scarab and published by Sammy.
Gameplay
Survival Arts is quite similar to Midway's Mortal Kombat franchise in terms of presentation, but with gameplay inspired by Capcom's Street Fighter II. The player's character fights against their opponent in best two-out-of-three matches in a single player tournament mode with the computer or against another human player. Players have a character roster of eight fighters to choose from the start, each with their own fighting style and special techniques. One unique feature is that players can pick up multiple weapons (from swords to guns) that are dropped on stage and use against the opponent. Depending on what move or weapon the player uses as the last hit against the opponent while it knocks them out, the defeated opponent will either be burned, disassembled, sliced in half in two different ways, decapitated or electrocuted, which is as simple as performing deaths in Barbarian: The Ultimate Warrior. While combos can be performed in the game, they can end with a death, which makes it a precursor to the "Brutalities" in Mortal Kombat 3 and some of its successors.
Plot
The birthplace of the powerful physical martial arts called "Survival Arts" and how they were earned became mysterious for quite some time. However, eight warriors spreading over different countries have learned some of the most important skills of the Survival Arts, while they continue learning more about them. Each one qualified for the Survival Arts tournament to see which survivor will win and obtain all the secrets of the Arts.
There are nine characters in the game.
Reception
Play Meter listed Survival Arts to be the fifty-eighth most-popular arcade game at the time.
References
External links
Survival Arts at The Large Cult Fighting Game March
Survival Arts at arcade-history
1993 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Cancelled Sega Genesis games
Cancelled Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Fighting games
Mortal Kombat clones
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Sammy games
Video games about ninja
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with digitized sprites |
```java
package com.example.video;
// Represents a model that stores labels detected in a video.
public class FaceItems {
private String ageRange;
private String beard;
private String eyeglasses;
private String eyesOpen;
private String mustache;
private String smile;
public String getAgeRange() {
return this.ageRange;
}
public void setAgeRange(String age) {
this.ageRange = age;
}
public String getBeard() {
return this.beard;
}
public void setBeard(String beard) {
this.beard = beard;
}
public String getEyesOpen() {
return this.eyesOpen;
}
public void setEyesOpen(String eyesOpen) {
this.eyesOpen = eyesOpen;
}
public String getEyeglasses() {
return this.eyeglasses;
}
public void setEyeglasses(String eyeglasses) {
this.eyeglasses = eyeglasses;
}
public String gettMustache() {
return this.mustache;
}
public void setMustache(String mustache) {
this.mustache = mustache;
}
public String gettSmile() {
return this.smile;
}
public void setSmile(String smile) {
this.smile = smile;
}
}
``` |
Chalcosyrphus ambiguum is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.
Distribution
Japan.
References
Milesiini
Insects described in 1968
Diptera of Asia |
Bargachia is a census town in Jagatballavpur CD Block of Howrah Sadar subdivision in Howrah district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is 25 km from the state's capital, Kolkata. The nearest towns are Jagatballavpur, Domjur, Pantihal, Garbalia and Munsirhat.
Transport
Amta Road (part of State Highway 15) is the artery of the town. Bargachia-Jagatballavpur Road also starts from here.
Bus
Government bus
C11/1 Munsirhat- Howrah
E12 Udaynarayanpur- Esplanade
Public Bus
E44 Rampur - Howrah Station
Mini Bus
34 Purash - Howrah Station
35 Hantal- Howrah Station
Bus Route Without Number
Pancharul - Howrah Station
Garbhawanipur- Rubi Hospital
Sealdah-Bargachia
Train
Bargachia railway station is situated at Bargachia on Howra-Amta line under Kharagpur railway division of South Eastern railway zone.
Banks
In Bargachia town there is several Govt Banks such as Paschim Banga Gramin Bank, SBI, UCO Bank as well as Private sector banks such as IDBI Bank, Bandhan Bank .
References
Cities and towns in Howrah district |
Nehha Pendse Bayas (born 29 November 1984) is an Indian actress who works in films and television. She has acted in Hindi, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam, kannada films.
She is best known for her role Sanjana Hiteshi on the television series May I Come In Madam? which aired on Life OK.
She garnered praise for her performance in the Marathi drama film June and won a Filmfare Award Marathi for Best Actress.
She was born and brought up in Mumbai. In 2018, she participated in the reality show Bigg Boss 12 and was evicted on Day 29.
Personal life
Pendse was born on 29 November 1984 in Bombay to Vijay Pendse and Shubhangi Pendse. She was brought up in Mumbai and completed her schooling there. Her sister is actress Meenal Pendse.
The actress tied the knot with her boyfriend Shardul Singh Bayas on 5 January 2020. During an interview, Neha revealed that Shardul proposed marriage three months after they started dating, in April. The couple started dating in early 2019. Neha changed her name after marriage, adding Bayas to her last name.
Career
Pendse started her career as a child actor and made her debut with the film Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin in 1999. She was later seen in films like Devdas. Pendse made her television debut with the show Captain House which was by Ekta Kapoor and Balaji Telefilms.
In 2016, she played the lead role of Sanjana in the Life OK popular comedy show May I Come In Madam? which went off air in 2017. She was a contestant on reality shows Comedy Dangal and Entertainment Ki Raat. In 2018, she was seen in the reality comedy game show Family Time With Kapil Sharma as the presenter opposite Kapil Sharma.
Pendse was a celebrity contestant in the twelfth season of the Indian version of the reality TV show Big Brother, Bigg Boss. She was evicted after 4 weeks on 14 October (Day 28).
In 2021 she replaced Saumya Tandon as Anita Vibhuti Narayan Mishra in the popular daily Sitcom Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!, Pendse Quit the show in January 2022.
She gained a lot of praise for her performance in the Marathi drama film June and she won Filmfare Award Marathi for Best Actress.
Media
Pendse was ranked in The Times Most Desirable Women at No. 49 in 2019.
Filmography
Films
Television
See also
List of Hindi television actresses
List of Indian television actresses
List of Indian film actresses
References
External links
Living people
1984 births
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Marathi cinema
Actresses in Hindi cinema
21st-century Indian actresses
Indian television actresses
Actresses from Mumbai
Actresses in Marathi television
Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) contestants
Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi participants
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Actresses in Kannada cinema
Actresses in Hindi television |
Archil Mukhranbatoni (; – 25 November 1582) was a Georgian nobleman of the House of Mukhrani, a collateral branch of the royal Bagrationi dynasty.
Archil was a son of Bagrat I, Prince of Mukhrani, son of Constantine II of Georgia, by his wife Elene. After Bagrat's resignation, Archil's elder brothers, Ashotan and Vakhtang, succeeded as princes of Mukhrani. Archil was actively involved in contemporary war and politics. During the Safavid invasion of Georgia in 1554, Archil joined his brothers in their exile at the court of their sister, Dedisimedi, in Samtskhe. Back to Kartli, Archil was allied with his cousin, King Simon I of Kartli, and perpetually challenged the Safavid control of Tbilisi, the capital of Kingdom of Kartli, frequently raiding the city's environs. In one of such forays, a Safavid force from the Tbilisi citadel assaulted and defeated Archil at Sapurtsle. The prince and his family were captured and sent to Iran. After Simon I himself was brought captive to the shah Tahmasp I and cast in the Alamut fortress, Archil and his family were imprisoned in Shiraz in 1573. Both Simon and Archil were released on the death of Tahmasp and returned to Kartli in 1576. Archil once again visited his sister in Samtskhe and died in that principality, at Atskuri, on 25 November 1582.
Archil had three children:
Prince Erekle (29 March 1560 – 1605), Prince of Mukhrani.
Prince Husayn Beg. His son, Bakhuta, was killed on the order of Rostom of Kartli.
Princess Elene (fl. 1572).
References
1582 deaths
House of Mukhrani
16th-century people from Georgia (country)
Year of birth unknown
Prisoners and detainees of Safavid Iran
16th-century people from Safavid Iran |
The list of sled dog races contains dozens of contests created by supporters of mushing, the sport of racing sled dogs. It is unknown when the first sled dog race was held. Humans have domesticated dogs for thousands of years, and sled dogs have been used for transportation in Arctic areas for almost as long. The first sled dog race to feature a codified set of rules was the All-Alaska Sweepstakes, which first took place in 1908. This was followed in 1917 by the American Dog Derby, which was the first sled dog race outside Alaska or the Yukon. In 1929 the Laconia World Championship Sled Dog Race" was first held in the city of Laconia, New Hampshire. The first race was won by legendary musher, Leonhard Seppala, famous for his role in the 1925 "Great Race of Mercy", as well as, his lead dog Togo and kennel dog Balto. The Laconia sprint race is an annual event today over 90 years later. In 1932, sled dog racing was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, but was only included in one other winter olympics in a slightly different form of sled dog racing known as pulka.
The most famous sled dog race is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, an annual 1000-mile race across Alaska. It commemorates the 1925 serum run to Nome. The first idea for a commemorative sled dog race over the historically significant Iditarod Trail was conceived Dorothy Page, the chair of the Wasilla-Knik Centennial Committee. Even though the race known today was not first run until 1973, thanks to the work of Joe Redington and his supporters. Joe Redington and the Iditarod helped restart worldwide interest in mushing, specifically in long-distance events.
Since mushing's resurgence, the sport has proliferated and sled dog races are hosted in towns around the world, from Norway and Finland to Alaska and Michigan. Due to the cold temperatures needed for sled dog racing, most races are held in winter in cold climates, but occasional carting events, typically known as dryland races, have been held in warmer weather. Other similar sports that using mushing as a means for transport include; carting, pulka, dog scootering, skijoring, freighting, and weight pulling. These are not included in this list because they do not use sleds.
A resurfaced race in 2020 is the Klondike Dog Derby, a 40-mile race around Lake Minnetonka in Excelsior, Minnesota. The race began in the 1930s and died out in 1998, until recently restarting. The majority of sled dog races in North America are held close to the northern border of the United States or farther north. Well-attended races in the United States such as the John Beargrease Sled Dog Marathon, Apostle Island Sled Dog Race, and the U.P. 200, all take place in the upper regions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, respectively. After these races, the majority of dog sled races take place farther north, in Canada or Alaska. The Klondike Dog Derby is one of few held in a more urban area that is not in the far north. Bringing the sport to an urban area of Minnesota has brought attention from local news sources and residents, allowing for first-hand familiarization and education of the sport of mushing that is otherwise hard to come across in an area that is not in the far north. The accessory events held the weekend of the Klondike Dog Derby include the Hug-a-Husky event, Meet the Musher, and allotted time for the public to hear musher's talk and answer questions on the sport. These events follow the same outline as the Klondike Dog Derby originally had, starting in the 1930s during Hennepin County's winter ice carnivals. The original race took place during a festival held annually by the Works Progress Administration called "Klondike Day." The festival featured a coronation of an Ice Princess and Ice Queen, a snow modeling contest, ski races, a skating party, and the dog derby. The race featured different classes and allowed people of all ages to harness their dogs to any sled they had at their disposal. This served as a way to connect sled dog racing to the people and bring the community together, thus bringing further attention to the sport throughout the area. The race was reintroduced in 2020 as a tribute dog mushers and their commitment to the sport. The race allows for spectators and gives people an opportunity to meet the racers and their dogs. This is meant to create a more interactive atmosphere surrounding the sport in the upper Midwest.
There are three typical types of sled dog races: sprint, mid-distance, and long-distance. These types can be broken down into sub-types. Sprint races cover relatively short distances of 4 to 25 miles/day, mid-distance races cover a total of 100 to 300 miles, and long-distance races cover 300 miles to more than 1,000 miles. Sprint races frequently are two- or three-day events with heats run on successive days with the same dogs on the same course. Mid-distance races are either heat races of 14 to 80 miles per day, or continuous races of 100 to 200 miles. (These categories are informal and may overlap to a certain extent.) Long-distance races may be continuous or stage races, in which participants run a different course each day, usually from a central staging location.
Generally, teams start one after another in equal time intervals, competing against the clock rather than directly against one another. This is due to logistic considerations of getting teams of dogs to the starting line for a clean timed start. Mass starts where all of the dog teams start simultaneously are popular in parts of Canada. Another mode of dogsled racing is the freight race, in which a specified weight per dog is carried in the sled.
Sprint races
Northern Pines Sled Dog Race, Iron River Wisconsin. Sprint and Mid-Distance races.
Akiak Dash- Annual 60 mile race from Bethel, Alaska to Akiak, Alaska and back
Apostle Islands Sled Dog Race - The largest sled dog race in the Midwestern United States, held at Bayfield, Wisconsin, on a 60-mile course.
Baltic Winter Cup — Series of sleddog races across the Baltic states, on snow as well as on dryland.
ADVANCE Sled Dog Challenge — The only snow based sled dog race event staged in Australia. Short-distance sprint races take place annually at Dinner Plain Village located north east in the Victorian High Country. see www.sleddogchallenge.com and www.visitdinnerplain.com.
American Dog Derby — Oldest dog sled race in the United States. The first American Dog Derby was held in 1917, and the races continued until being discontinued in the 1960s. The race was then revived in 1993 and still continues.
Avannaata Qimussersua is Greenland's championship in dog sled racing, using the typically Greenlandic fan formation with 12 dogs. The championship includes all West-Greenland settlements north of the Arctic circle and is held annually in March or April. The route covers about 40 kilometres, mainly on land but occasionally crossing lake and sea ice. In 2013 and 2014, it was held in the town of Ilulissat.
Big Land Challenge Dog Team Race — Annual 20-kilometer race in Goose Bay, Labrador.
Open North American Championship — Culminating event of the Alaska Dog Mushers Association competition season.
1932 Olympics Race — Demonstration of race during the 1932 Olympic Games in Lake Placid, New York. The race was participated in by 5 contestants from Canada, and 7 contestants from the US. The race involved two 25.1-mile (40.5 km) heats. The race was won by Emile St. Godard.
Tok Dog Mushers Association Race of Champions — An Alaska Dog Mushers Association event hosted annually in Tok, Alaska for more than 50 years.
Western Alaska Championship Sled Dog Race — Annual three-day, 15–20-mile sprint race held in Dillingham, Alaska, as part of the Beaver Round-Up celebration.
Caledonia Classic Dog Sled Races - Annual 3-day event on and adjacent to beautiful Stuart Lake in Fort St. James, BC, Canada. 150 km races plus sprints on well maintained trails both on and off lake.
The British Siberian Husky Racing Association annual championship comprising 16 single day events held over 8 weekends, taking the best 11 results towards a final championship position.
Mid-distance races
WolfTrack Classic Sled Dog Race, Ely, Minnesota.
Northern Pines Sled Dog Race, Iron River Wisconsin. Mid-Distance races.
Bogus Creek 150- annual 150 mile race from Bethel, Alaska to Bogus Creek and back. Held the same weekend as the Kuskokwim 300 and Akiak Dash with the goal of promoting dog mushing in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta of Southwestern Alaska
Can-Am Crown — Annual 250-mile race in Fort Kent, Maine.
Copper Basin 300 — Annual 300-mile race starting at Glennallen, Alaska.
CopperDog 150 — Annual 150-mile race starting at Calumet, MI.
Défi Taïga 200 — Annual 200-km race starting and ending in Fermont, Quebec.
Eagle Cap Extreme Sled Dog Race — Annual 200-mile race in Oregon.
Gin Gin 200 — Annual 200-mile sled dog race starting in Paxson, Alaska.
Hudson Bay Quest - Hudson Bay Quest. The Hudson Bay Quest is a 211-mile wilderness race run every March from Churchill, Manitoba to Gillam, Manitoba (reversed annually). Trail terrain will range from lakes, rivers, tundra and snow roads. Possible snow storms or ground blizzards may stop your progression for up to 36 hours. There is possibility of encountering severe weather conditions. Past races have had temperatures of +2 – 5 C with rain to -30 C with 40 kilometer winds equalling -45 C.
Klondike Dog Derby - Annual 40-mille race around Lake Minnetonka in Excelsior, Minnesota
Klondike 300 — Annual 300-mile race starting in Big Lake, Alaska.
Knik 200 Joe Redington Sr. Memorial Sled Dog Race — Annual 200-mile race starting in Knik, Alaska
Kuskokwim 300 — Annual 300-mile race on the Kuskokwim River in Alaska.
Nome-Council 200 — Annual 200-mile race from Nome to Council and back in Alaska. This race takes place in March and is an Iditarod Qualifier.
Nunavut Quest — Annual sled dog race from Igloolik, Nunavut to Arctic Bay, Nunavut.
Percy DeWolfe Memorial Mail Race — Annual 320 km race from Dawson City, Yukon to Eagle, Alaska and back.
Pirena — Annual stage race across the Pyrenees from west to east.
Qimualaniq Quest — A 320-kilometer race on Baffin Island, Nunavut, northern Canada. The 2009 race was canceled due to funding shortages.
Tahquamenon Country Sled Dog Race. A multiple class race held at Muskallonge Lake State Park north of Newberry, MI. The race is held the second Saturday in January, and features pro and sport classes.
Tustumena 200 — Annual 200-mile race starting in Clam Gulch, Alaska. Named for Tustumena Lake.
U.P. 200 — Annual 240-mile race in Marquette, Michigan.
Wyoming Stage Stop Sled Dog Race — Annual stage race in Wyoming and Utah.
Sandwich, New Hampshire — Annual 25 and 40-mile race in Sandwich, New Hampshire.
Caledonia Classic Dog Sled Races - Annual 3-day event on and adjacent to Stuart Lake in Fort St. James, BC, Canada. 150, 200 mile races plus sprints on well maintained trails both on and off lake.
Canadian Challenge Sled Dog Races - Annual 200 (8 dog Iditarod qualifier) and 325 mile (12 dog Yukon Quest and Iditarod qualifier) race held in February, Prince Albert Saskatchewan to La Ronge, Saskatchewan.
Ukkohalla-Paljakka Ajot - Annual mid-distance race at Hyrynsalmi-Puolanka area in Finland. 4- and 8-dogs classes, 2 x 35 or 2 x 40–50 km stage-race with 4 hours mandatory rest between stages.
Long-distance races
All-Alaska Sweepstakes — First organized sled dog race. It is not run on an annual basis.
Alpirod — Defunct 1,000-km stage race in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and France.
Femundløpet — 400-km and 600-km category race with start and finish in Røros, Norway.
Beringia — Annual 950-km race which takes place on Kamchatka, Russia.
Finnmarksløpet — 1,000-km competition starting in Alta, Norway.
Hope Race — Defunct 1,200-mile race from Nome, Alaska to Anadyr, Russia, across the Bering Strait.
Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race — Annual about 1,000-mile race in Alaska from Willow to Nome. Commemorates the 1925 Serum Run.
Ivakkak - Annual long-distance race with alternating trail bridging different communities in Nunavik (Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Ungava Bay, Quebec); Launched in 2001 to promote traditional dogsledding and to revive the endangered breed of ISD (Inuit Sled Dogs). Only Inuit mushers are eligible to participate.
John Beargrease Sled Dog Marathon — Annual 400-mile race starting in Duluth, Minnesota. The race is named after John Beargrease, who famously used a dogsled team to conduct his mail route.
Kobuk 440 - Annual 440-mile race starting and ending in Kotzebue, Alaska.
La Grande Odyssée — Annual race in French Alps, from Portes du Soleil to Haute-Maurienne.
Pasvik Trail — Annual 500-km race starting in Kirkenes, Norway.
Vindelälvsdraget — Annual 400-km relay race on the Vindeln River in Sweden.
Race to the Sky, a 350-mile race held in Montana, United States
Yukon Quest — Annual 1,000-mile race from Fairbanks, Alaska to Whitehorse, Yukon one year; then Whitehorse, Yukon to Fairbanks, Alaska the next.
Volga Quest - Annual 550-km race starting in Tolyatti, Russia and ending in Bolgar, Russia. The race is a celebration of the Volga River.
MusherIce 150 — long distance Race at Húsavík area In Iceland 4 - 6 dogs 3 x 50 km stage- with 7 hours mandatory rest between stages
Multiple events
Several festivals or events host several races in a short span of time. In most cases, an event will host several different classes of events separated by distance and the number of dogs allowed. The festivals listed below may be affiliated with a mushing club.
American Dog Derby — Oldest dog sled race in the United States.
Caledonia Classic Dog Sled Races - Annual 3-day event on and adjacent to beautiful Stuart Lake in Fort St. James, BC, Canada. 150, 200 mile races plus sprints on well maintained trails both on and off lake.
Fur Rendezvous Festival — A winter festival in Anchorage, Alaska that includes several sled dog races including the World Championship Sled Dog Race, a sprint mushing event.
Haliburton Highlands Dogsled Derby — Collection of sprint races held annually in Haliburton, Ontario.
Kearney Dog Sled Races — Ontario's largest dog sled races held in Kearney, Ontario on the western boundary of historic Algonquin Park. This race offers Sprint, 4 dog 4mile, 6 dog 6 Mile, Skijouring and a mid distance 10 dog staged (50 km / day / 2 day) race. Held annually on the second weekend in February each year with a 20+ year history.
Laconia World Championship Sled Dog Derby — Annual event of the Lakes Region Sled Dog Club in Laconia, New Hampshire that includes several classes of sprint races. The event has been hosted for more than 80 years.
Wanaka Sled Dog Festival — Multiple-race event hosted in Cardrona, New Zealand. Held in conjunction with the Kirsty Burn Classic and the Kirsty Burn.
Club seasons
Organized sprint mushing clubs typically host a series of small races as part of a season of competition. These races often change from one season to another, and are not notable enough on an individual level to warrant separate articles.
Affiliated British Sleddog Activities hosts several events annually.
The Alaska Dog Mushers Association is the largest sprint sled dog racing club in the world. It operates several races annually, and its season culminates in the Open North American Championship.
The British Siberian Husky Racing Association hosts a series of two-day heats each year.
Chugiak Dog Mushers host a series of races in and near Chugiak, Alaska annually.
The Siberian Husky Club of NSW Inc holds races at several locations in the state of New South Wales, Australia between May and September each year.
Sled Dog Racing Breeds
The Alaskan Husky is said to be the most popular dog sledding breed. National Geographic says that when looking for qualities in a sled dog, you should look first at their feet. Since the races usually last for a long time, especially in the hard weather conditions, the feet of the dog tend to bear most of the work. Since softer feet don't usually do that well in those conditions and putting booties on dogs slow them down, that is what makes the Alaskan Husky so great at these races.
In addition, Alaskan Huskies are mixed-breed, which has been happening for many generations. The breeding focuses on the parts of the huskies that do well for racing: endurance, strength, speed, tough feet, and appetites. Arguably, next to having good feet, the ability to be harnessed and race with a team is the next most important trait for making the Alaska Husky the most popular and best dog sledding breed.
References
External links
European Sled Dog Racing Association
International Sled Dog Racing Association
International Federation of Sleddog Sports |
The Bone Collector is a 1997 thriller novel by American writer Jeffery Deaver.
The book introduces the character of Lincoln Rhyme, a quadriplegic forensic criminalist.
It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1999. A pilot for a television series based on the novel was ordered by NBC in 2019. Though the pilot was made available through some services on January 1, 2020, it made its broadcast premiere on January 10, 2020.
Summary
Two colleagues, T.J. (Tammie Jean) Colfax and John Ulbrecht, catch a cab at a New York City airport. After a brief ride through New York, they find themselves in an abandoned warehouse district. The cab's doors are locked and the driver ignores their pleas to let them out.
The next day NYPD Patrol Officer Amelia Sachs is called to a possible homicide near some train tracks in Midtown. Her initial search is fruitless until she spots what she thinks is a dead tree protruding from the ground near the tracks. She climbs down the embankment and as she gets closer she sees that it's actually a hand sticking out of the ground, with the flesh removed and a large diamond ring placed on one bony finger. She digs into the earth and uncovers the face of John Ulbrecht, who has been buried alive.
Amelia calls in and secures the area by stopping a train and traffic up above.
Quadriplegic and ex-forensic criminalist Lincoln Rhyme is waiting for a visitor at his apartment when the doorbell rings. His caregiver Thom answers the door and informs him that he has two unexpected visitors, homicide detectives Lon Sellitto and Jerry Banks. Rhyme tells Thom that he doesn't want to see them but ultimately agrees to speak with them.
Sellitto is Rhyme's former partner, and the officers are there to get Rhyme's help on the kidnapping and murder case, but he says he is in no state to help. Sellitto says that all he wants is for Rhyme to look over the case file and give them insight into what it means. The detective explains that the kidnapper still has one hostage they need to find. At this point Rhyme's expected visitor arrives and he asks the detectives to leave, telling them he will read over the case notes. He finds himself drawn into the case, and agrees to work on it with the help of Amelia Sachs as his eyes on the ground.
The killer is Peter Taylor, Rhyme's doctor. Real name Colin Stanton, he lost his family years ago when Lincoln failed to fully check out a crime scene. The suspect was hiding under a bed and started a shootout in the street, gunning down Stanton's family. Stanton subsequently had a breakdown and was admitted to a hospital where he attempted suicide. Once released, he planned to murder a now-quadriplegic Lincoln Rhyme, and created the identity of Peter Taylor. The name was inspired by James Schneider, a New York serial killer from the early 1900s - "Schneider" is "tailor" in German. However, when Stanton/Taylor realized that Lincoln was becoming suicidal he had to give him a reason to live so that he could murder him. He took on Schneider's alias, "The Bone Collector", and began copying his crimes. Stanton picked his victims at random and thought of them as Schneider's own.
At the climax, Stanton coaxes his way into Rhyme's apartment, murdering Rhyme's former superior, Polling, who had come to admit his own guilt for his perceived role in Rhyme's accident. The investigating team had a witness to the crime Rhyme was investigating when he was injured and didn't need Rhyme's testimony. Stanton reveals his true identity to Rhyme, and his plan to murder all the people he cares about then slowly kill him. Following a struggle, Rhyme manages to bite Stanton's neck, tearing into an artery and mortally wounding him.
After Stanton is taken away, Rhyme is convinced to assist in another investigation, and accepts the offer under condition that he's allowed to continue working with Sachs.
Characters
Lincoln Rhyme – Quadriplegic forensic criminalist who was the head of IRD (the NYPD's Central Investigation and Resource Division) before being involved in an accident at a crime scene where an oak beam fell on him, crushing his C4 vertebrae and leaving him only able to move from his shoulders up and his left ring finger. At the start of the novel, Lincoln is considering suicide with the help of Dr. William Berger, a representative of a pro-euthanasia group called the Lethe Society, until his ex-partner Lon Sellitto arrives at his apartment asking for help on a kidnapping case.
Amelia Sachs – 31-year-old police officer who is about to be transferred out of patrol. However, on the morning of her transfer, she is called to a possible homicide where she finds the first victim of the bone collector. Her work at this crime scene catches the attention of Lincoln Rhyme and she reluctantly becomes his "legs and eyes" as he takes on the case of the Bone Collector.
Lon Sellitto – Homicide detective working for the NYPD, who has been assigned the kidnapping case from the airport. He is a twenty-year veteran and the ex-partner of Lincoln Rhyme. He has also been given the unenviable task of persuading Rhyme to work on the case.
Thom Reston - Lincoln Rhyme's full-time care assistant.
Sequels
Following the success of this novel, Deaver continued to feature Rhyme and Sachs in a series of subsequent novels. The series to date comprises:
The Bone Collector (1997)
The Coffin Dancer (1998)
The Empty Chair (2000)
The Stone Monkey (2002)
The Vanished Man (2003)
The Twelfth Card (2005)
The Cold Moon (2006)
The Broken Window (2008)
The Burning Wire (2010)
The Kill Room (2013)
The Skin Collector (2014)
The Steel Kiss (2016)
The Burial Hour (2017)
The Cutting Edge (2018)
Adaptations
Film
The film adaptation of the novel, directed by Phillip Noyce and produced by Martin Bregman, was released on November 5, 1999. It starred Denzel Washington as Lincoln Rhyme and Angelina Jolie as a renamed Officer Amelia Donaghy. The cast also featured Queen Latifah, Ed O'Neill, Michael Rooker, Mike McGlone, Luis Guzmán, Bobby Cannavale, John Benjamin Hickey, and Leland Orser.
The film received mixed to negative critical reviews. It was the number one film its opening weekend, taking in $16.7 million. The film would earn $151.5 million worldwide.
Television
In November 2018, Variety reported that a television adaptation of the novel was in the works with a script by VJ Boyd and Mark Bianculli sold to NBC. The potential series would be executive produced by Boyd (S.W.A.T.), Bianculli, Alon Shtruzman, Avi Nir (Homeland), Peter Traugott (The Brave), and Rachel Kaplan (Wisdom of the Crowd). NBC ordered a series pilot in January 2019.
In March 2019, NBC cast Russell Hornsby as lead character Lincoln Rhyme as well as Michael Imperioli.
The series, now called Lincoln Rhyme: Hunt for the Bone Collector, focuses on Lincoln Rhyme helping to solve the most high-profile cases for the New York Police Department with the aid of Officer Amelia Sachs while the two attempt to catch the newly resurfaced serial killer known as the Bone Collector. It is also expected to draw from other books in Deaver's Rhyme series. It premiered on January 10, 2020, but was canceled in June of that year.
References
1997 American novels
Lincoln Rhyme (novel series)
Novels set in New York City
American novels adapted into films
Nero Award-winning works
Novels about serial killers
American novels adapted into television shows
Viking Press books |
Treaty is an unincorporated community in Liberty Township, Wabash County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.
History
Treaty was founded in the mid-1870s, and was named after the nearby Treaty Creek. A post office was established at Treaty in 1874, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1935.
Geography
Treaty is located on Indiana State Road 15 between Wabash and La Fontaine, at .
References
Unincorporated communities in Wabash County, Indiana
Unincorporated communities in Indiana |
Mana Mana Beach Club is a Beach club on the East Coast Parkway of Singapore. It has sailing, windsurfing, snorkelling and kayaking equipment and place for storage of boats and windsurf equipment. It also has one indoors function room and one outdoor function area which is available for rent to hold parties and events. It has a restaurant serving Mediterranean and western as well as local cuisines.
The beach club offers regular watersports courses and programmes for adults and children, equipment rental, storage facilities, al-fresco dining with bar, events function room, beach volleyball court, dip/ dive pool, resort standard shower facilities and a proshop. The club is surrounded in coconut groves.
History
The Mana Mana Beach Club concept was founded in late 1994 as a pioneer watersports centre on the island of Bintan, across from Singapore in Indonesia. It was then a part of the Bintan Beach International Resort, where it remained in operation until January 2007.
Since 1995, the Bintan location hosted the Mana Mana Amslam, its annual windsurfing event, seen by more than 150 million viewers on cable sports channels around the world and in the last two years, it also hosted kite surfing events.
References
Hotels in Singapore
Sport in Singapore |
Good Times is the fourth full-length album by Bagdad Cafe the Trench Town. It was released in August 2006. It is their second album to be released under Victor Entertainment. Good Times appeared in the Oricon album chart for 4 weeks after its release and its highest position was #75 making it the highest ranking Bagdad Cafe the Trench Town album.
Track listing
Personnel
Mai - vocals
Raita - EG
Mura - EG/AG Junichi Martin
Yama - bass
- drums
- Ep/clavinova/piano
Big Mom - chorus
Ran - chorus
- organ/moog the SOURCE/minimoog
Ogi - tenor saxophone
Umeken - trombone
References
2006 albums
Victor Entertainment albums |
```c++
// (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// path_to_url
// See path_to_url for the library home page.
//
/// @file
/// Test results collecting facility.
///
// ***************************************************************************
#ifndef BOOST_TEST_RESULTS_COLLECTOR_IPP_021105GER
#define BOOST_TEST_RESULTS_COLLECTOR_IPP_021105GER
// Boost.Test
#include <boost/test/unit_test_log.hpp>
#include <boost/test/results_collector.hpp>
#include <boost/test/framework.hpp>
#include <boost/test/execution_monitor.hpp>
#include <boost/test/tree/test_unit.hpp>
#include <boost/test/tree/visitor.hpp>
#include <boost/test/tree/test_case_counter.hpp>
#include <boost/test/tree/traverse.hpp>
// Boost
#include <boost/cstdlib.hpp>
// STL
#include <map>
#include <boost/test/detail/suppress_warnings.hpp>
//your_sha256_hash____________//
namespace boost {
namespace unit_test {
// ************************************************************************** //
// ************** test_results ************** //
// ************************************************************************** //
test_results::test_results()
{
clear();
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
bool
test_results::passed() const
{
// if it is skipped, it is not passed. However, if any children is not failed/aborted
// then their skipped status is not taken into account.
return !p_skipped &&
p_test_cases_failed == 0 &&
p_assertions_failed <= p_expected_failures &&
// p_test_cases_skipped == 0 &&
!p_timed_out &&
p_test_cases_timed_out == 0 &&
!aborted();
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
bool
test_results::aborted() const
{
return p_aborted;
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
bool
test_results::skipped() const
{
return p_skipped;
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
int
test_results::result_code() const
{
return passed() ? exit_success
: ( (p_assertions_failed > p_expected_failures || p_skipped || p_timed_out || p_test_cases_timed_out )
? exit_test_failure
: exit_exception_failure );
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
void
test_results::operator+=( test_results const& tr )
{
p_test_suites.value += tr.p_test_suites;
p_assertions_passed.value += tr.p_assertions_passed;
p_assertions_failed.value += tr.p_assertions_failed;
p_warnings_failed.value += tr.p_warnings_failed;
p_test_cases_passed.value += tr.p_test_cases_passed;
p_test_cases_warned.value += tr.p_test_cases_warned;
p_test_cases_failed.value += tr.p_test_cases_failed;
p_test_cases_skipped.value += tr.p_test_cases_skipped;
p_test_cases_aborted.value += tr.p_test_cases_aborted;
p_test_cases_timed_out.value += tr.p_test_cases_timed_out;
p_test_suites_timed_out.value += tr.p_test_suites_timed_out;
p_duration_microseconds.value += tr.p_duration_microseconds;
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
void
test_results::clear()
{
p_test_suites.value = 0;
p_assertions_passed.value = 0;
p_assertions_failed.value = 0;
p_warnings_failed.value = 0;
p_expected_failures.value = 0;
p_test_cases_passed.value = 0;
p_test_cases_warned.value = 0;
p_test_cases_failed.value = 0;
p_test_cases_skipped.value = 0;
p_test_cases_aborted.value = 0;
p_test_cases_timed_out.value = 0;
p_test_suites_timed_out.value = 0;
p_duration_microseconds.value= 0;
p_aborted.value = false;
p_skipped.value = false;
p_timed_out.value = false;
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
// ************************************************************************** //
// ************** results_collector ************** //
// ************************************************************************** //
namespace {
struct results_collector_impl {
std::map<test_unit_id,test_results> m_results_store;
};
results_collector_impl& s_rc_impl() { static results_collector_impl the_inst; return the_inst; }
// deletes the entries of results_collector_impl
class clear_subtree_result : public test_tree_visitor {
public:
clear_subtree_result(results_collector_impl& store)
: m_store( store )
{}
private:
bool visit( test_unit const& tu) BOOST_OVERRIDE
{
typedef std::map<test_unit_id,test_results>::iterator iterator;
iterator found = m_store.m_results_store.find(tu.p_id);
if(found != m_store.m_results_store.end()) {
m_store.m_results_store.erase( found );
}
return true;
}
results_collector_impl& m_store;
};
} // local namespace
//your_sha256_hash____________//
BOOST_TEST_SINGLETON_CONS_IMPL( results_collector_t )
//your_sha256_hash____________//
void
results_collector_t::test_start( counter_t, test_unit_id id )
{
// deletes the results under id only
clear_subtree_result tree_clear(s_rc_impl());
traverse_test_tree( id, tree_clear );
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
void
results_collector_t::test_unit_start( test_unit const& tu )
{
// init test_results entry
test_results& tr = s_rc_impl().m_results_store[tu.p_id];
tr.clear();
tr.p_expected_failures.value = tu.p_expected_failures;
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
class results_collect_helper : public test_tree_visitor {
public:
explicit results_collect_helper( test_results& tr, test_unit const& ts ) : m_tr( tr ), m_ts( ts ) {}
void visit( test_case const& tc ) BOOST_OVERRIDE
{
test_results const& tr = results_collector.results( tc.p_id );
m_tr += tr;
if( tr.passed() ) {
if( tr.p_warnings_failed )
m_tr.p_test_cases_warned.value++;
else
m_tr.p_test_cases_passed.value++;
}
else if( tr.p_timed_out ) {
m_tr.p_test_cases_timed_out.value++;
}
else if( tr.p_skipped || !tc.is_enabled() ) {
m_tr.p_test_cases_skipped.value++;
}
else {
if( tr.p_aborted )
m_tr.p_test_cases_aborted.value++;
m_tr.p_test_cases_failed.value++;
}
}
bool test_suite_start( test_suite const& ts ) BOOST_OVERRIDE
{
if( m_ts.p_id == ts.p_id )
return true;
m_tr += results_collector.results( ts.p_id );
m_tr.p_test_suites.value++;
if( results_collector.results( ts.p_id ).p_timed_out )
m_tr.p_test_suites_timed_out.value++;
return false;
}
private:
// Data members
test_results& m_tr;
test_unit const& m_ts;
};
//your_sha256_hash____________//
void
results_collector_t::test_unit_finish( test_unit const& tu, unsigned long elapsed_in_microseconds )
{
test_results & tr = s_rc_impl().m_results_store[tu.p_id];
if( tu.p_type == TUT_SUITE ) {
results_collect_helper ch( tr, tu );
traverse_test_tree( tu, ch, true ); // true to ignore the status: we need to count the skipped/disabled tests
}
else {
bool num_failures_match = tr.p_aborted || tr.p_assertions_failed >= tr.p_expected_failures;
if( !num_failures_match )
BOOST_TEST_FRAMEWORK_MESSAGE( "Test case " << tu.full_name() << " has fewer failures than expected" );
bool check_any_assertions = tr.p_aborted || (tr.p_assertions_failed != 0) || (tr.p_assertions_passed != 0);
if( !check_any_assertions )
BOOST_TEST_FRAMEWORK_MESSAGE( "Test case " << tu.full_name() << " did not check any assertions" );
}
tr.p_duration_microseconds.value = elapsed_in_microseconds;
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
void
results_collector_t::test_unit_skipped( test_unit const& tu, const_string /*reason*/ )
{
test_results& tr = s_rc_impl().m_results_store[tu.p_id];
tr.clear();
tr.p_skipped.value = true;
if( tu.p_type == TUT_SUITE ) {
test_case_counter tcc(true);
traverse_test_tree( tu, tcc, true ); // true because need to count the disabled tests/units
tr.p_test_cases_skipped.value = tcc.p_count;
}
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
void
results_collector_t::test_unit_timed_out(test_unit const& tu)
{
test_results& tr = s_rc_impl().m_results_store[tu.p_id];
tr.p_timed_out.value = true;
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
void
results_collector_t::assertion_result( unit_test::assertion_result ar )
{
test_results& tr = s_rc_impl().m_results_store[framework::current_test_case_id()];
switch( ar ) {
case AR_PASSED: tr.p_assertions_passed.value++; break;
case AR_FAILED: tr.p_assertions_failed.value++; break;
case AR_TRIGGERED: tr.p_warnings_failed.value++; break;
}
if( tr.p_assertions_failed == 1 )
first_failed_assertion();
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
void
results_collector_t::exception_caught( execution_exception const& ex)
{
test_results& tr = s_rc_impl().m_results_store[framework::current_test_case_id()];
tr.p_assertions_failed.value++;
if( ex.code() == execution_exception::timeout_error ) {
tr.p_timed_out.value = true;
}
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
void
results_collector_t::test_unit_aborted( test_unit const& tu )
{
s_rc_impl().m_results_store[tu.p_id].p_aborted.value = true;
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
test_results const&
results_collector_t::results( test_unit_id id ) const
{
return s_rc_impl().m_results_store[id];
}
//your_sha256_hash____________//
} // namespace unit_test
} // namespace boost
#include <boost/test/detail/enable_warnings.hpp>
#endif // BOOST_TEST_RESULTS_COLLECTOR_IPP_021105GER
``` |
Per un figlio (පුතෙකුට) is a film by Suranga Deshapriya Katugampala, an Italian citizen of Sri Lankan (Ceylonese) origin. It is set in northern Italy, and portrays the relationship between an immigrant Sri Lankan mother and her adolescent and partially-acculturated son. It thus explores issues of multiculturalism and of small marginalised communities. The principal rôle is played by Kaushalya Fernando. In July 2016, the film received a special mention at the of Pesaro, in the Marche in eastern central Italy. In November 2016 it was presented at the Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival in Estonia.
References
Italian drama films
2016 films
2010s Italian films |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package framework
import (
"sync"
"testing"
v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/watch"
)
// ensure the watch delivers the requested and only the requested items.
func consume(t *testing.T, w watch.Interface, rvs []string, done *sync.WaitGroup) {
defer done.Done()
for _, rv := range rvs {
got, ok := <-w.ResultChan()
if !ok {
t.Errorf("%#v: unexpected channel close, wanted %v", rvs, rv)
return
}
gotRV := got.Object.(*v1.Pod).ObjectMeta.ResourceVersion
if e, a := rv, gotRV; e != a {
t.Errorf("wanted %v, got %v", e, a)
} else {
t.Logf("Got %v as expected", gotRV)
}
}
// We should not get anything else.
got, open := <-w.ResultChan()
if open {
t.Errorf("%#v: unwanted object %#v", rvs, got)
}
}
func TestRCNumber(t *testing.T) {
pod := func(name string) *v1.Pod {
return &v1.Pod{
ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
Name: name,
},
}
}
wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}
wg.Add(3)
source := NewFakeControllerSource()
source.Add(pod("foo"))
source.Modify(pod("foo"))
source.Modify(pod("foo"))
w, err := source.Watch(metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "1"})
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
}
go consume(t, w, []string{"2", "3"}, wg)
list, err := source.List(metav1.ListOptions{})
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
}
if e, a := "3", list.(*v1.List).ResourceVersion; e != a {
t.Errorf("wanted %v, got %v", e, a)
}
w2, err := source.Watch(metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "2"})
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
}
go consume(t, w2, []string{"3"}, wg)
w3, err := source.Watch(metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "3"})
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
}
go consume(t, w3, []string{}, wg)
source.Shutdown()
wg.Wait()
}
// TestResetWatch validates that the FakeController correctly mocks a watch
// falling behind and ResourceVersions aging out.
func TestResetWatch(t *testing.T) {
pod := func(name string) *v1.Pod {
return &v1.Pod{
ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
Name: name,
},
}
}
wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}
wg.Add(1)
source := NewFakeControllerSource()
source.Add(pod("foo")) // RV = 1
source.Modify(pod("foo")) // RV = 2
source.Modify(pod("foo")) // RV = 3
// Kill watch, delete change history
source.ResetWatch()
// This should fail, RV=1 was lost with ResetWatch
_, err := source.Watch(metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "1"})
if err == nil {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected non-error")
}
// This should succeed, RV=3 is current
w, err := source.Watch(metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "3"})
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
}
// Modify again, ensure the watch is still working
source.Modify(pod("foo"))
go consume(t, w, []string{"4"}, wg)
source.Shutdown()
wg.Wait()
}
``` |
```c++
CMFCToolBarsCustomizeDialog *pDlgCust = new CMFCToolBarsCustomizeDialog(this,
TRUE /* Automatic menus scaning */,
AFX_CUSTOMIZE_MENU_SHADOWS | AFX_CUSTOMIZE_TEXT_LABELS |
AFX_CUSTOMIZE_MENU_ANIMATIONS, // default parameters
&lstCustomPages); // pointer to the list of runtime classes of the custom property pages
``` |
Hulu () is an American subscription streaming service majority-owned by The Walt Disney Company, with Comcast's NBCUniversal holding a minority stake. It was launched on October 29, 2007.
Hulu was initially established as a joint venture between News Corporation and NBCUniversal, Providence Equity, and later The Walt Disney Company, serving as an aggregation of recent episodes of television series from their respective television broadcasting. In 2010, Hulu launched a subscription service, initially branded as "Hulu Plus", which featured full seasons of programs from the companies and other partners, and un-delayed access to new episodes. In 2017, the company launched Hulu with Live TV—an over-the-top live TV service featuring broadcast programming channels.
In 2011, Hulu launched its services in Japan, marking its first and only international expansion. However, in 2014, Hulu Japan was spun off and acquired by Nippon TV.
Etymology
The name Hulu comes from two Mandarin Chinese phrases, húlu (葫芦/葫蘆), "calabash; bottle gourd", and hùlù (互录/互錄), "interactive recording".
Jason Kilar, who served as CEO of Hulu, said the name comes from a Chinese proverb:
History
Early years (2007–2010)
Individuals who were instrumental in the founding of Hulu include Bruce Campbell, Peter Chernin, JB Perrette, Mike Lang, Beth Comstock, George Kliavkoff, Darren Feher, and Jason Kilar. Hulu was announced in March 2007 with AOL, NBC Universal (then co-owned by General Electric and Vivendi), MSN, Myspace, and Yahoo! planned as "initial distribution partners". Jason Kilar was named Hulu CEO in late 2007.
The name Hulu was chosen in late August 2007, when the website went live with an announcement only and no content. It invited users to leave their email addresses for the upcoming beta test. In October 2007, Hulu began the private beta testing by invitation, and later allowed users to invite friends. Hulu launched for public access in the United States on March 12, 2008. The first product to launch was the HULU Syndication network, which was designed and developed by the NBC Universal team from New York, on October 29, 2007, led by Tom Sharma, followed by the Hulu.com destinations site.
Hulu began an advertising campaign during NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII with an initial ad starring Alec Baldwin titled "Alec in Huluwood". Advertisements have since aired featuring Eliza Dushku, Seth MacFarlane, Denis Leary, and Will Arnett.
In July 2007, Providence Equity, the owner of Newport Television, became one of the earliest "outside" investors by purchasing a 10 percent stake in the company for US$100 million equity investment, before the company was known as "Hulu". With its investment came a seat on the board of directors, where Providence was said to act as an "independent voice on the board". In April 2009, The Walt Disney Company joined the Hulu consortium as a stakeholder, with plans to offer content from ABC, ESPN and Disney Channel.
Multiple joint ventures (2010–2019)
Early in 2010, Hulu chief executive Jason Kilar said the service had made a profit in two quarters and that the company could top $100 million in revenue by summer 2010, more than its income for all of 2009. ComScore says monthly video streams reached 903 million in January 2010, over three times the figure for a year earlier, and second only to YouTube.
On August 16, 2010, a report revealed that Hulu was planning an initial public offering (IPO) which could value the company at more than $2 billion.
On June 21, 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported that an "unsolicited offer" caused Hulu to begin "weighing whether to sell itself". However, on October 13, 2011, Hulu and its owners announced that they would not sell the company, as none of the bidders offered an amount that was satisfactory to its owners. In September of that year, the service launched in Japan; marking Hulu's first international expansion.
Hulu generated $420 million in revenue in 2011, $80 million short of the company's target. The vacant CEO post was officially filled by former Fox Networks President Mike Hopkins on October 17, 2013.
In October 2012, Providence sold its 10 percent stake to "Hulu's media owners" and ceased participation in the board.
On February 27, 2014, Nippon Television Network Corporation acquired Hulu's Japanese business. The service would retain the "Hulu" brand and technology in Japan under a subsidiary of Nippon as part of a separate agreement.
On August 3, 2016, Time Warner (later WarnerMedia, now Warner Bros. Discovery) acquired a 10 percent stake of Hulu.
Hopkins exited and was named Sony Pictures TV Chairman. Fox Networks Group COO Randy Freer was named CEO on October 24, 2017.
Disney majority ownership (2019–present)
On March 20, 2019, Disney acquired 21st Century Fox, giving it a 60% majority stake in Hulu. On April 15, 2019, WarnerMedia sold its 10% stake in Hulu back to the company for $1.43 billion, leaving Disney with 67% and Comcast with 33%. Comcast, the only other shareholder, announced on May 14, 2019, that it had agreed to cede its control to Disney, and reached an agreement for Disney to purchase its 33% stake in the company as early as 2024.
On May 14, 2019, Comcast relinquished its control in Hulu to Disney effective immediately. As a result, the streaming service became a division of Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International (DTCI) with Comcast effectively becoming a silent partner. Under the agreement, Comcast's 33% stake can be sold to Disney at fair market value as early as 2024. The fair market value will be determined at that time, but Disney guaranteed a minimum valuation of the entire company at $27.5 billion (valuing the Comcast stake as worth at least $9.075 billion). Randy Freer would report to Disney executive Kevin Mayer.
In the wake of the deal, Disney CEO Bob Iger explained that direct integration of Hulu with Disney's studios would allow increased investments in original content, which would in turn allow it to "make the service even more compelling and a greater value for consumers". Disney stated that its control of Hulu was the third major component of its direct-to-consumer strategy, complementing its sports streaming service ESPN+, and its then-forthcoming Disney+. Hulu would be oriented towards "general" entertainment and content targeting mature audiences. NBCUniversal will continue to license its content to the service through at least 2024, but it will have the option to begin transitioning its exclusivity deals with Hulu to non-exclusive terms beginning in 2020, and to end other content deals beginning in 2022.
On July 31, 2019, Disney reorganized Hulu's reporting structure, placing Hulu's Scripted Originals team under Disney General Entertainment Content. Under the new structure, Hulu's SVP of Original Scripted Content would report directly to the chairman of Disney Television Studios and ABC Entertainment. As of November 2019, FX and Fox Searchlight were assigned to supply Hulu with content. In January 2020, Disney eliminated the role of Hulu CEO, with its top executives to report directly to DTCI and Walt Disney Television. On January 31, 2020, Freer resigned as CEO of Hulu and the position was eliminated; Hulu's top executives now report directly to DTCI and Walt Disney Television.
In June 2021, it was reported that Comcast had accused Disney of undermining Hulu's growth and value by not engaging in international expansion of the service, having instead added the Star brand as an extension of Disney+ in selected markets. In August 2021, Disney CEO Bob Chapek suggested that Hulu, Disney+, and ESPN+ could similarly be merged in the future, citing that the existing bundle offering of the services had a lower rate of churn than the individual services, but in the U.S. "there may also be certain constraints that we're under that could at least, from a short-term standpoint, limit our ability to do what long term we might feel was ideal, but frankly we don't know what's ideal yet."
On September 7, 2021, Hulu announced that the prices of its main video on-demand and ad-free plans would increase by $1 each to $6.99 and $12.99 per-month beginning October 8. In October 2021, Hulu president Kelly Campbell resigned, and was subsequently appointed the president of NBCUniversal's competing service Peacock. In its third-quarter earnings report, Comcast CFO Mike Cavanagh stated of Hulu that they were "happy to be along for that ride", and projected that "It'll be fine if we stay until the end because I expect the value to keep increasing."
On November 22, 2021, Disney and WarnerMedia reached a deal to let select 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures films stream on Disney+, Hulu and HBO Max in 2022. On the same day, The Wall Street Journal reported that Comcast was considering pulling some content from Hulu to boost their Peacock streaming service. On March 4, 2022, it was reported that NBCUniversal will pull content from Hulu and move them to Peacock, beginning in September. In January 2022, Joe Earley became president of Hulu.
In September 2022, Chapek indicated that Disney is considering merging Hulu into Disney+ because the model had been successful outside the United States without any content friction. To accelerate the plan, he said that Disney would love to buy out Comcast's 33.3% stake in Hulu earlier than their previously agreed 2024 timeline. However, Comcast had not offered reasonable terms for an early buyout and had instead expressed interest in buying Hulu themselves if it were for sale.
On May 10, 2023, Disney announced that they would introduce an app in the US which combines Disney+ and Hulu content by the end of 2023.
On May 18, it was announced that Disney+ and Hulu will remove nearly 60 original films and series on May 26 in order to "cut costs." The news sparked some backlash, mostly towards the initial decision to remove Howard, the documentary on the life of lyricist Howard Ashman, on the eve of Pride Month and the release of the live-action adaptation of The Little Mermaid. However, it was confirmed the next day that film will remain available on the service.
On July 10, 2023, Hulu launched an adult animation and anime hub known as Animayhem, featuring several different 20th Television Animation programs, including American Dad, Bob's Burgers, Family Guy, and King of the Hill, among various others. Additionally, new seasons of Futurama and King of the Hill were commissioned for the service, with the company slated to launch an immersive experience at San Diego Comic-Con to promote the occasion, titled Hulu Animayhem: Into the Second Dimension.
On September 6, 2023, Comcast CEO Brian L. Roberts announced that Hulu's equity fair value will be assessed as of September 30. An SEC filing that Disney registered for on the same day revealed that the date that the put and call option agreement would happen had been moved to an unspecified date in November 2023.
Content
Original content
From January 17, 2011, to April 24, 2014, Hulu streamed its own in-house web series The Morning After, a light-hearted pop-culture news show. It was produced by Hulu in conjunction with Jace Hall's HDFilms and stars Brian Kimmet and Ginger Gonzaga. Producing the show was a first for the company, which in the past has been primarily a content distributor.
On January 16, 2012, Hulu announced that it would be airing its first original script based program, titled Battleground, which premiered in February 2012. The program aired on Hulu's free web service rather than on the subscription-based Hulu Plus. Battleground is described as a documentary-style political drama.
Later that same month, Hulu announced it would air The Fashion Fund, a six-part reality series, and the winner of the show would receive $300,000 to start their career.
To continue with its original programming movement, Hulu announced that there would be a total of seven original programs that were planned to air on its service: Battleground, Day in the Life, and Up to Speed were previously mentioned; and on April 19, Hulu added four more shows to its list: Don't Quit Your Daydream, Flow, The Awesomes, and We Got Next. Some of these programs began airing in 2012, while others premiered over the next few years.
On May 21, 2012, Hulu announced it would be bringing Kevin Smith to its lineup of original programming. Smith hosts a movie discussion show titled Spoilers, which began airing in mid-2012.
In March 2016, Lionsgate Premiere and Hulu jointly acquired distribution rights to the film Joshy, which was later released on August 12, 2016.
On May 4, 2016, Hulu acquired The Beatles: Eight Days a Week, as its first documentary acquisition, as part of a planned Hulu Documentary Films collection. The film premiered theatrically on September 15, before debuting on the streaming service on September 17.
Since September 2022, selected International programs that released on Disney+'s Star Hub and Disney+ original International content that is over the rating limit (maximum TV-14 and PG-13) in United States market begins to release on Hulu.
Content partners
Following the start of its service, Hulu signed deals with several new content providers making additional material available to consumers. On April 30, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced that it would join the venture, purchasing a 27 percent stake in Hulu.
Starting August 15, 2011, viewers of content from Fox and related networks are required to authenticate paid cable or satellite service wherever Fox streams episodes, including on Hulu, to be able to watch them the morning after the first airing. Non-subscribers will see those episodes delayed a week before they are viewable.
On October 28, 2011, Hulu announced that they had inked a five-year deal with The CW, giving the streaming site access to next-day content from five of the six major networks. On September 18, 2013, Hulu announced a multi-year deal with the BBC that would deliver 2,000 episodes from 144 different titles in the first 12 months.
In 2015, Hulu began offering content from Showtime for an additional $8.99/month, which is cheaper than Showtime's own streaming service. On June 16, 2016, Hulu announced a deal with the Disney-ABC Television Group for the exclusive SVOD rights to past seasons of seven Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD series, and more than 20 Disney Channel original movies.
The CW's agreement with Hulu ended September 18, 2016; in-season streaming of current CW programs moved to the network's own digital platforms, and Netflix began to carry past seasons of The CW's programs through 2019. , a limited amount of content from CBS's library is available on-demand, mostly limited to shows that are no longer producing new episodes. On January 4, 2017, it was reported that a deal was reached to bring live broadcasts of CBS and several affiliated channels to Hulu's upcoming live streaming service as well as to make more shows available on-demand.
In April 2018, Hulu announced a partnership with Spotify that allows users to purchase both streaming services for a discounted price per month. This discount also includes an even larger discounted rate for university students.
Hulu distributes video on its own website and syndicates its hosting to other sites, and allows users to embed Hulu clips on their websites. In addition to NBC, ABC and Fox programs and movies, Hulu carries shows from networks: A&E, Big Ten Network, Bravo, E!, Fox Sports 2, FX, PBS, NFL Network, Oxygen, RT America, Fox Sports 1, SundanceTV, Syfy, USA Network, NBCSN, and online comedy sources such as Onion News Network. Hulu retains between thirty and fifty percent of advertising revenue generated by the shows it distributes.
In November 2009, Hulu also began to establish partnerships with record labels to host music videos and concert performances on the site, including EMI in November 2009, and Warner Music Group in December 2009.
In early March 2010, Viacom announced that it was pulling two of the website's most popular shows, The Colbert Report and The Daily Show, off Hulu. The programs had been airing on Hulu since late 2008. A spokesman for Viacom noted that "in the current economic model, there is not that much in it for us to continue at this time. If they can get to the point where the monetization model is better, then we may go back." In February 2011, both shows were made available for streaming on Hulu again. The Daily Show was again removed from Hulu in March 2017 in order to push viewers to watch the program on Viacom and Comedy Central's apps.
In 2012, Viz Media, Aniplex of America, and other distributors teamed up to create Neon Alley. It had launched on October 2, 2012, as a 24/7 web channel, but in 2014 it had switched to Hulu-only. The site contained exclusive dub premieres with anime such as Accel World, Blue Exorcist, Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic, Fate/Zero and the uncut version of Sailor Moon. It also had shows such as Naruto and Naruto: Shippuden, Death Note, Inuyasha, Bakuman, Ranma ½, One Piece, One Punch Man, and Bleach. It went defunct on May 4, 2016. However, Hulu still hosts over 300 anime from Funimation, Aniplex of America, Viz Media, and Sentai Filmworks, and selected anime began resume to release on Hulu following the deal between Disney and Sony Pictures since 2021.
In April 2017, Hulu signed a first-run license deal with Annapurna Pictures. Hulu also has output deals with IFC Films and Magnolia Pictures.
New releases from 20th Century Studios will not immediately be available on either Disney+ or Hulu, as it has an existing output deal with HBO until 2022.
Hulu in May 2018 announced its first-ever license deal with DreamWorks Animation, becoming the exclusive streaming home for future DWA movies feature films, as well as library films. DWA had streamed exclusively through Netflix since 2013. Films will be available on the service in 2019, while original series will be available later in 2020.
In October 2018, PocketWatch launched 90 22-minute episodes of repackaged content from their YouTube creator partners on Hulu and Amazon Prime Video and partnered with Paramount Pictures to license them to international distributors.
On December 4, 2018, Hulu confirmed an exclusive multi-year first-look SVOD deal with Funimation.
In June 2019, Hulu and FX signed an output deal with Lionsgate, where Hulu and FX would respectably gain the streaming and TV rights to films released under the Lionsgate label in 2020 and 2021.
In August 2019, Hulu agreed to control the streaming rights to upcoming films released by Bleecker Street.
On March 2, 2020, Hulu launched a dedicated "hub" for content from FX branded as "FX on Hulu", with the service becoming the exclusive streaming outlet for current and past series from the network. Beginning with Breeders, new episodes of FX original series also become available on Hulu immediately after their television airing, and selected series will also premiere exclusively on the service.
On January 14, 2021, it was announced that following an exclusive 3-week IMAX engagement, Searchlight's Nomadland would be released on Hulu alongside a regular limited theatrical and drive-in run in the United States on February 19.
On April 21, 2021, Disney reached a deal for television and streaming rights to Sony Pictures films from 2022 through 2026, which includes library rights for some of its franchises like Spider-Man, Jumanji and Hotel Transylvania franchises, etc., and licensing anime under Funimation and Crunchyroll brands and anime released by Aniplex of America, and post-pay-one window rights to new releases (after their exclusivity period with Netflix expires). This deal covers Disney+, Hulu, and Disney's television channels. On May 17, 2021, it started Onyx Collective which is a content brand for creators.
On August 31, 2021, Disney announced that it would fold the U.S. version of Hotstar—a niche streaming service targeting Indian Americans—in late-2022, with its original entertainment content migrating to Hulu. Since August 2021, Star India Networks programming has been available to Hulu subscribers.
Content providers
First and third-party content providers for Hulu. Asterisk (*) denotes third parties while cross (†) denotes former providers.
1091 Pictures*
20th Century Studios
ABC
ABC News
Disney Television Studios
ABC Signature
20th Television
20th Television Animation
Freeform
Fox*
FX Networks
FX
FXX
Hotstar
MarVista Entertainment*
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer*
National Geographic
NBCUniversal*
NBC
Universal Pictures
Screen Media*
Searchlight Pictures
Sony Pictures*
Warner Bros.*
Services
Hulu on demand service
Hulu's subscription service was launched in Software release life cycle on June 29, 2010, and officially launched on November 17, 2010, under the branding Hulu Plus. The service remained advertising-supported, but it offers an expanded content library including full seasons, day-after access to current season content and more episodes of shows available. Hulu also launched Hulu Plus apps on other types of devices, including mobile, digital media players, and video game consoles. By the end of 2011, Hulu Plus had around 1.5 million subscribers.
On April 29, 2015, it was announced that the "Hulu Plus" branding would be discontinued, and that the service would be henceforth marketed as simply "Hulu" to place it in-line with its subscription-only competitors. By then, the service had grown to 9 million subscribers.
The Wall Street Journal reported in July 2015 that Hulu was exploring an advertising-free subscription option for around $12 to $14 a month. This was confirmed as going forward , with a "No Commercials" plan priced at $11.99, $4 more than the $7.99 monthly rate for a "Limited Commercials" subscription, though a few highlighted network series (fewer than 10) would retain pre-roll and post-roll ad pods. Starting in 2019, Hulu plans to begin displaying on-screen ads when the viewer pauses the show, although it is unclear whether this will apply to customers on the $11.99/month No Ads plan.
In May 2016, Hulu announced that it had reached 12 million subscribers. In January 2018, Hulu announced that it had reached 17 million subscribers.
On August 8, 2016, Hulu announced that it would discontinue its free video on-demand content, and syndicate it to Yahoo! on a new website known as Yahoo! Screen. This service featured recent episodes of ABC, Fox, and NBC series until its 2019 discontinuation. The Hulu website is now devoted exclusively to the subscription service.
In May 2018, Hulu introduced 5.1 surround sound on select devices for its original content. In December 2016 Hulu began streaming content in 4K, also limited to its original content. 4K video was quietly rolled back in 2018, and reintroduced in July 2019. Hulu added HDR for some of its original content in August 2021.
On January 23, 2019, Hulu announced a $2 price drop for the basic ad-supported plan to $5.99. The $5.99 monthly plan has previously been offered as a promotional offer since late 2017 where users that signed up (or reactivated accounts that had previously ended their service) during the offer period would keep the price for an entire year before paying the regular rate.
Since the launch of Disney+ in November 2019, the service has been available in the United States in a bundle with Hulu and ESPN+, priced at US$12.99 per-month for the ad-supported tier of Hulu, and US$18.99 for the ad-free tier of Hulu.
On September 7, 2021, Disney announced that Hulu would be getting a price increase on October 8, 2021. The ad-supported Hulu plan would increase from $5.99 to $6.99 a month, while the ad-free Hulu plan would increase from $11.99 to $12.99 a month. The Hulu live TV plan and the Disney bundle, which includes Disney+, Hulu with ads and ESPN+ for $13.99 a month, would not get a price increase at this time.
Hulu + Live TV service
On May 4, 2016, Hulu announced that it planned to begin offering an over-the-top "live programming from broadcast and cable brands" some time in 2017. On November 1, 2016, co-owners 21st Century Fox, including Fox Networks Group (Fox, Fox Sports, Fox News Channel, FX Networks, and National Geographic) and The Walt Disney Company, including Disney–ABC Television Group and ESPN Inc. (ABC, Disney Channel, Disney Junior, Disney XD, Freeform, ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNU, SEC Network, and ESPN3) agreed to supply their channels to the streaming service, joined by Warner Media, including Turner Broadcasting System (TBS, TNT, Turner Classic Movies, TruTV, CNN, HLN, CNN International, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, and Boomerang) on August 3, 2016, which previously reached an agreement with Hulu.
The service, originally marketed as "Hulu with Live TV," launched in Software testing on May 3, 2017, along with NBCUniversal (Bravo, Cozi TV, NBC, Oxygen, SYFY, Sprout, and Telemundo), A+E Networks (A&E, History, and Lifetime), CBS Corporation (CBS, Pop TV, Smithsonian Channel, and Showtime), and Scripps Networks Interactive (Cooking Channel, Food Network, and HGTV). It was later renamed to "Hulu + Live TV." The service included live streams of more than 75 broadcast and cable-originated channels, including feeds of the five major broadcast networks – ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox and The CW – as well as cable channels owned by Hulu co-parents Comcast's NBCUniversal and The Walt Disney Company, along with NFL Network, Paramount Global with Showtime, A+E Networks, Fox Corporation, Warner Bros. Discovery with HBO, Cinemax, and Starz available as add-ons for an extra fee. Hulu representatives stated that it intends to negotiate carriage agreements with independently owned broadcasting groups to gain distribution rights to local stations from additional markets.
By May 2018, the service had reached 800,000 subscribers.
On November 29, 2018, Hulu + Live TV now adds Discovery Networks (Discovery, TLC, MotorTrend, Animal Planet and Investigation Discovery) for the prices on the bundles featuring the new channels will not change, Discovery will be joining Scripps Networks Interactive. While the $40 per month Hulu With Live TV core package will get the five aforementioned channels, more of Discovery brand channels will also be available through add-on packages. Destination America, Discovery Family, Science Channel, Discovery Life, and American Heroes Channel are in the Entertainment add-on for $7.99 per month. Discovery Channel and Discovery Familia have been added to the $4.99-per-month Spanish language package.
In the third quarter of 2019, Hulu overtook Sling TV as the top OTT pay television service in the United States, with 2.7 million subscribers.
The service was initially priced at $39.99 per-month. In December 2019, the price had been increased to $54.99 per month (after having previously been raised to $44.99).
In November 2020, the rate for Hulu + Live TV increased to $64.99 per month. Along with the ad-free plan with Live TV included, which is now $70.99.
On January 19, 2021, Nexstar's NewsNation launched on Hulu + Live TV.
On April 30, 2021, the service added nine ViacomCBS (now Paramount) networks (BET, Comedy Central, MTV, Nickelodeon, Paramount Network, VH1, CMT, Nick Jr. Channel, and TV Land) to the base package, along with BET Her, MTV2, MTV Classic, Nicktoons and TeenNick on the Entertainment add-on.
On November 10, 2021, Disney stated that Hulu + Live TV had reached four million subscribers.
On December 21, 2021, unlimited DVR, Disney+ and ESPN+ will be included with Hulu + Live TV moving forward, but the price of the service would be increased by $5.
On November 14, 2022, Hulu announced that it had added The Weather Channel and Comedy.TV on November 1 and Hallmark Channel and Hallmark Movies & Mysteries effective November 14. Hallmark Drama also became available in the Entertainment Add-On. Hulu also announced that on December 1, 2022, five Vevo music video channels would be launched, along with theGrio Television Network, JusticeCentral.TV, and The Weather Channel en Español.
Viewership
Viewership numbers for the site are tracked by measurement firms such as Comscore, Nielsen Media Research, and Quantcast. In partnership with comScore, Hulu is the first digital company to receive multi-platform measurement at an individual level that includes co-viewing for living room devices.
The reliability of these metrics has been drawn into question, partly due to widely divergent estimates. For example, between May and June 2010, ComScore updated its scoring methodology and its estimates for Hulu. Hulus viewers would go from 43.5 million to 24 million in one month. In a comScore digital trends report in 2010, comScore's Digital Year in Review report found that Hulu was watched twice as much as viewers who watched on the websites of the five major TV networks combined.
Hulu in May 2018 announced it has surpassed 20 million subscribers in the United States. The tally, which puts the company about 36 million subscriptions behind Netflix, was disclosed at a media presentation at the newly named Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York. Hulu said it has grown total engagement by more than 60%, with 78% of viewing taking place in the living room on connected TVs.
Awards
Hulu original series The Handmaid's Tale won two awards at the 33rd annual Television Critics Association Awards for Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama. At the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, Hulu earned a total of eight awards for the series and became the first streaming service to win Outstanding Drama Series. The Handmaid's Tale also received Emmys for Outstanding Directing, Outstanding Writing, Outstanding Cinematography and Outstanding Production Design. Elisabeth Moss won the Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress, and Ann Dowd the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress. At the 75th Golden Globe Awards The Handmaid's Tale took home two awards, Best TV Drama and Best Actress in a Drama TV Series (Elisabeth Moss).
At the 2016 Critics' Choice Documentary Awards, Hulu's first-released documentary, The Beatles: Eight Days A Week – The Touring Years won the award for Best Music Documentary. The documentary also received Grammy Awards for Best Music Film at the 2017 Grammy Awards and Best Documentary at the 16th Annual Movies for Grownups Awards. At the Creative Arts Emmy Awards, the documentary earned two Emmys including Outstanding Sound Editing and Outstanding Sound Mixing.
At the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards, Hulu received its first Emmy Award nominations for its Original series, 11.22.63 and for Triumph's Election Special 2016. In 2016, Hulu received its first Golden Globe Awards nomination for its original series Casual for TV series, Comedy.
In 2020, Hulu original series The Bravest Knight won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Kids and Family Programming.
U.S. News & World Report ranked Hulu its 'Best Live Streaming Service' of 2022.
References
External links
2007 establishments in California
Android (operating system) software
Companies based in Santa Monica, California
Former AT&T subsidiaries
Former General Electric subsidiaries
Former News Corporation subsidiaries
Former WarnerMedia subsidiaries
Former Vivendi subsidiaries
Internet properties established in 2007
Internet television streaming services
IOS software
NBCUniversal
PlayStation 4 software
PlayStation 5 software
Subscription video on demand services
The Walt Disney Company subsidiaries
Xbox One software
Xbox Series X and Series S software |
```powershell
Describe "Basic Function Provider Tests" -Tags "CI" {
BeforeAll {
$existingFunction = "existingFunction"
$nonExistingFunction = "nonExistingFunction"
$text = "Hello World!"
$functionValue = { return $text }
$restoreLocation = Get-Location
$newName = "renamedFunction"
Set-Location Function:
}
AfterAll {
Set-Location -Path $restoreLocation
}
BeforeEach {
Set-Item $existingFunction -Options "None" -Value $functionValue
}
AfterEach {
Remove-Item $existingFunction -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Force
Remove-Item $nonExistingFunction -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Force
Remove-Item $newName -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Force
}
Context "Validate Set-Item Cmdlet" {
It "Sets the new options in existing function" {
$newOptions = "ReadOnly, AllScope"
(Get-Item $existingFunction).Options | Should -BeExactly "None"
Set-Item $existingFunction -Options $newOptions
(Get-Item $existingFunction).Options | Should -BeExactly $newOptions
}
It "Sets the options and a value of type ScriptBlock for a new function" {
$options = "ReadOnly"
Set-Item $nonExistingFunction -Options $options -Value $functionValue
$getItemResult = Get-Item $nonExistingFunction
$getItemResult.Options | Should -BeExactly $options
$getItemResult.ScriptBlock | Should -BeExactly $functionValue
}
It "Removes existing function if Set-Item has no arguments beside function name" {
Set-Item $existingFunction
$existingFunction | Should -Not -Exist
}
It "Sets a value of type FunctionInfo for a new function" {
Set-Item $nonExistingFunction -Value (Get-Item $existingFunction)
Invoke-Expression $nonExistingFunction | Should -BeExactly $text
}
It "Sets a value of type String for a new function" {
Set-Item $nonExistingFunction -Value "return '$text' "
Invoke-Expression $nonExistingFunction | Should -BeExactly $text
}
It "Throws PSArgumentException when Set-Item is called with incorrect function value" {
{ Set-Item $nonExistingFunction -Value 123 -ErrorAction Stop } | Should -Throw -ErrorId "Argument,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.SetItemCommand"
}
}
Context "Validate Get-Item Cmdlet" {
It "Gets existing functions by name" {
$getItemResult = Get-Item $existingFunction
$getItemResult.Name | Should -BeExactly $existingFunction
$getItemResult.Options | Should -BeExactly "None"
$getItemResult.ScriptBlock | Should -BeExactly $functionValue
}
It "Matches regex with stars to the function names" {
$getItemResult = Get-Item "ex*on"
$getItemResult.Name | Should -BeExactly $existingFunction
# Stars representing empty string.
$getItemResult = Get-Item "*existingFunction*"
$getItemResult.Name | Should -BeExactly $existingFunction
# Finds 2 functions that match the regex.
Set-Item $nonExistingFunction -Value $functionValue
$getItemResults = Get-Item "*Function"
$getItemResults.Count | Should -BeGreaterThan 1
}
}
Context "Validate Remove-Item Cmdlet" {
It "Removes function" {
Remove-Item $existingFunction
{ Get-Item $existingFunction -ErrorAction Stop } | Should -Throw -ErrorId "PathNotFound,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.GetItemCommand"
}
It "Fails to remove not existing function" {
{ Remove-Item $nonExistingFunction -ErrorAction Stop } | Should -Throw -ErrorId "PathNotFound,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.RemoveItemCommand"
}
}
Context "Validate Rename-Item Cmdlet" {
It "Renames existing function with None options" {
Rename-Item $existingFunction -NewName $newName
{ Get-Item $existingFunction -ErrorAction Stop } | Should -Throw -ErrorId "PathNotFound,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.GetItemCommand"
(Get-Item $newName).Count | Should -BeExactly 1
}
It "Fails to rename not existing function" {
{ Rename-Item $nonExistingFunction -NewName $newName -ErrorAction Stop } | Should -Throw -ErrorId "PathNotFound,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.RenameItemCommand"
}
It "Fails to rename function which is Constant" {
Set-Item $nonExistingFunction -Options "Constant" -Value $functionValue
{ Rename-Item $nonExistingFunction -NewName $newName -ErrorAction Stop } | Should -Throw -ErrorId "CannotRenameFunction,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.RenameItemCommand"
}
It "Fails to rename function which is ReadOnly" {
Set-Item $nonExistingFunction -Options "ReadOnly" -Value $functionValue
{ Rename-Item $nonExistingFunction -NewName $newName -ErrorAction Stop } | Should -Throw -ErrorId "CannotRenameFunction,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.RenameItemCommand"
}
It "Renames ReadOnly function when -Force parameter is on" {
Set-Item $nonExistingFunction -Options "ReadOnly" -Value $functionValue
Rename-Item $nonExistingFunction -NewName $newName -Force
{ Get-Item $nonExistingFunction -ErrorAction Stop } | Should -Throw -ErrorId "PathNotFound,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.GetItemCommand"
(Get-Item $newName).Count | Should -BeExactly 1
}
}
}
``` |
The tomb of Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces the baker is one of the largest and best-preserved freedman funerary monuments in Rome. Its sculpted frieze is a classic example of the "plebeian style" in Roman sculpture. Eurysaces built the tomb for himself and perhaps also his wife Atistia around the end of the Republic (ca. 50–20 BC). Located in a prominent position just outside today's Porta Maggiore, the tomb was transformed by its incorporation into the Aurelian Wall; a tower subsequently erected by Honorius covered the tomb, the remains of which were exposed upon its removal by Gregory XVI in 1838. What is particularly significant about this extravagant tomb is that it was built by a freedman, a former slave.
Three sides of the slightly trapezoidal structure remain largely intact. All have the same form, with a plain lower storey now mostly below ground level but exposed, consisting of pairs of engaged columns between flat vertical slabs, all crammed together with no space in between. The effect is far from the classical orders; at the corners the slabs turn to pilasters rising at the top level to unorthodox capitals combining scrolls at the sides with plant forms in the centre. There are unusual circular openings in the topmost storey, now thought to represent kneading-basins or grain-measuring vessels. Below a cornice is the frieze, with continuous scenes in relief showing the operation of the bakery where Eurysaces made what was evidently a considerable fortune. Reconstructions imagine a gently rising roof above this, now lost.
Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces
Although there is no conclusive statement on the monument that Eurysaces was a freedman – there is no "L" for libertus in the inscription – there are a number of reasons for believing that this was the case. His name takes the form of a Roman praenomen and nomen followed by a Greek cognomen, nomenclature typical for a freedman, combining as it does the identity of the former owning family with that of the individual when a slave. The inscription also lacks the filiation usual for the freeborn. The banausic and labour-intensive activities commemorated, those of baking, are not usually celebrated by the freeborn upper classes. The unusual form of the monument and of its inscription have also been used to locate Eurysaces as a nouveau riche parvenu in the manner of Trimalchio, with his "naïve ostentation" vulgarly imitative of élite culture.
The slightly later Pyramid of Cestius is another individualistic tomb for an evidently wealthy man outside the traditional élite; in this case it perhaps referred to his taking part in campaigns in Nubia.
Setting
Burial within the pomerium or sacred boundary of the city was generally prohibited. Although the precise extent of the pomerium at the various stages of its history is uncertain, it is believed to have later been coterminous with the Aurelian Walls, perhaps extending to the area of the Porta Maggiore after its expansion by Claudius. Streets of tombs in a prominent position just outside the city gates are known from Pompeii as well as the Via Appia. Eurysaces' tomb, at the junction of the Via Praenestina and Via Labicana just before entering Rome, was in a particularly prominent position, and its trapezoidal form was likely dictated by the space available. Other burial complexes in the vicinity are known, including the columbarium of Statilius Taurus, consul at the time of Augustus, with over seven hundred loculi or burial niches; and the first century BC tomb of the Societas Cantorum Graecorum (Association of Greek Singers). An inscription relating to another baker, Ogulnius, has also been found in local excavations.
Monument
The tomb, dwarfed by the later Aqua Claudia, rises to a height of some thirty-three feet. Of concrete faced with travertine on a tufa base, it stands as a monument both to Eurysaces and, through the frieze, to the wider profession of baking. The style, very different from the classical Roman styles of tombs, makes Eurysaces' tomb stand out.
The surviving part of the inscription reads , or in English, "This is the monument of Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces, baker, contractor, public servant." While the final word in this quote, "Apparet", is often translated as public servant, the actual Latin word for a public servant is appāritor; the term can also apply to a gatekeeper, perhaps punning on the tomb's location. Appāret is a verb meaning "appears, makes apparent", this translation however does not seem to fit the rest of the inscription. The word Apparet is yet to be translated within the context of this quotation.
In the BBC documentary Meet the Romans with Mary Beard, professor Mary Beard translates appāret as "it's obvious!" Beard suggests appāret is signalling a joke, as if to say "get it?!". Thus Beard translates the epitaph as "This is the monument of Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces, baker, contractor, it's obvious."
A relief representing various stages of bread production runs along the top of the tomb. The relief depicts, on the south side, the delivery and grinding of grain and sifting of flour; on the north, the mixing and kneading of dough, forming of round loaves, and baking in a domed "pizza-type" oven; and, on the west, the stacking of loaves in baskets and their being taken for weighing.
Related finds
During demolition of the superimposed late antique fortifications by Pope Gregory XVI in 1838, a full-length relief portrait was discovered of a man and woman in toga and palla (taken to the Palazzo dei Conservatori); along with an inscription honouring one Atistia, a good wife whose remains were placed in a breadbasket; and an urn taking the form of such a breadbasket. Theft of the female head from the relief in 1934 and uncertainty as to the present whereabouts of the urn, believed to be somewhere in the Museo Nazionale Romano, mean their study is now conducted from excavation drawings and early photographs. Reconstructions generally relate these items to the tomb on the grounds of their style, subject matter, and findspot, with Atistia becoming Eurysaces' wife, and the double relief and inscription occupying the upper register of the now lost east facade of the tomb.
Freedmen's Tombs
This tomb may be one of many lavish tombs created by freedmen. These men were originally slaves, who then gained their freedom and became Roman citizens. Freedom could be granted by their masters for their hard work, or be bought through their peculia, or earnings. Upon becoming free, they were still subjected to some service to their former masters. However, they were proud of their work as it was the means by which they gained their freedom. Because of this, they many times created lavish funerary monuments, such as Eurysaces' tomb. Outside their former owners, these freedmen had no official family lines, which were important in Roman society. Therefore, these tombs may have been attempts at beginning a family history for future generations to appreciate.
See also
List of ancient monuments in Rome
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Ancient Roman tombs and cemeteries in Rome
Friezes
Bakers
Republican era slaves and freedmen
Rome R. XV Esquilino
Rome Q. VII Prenestino-Labicano |
Ann Bauer is an American essayist and novelist.
Life and career
Ann Bauer has worked as a writing professor, a food critic, a novelist, a journalist and an advertising copywriter. She has taught at The University of Iowa, Brown University, Roger Williams University, Johns Hopkins University and Macalester College.
While in the Iowa MFA program, Bauer wrote most of her first novel, A Wild Ride Up The Cupboards, which came out with Scribner in 2005. Wild Ride was named a Best Book of 2005 by the Minneapolis Star Tribune and The Providence Journal. Bauer began writing for Salon that same year, eventually becoming a regular contributor. She co-authored her second book, a work of nonfiction billed as a "culinary memoir," with Mitch Omer, the founder of Hell's Kitchen. Damn Good Food was published by Borealis Books in 2009. Her second novel, The Forever Marriage, was published by The Overlook Press in June 2012. Her third novel, Forgiveness 4 You was also published by Overlook in March 2015.
Works
Bauer's essays have appeared in Elle, The Washington Post, The New York Times, Redbook, and The Sun. She has published three novels and a cookbook and culinary memoir (with co-author Mitch Omer).
A Wild Ride Up The Cupboards (2005)
Damn Good Food (2009) With Mitch Omer
The Forever Marriage (June 2012)
Forgiveness 4 You (March 2015)
References
External links
Official website
The Forever Marriage official website
Forgiveness 4 You official website
Living people
American women novelists
Writers from Minneapolis
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
American cookbook writers
Women cookbook writers
American women essayists
21st-century American essayists
Novelists from Minnesota
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Philip Sovereign (1779 – July 2, 1833) was a farmer, judge and political figure in Upper Canada. He represented Norfolk in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1808 to 1812.
He was born in the Thirteen Colonies, the son of Leonard Sovereign. Sovereign lived in Townsend Township from 1800 until 1814, when he moved to Trafalgar Township. He was a justice of the peace for the Gore District and a judge in the Surrogate Court for the London District. Sovereign died in Trafalgar Township.
Further reading
1778 births
1833 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Upper Canada judges
Canadian justices of the peace |
Łęki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łososina Dolna, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Łososina Dolna, north of Nowy Sącz, and south-east of the regional capital Kraków.
References
Villages in Nowy Sącz County |
The Burmese cat (, , or , or , meaning copper colour) is a breed of domestic cat, originating in Burma, believed to have its roots near the Thai-Burma border and developed in the United States and Britain.
Most modern Burmese are descendants of one female cat called Wong Mau, which was brought from Burma to the United States in 1930 and bred with American Siamese. From there, American and British breeders developed distinctly different Burmese breed standards, which is unusual among pedigreed domestic cats. Most modern cat registries do not formally recognise the two as separate breeds, but those that do refer to the British type as the European Burmese.
Originally, all Burmese cats were dark brown (genetically black), but are now available in a wide variety of colours; formal recognition of these also varies by standard. Both versions of the breed are known for their uniquely social and playful temperament and persistent vocalisation.
History
In 1871, Harrison Weir organised a cat show at the Crystal Palace, London. A pair of Siamese cats were on display that closely resembled modern American Burmese cats in build, thus probably similar to the modern Tonkinese breed. The first attempt to deliberately develop the Burmese in the late 19th century in Britain resulted in what were known as Chocolate Siamese rather than a breed in their own right; this view persisted for many years, encouraging crossbreeding between Burmese and Siamese in an attempt to more closely conform to the Siamese build. The breed thus slowly died out in Britain.
Joseph Cheesman Thompson imported Wong Mau, a black female cat, into San Francisco in 1930. Thompson considered the cat's build to be sufficiently different from the Siamese to still have potential as a fully separate breed. Wong Mau was bred with Tai Mau, a seal point Siamese, and then bred with her son to produce dark brown kittens that became the foundation of a new, distinctive strain of Burmese. In 1936, the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) granted the breed formal recognition. However, due to continued extensive outcrossing with Siamese cats to increase the population, the original type was overwhelmed, and the CFA suspended breed recognition a decade later. Attempts by various American breeders to refine the unique Burmese standard persisted, however, and in 1954, the CFA lifted the suspension permanently. In 1958, the United Burmese Cat Fanciers (UBCF) compiled an American judging standard that has remained essentially unchanged since its adoption.
Meanwhile, in the UK, interest in the breed was reviving. The cats that composed the new British breeding program were of a variety of builds, including some imported from the United States. By 1952, three true generations had been produced in Britain and the breed was recognised by the United Kingdom's Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF). Since the 1950s, countries in the Commonwealth and Europe started importing British Burmese; as a result, most countries have based their standard on the British model.
Historically, the two versions of the breed were kept strictly distinct genetically. European Burmese (also known as "traditional") were declassed as a breed by the CFA in the 1980s. The GCCF banned the registration of all Burmese imported from the United States in order to preserve the "traditional" bloodlines. Most modern cat registries do not formally recognise these dual standards as representing separate breeds, but those that do refer to the British type as the European Burmese. Recently, The International Cat Association (TICA) and CFA clubs have started using the American breed standard at select shows in Europe.
During the early period of breed development, it became clear that Wong Mau herself was genetically a crossbreed between a Siamese and Burmese type. This early crossbreed type was later developed as a separate breed, known today as the Tonkinese. Burmese cats have also been instrumental in the development of the Bombay and the Burmilla, among others.
Description
Appearance
The two standards differ mainly in head and body shape. The British or traditional ideal tends toward a more slender, long-bodied cat with a wedge-shaped head, large pointed ears, long tapering muzzle and moderately almond-shaped eyes. The legs should likewise be long, with neat oval paws. The tail tapers to medium length. The American (also called "contemporary") Burmese is a noticeably stockier cat, with a much broader head, round eyes and distinctively shorter, flattened muzzle; the ears are wider at the base. Legs and tail should be proportionate to the body, medium-length, and the paws also rounded.
In either case, Burmese are a small to medium size breed, tending to be about , but are nevertheless substantially-built, muscular cats and should feel heavy for their size when held – "a brick wrapped in silk".
Coat and colour
In either standard, the coat should be very short, fine and glossy, with a satin-like finish. Colour is solid and must be uniform over the body, only gradually shading to lighter underparts. Faint colourpoint markings may be visible, but any barring or spotting is considered a serious fault. The eyes are green or gold depending on coat colour.
The breed's original standard colour is a distinctively rich dark brown (genetically black), variously known as sable (USA), brown (UK, Australia) or seal (New Zealand). It is the result of the Burmese gene (cb), part of the albino series. This gene causes a reduction in the amount of pigment produced, converting black into brown and rendering all other colours likewise paler than their usual expression. The action of the gene also produces the modified colourpoint effect, which is more noticeable in young kittens.
The first blue Burmese was born in 1955 in Britain, followed by red, cream, and tortoiseshell over the next decades. Chocolate ("champagne" in the USA) first appeared in the United States. Lilac ("platinum" in the USA), the last major variant to appear, was likewise developed in the USA beginning in 1971. Currently, the British GCCF standard recognises solid black ("brown" in the UK), chocolate, blue, lilac, red and cream, as well as the tortoiseshell pattern on a base of black, chocolate, blue or lilac.
In the USA, chocolate ("champagne"), blue, and lilac ("platinum") cats were first formally considered a separate breed, the Malayan, in 1979. This distinction was abolished in 1984, but until 2010, the CFA continued to place the black ("sable") Burmese into a separate division, bundling all other recognised colours into a "dilute division" and judging them separately. Currently, the CFA standard still recognises the Burmese only in solid black ("sable"), blue, chocolate ("champagne"), and lilac ("platinum").
Other colours have been developed from this initial base set, with varying degrees of popularity and recognition. In 1989 a cinnamon breeding programme was started in the Netherlands; the first fawn kitten was born in 1998. Cinnamon, fawn, caramel, and apricot Burmese have also been developed in New Zealand, as have tortoiseshell variants of all these colours. A new colour mutation ("russet") appeared in New Zealand in 2007. This line has an initially dark pigment in the cats' coats, which fades as they grow, eventually becoming a paler orange colour.
Temperament
Burmese are a notably people-oriented breed, maintaining their kitten-like energy and playfulness into adulthood. They are also said to have a number of overtly puppy-like characteristics, forming strong bonds with their owners and gravitating toward human activity. The cats often learn to play games such as 'fetch' and 'tag'. Veterinarian Joan O. Joshua has written that the "dog-like attachment to the owners" of the Burmese, as with the similarly behaving Abyssinians, causes "greater dependence on human contacts". This stands in contrast to the mere "tolerant acceptance of human company" based around "comforts" that other breeds display. They are persistently vocal, in a manner reminiscent of their Siamese ancestry, yet they have softer, sweeter voices. Burmese are not as independent as other breeds and are not suited to being left alone for extended periods of time.
Genetics
The Burmese gene is also present in some other cat breeds, particularly the established rex breeds, where it can be fully expressed in its homozygous form (cbcb) (referred to as Burmese Colour Restriction or Sepia). The same gene can also be combined with the Siamese gene (cbcs) to produce either darker points or a light-on-dark-brown coat, similar to the Burmese chocolate (champagne in the USA), known as "mink".
The Asian Group cat breed is related to the Burmese; the Asian is physically similar but comes in different patterns and colours. The Singapura is always homozygous for the Burmese gene, combining it with a ticked tabby pattern. Snow Bengals with eye colours other than blue also have the gene.
The lineage of Burmese cats known as "Contemporary Burmese" often hosts a 4-aminoacid deletion on the ALX1 gene. Heterozygosity of the mutation results in brachicephaly, while homozygosity results in a profound head malformation known as the Burmese head defect, usually incompatible with life.
Genetic diversity
A 2008 study conducted at UC Davis by the team led by feline geneticist Dr Leslie Lyons found that the American Burmese has the second lowest level of genetic diversity (after the Singapura) of all the breeds studied, and concludes that this situation should be addressed. The CFA observes that "breeders are reporting less hearty litters, smaller adults, smaller litters, and immune system problems, all of which point towards inbreeding depression becoming more common." The Burmese breed council currently allows outcrossing using Bombay, Tonkinese and Burmese type cats imported from Southeast Asia to improve genetic diversity. The Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe) excludes novice show cats from breeding.
Health issues
Burmese cats in Europe and Australia are at increased risk of diabetes mellitus compared to other breeds. American Burmese do not share this increased risk, due to the genetic differences between American Burmese and European Burmese. The incidence of flat-chested kitten syndrome was at one time believed to be particularly prevalent in the Burmese breed, but recent studies have cast some doubt on this hypothesis. A study funded by the UK Burmese Cat Club in 1980 was inconclusive. The breed has an average lifespan of 10 to 17 years.
Certain UK bloodlines suffer from an acute teething disorder in young kittens (FOPS: Feline Orofacial Pain Syndrome), where the eruption of the second teeth causes extreme discomfort and the young cat tears at its face to try to alleviate the pain. Eruption of the new teeth in the jaw that causes the problem; these cannot be removed until they have erupted, by which time the problem ceases. Pain relief intervention should be considered, to prevent overt self-trauma. Apart from scarring caused by the self-mutilation, the cat seems to recover completely.
Hypokalemia, a genetic disease that is characterised by low serum potassium levels, has also been seen in the European Burmese and can similarly be traced to certain bloodlines. The gene is recessive, and both parents must carry it for the kittens to develop the problem. A carrier mated to a non-carrier may pass the problem on unnoticed for several generations. Clinical signs include skeletal muscle weakness, which is often episodic in nature and either affects the whole cat or is localised to the neck muscles. As a consequence, the cat can have difficulty in walking and holding their head correctly. In extreme cases, the clinical symptoms can result in death, if unattended medically. Hypokalemic cats can usually lead a normal life if they get the correct potassium supplement. Onset of symptoms often occurs around puberty and many may never experience another attack. A DNA test is now available to identify cats affected by or carrying this recessive gene.
Genetic testing for abnormalities
DNA tests are available for three genetic abnormalities that have been found in Burmese: the Burmese head defect, GM2 Gangliosidosis, and Hypokalaemia. Breeders are currently taking steps to ensure that these genes are carefully eliminated from the Burmese gene pool. It is thought that some genes are only found in certain populations of Burmese; the head defect in particular is not known to be present in European Burmese, presumably as a result of stringent import regulations in the modern GCCF Burmese registration policy.
See also
List of cat breeds
Tonkinese cat, a domestic cat breed produced by crossbreeding between Siamese and Burmese cats.
Puppy cat
References
External links
4th printing
National Alliance of Burmese Breeders, a CFA-affiliated Burmese Club
Burmese pedigree database
Burmese-Burmilla pedigree database
New Zealand Burmese Cat Club
UK Burmese Cat Association
The Burmese Cat Club
Burmese Brown Cat Breeds Characteristics and more also read about another brown cat breed York Chocolate
UK Burmese Cat Society
United Burmese Cat Fanciers (UBCF) a non-affiliated global Burmese Cat Club
Articles containing video clips
Cat breeds originating in Thailand
Cat breeds
Cat breeds originating in Myanmar |
Jean-Louis Bauer (1 June 1952 – 30 September 2022) was a French actor and playwright.
Biography
Bauer studied at the and played roles on the stage and on television. He also wrote plays for France Inter and France Culture. In particular, he wrote the play L'Affaire with Philippe Adrien, as well as Le Roman d'un trader, which was inspired by the life of Jérôme Kerviel. Aided by director , he presented the latter play with Lorànt Deutsch as the lead actor. The piece was adapted into cinema by Christophe Barratier with Arthur Dupont in the role of Jérôme Kerviel. In 1997, he received the for new theatre talent.
Jean-Louis Bauer died in Paris on 30 September 2022 at the age of 70.
Filmography
Cinema
(1983)
Contes clandestins (1985)
Le Contretemps (2009)
Television
(1974)
(1978)
Médecins de nuit (1978)
(1981)
La Vie telle qu'elle change (1984)
References
1952 births
2022 deaths
20th-century French male actors
21st-century French male actors
Male actors from Paris |
M. A. "Sonny" Everett is an American aviator, author and broadcaster, including color commentary announcing of airshows and special events. Sonny's broadcasting career began in 1960 as a summer high school job at WCRV in Warren County, NJ. His first airshow announcing duties came in 1963 at North Philadelphia Airport (PNE) at the age of 17.
Combining his broadcast abilities with an inherent knowledge of aviation, Sonny became the USA's foremost color-commentator of airshows and aviation events throughout the Seventie's, Eightie's and Ninetie's. As background, he produced the famous Bicentennial barnstorming troupe called "Air Show America", featuring aviation notables Bill Barber, "Big Ed" Mahler (Mennen Special) and then newcomer Leo Loudenslager in a two-hour choreographed-to-music airshow re-creating those of Hollywood combined with the reality of the 1920s–1930s. Sonny remains in demand for airshows and aviation events.
Sonny authored the coffee-table book Fliers, published in 1987, a photo-history of airshows from the barnstormer days through modern times. He has often been a guest on numerous TV and radio talk shows, and serves as an expert commentator on aviation safety matters.
Sonny appeared several times on TV's Mike Douglas Show and was featured in a principal acting role in the films Cloud Dancer (1980) starring David Carradine and Oscar-winner Jennifer O'Neill, and stunt performer in Moving Violations (1986) starring Sally Kellerman and Robert Conrad.
As a pilot Sonny has accrued several thousand flying hours in over 60 types of aircraft, from gliders to cropdusters to widebody Boeing jetliners. He has served on the ALPA Air Safety & Accident Investigation committee and developed audio/visual training programs for pilots during a 30-year career with USAirways (formerly Allegheny Airlines).
As of April 2010, Sonny contributes to and announces for charitable special events and can be heard on WZCC radio in the Ocala-Gainesville market (#82). Sonny resides in Citrus County, FLA and devotes much of his time to music and writing for a variety of aviation journals.
In 2015, Sonny Everett was inducted into the Air Show Hall of Fame of the International Council of Air Shows Foundation.
References
American aviators
American radio sports announcers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
```java
/***************************************************************************
* CLASS PcalResourceFileReader *
* *
* A PcalResourceFileReader returns an object for reading a resource file, *
* which is a file kept in the same directory as the pcal.AST class. *
* The constructor takes a file name as argument. The object's two public *
* methods are *
* *
* getLine() : Returns the next line of the file as a string. Returns *
* null after the last line. *
* *
* close() : Closes the file. *
***************************************************************************/
package pcal ;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.Vector;
import pcal.exception.PcalResourceFileReaderException;
public class PcalResourceFileReader
{ public PcalResourceFileReader(String fileName) throws PcalResourceFileReaderException
/*********************************************************************
* The constructor, where fileName is the name of a file that's *
* in the same directory as pcal.AST. *
*********************************************************************/
{ name = fileName ;
Class cl = null ;
// TODO fix this!
try { cl = Class.forName("pcal.AST"); }
catch (ClassNotFoundException e)
{ throw new PcalResourceFileReaderException(
"Java could not find class pcal.AST. There \n"
+ " is probably something wrong with the way\n"
+ " the +cal translator is installed");
} ;
InputStream input = cl.getResourceAsStream(fileName) ;
if (input == null)
{ throw new PcalResourceFileReaderException(
"Could not find resource file " + fileName + ".\n"
+ " There is probably something wrong with the way\n"
+ " the +cal translator is installed");
} ;
inputReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input)) ;
};
public static Vector<String> ResourceFileToStringVector(String fileName) throws PcalResourceFileReaderException
/***********************************************************************
* Reads file fileName into a StringVector, a vector in which each *
* element is a line of the file. *
***********************************************************************/
{ Vector<String> inputVec = new Vector<String>(100) ;
PcalResourceFileReader wordFileReader
= new PcalResourceFileReader(fileName);
String word = wordFileReader.getLine();
while (word != null)
{ inputVec.addElement(word) ;
word = wordFileReader.getLine() ;
} ;
wordFileReader.close();
return inputVec ;
}
public String getLine() throws PcalResourceFileReaderException
/*********************************************************************
* Returns the next line of input. After it returns the last line *
* of input, it returns null. *
*********************************************************************/
{ try { return inputReader.readLine();
}
catch (java.io.IOException e)
{ throw new PcalResourceFileReaderException(
"Error reading the +cal translator resource file "
+ name + ".\n"
+ " You may be having file system problems");
}
}
private boolean done = false;
/*********************************************************************
* If the last line of input doesn't end with a '\n', then getLine() *
* returns that line and sets done to true. *
*********************************************************************/
private BufferedReader inputReader ;
/*********************************************************************
* The actual reader for the resource file. *
*********************************************************************/
private String name ;
/*********************************************************************
* A copy of the resource file name, kept for error messages. *
*********************************************************************/
public void close() throws PcalResourceFileReaderException
{ try { inputReader.close(); }
catch (java.io.IOException e)
{ throw new PcalResourceFileReaderException(
"Error trying to close the +cal translator resource file "
+ name + ".\n"
+ " You may be having file system problems");
} ;
} ;
}
/* Last modified on Wed 3 Aug 2005 at 18:41:43 UT by lamport */
``` |
```c
/*****************************************************************************
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its contributors
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*****************************************************************************
* Contents: Native middle-level C interface to LAPACK function zggevx
* Author: Intel Corporation
*****************************************************************************/
#include "lapacke_utils.h"
lapack_int API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_zggevx_work)( int matrix_layout, char balanc, char jobvl,
char jobvr, char sense, lapack_int n,
lapack_complex_double* a, lapack_int lda,
lapack_complex_double* b, lapack_int ldb,
lapack_complex_double* alpha,
lapack_complex_double* beta,
lapack_complex_double* vl, lapack_int ldvl,
lapack_complex_double* vr, lapack_int ldvr,
lapack_int* ilo, lapack_int* ihi,
double* lscale, double* rscale, double* abnrm,
double* bbnrm, double* rconde, double* rcondv,
lapack_complex_double* work, lapack_int lwork,
double* rwork, lapack_int* iwork,
lapack_logical* bwork )
{
lapack_int info = 0;
if( matrix_layout == LAPACK_COL_MAJOR ) {
/* Call LAPACK function and adjust info */
LAPACK_zggevx( &balanc, &jobvl, &jobvr, &sense, &n, a, &lda, b, &ldb,
alpha, beta, vl, &ldvl, vr, &ldvr, ilo, ihi, lscale,
rscale, abnrm, bbnrm, rconde, rcondv, work, &lwork,
rwork, iwork, bwork, &info );
if( info < 0 ) {
info = info - 1;
}
} else if( matrix_layout == LAPACK_ROW_MAJOR ) {
lapack_int lda_t = MAX(1,n);
lapack_int ldb_t = MAX(1,n);
lapack_int ldvl_t = MAX(1,n);
lapack_int ldvr_t = MAX(1,n);
lapack_complex_double* a_t = NULL;
lapack_complex_double* b_t = NULL;
lapack_complex_double* vl_t = NULL;
lapack_complex_double* vr_t = NULL;
/* Check leading dimension(s) */
if( lda < n ) {
info = -8;
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_xerbla)( "LAPACKE_zggevx_work", info );
return info;
}
if( ldb < n ) {
info = -10;
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_xerbla)( "LAPACKE_zggevx_work", info );
return info;
}
if( ldvl < n ) {
info = -14;
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_xerbla)( "LAPACKE_zggevx_work", info );
return info;
}
if( ldvr < n ) {
info = -16;
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_xerbla)( "LAPACKE_zggevx_work", info );
return info;
}
/* Query optimal working array(s) size if requested */
if( lwork == -1 ) {
LAPACK_zggevx( &balanc, &jobvl, &jobvr, &sense, &n, a, &lda_t, b,
&ldb_t, alpha, beta, vl, &ldvl_t, vr, &ldvr_t, ilo,
ihi, lscale, rscale, abnrm, bbnrm, rconde, rcondv,
work, &lwork, rwork, iwork, bwork, &info );
return (info < 0) ? (info - 1) : info;
}
/* Allocate memory for temporary array(s) */
a_t = (lapack_complex_double*)
LAPACKE_malloc( sizeof(lapack_complex_double) * lda_t * MAX(1,n) );
if( a_t == NULL ) {
info = LAPACK_TRANSPOSE_MEMORY_ERROR;
goto exit_level_0;
}
b_t = (lapack_complex_double*)
LAPACKE_malloc( sizeof(lapack_complex_double) * ldb_t * MAX(1,n) );
if( b_t == NULL ) {
info = LAPACK_TRANSPOSE_MEMORY_ERROR;
goto exit_level_1;
}
if( API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_lsame)( jobvl, 'v' ) ) {
vl_t = (lapack_complex_double*)
LAPACKE_malloc( sizeof(lapack_complex_double) *
ldvl_t * MAX(1,n) );
if( vl_t == NULL ) {
info = LAPACK_TRANSPOSE_MEMORY_ERROR;
goto exit_level_2;
}
}
if( API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_lsame)( jobvr, 'v' ) ) {
vr_t = (lapack_complex_double*)
LAPACKE_malloc( sizeof(lapack_complex_double) *
ldvr_t * MAX(1,n) );
if( vr_t == NULL ) {
info = LAPACK_TRANSPOSE_MEMORY_ERROR;
goto exit_level_3;
}
}
/* Transpose input matrices */
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_zge_trans)( matrix_layout, n, n, a, lda, a_t, lda_t );
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_zge_trans)( matrix_layout, n, n, b, ldb, b_t, ldb_t );
/* Call LAPACK function and adjust info */
LAPACK_zggevx( &balanc, &jobvl, &jobvr, &sense, &n, a_t, &lda_t, b_t,
&ldb_t, alpha, beta, vl_t, &ldvl_t, vr_t, &ldvr_t, ilo,
ihi, lscale, rscale, abnrm, bbnrm, rconde, rcondv, work,
&lwork, rwork, iwork, bwork, &info );
if( info < 0 ) {
info = info - 1;
}
/* Transpose output matrices */
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_zge_trans)( LAPACK_COL_MAJOR, n, n, a_t, lda_t, a, lda );
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_zge_trans)( LAPACK_COL_MAJOR, n, n, b_t, ldb_t, b, ldb );
if( API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_lsame)( jobvl, 'v' ) ) {
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_zge_trans)( LAPACK_COL_MAJOR, n, n, vl_t, ldvl_t, vl, ldvl );
}
if( API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_lsame)( jobvr, 'v' ) ) {
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_zge_trans)( LAPACK_COL_MAJOR, n, n, vr_t, ldvr_t, vr, ldvr );
}
/* Release memory and exit */
if( API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_lsame)( jobvr, 'v' ) ) {
LAPACKE_free( vr_t );
}
exit_level_3:
if( API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_lsame)( jobvl, 'v' ) ) {
LAPACKE_free( vl_t );
}
exit_level_2:
LAPACKE_free( b_t );
exit_level_1:
LAPACKE_free( a_t );
exit_level_0:
if( info == LAPACK_TRANSPOSE_MEMORY_ERROR ) {
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_xerbla)( "LAPACKE_zggevx_work", info );
}
} else {
info = -1;
API_SUFFIX(LAPACKE_xerbla)( "LAPACKE_zggevx_work", info );
}
return info;
}
``` |
Beejamandal is a ruined temple in Jatkara village near Khajuraho, that has not yet been fully excavated and explored. It has a length of 34.60 meters and is thus longer than the largest temple of Khajuraho namely Kandariya which measures about 30 metres.
Location and archaeological interest
Beejamandal which is popularly known as Vijaya Temple is situated about 2 km from Eidgah square on Vidisha-Ashoknagar road. It is rich in archaeologically interesting objects. It is said that the building was built in 8th century and was then later on reconstructed in Paramara period in the second half of 11th century by Emperor Naravarman. Since Emperor Naravarman was a devotee of Goddess Charchika, who is also known as Vijaya, this landmark is popularly known as Vijaya temple. The building was never finished which can easily be seen by the carved niches and unfinished architectural pieces found round the base of the temple plinth. It is said that during the mughal Emperor Aurangzeb period (1658A.D.-1707 A.D.), the temple was demolished by Aurangzeb and he made a mosque over the demolished remains of the temple and named it as "Alamgir Mosque" (around 1682). Muslims started worshiping at the mosque after the construction of the mosque for many years.
In 1991, there was a heavy rain in the night in town that caused one of the walls of the mosque to fall down. Because of this destruction, many Hindu idols that were inside the mosque for more than 300 years were exposed and brought to the public attention that this is a Hindu temple. An investigation by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) found that the Hindu idols were buried under the platform on the northern side, used as the Hall of Prayer conducted especially on the days of Eid. Figures of Goddess Mahishasur Mardini and Lord Ganesha were also recovered during the excavation in (1972-1974). Unfortunately, a stay was put on the officer of Archaeological Survey of India, who was conducting the research. As an effect, the collector of that time of the town was transferred as under his orders only as the entire investigation was happening. The stay was applied by the government to avoid any riots between Hindu and Muslims. The case is still in the court but to maintain peace and Harmony, this case is under status quo. This is not related with BMandal Khajuraho.
Cunningham and Phanikanta Mishra regard this as the Vaidyanath temple mentioned in the Grahapati Kokkala inscription.
It was one of the 18 unexplored mounds in the vicinity of Khajuraho. The Archaeological Survey of India does not have the authority to excavate other mounds.
See also
Khajuraho
Grahpati Kokalla inscription
References
Temples in Madhya Pradesh
Bundelkhand
Chhatarpur
History of Madhya Pradesh
Khajuraho
Mosques converted from Hindu temples |
The list of ship decommissionings in 1933 includes a chronological list of all ships decommissioned in 1933.
See also
1933
Ship decommissionings
Ship |
First-seeded Margaret Smith was the four-time defending champion, and successfully defended her title, defeating Lesley Turner 6–3, 6–2 in the final to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1964 Australian Championships.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Margaret Smith is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Margaret Smith(champion)
Lesley Turner (finalist)
Jan Lehane (semifinals)
Robyn Ebbern (semifinals)
Judy Tegart (quarterfinals)
Madonna Schacht (quarterfinals)
Jill Blackman (quarterfinals)
Rita Bentley (first round)
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Earlier rounds
Section 1
Section 2
External links
1964 Australian Championships on australianopen.com, the source for this draw
1964 in women's tennis
1964
1964 in Australian tennis
1964 in Australian women's sport |
```c++
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#include "src/api/api-inl.h"
#include "src/builtins/builtins-utils-inl.h"
#include "src/builtins/builtins.h"
#include "src/heap/heap-inl.h" // For ToBoolean. TODO(jkummerow): Drop.
#include "src/json/json-stringifier.h"
#include "src/logging/counters.h"
#include "src/objects/objects-inl.h"
namespace v8 {
namespace internal {
namespace {
using v8::tracing::TracedValue;
#define MAX_STACK_LENGTH 100
class MaybeUtf8 {
public:
explicit MaybeUtf8(Isolate* isolate, Handle<String> string) : buf_(data_) {
string = String::Flatten(isolate, string);
int len;
if (string->IsOneByteRepresentation()) {
// Technically this allows unescaped latin1 characters but the trace
// events mechanism currently does the same and the current consuming
// tools are tolerant of it. A more correct approach here would be to
// escape non-ascii characters but this is easier and faster.
len = string->length();
AllocateSufficientSpace(len);
if (len > 0) {
// Why copy? Well, the trace event mechanism requires null-terminated
// strings, the bytes we get from SeqOneByteString are not. buf_ is
// guaranteed to be null terminated.
DisallowHeapAllocation no_gc;
memcpy(buf_, Handle<SeqOneByteString>::cast(string)->GetChars(no_gc),
len);
}
} else {
Local<v8::String> local = Utils::ToLocal(string);
auto* v8_isolate = reinterpret_cast<v8::Isolate*>(isolate);
len = local->Utf8Length(v8_isolate);
AllocateSufficientSpace(len);
if (len > 0) {
local->WriteUtf8(v8_isolate, reinterpret_cast<char*>(buf_));
}
}
buf_[len] = 0;
}
const char* operator*() const { return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(buf_); }
private:
void AllocateSufficientSpace(int len) {
if (len + 1 > MAX_STACK_LENGTH) {
allocated_.reset(new uint8_t[len + 1]);
buf_ = allocated_.get();
}
}
// In the most common cases, the buffer here will be stack allocated.
// A heap allocation will only occur if the data is more than MAX_STACK_LENGTH
// Given that this is used primarily for trace event categories and names,
// the MAX_STACK_LENGTH should be more than enough.
uint8_t* buf_;
uint8_t data_[MAX_STACK_LENGTH];
std::unique_ptr<uint8_t> allocated_;
};
class JsonTraceValue : public ConvertableToTraceFormat {
public:
explicit JsonTraceValue(Isolate* isolate, Handle<String> object) {
// object is a JSON string serialized using JSON.stringify() from within
// the BUILTIN(Trace) method. This may (likely) contain UTF8 values so
// to grab the appropriate buffer data we have to serialize it out. We
// hold on to the bits until the AppendAsTraceFormat method is called.
MaybeUtf8 data(isolate, object);
data_ = *data;
}
void AppendAsTraceFormat(std::string* out) const override { *out += data_; }
private:
std::string data_;
};
const uint8_t* GetCategoryGroupEnabled(Isolate* isolate,
Handle<String> string) {
MaybeUtf8 category(isolate, string);
return TRACE_EVENT_API_GET_CATEGORY_GROUP_ENABLED(*category);
}
#undef MAX_STACK_LENGTH
} // namespace
// Builins::kIsTraceCategoryEnabled(category) : bool
BUILTIN(IsTraceCategoryEnabled) {
HandleScope scope(isolate);
Handle<Object> category = args.atOrUndefined(isolate, 1);
if (!category->IsString()) {
THROW_NEW_ERROR_RETURN_FAILURE(
isolate, NewTypeError(MessageTemplate::kTraceEventCategoryError));
}
return isolate->heap()->ToBoolean(
*GetCategoryGroupEnabled(isolate, Handle<String>::cast(category)));
}
// Builtins::kTrace(phase, category, name, id, data) : bool
BUILTIN(Trace) {
HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
Handle<Object> phase_arg = args.atOrUndefined(isolate, 1);
Handle<Object> category = args.atOrUndefined(isolate, 2);
Handle<Object> name_arg = args.atOrUndefined(isolate, 3);
Handle<Object> id_arg = args.atOrUndefined(isolate, 4);
Handle<Object> data_arg = args.atOrUndefined(isolate, 5);
const uint8_t* category_group_enabled =
GetCategoryGroupEnabled(isolate, Handle<String>::cast(category));
// Exit early if the category group is not enabled.
if (!*category_group_enabled) {
return ReadOnlyRoots(isolate).false_value();
}
if (!phase_arg->IsNumber()) {
THROW_NEW_ERROR_RETURN_FAILURE(
isolate, NewTypeError(MessageTemplate::kTraceEventPhaseError));
}
if (!category->IsString()) {
THROW_NEW_ERROR_RETURN_FAILURE(
isolate, NewTypeError(MessageTemplate::kTraceEventCategoryError));
}
if (!name_arg->IsString()) {
THROW_NEW_ERROR_RETURN_FAILURE(
isolate, NewTypeError(MessageTemplate::kTraceEventNameError));
}
uint32_t flags = TRACE_EVENT_FLAG_COPY;
int32_t id = 0;
if (!id_arg->IsNullOrUndefined(isolate)) {
if (!id_arg->IsNumber()) {
THROW_NEW_ERROR_RETURN_FAILURE(
isolate, NewTypeError(MessageTemplate::kTraceEventIDError));
}
flags |= TRACE_EVENT_FLAG_HAS_ID;
id = DoubleToInt32(id_arg->Number());
}
Handle<String> name_str = Handle<String>::cast(name_arg);
if (name_str->length() == 0) {
THROW_NEW_ERROR_RETURN_FAILURE(
isolate, NewTypeError(MessageTemplate::kTraceEventNameLengthError));
}
MaybeUtf8 name(isolate, name_str);
// We support passing one additional trace event argument with the
// name "data". Any JSON serializable value may be passed.
static const char* arg_name = "data";
int32_t num_args = 0;
uint8_t arg_type;
uint64_t arg_value;
if (!data_arg->IsUndefined(isolate)) {
// Serializes the data argument as a JSON string, which is then
// copied into an object. This eliminates duplicated code but
// could have perf costs. It is also subject to all the same
// limitations as JSON.stringify() as it relates to circular
// references and value limitations (e.g. BigInt is not supported).
Handle<Object> result;
ASSIGN_RETURN_FAILURE_ON_EXCEPTION(
isolate, result,
JsonStringify(isolate, data_arg, isolate->factory()->undefined_value(),
isolate->factory()->undefined_value()));
std::unique_ptr<JsonTraceValue> traced_value;
traced_value.reset(
new JsonTraceValue(isolate, Handle<String>::cast(result)));
tracing::SetTraceValue(std::move(traced_value), &arg_type, &arg_value);
num_args++;
}
TRACE_EVENT_API_ADD_TRACE_EVENT(
static_cast<char>(DoubleToInt32(phase_arg->Number())),
category_group_enabled, *name, tracing::kGlobalScope, id, tracing::kNoId,
num_args, &arg_name, &arg_type, &arg_value, flags);
return ReadOnlyRoots(isolate).true_value();
}
} // namespace internal
} // namespace v8
``` |
The Dubrovnik Symphony Orchestra () is a professional musical orchestra from the city of Dubrovnik, Croatia and the chief musical representative of the Dubrovnik region. In its work it carries on with the musical history started in the earlier Republic of Dubrovnik (then Ragusa).
History
Music in Dubrovnik advanced with the support of the most affluent nobility. The first musical groups were formed to perform concerts in celebration of the city's patron, Saint Blaise (locally Sveti Vlaho). For these performances only the most talented musicians were selected.
As the number of musicians in the Republic increased, the Senate decided to introduce qualified professors who could teach music to the youth. Apart from teaching, these professors played in the orchestra Knez's Music (Croatian: ). Musical influence during this time mostly came from the Italian city states, so the professors during this time were mostly from Italy. Young musicians extended their musical education most often in the cities of Naples and Rome.
In modern times, an orchestra was formed on August 25, 1925 under the name Dubrovnik Philharmonic Orchestra. The first symphony concert was held in the Marin Držić Theatre under the Polish conductor Tadeusz Sygietynski, then the conductor of the Warsaw Opera company. Reviews of the performance were good, and the activities of the orchestra were soon financed by the local government.
Over the years the orchestra changed its name several times. In 1946 it took on the name Dubrovnik City Orchestra. In 1992, it began to work closely with the Dubrovnik Summer Games and changed its name to the Dubrovnik Festival Orchestra. The current name was adopted in 1995.
Over the years many well-known conductors and performers have played with the orchestra: Lovro von Matačić, Zubin Mehta, Kirill Kondrashin, Ernst Märzendorfer, Henryk Szeryng, Mstislav Rostropovich, Antonio Janigro, Yehudi Menuhin, David Oistrakh, Sviatoslav Richter and others.
Present
The orchestra regularly performs at the Dubrovnik Summer Festival. Its repertoire includes many of Dubrovnik's 18th century classics, especially those of Luka Sorkočević and Ivan Mane Jarnović. The orchestra also holds concerts in the atrium of the Rector's Palace, as well as performing around Croatia and internationally.
Throughout the year, Dubrovnik Symphony Orchestra produces music festivals that attract audiences from all over the world:
- Dubrovnik Late Summer Festival
- Orlando Furioso
- Tino Pattiera
- Autumn Music Variety
- Stradun Classic
- Dubrovnik Music Spring
Together with renowned musicians and conductors, Dubrovnik Symphony Orchestra participates in creation of quality cultural programme, presenting Dubrovnik as a cultural destination.
External links
Croatian orchestras
Symphony Orchestra
Musical groups established in 1925
1925 establishments in Yugoslavia
Classical music in Croatia |
Artificial Minds: An Exploration of the Mechanisms of Mind is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press.
The book is a wide-ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written. As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers to be the most promising examples of the era.
References
Causey, Robert L. (1998) Review of Artificial Minds by Stan Franklin. ACM SIGART Bulletin 9(1): 35–39.
da Fontoura Costa, Luciano. (1999) "Franklin's New Infant Theory of Mind: Review of Artificial Minds: An Exploration of the Mechanisms of Mind by Stan Franklin." Psyche 5(29): n. pag.
Wolpert, Seth. (1997) Review of Artificial Minds by Stan Franklin. Computers in Physics 11(3): 258–259.
1995 non-fiction books
Artificial intelligence publications
Computer science books |
Ryan Dean Wisler, better known by his stage name Kno, is an American alternative hip hop rapper, producer, and singer. He is a founding member of the hip hop groups CunninLynguists and Built to Fade. Kno is currently signed to QN5 Music and APOS Music. In 2010, Kno was named "one of the top loop-miners east of the Mississippi" by URB.
History
Kno first became known as a prominent hip hop producer and rapper through the indie hip hop group CunninLynguists, which consists of him, Deacon the Villain and Natti. In 2004, he released his remixed version of Jay-Z's album The Black Album, called Kno vs Hov – The White Albulum. Between 2004 and 2006, he released a series of hip hop instrumentals, named Excrementals.
In 2010, Kno released his debut solo album Death Is Silent, which was critically acclaimed, with URB Magazine giving the album 4.5/5, saying "Easily one of the top five most satisfying hip-hop albums of the year and possibly one of the year's ten best genre-wide." and HipHopDX giving it a 4/5 saying: "This makes the production on Death is Silent that much more poignant as Kno chose to go across the Atlantic rather than across the Mississippi when it came to mining sounds for one of the year’s strongest collection of beats." In 2013, Kno formed a new group, Built to Fade, with vocalists Dane Ferguson, Zoe Wick and Anna Wise (of Sonnymoon). The band released their debut album, To Dust, on November 12.
Discography
Studio albums
Solo
Death Is Silent (2010)
Bones (2016)
Collaborations
Machete Vision (2011) (with Marq Spekt)
Bring Me Back When the World Is Cured (2022) (with Sadistik)
with CunninLynguists
Will Rap for Food (2001)
SouthernUnderground (2003)
A Piece of Strange (2005)
Dirty Acres (2007)
Oneirology (2011)
Rose Azura Njano (2017)
with Built to Fade
To Dust (2013)
Lies in Nostalgia (2020)
Other releases
EPs
Phantom Limbs (2015) (with Sadistik)
Remix albums
Kno vs Hov – The White Albulum (2004)
Mixtapes
Excrementals Vol. 1 (2004)
Excrementals Vol. 2 (2004)
Excrementals Vol. 3 (2004)
Excrementals Vol. 4 (2006)
Excrementals Vol. 5 (2006)
Production credits
Jugga the Bully – "Tha Jugganaut's Comin'", "Pressure", "Feel Me", "Sh*t Is Bangin", "Anachronisms" and "You Dat" from Hostile Takeover (1999)
Tonedeff – "Love Ain't (Remix)" from Underscore (2003)
Substantial – "Arrogant" from Substantial Evidence (2003)
iCON the Mic King – "Ahead of My Time" from Rent Money Music (2003)
Braille – "Right This Moment" from Shades Of Grey (2004)
Oktober – "Stay in Line" from Project:Building (2004)
Tonedeff – "Loyal" from Archetype (2005)
PackFM – "Excuses", "Ugly Woman" and "Forevershine" from WhutduzFMstand4? (2006)
Pizon – "Say Goodbye" and "Four Letters" from I Am Hip Hop (2006)
Celph Titled – "Clap" and "616 Rewind" from The Gatalog: A Collection Of Chaos (2006)
Elemental Zazen – "No Survivors" and "Hanging by a Thread" from The Glass Should Be Full (2008)
Inverse – "Til The End (C.A.L.I.)" and "Look Around" from So Far (The Collection) (2008)
Braille – "Get It Right" from The IV Edition (2008)
Substantial – "It's You (I Think)" from Sacrifice (2008)
PackFM – "Wanna Know" from I F*cking Hate Rappers (2010)
Freddie Gibbs – "The Coldest" from Str8 Killa (2010)
Deacon the Villain and Sheisty Khrist – "A Million Miles" and "Black Dog" from Niggaz With Latitude (2010)
Sadistik – "Kill the King" from Flowers for My Father (2013)
Natti – "Another Galaxy", "Just Like You" and "Filthy Hard" from Still Motion (2013)
References
External links
Kno on Bandcamp
Kno on Discogs
QN5
Living people
Southern hip hop musicians
Rappers from Atlanta
Rappers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Underground rappers
American male rappers
Alternative hip hop musicians
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
1977 births |
The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin ( ; Dakota: /otʃʰeːtʰi ʃakoːwĩ/) are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples from the Great Plains of North America. The Sioux have two major linguistic divisions: the Dakota and Lakota peoples. Collectively, they are the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, or "Seven Council Fires". The term "Sioux", an exonym from a French transcription ("Nadouessioux") of the Ojibwe term "Nadowessi", can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation's many language dialects.
Before the 17th century, the Santee Dakota (; "Knife" also known as the Eastern Dakota) lived around Lake Superior with territories in present-day northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. They gathered wild rice, hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish. Wars with the Ojibwe throughout the 18th century pushed the Dakota west into southern Minnesota, where the Western Dakota (Yankton, Yanktonai) and Lakota (Teton) lived. In the 19th century, the Dakota signed land cession treaties with the United States for much of their Minnesota lands. The United States failure to make treaty payments or provide rations on time, led to starvation and the Dakota War of 1862, which resulted in the Dakota's exile from Minnesota. They were forced onto reservations in Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota, while some fled to Canada. After 1870, the Dakota people began to return to Minnesota, creating the present-day reservations in the state. The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota ( and ; "Village-at-the-end" and "Little village-at-the-end"), collectively also referred to by the endonym , lived near Minnesota River before ceding their land and moving to South Dakota in 1858. Despite ceding their lands, their treaty with the U.S. government allowed them to maintain their traditional role in the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ as the caretakers of the Pipestone Quarry, a cultural center for Sioux people. Considered to be the Western Dakota, they have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota. Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana.
The Lakota, also called Teton (; possibly "dwellers on the prairie"), are the westernmost Sioux, known for their Plains Indians hunting and warrior culture. With the arrival of the horse in the 18th century, the Lakota become a powerful tribe on the Northern Plains by the 1850s. They fought the U.S. Army in the Sioux Wars including defeating the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of Little Big Horn. The armed conflicts with the U.S. ended with the Wounded Knee Massacre.
Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the Dakota and Lakota continued to fight for their treaty rights, including the Wounded Knee incident, Dakota Access Pipeline protests and the 1980 Supreme Court case, United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, in which the court ruled that tribal lands covered under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 had been taken illegally by the US government, and the tribe was owed compensation plus interest. As of 2018, this amounted to more than $1 billion; the Sioux have refused the payment, demanding instead the return of the Black Hills. Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments across several reservations and communities in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States; and reserves in Manitoba, and Saskatchewan in Canada.
Culture
Etymology
The Sioux people refer to their whole nation of people (sometimes called the Great Sioux Nation) as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (pronounced , meaning "Seven Council Fires"). Each fire is a symbol of an oyate (people or nation). Today the seven nations that comprise the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ are:
the Thítȟuŋwaŋ (also known collectively as the Lakota or Teton)
Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute, and Sisíthuŋwaŋ (also known collectively as the Santee or Eastern Dakota)
and Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ and Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (also known collectively as the Yankton/Yanktonai or Western Dakota).
They are also referred to as the Lakota or Dakota as based upon dialect differences. In any of the dialects, Lakota or Dakota translates to mean "friend" or "ally" referring to the alliances between the bands.
The name "Sioux" was adopted in English by the 1760s from French. It is abbreviated from the French Nadouessioux, first attested by Jean Nicolet in 1640. The name is sometimes said to be derived from "Nadowessi" (plural "Nadowessiwag"), an Ojibwe exonym for the Sioux meaning "little snakes" (compare nadowe "big snakes", used for the Iroquois). The French pluralized the Ojibwe singular "Nadowessi" by adding the French plural suffix "oux" to form "Nadowessioux," which was later shortened to "Sioux."
The Proto-Algonquian form *na·towe·wa, meaning "Northern Iroquoian", has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake (massasauga, Sistrurus). An alternative explanation is derivation from an (Algonquian) exonym na·towe·ssiw (plural na·towe·ssiwak), from a verb *-a·towe· meaning "to speak a foreign language". The current Ojibwe term for the Sioux and related groups is Bwaanag (singular Bwaan), meaning "roasters". Presumably, this refers to the style of cooking the Sioux used in the past.
In recent times, some of the tribes have formally or informally reclaimed traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Sičháŋǧu Oyáte, and the Oglala often use the name Oglála Lakȟóta Oyáte, rather than the formal Oglala Sioux Tribe or OST. The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered incorrect.
Traditional social structure
The traditional social structure of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ strongly relied on kinship ties that extend beyond human interaction and includes the natural and supernatural worlds. Mitákuye Oyás’iŋ ("all are related") represents a spiritual belief of how human beings should ideally act and relate to other humans, the natural world, the spiritual world, and to the cosmos. The thiyóšpaye represents the political and economic structure of traditional society.
Thiyóšpaye (community) kinship
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the different Očhéthi Šakówiŋ villages (oyáte, "tribe/nation") consisted of many thiyóšpaye ("camp circles"), which were large extended families united by kinship (thiwáhe, "immediate family"). Thiyóšpaye varied in size, were led by a leader appointed by an elder council and were nicknamed after a prominent member or memorable event associated with the band. Dakota ethnographer Ella Cara Deloria noted the kinship ties were all-important, they dictated and demanded all phrases of traditional life:
During the fur trade era, the thiyóšpaye refused to trade only for economic reasons. Instead the production and trade of goods was regulated by rules of kinship bonds. Personal relationships were pivotal for success: in order for European-Americans to trade with the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, social bonds had to be created. The most successful fur traders married into the kinship society, which also raised the status of the family of the woman through access to European goods. Outsiders are also adopted into the kinship through the religious Huŋkalowaŋpi ceremony. Early European explorers and missionaries who lived among the Dakota were sometimes adopted into the thiyóšpaye (known as "huŋka relatives"), such as Louis Hennepin who noted, "this help’d me to gain credit among these people". During the later reservation era, districts were often settled by clusters of families from the same thiyóšpaye.
Religion
The traditional social system extended beyond human interaction into the supernatural realms. It is believed that Wakȟáŋ Tháŋka ("Great Spirit/Great Mystery") created the universe and embodies everything in the universe as one. The preeminent symbol of Sioux religion is the Čhaŋgléska Wakȟaŋ ("sacred hoop"), which visually represents the concept that everything in the universe is intertwined. The creation stories of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ describe how the various spirits were formed from Wakȟáŋ Tháŋka. Black Elk describes the relationships with Wakȟáŋ Tháŋka as:
Prayer is believed to invoke relationships with one's ancestors or spiritual world. The Lakota word for prayer, wočhékiye, means "to call on for aid," "to pray," and "to claim relationship with". Their primary cultural prophet is Ptesáŋwiŋ, White Buffalo Calf Woman, who came as an intermediary between Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka and humankind to teach them how to be good relatives by introducing the Seven Sacred Rites and the čhaŋnúŋpa (sacred pipe). The seven ceremonies are Inípi (purification lodge), Haŋbléčheyapi (crying for vision), Wiwáŋyaŋg Wačhípi (Sun Dance), Huŋkalowaŋpi (making of relatives), Išnáthi Awíčhalowaŋpi (female puberty ceremony), Tȟápa Waŋkáyeyapi (throwing of the ball) and Wanáǧi Yuhápi (soul keeping). Each part of the čhaŋnúŋpa (stem, bowl, tobacco, breath, and smoke) is symbolic of the relationships of the natural world, the elements, humans and the spiritual beings that maintain the cycle of the universe.
Dreams can also be a means of establishing relationships with spirits and are important to the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ. One can gain supernatural powers through dreams. Dreaming of the Wakíŋyaŋ (thunder beings) is believed to involuntarily make someone a Heyókȟa, a sacred clown. Black Elk, a famous Heyókȟa said: "Only those who have had visions of the thunder beings of the west can act as heyokas. They have sacred power and they share some of this with all the people, but they do it through funny actions".
Governance
Historical leadership organization
The thiyóšpaye of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ assembled each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters, and participate in the Sun Dance. The seven divisions selected four leaders known as Wičháša Yatápika from among the leaders of each division. Being one of the four leaders was considered the highest honor for a leader; however, the annual gathering meant the majority of tribal administration was cared for by the usual leaders of each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council Fires was in 1850. The historical political organization was based on individual participation and the cooperation of many to sustain the tribe's way of life. Leaders were chosen based upon noble birth and demonstrations of chiefly virtues, such as bravery, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom.
Political leaders were members of the Načá Omníčiye society and decided matters of tribal hunts, camp movements, whether to make war or peace with their neighbors, or any other community action.
Societies were similar to fraternities; men joined to raise their position in the tribe. Societies were composed of smaller clans and varied in number among the seven divisions. There were two types of societies: Akíčhita, for the younger men, and Načá, for elders and former leaders.
Akíčhita (Warrior) societies existed to train warriors, hunters, and to police the community. There were many smaller Akíčhita societies, including the Kit-Fox, Strong Heart, Elk, and so on.
Leaders in the Načá societies, per Načá Omníčiye, were the tribal elders and leaders. They elected seven to ten men, depending on the division, each referred to as Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ ("chief man"). Each Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ interpreted and enforced the decisions of the Načá.
The Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ elected two to four Shirt Wearers, who were the voice of the society. They settled quarrels among families and also foreign nations. Shirt Wearers were often young men from families with hereditary claims of leadership. However, men with obscure parents who displayed outstanding leadership skills and had earned the respect of the community might also be elected. Crazy Horse is an example of a common-born "Shirt Wearer".
A Wakíčhuŋza ("Pipe Holder") ranked below the "Shirt Wearers". The Pipe Holders regulated peace ceremonies, selected camp locations, and supervised the Akíčhita societies during buffalo hunts.
Gender roles
Within the Sioux tribes, there were defined gender roles. The men in the village were tasked as the hunters, traveling outside the village. The women within the village were in charge of making clothing and similar articles while also taking care of, and owning, the house. However, even with these roles, both men and women held power in decision-making tasks and sexual preferences were flexible and allowed. The term wíŋtke refers to men who partook in traditional feminine duties while the term witkówiŋ ("crazy woman") was used for women who rejected their roles as either mother or wife to be a prostitute.
Funeral practices
Traditional Funeral Practices
It is a common belief amongst Siouan communities that the spirit of the deceased travels to an afterlife. In traditional beliefs, this spiritual journey was believed to start once funeral proceedings were complete and spanned over a course of four days. Mourning family and friends took part in that four-day wake in order to accompany the spirit to its resting place. In the past, bodies were not embalmed and put up on a burial scaffold for one year before a ground burial. A platform to rest the body was put up on trees or, alternately, placed on four upright poles to elevate the body from the ground. The bodies were securely wrapped in blankets and cloths, along with many of the deceased personal belongings and were always placed with their head pointed towards the south. Mourning individuals spoke to the body and offer food as if it were still alive. This practice, along with the Ghost Dance helped individuals mourn and connect the spirits of the deceased with those who were alive. The only time a body was buried in the ground right after their death was if the individual was murdered: the deceased were placed in the ground with their heads towards the south, while faced down along with a piece of fat in their mouth.
Contemporary Funeral Practices
According to Pat Janis, director of the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s Burial Assistance Program, funeral practices of communities today are often a mix of traditions and contemporary Christian practices. While tree burials and scaffold burials are not practiced anymore, it is also now rare to see families observe a four-day wake period. Instead, the families opt for one- or two-day wake periods which include a funeral feast for all the community. Added to the contemporary funeral practices, it is common to see prayers conducted by a medicine man along with traditional songs often sung with a drum. One member of the family is also required to be present next to the body at all times until the burial. Gifts are placed within the casket to aid with the journey into the afterworld, which is still believed to take up to four days after death.
Music
History
Ancestral Sioux
The ancestral Sioux most likely lived in the Central Mississippi Valley region and later in Minnesota for at least two or three thousand years. The ancestors of the Sioux arrived in the northwoods of central Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin from the Central Mississippi River shortly before 800 AD. Archaeologists refer to them as the Woodland Blackduck-Kathio-Clam River Continuum. Around 1300 AD, they adopted the characteristics of a northern tribal society and became known as the Seven Council Fires.
First contact with Europeans
The Dakota are first recorded to have resided at the source of the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes during the seventeenth century. They were dispersed west in 1659 due to warfare with the Iroquois. During the 1600s, the Lakota began their expansion westward into the Plains, taking with them the bulk of people of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ. By 1700 the Dakota were living in Wisconsin and Minnesota. As the Sioux nation began expanding with access to horses, the Dakota were put in a weakened position to defend the eastern border: new diseases (smallpox and malaria) and increased intertribal warfare (between the migration of tribes fleeing the Iroquois into their territory of present-day Wisconsin) put a strain on their ability to maintain their territory. As a result, their population in the Mississippi valley is believed to have declined by one-third between 1680 and 1805.
French trade and intertribal warfare
Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants. The French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the Hudson's Bay Company. The Ojibwe, Potawatomi and Ottawa bands were among the first to trade with the French as they migrated into the Great Lakes region. Upon their arrival, Dakota were in an economic alliance with them until the Dakota were able to trade directly for European goods with the French. The first recorded encounter between the Sioux and the French occurred when Radisson and Groseilliers reached what is now Wisconsin during the winter of 1659–60. Later visiting French traders and missionaries included Claude-Jean Allouez, Daniel Greysolon Duluth, and Pierre-Charles Le Sueur who wintered with Dakota bands in early 1700.
The Dakota began to resent the Ojibwe trading with the hereditary enemies of the Sioux, the Cree and Assiniboine. Tensions rose in the 1720s into a prolonged war in 1736. The Dakota lost their traditional lands around Leech Lake and Mille Lacs as they were forced south along the Mississippi River and St. Croix River Valley as a result of the battles. These intertribal conflicts also made it dangerous for European fur traders: whichever side they traded with, they were viewed as enemies from the other. For example, in 1736 a group of Sioux killed Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and twenty other men on an island in Lake of the Woods for such reasons. However, trade with the French continued until the French gave up North America in 1763. Europeans repeatedly tried to make truce between the warring tribes in order to protect their interests.
One of the larger battles between the Dakota and Ojibwe took place in 1770 fought at the Dalles of the St. Croix. According to William Whipple Warren, a Métis historian, the fighting began when the Meskwaki (Fox) engaged the Ojibwe (their hereditary enemies) around St. Croix Falls. The Sioux were the former enemies of the Meskwaki and were enlisted to make a joint attack against the Ojibwe. The Meskwaki were first to engage with the large Ojibwe war party led by Waubojeeg: the Meskwaki allegedly boasted to the Dakota to hold back as they would quickly destroy their enemies. When the Dakota joined the battle, they had the upper hand until Sandy Lake Ojibwe reinforcements arrived. The Dakota were driven back and Warren states: "Many were driven over the rocks into the boiling floods below, there to find a watery grave. Others, in attempting to jump into their narrow wooden canoes, were capsized into the rapids". While Dakota and Ojibwe suffered heavy losses, the Meskwaki were left with the most dead and forced to join their relatives, the Sauk people. The victory for the Ojibwe secured control of the Upper St. Croix and created an informal boundary between the Dakota and Ojibwe around the mouth of the Snake River.
As the Lakota entered the prairies, they adopted many of the customs of the neighboring Plains tribes, creating new cultural patterns based on the horse and fur trade. Meanwhile, the Dakota retained many of their Woodlands features. By 1803, the three divisions of the Sioux (Western/Eastern Dakota and Lakota) were established in their different environments and had developed their own distinctive lifeways. However, due to the prevalent cultural concept of thiyóšpaye (community), the three divisions maintained strong ties throughout the changing times to present day.
Treaties and reservation period beginnings
In 1805, the Dakota signed their first treaty with the American government. Zebulon Pike negotiated for 100,000 acres of land at the confluence of the St. Croix River about what now is Hastings, Minnesota and the confluence of the Minnesota River and Mississippi River about what now is St. Paul, Minnesota. The Americans wanted to establish military outposts and the Dakota wanted a new source of trading. An American military post was not established at the confluence of the St. Croix with the Mississippi, but Fort Snelling was established in 1819 along the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers. In return, Dakota were promised the ability to "pass and repass, hunt, or make other uses of the said districts as they have formerly done".
In an attempt to stop intertribal warfare and to better able to negotiate with tribes, the American government signed the 1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien with the Dakota, Ojibwe, Menominee, Ho-Chunk, Sac and Fox, Iowa, Potawatomi, and Ottawa tribes. In the 1830 Treaty of Prairie de Chien, the Western Dakota (Yankton, Yanktonai) ceded their lands along the Des Moines river to the American government. Living in what is now southeastern South Dakota, the leaders of the Western Dakota signed the Treaty of April 19, 1858, which created the Yankton Sioux Reservation. Pressured by the ongoing arrival of Europeans, Yankton chief Struck by the Ree told his people, "The white men are coming in like maggots. It is useless to resist them. They are many more than we are. We could not hope to stop them. Many of our brave warriors would be killed, our women and children left in sorrow, and still we would not stop them. We must accept it, get the best terms we can get and try to adopt their ways." Despite ceding their lands, the treaty allowed the Western Dakota to maintain their traditional role in the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ as the caretakers of the Pipestone Quarry, which is the cultural center of the Sioux people.
With the creation of Minnesota Territory by the U.S. in 1849, the Eastern Dakota (Sisseton, Wahpeton, Mdewakanton, and Wahpekute) people were pressured to cede more of their land. The reservation period for them began in 1851 with the signing of the Treaty of Mendota and the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux. The Treaty of Mendota was signed near Pilot Knob on the south bank of the Minnesota River and within sight of Fort Snelling. The treaty stipulated that the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute bands were to receive US$1,410,000 in return for relocating to the Lower Sioux Agency on the Minnesota River near present-day Morton, Minnesota along with giving up their rights to a significant portion of southern Minnesota. In the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux, the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of the Dakota ceded 21 million acres for $1,665,000, or about 7.5 cents an acre. However, the American government kept more than 80% of the funds with only the interest (5% for 50 years) being paid to the Dakota.
The U.S. set aside two reservations for the Sioux along the Minnesota River, each about wide and long. Later the government declared these were intended to be temporary, in an effort to force the Sioux out of Minnesota. The Upper Sioux Agency for the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands was established near Granite Falls, Minnesota, while the Lower Sioux Agency for the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute bands was established about thirty miles downstream near what developed as Redwood Falls, Minnesota. The Upper Sioux were not satisfied with their reservation because of low food supplies, but as it included several of their old villages, they agreed to stay. The Lower Sioux were displaced from their traditional woodlands and were dissatisfied with their new territory of mostly prairie.
The U.S. intended the treaties to encourage the Sioux to convert from their nomadic hunting lifestyle into more European-American settled farming, offering them compensation in the transition. By 1858, the Dakota only had a small strip of land along the Minnesota River, with no access to their traditional hunting grounds. They had to rely on treaty payments for their survival, which were often late. The forced change in lifestyle and the much lower than expected payments from the federal government caused economic suffering and increased social tensions within the tribes. By 1862, many Dakota were starving and tensions erupted in the Dakota War of 1862.
Dakota War of 1862 and the Dakota diaspora
By 1862, shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders refuse to issue any credit to the Dakota. One trader, Andrew Myrick, went so far as to say, "If they're hungry, let them eat grass."
On August 16, 1862, the treaty payments to the eastern Dakota arrived in St. Paul, Minnesota, and were brought to Fort Ridgely the next day. However, they arrived too late to prevent the war. On August 17, 1862, the Dakota War began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family. They inspired further attacks on white settlements along the Minnesota River. On August 18, 1862, Little Crow of the Mdewakanton band led a group that attacked the Lower Sioux Agency (or Redwood Agency) and trading post located there. Later, settlers found Myrick among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass. Many of the upper Dakota (Sisseton and Wahpeton) wanted no part in the attacks with the majority of the 4,000 members of the Sisseton and Wahpeton opposed to the war. Thus their bands did not participate in the early killings. Historian Mary Wingerd has stated that it is "a complete myth that all the Dakota people went to war against the United States" and that it was rather "a faction that went on the offensive".
Most of Little Crow's men surrendered shortly after the Battle of Wood Lake at Camp Release on September 26, 1862. Little Crow was forced to retreat sometime in September 1862. He stayed briefly in Canada but soon returned to the western Minnesota. He was killed on July 3, 1863, near Hutchinson, Minnesota while gathering raspberries with his teenage son. The pair had wandered onto the land of a settler Nathan Lamson, who shot at them to collect bounties. Once it was discovered that the body was of Little Crow, his skull and scalp were put on display by the Minnesota Historical Society in St. Paul, Minnesota. The State held the trophies until 1971 when it returned the remains to Little Crow's grandson. For killing Little Crow the state increased the bounty to $500 when it paid Lamson.
On November 5, 1862 a military tribunal found 303 mostly Mdewakanton tribesmen guilty of rape, murder and atrocities of hundreds of Minnesota settlers. They were sentenced to be hanged. The men had no attorneys or defense witnesses, and many were convicted in less than five minutes. President Abraham Lincoln commuted the death sentences of 284 of the warriors, while signing off on the hanging of 38 Santee men on December 26, 1862 in Mankato, Minnesota. It was the largest mass-execution in U.S. history, on US soil. The men remanded by order of President Lincoln were sent to a prison in Iowa, where more than half died.
Afterwards, the US Congress annulled all treaty agreements with the eastern Dakota and expelled the eastern Dakota with the Forfeiture Act of February 16, 1863, meaning all lands held by the eastern Dakota, and all annuities due to them, were forfeited to the US government. During and after the hostilities, the majority of eastern Dakota fled Minnesota for the Dakota territory or Canada. Some settled in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri river. There were as few as 50 eastern Dakota left in Minnesota by 1867. Many had fled to the Santee Sioux Reservation in Nebraska (created 1863), the Flandreau Reservation (created 1869 from members who left the Santee Reservation), the Lake Traverse and Spirit Lake Reservations (both created 1867). Those who fled to Canada throughout the 1870s now have descendants residing on nine small Dakota Reserves, five of which are located in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Dakota Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Canupawakpa Dakota) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, White Cap, Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan. A few Dakota joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military, later settling on the Fort Peck Reservation in Montana.
Westward expansion of the Lakota
Prior to the 1650s, the Thítȟuŋwaŋ division of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ known as the Lakota was noted as being located east of the Red River, and living on the fringes of the prairies and woods of the prairies of southern Minnesota and the eastern Dakotas by at least 1680. According to Baptiste Good's winter count, the Lakota had horses by 1700. While the Dakota continued a subsistence cycle of corn, wild rice and hunting woodland animals, the Lakota increasing became reliant on bison for meat and its by-products (housing, clothing, tools) as they expanded their territory westward with the arrival of the horse. After their adoption of horse culture, Lakota society centered on the buffalo hunt on horseback.
By the 19th century, the typical year of the Lakota was a communal buffalo hunt as early in spring as their horses had recovered from the rigors of the winter. In June and July, the scattered bands of the tribes gathered together into large encampments, which included ceremonies such as the Sun Dance. These gatherings afforded leaders to meet to make political decisions, plan movements, arbitrate disputes, and organize and launch raiding expeditions or war parties. In the fall, people split into smaller bands to facilitate hunting to procure meat for the long winter. Between the fall hunt and the onset of winter was a time when Lakota warriors could undertake raiding and warfare. With the coming of winter snows, the Lakota settled into winter camps, where activities of the season, ceremonies and dances as well as trying to ensure adequate winter feed for their horses.
They began to dominate the prairies east of the Missouri river by the 1720s. At the same time, the Lakota branch split into two major sects, the Saône who moved to the Lake Traverse area on the South Dakota–North Dakota–Minnesota border, and the Oglála-Sičháŋǧu who occupied the James River valley. However, by about 1750 the Saône had moved to the east bank of the Missouri River, followed 10 years later by the Oglála and Brulé (Sičháŋǧu). By 1750, they had crossed the Missouri River and encountered Lewis and Clark in 1804. Initial United States contact with the Lakota during the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806 was marked by a standoff. Lakota bands refused to allow the explorers to continue upstream, and the expedition prepared for battle, which never came. In 1776, the Lakota defeated the Cheyenne for the Black Hills, who had earlier taken the region from the Kiowa. The Cheyenne then moved west to the Powder River country, and the Lakota made the Black Hills their home.
As their territory expanded, so did the number of rival groups they encountered. They secured an alliance with the Northern Cheyenne and Northern Arapaho by the 1820s as intertribal warfare on the plains increased amongst the tribes for access to the dwindling population of buffalo. The alliance fought the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara for control of the Missouri River in North Dakota. By the 1840s, their territory expanded to the Powder River country in Montana, in which they fought with the Crow. Their victories over these tribes during this time period were aided by the fact those tribes were decimated by European diseases. Most of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara were killed by smallpox and almost half the population of the Crow were killed due to smallpox, cholera and other diseases. In 1843, the southern Lakotas attacked Pawnee Chief Blue Coat's village near the Loup in Nebraska, killing many and burning half of the earth lodges, and 30 years later, the Lakota again inflicted a blow so severe on the Pawnee during the Massacre Canyon battle near Republican River. By the 1850s, the Lakota were known as the most powerful tribe on the Plains.
Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851
The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 was signed on September 17, 1851, between United States treaty commissioners and representatives of the Cheyenne, Sioux, Arapaho, Crow, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nations. The treaty was an agreement between nine more or less independent parties. The treaty set forth traditional territorial claims of the tribes as among themselves. The United States acknowledged that all the land covered by the treaty was Indian territory and did not claim any part of it. The boundaries agreed to in the Fort Laramie treaty of 1851 were used to settle a number of claims cases in the 20th century. The tribes guaranteed safe passage for settlers on the Oregon Trail and allowed roads and forts to be built in their territories in return for promises of an annuity in the amount of fifty thousand dollars for fifty years. The treaty should also "make an effective and lasting peace" among the eight tribes, each of them often at odds with a number of the others.
The treaty was broken almost immediately after its inception by the Lakota and Cheyenne attacking the Crow over the next two years. In 1858, the failure of the United States to prevent the mass immigration of miners and settlers into Colorado during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush, also did not help matters. They took over Indian lands in order to mine them, "against the protests of the Indians," and founded towns, started farms, and improved roads. Such immigrants competed with the tribes for game and water, straining limited resources and resulting in conflicts with the emigrants. The U.S. government did not enforce the treaty to keep out the immigrants.
The situation escalated with the Grattan affair in 1854 when a detachment of U.S. soldiers illegally entered a Sioux encampment to arrest those accused of stealing a cow, and in the process sparked a battle in which Chief Conquering Bear was killed.
Though intertribal fighting had existed before the arrival of white settlers, some of the post-treaty intertribal fighting can be attributed to mass killings of bison by white settlers and government agents. The U.S. Army did not enforce treaty regulations and allowed hunters onto Native land to slaughter buffalo, providing protection and sometimes ammunition. One hundred thousand buffalo were killed each year until they were on the verge of extinction, which threatened the tribes' subsistence. These mass killings affected all tribes thus the tribes were forced onto each other's hunting grounds, where fighting broke out.
On July 20, 1867, an act of Congress created the Indian Peace Commission "to establish peace with certain hostile Indian tribes". The Indian Peace Commission was generally seen as a failure, and violence had reignited even before it was disbanded in October 1868. Two official reports were submitted to the federal government, ultimately recommending that the U.S. cease recognizing tribes as sovereign nations, refrain from making treaties with them, employ military force against those who refused to relocate to reservations, and move the Bureau of Indian Affairs from the Department of the Interior to the Department of War. The system of treaties eventually deteriorated to the point of collapse, and a decade of war followed the commission's work. It was the last major commission of its kind.
From 1866–1868, the Lakota fought the United States Army in the Wyoming Territory and the Montana Territory in what is known as Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War). The war is named after Red Cloud, a prominent Lakota chief who led the war against the United States following encroachment into the area by the U.S. military. The Sioux victory in the war led to their temporarily preserving their control of the Powder River country. The war ended with the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868.
Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868
The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the U.S. and the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brulé bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota and Arapaho Nation, following the failure of the first Fort Laramie treaty, signed in 1851. It established the Great Sioux Reservation including ownership of the Black Hills, and set aside additional lands as "unceded Indian territory" in areas of South Dakota, Wyoming, and Nebraska, and possibly Montana. It established that the US government would hold the authority to punish not only white settlers who committed crimes against the tribes but also tribe members who committed crimes and who were to be delivered to the government rather than face charges in tribal courts. It stipulated that the government would abandon forts along the Bozeman Trail, and included a number of provisions designed to encourage a transition to farming, and move the tribes "closer to the white man's way of life." The treaty protected specified rights of third parties not partaking in the negotiations, and effectively ended Red Cloud's War.
The treaty overall, and in comparison with the 1851 agreement, represented a departure from earlier considerations of tribal customs, and demonstrated instead the government's "more heavy-handed position with regard to tribal nations, and ... desire to assimilate the Sioux into American property arrangements and social customs." According to one source, "animosities over the treaty arose almost immediately" when a group of Miniconjou were informed they were no longer welcome to trade at Fort Laramie, being south of their newly established territory. This was notwithstanding that the treaty did not make any stipulation that the tribes could not travel outside their land, only that they would not permanently occupy outside land. The only travel expressly forbidden by the treaty was that of white settlers onto the reservation.
The government eventually broke the terms of the treaty following the Black Hills Gold Rush and an expedition into the area by George Armstrong Custer in 1874 and failed to prevent white settlers from moving onto tribal lands. Rising tensions eventually lead again to open conflict in the Great Sioux War of 1876. The 1868 treaty was modified three times by the US Congress between 1876 and 1889, each time taking more land originally granted, including unilaterally seizing the Black Hills in 1877. The treaty formed the basis of the 1980 Supreme Court case, United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, in which the court ruled that tribal lands covered under the treaty had been taken illegally by the US government, and the tribe was owed compensation plus interest. As of 2018, this amounted to more than $1 billion. The Sioux have refused the payment, demanding instead the return of their land.
Great Sioux War of 1876 and the Wounded Knee Massacre
The ongoing raids and battles on the northern Plains that lasted from 1850–1890 are collectively known as the Sioux Wars. Included are the Dakota War of 1862 (1862–1864), Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) and the Black Hills War which includes the Battle of the Little Bighorn(1876–1877); the Massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890 is considered the end of the Sioux wars and the beginning of a new era for Dakota and Lakota people.
The Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, was a series of battles and negotiations that occurred in 1876 and 1877 between the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and the United States. The cause of the war was the desire of the U.S. government to obtain ownership of the Black Hills. Gold had been discovered in the Black Hills and settlers began to encroach onto tribal lands, and the Sioux and Cheyenne refused to cede ownership to the United States. The earliest engagement was the Battle of Powder River, and the final battle was the Wolf Mountain. Included are the Battle of the Rosebud, Battle of Warbonnet Creek, Battle of Slim Buttes, Battle of Cedar Creek, and the Dull Knife Fight.
Among the many battles and skirmishes of the war was the Battle of the Little Bighorn, often known as Custer's Last Stand, the most storied of the many encounters between the U.S. army and mounted Plains tribes. The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory.
The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull. The US 7th Cavalry, a force of 700 men, suffered a major defeat while under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were annihilated and Custer was killed. The total US casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (six died later from their wounds), including four Crow scouts and at least two Arikara scouts. The Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument honors those who fought on both sides. That victory notwithstanding, the U.S. leveraged national resources to force the tribes to surrender, primarily by attacking and destroying their encampments and property. The Great Sioux War took place under the presidencies of Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes. The Agreement of 1877 (, enacted February 28, 1877) officially annexed Sioux land and permanently established Indian reservations.
The Wounded Knee Massacre was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States. It was described as a massacre by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. On December 29, 1890, five hundred troops of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, supported by four Hotchkiss guns (a lightweight artillery piece capable of rapid fire), surrounded an encampment of the Lakota bands of the Miniconjou and Hunkpapa with orders to escort them to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. By the time it was over, 25 troopers and more than 150 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including men, women, and children. It remains unknown which side was responsible for the first shot; some of the soldiers are believed to have been the victims of "friendly fire" because the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions. Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, many of whom may have died from hypothermia.
Following a three-day blizzard, the military hired civilians to bury the dead Lakota. The burial party found the deceased frozen; they were gathered up and placed in a mass grave on a hill overlooking the encampment from which some of the fire from the Hotchkiss guns originated. It was reported that four infants were found alive, wrapped in their deceased mothers' shawls. In all, 84 men, 44 women, and 18 children reportedly died on the field, while at least seven Lakota were mortally wounded.
For this 1890 offensive, the American army awarded twenty Medals of Honor, its highest commendation. Contemporary Native American activists have urged the medals to be withdrawn, calling them "medals of dishonor". According to Lakota William Thunder Hawk, "The Medal of Honor is meant to reward soldiers who act heroically. But at Wounded Knee, they didn't show heroism; they showed cruelty". In 2001, the National Congress of American Indians passed two resolutions condemning the Medals of Honor awards and called on the U.S. government to rescind them.
1890–1920s: Assimilation era
Land allotment
By the 1880s, the Dakota and Lakota tribes were fragmented onto reservations which diminished in size over time. They lost hundreds of thousands of acres by the 1920s. In 1887, the United States Congress passed the General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), which began the assimilation of Dakota and Lakota people by forcing them to give up their traditional way of life. The Dawes Act ended traditional systems of land tenure, forcing tribes to adapt government-imposed systems of private property and to "assume a capitalist and proprietary relationship with property" that did not previously exist. In 1889, North Dakota and South Dakota were holding statehood conventions and demanded reduction of the Great Sioux Reservation, which was established by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868. Just months before those states were admitted to the Union in November 1889, Congress had passed an act which partitioned the Great Sioux Reservation into five smaller reservations,. Tribal leaders such as John Grass, Gall, and Sitting Bull opposed the bill, which created the following five reservations:
Standing Rock Reservation with its agency at Fort Yates;
Cheyenne River Reservation, with its agency on the Missouri River near the Cheyenne River confluence (later moved to Eagle Butte following the construction of Oahe Dam);
Lower Brule Indian Reservation, with its agency near Fort Thompson;
Rosebud Indian Reservation, with its agency near Mission, South Dakota; and
Pine Ridge Reservation (Oglala Lakota), with its agency at Pine Ridge, South Dakota near the Nebraska border.
After the boundaries of these five reservations was established, the government opened up approximately 9 million acres (36,000 km²), one-half of the former Great Sioux Reservation, for public purchase for ranching and homesteading. Much of the area was not homesteaded until the 1910s, after the Enlarged Homestead Act increased allocations to for "semi-arid land".
Boarding schools
Besides the loss of land, the Dawes Act also "outlawed Native American culture and established a code of Indian offenses regulating individual behavior according to Euro-American norms of conduct." Any violations of this code were to be "tried in a Court of Indian Offenses on each reservation." Included with the Dawes Act were "funds to instruct Native Americans in Euro-American patterns of thought and behavior through Indian Service schools" which forced many of the tribes into sending their children to boarding schools.
Boarding schools were intended to "kill the Indian to save the man", which meant the destruction of Dakota and Lakota societies: children were taken away from their families, their traditional culture and kinship roles. They were dressed in Eurocentric clothing, given English names, had their hair cut and were forbidden to speak their languages. Their religions and ceremonies were also outlawed and forbidden. The goal was to teach academic studies in English, vocational skills suited to Euro-American society such as farming in order to replace traditional lifeways. These schools were overcrowded and had poor sanitary conditions, which led to infectious diseases and students running away or dying while at the schools. The schools achieved mixed outcomes of traumatic experiences for many while others such as Charles Eastman, Ella Cara Deloria, Luther Standing Bear and Zitkala-Sa were able to use the education to their advantage to help their people.
1930s–1960s: Reorganization Act and Relocation Act
The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) sought to overturn many of the policies of the Dawes Act by reversing the traditional goal of cultural assimilation of the tribes into American society. The IRA "ended land allotment, prohibited non-consensual land seizure, recognized tribal governments, encouraged the writing of tribal constitutions, and empowered Native people to manage their own resources". Between 1934 and 1945, the tribes voted on their government constitutions. The Yankton Sioux Tribe is the only tribe in South Dakota that did not comply with the IRA and chose to keep its traditional government, whose constitution was ratified in 1891. The Spirit Lake Tribe and Standing Rock Tribe also voted against the IRA. Because their constitution are not written under the authority of the IRA, they had to established tribal corporations which are managed separately from the tribal government in order to apply for loans. In Minnesota, the IRA recognized the Dakota tribes as communities, allowing them to reestablish their reservations and to repurchase land lost during the Dakota War of 1862. The Lower Sioux and Prairie Island reservations formed constitutions in 1936, the Upper Sioux formed as a community in 1938 and wrote a constitution in 1995, and the Shakopee Mdewakanton officially formed an IRA government in 1969.
Despite the IRA giving more land rights to the tribes, the federal government seized thousands of acres of land through the Flood Control Act of 1944 by creating the Oahe Dam. As a result of the dam's construction the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation lost bringing it down to today. Standing Rock Reservation lost leaving it with . Much of the land was taken by eminent domain claims made by the Bureau of Reclamation. Over and above the land loss, most of the reservations' prime agricultural land was included in the loss. Most of the land was unable to be harvested (to allow the trees to be cut down for wood) before the land was flooded over with water. One visitor to the reservations later asked why there were so few older Indians on the reservations and was told that "the old people had died of heartache" after the construction of the dam and the loss of the reservations' land. As of 2015, poverty remains a problem for the displaced populations in the Dakotas, who are still seeking compensation for the loss of the towns submerged under Lake Oahe, and the loss of their traditional ways of life.
The Indian Relocation Act of 1956 encouraged many tribal members to leave their reservation homes for cities. Some tribes had a dramatic loss of population: the Yankton Sioux Tribe fell to only 1,000 members living on the reservation in the 1950s; the Santee Sioux Reservation lost 60 percent of its population (by 1962, only 2,999, mostly elderly people remained).
Roosevelt's New Deal and Johnson's War on poverty brought new schools, roads, health clinics, and housing to the reservations.
1970s: Wounded Knee incident
Conflicting political values from "traditionalists" against the new form of government promoted through the Indian Reorganization Act created long-lasting tensions on the reservations. The accusations of corruption by tribal leaders would lead to the Wounded Knee incident which began on February 27, 1973, when the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota was seized by followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM). The occupiers controlled the town for 71 days while various state and federal law enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the United States Marshals Service laid siege.
The members of AIM were protesting what they said was the local corrupt government, along with federal issues affecting Indian reservation communities, as well as the lack of justice from border counties. Native Americans from many other communities, primarily urban areas, mobilized to come and join the occupation. The FBI dispatched agents and US Marshals to cordon off the site. Later a higher-ranking DOJ representative took control of the government's response. Through the resulting siege that lasted for 71 days, twelve people were wounded, including an FBI agent left paralyzed. In April at least two people died of gunfire, after which the Oglala Lakota called an end to the occupation). Additionally, two other people, one of them an African American civil rights activist, Ray Robinson, went missing, and are believed to have been killed during the occupation, though their bodies have never been found. Afterward, 1200 American Indians were arrested. Wounded Knee drew international attention to the plight of American Indians and AIM leaders were tried in a Minnesota federal court. The court dismissed their case on the basis of governmental prosecutorial misconduct. However, Leonard Peltier was convicted of murdering two FBI agents in a June 26, 1975, shooting on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota.
1980s–present: Self-determination
After the Wounded Knee Incident, the Dakota and Lakota continued to push for their tribal rights and self-determination.
Black Hills Land claims
The Sioux never accepted the legitimacy of the forced deprivation of their Black Hills reservation. Throughout the 1920s–1950s, they pushed their Black Hills land claim into federal court. After 60 years of litigation in the Court of Claims, the Indian Claims Commission, the U.S. Congress, the Supreme Court heard the case in 1980 and ruled that the federal government had illegally taken the Black Hills and awarded more than $100 million in reparations to the tribes. Stating that the land was never for sale, the tribes have refused to accept the money which is now over one billion dollars.
Republic of Lakotah
After the Wounded Knee Incident in 1973, the International Indian Treaty Council was formed to support grassroots Indigenous struggles for human rights, self-determination and environmental justice through information dissemination, networking, coalition building, advocacy and technical assistance. This influenced activists who declared that they had founded the Republic of Lakotah in 2007. The Lakota Freedom Delegation, a group of controversial Native American activists, declared on December 19, 2007, the Lakota were withdrawing from all treaties signed with the United States to regain sovereignty over their nation. One of the activists, Russell Means, claimed that the action was legal and cites natural, international and US law. The group considers Lakota to be a sovereign nation, although as yet the state is generally unrecognized. The proposed borders reclaim thousands of square kilometres of North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana. Not all leaders of the Lakota Tribal Governments support or recognize the declaration.
Foster care system
Throughout the decades, thousands of Native American children were forcibly removed from their homes and sent to boarding schools with a primary objective of assimilating Native American children and youth into Euro-American culture, while at the same time providing a basic education in Euro-American subject matters. Many children lost knowledge of their culture and languages, as well as faced physical and sexual abuse at these schools. In 1978, the government tried to put an end to these boarding schools (and placement into foster families) with the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), which says except in the rarest circumstances, Native American children must be placed with their relatives or tribes. It also says states must do everything it can to keep native families together.
In 2011, the Lakota made national news when NPR's investigative series called Lost Children, Shattered Families aired. It exposed what many critics consider to be the "kidnapping" of Lakota children from their homes by the state of South Dakota's Department of Social Services. The NPR investigation found South Dakota has the most cases which fail to abide by the ICWA. In South Dakota, Native American children make up less than 15 percent of the child population, yet they make up more than half of the children in foster care. The state receives thousands of dollars from the federal government for every child it takes from a family, and in some cases, the state gets even more money if the child is Native American.
Lakota activists Madonna Thunder Hawk and Chase Iron Eyes worked with the Lakota People's Law Project as they sought to end what they claimed were unlawful seizures of Native American Lakota children in South Dakota and to stop the state practice of placing these children in non-Native homes. They are currently working to redirect federal funding away from the state of South Dakota's Department of Social Systems to a new tribal foster care programs. In 2015, in response to the investigative reports by NPR, the Lakota People's Law Project as well as the coalition of all nine Lakota/Dakota reservations in South Dakota, the Bureau of Indian Affairs updated the ICWA guidelines to give more strength to tribes to intervene on behalf of the children, stating, "The updated guidelines establish that an Indian child, parent or Indian custodian, or tribe may petition to invalidate an action if the Act or guidelines have been violated, regardless of which party’s rights were violated. This approach promotes compliance with ICWA and reflects that ICWA is intended to protect the rights of each of these parties." The new guidelines also not only prevent courts from taking children away based on socioeconomic status but give a strict definition of what is to be considered harmful living conditions. Previously, the state of South Dakota used "being poor" as harmful.
Protest against the Dakota Access oil pipeline
In the summer of 2016, Sioux Indians and the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe began a protest against construction of the Dakota Access oil pipeline, also known as the Bakken pipeline, which, if completed, is designed to carry hydrofracked crude oil from the Bakken oil fields of North Dakota to the oil storage and transfer hub of Patoka, Illinois. The pipeline travels only half a mile north of the Standing Rock Sioux reservation and is designed to pass underneath the Missouri River and upstream of the reservation, causing many concerns over the tribe's drinking water safety, environmental protection, and harmful impacts on culture. The pipeline company claims that the pipeline will provide jobs, reduce American dependence on foreign oil and reduce the price of gas.
The conflict sparked a nationwide debate and much news media coverage. Thousands of indigenous and non-indigenous supporters joined the protest, and several camp sites were set up south of the construction zone. The protest was peaceful, and alcohol, drugs and firearms were not allowed at the campsite or the protest site. On August 23, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe released a list of 87 tribal governments who wrote resolutions, proclamations and letters of support stating their solidarity with Standing Rock and the Sioux people. Since then, many more Native American organizations, environmental groups and civil rights groups have joined the effort in North Dakota, including the Black Lives Matter movement, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, the 2016 Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein and her running mate Ajamu Baraka, and many more. The Washington Post called it a "National movement for Native Americans."
Return of Artifacts
In November 2022, 150 sacred artifacts are repatriated to the Lakota Sioux peoples. They were stored for more than a century at the Founders Museum in Barre, Massachusetts. However, these are just a small fraction of circa 870,000 Native American artifacts (including nearly 110,000 human remains) that are still at prestigious colleges, museums and the federal government.
Language
The Sioux comprise three closely related language groups:
Eastern Dakota (also known as Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta)
Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute)
Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ)
Western Dakota (or Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta)
Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ)
Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna)
Lakota (or Lakȟóta, Teton, Teton Sioux)
The earlier linguistic three-way division of the Sioux language identified Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota as varieties of a single language, where Lakota = Teton, Dakota = Santee-Sisseton and Nakota = Yankton-Yanktonai. However, the latest studies show that Yankton-Yanktonai never used the autonym Nakhóta, but pronounced their name roughly the same as the Santee (i.e. Dakȟóta).
These later studies identify Assiniboine and Stoney as two separate languages, with Sioux being the third language. Sioux has three similar dialects: Lakota, Western Dakota (Yankton-Yanktonai) and Eastern Dakota (Santee-Sisseton). Assiniboine and Stoney speakers refer to themselves as Nakhóta or Nakhóda (cf. Nakota).
The term Dakota has also been applied by anthropologists and governmental departments to refer to all Sioux groups, resulting in names such as Teton Dakota, Santee Dakota, etc. This was mainly because of the misrepresented translation of the Ottawa word from which Sioux is derived.
Ethnic and modern geographical divisions
The Sioux are divided into three ethnic groups, the larger of which are divided into sub-groups, and further branched into bands. The earliest known European record of the Sioux identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. After the introduction of the horse in the early 18th century, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present-day Central Canada to the Platte River, from Minnesota to the Yellowstone River, including the Powder River country.
The Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in Manitoba, and southern Saskatchewan and in Canada. Today, many Sioux also live outside their reservations.
Isáŋyathi (Santee or Eastern Dakota)
In the past, they were a Woodland people who thrived on hunting, fishing and farming.
Migrations of Ojibwe from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward. The US gave the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the Mississippi River and up to its headwaters. Today, the Santee live on reservations, reserves, and communities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada. However, after the Dakota war of 1862 many Santee were sent to Crow Creek Indian Reservation and in 1864 some from the Crow Creek Reservation were sent to the Santee Sioux Reservation.
Santee division (Eastern Dakota) (Isáŋyathi)
Mdewakantonwan (Bdewékhaŋthuŋwaŋ "Spirit Lake Village")
notable persons: Little Crow
Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, perhaps meaning "Fishing Grounds Village")
Wahpekute (Waȟpékhute, "Leaf Archers")
notable persons: Inkpaduta
Wahpetonwan (Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, "Leaf Village")
notable persons: Charles Eastman (Ohiyesa)
Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota)
The Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, also known by the anglicized spelling Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ: "End village") and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna: "Little end village") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to Nasunatanka and Matononpa in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina). Today, most of the Yanktons live on the Yankton Indian Reservation in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yankton live on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation and Crow Creek Indian Reservation. The Yanktonai are divided into Lower Yanktonai, who occupy the Crow Creek Reservation; and Upper Yanktonai, who live in the northern part of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, on the Spirit Lake Tribe in central North Dakota, and in the eastern half of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeastern Montana. In addition, they reside at several Canadian reserves, including Birdtail, Oak Lake, and Moose Woods.
They were involved in quarrying pipestone. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the Mankato region of Minnesota.
Yankton-Yanktonai division (Western Dakota) (Wičhíyena)
Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ, "End Village")
Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, "Little End Village")
Upper Yanktonai
Unkpatina or Lower Yanktonai
notable persons: Wanata, War Eagle
Thítȟuŋwaŋ (Teton or Lakota)
Prior to obtaining horses in the seventeenth century, the Lakȟóta were located near present-day Minnesota. Dominating the northern Great Plains with their light cavalry, the western Sioux quickly expanded their territory to the Rocky Mountains (which they call Heska, "white mountains") by the 1800s.
Their traditional diet includes bison hunt, and corn. They traditionally acquired corn mostly through trade with the eastern Sioux and their linguistic cousins, the Mandan and Hidatsa along the Missouri River prior to the reservation era. The name Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ is archaic among the people, who prefer to call themselves Lakȟóta. Today, the Lakota are the largest and westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota.
Teton division (Lakota) (Thítȟuŋwaŋ, perhaps meaning "Dwellers on the Prairie"):
Oglála (perhaps meaning "Those Who Scatter Their Own")
notable persons: Crazy Horse, Red Cloud, Black Elk, Blue Horse, Iron Tail, Flying Hawk and Billy Mills (Olympian)
Hunkpapa (Húŋkpapȟa, meaning "Those who Camp by the Door" or "Wanderers")
notable persons: Sitting Bull
Sihasapa (Sihásapa, "Blackfoot Sioux," not to be confused with the Algonquian-speaking Piegan Blackfeet)
notable persons: John Grass (Matȟó Watȟákpe)
Miniconjou (Mnikȟówožu, "Those who Plant by Water")
notable persons: Lone Horn, Touch the Clouds
Brulé (French translation of Sičháŋǧu, "Burned Thigh")
notable persons: Spotted Tail
Sans Arc (French translation of Itázipčho, "Those Without Bows")
notable persons: Black Hawk (Čhetáŋ Sápa')
Two Kettles (Oóhenuŋpa, "Two Boilings")
notable persons: Eagle Woman That All Look At (Waŋblí Ayútepiwiŋ)
Reservations and reserves
In the late 19th century, railroads wanted to build tracks through Indian lands. The railroad companies hired hunters to exterminate the bison herds, the Plains Indians' primary food supply. The Dakota and Lakota were forced to accept US-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands and farming and ranching of domestic cattle, as opposed to a nomadic, hunting economy. During the first years of the Reservation Era, the Sioux people depended upon annual federal payments guaranteed by treaty for survival.
In Minnesota, the treaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota in 1851 left the Dakota with a reservation wide on each side of the Minnesota River.
Today, half of all enrolled Sioux in the United States live off reservation. Enrolled members in any of the Sioux tribes in the United States are required to have ancestry that is at least 1/4 degree Sioux (the equivalent to one grandparent).
In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes the tribal community as First Nations. The land holdings of these First Nations are called Indian reserves.
Reserves shared with other First Nations
Notable Sioux
Historical
Contemporary
Contemporary Sioux people are listed under the tribes to which they belong.
:Category:Sioux people
Lakota
Hunkpapa
Oglala
Sicangu
Dakota people
Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation
By individual tribe
Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation
Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of the Cheyenne River Reservation
Crow Creek Sioux Tribe of the Crow Creek Reservation
Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe
Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation
Rosebud Sioux Tribe of the Rosebud Indian Reservation
Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota
Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota
Spirit Lake Dakota Tribe
References
Further reading
In the Shadow of Wounded Knee August 2012 National Geographic (magazine) with Reservation map history
External links
Official
Plains tribes
Native American tribes
First Nations
Native American history of Iowa
Native American history of Minnesota
Native American history of Montana
Native American history of Nebraska
Native American history of South Dakota
Native American history of North Dakota
Native American tribes in Iowa
Native American tribes in Minnesota
Native American tribes in Montana
Native American tribes in Nebraska
Native American tribes in South Dakota
Native American tribes in North Dakota
First Nations in Manitoba
First Nations in Saskatchewan
Native American tribes in Wyoming
Articles containing video clips |
The 2016 Copa América de Beach Soccer (known natively in Spanish as the Copa América de Futbol Playa) was the first edition of the Copa América de Beach Soccer, the premier international beach soccer competition in South America, contested between the men's national teams of the members of CONMEBOL.
The competition was organised by CONMEBOL; other beach soccer exhibition events held under the Copa América title took place during 1994–99, 2003 and 2012–14, however this was the first edition to be officially organised by the governing body for South American football who also organise the other official Copa América events in association football and futsal.
The tournament was hosted by Brazil in the city of Santos between 13 and 18 December.
Brazil beat Paraguay 12–2 in the final to claim the inaugural crown.
Teams
Teams representing all 10 members of CONMEBOL took part.
Venue
One venue was used in the city of Santos, Brazil.
An arena built on the Praia do Gonzaga (Gonzaga beach) hosted all the matches.
Referees
Fourteen officials were appointed by CONMEBOL on 17 November, instructed to arrive in Santos by 11 December.
Mariano Romo
Jose Mendoza
Ivo De Moraes
Renato De Carlos
Carlos Rumiano
Juan Carlos Amaya
Fabricio Quintero
Jose Cortez
Jorge Luis Martinez
Mike Palomino
Alex Valdiviezo
Pablo Cadenasso
Carlos Aguirregaray
Jose Gregorio Misel
Draw
The draw to split the ten teams into two groups of five took place on 26 November in Luque, Paraguay at the Auditorio de la Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol.
The teams were seeded based on their final ranking in the most recent previous CONMEBOL beach soccer tournament, the 2015 South American Beach Soccer Championship.
Initially, the top two seeds were automatically assigned to the groups:
to Group A: as the top seeds,
to Group B: as the second seeds,
The remaining eight teams were split into four pots of two based on their seeding, in order from the highest seeds placed in Pot 1, down to the lowest seeds placed in Pot 4. From each pot, one team was drawn into Group A and the other team was drawn into Group B.
Group stage
Each team earns three points for a win in regulation time, two points for a win in extra time, one point for a win in a penalty shoot-out, and no points for a defeat. The top team of each group, advance to the final. The teams finishing in second through fifth proceed to play in consolation matches against the teams finishing in the same position in the other group to determine their final rank.
All times are local, BRST (UTC–2).
Group A
Group B
Final stage
Ninth place play-off
Seventh place play-off
Fifth place play-off
Third place play-off
Final
Awards
Winners trophy
Individual awards
Final standings
Source
References
External links
Copa América de fútbol playa Brasil 2016, at CONMEBOL (in Spanish)
Copa America Fútbol Playa 2016, at Beach Soccer Worldwide (archived)
Copa América 2016, at Beach Soccer Russia (in Russian)
2016
Beach soccer in Brazil
2016
2016 in Brazilian football
2016 in beach soccer
December 2016 sports events in South America
2016 in South American football |
In physical cosmology, the hadron epoch started 20 microseconds after the Big Bang. The temperature of the universe had fallen sufficiently to allow the quarks from the preceding quark epoch to bind together into hadrons. Initially, the temperature was high enough to allow the formation of hadron/anti-hadron pairs, which kept matter and anti-matter in thermal equilibrium. Following the annihilation of matter and antimatter, a nano-asymmetry of matter remains to the present day. Most of the hadrons and anti-hadrons were eliminated in annihilation reactions, leaving a small residue of hadrons. Upon elimination of anti-hadrons, the Universe was dominated by photons, neutrinos and electron-positron pairs. One refers to this period as the lepton epoch.
See also
Timeline of the early universe
Chronology of the universe
Big Bang
Physics 175: Stars and Galaxies - The Big Bang, Matter and Energy; Ithaca College, New York.
References
Physical cosmology
Big Bang |
Nenu Meeku Telusa? () is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language psychological thriller film directed by Ajay Sastry and produced by Lakshmi Manchu. The film stars Manoj Manchu, Sneha Ullal and Riya Sen while Nassar and Brahmanandam play supporting roles The film's songs are composed by Achu and Dharan with score by Santhosh Narayanan and Shakti.
Dubbed in Tamil as Ennai Theriyuma? in 2009, the film is inspired from 1994 Hollywood movie Clean Slate.
Plot
Aditya (Manchu Manoj) is a short-term memory loss patient. He suffers a brain-damaging accident in which his father (P. Vasu) dies. In order to continue with his day-to-day activities, he depends on an audio cassette timed every morning by himself the previous night. His uncle (Nassar) and his doctor are the only people who know about his medical condition. Aditya has a girlfriend named Madhumitha (Riya Sen). He has two important rules in his everyday regimen. The first rule is to not to get drunk outside, and the second rule is that no matter where he goes, he has to ensure that he sleeps only in his home. He has to listen the tape in the next morning or else he will not remember anything.
One day, all of Aditya's friends in the office call him to a party and force him to drink. Aditya gets fully drunk and wakes up in his bedroom the next morning, but the tape he uses everyday to refresh his memory is erased, and he has no clue who did it. He starts to reconstruct his memories by whatever is available in his sight. As he starts to leave his flat, the police comes and interrogates him and asks him that he has complained about a missing car. As Aditya does not remember, he denies giving a complaint; however, the police finds the car in the basement parking. They open the car and find Aditya's uncle's dead body in the car's trunk. Aditya gets arrested. The police initially thinks that he is lying, but eventually when he is submitted to court, the judge submits him for medical examination, and they come to understand that he is a short-term memory loss patient. As the case is still not solved, police officer Anjali (Sneha Ullal) takes up the case by specially requesting the DGP.
The story now goes into a flashback where Aditya and Anjali are college sweethearts who break up because of a minor misunderstanding, after which Aditya reconciles and tries to reach her back, but then he meets with an accident and forgets his past. The story then returns to present, where Anjali gets involved with the investigation, but meets with a dead end at every corner. Finally, Aditya decides that he himself can solve the case, and the only problem is if he sleeps, he will forget. Hence, he decides not to sleep until the case is solved. Aditya tries to dig into his past and see if he can find any clues, and he finds out that Anjali was actually his girlfriend.
Finally, he calls up Madhumitha, and Anjali tells them that he has solved the case and asks them to come at 7:00 the next morning, when he will reveal the murderer. Aditya believes that Anjali might be the killer and waits for dawn. He controls himself the whole night, but just as it was about it be 7:00, his eyes finally give out, and he falls asleep. By the time he wakes up, he sees Anjali and Madhumitha holding guns against each other, and both ask him to help. Finally, Aditya shoots Madhumitha out of instinct, and she instantly dies.
Madhumitha's brother (Uttej) comes out and reveals the entire crime to Anjali. He confesses that his sister wanted to become the managing director of the company, but as Aditya is the legal heir, he will precede his uncle to that post. Hence she plans and becomes Aditya's girlfriend with an intent to steal the entire property, but his uncle came to know about that fact. Madhumitha and her brother then killed him and kept the dead body in Aditya's car so that the police may suspect him. The movie ends with Aditya marrying Anjali, who later on reminds him every morning about his past without him referring to a tape.
Cast
Manoj Manchu as Adithya
Sneha Ullal as Anjali
Riya Sen as Madhumitha
P. Vasu as Adithya's father
Nassar as Adithya's uncle
Brahmanandam as Barmani
Sunil as Kishore
Uttej as Madhumitha's brother
Mallikarjuna Rao
Noel Sean
Surekha Vani
Kausha Rach (special appearance in song)
Soundtrack
The soundtrack has music composed by Achu. The music was released on 29 August 2008. The background score was composed by Dharan, Santhosh Narayanan and Shakti. The Telugu album features a remix of the song "Mabbe Masakesindile" from Vayasu Pilichindi. The Tamil album features a remix of the song "Yennai Theriyuma" from Kudiyirundha Koyil, and "Thanni Karuthiruchu" from Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu.
Reception
A critic from 123telugu wrote that "Manchu Manoj Babu's 'Nenu Meeku Telusaa' is a classic case of style over substance. Good cinematography and good editing can only take you so far". Jeevi of Idlebrain.com wrote that "the team of NMT must be appreciated for breaking the shackles of doing routine and formulaic films in order to do a different film".
References
External links
2000s psychological thriller films
2000s Telugu-language films
2008 directorial debut films
2008 films
Films scored by Achu Rajamani
Films scored by Dharan Kumar
Indian psychological thriller films
Indian remakes of American films |
Bake Off Argentina: El Gran Pastelero is an Argentine reality television broadcast by Telefe and produced by Turner International Argentina based on the British television baking competition The Great British Bake Off. In this Argentine version, 14 amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds, attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills to be named the best amateur baker in Argentina. Every week the amateur bakers face two challenges with a thematic.
It premiered on April 8, 2018, and it is hosted by Paula Chaves with judges Christophe Krywonis, Damián Betular and Pamella Villar. To date, the reality competition has three seasons (2018, 2020 & 2021).
Seasons summary
Host and judges
1st season (2018)
The first season was premiered on April 8 and last aired on June 24 in 2018. The filming took place in Benavidez, Buenos Aires.
Contestants
Challenges
Episode 1: Premiere
Episode 2: Meringue
Episode 3: Patisserie
Episode 4: Cookies
Episode 5: Desserts
Episode 6: Fruits
Episode 7: Argentina
Since this episode was 3 challenges. 2 creatives and 1 technical
Episode 8: Chocolate
No enumeration in technical challenge
Episode 9: Semifinal
Episode 10: 3rd place definition
Episode 11: Final
2nd season (2020)
The second season was premiered March 1 and last aired July 5 in 2020. The filming took place in Pilar, Buenos Aires.
Contestants
Technical and creative challenges
Episode 1: Premiere
Episode 2: American pastry
Episode 3: Argentinian pastry
Episode 4: Trending pastry
Episode 5: Italian pastry
Episode 6: English tea
In this episode there was no Starbaker because none of the concursants managed to pass two challenges
Episode 7: Flowers and fruits
Episode 8: Thinking different
Episode 9: Repechage
In this special episode, the 8 eliminated concursants enfrented in a repechage. Only 3 of them return to the tent
Carolina automatically returns to the tent by being chosen by the contestants like the best in the technical challenge
Leandro was automatically eliminated for having the worst performance in the technical challenge
Episode 10: Love
Since this episode there is no second starbaker
In this episode 7 of 9 concursants was in the last place in the technical challenge
Episode 11: Childhood
Episode 12: Français pastry
Episode 13: Vanguardist
Since this episode there are going to be three challenges. 2 creative and 1 technical
Episode 14: Chocolate
In this episode, the concursants started cooking with 10 minutes of difference in the technical challenge because the chocolate volcano eats hot
Episode 15: First semifinal
In this episode no one was eliminated
No enumeration in technical challenge
Gaston Salas, first season winner, was the 4th judge in the 2nd creative challenge
Episode 16: Second semifinal
In this episode the judge was the encharged of the challenges
Episode 17: Third place definition
Episode 18: Final
Samanta was the winner but in 2020 July she was dethroned because, supposedly, she was a professional baker.
3rd season (2021)
The third season was premiered September 13. The filming took place in Pilar, Buenos Aires.
Contestants
References
Reality cooking competition television series
Argentine cuisine
2010s Argentine television series
2020s Argentine television series
2018 Argentine television series debuts
Argentine reality television series |
Raudfjordbreen is a glacier at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, on the divide between Albert I Land and Haakon VII Land. It has a length of 18 kilometers and debouches into Klinckowströmfjorden, the eastern branch of Raudfjorden.
References
Glaciers of Spitsbergen |
Antico Dalton (born December 31, 1975) is a former professional American and Canadian football linebacker and defensive lineman. He was drafted in the sixth round of the 1999 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings. He played college football at Hampton University.
Dalton would also play for the New England Patriots, Berlin Thunder and Edmonton Eskimos during his professional football career.
He now coaches High School Football in North Carolina.
References
External links
New England Patriots bio
1975 births
Living people
American football defensive linemen
American football linebackers
Berlin Thunder players
Canadian football defensive linemen
Edmonton Elks players
Hampton Pirates football players
Minnesota Vikings players
New England Patriots players
People from Eden, North Carolina
Players of American football from North Carolina |
Tehran Bus Rapid Transit was officially inaugurated in 2008 in order to facilitate the motor traffic in Tehran. As at 2011 the bus rapid transit (BRT) system had a network of 100 kilometers which transports 1.8 million passengers on a daily basis.
Routes
Tehran has currently 10 BRT lines.
Line 1: Azadi Terminal to Tehranpars crossroad (Jan. 2008)
Line 2: Azadi Terminal to Khavaran Terminal
Line 3: Science & Tech Terminal to Khavaran Terminal (Feb. 2009)
Line 4: Tehran South Terminal to Chamran Highway-Parkway Intersection (Afshar Terminal)
Line 5: Science & Tech (Elm-o-san'at () Terminal to Argentina Sq. (Beihaghi Terminal)
Line 6: Chamran Highway-Parkway Intersection (Afshar Terminal) to Sohanak (Laleh Terminal)
Line 7: Railway station that is located in southern part of Tehran to Tajrish that is located in northern part of Tehran. (Valiasr Ave.)
Line 8: Tehran South Terminal to Khavaran Terminal
Line 9: Sohanak (Laleh Terminal) to Javanmard Ghassab Metro Station
Line 10: Azadi Sq. to Daneshgah Azad sq. in Hesarak
Tehran's mayor, Dr. Ghalibaf addressed the inaugural ceremony saying:
The total length of BRT in Tehran is about 150 km that will be increased to 300 km in future.
See also
Transport in Iran
Trolleybuses in Tehran
References
External links
Bus transport in Iran
Transport in Tehran
2008 establishments in Iran
Bus rapid transit |
```javascript
import {
get,
set,
del,
clear,
keys,
values,
entries,
setMany,
update,
getMany,
delMany,
} from '../dist';
a(
get,
set,
del,
clear,
keys,
values,
entries,
setMany,
update,
getMany,
delMany,
);
``` |
Gerald Ernest Heal Abraham, (9 March 1904 – 18 March 1988) was an English-Jewish musicologist, editor and music critic. He was particularly respected as an authority on Russian music.
Early career and author
Abraham was born at Newport, Isle of Wight, and initially trained for a naval career in nearby Portsmouth until ill-health forced a change of direction. He was largely self-taught in piano, music theory and history, aside for some practical orchestration experience with military bands and a year's study in Cologne, where he learned German and listened to much music.
In 1927, aged just 23 he published his first music book, a study of Alexander Borodin, though he later disowned it. There followed contributions to music periodicals and monographs on Nietzsche (1933), Tolstoy (1935), and Dostoevsky (1936). Abraham taught himself Russian and began a series of analytical articles on Russian music, collected in Studies in Russian Music (1935) and On Russian Music (1939). In collaboration with M D Calvocoressi he also wrote Masters of Russian Music (1936). Other works on Russian music include Eight Soviet Composers (1943), Tchaikovsky (a symposia, as editor, 1945), and his completion of both Calvocoressi's Mussorgsky (Master Musicians series, 1946) and his larger study Modest Mussorgsky: His Life and Works (1956).
But Abraham's interests ranged beyond the slavonic, as first shown in his introduction to contemporary music, This Modern Stuff (1933, later re-titled This Modern Music) and in A Hundred Years of Music (1938) covering the broader history of music from the death of Beethoven. He also edited collections of articles on Chopin (1939), Schubert (1946), Sibelius (1947), Grieg (1948), Schumann (1952), and Handel (1954). Slavonic and Romantic Music: Essays and Studies (1968) and Essays on Russian and East European Music (1985) collect some of his best work.
The BBC and academia
In 1935 Abraham was appointed by the BBC as assistant editor of the Radio Times (1935–39) where he worked with his friend Ralph Hill, then as Deputy Editor of The Listener (1939-1942, and subsequently as music editor until 1962). He was Gramophone Department Director from 1942 until 1947, an important post during wartime when the BBC's broadcasting of live music was severely restricted. This led to his participation in the founding of the Third Programme in 1946. Then he left the BBC for fifteen years to become the inaugural James and Constance Alsop Professor of Music at Liverpool University. He returned to the BBC in 1962 to become Assistant Controller of Music, a post he held for five years. He moved to the USA in 1968 for a year as Ernest Bloch Professor of Music at the University of California at Berkeley. His lectures from this time were published as The Tradition of Western Music (1974).
Histories and encyclopedias
A project that spanned three decades was the New Oxford History of Music, for which Abraham acted as secretary to the editorial board. He personally edited five of the ten volumes (see list below). The first (Vol. III, Ars Nova and the Renaissance, in collaboration with Dom Anselm Hughes) came out in 1960 and the last (Vol, IX, Romanticism (1830-1890) was published posthumously in 1990. He also oversaw its audio supplement, The History of Music in Sound, a series of gramophone recordings and handbooks, first launched in 1953. His synoptic overview, the Concise Oxford History of Music, came out in 1979 during this period, and he was also involved in the 20-volume New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1980).
Other appointments
From 1958-1961, he served as the president of the International Society for Music Education, and later would go onto serve as the president of the British Royal Music Association (1970-1974) and the Royal Musical Association (1970–74). Additionally, he served numerous other positions in both ceremonial and official statuses, including:
Chairman, Music Section of the Critics' Circle, 1944–46
Editor, The Monthly Musical Record, 1945–60
Founding editor, BBC Music Guides, 1966-1974
Music critic, The Daily Telegraph, 1967–68
Editor, Music of the Masters (book series)
Chairman, Early English Church Music Committee, 1970–80
Member, Editorial Committee, Musica Britannica
President, International Society for Music Education, 1958–61
Deputy Chairman, Haydn Institute (Cologne), 1961–68
Personal life
In 1936 he married (Isobel) Pat Robinson. They had one daughter, Frances, and lived for many years in Hampstead (at 106 Frognal, Walter Besant's old house), where they held many hospitable "open evenings" of music. Later they returned to the Isle of Wight (to the village of Brighstone), and from the early 1960s to the Old School House, Ebernoe, near Petworth in Sussex. He was made a CBE in 1974. Abraham died at the King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, on 18 March 1988, aged 84. In the Musical Times Alec Hyatt King remembered him as "unforgettable...burly of stature and with a rumbustious sense of humour: seldom did he come off second best". David Brown called him "perhaps the greatest of those "amateurs" so profoundly important in English musical scholarship".
Publications
This Modern Stuff, 1933
Nietzsche, 1933
Studies in Russian Music, 1935
Tolstoy, 1935
Masters of Russian Music (with Michel Dimitri Calvocoressi), 1936
Dostoevsky, 1936
A Hundred Years of Music, 1938
On Russian Music, 1939
Chopin's Musical Style, 1939
Beethoven's Second-Period Quartets, 1942
Eight Soviet Composers, 1943
Tchaikovsky: a symposium 1945
Rimsky-Korsakov: a symposium 1945
Sibelius: a symposium 1947
Grieg: a symposium 1948
Schubert: a symposium 1952
Design in Music, 1949
Schumann: a symposium 1952
Handel: a symposium 1954
Slavonic and Romantic Music, 1968
The Tradition of Western Music, 1974
The Master Musicians: Mussorgsky (with Michel Dimitri Calvocoressi), 1974
The Concise Oxford History of Music, 1979
Essays on Russian and East European Music, 1984
New Oxford History of Music (as editor):
Vol. III (Ars Nova and the Renaissance), 1960
Vol. IV (The Age of Humanism), 1968
Vol. VI (Concert Music: 1630-1750), 1985
Vol. VIII (The Age of Beethoven), 1982
Vol, IX (Romanticism (1830-1890), 1990
References
External links
Trowell, Brian. Gerald Abraham, Proceedings of the British Academy, 2001
1904 births
1988 deaths
20th-century British musicologists
Academics of the University of Liverpool
BBC music executives
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English Jews
English musicologists
Fellows of the British Academy
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
BBC Radio 3 |
The BLH RS-12 railroad locomotive was a diesel-electric road-switcher configured with an AAR type B-B wheel arrangement. It was the follow-on model to the former Baldwin DRS-4-4-1000, first introduced in 1948. It was more successful than its predecessor selling 50 units to eight railroads, versus 22 units to three railroads. Only one railroad, The Pennsylvania Railroad bought both models.
When Baldwin Locomotive Works merged with Lima-Hamilton Corporation, forming the Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation and decided to concentrate locomotive production at Baldwin's Eddystone, Pennsylvania plant. There was still one outstanding order for Lima A-3174s but the customer, New York Central Railroad agreed to receive RS-12s instead.
The locomotive could be ordered with either a steam generator for steam heat, or dynamic brakes contained within the short hood. McCloud River Railroad No. 32 and 33 were the only two ordered with dynamic brakes of the fifty units built. One RS-12 is preserved in operational condition in the "Skunk Train" livery of California Western 56 (Locomotive) at Travel Town Museum in Griffith Park; another #300 is owned by and occasionally used on the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad, with others owned by the same railroad held in non-operational condition.
Escanaba and Lake Superior 207 was leased to the Nicolet Badger Northern Railroad for a short time in the 1990s and was later returned to the Escanaba and Lake Superior where it now remains in storage in Wells, Michigan.
Escanaba and Lake Superior 209 was used for ballast and general freight until the late 1980s when it was put in storage.
Escanaba and Lake Superior 212 started to be rebuilt in the 1980s but the rebuilt was never completed. It remains in storage along with other E&LS Baldwins at Wells, Michigan.
Original buyers
References
RS-12
B-B locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1951
Diesel-electric locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States |
Cardinal Records was a jazz record label founded in 1920 in New York that published the first recordings by Ethel Waters. The following year, it began releasing material from the catalogue of Gennett Records.
References
American record labels
Jazz record labels |
Captain Cook Cruises may refer to:
Captain Cook Cruises, Australia - cruise operator in New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia
Captain Cook Cruises Western Australia - ferry operator in Western Australia |
Lake Kuorevesi () is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is situated in the municipalities of Mänttä-Vilppula and Jämsä (formerly Kuorevesi) in the Central Finland region. The lake is part of the Kokemäenjoki basin. The lake drains into the Lake Ruovesi in the west and the lake Keurusselkä drains into it from the north.
See also
List of lakes in Finland
References
Kokemäenjoki basin
Mänttä-Vilppula
Landforms of Central Finland
Lakes of Jämsä |
Purainia is a village in West Champaran district in the Indian state of Bihar.
Demographics
As of 2011 India census, Purainia had a population of 3538 in 653 households. Males constitute 51.75% of the population and females 48.24%. Purainia has an average literacy rate of 48.9%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 62%, and female literacy is 37.9%. In Purainia, 21.6% of the population is under 6 years of age.
References
Villages in West Champaran district |
```java
package com.hijacker;
/*
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.app.Dialog;
import android.app.DialogFragment;
import android.app.FragmentManager;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ImageButton;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import static com.hijacker.MainActivity.background;
import static com.hijacker.MainActivity.file_explorer_adapter;
public class FileExplorerDialog extends DialogFragment{
static final int SELECT_EXISTING_FILE=1, SELECT_DIR=2;
static List<RootFile> list = new ArrayList<>();
RootFile result = null;
ListView listView;
ImageButton backButton, newFolderButton;
TextView currentDir;
Runnable onSelect = null, onCancel = null;
RootFile start = null, current = null;
int toSelect = 0;
@Override
public Dialog onCreateDialog(Bundle savedInstanceState){
AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivity());
View view = getActivity().getLayoutInflater().inflate(R.layout.file_explorer, null);
currentDir = view.findViewById(R.id.currentDir);
backButton = view.findViewById(R.id.backButton);
backButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener(){
@Override
public void onClick(View v){
goToDirectory(new RootFile(current.getParentPath()));
}
});
newFolderButton = view.findViewById(R.id.newFolderButton);
newFolderButton.setVisibility(toSelect==SELECT_DIR ? View.VISIBLE : View.INVISIBLE);
newFolderButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener(){
@Override
public void onClick(View v){
final EditTextDialog dialog = new EditTextDialog();
dialog.setTitle(getString(R.string.folder_name));
dialog.setRunnable(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run(){
RootFile newFolder = new RootFile(current.getAbsolutePath() + "/" + dialog.result);
if(newFolder.exists()){
Toast.makeText(getActivity(), getString(R.string.folder_exists), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}else{
newFolder.mkdir();
goToDirectory(newFolder);
}
}
});
dialog.show(getFragmentManager(), "EditTextDialog");
}
});
listView = view.findViewById(R.id.explorer_listview);
listView.setAdapter(file_explorer_adapter);
listView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener(){
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id){
RootFile clicked = list.get(position);
if(clicked.isDirectory()){
goToDirectory(list.get(position));
}else{
onSelect(clicked);
}
}
});
builder.setView(view);
if(toSelect==SELECT_DIR){
builder.setPositiveButton(R.string.select, new DialogInterface.OnClickListener(){
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int id){
onSelect(current);
}
});
}
builder.setNegativeButton(R.string.cancel, new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int id) {
if(onCancel!=null){
onCancel.run();
}
}
});
goToDirectory(start==null ? new RootFile("/") : start);
return builder.create();
}
@Override
public void show(FragmentManager fragmentManager, String tag){
if(!background) super.show(fragmentManager, tag);
}
void goToDirectory(RootFile file){
while(!file.exists()){
file = new RootFile(file.getParentPath());
}
current = file;
list = file.listFiles();
for(int i=0;i<list.size();i++){
if((toSelect==SELECT_DIR && !list.get(i).isDirectory()) || list.get(i).isUnknownType()){
list.remove(i);
i--;
}
}
Collections.sort(list, new Comparator<RootFile>(){
@Override
public int compare(RootFile o1, RootFile o2){
if(o1.isFile() && o2.isDirectory()) return 1;
else if(o1.isDirectory() && o2.isFile()) return -1;
else return o1.getName().compareToIgnoreCase(o2.getName());
}
});
file_explorer_adapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
backButton.setEnabled(!current.getAbsolutePath().equals("/"));
currentDir.setText(current.getAbsolutePath());
}
void onSelect(RootFile file){
result = file;
if(onSelect!=null){
onSelect.run();
}
this.dismissAllowingStateLoss();
}
void setStartingDir(RootFile file){
start = file;
}
void setOnSelect(Runnable runnable){
onSelect = runnable;
}
void setOnCancel(Runnable runnable){
onCancel = runnable;
}
void setToSelect(int selection){
toSelect = selection;
}
}
``` |
```xml
export default function Page() {
return <h1>Profile</h1>
}
``` |
Against DRM 2.0 is a free copyleft license for artworks. It is the first free content license that contains a clause about related rights and a clause against digital rights management (DRM).
The first clause authorizes the licensee to exercise related rights, while the second clause prevents the use of DRM. If the licensor uses DRM, the license is not applicable to the work; if the licensee uses DRM, license is automatically void.
According to Internet Archive, the first version of the Against DRM 2.0 license was published in 2006.
Notes
External links
Against DRM license version 2.0 on Internet Archive, archived on March 27th, 2017
Free Creations website on Internet Archive, archived on March 27th, 2017
The Readers' Bill of Rights for Digital Books
Digital rights management
Free content licenses
Business of visual arts |
```objective-c
/* xdlc.h
* Define *DLC frame types, and routine to dissect the control field of
* a *DLC frame.
*
* Wireshark - Network traffic analyzer
* By Gerald Combs <gerald@wireshark.org>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*/
#ifndef __XDLC_H__
#define __XDLC_H__
#include "ws_symbol_export.h"
/** @file
* Define *DLC frame types, and routine to dissect the control field of
* a *DLC frame.
*/
/*
* Low-order bits of first (extended) or only (basic) octet of control
* field, specifying the frame type.
*/
#define XDLC_I_MASK 0x01 /**< Mask to test for I or not I */
#define XDLC_I 0x00 /**< Information frames */
#define XDLC_S_U_MASK 0x03 /**< Mask to test for S or U */
#define XDLC_S 0x01 /**< Supervisory frames */
#define XDLC_U 0x03 /**< Unnumbered frames */
/*
* N(S) and N(R) fields, in basic and extended operation.
*/
#define XDLC_N_R_MASK 0xE0 /**< basic */
#define XDLC_N_R_SHIFT 5
#define XDLC_N_R_EXT_MASK 0xFE00 /**< extended */
#define XDLC_N_R_EXT_SHIFT 9
#define XDLC_N_S_MASK 0x0E /**< basic */
#define XDLC_N_S_SHIFT 1
#define XDLC_N_S_EXT_MASK 0x00FE /**< extended */
#define XDLC_N_S_EXT_SHIFT 1
/*
* Poll/Final bit, in basic and extended operation.
*/
#define XDLC_P_F 0x10 /**< basic */
#define XDLC_P_F_EXT 0x0100 /**< extended */
/*
* S-format frame types.
*/
#define XDLC_S_FTYPE_MASK 0x0C
#define XDLC_RR 0x00 /**< Receiver ready */
#define XDLC_RNR 0x04 /**< Receiver not ready */
#define XDLC_REJ 0x08 /**< Reject */
#define XDLC_SREJ 0x0C /**< Selective reject */
/*
* U-format modifiers.
*/
#define XDLC_U_MODIFIER_MASK 0xEC
#define XDLC_UI 0x00 /**< Unnumbered Information */
#define XDLC_UP 0x20 /**< Unnumbered Poll */
#define XDLC_DISC 0x40 /**< Disconnect (command) */
#define XDLC_RD 0x40 /**< Request Disconnect (response) */
#define XDLC_UA 0x60 /**< Unnumbered Acknowledge */
#define XDLC_SNRM 0x80 /**< Set Normal Response Mode */
#define XDLC_TEST 0xE0 /**< Test */
#define XDLC_SIM 0x04 /**< Set Initialization Mode (command) */
#define XDLC_RIM 0x04 /**< Request Initialization Mode (response) */
#define XDLC_FRMR 0x84 /**< Frame reject */
#define XDLC_CFGR 0xC4 /**< Configure */
#define XDLC_SARM 0x0C /**< Set Asynchronous Response Mode (command) */
#define XDLC_DM 0x0C /**< Disconnected mode (response) */
#define XDLC_SABM 0x2C /**< Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode */
#define XDLC_SARME 0x4C /**< Set Asynchronous Response Mode Extended */
#define XDLC_SABME 0x6C /**< Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode Extended */
#define XDLC_RESET 0x8C /**< Reset */
#define XDLC_XID 0xAC /**< Exchange identification */
#define XDLC_SNRME 0xCC /**< Set Normal Response Mode Extended */
#define XDLC_BCN 0xEC /**< Beacon */
/**
* This macro takes the control field of an xDLC frame, as returned by
* "get_xdlc_control()" or "dissect_xdlc_control()", and evaluates to
* TRUE if the frame is an "information" frame and FALSE if it isn't.
* Note that frames other than information frames can have data in them,
* e.g. TEST frames.
*/
#define XDLC_IS_INFORMATION(control) \
(((control) & XDLC_I_MASK) == XDLC_I || (control) == (XDLC_UI|XDLC_U))
/**
* This macro takes the control field of an xDLC frame, and a flag saying
* whether we're doing basic or extended operation, and evaluates to
* the length of that field (if it's an Unnumbered frame, or we're not
* in extended mode, it's 1 byte long, otherwise it's 2 bytes long).
*/
#define XDLC_CONTROL_LEN(control, is_extended) \
((((control) & XDLC_S_U_MASK) == XDLC_U || !(is_extended)) ? 1 : 2)
/**
* Structure containing pointers to hf_ values for various subfields of
* the control field.
*/
typedef struct {
int *hf_xdlc_n_r;
int *hf_xdlc_n_s;
int *hf_xdlc_p;
int *hf_xdlc_f;
int *hf_xdlc_s_ftype;
int *hf_xdlc_u_modifier_cmd;
int *hf_xdlc_u_modifier_resp;
int *hf_xdlc_ftype_i;
int *hf_xdlc_ftype_s_u;
} xdlc_cf_items;
extern const value_string ftype_vals[];
extern const value_string stype_vals[];
extern const value_string modifier_vals_cmd[];
extern const value_string modifier_vals_resp[];
extern int get_xdlc_control(const guchar *pd, int offset, gboolean is_extended);
/**
* Check whether the control field of the packet looks valid.
*/
WS_DLL_PUBLIC gboolean check_xdlc_control(tvbuff_t *tvb, int offset,
const value_string *u_modifier_short_vals_cmd,
const value_string *u_modifier_short_vals_resp, gboolean is_response,
gboolean is_extended _U_);
WS_DLL_PUBLIC int dissect_xdlc_control(tvbuff_t *tvb, int offset, packet_info *pinfo,
proto_tree *xdlc_tree, int hf_xdlc_control, gint ett_xdlc_control,
const xdlc_cf_items *cf_items_nonext, const xdlc_cf_items *cf_items_ext,
const value_string *u_modifier_short_vals_cmd,
const value_string *u_modifier_short_vals_resp, gboolean is_response,
gboolean is_extended, gboolean append_info);
#endif
``` |
The 2nd Continental Light Dragoons, also known as Sheldon's Horse after Colonel Elisha Sheldon, was commissioned by the Continental Congress on 12 December 1776, and was first mustered at Wethersfield, Connecticut, in March 1777 for service with the Continental Army. The regiment consisted of four troops from Connecticut, one troop each largely from Massachusetts and New Jersey, and two companies of light infantry.
Military action
The regiment saw action at the Battle of Woodbridge, Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Kingston, Battle of Schoharie, The Battle of The Flocky (site of the first cavalry charge on American soil), Battle of Paoli, Battle of Whitemarsh, Battle of Morrisania, Battle of Saratoga, Battle of Germantown, and the Battle of Yorktown.
The unit almost never served as a whole. Usually individual troops were assigned as necessary.
The regiment performed numerous raids from whaleboats against British and Loyalist installations on Long Island. Some of the successful raids captured Fort St. George, Fort Slongo and Lloyd's Neck, Long Island.
Elements from the unit comprised George Washington's personal bodyguard. In 1778, when Loyalist agents and a crack British commando team shadowed Washington for weeks with the intention of kidnapping him, they had to abandon the operation because, according to the British Intelligence dispatches, "The 2nd Dragoons are (always) with him." The 2nd Dragoons also guarded the Head of the British Secret Services John Andre during his incarceration, trial and subsequent execution in Nyack, New York.
The regiment's main patrol areas during the war were in Southern Connecticut and New York, where they intercepted British supplies and fought off bands of Loyalist partisans who preyed on local citizens. This duty earned them the nickname "Watchdogs of the Highlands".
They also earned the sobriquet "Washington's Eyes", likely because of their spy work. Major Benjamin Tallmadge became a spy master who ran one of the most successful spy rings of the war, able to infiltrate the British military command in New York city.
After the war
On 1 January 1781, the regiment was reorganized by the dismounting of two of its six troops and re-designated the 2nd Legionary Corps. The regiment was furloughed 9 June 1783, at Newburgh, New York and discharged on 20 November 1783, by proclamation of General Washington.
The 2nd Light Dragoons are prominent in Colonel John Trumbull's paintings of the American Revolution.
Notes
The regimental national colors of the 2nd was taken by Banastre Tarleton in 1779; on 14 June 2006, it was sold at auction.
Sgt. Elijah Churchill was awarded the Badge of Military Merit.
The last surviving member of the 2nd Dragoons was Lemuel Cook (1759-1866).
References
External links
http://www.dragoons.info/ - official website of the Second Continental Light Dragoons
http://www.2dragoon.org/ - website of the Second Regiment Light Dragoons, Tallmadge's Troop reenactment group
Bibliography of Continental Army Dragoons compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
Military units and formations of the Continental Army
Dragoons
Light Dragoons
Wethersfield, Connecticut |
```c++
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>
#include "envoy/config/core/v3/http_uri.pb.h"
#include "source/common/http/message_impl.h"
#include "source/common/protobuf/utility.h"
#include "source/extensions/filters/http/common/jwks_fetcher.h"
#include "test/extensions/filters/http/common/mock.h"
#include "test/mocks/http/mocks.h"
#include "test/mocks/server/factory_context.h"
#include "test/test_common/utility.h"
using envoy::extensions::filters::http::jwt_authn::v3::RemoteJwks;
namespace Envoy {
namespace Extensions {
namespace HttpFilters {
namespace Common {
namespace {
const char publicKey[] = R"(
{
"keys": [
{
"kty": "RSA",
"alg": "RS256",
"use": "sig",
"kid": "62a93512c9ee4c7f8067b5a216dade2763d32a47",
"n": your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashTqDziYQwZN4aGsqVKQb9Vw",
"e": "AQAB"
},
{
"kty": "RSA",
"alg": "RS256",
"use": "sig",
"kid": "b3319a147514df7ee5e4bcdee51350cc890cc89e",
"n": your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashTqDziYQwZN4aGsqVKQb9Vw",
"e": "AQAB"
}
]
}
)";
const std::string config = R"(
http_uri:
uri: path_to_url
cluster: pubkey_cluster
timeout:
seconds: 5
)";
class JwksFetcherTest : public testing::Test {
public:
void setupFetcher(const std::string& config_str) {
TestUtility::loadFromYaml(config_str, remote_jwks_);
mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_.initializeThreadLocalClusters(
{"pubkey_cluster"});
fetcher_ = JwksFetcher::create(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_,
remote_jwks_);
EXPECT_TRUE(fetcher_ != nullptr);
}
RemoteJwks remote_jwks_;
testing::NiceMock<Server::Configuration::MockFactoryContext> mock_factory_ctx_;
std::unique_ptr<JwksFetcher> fetcher_;
NiceMock<Tracing::MockSpan> parent_span_;
};
// Test findByIssuer
TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestGetSuccess) {
// Setup
setupFetcher(config);
MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "200",
publicKey);
MockJwksReceiver receiver;
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_));
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(testing::_)).Times(0);
// Act
fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver);
}
TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestGet400) {
// Setup
setupFetcher(config);
MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "400",
"invalid");
MockJwksReceiver receiver;
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)).Times(0);
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(JwksFetcher::JwksReceiver::Failure::Network));
// Act
fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver);
}
TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestGetNoBody) {
// Setup
setupFetcher(config);
MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "200", "");
MockJwksReceiver receiver;
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)).Times(0);
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(JwksFetcher::JwksReceiver::Failure::Network));
// Act
fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver);
}
TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestGetInvalidJwks) {
// Setup
setupFetcher(config);
MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "200",
"invalid");
MockJwksReceiver receiver;
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)).Times(0);
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(JwksFetcher::JwksReceiver::Failure::InvalidJwks));
// Act
fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver);
}
TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestHttpFailure) {
// Setup
setupFetcher(config);
MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_,
Http::AsyncClient::FailureReason::Reset);
MockJwksReceiver receiver;
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)).Times(0);
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(JwksFetcher::JwksReceiver::Failure::Network));
// Act
fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver);
}
TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestCancel) {
// Setup
setupFetcher(config);
Http::MockAsyncClientRequest request(&(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_
.thread_local_cluster_.async_client_));
MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, &request);
MockJwksReceiver receiver;
EXPECT_CALL(request, cancel());
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)).Times(0);
EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(testing::_)).Times(0);
// Act
fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver);
// Proper cancel
fetcher_->cancel();
// Re-entrant cancel
fetcher_->cancel();
}
TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestSpanPassedDown) {
// Setup
setupFetcher(config);
MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "200",
publicKey);
NiceMock<MockJwksReceiver> receiver;
// Expectations for span
EXPECT_CALL(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_.thread_local_cluster_
.async_client_,
send_(_, _, _))
.WillOnce(Invoke(
[this](Http::RequestMessagePtr&, Http::AsyncClient::Callbacks&,
const Http::AsyncClient::RequestOptions& options) -> Http::AsyncClient::Request* {
EXPECT_TRUE(options.parent_span_ == &this->parent_span_);
EXPECT_TRUE(options.child_span_name_ == "JWT Remote PubKey Fetch");
return nullptr;
}));
// Act
fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver);
}
struct RetryingParameters {
RetryingParameters(const std::string& config, uint32_t n, int64_t base_ms, int64_t max_ms)
: config_(config), expected_num_retries_(n), expected_backoff_base_interval_ms_(base_ms),
expected_backoff_max_interval_ms_(max_ms) {}
std::string config_;
uint32_t expected_num_retries_;
int64_t expected_backoff_base_interval_ms_;
int64_t expected_backoff_max_interval_ms_;
};
class JwksFetcherRetryingTest : public testing::TestWithParam<RetryingParameters> {
public:
void setupFetcher(const std::string& config_str) {
TestUtility::loadFromYaml(config_str, remote_jwks_);
mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_.initializeThreadLocalClusters(
{"pubkey_cluster"});
fetcher_ = JwksFetcher::create(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_,
remote_jwks_);
EXPECT_TRUE(fetcher_ != nullptr);
}
RemoteJwks remote_jwks_;
testing::NiceMock<Server::Configuration::MockFactoryContext> mock_factory_ctx_;
std::unique_ptr<JwksFetcher> fetcher_;
NiceMock<Tracing::MockSpan> parent_span_;
};
INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Retrying, JwksFetcherRetryingTest,
testing::Values(RetryingParameters{R"(
http_uri:
uri: path_to_url
cluster: pubkey_cluster
timeout:
seconds: 5
retry_policy:
retry_back_off:
base_interval: 0.1s
max_interval: 32s
num_retries: 10
)",
10, 100, 32000},
RetryingParameters{R"(
http_uri:
uri: path_to_url
cluster: pubkey_cluster
timeout:
seconds: 5
retry_policy: {}
)",
1, 1000, 10000},
RetryingParameters{R"(
http_uri:
uri: path_to_url
cluster: pubkey_cluster
timeout:
seconds: 5
retry_policy:
num_retries: 2
)",
2, 1000, 10000}));
TEST_P(JwksFetcherRetryingTest, TestCompleteRetryPolicy) {
// Setup
setupFetcher(GetParam().config_);
MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "200",
publicKey);
NiceMock<MockJwksReceiver> receiver;
// Expectations for envoy.config.core.v3.RetryPolicy to envoy.config.route.v3.RetryPolicy
// used by async client.
// execution deep down in async_client_'s route entry implementation
// is not exercised here, just the configuration adaptation.
EXPECT_CALL(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_.thread_local_cluster_
.async_client_,
send_(_, _, _))
.WillOnce(Invoke(
[](Http::RequestMessagePtr&, Http::AsyncClient::Callbacks&,
const Http::AsyncClient::RequestOptions& options) -> Http::AsyncClient::Request* {
RetryingParameters const& rp = GetParam();
EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.has_value());
EXPECT_TRUE(options.buffer_body_for_retry);
EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.value().has_num_retries());
EXPECT_EQ(PROTOBUF_GET_WRAPPED_REQUIRED(options.retry_policy.value(), num_retries),
rp.expected_num_retries_);
EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.value().has_retry_back_off());
EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.value().retry_back_off().has_base_interval());
EXPECT_EQ(PROTOBUF_GET_MS_REQUIRED(options.retry_policy.value().retry_back_off(),
base_interval),
rp.expected_backoff_base_interval_ms_);
EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.value().retry_back_off().has_max_interval());
EXPECT_EQ(PROTOBUF_GET_MS_REQUIRED(options.retry_policy.value().retry_back_off(),
max_interval),
rp.expected_backoff_max_interval_ms_);
EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.value().has_per_try_timeout());
EXPECT_LE(PROTOBUF_GET_MS_REQUIRED(options.retry_policy.value().retry_back_off(),
max_interval),
PROTOBUF_GET_MS_REQUIRED(options.retry_policy.value(), per_try_timeout));
const std::string& retry_on = options.retry_policy.value().retry_on();
std::set<std::string> retry_on_modes = absl::StrSplit(retry_on, ',');
EXPECT_EQ(retry_on_modes.count("5xx"), 1);
EXPECT_EQ(retry_on_modes.count("gateway-error"), 1);
EXPECT_EQ(retry_on_modes.count("connect-failure"), 1);
EXPECT_EQ(retry_on_modes.count("reset"), 1);
return nullptr;
}));
// Act
fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver);
}
} // namespace
} // namespace Common
} // namespace HttpFilters
} // namespace Extensions
} // namespace Envoy
``` |
Justin Petrus Coetzee (born 12 June 1984) is a South-Africa-born Australian cricketer who previously played for Western Australia. He is an all-rounder who bats left-handed and is a left-arm medium bowler.
Career
Coetzee first came to notice playing for the Western Australian 2nd XI side against the touring Pakistan XI in 2004, when he took 10 wickets in the match. After playing a few more games for the second XI in the 2004-05 summer, he did not make his senior debut for the Warriors until 2009, when he was selected in a Twenty20 match against Queensland at the WACA Ground. He did not bowl and dropped a difficult chance, but was more successful with the bat, scoring 23 not out from 15 balls to be the second top scorer for the Warriors in their 62 run loss.
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
South African expatriates in Australia
Western Australia cricketers
South African cricketers
Cricketers from Durban |
```asciidoc
[[leveraging-ecmascript-collections]]
== Leveraging ECMAScript Collections
JavaScript data structures ((("ECMAScript (ES)", id="ecmas5")))are flexible enough that we're able to turn any object into a hash-map, where we map string keys to arbitrary values. For example, one might use an object to map npm package names to their metadata, as shown next.
[source,javascript]
----
const registry = {}
function set(name, meta) {
registry[name] = meta
}
function get(name) {
return registry[name]
}
set('contra', { description: 'Asynchronous flow control' })
set('dragula', { description: 'Drag and drop' })
set('woofmark', { description: 'Markdown and WYSIWYG editor' })
----
There are several problems with this approach, outlined here:
- Security issues where user-provided keys like `__proto__`, `toString`, or anything in `Object.prototype` break expectations and make interaction with this kind of hash-map data structures more cumbersome
- When iterating using `for..in` we need to rely on `Object#hasOwnProperty` to make sure properties aren't inherited
- Iteration over list items with `Object.keys(registry).forEach` is also verbose
- Keys are limited to strings, making it hard to create hash-maps where you'd like to index values by DOM elements or other nonstring references
The first problem could be fixed using a prefix, and being careful to always get or set values in the hash-map through functions that add those prefixes, to avoid mistakes.
[source,javascript]
----
const registry = {}
function set(name, meta) {
registry['pkg:' + name] = meta
}
function get(name) {
return registry['pkg:' + name]
}
----
An alternative could also be using `Object.create(null)` instead of an empty object literal. In this case, the created object won't inherit from `Object.prototype`, meaning it won't be harmed by `__proto__` and friends.
[source,javascript]
----
const registry = Object.create(null)
function set(name, meta) {
registry[name] = meta
}
function get(name) {
return registry[name]
}
----
For iteration we could create a `list` function that returns key/value tuples.
[source,javascript]
----
const registry = Object.create(null)
function list() {
return Object.keys(registry).map(key => [key, registry[key]])
}
----
Or we could implement the iterator protocol on our hash-map. Here we are trading complexity in favor of convenience: the iterator code is more complicated to read than the former case where we had a `list` function with familiar `Object.keys` and `Array#map` methods. In the following example, however, accessing the list is even easier and more convenient than through `list`: following the iterator protocol means there's no need for a custom `list` function.
[source,javascript]
----
const registry = Object.create(null)
registry[Symbol.iterator] = () => {
const keys = Object.keys(registry)
return {
next() {
const done = keys.length === 0
const key = keys.shift()
const value = [key, registry[key]]
return { done, value }
}
}
}
console.log([...registry])
----
When it comes to using nonstring keys, though, we hit a hard limit in ES5 code. Luckily for us, though, ES6 collections provide us with an even better solution. ES6 collections don't have key-naming issues, and they facilitate collection behaviors, like the iterator we've implemented on our custom hash-map, out the box. At the same time, ES6 collections allow arbitrary keys, and aren't limited to string keys like regular JavaScript objects.
Let's plunge into their practical usage and inner workings.
=== Using ES6 Maps
ES6 ((("ECMAScript (ES)", "using ES6 maps", id="ecma5ues6m")))((("ES6 maps", id="es5m")))introduces built-in collections, such as `Map`, meant to alleviate implementation of patterns such as those we outlined earlier when building our own hash-map from scratch. `Map` ((("Map", seealso="ES6 maps")))is a key/value data structure in ES6 that more naturally and efficiently lends itself to creating maps in JavaScript without the need for object literals.
==== First Look into ES6 Maps
Here's how what we had earlier would have looked when using ES6 maps. As you can see, the implementation details we've had to come up with for our custom ES5 hash-map are already built into `Map`, vastly simplifying our use case.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map()
map.set('contra', { description: 'Asynchronous flow control' })
map.set('dragula', { description: 'Drag and drop' })
map.set('woofmark', {
description: 'Markdown and WYSIWYG editor'
})
console.log([...map])
----
Once you have a map, ((("ES6 maps", "keys", id="es5k")))you can query whether it contains an entry by a `key` provided via the `map.has` ((("map.has")))method.
[source,javascript]
----
map.has('contra')
// <- true
map.has('jquery')
// <- false
----
Earlier, we pointed out that maps don't cast keys the way traditional objects do. This is typically an advantage, but you need to keep in mind that they won't be treated the same when querying the map, either. The following example uses the `Map` constructor, which takes an iterable of key/value pairs and then illustrates how maps don't cast their keys to strings.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map([[1, 'the number one']])
map.has(1)
// <- true
map.has('1')
// <- false
----
The `map.get` ((("map.get")))method takes a map entry `key` and returns the `value` if an entry by the provided key is found.
[source,javascript]
----
map.get('contra')
// <- { description: 'Asynchronous flow control' }
----
Deleting values from the map is possible through ((("map.delete")))the `map.delete` method, providing the `key` for the entry you want to remove.
[source,javascript]
----
map.delete('contra')
map.get('contra')
// <- undefined
----
You can clear the entries for a `Map` entirely, without losing the reference to the map itself. This can be handy in cases where you want to reset state for an object.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
map.has(1)
// <- true
map.clear()
map.has(1)
// <- false
[...map]
// <- []
----
Maps come with a read-only `.size` property that behaves similarly to ++Array#length++at any point in time it gives you the current amount of entries in the map.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
map.size
// <- 3
map.delete(3)
map.size
// <- 2
map.clear()
map.size
// <- 0
----
You're able to use arbitrary objects when choosing map keys: you're not limited to using primitive values like symbols, numbers, or strings. Instead, you can use functions, objects, dates--and even DOM elements, too. Keys won't be cast to strings as we observe with plain JavaScript objects, but instead their references are preserved.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map()
map.set(new Date(), function today() {})
map.set(() => 'key', { key: 'door' })
map.set(Symbol('items'), [1, 2])
----
As an example, if we chose to use a symbol as the key for a map entry, we'd have to use a reference to that same symbol to get the item back, as demonstrated in the following snippet of code.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map()
const key = Symbol('items')
map.set(key, [1, 2])
map.get(Symbol('items')) // not the same reference as "key"
// <- undefined
map.get(key)
// <- [1, 2]
----
Assuming an array of key/value pair `items` you want to include on a map, we could use a `for..of` ((("for..of")))loop to iterate over those `items` and add each pair to the map ((("map.set")))using `map.set`, as shown in the following code snippet. Note how we're using ((("destructuring")))destructuring during the `for..of` loop in order to effortlessly pull the `key` and `value` out of each two-dimensional item in `items`.
[source,javascript]
----
const items = [
[new Date(), function today() {}],
[() => 'key', { key: 'door' }],
[Symbol('items'), [1, 2]]
]
const map = new Map()
for (const [key, value] of items) {
map.set(key, value)
}
----
Maps are ((("ES6 maps", "keys", startref="es5k")))iterable objects as well, because they implement a `Symbol.iterator` method. Thus, a copy of the map can be created using a `for..of` loop using similar code to what we've just used to create a map out of the `items` array.
[source,javascript]
----
const copy = new Map()
for (const [key, value] of map) {
copy.set(key, value)
}
----
In order to keep things simple, you can initialize maps directly using any object that follows the iterable protocol and produces a collection of `[key, value]` items. The following code snippet uses an array to seed a newly created `Map`. In this case, iteration occurs entirely in the `Map` constructor.
[source,javascript]
----
const items = [
[new Date(), function today() {}],
[() => 'key', { key: 'door' }],
[Symbol('items'), [1, 2]]
]
const map = new Map(items)
----
Creating a copy of a map is even easier: you feed the map you want to copy into a new map's constructor, and get a copy back. There isn't a special `new Map(Map)` overload. Instead, we take advantage that `map` implements the iterable protocol and also consumes iterables when constructing a new map. The following code snippet demonstrates how simple that is.
[source,javascript]
----
const copy = new Map(map)
----
Just like maps are easily fed into other maps because they're iterable objects, they're also easy to consume. The following piece of code demonstrates how we can use the ((("spread operator")))spread operator to this effect.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map()
map.set(1, 'one')
map.set(2, 'two')
map.set(3, 'three')
console.log([...map])
// <- [[1, 'one'], [2, 'two'], [3, 'three']]
----
In the following piece of code we've combined several new features in ES6: `Map`, the `for..of` loop, `let` variables, and a template literal.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map()
map.set(1, 'one')
map.set(2, 'two')
map.set(3, 'three')
for (const [key, value] of map) {
console.log(`${ key }: ${ value }`)
// <- '1: one'
// <- '2: two'
// <- '3: three'
}
----
Even though map items are accessed through a programmatic API, their keys are unique, just like with hash-maps. Setting a key over and over again will only overwrite its value. The following code snippet demonstrates how writing the `'a'` item over and over again results in a map containing only a single item.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map()
map.set('a', 1)
map.set('a', 2)
map.set('a', 3)
console.log([...map])
// <- [['a', 3]]
----
ES6 maps compare ((("ES6 maps", "keys")))keys using an algorithm called `SameValueZero` in ((("SameValueZero")))the specification, where `NaN` equals `NaN` but `-0` equals `+0`. The following piece of code shows how even though `NaN` is typically evaluated to be different than itself, `Map` considers `NaN` to be a constant value that's always the same.
[source,javascript]
----
console.log(NaN === NaN)
// <- false
console.log(-0 === +0)
// <- true
const map = new Map()
map.set(NaN, 'one')
map.set(NaN, 'two')
map.set(-0, 'three')
map.set(+0, 'four')
console.log([...map])
// <- [[NaN, 'two'], [0, 'four']]
----
When you ((("iteration protocol", "in maps")))iterate over a `Map`, you are actually looping over its `.entries()`. That means that you don't need to explicitly iterate over `.entries()`. It'll be done on your behalf anyway: `map[Symbol.iterator]` points to `map.entries`. The `.entries()` method returns an iterator for the key/value pairs in the map.
[source,javascript]
----
console.log(map[Symbol.iterator] === map.entries)
// <- true
----
There are two other `Map` iterators you can leverage: `.keys()` (((".keys()", primary-sortas="keys")))(((".keys()")))and `.values()`. (((".values()", primary-sortas="values")))(((".values()")))The first enumerates keys in a map while the second enumerates values, as opposed to `.entries()`, which enumerates key/value pairs. The following snippet illustrates the differences between all three methods.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
console.log([...map.keys()])
// <- [1, 3, 5]
console.log([...map.values()])
// <- [2, 4, 6]
console.log([...map.entries()])
// <- [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
----
Map entries are always iterated in insertion order. This contrasts with `Object.keys`, which is specified to follow an arbitrary order. Although in practice, insertion order is typically preserved by JavaScript engines regardless of the specification.
Maps have a `.forEach` method that's equivalent in behavior to that in ES5 `Array` objects. The signature is `(value, key, map)`, where `value` and `key` correspond to the current item in the iteration, while `map` is the map being iterated. Once again, keys do not get cast into strings in the case of `Map`, as demonstrated here.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map([
[NaN, 1],
[Symbol(), 2],
['key', 'value'],
[{ name: 'Kent' }, 'is a person']
])
map.forEach((value, key) => console.log(key, value))
// <- NaN 1
// <- Symbol() 2
// <- 'key' 'value'
// <- { name: 'Kent' } 'is a person'
----
Earlier, we brought up the ability of providing arbitrary object references as the key to a `Map` entry. Let's go into a concrete use case for that ((("ECMAScript (ES)", "using ES6 maps", startref="ecma5ues6m")))((("ES6 maps", startref="es5m")))API.
==== Hash-Maps and the DOM
In ES5, ((("ES6 maps", "hash maps and the DOM", id="es5hmatdom")))((("DOM elements", "in maps", secondary-sortas="maps", id="dom5im")))whenever we wanted to associate a DOM element with an API object connecting that element with some library, we had to implement a verbose and slow pattern such as the one in the following code listing. That code returns an API object with a few methods associated to a given DOM element, allowing us to put DOM elements on a map from which we can later retrieve the API object for a DOM element.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = []
function customThing(el) {
const mapped = findByElement(el)
if (mapped) {
return mapped
}
const api = {
// custom thing api methods
}
const entry = storeInMap(el, api)
api.destroy = destroy.bind(null, entry)
return api
}
function storeInMap(el, api) {
const entry = { el, api }
map.push(entry)
return entry
}
function findByElement(query) {
for (const { el, api } of map) {
if (el === query) {
return api
}
}
}
function destroy(entry) {
const index = map.indexOf(entry)
map.splice(index, 1)
}
----
One of the most valuable aspects of `Map` is the ability to index by any object, such as DOM elements. That, combined with the fact that `Map` also has collection manipulation abilities greatly simplifies things. This is crucial for DOM manipulation in jQuery and other DOM-heavy libraries, which often need to map DOM elements to their internal state.
The following example shows how `Map` would reduce the burden of maintenance in user code.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map()
function customThing(el) {
const mapped = findByElement(el)
if (mapped) {
return mapped
}
const api = {
// custom thing api methods
destroy: destroy.bind(null, el)
}
storeInMap(el, api)
return api
}
function storeInMap(el, api) {
map.set(el, api)
}
function findByElement(el) {
return map.get(el)
}
function destroy(el) {
map.delete(el)
}
----
The fact that mapping functions have become one-liners thanks to native `Map` methods means we could inline those functions instead, as readability is no longer an issue. The following piece of code is a vastly simplified alternative to the ES5 piece of code we started with. Here we're not concerned with implementation details anymore, but have instead boiled the DOM-to-API mapping to its bare essentials.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map()
function customThing(el) {
const mapped = map.get(el)
if (mapped) {
return mapped
}
const api = {
// custom thing api methods
destroy: () => map.delete(el)
}
map.set(el, api)
return api
}
----
Maps aren't ((("ES6 maps", "hash maps and the DOM", startref="es5hmatdom")))((("DOM elements", "in maps", secondary-sortas="maps", startref="dom5im")))the only kind of built-in collection in ES6; there's also `WeakMap`, `Set`, and `WeakSet`. Let's proceed by digging into `WeakMap`.
=== Understanding and Using WeakMap
For ((("WeakMap", id="wm5")))((("ES6 maps", "WeakMap", id="es5wm")))the most part, you can think of `WeakMap` as a subset of `Map`. The `WeakMap` collection has a reduced API surface with fewer affordances than what we could find in `Map`. Collections created using `WeakMap` are not iterable like `Map`, meaning there is no iterable protocol in `WeakMap`, no `WeakMap#entries`, no `WeakMap#keys`, no `WeakMap#values`, no `WeakMap#forEach`, and no `WeakMap#clear` methods.
Another distinction found in `WeakMap` is that every `key` must be an object. This is in contrast with `Map`, where, while object references were allowed as keys, they weren't enforced. Remember that `Symbol` is a value type, and as such, isn't allowed either.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new WeakMap()
map.set(Date.now, 'now')
map.set(1, 1)
// <- TypeError
map.set(Symbol(), 2)
// <- TypeError
----
In exchange for having a more limited feature set, `WeakMap` key references are weakly held, meaning that the objects referenced by `WeakMap` keys are subject to garbage collection if there are no references to them--other than weak references. This kind of behavior is useful when you have metadata about a `person`, for example, but you want the `person` to be garbage-collected when and if the only reference back to `person` is their associated metadata. You can now keep that metadata in a `WeakMap` using `person` as the key.
In that sense, a `WeakMap` is most useful when the component maintaining it doesn't own the mapped objects, but wants to assign its own information to them without modifying the original objects or their lifecycle; letting memory be reclaimed when, for example, a DOM node is removed from the document.
To initialize a `WeakMap`, you are able to provide an iterable through the constructor. This should be a list of key/value pairs, just like with `Map`.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new WeakMap([
[new Date(), 'foo'],
[() => 'bar', 'baz']
])
----
While `WeakMap` has a smaller API surface in order to effectively allow for weak references, it still carries `.has`, `.get`, and `.delete` methods like `Map` does. The brief snippet of code shown next demonstrates these methods.
[source,javascript]
----
const date = new Date()
const map = new WeakMap([[date, 'foo'], [() => 'bar', 'baz']])
map.has(date)
// <- true
map.get(date)
// <- 'foo'
map.delete(date)
map.has(date)
// <- false
----
==== Is WeakMap a Worse Map?
The distinction that makes `WeakMap` worth the trouble is in its name. Given that `WeakMap` holds references to its keys weakly, those objects are subject to garbage collection if there are no other references to them other than as `WeakMap` keys. This is in contrast with `Map`, which holds strong object references, preventing `Map` keys and values from being garbage-collected.
Correspondingly, use cases for `WeakMap` revolve around the need to specify metadata or extend an object while still being able to garbage-collect that object if there are no other references to it. A perfect example might be the underlying implementation for `process.on('unhandledRejection')` in Node.js, which uses a `WeakMap` to keep track of rejected promises that weren't dealt with yet. By using `WeakMap`, the implementation prevents memory leaks because the `WeakMap` won't be grabbing onto the state related to those promises strongly. In this case, we have a simple map that weakly holds onto state, but is flexible enough to handle entries being removed from the map when promises are no longer referenced anywhere else.
Keeping data about DOM elements that should be released from memory when they're no longer of interest is another important use case, and in this regard using `WeakMap` is an even better solution to the DOM-related API caching solution we implemented earlier using `Map`.
In so many words, then: no, `WeakMap` is definitely not worse than ++Map++they just cater to different ((("WeakMap", startref="wm5")))((("ES6 maps", "WeakMap", startref="es5wm")))use cases.
=== Sets in ES6
The `Set` ((("ES6 sets", id="ess5")))((("Set", id="set5")))built-in is a new collection type in ES6 used to represent a grouping of values. In several aspects, `Set` is similar to `Map`:
- `Set` is also iterable
- `Set` constructor also accepts an iterable
- `Set` also has a `.size` property
- `Set` values can be arbitrary values or object references, like `Map` keys
- `Set` values must be unique, like `Map` keys
- `NaN` equals `NaN` when it comes to `Set` too
- All of `.keys`, `.values`, `.entries`, `.forEach`, `.has`, `.delete`, and `.clear`
At the same time, sets are different from `Map` in a few key ways. Sets don't hold key/value pairs; there's only one dimension. You can think of sets as being similar to arrays where every element is distinct from each other.
There isn't a `.get` method in `Set`. A `set.get(value)` method would be redundant: if you already have the `value` then there isn't anything else to get, as that's the only dimension. If we wanted to check for whether the `value` is in the set, there's `set.has(value)` to fulfill that role.
Similarly, a `set.set(value)` method wouldn't be aptly named, as you aren't setting a `key` to a `value`, but merely adding a value to the set instead. Thus, the method to add values to a set is `set.add`, as demonstrated in the next snippet.
[source,javascript]
----
const set = new Set()
set.add({ an: 'example' })
----
Sets are iterable, but unlike maps you only iterate over values, not key/value pairs. The following example demonstrates how sets can be spread over an array using the spread operator and creating a single dimensional list.
[source,javascript]
----
const set = new Set(['a', 'b', 'c'])
console.log([...set])
// <- ['a', 'b', 'c']
----
In the following example you can note how a set won't contain duplicate entries: every element in a `Set` must be unique.
[source,javascript]
----
const set = new Set(['a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c'])
console.log([...set])
// <- ['a', 'b', 'c']
----
The following piece of code creates a `Set` with all of the `<div>` elements on a page and then prints how many were found. Then, we query the DOM again and call `set.add` again for every DOM element. Given that they're all already in the `set`, the `.size` property won't change, meaning the `set` remains the same.
[source,javascript]
----
function divs() {
return document.querySelectorAll('div')
}
const set = new Set(divs())
console.log(set.size)
// <- 56
divs().forEach(div => set.add(div))
console.log(set.size)
// <- 56
----
Given that a `Set` has no keys, the `Set#entries` method returns an iterator of `[value, value]` for each element in the set.
[source,javascript]
----
const set = new Set(['a', 'b', 'c'])
console.log([...set.entries()])
// <- [['a', 'a'], ['b', 'b'], ['c', 'c']]
----
The `Set#entries` method ((("Set#entries")))is consistent with `Map#entries`, which ((("Map#entries")))returns an iterator of `[key, value]` pairs. Using `Set#entries` as the default iterator for `Set` collections wouldn't be valuable, since it's used in `for..of`, when spreading a `set`, and in `Array.from`. In all of those cases, you probably want to iterate over a sequence of values in the set, but not a sequence of `[value, value]` pairs.
As demonstrated next, the default `Set` iterator ((("Set#values")))uses `Set#values`, as opposed to `Map`, which defined its iterator as `Map#entries`.
[source,javascript]
----
const map = new Map()
console.log(map[Symbol.iterator] === map.entries)
// <- true
const set = new Set()
console.log(set[Symbol.iterator] === set.entries)
// <- false
console.log(set[Symbol.iterator] === set.values)
// <- true
----
The `Set#keys` method ((("Set#keys")))also returns an iterator for values, again for consistency, and it's in fact a reference to the `Set#values` iterator.
[source,javascript]
----
const set = new Set()
console.log(set.keys === set.values)
// <- true
----
=== ES6 WeakSets
In a ((("WeakSet", id="ws5")))similar fashion to `Map` and `WeakMap`, `WeakSet` is the weak version of `Set` that can't be iterated over. The values in a `WeakSet` must be unique object references. If nothing else is referencing a `value` found in a `WeakSet`, it'll be subject to garbage collection.
You can only `.set`, `.delete`, and check if the `WeakSet` `.has` a given `value`. Just like in `Set`, there's no `.get` because sets are one-dimensional.
Like with `WeakMap`, we aren't allowed to add primitive values such as strings or symbols to a `WeakSet`.
[source,javascript]
----
const set = new WeakSet()
set.add('a')
// <- TypeError
set.add(Symbol())
// <- TypeError
----
Passing iterators to the constructor is allowed, even though a `WeakSet` instance is not iterable itself. That iterable will be iterated when the set is constructed, adding each entry in the iterable sequence to the set. The following snippet of code serves as an example.
[source,javascript]
----
const set = new WeakSet([
new Date(),
{},
() => {},
[1]
])
----
As a use case for `WeakSet`, you may consider the following piece of code where we have a `Car` class that ensures its methods are only called upon car objects that are instances of the `Car` class by using a `WeakSet`.
[source,javascript]
----
const cars = new WeakSet()
class Car {
constructor() {
cars.add(this)
}
fuelUp() {
if (!cars.has(this)) {
throw new TypeError('Car#fuelUp called on a non-Car!')
}
}
}
----
For a better use case, consider the following `listOwnProperties` interface, where the provided object is recursively iterated in order to print every property of a tree. The `listOwnProperties` function should also know how to handle circular references, instead of becoming stuck in an infinite loop. How would you implement such an API?
[source,javascript]
----
const circle = { cx: 20, cy: 5, r: 15 }
circle.self = circle
listOwnProperties({
circle,
numbers: [1, 5, 7],
sum: (a, b) => a + b
})
// <- circle.cx: 20
// <- circle.cy: 5
// <- circle.r: 15
// <- circle.self: [circular]
// <- numbers.0: 1
// <- numbers.1: 5
// <- numbers.2: 7
// <- sum: (a, b) => a + b
----
One way to do it would be by keeping a list of `seen` references in a `WeakSet`, so that we don't need to worry about nonlinear lookups. We use a `WeakSet` instead of a `Set` because we don't need any of the extra features that can be found in a `Set`.
[source,javascript]
----
function listOwnProperties(input) {
recurse(input)
function recurse(source, lastPrefix, seen = new WeakSet()) {
Object.keys(source).forEach(printOrRecurse)
function printOrRecurse(key) {
const value = source[key]
const prefix = lastPrefix
? `${ lastPrefix }.${ key }`
: key
const shouldRecur = (
isObject(value) ||
Array.isArray(value)
)
if (shouldRecur) {
if (!seen.has(value)) {
seen.add(value)
recurse(value, prefix, seen)
} else {
console.log(`${ prefix }: [circular]`)
}
} else {
console.log(`${ prefix }: ${ value }`)
}
}
}
}
function isObject(value) {
return Object.prototype.toString.call(value) ===
'[object Object]'
}
----
A far more common use case would be to keep a list of DOM elements. Consider the case of a DOM library that needs to manipulate DOM elements in some way the first time it interacts with them, but which also can't leave any traces behind. Perhaps the library wants to add children onto the `target` element but it has no surefire way of identifying those children, and it doesn't want to meddle with the `target` either. Or maybe it wants to do something contextual, but only the first time it's called.
[source,javascript]
----
const elements = new WeakSet()
function dommy(target) {
if (elements.has(target)) {
return
}
elements.add(target)
// do work ..
})
----
Whatever the reason, whenever we want to keep flags associated with a DOM element without visibly altering that DOM element, `WeakSet` is probably the way to go. If instead you wanted to associate arbitrary data instead of a simple flag, then maybe you should use `WeakMap`. When it comes to deciding whether to use `Map`, `WeakMap`, `Set`, or `WeakSet`, there's a series of questions you should ask yourself. For instance, if you need to keep object-related data, then you should know to look at weak collections. If your only concern is whether something is present, then you probably need a `Set`. If you are looking to create a cache, you should probably ((("WeakSet", startref="ws5")))use a `Map`.
Collections in ES6 provide built-in solutions for common use cases that were previously cumbersome to implement by users, such as the case of `Map`, or hard to execute correctly, as in the case of `WeakMap`, where we allow references to be released if they're no longer interesting, avoiding memory ((("ES6 sets", startref="ess5")))((("Set", startref="set5")))((("ECMAScript (ES)", startref="ecmas5")))leaks.
``` |
The Port Orange Causeway, commonly called the Port Orange Bridge or the Dunlawton Bridge, spans the Halifax River and Intracoastal Waterway in Port Orange, Volusia County, Florida. The bridge carries approximately 29,000 vehicles per day across four lanes of State Road A1A and Dunlawton Avenue.
History
First bridge
The first bridge at this location was built by the Port Orange Bridge Company (owned by S. H. Gove) in 1906, made of sable palm pilings and pine bridge timbers. In 1918, Gove offered to sell the bridge to Volusia County. The bridge was severely damaged by a hurricane in 1932, and was torn down. Port Orange was without a bridge for many years after the disaster.
Second bridge
A bascule bridge was finally built here as a replacement in 1951. The two-lane drawbridge was paid for with tolls. The bridge connected the two ends of Dunlawton Avenue, from the mainland to the beach peninsula.
Third bridge
In May 1987, the U.S. federal government agreed to provide $8.16 million of the estimated $12 million cost of building a Port Orange, Florida bridge planned to be similar to the Granada Bridge. After the drawbridge had aged and was expensive to maintain, it was replaced in 1990 by a new four-lane high bridge, which carries State Road A1A over the river. The Florida State Legislature designated the new bridge as the Congressman William V. Chappel Jr. Memorial Bridge.
See also
List of crossings of the Halifax River
References
Gallery
External links
History of Port Orange
Port Orange Images
Causeways in Florida
Bridges in Volusia County, Florida
Bridges over the Halifax River
Road bridges in Florida
Buildings and structures in Port Orange, Florida
Bridges completed in 1990
Former toll bridges in Florida
1990 establishments in Florida
Concrete bridges in the United States
Girder bridges in the United States |
```c++
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA */
// First include (the generated) my_config.h, to get correct platform defines.
#include "my_config.h"
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include "my_sys.h" // my_strerror()
#include "my_base.h" // HA_ERR_KEY_NOT_FOUND
#include <string.h>
namespace my_error_unittest {
TEST(MyErrorTest, MyStrErrorSystem)
{
char buf[512];
const char *msg;
msg= my_strerror(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, 9999);
EXPECT_TRUE(!strcasecmp("unknown error", msg) ||
!strcasecmp("unknown error: 9999", msg) ||
!strcasecmp("unknown error 9999", msg))
<< "msg<" << msg << ">";
// try a proper error number
msg= my_strerror(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, EPERM);
const char *os_msg= strerror(EPERM);
EXPECT_STREQ(os_msg, msg)
<< "msg<" << msg << ">";
}
TEST(MyErrorTest, MyStrErrorHandlerPlugin)
{
char buf[512];
const char *msg;
// try a HA error number
msg= my_strerror(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, HA_ERR_KEY_NOT_FOUND);
EXPECT_STREQ("Didn't find key on read or update", msg);
}
TEST(MyErrorTest, MyGetErrMsgUnitialized)
{
const char *msg;
msg= my_get_err_msg(HA_ERR_KEY_NOT_FOUND);
EXPECT_TRUE(msg == NULL);
}
const char *faux_errmsgs[]= { "alpha", "beta", NULL, "delta" };
const char** get_faux_errmsgs()
{
return faux_errmsgs;
}
static const int faux_error_first= 8000;
static const int faux_error_last= 8003;
TEST(MyErrorTest, MyGetErrMsgInitialized)
{
const char *msg;
EXPECT_EQ(0, my_error_register(get_faux_errmsgs,
faux_error_first,
faux_error_last));
// flag error when trying to register overlapping area
EXPECT_NE(0, my_error_register(get_faux_errmsgs,
faux_error_first + 2,
faux_error_last + 2));
msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_first);
EXPECT_STREQ("alpha", msg);
msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_first + 1);
EXPECT_STREQ("beta", msg);
// within range. gives NULL here. higher level function will
// substitute a default string before printing.
msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_first + 2);
EXPECT_TRUE(msg == NULL);
// out of range
msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_first - 1);
EXPECT_TRUE(msg == NULL);
msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_last);
EXPECT_STREQ("delta", msg);
// out of range
msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_last + 1);
EXPECT_TRUE(msg == NULL);
EXPECT_TRUE(my_error_unregister(faux_error_first, faux_error_last) != NULL);
// flag error when trying to unregister twice
EXPECT_TRUE(my_error_unregister(faux_error_first, faux_error_last) == NULL);
}
}
``` |
Liz McCarthy is an American mixed martial artist who competes in the Atomweight division. She is signed with Invicta FC. She competed at Invicta 2 and 4 with a win and a loss. She returned at Invicta FC 9 against Amber Brown where she lost via split decision.
Mixed martial arts record
|-
|Loss
| style="text-align:center;"|2–4
|Kyra Batara
|TKO (punches)
|Combate Americas: Road to the Championship 2
|
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 2:38
|Hollywood, California, United States
|
|-
|Loss
| style="text-align:center;"|2–3
|Jinh Yu Frey
|Decision (unanimous)
|Invicta FC 14: Evinger vs. Kianzad
|
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 5:00
|Kansas City, Missouri, United States
|
|-
|Loss
| style="text-align:center;"|2–2
|Amber Brown
|Decision (split)
|Invicta FC 9: Honchak vs. Hashi
|
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 5:00
|Davenport, Iowa, United States
|
|-
|Win
| style="text-align:center;"|2–1
|Cassie Robb
|Decision (unanimous)
|Intense Championship Fighting 13
|
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 5:00
|Great Falls, Montana, United States
|
|-
|Loss
| style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|Jodie Esquibel
|Decision (split)
|Invicta FC 4: Esparza vs. Hyatt
|
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 5:00
|Kansas City, Kansas, United States
|
|-
|Win
| style="text-align:center;"|1–0
|Jessica Phillipus
|TKO (doctor stoppage)
|Invicta FC 2: Baszler vs. McMann
|
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 5:00
|Kansas City, Kansas, United States
|
|}
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
American female mixed martial artists
Atomweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from Oregon
Sportspeople from Milwaukie, Oregon
21st-century American women |
Novoselivka () may refer to several places in Ukraine:
Cherkasy Oblast
Novoselivka, Cherkasy Raion, village in Cherkasy Raion
Chernihiv Oblast
Novoselivka, Chernihiv Raion, village in Chernihiv Raion
Novoselivka, Talalaivka Raion, village in Talalaivka Raion
Novoselivka, Novhorod-Siverskyi Raion, village in Novhorod-Siverskyi Raion
Novoselivka, Korukivka Raion, village in Korukivka Raion
Donetsk Oblast
Novoselivka, Kramatorsk Raion, village in Kramatorsk Raion
Odesa Oblast
Novoselivka, Ananyiv Raion, village in Ananyiv Raion
Novoselivka, Artsyz Raion, village in Artsyz Raion
Novoselivka, Beresivka Raion, village in Beresivka Raion
Novoselivka, Kiliya Raion, village in Kiliya Raion
Novoselivka, Liubashivka Raion, village in Liubashivka Raion
Novoselivka, Podilsk Raion, village in Podilsk Raion
Novoselivka, Rozdilna Raion, village in Rozdilna Raion
Novoselivka, Sarata Raion, village in Sarata Raion
Novoselivka, Tarutyne Raion, village in Tarutyne Raion
Novoselivka (Velyka Mykhailivka), Velyka Mykhailivka Raion, village in Velyka Mykhailivka village council, Velyka Mykhailivka Raion
Novoselivka (Vyshneve), Velyka Mykhailivka Raion, village in Vyshneve village council, Velyka Mykhailivka Raion
Poltava Oblast
Novoselivka, Hadiach Raion
Novoselivka, Hlobyne Raion
Novoselivka, Hrebinka Raion
Novoselivka, Kozelshchyna Raion
Novoselivka, Kremenchuk Raion
Novoselivka, Orzhytsia Raion
Novoselivka, Poltava Raion
Novoselivka, Zinkiv Raion
Rivne Oblast
Novoselivka, Rivne Oblast, village in Mlyniv Raion
Sumy Oblast
Novoselivka, Konotop Raion, village in Konotop Raion
Novoselivka, Lebedyn Raion, village in Lebedyn Raion
Novoselivka, Trostianets Raion, village in Trostianets Raion
Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Novoselivka, Orikhiv Raion, village in Orikhiv Raion
Novoselivka, Polohy Raion, village in Polohy Raion
Novoselivka, Vilniansk Raion, village in Vilniansk Raion |
Edwyn Sherard Burnaby (22 May 1830 – 31 May 1883) was a major-general and Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Leicestershire North from 1880 until his death. He served in the Crimean War.
Biography
The son of Edwyn Burnaby and Anne Caroline Salisbury, Burnaby was educated at Eton College and in 1848 entered the Grenadier Guards, serving at Inkerman and in the Siege of Sebastopol. He was the brigadier-general of the British Italian Legion from 1855 to 1857.
Burnaby was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 1st Leicestershire Rifle Volunteer Corps in 1878.
He inherited Baggrave Hall, Leicestershire on the death of his father in 1867. In 1880 he was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for North Leicestershire together with Lord John Manners.
He married Louisa Julia Mary Dixie (1843-1881) on 29 August 1864 at St George's, Hanover Square. She was the daughter of Sir Willoughby Wolstan Dixie, 8th Baronet, of Market Bosworth. They had two children: Algernon Edwyn Burnaby (1867–1938), who married Hon. Sybil Cholmondeley (1871–1911), daughter of Hugh Cholmondeley, 2nd Baron Delamere, and Hilda Burnaby. He was a first cousin of Frederick Gustavus Burnaby and a great-uncle of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother through his sister Louisa Cavendish-Bentinck.
He died on 31 May 1883 in Brighton aged 53.
References
https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/search#/1/collection/2500278/captain-edwyn-sherard-burnaby-1830-1883
External links
British Army major generals
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1880–1885
1830 births
1883 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Grenadier Guards officers
English landowners
19th-century British businesspeople |
```objective-c
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef V8_VM_STATE_INL_H_
#define V8_VM_STATE_INL_H_
#include "src/vm-state.h"
#include "src/log.h"
#include "src/simulator.h"
#include "src/tracing/trace-event.h"
namespace v8 {
namespace internal {
//
// VMState class implementation. A simple stack of VM states held by the
// logger and partially threaded through the call stack. States are pushed by
// VMState construction and popped by destruction.
//
inline const char* StateToString(StateTag state) {
switch (state) {
case JS:
return "JS";
case GC:
return "GC";
case COMPILER:
return "COMPILER";
case OTHER:
return "OTHER";
case EXTERNAL:
return "EXTERNAL";
default:
UNREACHABLE();
return NULL;
}
}
template <StateTag Tag>
VMState<Tag>::VMState(Isolate* isolate)
: isolate_(isolate), previous_tag_(isolate->current_vm_state()) {
if (FLAG_log_timer_events && previous_tag_ != EXTERNAL && Tag == EXTERNAL) {
LOG(isolate_, TimerEvent(Logger::START, TimerEventExternal::name()));
}
isolate_->set_current_vm_state(Tag);
}
template <StateTag Tag>
VMState<Tag>::~VMState() {
if (FLAG_log_timer_events && previous_tag_ != EXTERNAL && Tag == EXTERNAL) {
LOG(isolate_, TimerEvent(Logger::END, TimerEventExternal::name()));
}
isolate_->set_current_vm_state(previous_tag_);
}
ExternalCallbackScope::ExternalCallbackScope(Isolate* isolate, Address callback)
: isolate_(isolate),
callback_(callback),
previous_scope_(isolate->external_callback_scope()) {
#ifdef USE_SIMULATOR
scope_address_ = Simulator::current(isolate)->get_sp();
#endif
isolate_->set_external_callback_scope(this);
if (FLAG_runtime_call_stats) {
RuntimeCallStats* stats = isolate->counters()->runtime_call_stats();
timer_.Initialize(&stats->ExternalCallback, stats->current_timer());
stats->Enter(&timer_);
}
TRACE_EVENT_BEGIN0(TRACE_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT("v8.runtime"),
"V8.ExternalCallback");
}
ExternalCallbackScope::~ExternalCallbackScope() {
if (FLAG_runtime_call_stats) {
isolate_->counters()->runtime_call_stats()->Leave(&timer_);
}
isolate_->set_external_callback_scope(previous_scope_);
TRACE_EVENT_END0(TRACE_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT("v8.runtime"),
"V8.ExternalCallback");
}
Address ExternalCallbackScope::scope_address() {
#ifdef USE_SIMULATOR
return scope_address_;
#else
return reinterpret_cast<Address>(this);
#endif
}
} // namespace internal
} // namespace v8
#endif // V8_VM_STATE_INL_H_
``` |
Hammer of the Gods is a 2013 British action film directed by Farren Blackburn and released on 5 July 2013. In it, a dying Viking king sends his son on a quest to seek out his older brother, the clan's only hope of defeating an approaching enemy horde.
Plot
Britain 871 AD. Young Norse prince Steinar arrives in England with a complement of 500 reserve warriors to combat a Saxon uprising that is crushing the occupying forces led by his father, King Bagsecg. Arriving at his father's camp, Steiner attends a family meeting with his father, his older brother Harold, and their younger half brother Vali, who is disliked by everyone but Steinar for being half Saxon. Absent is their older brother, Hakan, who has not been seen for over a decade due to a bitter animosity between him and their father, the cause unknown to Steinar.
Bagsecg, who is bedridden and dying, dreads leaving the throne to Harold (now next in line due to Hakan's absence) whose insistence that diplomacy, rather than being their best option, would instead put their clan under English rule. He orders Steinar to kill Vali for cowardice, to test his strength as a leader.
Steinar refuses and warns Harold off, who attempts it himself to gain favour with their father. Furious, Bagsecg dismisses Harold and Vali and charges Steinar with a near impossible task. Despite still harbouring contempt for his eldest son, Bagsecg orders Steinar to venture deep into the hostile English lands to find Hakan and bring him back so he may assume the throne.
Steinar departs with his closest comrades: his close friend Hagen, a Berserker named Grim, and Jokul, a superstitious believer in omens. Later they are joined by Vali who warns he has witnessed Harold secretly meeting with the Saxon King. Despite the urgency to return, Steinar pushes forward.
They approach Ivar the Boneless, a Viking recluse and sodomite who lives with a slave girl named Agnes and a mute catamite. He agrees to lead them to where he believes Hakan to be and departs with Agnes while abandoning the latter.
The group however are pursued by hooded men who slay Grim and later capture them all. Revealed to be soldiers of the Christian faith, their captain confirms that Harold has been secretly negotiating a surrender, on condition he remains in power over his people. But the captain proposes to Steinar that he would be best suited to rule his clan, if he would agree to submit to Christianity. Steinar refuses, knowing the stranglehold Christians would have on his people. Vali, however, switches sides to save his own neck and is taken to a nearby church, while Ivar is castrated for biting off the ear of a soldier.
Agnes (who had evaded capture) frees Steinar, who then frees Hagen and Jokul. Ivar dies from blood loss but tells Steinar where he may find Hakan. They rescue Vali, but Hagen and Jokul demand he be killed for his cowardice and treachery, forcing Steinar to kill Hagen by duel to protect his brother.
Now down to four, they head into an eerie forest and are captured again, this time by a tribe who dwell deep within a nearby cave. Taken there, Jokul is killed and later served up as the tribe's banquet, Vali again switches sides, while Agnes is claimed by the tribal chief, Steinar's older brother Hakan, who the tribe worship as a god.
During the tribal festivities, Steinar encounters his mother Astrid, whom he believed dead, and who is also deluded by Hakan's megalomania. Further shocking revelations are made as Steinar finally learns the truth behind Hakan's exile. To his disgust, his mother and brother openly share a passionate kiss, revealing their incestuous relationship.
After Hakan kills Vali to further his dominance over the tribe, he and Steinar are lowered into a dark pit to fight to the death. Despite Astrid secretly handing Hakan a knife to win, Steinar emerges the victor. The tribe bow in submission while Astrid, in an attempt to kill Steinar, is thrown into the pit by him.
Steinar later returns to Bagsecg's camp with Agnes, and presents Hakan's head to his father. Harold argues he was supposed to bring Hakan back alive. But Bagsecg responds "He was sent to find a king" seeing that Steinar is now ready to lead their people and gives him full command of the Nordic Army.
Steinar then kills Harold for his treachery and weakness, much to Bagsecg's applause who can now rest easy knowing the kingdom is in good hands. Later, with Agnes by his side who is now his wife and queen, he musters his army to confront the approaching Saxon forces which he orders to charge with him leading it.
Cast
Charlie Bewley as Prince Steinar
Clive Standen as Hagen
Michael Jibson as Grim
James Cosmo as King Bagsecg
Elliot Cowan as Hakan
Guy Flanagan as Jokul
Glynis Barber as Astrid
Ivan Kaye as Ivar
Alexandra Dowling as Agnes
Finlay Robertson as Prince Harold
Francis Magee as Ulric The Chronicler
Salomon Thomson as Wilfred
Michael Lindall as Leader Saxon
Laura Sibbick as Woman Saxon
Theo Barklem-Biggs as Prince Vali
Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Hammer of the Gods holds an approval rating of 29%, based on 21 reviews, and an average rating of 3.98/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 44 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Tom Huddleston of Time Out London rated it 3/5 stars and wrote "It's hardly high art, but for a cheapjack homegrown action flick this is surprisingly solid." Philip French of The Observer called it "a nasty, brutal and relatively short entertainment, aimed at middle-of-the-woad Conanists." Peter Beech of The Guardian rated it 3/5 stars and wrote "A sense of humour and some pyrotechnically gory skirmishes enliven this tale of a Viking in hostile Saxon terrain". Matt Glasby of Total Film rated it 2/5 stars and wrote "Gamely directed and acted, but a little threadbare in terms of plot and design, it’s suitably savage but not quite fun enough to forgive the flaws." Dean Essner of Slant Magazine rated it 0.5/5 stars and called it "an unbearably stupid exercise in gore that deserves to die the same cruel, soulless death that nearly every character does at some point".
References
External links
Hammer of the Gods: An Interview with director Farren Blackburn
2013 films
2010s action horror films
British action adventure films
Films set in the Viking Age
Films set in the 9th century
Films directed by Farren Blackburn
Films scored by Benjamin Wallfisch
2013 directorial debut films
Vertigo Films films
Incest in film
Films about cannibalism
British action horror films
Cultural depictions of Ivar the Boneless
2010s English-language films
2010s British films |
Madiha Rashid Al-Madfai () (died 26 November 2019) was a Jordanian radio broadcaster for BBC Arabic. She was the first woman to broadcast news bulletins on BBC Arabic and presented multiple political programmes of a serious nature such as Panorama and Opinion and Other Opinion of which the Arabic public were unfamiliar with. Al-Madfai had also worked for the Voice of Palestine from Cairo and worked on the Jordanian radio industry. She retired from radio broadcasting in 2000.
Background and education
Al-Madfai originated from Jordan. She was the daughter of the Jordanian government minister Rashid Al-Madfai. She graduated from The American University in Cairo after studying journalism and political science. Al-Madfai completed a Doctor of Philosophy degree in political science at the University of London in the mid-1980s.
Career
Following graduation from The American University in Cairo, she spent a few months working for the Voice of Palestine radio station in Cairo and then went on to join the Jordanian radio scene. Al-Madfai began working for BBC Arabic Radio in 1960, presenting variety programmes before going to read political news bulletins, the latter of which was dominated by men. She was the first female to broadcast BBC Arabic news bulletins, fifteen years before women could do the same job for the English-language international radio station BBC World Service. Al-Madfai was allowed to broadcast on the radio following talks with BBC directors who were conservative with their position of not favouring women to read the news or present political programmes.
Al-Madfai was the first person to broadcast on the radio the news of the crossing of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian Army during the Yom Kippur War in 1973. It came when she was broadcasting the news on air and the English editor provided her with that information on a piece of paper written in English. Al-Madfai presented multiple political programmes with a serious nature of which the Arab public were not familiar with such as the Panorama documentary programme broadcasting a diverse range of topics that became popular with listeners and the Opinion and Other Opinion discussion programme. In 1993, she published the book Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974–1991. Seven years later, Al-Madfai retired from the radio industry.
Personal life
She was married to the broadcaster Nadim Nasser. Al-Madfai died in London on 26 November 2019.
Legacy
She was recognisable by the announcement "The news bulletin from the BBC read to you by Madiha Rashid al-Madfai" Al-Madfai helped to establish a precedent for other women in the Arab world to get into radio such as Huda Al-Rasheed, Salwa Al-Jarrah, Hala Salah El-Din, Samia Al-Atrash, Nadia Saleh and Afaf Jalal among others.
References
2019 deaths
20th-century Jordanian women
The American University in Cairo alumni
Alumni of the University of London
Jordanian women journalists
Women radio journalists
Jordanian radio presenters
Jordanian women radio presenters
BBC newsreaders and journalists
Jordanian women writers
20th-century Jordanian writers |
Robert Edward Fleming (born 1936), is an American literary scholar known for his work on Ernest Hemingway. He is a professor emeritus of English at the University of New Mexico. In 2005 he co-edited (with Robert W. Lewis) a scholarly edition of Ernest Hemingway's Under Kilimanjaro.
He was a co-editor of American Literary Realism 1870–1910 from 1986 to 1996.
See also
Charles Fletcher Lummis
James Weldon Johnson
Arna Wendell Bontemps
Sinclair Lewis
Willard Motley
Publications
References
American literary critics
Living people
1936 births
University of New Mexico faculty |
```java
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
package org.apache.guacamole.net.auth;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import org.apache.guacamole.GuacamoleException;
/**
* Directory implementation which simplifies decorating the objects within an
* underlying Directory. The decorate() and undecorate() functions must be
* implemented to define how each object is decorated, and how that decoration
* may be removed.
*
* @param <ObjectType>
* The type of objects stored within this Directory.
*/
public abstract class DecoratingDirectory<ObjectType extends Identifiable>
extends DelegatingDirectory<ObjectType> {
/**
* Creates a new DecoratingDirectory which decorates the objects within
* the given directory.
*
* @param directory
* The Directory whose objects are being decorated.
*/
public DecoratingDirectory(Directory<ObjectType> directory) {
super(directory);
}
/**
* Given an object retrieved from a Directory which originates from a
* different AuthenticationProvider, returns an identical type of object
* optionally wrapped with additional information, functionality, etc. If
* this directory chooses to decorate the object provided, it is up to the
* implementation of that decorated object to properly pass through
* operations as appropriate, as well as provide for an eventual
* undecorate() operation. All objects retrieved from this
* DecoratingDirectory will first be passed through this function.
*
* @param object
* An object from a Directory which originates from a different
* AuthenticationProvider.
*
* @return
* An object which may have been decorated by this
* DecoratingDirectory. If the object was not decorated, the original,
* unmodified object may be returned instead.
*
* @throws GuacamoleException
* If the provided object cannot be decorated due to an error.
*/
protected abstract ObjectType decorate(ObjectType object)
throws GuacamoleException;
/**
* Given an object originally returned from a call to this
* DecoratingDirectory's decorate() function, reverses the decoration
* operation, returning the original object. This function is effectively
* the exact inverse of the decorate() function. The return value of
* undecorate(decorate(X)) must be identically X. All objects given to this
* DecoratingDirectory via add() or update() will first be passed through
* this function.
*
* @param object
* An object which was originally returned by a call to this
* DecoratingDirectory's decorate() function.
*
* @return
* The original object which was provided to this DecoratingDirectory's
* decorate() function.
*
* @throws GuacamoleException
* If the provided object cannot be undecorated due to an error.
*/
protected abstract ObjectType undecorate(ObjectType object)
throws GuacamoleException;
@Override
public ObjectType get(String identifier) throws GuacamoleException {
// Decorate only if object exists
ObjectType object = super.get(identifier);
if (object != null)
return decorate(object);
return null;
}
@Override
public Collection<ObjectType> getAll(Collection<String> identifiers)
throws GuacamoleException {
Collection<ObjectType> objects = super.getAll(identifiers);
// Decorate all retrieved objects, if any
Collection<ObjectType> decorated = new ArrayList<ObjectType>(objects.size());
for (ObjectType object : objects)
decorated.add(decorate(object));
return decorated;
}
@Override
public void add(ObjectType object) throws GuacamoleException {
super.add(decorate(object));
}
@Override
public void update(ObjectType object) throws GuacamoleException {
super.update(undecorate(object));
}
}
``` |
Devils Point is a point marking the southwest extremity of Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica and forming the southeast side of the entrance to Osogovo Bay and the west side of the entrance to Raskuporis Cove. The point is separated from Vardim Rocks to the south by Hell Gates. Lucifer Crags, a rocky bluff rising to 81 m at the south extremity of President Beaches, surmount Devils Point on the southwest, Acheron Lake on the northeast and Siren Lake on the east-southeast. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.
The point was charted and named by James Weddell, Royal Navy, Master of the brig Jane, during the period 1820–23.
Location
The point is located at which is 6.22 km north of President Head, Snow Island, 6.33 km east-southeast of Benson Point, Rugged Island and 16.8 km west by north of Elephant Point. British mapping in 1968, detailed Spanish mapping in 1992, and Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009.
Maps
Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island, &c. from the exploration of the sloop Dove in the years 1821 and 1822 by George Powell Commander of the same. Scale ca. 1:200000. London: Laurie, 1822
Península Byers, Isla Livingston. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:25000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1992. (Map image on p. 55 of the linked study)
L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.
In fiction
The Devils Point area is part of the mise-en-scène of the 2016 Antarctica thriller novel The Killing Ship by Simon Beaufort; the point is shown on a sketch map of Livingston Island illustrating the book.
Gallery
Notes
References
Devils Point. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
Headlands of Livingston Island |
Purana Dumka (also spelled as Purani Dumka) is a census town in Dumka CD block in Dumka subdivision of Dumka district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Geography
Location
Purana Dumka is located at .
Overview
The map shows a large area, which is a plateau with low hills, except in the eastern portion where the Rajmahal hills intrude into this area and the Ramgarh hills are there. The south-western portion is just a rolling upland. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.
Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked in the full screen map and one can easily move on to another page of his/her choice. Enlarge the full screen map to see what else is there – one gets railway connections, many more road connections and so on.
Area
Purana Dumka has an area of 1.15 km2.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Purana Dumka had a total population of 10,034, of which 5,343 (53%) were males and 4,691 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,387. The total number of literate persons in Purana Dumka was 8,647 (83.17% of the population over 6 years).
Infrastructure
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Dumka, Purani Dumka covered an area of 1.15 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 50 km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered well, hand pump. It had 1,591 domestic electric connections, 125 road light points. Among the medical facilities, it had 4 hospitals, 1 dispensary, 1 health centre, 1 family welfare centre, 2 maternity and child welfare centres, 2 maternity homes, 2 nursing home, 2 veterinary hospital, 1 medicine shop. Among the educational facilities it had 4 primary schools, 1 middle school. Two important items it produced were furniture, earthen pots. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 agricultural credit society.
Transport
Dumka railway station, on the Jasidih-Dumka-Rampurhat line, is located nearby.
References
Cities and towns in Dumka district |
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