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Chris Masoe (born 15 May 1979 in Savaii, Western Samoa) is a former New Zealand rugby union footballer, who last played for Racing Metro 92 in the Top 14 and a current professional boxer. He is the brother of boxer Maselino Masoe. He was born on the island of Savai'i
Career
Early life
Masoe was born in Savai'i, Western Samoa as the second youngest of 13 children. He emigrated to New Zealand aged 8 and was raised in Wanganui.
Super 14
Masoe used to play for the Wellington Hurricanes in the Super 14. He appeared in all 11 Hurricanes matches in the 2005 season. He is capable of playing in all three loose-forward positions but has been concentrating on the openside flanker's role. Masoe has good pace and is a strong ball runner and a tough defender.
Sevens
He has been a regular member of the New Zealand Sevens squad in the past and was a member of the 2002 Commonwealth Games gold-winning team.
Handbag incident
On the night of the Super 14 final on 27 May 2006, former All Black captain Tana Umaga struck Hurricanes team mate Chris Masoe over the head with a woman's handbag, breaking her cell phone, after Masoe allegedly attempted to strike another patron. Masoe was fined $3000 by the NZRU as punishment.
Castres Olympique
In 2008, he signed a contract for French Top 14 team Castres Olympique. In 2010, he was selected in the French Barbarians squad to play Tonga on 26 November.
Toulon
In April 2012 it was confirmed Masoe was joining RC Toulonnais on a three-year deal. In May 2013 he started as Toulon won the 2013 Heineken Cup Final by 16–15 against Clermont Auvergne.
Awards
His allround ability earned him the Taranaki Sportsman of the Year in 2002 and in the same year he was named New Zealand Sevens Player of the Year. Following his last season at Castres Olympique, he received the 2011–2012 Top 14 rugbyman of the year award on 15 October 2012.
Honours
Racing 92
Top 14: 2015–16
Professional boxing career
On December 2nd 2022, Masoe followed in his brothers footsteps and made his professional boxing debut against Hawaian born Lui Te'o. Masoe won the fight by Split Decision.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
1979 births
New Zealand international rugby union players
Living people
New Zealand rugby union players
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union number eights
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for New Zealand
Rugby sevens players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
New Zealand male rugby sevens players
Samoan emigrants to New Zealand
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Hurricanes (rugby union) players
Taranaki rugby union players
Wellington rugby union players
Castres Olympique players
RC Toulon players
New Zealand expatriate rugby union players
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in France
New Zealand international rugby sevens players
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games medallists in rugby sevens
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
2007 Rugby World Cup players |
Bălăneasa may refer to the following places in Romania:
Bălăneasa, a village in the commune Livezi, Bacău County
Bălăneasa, a tributary of the Bârlad in Vaslui and Galați Counties
Bălăneasa (Buzău), a tributary of the Buzău in Buzău County |
```tex
\hypertarget{namespaceanonymous__namespace_02minqueue__test_8h_03}{}\section{anonymous\+\_\+namespace\{minqueue\+\_\+test.\+h\} Namespace Reference}
\label{namespaceanonymous__namespace_02minqueue__test_8h_03}\index{anonymous\+\_\+namespace\lcurly{}minqueue\+\_\+test.\+h\rcurly{}@{anonymous\+\_\+namespace\lcurly{}minqueue\+\_\+test.\+h\rcurly{}}}
\subsection*{Variables}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
const int \hyperlink{your_sha256_hash615354013b4d2480133959}{Q\+\_\+\+N\+U\+M} =10
\end{DoxyCompactItemize}
\subsection{Variable Documentation}
\hypertarget{your_sha256_hash615354013b4d2480133959}{}\index{anonymous\+\_\+namespace\lcurly{}minqueue\+\_\+test.\+h\rcurly{}@{anonymous\+\_\+namespace\lcurly{}minqueue\+\_\+test.\+h\rcurly{}}!Q\+\_\+\+N\+U\+M@{Q\+\_\+\+N\+U\+M}}
\index{Q\+\_\+\+N\+U\+M@{Q\+\_\+\+N\+U\+M}!anonymous\+\_\+namespace\lcurly{}minqueue\+\_\+test.\+h\rcurly{}@{anonymous\+\_\+namespace\lcurly{}minqueue\+\_\+test.\+h\rcurly{}}}
\subsubsection[{Q\+\_\+\+N\+U\+M}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}const int anonymous\+\_\+namespace\{minqueue\+\_\+test.\+h\}\+::Q\+\_\+\+N\+U\+M =10}\label{your_sha256_hash615354013b4d2480133959}
Definition at line 26 of file minqueue\+\_\+test.\+h.
``` |
Wright's Almshouses is a terrace of six former almshouses now located on Beam Street () in Nantwich, Cheshire, England. The building was originally erected at the junction of Hospital Street and London Road in 1638 by Edmund Wright (later Sir Edmund Wright), Lord Mayor of London in 1640–41, and is listed at grade II*. The low red-brick terrace has stone dressings and a central stone panel with arms. The adjacent stone archway of 1667, which Nikolaus Pevsner describes as the "best" feature of the almshouses, is also listed separately at grade II*, together with its associated wall.
By the 1960s, the Wright's Almshouses were in a poor condition, and the building was threatened with demolition. The almshouses were saved by a plan which involved moving the building, together with its wall and gateway, from London Road to stand adjacent to the Crewe Almshouses at the end of Beam Street, and constructing modern facilities shared by both former almshouses. The new complex was completed in 1975, and Wright's Almshouses remain in use as sheltered housing for the elderly.
History
The Wright's Almshouses were built in 1638 by Edmund Wright, later Sir Edmund Wright, and were the town's second almshouses (after those on Welsh Row founded in 1613 by Sir Roger Wilbraham). Born in Nantwich, Wright became a successful London merchant, serving as an alderman and then as Lord Mayor of London in 1640–41. The deed of 20 August 1638 establishing the almshouses stated that they were founded "out of his pious intention and charitable disposition towards the poor inhabitants of Wich Malbank". They were originally located at the far end of Hospital Street and the start of London Road on land that had once been associated with the Hospice of St Nicholas. Wright also donated the land behind the building, and £32 annually in rent from the Ryefields farm in Hillingdon, Middlesex.
The almshouses were "for the use and benefit of six poor men". Recipients were required to be single men of at least 50 years, unable to make a living by labour, who had been born in Nantwich and had also been resident in the town for at least the previous three years; they were further required to be members of the Church of England and "of good honest behaviour and conversation". Men with the surname of Wright were preferred for the positions. In addition to accommodation, each man was given a quarterly pension of 20 shillings, and also received a shirt and a pair of shoes and stockings every Christmas, and a gown (and later also a hat) every two years (every three years from 1771). Numerous rules governed the behaviour of the charity recipients, and fines, suspension or even expulsion for infractions are all recorded. Twice-daily prayers and (for the able bodied), regular attendance at church services were required, while the rules prohibited marriage, "swearing, Drunkenness, and all such scandalous Vices" and keeping "any Woman as an Harlot". An annual inspection took place on 24 November, the anniversary of Wright's baptism, followed by a feast. By 1883, 197 men had been almsmen, of whom fifteen were named Wright. Several instances of married almsmen are recorded, but this was prohibited in 1717–18.
The almshouses were administered by a group of thirteen trustees appointed by Wright; the original trustees included several members of the Wright family, representatives of other prominent Nantwich families including the Maistersons, Wilbrahams and Churches, and the minister of St Mary's Church. Whenever eight of the thirteen trustees had died, the surviving trustees were to elect another eight men to replace them. As with the almsmen, men related to Wright or bearing that surname were to be preferred. Later trustees included local architect, Thomas Bower. In 1666–68, a stone gateway and an inscribed tablet with a coat of arms were added by the trustees at a total cost of just over £4, paid for by keeping some of the houses vacant.
In 1800, a female caretaker was appointed who lived in one of the houses and looked after the almsmen. As the charity's endowment was fixed at £32, the pension did not increase from the original 20 shillings quarterly, except in being supplemented with a weekly sixpenny loaf from 1795. By the early 19th century, it proved entirely inadequate; some pensioners left the almshouses for the workhouse, while others "died in great poverty and neglect". A gift from William Sprout in 1829 increased the pension to £10 annually, improving the standard of living from the original foundation.
Maintenance suffered during the Second World War and, by the early 1960s, the Wright's Almshouses had become dilapidated. The site was then surrounded by the premises of a garage. In 1969, the charity trustees proposed to demolish the building and sell the land. In 1970, a novel plan was proposed which involved moving the Wright's Almshouses to stand at the end of Beam Street adjacent to the Crewe Almshouses, which were then also in a very poor condition, and constructing communal facilities in a modern shared block. This was eventually agreed and, in 1973, the Wright's Almshouses charity merged with the charities administering the Crewe Almshouses and the Delves and Meakin Almshouses on Love Lane, as well as the Harriet Hope Charity, to form the "Almshouse Charities of Sir Edmund Wright, Crewe and Others". An area of 1032 square yards of derelict gardens to the rear of the Crewe Almshouses was purchased, and in 1973–75, the Wright's Almshouses building was dismantled and reconstructed on this plot, using new and recovered building materials. The cost of moving the building and its gateway was estimated at £16,700. A further estimated £6,300 was spent on building single-storey extensions at the rear of the terrace. The complex was formally opened on 1 December 1975 by Princess Alexandra. The town's conservation area was extended to include the entire site.
Description
Wright's Almshouses is a terrace of six cottages with two low storeys, in red brick with sandstone dressings under a tiled roof. The ends of the terrace have stone long and short quoins, as do the surrounds to the doors and windows. There is also a prominent stone coping to the gable ends, which is finished with a ball decoration. All the windows have stone mullions. There is a stone string course between ground and first floors. The roof has three large brick chimney stacks.
The terrace bears a central stone panel with the arms of the Bulkeley family, including three bulls' heads; local historian James Hall notes that the Wright family did not have the right to bear these arms. The inscription, now partly illegible, is recorded by Hall as "Sr. Edmund Wright Kt. borne in this towne sole founder of this almeshouse a'no dom. 1638."
The use of brick other than for chimneys was very unusual in Nantwich at this date. Other brick buildings include Townsend House, the Wilbraham mansion on Welsh Row completed in around 1580, and the Wright's house on Mill Street, dating from the early 17th century (both of which have now been demolished). Local historian Jeremy Lake considers that the use of brick was an expression of wealth of the patron.
Gateway
The arched stone gateway is flanked by Tuscan columns resting on pedestals, and has prominent side scrolls, one of which has been restored. The entablature above the arch is topped with coping in Jacobean style. English Heritage describes the structure as "a fine gateway", while Pevsner calls it the "best" feature of the almshouses. It was originally painted and gilded. The archway is surrounded by a low red-brick wall with a stone coping. A modern commemorative tablet in the wall to the left of the archway records the amalgamation of the almshouse charities; it was dedicated on 24 November 1973.
Modern usage
The Wright's Almshouses remain in use as sheltered housing for the elderly. They are now administered by a joint body of trustees for all the surviving Nantwich almshouses, together with the adjacent Crewe and Harriet Hope Almshouses.
See also
Listed buildings in Nantwich
List of almshouses in the United Kingdom
Notes
References
Blacklay F. Almshouses of Nantwich (A4 Media Services; 1995)
Hall J. A History of the Town and Parish of Nantwich, or Wich Malbank, in the County Palatine of Chester (2nd edn) (E. J. Morten; 1972) ()
Lake J. The Great Fire of Nantwich (Shiva Publishing; 1983) ()
Pevsner N, Hubbard E. The Buildings of England: Cheshire (Penguin Books; 1971) ()
Buildings and structures completed in 1638
Buildings and structures completed in 1667
Almshouses in Nantwich
Cateway of Wright's Almshouses, Nantwich
Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire
Grade II* listed almshouses
1638 establishments in England |
Ali Abad Metro Station is a station in Tehran Metro Line 1. It is located in Shahid Dastvare Boulevard. It is between Javanmard-e-Ghassab Metro Station and Khazane Metro Station.
References
Tehran Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 2001
Railway stations in Iran opened in the 2000s |
Specimens of Bushman Folklore is a book by the linguist Wilhelm H. I. Bleek and Lucy C. Lloyd, which was published in 1911. The book records eighty-seven legends, myths and other traditional stories of the ǀXam Bushmen in their now-extinct language. The stories were collected through interviews with various narrators, chief among them ǀA!kunta, ǁKabbo, Diäǃkwain, !Kweiten-ta-ǀǀKen and ǀHanǂkasso.
These tales were written down and translated by Bleek and his sister-in-law Lloyd. Bleek died in 1875, but Lloyd continued transcribing ǀXam narratives after his death. It is thanks to her efforts that some of the narratives were eventually published in this book, which also includes sketches of rock art attributed to the Bushmen people and some ǃXun narratives.
Specimens of Bushman Folklore has been considered the cornerstone of study of the Bushmen and their religious beliefs. Laurens van der Post describes the book (and Dorothea Bleek's Mantis and His Friend) as "a sort of Stone Age Bible" in the introduction to The Heart of the Hunter (1961), a follow-up to The Lost World of the Kalahari.
Specimens of Bushman Folklore, as well as the situation of the Bushmen during their disappearance in South Africa and the lives of Bleek and Lloyd, have been covered in a Dutch documentary series called The Broken String.
Further reading
Banks, Andrew. Bushmen in a Victorian World. Cape Town: Double Storey, 2006.
External links
Specimens of Bushman Folklore. (entire text)
Specimens of Bushman Folklore. (scanned pages, with search)
Diä!kwain, the 'soft-hearted' prisoner (an informant)
/Xam (Bushmen and Bushwomen) Intellectuals (1845-1879) including the five informants of Bleek
Timeline of Southern African Art (entry under 1911)
University of Cape Town, Michaelis School of Fine Art: The Digital Bleek and Lloyd
documentary information (in Dutch)
1911 books
Anthropology books |
State Route 301 (SR 301) is a north–south route located entirely in Calhoun County in east-central Alabama. The route is long.
Route description
SR 301 is a former alignment of U.S. Route 431 (US 431) in the Oxford area. It begins at a junction with US 78 on the north side, and it ends at a junction with Interstate 20 (I-20) and US 431 at exit 191.
History
The SR 301 designation was established in February 2016 when US 431 was re-routed onto I-20 after the completion of the Anniston Eastern Bypass. US 431 followed a concurrency with US 78, but this short link road between the two U.S. Highways became known as SR 301.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
301
301
U.S. Route 431
State highways in the United States shorter than one mile |
The 17th East Bosnia Assault Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: ) was Yugoslav Partisan division formed on 2 July 1943. The division was formed from the 6th East Bosnia Brigade, the 1st Majevica Brigade and Majevica Detachment. Gligorije Mandić was a commander of the division while its political commissar was Branko Petričević. The division was under the direct command of the Supreme Headquarters until 20 September 1943 when it came under the command of the 3rd Corps. During a brief time in May and June 1944, it was again under the command of the Supreme Headquarters, following that it became a part of the 2nd Corps. The division mostly fought in Bosnia and Serbia.
References
Divisions of the Yugoslav Partisans
Military units and formations established in 1943 |
Malacothrix incana is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name dunedelion. It is endemic to California, where it grows only in sand dunes on the beaches of the Channel Islands and isolated spots along the mainland coastline in San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties. The type specimen was collected in San Diego, but the plant no longer occurs there.
Description
This is a perennial herb forming a leafy mound up to about 70 centimeters in maximum height. It may be hairless to densely hairy. The leaves are smooth-edged or have dull lobes. Leaves at the base of the stem are similar to those distal. The inflorescence is an array of flower heads lined with hairless phyllaries. The ray florets are one or two centimeters long and yellow in color.
Taxonomy
The type specimen was collected in San Diego, probably on the dunes of the Silver Strand on Coronado Island, but the plant is no longer present in San Diego County. The plant was first described as Malacomeris incanus by Thomas Nuttall in 1841, and later as the current name by John Torrey and Asa Gray in 1843.
Distribution and habitat
This species is a coastal dune endemic, and is only found in the U.S. state of California. Some of the dune habitats it grows in have been damaged. It is found on the mainland in Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties, and also on the Channel Islands of San Miguel, San Nicolas, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa. Where dunes transition into areas of normal soil, hybrids with other Malacothrix species may be found.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Photo gallery
incana
Endemic flora of California
Flora without expected TNC conservation status
Taxa named by John Torrey
Taxa named by Asa Gray
Taxa named by Thomas Nuttall |
```javascript
import React from 'react';
import { Route, IndexRoute } from 'react-router';
import Main from '../components/Main';
import CheckAuth from '../components/CheckAuth';
import HomePageContainer from '../containers/HomePageContainer';
import LoginPageContainer from '../containers/LoginPageContainer';
import SharePageContainer from '../containers/SharePageContainer';
export default (
<Route path='/' component={Main}>
<IndexRoute component={HomePageContainer} />
<Route path="/login" component={CheckAuth(LoginPageContainer, 'guest')}/>
<Route path="/share" component={CheckAuth(SharePageContainer, 'auth')}/>
</Route>
);
``` |
Leslie Charles Coleman (16 June 1878 – 14 September 1954) was a Canadian entomologist, plant pathologist and virologist who worked as the first director of agriculture in Mysore State in southern India. He conducted pioneering research on the pests and diseases affecting agriculture in the region and was instrumental in establishing several agricultural research and educational institutions including the Hebbal Agricultural School which later became a part of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore and the Coffee Research Station at Balehonnur which became the Central Coffee Research Institute. He introduced improved tillage implements, sprayers, tractors, and played a key role in the establishment of the Mysore Sugar Company in Mandya. His major contributions to plant protection included measures to control a rot disease of coffee caused by Pellicularia koleroga (now Ceratobasidium noxium) known in southern India as koleroga. Coleman established measures for koleroga, a generic name for rot-causing diseases in Kannada, that caused complete destruction in areca plantations. Sprays of inexpensive Bordeaux mixture on the growing crowns helped control infection caused by what he described as Phytophthora arecae (now considered as Phytophthora palmivora).
Early life
Leslie Coleman was born in Durham County, Ontario, Canada, on 16 June 1878 to Elizabeth Ann née Beer and Francis T. Coleman. He had three brothers and two sisters. The family appears to have moved between Toronto and Spokane, Washington, as Coleman went to the Arthur High School and Harbord Collegiate Institute after which Leslie became a primary school teacher (following his brother Norman Frank Coleman who became a President of Reed College while another brother Herbert was principal of Spokane High School). In 1900 he joined the University of Toronto and graduated in science with a Governor General's Gold medal in 1904. Coleman spent the summer of 1904 at the marine research stations at Malpeque and at Georgian Bay where he studied oyster cultivation. He received the Frederick Wyld Prize for English Essay in 1905. He moved to Germany for further study and obtained a doctorate from the University of Göttingen. Here he studied nitrification by soil bacteria. He trained in mycology under Heinrich Klebahn. From 1906, he worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Agriculture and Forestry in Berlin for two years before he obtained a five-year appointment as Mycologist and Entomologist in the State of Mysore in India in 1908.
India
Coleman joined as an entomologist in the agricultural research establishment begun in the State of Mysore by Adolf Lehmann, a Canadian chemist of German descent. Lehmann's appointment as a chemist had followed from the recommendations of the committee headed by Dr J.A. Voelcker to improve agriculture in India and while Lehmann's focus had been on soil fertility but he felt the need for a qualified plant protection expert. Shortly after Coleman's arrival the government of Mysore decided not to renew Lehmann's contract and following the death of his wife, wished to return to Canada. From 1908, Coleman then had to take over management of the chemistry department of the Mysore Agricultural Department while also studying crop pests and diseases. Early studies included the ring disease of potato. The chemist H. V. Krishnayya who had served from Lehmann's time continued to serve as chemist for both the geology and agriculture departments. In 1912, he wrote on agronomic experiments conducted on traditional paddy varieties and their cultivation techniques at the Hebbal research farms. At the 1912 Dasara exhibition in Mysore, Coleman organized an exhibit of insect pests and measures for their management which proved to be immensely popular.
Director of agriculture
Coleman's five year contract was due to expire on January 7, 1913 and it was reviewed and the government passed a resolution to appoint him in permanent service as Director of Agriculture with a pay of Rs 1200 with annual increments of Rs 50 rising to Rs 1400. An earlier allowance of Rs 75 sanctioned for additionally being in charge of the Agricultural Chemistry Department was abolished. Coleman held the position of directory until 1934 with breaks between 1925 and 1928.
Agricultural education, research, and outreach
One of his first tasks was the establishment of the Hebbal Agricultural School which began in July 1913. He served as its founding principal. This was followed by the establishment of three vernacular agricultural schools at Chikkanhalli, Hassan, and Ramakrishnapur established on land donated by farmers for the purpose. The school at Hebbal later became the Agricultural College at Hebbal in Bangalore (on 14 June 1946) and in 1964 became a part of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Another innovation was the establishment of the Mysore Agricultural and Experimental Union in 1918, consisting of land owning cultivators interested in carrying out experiments and scientific investigations on new methods, conduct manure and crop trials just like the government experimental farms while also popularising new ideas among farmers. A field day was held once a year in November. The Union was based on a similar idea in Ontario and published a quarterly journal in English (Journal of the Mysore Agricultural Experimental Union now called the Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences) and a Kannada monthly.Coleman showed a keen interest in matters of policy and administration from an early period. In 1918, Coleman spoke at the Mysore Economic Conference on the Japanese approach to consolidation of small farmer holdings to reduce wastage of land for boundaries and noted that such an idea would be difficult to implement in India due to the Hindu laws of inheritance.
World War I
From January 1919 to July, Coleman taught biology to Canadian army personnel returning from the First World War in a makeshift training centre in Ripon, Yorkshire. This six month course at the Khaki University was accepted by Canadian universities as equal to a full year of coursework. Coleman reflected on his experience in education in this setup in a Mysore University publication noting how the lack of a proper building hardly affected the aim of providing education.
Sericulture and the Civil Veterinary Department
In 1920 Coleman was given the added responsibility of administration of the department of sericulture (but moved back under the director of industries and commerce in 1923), the Civil Veterinary and Amrut Mahal Departments was also placed under the care of his department. In order to assist him, Coleman recruited fellow-Canadian Wilfred Davison as livestock expert in 1920. Davison however resigned in 1925. Coleman oversaw the establishment of the Mysore Serum Institute to produce rinderpest vaccine was established at Hebbal between 1927 and 1930. He helped organized better silk reeling techniques and oversaw the establishment of the Mysore Silk Filature. A cattle breeding farm was established at Parvatrayanakere, Ajjampura in 1929.
Coffee research station
The Coffee Research Station at Balehonnur was established in 1925 with an original eighteen acres of coffee land and 18 acres of forest leased out by C.S. Crawford. The government added 14 acres of gomal (cattle grazing commons) , and 165 acres of forest to it. Still later the government purchase Crawford's land and additional 65 acres to make up a total of 280 acres. Research was conducted here on coffee varieties, studies on pests and diseases. In the 1930s Coleman's personal research related to coffee included studies on the coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix.
Areca and Koleroga
Coleman's major work with the areca farmers was in the management of a major fungal disease of areca caused by multiple species of Phytophthora including Phytophthora palmivora (then called P. arecae). The outbreak of rot began following the rains and the traditional attempts to control them involved climbing the tree and tying what were locally called kotte, a rain protection for the nuts made from the bases of the fronds of the palm. This was a labour intensive process and still resulted in rotten nuts. Additionally the crown of the tree would get infected followed by death of the palm. Coleman experimented with and identified the well-known Bordeaux mixture as an inexpensive solution to control the spread of oospores during the monsoon. Farmers however needed to be trained on how to produce the mixture with careful pH measurement, and to apply it on the growing crown and base of the nuts just prior to the onset of the monsoon. Spray at a height however was a challenge and required new equipment, and Coleman went about organizing import subsidies on sprayers through the agriculture department.
Research administration
As a research administrator Coleman recruited and mentored the Indian entomologist K. Kunhikannan, the mycologist M. J. Narasimhan and several others who worked as assistants. Several of his research team were subsequently sent for training and higher education abroad. Coleman continued to take an interest in pathology and entomology research in spite his growing administrative duties. Around 1914, he studied a mycoplasma-like infection that affected sandal and caused sandal spike. Sandalwood spike was said to have spread around Hassan and Bangalore and 2418.5 tons of sandalwood were sold in that year as opposed to 2363 tons the previous year (and earning Rs 22,68,608) but the price per ton had doubled leading to serious economic concerns. In 1930 Coleman spent some time visiting Java. During this visit he examined the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) which was suspected to have entered India. On his return he also suggested experiments on X-ray induced mutation for breeding new sugarcane varieties based on observations of similar attempts on tobacco at the Klaten Experimental Station in Java. These mutation experiments were then conducted by the geneticist and plant breeder Venkatrao K. Badami.
A grasshopper genus, Colemania and another species Parahieroglyphus colemani were named after him by Ignacio Bolívar. Coleman made an extensive study of Colemania sphenarioides, a pest in some regions that affected sorghum. The scale insect Coccus colemani found on coffee was named after him by his assistant entomologist Kunhi Kannan in 1918. Coleman was interested in the role of natural parasites and predators for the control of pests. In 1921 and 1933 he was involved in the introduction of Agromyzid flies (Ophiomyia lantanae) from Hawaii for the control of Lantana. The first laboratory for breeding parasites to help control sugarcane stem borer was established in 1935-36 at Mandya following research begun in 1933. The research involved the rearing and study of many species of parasites and in the process several new parasites were discovered with a few named after him - Telenomus colemani, Anastatus colemani, and Tetrastichus colemani. He took up measures to control Opuntia, particularly in Kolar district, that included manual removal, conversion into green manure, and attempts were also made to use scale/cochineal insects for their control.
Mechanization and modernization
One of Coleman's earliest works was in the replacement of wooden ploughs with more modern versions which aimed to reduce the number of times a plough had to be passed across a field by one-fourth. He chose the Kolar mission plough imported from the United States by the Kolar Mission Institute and later had it modified and locally produced as the "Mysore plough". It was designed so that the fast-wearing tip of share was locally replaceable at a very low cost. The agriculture department stocked these implements and their spares in implements depots across the state and sold them to farmers at minimum cost.
Legislation and policy
Coleman also examined economic policies and was an advisor to many government bodies both in Mysore State and on deputation to the government of British India. Coleman was involved in the passing of the Diseases and Pests Act (1917), the first attempt in India to manage pests through legislation and was aimed at control of the white stem borer in coffee, a major export commodity from Mysore. The act made it compulsory for planters to take measures to control coffee stem-borer. Mass campaigns involving school children to collect hairy caterpillars for control were also a novel idea introduced by the department under his directorship.
As a member of the board of agriculture in India, Coleman headed various advisory committees and was responsible for approving the establishment of a dedicated statistical unit at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute.
Mysore Sugar Company
In 1933, Mysore Sugar Company (or Mysugar), the first joint-stock private company in India with the government as a majority shareholder was established to process sugar at the Mysore Sugar Factory (begun 15 January 1934) produced by sugarcane farmers in the (then called the Irwin canal, now Visveshwariah) canal irrigated region of Mandya. The farmers were contracted to sell all their produce through what was then a novel "oppige" (Kannada for agreement or contract, making it among the oldest examples of industrial "contract farming") system.
Return to Canada
In 1925 Coleman briefly returned to Canada due to ill health to take up a position in the Toronto University department of botany. In 1927 a part-time position of plant pathologist in Ontario was created. He worked briefly on the dead arm of grapes caused by Cryptosporella viticola. Coleman did not continue for long and resigned to return to India. In 1929 he published a report on the work done in Mysore and how it compared with the recommendations made by the Royal Commission on Agriculture in India. Coleman was made Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1931. After working for three more years in Mysore, Coleman retired, following repeated attacks of amoebic dysentery, from his position as Director of Agriculture. Returning to Canada he began to work at the University of Toronto, teaching and researching genetics. He worked on the cytology of Gasteria and Allium in 1936. In 1948 he studied the cytology of a grasshopper.
India revisted
Towards the end of 1953, Coleman visited Karnataka privately, but upon hearing of the visit, the then chief minister Kengal Hanumanthaiah declared him a state guest and organized a tour of Karnataka to examine the state of agriculture and to visit the places where he had worked. He was welcomed in the places where he worked, and attended a number of special events held in his honour. At the end of his trip he submitted a report of his observations and suggestions for improvement to agriculture.
Shortly after returning to Canada in 1954, while driving to his lab in Saanichton through dense fog, his car hit a culvert and he was killed.
Family and personal life
Coleman was married twice. His met his first wife Mary "May" MacDonald Urquhart (born Oct 19, 1882), daughter of a local physician, when she was a student at the University of Toronto and married her shortly before leaving to India. She died on May 10, 1918, in the Biligirirangan Hills from diabetes and was buried in the Attikan estate of R.C. Morris. They had a son John Urquhart Coleman (1909-1980) who became a physician. Coleman married Phebe Ropes (1890-1946), daughter of Willis H. Ropes of Danvers, Massachusetts, an artist trained in Boston, on 23 May 1923. They had two daughters Louisa (1925-?) and Ann (1935-2016); and a son, also Leslie (1926-2019), who became a professor of geology at the University of Saskatchewan.
Coleman was described as an agnostic by his son Leslie. He was critical of all religions and when invited to speak once at Victoria he declared that "reincarnation makes as much sense as the doctrine of the Virgin Birth".
Memorials
A bust of Coleman stands inside the grounds of the Mysore Sugar Factory at Mandya. An entomology journal called Colemania was begun at the University of Agricultural Sciences in Bangalore but this did not survive long. The University of Agricultural Sciences in Bangalore instituted a Coleman memorial lecture in 2013, hosted by the departments of entomology and plant pathology, the talk is held annually on June 16, Coleman's birthday. In 2014, the memorial lecture was attended by Coleman's daughter Ann and her husband Tom Widdowson.
After the deaths of Ann and her brother Leslie, the family decided that photographs and papers relating to Coleman's life in India belonged in India. They are now held at the archives at the National Centre for Biological Sciences in Bangalore.
References
External links
Rooting around for history
VIP for a day
Biographical sketch video
Coleman papers in the Archives at NCBS, Bangalore
Digital objects
Canadian virologists
Canadian entomologists
1878 births
1954 deaths
Scientists from Ontario
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian expatriates in British India
University of Göttingen alumni
Agricultural researchers in India |
French for Beginners () is a German-French romantic comedy film made in 2006 and directed by Christian Ditter. The theme of the film is young love during a school exchange in France, complicated by language barriers and cultural differences.
Synopsis
Henrik hates French lessons with Monsieur Nouvelleville and grows to dislike all things French. But then he falls in love with Valerie of all people, who because of her French Mother is close to the language and culture and therefore takes part in the exchange programme. In order to prove his love to her, Henrik takes part in the exchange together with his friend Johannes.
Since unfortunately Henrik hardly speaks any French, communication turns out to be exceedingly difficult. After he misses the opportunity to get close to her on a stopover in Paris, he is shocked to learn at the first meeting with the local students that Valerie already has a French boyfriend. Not only is Henrik now jealous of Mathieu, but also frustrated because of the strange French customs he learns about in the company of his exchange partner Cyril, who lives on a farm.
Initially Henrik annoys Valerie with his attacks on Mathieu, but a short time later he learns that they’ve split up because Mathieu was being unfaithful with French girl Charlotte. Valerie is now ready for a date with the timid but genuine boy. The pair arranges to meet at a party and there seems to be nothing else in the way of love.
However Henry has not considered that it is customary for the French to eat a long evening meal. As he arrives very late to the party, Charlotte gets in his way. She talks to him in English and tries to seduce him. After Valerie has consumed an excessive amount of alcohol, Henrik takes her home and resists the temptation to take advantage of her intoxicated state.
At the farewell party with all the participants, he impresses his beloved by starting to sing "Bonsoir mes amis" instead of stammering a thank you speech. But Charlotte doesn’t give up and visits Henrik at his guest family’s house. After Valerie sees the two in bed, she plans to travel to Brittany to spend time with her uncle. Henry finds out at the last moment about this plan and steals the group’s coach to intercept her at the train station. There, he can convince her of his true love, whereupon Valerie forgives him and they kiss.
Cast
François Goeske - Henrik
Paula Schramm - Valerie
- Johannes
Christian Tramitz - Monsieur Nouvelleville
- Charlotte
Antoine Morin - Cyril
Cyril Descours - Mathieu
- Niklas
Vanessa Krüger - Lena
Release
French for Beginners premiered on 3 June 2006 in Germany.
References
External links
German-language review at Stern
2006 films
2006 romantic comedy films
French romantic comedy films
German romantic comedy films
2000s German-language films
2000s French-language films
Films set in France
Films set in Germany
2000s French films
2000s German films |
Anacanthobythites is a genus of viviparous brotulas both found in the eastern Indian Ocean.
Species
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
Anacanthobythites platycephalus M. E. Anderson, 2008
Anacanthobythites tasmaniensis M. E. Anderson, 2008
References
Bythitidae |
Steven Pirie is an English writer of horror, fantasy and humour based in Liverpool.
Bibliography
Novels
Digging up Donald (Immanion Press, 2004)
Burying Brian (Immanion Press, 2010)
Short stories
Rogers' Cold Fusion (Planet Relish Magazine, 2003)
What Goes Up (The Phone Book, 2003)
A Foot in Alpha Centauri's Door (Planet Relish Magazine, 2003)
Roger's Shoe, or Hat, or Dog (The Dark Krypt, 2003)
An Old Problem (The Phone Book, 2003)
Susan's Eyes (Flash Me Magazine, 2003)
The Kiss (Flashquake Magazine, 2003)
Colquitt's High-energy Trousers (Andromeda Spaceways Inflight Magazine, 2003)
Spartacus (Alien Skin Magazine, 2003)
Bob, and Clair, and the Meaning of Life (Whispers of Wickedness magazine, 2004)
A Small Box of Rat Poison (Whispers of Wickedness online, 2004)
Titan's Teashop (Whispers of Wickedness online, 2004)
And God Saw That It Was... (Whispers of Wickedness online, 2004)
The Soup in Uncle Norman's Beard (Tryst, 2005)
The Black Arts of Mrs Beelzebub From Number Six (The Mammoth Book of New Comic Fantasy, 2005)
Colquitt's High-energy Trousers (The Mammoth Book of New Comic Fantasy, 2005)
The Two Funereal Urns of Mrs Tate (Whispers of Wickedness magazine, 2005)
Mrs Mathews is Afraid of Cricket Bats (Dark Doorways, 2006)
An Occasional Card (Tryst, 2006)
Harry, the Wife, and Mrs Robson, Hell's Temptress from Number Six (Andromeda Spaceways Inflight Magazine 24, 2006)
Mary's Gift, the Stars, and Frank's Pisser (Zencore, Nemonymous 7, 2007)
Of Kate, and Love, and the Faraway Door (AfterburnSF, 2007)
To Pull a Child from a Woman (Sein und Werden, 2007)
Bob, and Clair, and the Meaning of Life (Ink Magazine, 2007)
Lucy's Flower (The Horror Express 6, 2007)
Night Dreaming (The Future Fire, 2008)
The Love Ship Guide to Seduction in Zero Gravity (Murky Depths, 2008)
Leonard Rom (Premonitions, 2008)
The Book of Ruth (Black Static, 2008)
The Love Ship Guide to Seduction in Zero Gravity (Galaxies, 2009)
When Norman Dreamed (Sonar 4 Horror and Science Fiction Anthology, 2009)
Ruth's Dying Breath in the Night (Necrotic Tissue, 2009)
The Goodship Hyperdrive (Murky Depths, 2010)
The Spring Heel (Haunted Legends, 2010)
To Pull a Child from a Woman (Sideshow 2, 2010)
Ruth Across the Sea (Shock Totem, 2011)
This is Mary's Moon (Black Static, 2011)
References
External links
Author's website
English horror writers
English fantasy writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
12 warm-up matches were played between 13 and 19 September featuring all 12 teams.
Fixtures
References
2012 ICC World Twenty20 |
Public Health Reports is a peer-reviewed public health journal established in 1878 and published by SAGE Publishing for the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health and the United States Public Health Service. The title and publication frequency of the journal has varied over the years, but it is currently published bimonthly. The editor-in-chief is Hazel D. Dean. Articles are published under a delayed open access, where they become fully open access one year after publication. Some special articles are published as open access including regularly published commentaries by the US Surgeon General and other top United States Department of Health and Human Services officials.
History
The journal was established in July 1878 as the Bulletins of the Public Health under the National Quarantine Act of April 29, 1878, issued by the Supervising Surgeon-General at the time, John Maynard Woodworth. This act requested weekly reports of epidemic disease infections to be forwarded to Washington by the American consulates abroad.
Publication was suspended after 46 issues on May 24, 1879 as a byproduct of the creation of the National Board of Health and its takeover of the Quarantine Act responsibilities. During this period, the Board of Health instead published the reports in its National Board of Health Bulletin. The responsibility for the Quarantine Act returned to the Surgeon General in 1883, and in 1887 the journal resumed publication as the Weekly Abstract of Sanitary Reports.
Thus, the first volume of the journal was published in 1878 as the Bulletins of the Public Health, and volumes 2–10 were published from 1887 to 1895 as the Weekly Abstract of Sanitary Reports. From 1896 to 1970 (volumes 11–85) it was published as Public Health Reports, and then it went through two brief periods of other names (volume 86 and the first two issues of volume 87 were published as HSMHA Health Reports from 1971 to 1972, while the remainder of volume 87 to the third issue of volume 89 were published as Health Services Reports, from 1972–1974) before returning to the Public Health Reports name with the fourth issue of volume 89 in 1974. It continues to be published under the same name.
PHR was the primary source of US epidemiological data during the first part of the 20th century and was the precursor to the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). The journal stopped publishing morbidity and mortality statistics in 1950 when these stats were transferred to MMWR. In 1952, PHR absorbed three other journals, the CDC Bulletin, the Journal of Venereal Disease Information, and Tuberculosis Control.
In January 1918, a case of influenza in Haskell County, Kansas was diagnosed by local doctor Loring Miner. Miner published about the case in the April 1918 Public Health Reports. This is believed to be the first documented case of the global influenza pandemic of 1918. Following this first publication about the global influenza pandemic of 1918, the journal published extensively about emerging viral epidemics, including about COVID-19. From 1878-2021, PHR published 349 articles on emerging viral epidemics covering such diseases as influenza, dengue, Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19. Influenza was the most discussed virus in the journal until the emergence of COVID-19. The journal issued a call for papers about COVID-19 in March 2020 which resulted in a large increase of submissions and publications on this topic.
PHR’s other impactful historic content included Josef Goldberger’s research on the etiology of pellagra.
Editors in Chief
In 2023, PHR published an article titled “Editors in chief of Public Health Reports, 1878- 2022: men and women who shaped the discussion of public health practice from 1918 influenza to COVID-19”. The article reconstructed, for the first time, the timeline of past PHR editors in chief (EIC) and identified women among them. PHR had 25 EIC transitions over 109 years, counting from 1913 through-2022, the period, during which a single individual in charge of the journal could be identified. Five identifiable EICs were women, who acted as EIC for about one-quarter of the journal’s traceable history. PHR’s longest serving EIC was Marian P. Tebben who served as EIC for 20 years (1974-1994). Many former PHR EIC were influential public health figures. For example, Frederic E. Shaw was a former EIC of MMWR and Hazel D. Dean was the principal deputy director of a center at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Past PHR EICs included:
John W. Trask (January 1913-February 1918)
Benjamin S. Warren (February 1918–May 1922)
Bolivar J. Lloyd (September 1922–January 1926)
Claude C. Pierce (January–September 1927)
Ralph C. Williams (September 1927-May 1936)
Robert Olesen (June 1936-December 1938)
Charles V. Akin (January 1939-December 1940)
E.R. Coffey (January 1941-December 1943)
George St. J. Perrott (December 1943-July 1958)
William H. Stewart (August 1958-December 1961)
Paul Q. Peterson (January–June 1962)
J. Stewart Hunter (July 1962-September 1967)
George St. J. Perrott (October–December 1967)
Edward McVeigh (January 1968-February 1972)
Gerald N. Kurtz (March 1972-February 1974)
Marian P. Tebben (March 1974-October 1994)
Anthony Robbins (November 1994-February 1999)
Judith Kurland (March 1999-August 2000)
Robert Rinsky (September 2000-December 2007)
Laurence D. Reed (January 2008-October 2010)
Janice Huy (November 2010-February 2013)
Mary Beth Bigley (March 2013-June 2014)
Robert DeMartino (July–August 2014)
Frederic E. Shaw (September 2014-May 2019)
Hazel D. Dean (May 2019 – present)
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in CAB Abstracts, CINAHL, Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences, Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, EBSCOhost, Embase/Excerpta Medica, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, LexisNexis, Science Citation Index, Scopus, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.3.
References
External links
US Public Health Service
Delayed open access journals
Public health journals
English-language journals
Publications established in 1878
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies |
Antonio Kim Ciccarelli (Naples 23 February 1974), is an economist and Italian businessman. He is currently professor of worldwide economy at the University of Trieste (Italy).
Education and business career
He is a member of the Ciccarelli family, an influential Italian family with financial interests in many fields. Ciccarelli studied law and economy in Italy, the United Kingdom and United States. He was a Graduate in Law at University of Naples Federico II. After graduation Ciccarelli took a major in international law and international tax planning, and in the following years a master's degree at the Carnegie Institute.
He was founder with his brother Nicholas of the Swing Group, an international financial company known primarily as a venture capital company. It is involved in various fields such as tourism, hotels and resorts, information technology, consultancy services, e-commerce, and construction and development of malls and commercial centers. Headquartered in Naples, it is a multinational conglomerate with offices in Italy, England, Scotland, Brazil, Argentina, China, and India.
In 2008 Ciccarelli was named president and CEO of Carso Center for Advanced Research in Space Optics, a European laboratory that performs research and development in the field of advanced optical instrumentation and components for space applications, with participation in scientific missions in the space, in cooperation above all with the European Space Agency, NASA, and other space agencies. Carso is partner of the International Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) project, an International Space Station particle physics experiment designed to search for and measure, with a much greater sensitivity than heretofore possible, various unusual types of matter and antimatter. AMS will be the first sensitive magnetic spectrometer in space.
Since 2014, he has been CEO of the British group Secret World, which, with over 100 million users per year, is the largest free travel guide in the world. Secret World
Clubs and memberships
He was president of the Rotaract Club, Naples East, for three years. He is a member of the Round Table Club and has held many positions, including member of the board for South Italy, and served in charge of International Relations. In 2005 and 2006 He was president of the Club of Naples. He served two years as a member of the board of the young Neapolitan Industrialists of API, the Federation of the Italian small and medium Industries.
Ciccarelli is the founder and president of Malpractice Foundation, a not-for-profit organisation that defends the rights of the victims of medical malpractice. It provides free legal assistance. It is the only Foundation in the world that covers against trial risks.
Publications
He is author of many works, including:
Sustainable Development and International Law (2000)
Project Finance in Italy (2001)
Property Management and Asset Management(2001)
Innovative Finance (2002)'
Trust (2002)
Reit – Real Estate Investment Trust
Private Equity (2002)
STU Società di Transformazione Urbana (2005)
Manual of Finance for Innovation (2008)
The Dreams in the Economy of the Twentieth Century ( 2008)
Manuale di Finanza per l'innovazione (2008);
Dreams and Economy (2009)
References
Sources
Televisa National Mexican television interview
SF Zwei TV (Swiss television Channel) Interview
MSN
FusiOrari Magazine Interview
TantaSalute.it Interview
La Repubblica
External links
http://www.univ.trieste.it
https://web.archive.org/web/20090722040246/http://www.carso.co.uk/
http://www.malasanita.com
https://sworld.co.uk
Italian economists
Academic staff of the University of Trieste
Living people
1974 births |
"A Matter of Time" is the 109th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the ninth episode of the fifth season. It aired in syndication on November 18, 1991.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D.
In this episode, the crew's attempts to save the inhabitants of Penthara IV from the devastating aftereffects of a massive asteroid strike are interrupted by the arrival of Berlinghoff Rasmussen, a purported historian from the 26th century, who claims to be studying their era. The rather curious nature of Rasmussen's questions about the 24th century, and his interest in gathering—and stealing—technological "artifacts" from the Enterprise-D, make Troi and the others increasingly suspicious of his origins.
The episode won an Emmy for outstanding visual effects.
Plot
En route to Penthara IV to assist its population in combating the effects of reduced temperatures created by a dust cloud from a recent asteroid impact, the Enterprise encounters a nearby temporal distortion, and finds a small pod containing a single human occupant. Aboard the ship, the human introduces himself as Professor Berlinghoff Rasmussen (Matt Frewer), a researcher from the 26th century to witness the Enterprise complete this "historic" mission at Penthara IV. He requests interviews with the crew to obtain the full story, but reveals little about himself as he does not wish to alter history. Rasmussen's interviews are somewhat annoying to the crew but they entertain him.
At Penthara IV, the Enterprise uses its phasers to drill into the planet to release carbon dioxide, increasing the greenhouse effect to warm the planet, but this creates a side effect of increasing the seismic activity and causing volcanoes to erupt, threatening to send the planet into an ice age. Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge and Lt. Commander Data offer a solution of ionizing the upper atmosphere, but the maneuver must be done precisely or they could risk destroying the entire atmosphere and killing all 20 million on the surface. With the severity of the decision, Captain Jean-Luc Picard attempts to gain Rasmussen's help, claiming this is a scenario where the temporal prime-directive can be overridden, but Rasmussen refuses to offer advice, noting by his era, the fate of all those on Penthara IV has already been decided. Picard decides to allow La Forge and Data to go through with the plan, which is successful and returns the planet to its normal climate.
Rasmussen prepares to leave with his research done, but is met by a security team at his pod. Picard informs him several items have gone missing and requests to see the inside of his pod. Rasmussen reminds him again of the temporal prime directive, but Data offers that he can go in to look for their missing equipment without revealing anything about the future to the crew. Rasmussen agrees. Inside, Data finds the missing items but discovers Rasmussen has him at phaser-point. Rasmussen explains he is really a disgruntled inventor from 22nd century New Jersey that stole this pod from a 26th-century traveler, and intended to return to his time and profit by selling the Enterprise equipment as his inventions, and now that he has Data, he plans to take him back as well. However, Rasmussen finds his phaser does not work, as once he opened the pod, the ship's sensors were able to disable it. Data forces an anxious Rasmussen outside along with the stolen equipment, and Rasmussen tries to apologize and asks to be allowed to depart. Picard instead has Rasmussen placed under arrest, and the pod automatically disappears to leave him stranded in the 24th century.
Production
The role of Rasmussen was originally written for Robin Williams, but Williams couldn't take the role due to his commitments with Steven Spielberg's Hook.
Awards
This episode won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects.
Releases
The episode was released in the United States on November 5, 2002, as part of the Season 5 DVD box set. The first Blu-ray release was in the United States on November 18, 2013, followed by the United Kingdom the next day, November 19, 2013.
Notes
References
Star Trek The Next Generation DVD set, volume 5, disc 3, selection 1.
External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5) episodes
1991 American television episodes
Television episodes written by Rick Berman
Star Trek time travel episodes
Fiction set in the 26th century |
Shamrock Buses was an English bus operator based in Poole. It operated contracted routes in Poole, Bournemouth, and the surrounding area. It was formed in 2002 to fund the Bournemouth Passenger Transport Association's museum fleet, but collapsed in July 2011.
History
Shamrock Buses was established in 2002 to help create funds for the maintenance and restoration of the Bournemouth Passenger Transport Association (BPTA) museum fleet. The BPTA had previously operated a small number of routes in competition with Yellow Buses between 1993 and 1994, and had co-operated with the company to run a joint heritage operation, Christchurch Buses, which closed in 2000.
Its original purpose was to operate contracted services and to use the money generated by those services for the BPTA. The trading name of Shamrock Buses and fleet livery of orange and cream were inspired by Shamrock & Rambler, a coach company based in the Bournemouth area until its closure in 1989. Its fleet initially consisted of four Daimler Fleetlines; these were replaced by newer Leyland Olympians a year later.
In August 2005 the company expanded its school bus operation by taking over five routes from other local operators.
From early 2009, Shamrock Buses invested in buying a few second hand single deck low floor buses for the bus services run on contract to Bournemouth and Poole Borough Councils. These were used on route 8, which the company began operating when Poole-based independent Roadliner collapsed in August 2009.
On 6 July 2011, Shamrock Buses ceased trading. Around forty jobs were lost and five schools left without transport for students. The administrator who closed the company cited high fuel costs and competition as the main reasons for the company's failure. Shamrock's routes were taken over by Wilts & Dorset and Yellow Buses.
Fleet
As at February 2009 the fleet consisted of 38 buses.
References
External links
Shamrock Buses - Web Archive
2002 establishments in England
2011 disestablishments in England
Former bus operators in Dorset |
George Honey (25 May 1822 – 28 May 1880) was a British actor, comedian and singer. He was in the original productions of Caste by T. W. Robertson, and Engaged by W. S. Gilbert.
Opera
Honey's acting career began in November 1848 at the Princess's Theatre, London, in the role of Pan in Midas. He was not regarded as a comedian in his early career, but as a singer; he joined the Pyne & Harrison Opera Company and appeared in several operas. One of these was The Rose of Castille, in which he appeared in the original production in 1857 at the Lyceum Theatre, London. Another was Martha in 1858 at the Drury Lane theatre, in an English translation; a reviewer in The Musical World wrote, "Mr. George Honey made an amusing caricature of Lord Tristan, but was not always to be praised for his extravagances."
Comic roles
From the early 1860s Honey concentrated on the dramatic stage, mainly in comic roles playing dissipated characters, for which he became popular. In 1865 he appeared in William Brough's burlesque Prince Amabel; in 1866 he was in Watts Phillips's The Huguenot Captain. In 1867 he appeared at the Prince of Wales Theatre in the original production of Caste by T. W. Robertson, which opened on 6 April; he played the part of Eccles. In the Daily News on 8 April, a critic wrote about this production:
Instead of the conventional clowns who are put in by slop-work dramatists to lighten the serious interest of their work, we have real characters who think, speak, and act like human beings, and yet are intensely amusing and interesting. The drunken father, evidently made up from Mr. George Cruikshank's pictures of The Bottle, is admirably played by Mr. George Honey, who made his first appearance at this theatre, and who never acted better.... The make-up, the voice, the manner, the savagery in one part, the hypocritical maudlin grief in another, the toadying to wealth in another, the disgust and abuse when wealth refuses to deposit even a sovereign, the exits and entrances of this character, are things to be gratefully remembered....
Honey was in the original production, which opened on 16 April 1870 at the Vaudeville Theatre, of For Love or Money by Andrew Haliday. He appeared in the play Money by Edward Bulwer-Lytton, playing the part of Graves. He first took this role in 1869; the play was revived at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1872 and 1875, where it made a greater impression on audiences. In the Standard on 31 May 1875, a critic wrote:
A noticeable and welcome feature in the revival is the return of Mr. George Honey, who resumes his part of Graves, one of the most genuine and unexaggerated examples of pure humour the modern stage has witnessed. Before Mr. Honey has uttered three sentences the character of Graves is distinctly placed before the spectator. The manner in which the sigh of grief for the memory of "sainted Maria" gives place to the approving criticism on the glass of sherry, and the aspect of bereavement changes to a look of gratification as his eye lights on the pleasant face of Lady Franklin, is irresistibly amusing; and the subsequent scene between the two is the perfection of comedy acting....
He was successful in the original cast of W.S.Gilbert's comedy Engaged, which opened on 3 October 1877 at the Haymarket Theatre; he played the part of Cheviot Hill. He returned to the role of Eccles in Caste, from January to May 1879 at the Prince of Wales Theatre.
Honey retired due to ill-health in 1879; he died in London in 1880, and was buried in Highgate Cemetery.
References
1822 births
1880 deaths
19th-century British male actors
British male stage actors
Burials at Highgate Cemetery |
The Eminent 310 Unique is a home electronic organ that was built and introduced in 1972 by the Dutch organ manufacturer Eminent, at the time based in Bodegraven, the Netherlands. It was the first organ to include a string section, making it the first commercial polyphonic string synthesizer on the market. It is prominently featured on Jean Michel Jarre's albums Oxygène (1977) and Équinoxe (1978).
The technology for the string section was later released as a standalone instrument, the Solina String Ensemble (rebadged by ARP as the ARP String Ensemble for the US market), which saw wide use in popular music.
References
External links
Eminent 310 Salvation Project
Eminent 310
Electronic organs
String synthesizers
Lelystad |
The Order of Honor () is an honor awarded by the President of Georgia. Established in 1992, The Order of Honor is awarded to a person in the construction of the state of Georgia - in the development of governance, defense, law and order, economy, health, culture, education, science, art or literature - for outstanding contribution, sporting achievement, heroism and devotion.
Insignia
The Order of Merit has a round shape 38 millimeters in diameter.
A seven-pointed braided golden star rests on a silver field composed of circular layered morcal shapes.
In the middle of the braid, which is 20 millimeters in diameter, is a golden vine leaf with a seven-pointed silver Asterisk-like figure.
Among the star gills are six silver grains in the shape of a grape seed.
The stalk of the order is movably attached to a bracket with a 28 mm wide band. There is a wide blue stripe in the middle of the white background of the band. On both sides of the blue stripe are 2 mm wide red stripes.
The author of the Order of Honor is a graphic artist, artist-monumentalist Emir Burjanadze.
Recipients
See also
Orders, decorations, and medals of Georgia
References
Works cited
Orders, decorations, and medals of Georgia (country) |
International Albinism Awareness Day (IAAD) is celebrated annually on June 13 to celebrate the human rights of persons with albinism worldwide.
History
Early developments
Around the mid-2000s, reports made public a rising number of violent attacks on and murders of persons with albinism in Tanzania. Many reports have accused perpetrators of attributing magical powers to the bodies of persons with albinism, and thus being motivated to use them for lucky charms and occult rituals. Until 2015, perpetrators killed more than 70 victims and harmed many more. In response, the Tanzania Albinism Society (TAS) and other NGOs began campaigning for the human rights of persons with albinism. TAS celebrated the first Albino Day on May 4, 2006. It became National Albino Day from 2009 onwards and was eventually called National Albinism Day.
United Nations observance
On an international level, the Canadian NGO Under the Same Sun (UTSS) joined late Ambassador of the Mission of Somalia to the United Nations (UN), Yusuf Mohamed Ismail Bari-Bari, in his effort to pass a resolution promoting and protecting the rights of persons with albinism. Such a resolution came about when the Human Rights Council on June 13, 2013, adopted the first resolution ever on albinism. Later on, in its resolution 26/10 of June 26, 2014, the Human Rights Council recommended June 13 to be proclaimed as International Albinism Awareness Day by the United Nations' General Assembly. The UN's General Assembly, then, adopted on December 18, 2014, resolution 69/170 to proclaim, with effect from 2015, June 13 as International Albinism Awareness Day. The chosen date is reminiscent of the UN’s first ever resolution which was passed on June 13 a year before. Today, IAAD is celebrated around the world from Tanzania, to Argentina, to Senegal, to Fiji, France, the United Kingdom and Namibia.
Yearly themes
Each year a theme is chosen to set the tone for the days celebrations. So far, they have been the following:
References
External links
Website for International Albinism Awareness Day
United Nations' on International Albinism Awareness Day
OHCHR on Albinism
National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH) in the United States on International Albinism Awareness Day
June observances
Disability observances
United Nations days
Health awareness days
Albinism
Albinism in Tanzania |
Stephan Chase (born Stephan de Montaignac; February 1945 - 27 June 2019) was a British actor of Cornish and Scots descent. He was educated in Ireland and England. Before joining the Royal Shakespeare Company, he won a scholarship and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) later becoming an Associate of RADA.
He played Hamlet in 1975 in a British Council / Regent's Park Open Air Theatre touring production in India and Ceylon. He appeared as a leading man in feature films, TV plays and series and the West End theatre, such as Rules of the Game (1982), directed by Anthony Quayle, until he founded and ran the Rhubarb Agency 1988-2005. During this time, Chase also worked as an audio producer and director. He subsequently worked as a teacher and coach in London, but in 2011 he began working as an actor again.
He died on 27 June 2019 at the age of 74.
Filmography
Film
Cry of the Banshee (1970, Dir. Gordon Hessler) - Sean Whitman
Macbeth (1971, Dir. Roman Polanski) - Malcolm
The Incredible Sarah (1976, Dir. Richard Fleischer)
The Golden Lady (1979, Dir. José Ramón Larraz) - Max Rowlands
Nijinsky (1980, Dir. Herbert Ross) - Adolph Bolm
Al-mas' Ala Al-Kubra (1983, Dir. Mohamed Shukri Jameel) - Army Captain
White Mischief (1987, Dir. Michael Radford) - Carberry
The Child (2012, Short, Dir. Amy Neil)
Trained (2013, Dir. Anthony Jerjen, Winner LA Film Festival, Honolulu Film Festival and selected for London Raindance Film Festival 2013) - Robert
Maleficent (2014, Dir. Robert Stromberg (with Angelina Jolie) - General
The Hooligan Factory (2014, Dir. Nick Nevern) - The Governor
The Earth Belongs To No-One (2014, Short, dir. Ani Laurie; producer Rienkje Attoh) (Nominated for Best Short Film at the 2015 Raindance Film Festival) - Farmer Joseph
Francis (2014, dir. Paul Alexander. Production Company: A Little Portion Production) - Pope Innocent III
The Wager (2015, Short) - Harry
Finding Saint Francis (2015, Dir. Paul Alexander) - Pietro Bernadone, Mayor of Assisi
The Carer (2016, Dir. Christine Templeton-Parker) - Neville
Television
UFO (1970, Episode: "Mindbender") - Film Director
Wives and Daughters (1971) - Osborne Hamley
Arthur of the Britons (1972) - Horgren
The Edwardians (1972) - Kearey
Orson Welles Great Mysteries (1973, Episode: "Death of an Old-Fashioned Girl") - Paul Zachary
The Zoo Gang (1974) - Raoul
The Professionals (1977) - Dapper
Famous Five (1978) - Perton
Secret Army (1979, Prod Gerard Glaister) - Captain Stephen Durnford / Stephen Durnford
The Talisman (1980, Prod Barry Letts) - Richard I of England
Take Three Women (1982) - Joe
Black Arrow (1985, TV Movie, Dir. John Hough) - Black Arrow
Florence Nightingale (1985, TV Movie, Dir. Daryl Duke proposed for Emmy Nomination for Dr.Sutherland) - Dr. Sutherland
Dempsey and Makepeace (1986) - Edwards
A Ghost in Monte Carlo (1990, TV Movie) - Deal
The Governor (1995) - Architect Richard Greenleaves
Theatre
The musical, Katie Mulholland (1983 as Bernard Rosier, by Catherine Cookson DBE Dir Ken Hill (playwright))
The Teddy Bears' Picnic (1987 by David Pinner, Dir Philip Partridge)
Liberty Oregon (1994 as Novitski, at the Edinburgh Festival Dir Natasha Carlish)
Suddenly Last Summer (1996 as Cucrovitz, by Tennessee Williams)
References
External links
Stephan Chase Official Website
Trained, the 2013 Short
English male television actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English people of Cornish descent
English people of Scottish descent
1945 births
2019 deaths
Alumni of RADA
Date of birth missing |
The 1992 Nigerian Senate election in Kogi State was held on July 4, 1992, to elect members of the Nigerian Senate to represent Kogi State. Ahmed Tijani Ahmed representing Kogi Central, Sunday Awoniyi representing Kogi West and Ahmadu Ali representing Kogi East all won on the platform of the National Republican Convention.
Overview
Summary
Results
Kogi Central
The election was won by Ahmed Tijani Ahmed of the National Republican Convention.
Kogi West
The election was won by Sunday Awoniyi of the National Republican Convention.
Kogi East
The election was won by Ahmadu Ali of the National Republican Convention.
References
Kog
Kogi State Senate elections
July 1992 events in Nigeria |
Vujetinci is a village in the municipality of Čačak, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 395 people.
References
Populated places in Moravica District |
A loan agreement (also known as a lending agreement) is a contract between a borrower and a lender which regulates the mutual promises made by each party. There are many types of loan agreements, including "facilities agreements," "revolvers," "term loans," "working capital loans." Loan agreements are documented via a compilation of the various mutual promises made by the involved parties.
Prior to entering into a commercial loan agreement, the "borrower" first makes representations about his affairs surrounding his character, creditworthiness, cashflow, and any collateral that he may have available to pledge as security for a loan. These representations are taken into consideration and the lender then determines under what conditions (terms), if any, they are prepared to advance money.
Loan agreements, like any contract, reflect an "offer," the "acceptance of the offer," "consideration," and can only involve situations that are "legal" (a term loan agreement involving heroin drug sales is not "legal"). Loan agreements are documented via their commitment letters, agreements that reflect the understandings reached between the involved parties, a promissory note, and a collateral agreement (such as a mortgage or a personal guarantee). Loan agreements offered by regulated banks are different from those that are offered by finance companies in that banks receive a "banking charter" granted as a privilege and involving the "public trust."
Loan agreements are usually in written form, but there is no legal reason why a loan agreement cannot be a purely oral contract (although oral agreements are more difficult to enforce).
Types
For commercial banks and large finance companies, "loan agreements" are usually not categorized although "loan portfolios" are often broadly characterized into "personal" and "commercial" loans while the "commercial" category is then subdivided into "industrial" and "commercial real estate" loans. "Industrial" loans are those that depend on the cashflow and creditworthiness of the company and the widgets or service that it sells. "Commercial real estate" loans are those that repay loans but that depend on the rental revenues paid by tenants who lease space, usually for extended times. More granular categorizations of loan portfolios exist but these are always variations around the larger themes.
The loan agreements originated by commercial banks, savings banks, finance companies, insurance organizations, and investment banks are very different from each other and all feed a different purpose. "Commercial banks" and "Savings banks," because they accept deposits and benefit from FDIC insurance, generate loans that incorporate the concepts of the "public trust." Prior to interstate banking, that "public trust" was easily measured by State bank regulators who could see how local deposits were used to fund the working capital needs of local industry and businesses, and the benefits associated with those organization's employment. "Insurance" organizations, who collect premiums for providing either life or property/casualty coverage, created their own types of loan agreements. "Banks" and "Insurance" organizations' loan agreements and documentation standards evolved from their individual cultures and were governed by policies that somehow addressed each organizations liabilities (In the case of "banks," the liquidity needs of their depositors; in the case of insurance organizations, the liquidity needs associated with their expected "claims" payments).
"Investment banks" create loan agreements that cater to the needs of the investors whose funds they attempt to attract; "investors" are always sophisticated and accredited organizations not subject to bank regulatory supervision and the need to cater to the public trust. Investment banking activities are supervised by the SEC and their main focus is on whether the correct or proper disclosures are made to the parties who provide the funds.
Types of Loans:
bilateral loans
syndicated loans (a syndicated loan is one that is provided by a group of lenders and is structured, arranged, and administered by one or several commercial banks or investment banks known as lead arrangers).
Categorizing loan agreements by type of facility usually results in two primary categories:
term loans, which are repaid in set installments over the term, or
revolving loans (or overdrafts) where up to a maximum amount can be withdrawn at any time, and interest is paid from month to month on the drawn amount.
Within these two categories though, there are various subdivisions such as interest-only loans, and balloon payment loans. It is also possible to subcategorize on whether the loan is a secured loan or an unsecured loan, and whether the rate of interest is fixed or floating.
Promise to Repay
Forms of loan agreements vary tremendously from industry to industry, country to country, but characteristically a professionally drafted commercial loan agreement will incorporate the following terms:
Parties to contracts with their addresses
Definitions or interpretation provisions
Facility and purpose
Conditions precedent to utilization
Repayment provisions
Prepayment and cancellation provisions
Interest and interest periods
Provisions dealing with gross-up in relation to any withholding imposed
Payments provisions
Representations of the borrower
Representations of the lender
Covenants of the borrower
Events of default
Remedies in the event of default
Provisions for penalties and liquidated damages
For syndicated loans, provisions relating to the facility agent and security agent and voting of the lenders
Formulae for calculations
Provisions for fees of the lenders
Provisions for expenses
Securitization provisions
Amendments and waivers provisions
Covenants relating to changes in parties
Set-off clause
Severability clause
Counterparts clause
Addresses for notices
Language provisions
Choice of law clause
Forum selection clause
Appointment of a process agent
See also
Debt
Cleanup clause
Cov-lite
Gross-up clause
References
Footnotes
Citations
Contract law
Credit
Loans |
Damiano David (; born 8 January 1999) is an Italian singer and songwriter. He is the frontman of the rock band Måneskin, which won the Sanremo Music Festival 2021 and subsequently the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 representing Italy with the song "".
Career
David was born in Rome to Daniele David and Rosa Scognamiglio, both flight attendants. Due to the nature of his parents' work, he and his older brother Jacopo travelled worldwide from an early age, introducing them to various cultures. Until he was 17, he showed some talent playing basketball as a point guard at the local club Eurobasket Roma. He recalls that the basketball experience gave him fundamental discipline to succeed in his life.
David started singing when he was six years old. He met Victoria De Angelis and Thomas Raggi, whom he would eventually go on to form Måneskin with, during his high school days. He studied at the liceo linguistico Eugenio Montale in Rome, but he did not complete high school and instead devoted himself to his music career, for which he had the support of his parents. When introduced for the position of a vocalist for their local band, he was initially rejected because his style was considered "too pop", but his insistence to be in the band eventually got him accepted. David soon changed his demeanor and style, especially his stage persona, because he learned how to freely express himself. The band was formed in 2016 and initially played as buskers in the streets of the city of Rome, but in 2017 they soon rose to prominence when they finished second in the eleventh season of the Italian talent show X Factor. The band had a breakthrough debut with the studio album and tour in 2018 and 2019. In 2021, their second studio album Teatro d'ira: Vol. I was released.
After their victory at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 he was falsely accused of drug use during the final. After the contest David, by his own initiative, underwent a drug test, which came back negative. David says that he has never used hard drugs and, along with his bandmates, is an anti-drug advocate. David himself stated in his Vogue Italia interview, "we are not falling into the stereotype of the alcoholic and drugged rock star". He states that he only drinks alcohol on special events. He believes that creativity comes from a "healthy, trained and lucid" mind and it is contradicting trying to truly express "our own self by binding ourselves to something that instead makes us dependent, slaves", also referring to the 27 Club.
David sang a cover version of the song "I Wanna Be Your Dog", by the Stooges, as well as voicing the character of Jeffrey, assistant of the main antagonist, for the Italian dub of the 2021 film Cruella.
Music style
A part of the band's success has been attributed to David's vocal performance, stage look and personality. In 2017 X-factor judge Fedez commented that David is a real frontman. In 2021 Manuel Agnelli praised him in similar words to have a "natural charisma of the great frontmen". His vocal style in 2017 was described as having a "reggae vocal timbre that allows him to masterfully deal with the rock repertoire, given that the band's musical influences range from indie rock to glam rock to pop rock". His characteristic androgynous look and fashion style on stage is seen as a mixture of hippie, vintage, and glam rock from the 1970s, because of which, he has been labeled an Italian fashion icon.
Filmography
Film
Music videos
Personal life
David was in a relationship with Italian model and influencer Giorgia Soleri for approximately five years. The pair split up in June 2023.
In addition to Italian, David is fluent in English and can speak some Spanish and French. He is an advocate for racial and LGBT+ rights. David said he is against drugs and that he never consumed them, stating: "Creativity comes from a healthy, trained, lucid mind. The brain is a machine that has to have its gears in place and drugs are just a huge filth … The message we want to spread with our music is the exaltation of man through his freedom, and how could we talk about the expression of his own self by binding ourselves to something that instead makes us dependent, slaves?". He is also a fan of association football club A.S. Roma.
David is fond of the symbolism of the Greek mythological character Icarus, having a tattoo of wings and a quote referring to Icarus on his hip, as well as formerly using "Ykaaar" as his username on the social media platform Instagram.
References
External links
1999 births
Alternative rock singers
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Sanremo Music Festival winners
21st-century Italian male singers
Italian male singer-songwriters
Italian singer-songwriters
Italian rock singers
Living people
Singers from Rome
Måneskin members
Glam rock musicians |
Nana Osei Boateng (born 17 September 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays for Woking on loan from Millwall, as a forward.
Career
After progressing through Millwall's academy, Boateng's first involvement in a matchday squad for the club was on 29 December 2021 in Millwall's 1–0 win away to Coventry City, where he was an unused substitute. On 8 January 2022, Boateng made his debut for Millwall, coming on as an 81st minute substitute in a 2–1 FA Cup loss against rivals Crystal Palace.
On 24 July 2023, Boateng joined National League side, Woking on loan until January 2024.
Career statistics
References
2002 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from the London Borough of Lambeth
English men's footballers
Millwall F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
Black British sportsmen |
Harold Stepney Williams (28 March 1864, Llanelly – 24 February 1954, Swansea) was a British priest, the Archdeacon of Gower from 1923 until his death.
Williams was educated at Durham University and ordained in 1888. After curacies in Bromborough, Tredegar and Swansea he was the incumbent at Oystermouth from 1898 until 1938.
References
1864 births
People from Monmouthshire
1954 deaths
Archdeacons of Gower
Alumni of St Cuthbert's Society, Durham |
Sally Greer (born 25 March 1955) is an American former professional tennis player.
Biography
Greer, the daughter of Cuban American parents, grew up in Miami, Florida. She played college tennis for the University of Miami in 1972/73, then embarked on a five-year career on the professional tour.
During her time on the tour she featured in the main draw of all four grand slam tournaments, with her best performance a third round appearance at the 1975 Australian Open.
Retiring from tennis at the age of 23, Greer soon after began a career in media, as a sports anchor and reporter for an ABC network in Florida. She is a certified addiction counselor, having overcome an alcohol addiction of her own.
She has a younger brother, Pedro José Greer, who is a noted academic and physician.
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
American female tennis players
American sportspeople of Cuban descent
Tennis players from Miami
Miami Hurricanes women's tennis players
Cuban emigrants to the United States |
Eurobahn is a railway operator in Germany, established in 1998. It operates regional train services in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with cross-border services including Lower Saxony and the Netherlands.
Initially a joint venture between Keolis and Rhenus operating bus and rail services, it became a 100% Keolis subsidiary operating rail services only in 2007. Since 1 January 2022, it is owned by the law firm Noerr.
History
Company history
Eurobahn was founded in 1998 as a 60/40 joint venture between Keolis and Rhenus.
In December 2007, the joint venture was dissolved; Rhenus taking ownership of the bus operations and two railway contracts, Keolis taking full ownership of Eurobahn.
In October 2021, Keolis announced its intention to sell the business and exit the German market. The business was sold to Team Treuhand, a subsidiary of Noerr law firm, effective 31 December 2021.
Rail services
In May 2000, Eurobahn commenced operating two rail services in the East Westphalia-Lippe region (OWL) in North Rhine-Westphalia. In 2013 the OWL contract was renewed until December 2025 with an additional two routes added.
On 14 December 2008, Eurobahn commenced operating the Hellweg Net services. In 2015, the contract was extended until 2030.
In December 2009, Eurobahn commenced operating the Maas-Rhine-Lippe network.
In December 2017, Eurobahn commenced operating the Teutoburger Wald network.
Eurobahn was scheduled to commence operating Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn routes S1 and S4 under contract to Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) in December 2019. However with Eurobahn unable to recruit enough drivers before the contract commenced, VRR cancelled the contract with incumbent DB Regio awarded a short-term contract instead.
Services
Eurobahn operate services on the following lines:
Current
Former
Eurobahn formerly operated the following services:
Rolling stock
The Eurobahn fleet consists of Bombardier Talents and Stadler Flirts.
References
External links
Keolis
Railway companies of Germany
Railway companies established in 1998
1998 establishments in Germany |
The 2016–17 Benevento Calcio season was the club's 88th season and the club's second consecutive season in the second division of Italian football. In addition to the domestic league, Benevento participated in this season's edition of the Coppa Italia. The season covered the period from 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017.
Players
Competitions
Overall record
Serie B
League table
Results summary
Matches
Promotion play-offs
Coppa Italia
References
Benevento Calcio seasons
Benevento |
Isaac Moura Rocha Airport is the airport serving Guanambi, Brazil.
It is operated by Infracea.
History
Since August 15, 2019 the airport is managed by the concessionary Infracea.
Airlines and destinations
Accidents and incidents
3 February 1992: a Nordeste Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante registration PT-TBB operating flight 92 from Salvador da Bahia to Guanambi descended below minimum levels in bad weather and crashed on a hill hidden by clouds near Caetité. All 12 passengers and crew aboard died.
Access
The airport is located from Guanambi city centre.
See also
List of airports in Brazil
References
External links
Airports in Bahia |
```xml
import * as ts from '@schematics/angular/third_party/github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/lib/typescript';
import { Tree, SchematicsException } from '@angular-devkit/schematics';
/**
* Reads file from given path and Returns TypeScript source file.
* @param host {Tree} The source tree.
* @param path {String} The path to the file to read. Relative to the root of the tree.
*
*/
export function getSourceFile(host: Tree, path: string): ts.SourceFile {
const buffer = host.read(path);
if (!buffer) {
throw new SchematicsException(`Could not find ${path}!`);
}
const content = buffer.toString();
const sourceFile = ts.createSourceFile(
path,
content,
ts.ScriptTarget.Latest,
true
);
return sourceFile;
}
``` |
Yexie () is a railway station on the Jinshan railway in Songjiang District, Shanghai. It opened for intercity passenger service on September 28, 2012.
References
Railway stations in Shanghai
Railway stations in China opened in 2012
Stations on the Jinshan railway |
USS Gallery (FFG-26), eighteenth ship of the of guided-missile frigates, was named for three brothers: Rear Admiral Daniel V. Gallery (1901–1977), Rear Admiral William O. Gallery (1904–1981), and Rear Admiral Philip D. Gallery (1907–1973). Ordered from Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine, on 28 February 1977 as part of the FY77 program, Gallery was laid down on 17 May 1980, launched on 20 December 1980, co-sponsored by Mrs. Philip D. Gallery and Mrs. Daniel V. Gallery, and commissioned on 5 December 1981. Decommissioned and stricken on 14 June 1996, she was transferred to Egypt on 25 September 1996 as Taba (F916). , she remained in active service with the Egyptian Navy.
Gallery was the first ship of that name in the US Navy.
Coat of arms
Shield
The colors green and gold, and the rampant lions have been adapted from a personal device of the Gallery family. The lions, symbolic of courage and strength, face in different directions indicating that the brothers for whom this ship is named, served in both theaters of operation during World War II. The star alludes to their many awards, and denote excellence and achievement. The crossed swords, adapted from the Officer and Enlisted badges, allude to Naval Combat Operations.
Crest
Blue and gold are the colors traditionally associated with the Navy. The upraised arm in green and gold is an adaptation from the Gallery family device. The collared and chained sea-wolf symbolizes the only capture of a U-boat from the German wolf-packs during World War II. The crest also symbolizes the curbing and destruction of the enemy sub activities in the Pacific theatre.
Motto
Manu Forti – "With a Strong Hand"
References
External links
Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates of the United States Navy
Ships built in Bath, Maine
1980 ships
Cold War frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
Mubarak-class frigates
Frigates of Egypt |
Donell Ó Máille (died 1401) was King of Umaill in Ireland, and Chief of the Name.
Ó Máille was the third chief of the name to bear the forename Domhnall or Donell, after Domhnall Ua Máille (died 1176) and Domnall Ruadh Ó Máille (died 11 November 1337). However his relationship to these men is unknown.
The length of his reign is uncertain. All that the annals say of him is that he died as Lord of Umaillia ... after having attained to a good old age.
External links
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005D/text005.html
Monarchs from County Mayo
14th-century Irish monarchs
1401 deaths
Year of birth unknown |
Pool B of the 2021 Rugby World Cup began on 9 October 2022. The pool includes Canada and inaugural champions the United States, who finished 5th and 4th respectively in 2017. They are joined by Italy, who qualified as champions of the European Qualification Tournament, and by Japan, who qualified as the highest Asian team in the World Rankings following the cancellation of Asia Qualifying.
Standings
United States vs Italy
Notes:
This was Italy's first win over the United States.
Giordana Duca was originally named as a lock for Italy, but withdrew before kickoff due to injury. She was replaced by Sara Tounesi while Beatrice Veronese took Tounesi's place onto the bench.
Japan vs Canada
Notes:
This was Canada's 150th test match.
Taylor Perry was originally named at fly-half for Canada, but withdrew due to injury. Julia Schell was promoted from the bench while Anaïs Holly took Schell's place on the bench.
United States vs Japan
Notes:
Olivia DeMerchant (Canada) earned her 50th test cap.
Sara Tounesi was originally named on Italy's bench at 19, but withdrew before kickoff due to injury. Francesca Granzotto came onto the bench at 23, pushing everyone between 19 and 23 down a number.
Japan vs Italy |
is a public university at Hashima, Gifu, Japan, established in 2000.
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 2000
Public universities in Japan
Universities and colleges in Gifu Prefecture
Nursing schools in Japan
Hashima, Gifu
2000 establishments in Japan |
A common visa exists since the end of 2010 for the territories of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten (landen () within the Kingdom) and the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, which are part of the country the Netherlands) which form together the territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean. The visa is not valid for the European part of the Netherlands, which is part of the Schengen Area.
Visa
A standard visa is valid for all 6 islands and allows multiple entry for a maximum period of 90 days within 180 days. The maximum uninterrupted stay in one of the individual countries is 30 days. The visa is not valid for the European part of the Netherlands. Application takes place at the consular representations of the Kingdom and the main visiting country has to be indicated. The basis for evaluation of the evaluation of the application in the main visiting country is however the same for the whole area. Entry for longer periods is arranged by the different countries separately.
History
The two Caribbean "countries" within the Kingdom of the Netherlands were Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. They each had their own visa policy and thus a list of countries from which nationals could enter without a visa. Through consultation between all countries in the Kingdom the requirements showed strong similarities; they were based on the visa free lists for the Schengen Area, extended with countries in the Caribbean. Upon the Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010, the common visa system was introduced for all territories of the Kingdom in the Caribbean: Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten as well as Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. The maximum period of stay is 3 months for all countries on the visa-free list for which full reciprocity is in place; for other countries the maximum period is 30 days.
Visa policy map
Visa-free entry
Nationals of the following countries and territories do not need a visa for a stay for up to 90 days in Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and the Caribbean Netherlands.
Furthermore, the following groups are exempted from the visa requirement:
Travelers transiting an airport in Aruba between 7:00 and 23:00, in Sint Maarten on the same day, and in the other territories for up to 48 hours (except nationals of Haiti transiting an airport in Curaçao);
Travelers transiting by land from Sint Maarten to Saint Martin, holding a visa for Saint Martin (if required) and a hotel reservation;
Cruise ship passengers for up to 24 hours in Aruba and 48 hours in the other territories;
The crew of a ship or aircraft for up to 48 hours;
Holders of a United Nations laissez-passer;
Diplomats accredited to the whole Kingdom of the Netherlands;
Holders of diplomatic, service/official and special passports of Tunisia and Turkey, holders of diplomatic and service/official passports of Bolivia, Georgia, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malawi, Morocco and Thailand, and holders of diplomatic passports of Chad, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia and Senegal;
Holders of a refugee or stateless person travel document issued by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, or in accordance with the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, refugee travel document or certificate of identity issued by Canada, advance parole travel document or refugee travel document issued by the United States (Form I-571).
Dutch nationals
Although all Dutch nationals have the right of abode in the European Netherlands, right of abode in the Dutch Caribbean is limited to those who have a connection to the region. Other Dutch can enter the region visa-free for a maximum of 6 months. The identity card BES and the cedula of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are valid for entering Bonaire, Sint Eustatius or Saba, but the Dutch identity card is not.
Substitute visas
Nationals of any country who are not otherwise visa exempted can enter Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and the Caribbean Netherlands for a maximum of 90 days provided holding a valid visa or residence permit for any part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, a Schengen country, Ireland or the United Kingdom, or a residence permit for Canada, the United States, the French overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion) or the French overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.
Holders of a visa for Saint Martin do not need a visa for Sint Maarten, but need a visa for the other territories (if not otherwise exempt).
In addition, nationals of the following countries can enter provided holding a valid visa for Canada or the United States.
Summary of visa exemptions
See also
Visa policy of the Schengen Area
Dutch nationality law
References
Netherlands Kingdom in the Caribbean
Government in the Dutch Caribbean |
Asura coccineoflammens is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in New Guinea.
References
coccineoflammens
Moths described in 1913
Taxa named by Walter Rothschild
Moths of New Guinea |
Sevens football is a variation form of association football played in India with seven players on each side, typically in a smaller field than a full-size football pitch. Professional sevens football is predominantly popular in northern Kerala in southern India. The matches in Sevens tournaments are often played to fully packed stadiums. The refereeing in the games is not as strict as in regular football and games can be physical and injury-prone. Sevens tournaments have also attracted players from other parts of India, as well as international players including some from Africa. Matches are held from November to May (suspended during the monsoon break).
The Sevens' Football Association (SFA) organizes around 50+ Sevens tournaments among different clubs across South India.
Several footballers from South India, including India internationals such as I. M. Vijayan, Ashique Kuruniyan, and Anas Edathodika, credit their experiences in Sevens tournaments for helping them improve their footballing skills and develop their passion for the sport.
In popular culture
Sudani from Nigeria (2018)
Sevenes (2011)
References
Football in Kerala
Sport in Kerala
Association football terminology
Association football variants
Athletic sports
Ball games
Team sports
Seven-a-side football |
Pecan is an unincorporated community in Clay County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.
History
A post office called Pecan was established in 1889, and remained in operation until 1906. Pecan is located within a pecan-growing region, hence the name.
References
Unincorporated communities in Clay County, Georgia |
The 1949 National Challenge Cup was the largest soccer tournament in the United States in 1949. The four St. Louis Soccer League teams withdrew from the competition citing "a succession of unpleasant experiences connected with the playing of the National Challenge Cup." The St.L league teams were upset about financial losses totaling $2300 from the previous season's tournament. The announcement of the withdrawal came a week and a half after Brookhattan-Galicia stuck Simpkins with a $1550 airline bill following the 1948 championship game hosted by the Simpkins. The remaining St. Louis representatives were the four amateur Municipal League entrants. With the defending champions out of the running Morgan Strasser stepped in as contenders by winning their way to the final four. Despite losing the first legs in both the semifinal and final the Morgans pulled out 4-3 aggregate wins to become 1949 U.S. champions.
Eastern Division
Western Division
Final
See also
1949 National Amateur Cup
External links
1949 US Open Cup results from TheCup.us
Soccer in American (1949)
References
U.S. Open Cup
U.S. |
Love Flight (; Love Flight – ) is a 2015 Thai television series starring Puttichai Kasetsin (Push) and Ungsumalynn Sirapatsakmetha (Pattie).
Directed by Ekkasit Trakulkasemsuk and produced by GMMTV, the series premiered on GMM 25 on 10 October 2015, airing on Saturdays at 18:30 ICT. The series concluded on 31 October 2015.
Cast and characters
Below are the cast of the series:
Main
Puttichai Kasetsin (Push) as Neumake / Make
Ungsumalynn Sirapatsakmetha (Pattie) as Plaifah / Fah
Supporting
Korapat Kirdpan (Nanon) as Ah Pat
Kejmanee Wattanasin as Savitree
Daweerit Chullasapya (Pae)
Warapun Nguitragool as Pongsri
Suporn Sangkaphibal as a grandmother
Sutthipha Kongnawdee (Noon) as Phraeo
References
External links
Love Flight on GMM 25 website
GMMTV
Television series by GMMTV
Thai romance television series
Thai drama television series
2015 Thai television series debuts
2015 Thai television series endings
GMM 25 original programming |
The Informer is a British drama series that starred Ian Hendry, it was broadcast in two series in 1966 and 1967. Most episodes are considered lost, but several have survived.
Plot
A former barrister Alex Lambert (played by Ian Hendry) who had been disgraced and debarred has to rebuild his life. He uses his former contacts on both sides of the law to become a paid informer for the Police. Living well from the rewards paid by insurance companies, Lambert still has to hide his activities from both his wife and others behind a new persona in the guise as a business consultant. Other regulars in the series included Jean Marsh, Neil Hallett and Heather Sears. Guest actors included Peter Bowles, Peter Vaughan, Trevor Bannister, George Cole, Nerys Hughes, David Kelly, Murray Melvin, Eric Pohlmann, John Carson, Nicholas Courtney, Dudley Foster, Tracy Reed and Roberta Tovey.
Currently, only "Get Off My Back", the first episode of season one, and "Your Money of Your Life", the penultimate episode of season two, exist in the archives. The rest of the series is missing, presumed wiped.
Episodes
1st series (1966)
2nd series (1967)
Cast List
References
External links
1960s British drama television series
1966 British television series debuts
1967 British television series endings
ITV television dramas
Television shows produced by Associated-Rediffusion
English-language television shows |
Atarib District () is a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria. Administrative centre is the city of Atarib.
The district is located in the central western region of the Aleppo Governorate, sharing its west border with the Idlib Governorate. Until December 2008, it was a subdistrict of the neighboring Mount Simeon District. At the 2004 census, the subdistrict had a population of 76,873.
Subdistricts
The district of Atarib is divided into three subdistricts or nawāḥī:
References
Districts of Aleppo Governorate
2009 establishments in Syria |
Hank Fisher, (born 1954) more commonly known as Washboard Hank is a Canadian musician, songwriter and stage performer. He was born in Peterborough, Ontario in 1954. He plays a number of instruments, including banjo, guitar and percussion. He is known for his unusual performances with self-created instruments. In 2016 he performed with his band, the Wringers.
Fisher is a regular performer at children's events, including the Peterborough Folk Festival. He creates and plays improvised instruments, including his "signature" washboard. and kitchen sink tuba. He sings humorous traditional tunes such as "It Ain't Gonna Rain No More" as well as his own compositions.
Career
In the 1980s, Fisher performed with Reverend Ken (Ramsden) and the Lost Followers; after Ramsden left, the group became Washboard Hank and the Honkers. In 1989 Fisher began co-hosting a show, "The Country Cousins" on Peterborough's Trent Radio. The show was aired for more than 20 years.
In the 1990s, he performed for four years as a percussionist with Fred Eaglesmith and the Flying Squirrels, recording on his album 50-Odd Dollars.
In 2001, Fisher provided the music for an agitprop play, Where's the Care?, created by the group Ground Zero to protest cutbacks in healthcare services in Ontario. He also performed a lead role in the independent short film, Rigoletto... in Bluegrass in 2006.
He has toured with the Country Squires, and he also fronted his own band, the Gravestone Lickers.
Fisher performed on an Adventure Canada cruise ship to Greenland. He also played locally with Catfish Willie and the Buckle Busters.
In 2012, Fisher performed at the Alianait Arts Festival in Iqualuit, Nunavut.
Discography
Washboard Hank-Donkeys and Tire Fires1992
50-Odd Dollars - Flying Squirrels
Washboard Hank and the Country Squires 2003
Hooray for Washboard Hank - The Country Squires
Troubadour Tales - Kenny Butterill
Sweet Mysteries Of Life
Human Beans 2016
References
1954 births
Living people
Musicians from Peterborough, Ontario
Washboard players
Canadian children's musicians
Canadian folk musicians |
Natale Hans Bellocchi (July 5, 1926 – November 17, 2014) was an American industrial engineer from Little Falls, New York, a Korean War United States Army veteran, and United States diplomat. He served for years as a diplomatic courier and Foreign Service Officer, with numerous postings to nations in Asia, where he encouraged trade and commerce, and as ambassador to Botswana.
Early life and education
Natale Hans Bellocchi was born into an ethnic Italian family in 1926 in Little Falls, New York; his parents were Pietro and Marianna (Fenni) Bellocchi. He had an older sister Elsie Bellochhi. After their father died during the Great Depression when Natale was 12, the family had strict finances, but were helped by relatives and friends in the Italian community.
Bellocchi attended the public high school. Disappointed at being rejected in 1944 for the draft, he went away to college. He earned his bachelor's degree in industrial management from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1948.
Career
Bellochi started his career as an industrial engineer for Burlington Mills in Allentown, Pennsylvania, thinking he might have an opportunity to go into international business. It was interrupted by the Korean War, and this time he was accepted in the draft. He served in the United States Army from 1950 to 1953, going to Officer Candidate School after basic training, and being assigned to the Second Infantry Division, 23rd Infantry, Company A.
His experiences changed his goals and, after the war, Bellocchi returned to graduate school on the GI Bill to prepare for an international career. In 1954, he received his master's degree from the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University.
Bellocchi joined the United States Foreign Service in 1955, first serving as a diplomatic courier. He did a lot of travel by airplane in more difficult conditions than today, including having a plane go down at sea. He and other couriers traveled 100–150 hours per month, with little time for more than changing clothes in between flights. He was also stationed in Manila and Hong Kong. He returned to Europe for two years, where he frequently traveled behind the Iron Curtain. After finally being selected as a Foreign Service Officer (FSO), Bellocchi chose to serve in Asia.
He was initially stationed in Laos and Taiwan, after a period, from 1963–1965, of attending Chinese language school on Taiwan. This intense training required of classroom instruction, independent study and regular immersion in Chinese-only villages. In Hong Kong again from 1968–1970, he worked on business affairs and started an American Chamber of Commerce, during the period when mainland China was in the throes of the Cultural Revolution. In an interview later in his life, he discussed this as the period when American businesses started establishing their own offices and a professional managerial class in Hong Kong. He also worked in Vietnam, India, and Japan.
After a variety of postings in Asia, Bellocchi worked for the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research in Washington, DC.
In 1985, Bellocchi was appointed ambassador to Botswana, serving until 1988. From 1990 to 1995, Bellocchi was chairman of the American Institute in Taiwan.
Bellochi and his family returned to the United States when he retired. He died in Bethesda, Maryland, of heart disease on November 17, 2014. A funeral was held in December 2015, at Arlington National Cemetery.
Marriage and family
Bellochi married Lilan Liu. They had two children together.
References
1926 births
2014 deaths
People from Little Falls, New York
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
Ambassadors of the United States to Botswana
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
Military personnel from New York (state)
American people of Italian descent
United States Army officers
Chairs of the American Institute in Taiwan
United States Foreign Service personnel
Engineers from New York (state)
Engineers from Pennsylvania
American industrial engineers
20th-century American engineers |
Baseball, Minnesota was a television documentary series on the FX Network. The show followed a minor league baseball team, the St. Paul Saints, through the 1996 season. Until the FX network's format change in 1997, this was the only television series that was neither live nor a rebroadcast of a syndicated series. The 22 episode series premiered on August 1996.
The soundtrack (including the theme song "Famous") was performed by rock group Ted's Lunch.
References
External links
A review from Giants Magazine
1996 American television series debuts
1997 American television series endings
1990s American documentary television series
FX Networks original programming
Television shows set in Minnesota
Sports in Saint Paul, Minnesota |
The 1908–09 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team represented Seton Hall University during the 1908–09 college men's basketball season. The head coach was William Caffrey, coaching his first season with the Pirates.
Schedule
|-
References
Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball seasons
Seton Hall
Seton Hall
Seton Hall |
Jakob Edelstein (AKA Yacov, Yaakov, Jakub Edelstein or Edlstein; 25 July 1903 – 20 June 1944) was a Czechoslovak Zionist, social democrat and the first Jewish Elder in the Theresienstadt ghetto. He was murdered in Auschwitz-Birkenau.
Life and work
Jakob Edelstein was born into a devout Ashkenazi family in Horodenka at that time in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, nowadays in the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine. His parents were Motl and Mattil Edelstein, he had a sister called Dora.
During World War I, the family fled Horodenka in 1915 to Brno in Moravia to avoid the Russian army, that organised a pogrom against the Jewish people of the town, nine Jews were hanged in the main street of Horodenka. When his family returned after the war to Horodenka, Jakob stayed in Brno to finish his studies at a business school. After his graduation he left Brno for Teplitz in northern Bohemia to work as a traveling salesman.
Edelstein became a fierce member of the Poale Zion movement and an activist in the Social Democrat Party. In 1927 he left the Party and was for two years only active in the Přátelé přírody, a (social democrat movement of nature friends).
From 1926 Edelstein was involved in the Hechalutz (the pioneer), a Zionist youth organisation and in World War II a resistance movement, later he worked at their head office.
Edelstein joined in 1929 the Histadrut, an organisation of trade unions for and later in Israel.
Jakob Edelstein married in 1931 and left Teplitz with his bride Miriam for Prague to work for the Palästina-Amt (Palestine Office of the Zionist movement). Beginning 1933 he acted as head of that office, he remained in this position until the office was closed right before the outbreak of the War.
In 1937 he was for several months very active for the Keren Hayesod (a fund raising organisation) in Jerusalem.
Before the war Edelstein and his family had the opportunity and the documents for immigration to Eretz Israel, they planned to get to Kibbutz Givat Haim, but Edelstein chose to stay in Czechoslovakia and with his community.
World War II
On 15 March 1939, Germany annexed what was left of Czechoslovakia and established the protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Edelstein called for the Zionist leaders to head the Jewish community, and became the liaison between the Jewish community and the SS to deal with Jewish emigration. For this purpose Edelstein travelled, with permission of the Gestapo, between 1939 and 1941 abroad to Bratislava, Vienna, Berlin, Trieste and Genoa.
Edelstein and his substitute Otto Zucker visited England and the British Mandate for Palestine in 1938 to help facilitate the evacuation of Jewish refugees, his wife was ordered to stay in Czechoslovakia, thus forcing him to return home. In 1940 Edelstein went to Trieste in order to evacuate Czechoslovak Jews. In March 1941 he and his associate Richard Friedmann were commanded by the SS to instruct the chairmen of the Jewish Council in Amsterdam, Abraham Asscher and David Cohen to establish an administrative apparatus between the counsel and the "Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Amsterdam" (the only one in Western Europe), like the Central Office in Prague.
On 18 October 1939 Edelstein, Friedmann and another thousand Jewish men were, due to the so-called Nisko-und-Lublin-Plan, deported from Ostrava to Nisko in the Lublin reservation, a concentration camp in the General Government. After the Nisko Plan was dissolved, for pragmatic reasons, Edelstein returned to Prague in November 1939.
On 4 December 1941, by order of the head of the "Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Prague" SS-Sturmbannführer (major) Hans Günther, Edelstein and his family were deported to Theresienstadt. They were among transport Stab, č.
The camp commandant SS-Obersturmführer Siegfried Seidl designated him as the first Judenältester (Jewish Elder) of the Jewish Council of Elders in the ghetto.
Edelstein and his associates were determined to prevent further deportations to the East by organizing a self-sustaining, productive community that the Germans would find indispensable to their war effort."" (Jewish work to save Jewish lives), was the idea behind Edelsteins policy.
In January 1943 Edelstein was replaced as Judenältester by Paul Eppstein and became his first substitute.
At a count in the ghetto on 9 November 1943 a difference of 55 Jews between the registered and the actual number of inmates appeared. Edelstein was accused of aiding the escape of inmates and was arrested on November 11, 1943.
On 15 December 1943, Edelstein was deported to the Auschwitz I concentration camp, where he was kept isolated in Block 11 for half a year. He was deported on Transport Dr. His wife, his son, and his mother in law were sent to the Theresienstadt family camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, Biib. The family was reunited on 20 June 1944. Jakob Edelstein had to watch the murder of first his mother in law then his wife Miriam and his twelve-year-old son Ariel before he was shot to death in the crematorium of the gas chamber.
In June 1947, on the three-year yahrzeit of Yacov Edelstein's death in Auschwitz, Max Brod wrote: "And so a Jewish hero left this world, a man who up to the end did everything he possibly could and never gave up.
Literature
Israel Gutman: Enzyklopädie des Holocaust - Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden, Piper Verlag, München/Zürich 1998, 3 Bände,
Hans Günther Adler: Theresienstadt: das Antlitz einer Zwangsgemeinschaft 1941-1945 Nachwort Jeremy Adler. Wallstein, Göttingen, 986 pages, 2005
Bondy, Ruth. Elder of the Jews": Jakob Edelstein of Theresienstadt, translated from the Hebrew 1989,
References
External links
Photograph of Jakob Edelstein United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives
Edelstein, Dr. Jakub Das Theresienstadt-Lexikon
Documents about Jakob Edelstein in the collection of the Jewish Museum Prague.
1903 births
1944 deaths
Czech people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
Czechoslovak Jews
Czechoslovak civilians killed in World War II
Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners
People from Horodenka
Politicians who died in Nazi concentration camps
Czech Jews who died in the Holocaust
Jewish Czech politicians
Austro-Hungarian Jews
Ukrainian Jews
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe) |
Make Trax, originally released in Japan as , is a 1981 maze game developed by Alpha Denshi and published as an arcade video game by Kural Samno Electric in Japan. It was licensed in Europe to Exidy, which released it under its original title Crush Roller, and in North America to Williams Electronics, who released it as Make Trax.
Gameplay
The player controls a paintbrush, reddish-orange in color, and must paint the entire maze in order to advance to the next stage. Two fish — one yellow, the other light blue — emerge from separate aquariums to pursue the paintbrush around the board, and if either of the fish succeeds in making contact with the paintbrush, the player loses one of three lives (four if the player has attained a certain score, generally set at 10,000 points) — after which the paintbrush disappears momentarily, then over the next approximately eight seconds is replaced by what appears to be an reddish-orange cowboy hat with an arrow shot through it, while the machine plays the chorus of the "Twelfth Street Rag," a hit song by Pee Wee Hunt in 1948.
The player may use two "rollers" to attack the fish. They are located on overpasses, one vertical in its orientation, the other horizontal. To use them, the player positions the paintbrush on its forward end, waits for either or both of the fish to approach, then pushes the paintbrush along the roller, attacking the fish. The fish is removed from the maze for a few seconds, then returns to one of the aquariums and resumes its pursuit of the paintbrush. Killing fish in this manner scores bonus points.
The fish initially are dumb, but as time goes on they get "smarter" learning to avoid the roller when the paintbrush nears it, and develop strategies to trap the player between them.
A third character, appearing to be an animal, rolling tire, or invisible man depending on the level, may enter the maze and leave tracks that must be painted over in order for the board to be completed. The player can limit the damage by running over the figure, which not only stops further tracks from being left but also awards the player a score, which progressively increases as more boards are cleared.
Reception
In Japan, Crush Roller was the ninth highest-grossing arcade game of 1981.
Legacy
ADK remade the game for the Neo Geo Pocket Color which was released worldwide by SNK under its original name Crush Roller in 1999. The game mechanics are largely the same as its arcade counterpart, though the level design was adapted to fit the smaller screen size. Graphics and sound were also improved thanks to the more powerful hardware. This version was later re-released as part of the Windows port of Neo Geo Pocket Color Selection Vol. 1 in 2021.
A clone called Brush Roller for the Famicom/NES was programmed in 1990 by Hwang Shinwei and published by RCM Group. This game was later hacked by NTDEC to make Bookyman, which was released on the Caltron 6-in-1 and the Asder 20-in-1. It replaced the title screen, some of the graphics, and revamped the sound and music. It also fixed the bugs that cause music temporary stops when the roller died or crush enemy and eliminated corrupted sprites at left maze scoreboard when completed stage which are replaced by some hollow squares. The original NTDEC release and Asder version retained the original sounds from Brush Roller, despite the Asder version released a year later.
A "speed-up" modification named Make Trax Turbo allows the paintbrush to move faster (but not the fish).
References
External links
1981 video games
ADK (company) games
Arcade video games
Maze games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Neo Geo Pocket Color games
SNK games
Video games scored by Hiroaki Shimizu
Williams video games
Video games developed in Japan |
Richard Rader (born June 10, 1959) is an equestrian who represents the United States Virgin Islands. He competed in the individual eventing at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
United States Virgin Islands male equestrians
Olympic equestrians for the United States Virgin Islands
Equestrians at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Eugene Gaudio (December 31, 1886 – August 1, 1920) was a cinematographer.
Biography
Brother of future A.S.C. member Tony Gaudio, Eugene Gaudio was born in Cosenza in Italy on December 31, 1886. He learned photography in his father's portrait studio and developed an interest in movies around 1905. After coming to the United States, he served as lab superintendent for IMP and the Life Photo Film Corporation. Arriving in California in 1915, Gaudio came out of the darkroom and went behind the camera for Universal. The best-known of his early efforts as a cinematographer is the 1916 production of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. He later photographed films for Metro's top female stars, Alla Nazimova and May Allison. His final work was with actress Bessie Barriscale’s B. B. Features.
Gaudio suffered an acute attack of appendicitis and died on August 1, 1920, from general peritonitis after an operation. Gaudio is buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles, California.
Cinematographer
The House of Fear (1915)
The White Terror (1915)
The House of Fear (1915)
Elusive Isabel (1916)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916)
Revelation (1918)
The Shell Game (1918)
Social Hypocrites (1918)
Toys of Fate (1918)
The House of Gold (1918)
The House of Mirth (1918)
Eye for Eye (1918)
A Man's World (1918)
Out of the Fog (1919)
One-Thing-at-a-Time O'Day (1919)
The Uplifters (1919)
The Man Who Stayed at Home (1919)
The Brat (1919)
Kitty Kelly, M.D. (1919)
Beckoning Roads (1919)
The Luck of Geraldine Laird (1920)
The Notorious Mrs. Sands (1920)
Life's Twist (1920)
External links
American cinematographers
Italian cinematographers
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
1886 births
1920 deaths
Italian emigrants to the United States |
Ewald Riebschläger (24 October 1904 – 29 October 1993) was a German diver who won two gold, one silver and two bronze medals at the European championships of 1927–1934. He competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in the 10 m platform and 3 m springboard events and finished in fifth and sixth place, respectively.
References
1904 births
1993 deaths
People from Zeitz
Sportspeople from Saxony-Anhalt
German male divers
Olympic divers for Germany
Divers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
European Aquatics Championships medalists in diving
20th-century German people |
Samuel W. Frank (May 30, 1904 – April 17, 1973) was a former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
Formative years
Born on May 30, 1904, in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, Samuel W. Frank was the owner of the Frank Trouser Co. and a district manager for Sears, Roebuck & Co.
Political and public service
A Democrat, Frank served as president of the Allentown Recreation Commission from 1950 to 1970, and as State Democratic Committeeman for Lehigh County from 1952 to 1954. Elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for its 1955 and 1957 terms, he was unsuccessful in reelection campaigns during 1956, 1960, and 1962, but was reelected to the House for its 1965 term. He then served four consecutive terms, but did not complete his final term.
Death and interment
A sitting member of the Pennsylvania House, Frank died in Allentown, Pennsylvania, on April 17, 1973.
References
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
1973 deaths
1904 births
20th-century American politicians |
Arya Samaj (, ) is a monotheistic Indian Hindu reform movement that promotes values and practices based on the belief in the infallible authority of the Vedas. The samaj was founded by the sannyasi (ascetic) Dayanand Saraswati in the 1870s.
Arya Samaj was the first Hindu organization to introduce proselytization in Hinduism. The organization has also worked towards the growth of civil rights movement in India since 1800s.
Dayananda Saraswati and Foundation
The formal foundation date of the Arya Samaj is 24 June 1877 because it was then, in Lahore when the Samaj became more than just a regional movement based in Punjab.
Vedic schools
Between 1869 and 1873, Dayanand began his efforts to reform orthodox Hinduism in India. He established Gurukul (Vedic schools) which emphasised Vedic values, culture, and Satya (Truth). The schools gave separate educations to boys and girls based on ancient Vedic principles. The Vedic school system was also to relieve Indians from the pattern of a British education.
Emergence of Arya Samaj in Punjab (1875)
Due to Schisms in Adi Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta, a new variant of Adi Brahmoism called Arya Samaj began to take root in the Punjab. When he traveled to Calcutta Swami Dayanand had come into close and extended contact with Raj Narayan Bose, Debendranath Tagore etc. Swami Dayanand closely studied Tagore's book Brahmo Dharma, a comprehensive manual of religion and ethics for Adi Dharma, while in Calcutta. The bone of contention between these two Samaj's was over the authority of the Vedas - whose authority the Adi Dharma reject and hold to be inferior works, whereas Arya Samaj hold Vedas to be divine revelation. Despite this difference of opinion, however, it seems that the members of the Brahmo Samaj and Swami Dayanand parted on good terms, the former having publicly praised the latter’s visit to Calcutta in several journals and the latter having taken inspiration from the former’s activity in the social sphere.
Growth of Arya Samaj after Dayanand
Dayanand was assassinated in 1883. Despite this set back, the Arya Samaj continued to grow, especially in Punjab. The early leaders of the Samaj were Pandit Lekh Ram (1858 1897) and Swami Shraddhanand (Mahatma Munshi Ram Vij) (1856 1926). Some authors claim that the activities of the Samaj led to increased antagonism between Muslims and Hindus. Shraddhanand led the Shuddhi movement that aimed to bring Hindus who had converted to other religions back to Hinduism.
In 1893, the Arya Samaj members of Punjab were divided on the question of vegetarianism. The group that refrained from eating meat were called the "Mahatma" group and the other group, the "Cultured Party".
In the early 1900s, the Samaj (or organizations inspired by it such as Jat Pat Todak Mandal) campaigned against caste discrimination. They also campaigned for widow remarriage and women's education. The samaj also established chapters in British colonies having Indian population such as South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Suriname, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.
Prominent Indian Nationalists such as Lala Lajpat Rai belonged to Arya Samaj and were active in its campaigning. Bhagat Singh's grandfather followed Arya Samaj, which had a considerable influence on Bhagat Singh. The British colonial government in the early part of 20th century viewed the Samaj as a political body. Some Samajis in government service were dismissed for belonging to the Samaj.
In the 1930s, when the Hindu Nationalist group, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh grew in prominence in Northern India, they found support from the Arya Samaj of Punjab.
Arya Samaj in Punjab
In Punjab, the Arya Samaj was opposed by the Ahmadiyya movement which provided the Samaj one of its most aggressive opponents from among the various Muslim groups and whose founder Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was extensively involved in theological disputations with Samaj leaders, most notably with Pandit Lekh Ram. It was also opposed by the Sikh dominated Singh Sabha, the forerunner of the Akali Dal.
Arya Samaj in Sindh
The Samaj was active in Sindh at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The activities of the Samaj in the region included using shuddhi in integrating half-Muslim or low-caste communities into the organization. Narayan Dev, a Samaj member active in making many conversions is extolled as a Sindhi martyr. He is sometimes referred to as 'Dayanand ka vir sipahi' (Dayanand's 's heroic soldier). Dev was killed in a street fight in 1948. The history of Sindhi nationalism is also tied with the activities of the Arya Samaj. In the 19th century, the Hindu community of Sindh had been challenged by Christian missionaries and the Samaj served as a deterrent to the "conversion" done by Christian missionaries in the region. A Hindu Sindhi leader, K. R. Malkani, later on became prominent in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and the BJP. According to Malkani, the Arya Samaj created a "new pride" among the Hindu Sindhis by opening gymnasia and Sanskrit pathshalas in the 1930s.
Arya Samaj in Gujarat
The Arya Samaj of Gujarat members were missionaries from Punjab who had been encouraged to move to Gujarat to carry out educational work amongst the untouchable castes by the maharaja, Sayajirao Gaekwad III. The Gujarat Samaj opened orphanages. The samaj starting losing support when Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 because many activist joined his movement.
Reconversion in Malabar
In 1921, during a rebellion by the Muslim Moplah community of Malabar Indian newspapers reported that a number of Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam. The Arya Samaj extended its efforts to the region to reconvert these people back to Hinduism through Shuddhi ceremonies.
Views of Orthodox Hindu on the Samaj
The then Shankaracharya of Badrinath math in 1939 in a letter to the archbishop of Canterbury, called Arya Samajis Un-Hindu. He also criticized the Samaj efforts at converting Christians and Muslims.
Arya Samaj in Hyderabad state
A branch of Arya Samaj was established at Dharur in Beed district of Hyderabad state, the largest princely state during British colonial rule. Keshav Rao Koratkar was the president of the organization until 1932. During his tenure, the Samaj, established schools and libraries throughout the state. Although a social and religious organization, the Samaj activities assumed a great political role in resisting the government of the Nizam during 1930s. In 1938–1939, Arya Samaj teamed up with the Hindu Mahasabha to resist the Nizam government through Satyagraha. The Nizam government responded by raiding and desecrating Arya Samaj mandirs. The Samaj, in turn, criticized Islam and the Islamic rulers of the state. This widely increased the gulf between the Hindu and Muslim population of the state.
Language issue
Arya Samaj promoted the use of Hindi in Punjab and discouraged the use of Punjabi. This was a serious point of difference between the Sikhs, represented by the Shiromani Akali Dal group and the Arya Samaj. The difference was marked during the period immediately following the independence of India and the time of the Punjabi Suba movement (demand for a Punjabi speaking state).
Humanitarian efforts
Arya Samaj is a charitable organisation. For example, donations were made to victims of the 1905 Kangra earthquake. The samaj campaigned for women's right to vote, and for the protection of widows.
Contemporary Arya Samaj
Arya Samaj in India
Arya Samaj schools and temples are found in almost all major cities and as well as in rural areas (especially in the North region) of India. Some are authorised to conduct weddings. The Samaj is associated with the Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) schools which number over eight hundred. There are eight million followers of the Samaj in India.
A branch of Arya Samaj was established in 2015 in Angul district in the state of Odisha.
Arya Samaj around the world
Arya Samaj is active in countries including Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Fiji, Australia, South Africa, Kenya, Mauritius and other countries where a significant Hindu diaspora is present. The Arya Samaj in Kenya runs a number of schools in Nairobi and other cities of the country.
Immigrants to Canada and the United States from South Asia, Eastern Africa, South Africa, and the Caribbean countries have set up Arya Samaj temples for their respective communities. Most major metropolitan areas of the United States have chapters of Arya Samaj.
Core beliefs
Members of the Arya Samaj believe in one creator God referred to with the syllable 'Aum' as mentioned in the Yajur Veda (40:17). They believe the Vedas are an infallible authority, and they respect the Upanishads and Vedic philosophy. The Arya Samaj members reject other Hindu religious texts because they are not pure works, and because these texts promote things do not support their ideology and are therefore against the Vedas. For instance, they believe epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata are legends of historical figures, and reject them as reference to supreme beings and avatars. The members of Arya Samaj also reject other scriptural works such as the Puranas, the Bible, and the Quran. Worship of idols (murti puja) is strictly prohibited.
The core beliefs of Arya Samaj are postulated below:
The primeval cause of all genuine knowledge and all that is known by means of knowledge is God.
God is truth-consciousness: formless, omnipotent, unborn, infinite, unchangeable, incomparable, omnipresent, internal, undecaying, immortal, eternal, holy, and creator of the universe. God alone deserves worship.
The Vedas are repositories of all of true knowledge. It is the paramount duty of all Aryas to study and teach and to propound the Veda.
One should be ever ready to imbibe truth and forsake untruth.
All acts should be done in accordance with Dharma, i.e. after deliberating upon what is truth and untruth.
The prime object of Arya Samaj is to do good to the whole world, i.e. to achieve physical, spiritual and social prosperity for all.
Our conduct towards all should be guided by love, by injunctions of Dharma and according to their respective positions.
One should dispel ignorance and promote knowledge.
One should not be content with one's own prosperity only, but should consider the prosperity of all as his own prosperity.
All human beings should abide by the rules concerning social or everyone's benefit, while everyone should be free to follow any rule beneficial for him/her.
Practices
The Arya Samaj members consider the Gayatri Mantra, as the most holy mantra and chant it periodically, do the meditation known as "Sandhya" and make offering to the holy fire (havan). The havan can be performed with a priest for special occasions or without a priest for personal worship. The havan is performed as per the , usually a simplified guide to do havan, having mantras for general or special occasions. The priest is generally a Vedic scholar from the local Arya Samaj Mandir or Gurukul. Sometimes elder members of family or neighbours can also perform the havan acting as a purohit. The host is known as the "Yajmana". The priest can be called an "Acharya", "Swami Ji" or "Pandit Ji" depending upon his scholarly status and local reputation. It is customary to give a nominal "dakshina" to the priest after havan, although in Arya Samaj it is more symbolic and the priest does not state any sum. The sum is decided by the host's capability and status but is still a small amount. After a death, Arya Samajis will often conduct a havan and collect the ashes on the fourth day.
Diwali
Diwali is a very important day in Arya Samaj as Swami Dayanand died this day. A special havan is done for the same.
The Arya Samaj version of the Hindu festival Diwali is typified by the celebration in Suriname. The festival celebrates the victory of good over evil. A vegetarian fast is kept. The Gayatri Mantra is recited while oil lamps are lit, in front of a fire altar lit with sandalwood. One Diya lamp, which is of larger size has two wicks crossed to produce four lights, one in each direction and is lit first. The smaller lamp has one wick. A lamp is kept in every room except the bathroom and restroom. More lamps can be lit, which can be placed arbitrarily in the yard, living room and so on.
Holi
Holi is celebrated as the conclusion of winter and the start of spring to sow the land and hope for a good harvest. This day is marked by colors and songs (Chautal). It does not require specific prayer or fasting, however, some people keep a vegetarian fast on this day. The festivities do not associate Holi with a particular deity such as Vishnu or Shiva. The early Arya Samajist in 19th century Lahore adapted the festival to include prayers and havan but avoid the intoxication, and obscenities associated with traditional celebrations.
Arya Samaj across the world
Arya Samaj in Burma
Arya Samaj in Fiji
Arya Samaj in Ghana
Arya Samaj in Guyana
Arya Samaj in Kenya
Arya Samaj in Mauritius
Arya Samaj in Mozambique
Arya Samaj in Singapore
Arya Samaj in South Africa
Arya Samaj in Suriname
Arya Samaj in Tanzania
Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago
Arya Samaj in Thailand
Arya Samaj in Uganda
See also
Guru–shishya tradition
Hindu reform movements
Sampradaya
References
Further reading
Chamupati M. A. (2001) Ten Commandments of Arya Samaj New Delhi: D.A.V. Publications.
Jordens J. T. F. (1978) Dayanada Saraswati Oxford University Press, Delhi
Madhu Kishwar, "The Daughters of Aryavarta: Women in the Arya Samaj movement, Punjab." Chapter in Women in Colonial India; Essays on Survival, Work and the State, edited by J. Krishnamurthy, Oxford University Press, 1989.
Rai L. (1915) The Arya Samaj: an Account of its Aims, Doctrine and Activities, with a Biographical Sketch of the Founder D.A.V. College Managing Committee, New Delhi .
Rai L. (1993) A History of the Arya Samaj New Delhi .
Ruthven M. (2007) Fundamentalism: a Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press .
Sharma J. M. (1998) Swami Dayanand: a Biography USB, India .
Sethi R. "Rashtra Pitamah Swami Dayanand Saraswati" M R Sethi Educational Trust, Chandigarh.
Upadhyaya G. P. (1954) The Origin, Scope and Mission of the Arya Samaj Arya Samaj.
Shastri V. (1967) The Arya Samaj Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha.
Pandey D. (1972) The Arya Samaj and Indian Nationalism, 1875–1920 S. Chand.
Pandit S. (1975) A Critical Study of the Contribution of the Arya Samaj to Indian Education Sarvadeshik Arya, Pratinidhi Sabha.
Vedalanker N. and Somera M. (1975) Arya Samaj and Indians Abroad Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha.
Vable D. (1983) The Arya Samaj: Hindu Without Hinduism Vikas.
Sharma S. K. (1985) Social Movements and Social Change: a Study of Arya Samaj and Untouchables in Punjab B.R. Publishing.
Yadav K. C. and Arya K. S. (1988) Arya Samaj and the Freedom Movement: 1875–1918 Manohar Publications. .
Saxena G. S. (1990) Arya Samaj Movement in India, 1875–1947 Commonwealth Publishers. .
Sethi R. (2009) Rashtra Pitamah, Swami Dayanand Saraswati M R Sethi Educational Trust, Chandigarh
Chopra R. M. (2009) Hinduism Today
Jamnager A. S. and Pandya D. Aryasamaj Ke Stambh A. S. Jamnager's website.
Jones K. Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-Century Punjab
Dayananda, S., & Bharadwaja, C. (1932). Light of truth, or, An English translation of the Satyartha prakasha: The well-known work of Swami Dayananda Saraswati. Madras: Arya Samaj.
Swami Shraddhananda, . (1926). Hindu sangathan: Saviour of the dying race. Delhi: Shraddhananda.
Swami Śraddhānanda, . (1984). Inside the Congress: A collection of 26 articles. New Delhi: Dayanand Sansthan.
External links
Nirguna worship traditions
Hindu organizations
Hindu new religious movements
Monotheistic religions
Religious organisations based in India
Religious organizations established in 1875
1875 establishments in British India |
David Abeel (June 12, 1804 – September 4, 1846) was a missionary of the Dutch Reformed Church with the American Reformed Mission.
Biography
Abeel was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey on June 12, 1804 to Captain David and Jane Hassert Abeel. He is a descendant of Albany, New York Mayor Johannes Abeel.
After having begun his studies in medicine, Abeel converted and was ordained a minister. He graduated from New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1827, and was ordained to the ministry that same year. He served as a pastor of his church until the winter 1828, when he went to St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda to recover his health. He was appointed the chaplain of the Seaman's Friend Society. In 1829, he left New York to serve as a missionary. He arrived in Canton, China in 1829, later evangelizing in Java, Malacca, Siam, and Singapore. In 1833, he relocated to Europe, where he visited England, Switzerland, France, Germany, and the Netherlands through 1834.
In 1835, he returned to the United States to recruit additional missionaries from his church to work overseas. He remained in that capacity through 1838, to return to active missionary duty. In 1839, he visited Maritime Southeast Asia, and later established a mission in Xiamen in 1842. In Xiamen, Abeel met with Chinese official and scholar Xu Jiyu, who helped obtain information on conditions in the West. In 1844 he was joined by new co-workers Pohlman and Elihu Doty. Xu later used this information to compile an influential work on geography.
In 1845 he returned to the United States and died in Albany, New York, on September 4, 1846.
Works
His published works include:
To the Bachelors of China, by a Bachelor (1833)
A Narrative of Residence in China (1834)
The Claims of the World to the Gospel (1838)
The Missionary Convention at Jerusalem (1838)
See also
History of Christian missions
References
Further reading
Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1963.
External links
David Abeel
Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889
1804 births
1846 deaths
People from New Brunswick, New Jersey
Protestant missionaries in China
Protestant missionaries in Malaysia
Protestant missionaries in Singapore
Protestant missionaries in Thailand
Christian medical missionaries
Converts to Calvinism
19th-century American physicians
Dutch Reformed Church missionaries
Qing dynasty
American Protestant missionaries
American members of the Dutch Reformed Church
American expatriates in China
Schuyler family |
Bremen Cathedral (), dedicated to St. Peter, is a church situated in the market square in the center of Bremen. The cathedral belongs to the Bremian Evangelical Church, a member of the umbrella organization Protestant Church in Germany. It is the previous cathedral of the former Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. Since 1973, it is protected by the monument protection act.
Periods and materials
In general, Bremen Cathedral is a medieval building. The oldest visible structures are the two crypts. The last parts built in romanesque style and in sandstone were the lower storeys of the western façade and the western towers. Since the late 1220s, vaults and walls were erected in bricks, partly hidden by sheets of sandstone. Only the outer wall of the southern row of chapels shows unhidden bricks. St Peter's is one of the largest historic brick structures in Europe, but it comprises too many stone structures to be subsumed to Brick Gothic. During the great restoration of 1888 to 1901, the western towers and most of the western façade were rebuilt relatively close to previous structures. The crossing tower was a new addition, using the medieval crossing tower of Worms Cathedral as an example. The roofs above the transepts and the northern aisle were redesigned.
History
Early buildings
The first church structure that can be verified on the site of St Peter's Cathedral in Bremen was a timber church on a high point overseeing the Weser River built by Saint Willehad, an early missionary to the Frisians. The church was built about 789 in conjunction with the creation of the Diocese of Bremen, with Willehad as the first bishop. Willehad died the same year.
Just three years later Saxons attacked and burned Bremen and its tiny timber cathedral. No trace of it remains. The see remained vacant for thirteen years until it was reestablished under Bishop Willerich in 805. St Peter's was built as the cathedral church of local sandstone in several stages by Bishop Willerich.
After the sack of Hamburg by the Danes in 845, Bremen became the seat of the combined Bremen and Hamburg Archdiocese under Archbishop Saint Ansgar who held the see from 848 to his death in 865. He was one of the most prominent missionaries to northern Europe and is credited with the beginnings of the conversion of the Danes and Swedes to Christianity. He was succeeded by Archbishop Rimbert.
It is believed that during Ansgar's time the cathedral had a central nave and two side aisles with a choir at each end of the nave, a typical Carolingian church form. There was a cathedral school and cloister.
Early in the tenure of Archbishop Adalbrand (1035-1043) the church was in the process of being rebuilt and enlarged, but in 1041 most of Bremen including the cathedral was destroyed by a terrible fire. The fire also destroyed much of the cathedral library. Bishop Adalbrand ordered the building rebuilt in 1042, but died before it could be completed.
Oldest parts of the present building
Most of the rebuilding fell to Archbishop Adalbert (1043-1072). The cathedral was rebuilt as a pillared basilica with rounded Romanesque style arches and a flat timber ceiling. Two stubby, flat-topped towers were added to the west front. A crypt was built under the west part of the nave. The building plan was based on the cruciform shape of the cathedral at Benevento in Campania, Italy which Adalbert was familiar with. He also brought craftsmen from Lombardy to make repairs and embellish the cathedral, much to the consternation of local builders and artists. Adalbert ignored the criticism and forced his vision for the cathedral. On Adalbert's orders parts of the fortification of (not the unwalled market town beside) were torn down to provide low-cost stone for the cathedral. Adalbert's short-sightedness resulted in Saxons sacking the city and the cathedral in 1064.
Under Adalbert's rule the oldest visible part of nowaday's cathedral was built, the western crypt.
Under his successor, Liemar (1072–1102), the eastern crypt was built and the cathedral reached almost present-day extent on the ground.
In 1104, the archidiocese lost most of his administrative power to the newly established archbishopric of Lund.
Dominant structures of the present building
During the rule Prince-Archbishop Gerhard II (1219-1258), the conditions for works on the cathedral improved: On Christmas 1223 the rivalry of Bremen and Hamburg was finished by a papal decision, Bremen became the only see of the archbishopric. In March 1224, another papal decree authorized an indulgence campaign to subsidize a "repair" of the cathedral. The construction of the lower storeys of the western façade and towers – in pure romanesque style – may have begun before the decree and even before the onset of Gerhard's rule.
Between the towers, a rose window was added, it has already been depicted in Bremen's first municipal seal, cut in 1230. Than, successively and most of it under the same rule, at first the two westernmost bays of the nave were vaulted (still almost Romance style), then the aisles in very early Gothic architecture, then central nave, choir, crossing and transept in advanced early Gothic style. Differing from the Romance parts, the vaults and new walls were constructed in brick as were many other large ecclesiastic and public buildings in northern Europe.
Central nave and choir have double bays with six sections each. The pillars at their corners are supported by flying buttresses (since 1502–'22 only on the southern side). The pillars of the middling ribs, carrying only one fourth (or eighth) of the weight, have none, except of the choir, where they were added as late as in 1911.
At Easter 1334 Prince-Archbishop Burchard Grelle claimed to have found the skulls of the Saints Cosmas and Damian. He "personally 'miraculously' retrieved the relics of the holy physicians Cosmas and Damian, which were allegedly immured and forgotten in the quire of Bremen Cathedral. In celebration of the retrieval Prince-Archbishop and cathedral chapter arranged a feast at Pentecost 1335, when the relics were translated from the wall to a more dignified place." (For the original quotation see the note) Grelle claimed the relics were those Archbishop Adaldag brought from Rome in 965. In about 1400 the cathedral master-builder Johann Hemeling commissioned a shrine for the relics, which has been accomplished until after 1420. The shrine from carved oak wood covered with gilt rolled silver is considered an important mediaeval gold work. In 1649 Bremen's Chapter, meanwhile Lutheran, sold the shrine with the alleged relics to Elector Maximilian I of Bavaria. It is now shown in the Jesuit church of St Michael in Munich.
Under Prince-Archbishop Johann Rode, officiating between 1497 and 1511, the basilica style church was further transformed into a German "High Gothic" style church with a new northern nave. Several chapels were added and even more ambitious plans were made for the church.
While the municipality of Bremen had gained more and more independence from the archbishopric, the cathedral remained under the control of the chapter and the archbishops. The municipality was divided in four parishes. Even the laic inhabitants of the cathedral immunity had a special parish church, Saint Willehadus chapel. The cathedral was the church of the clergy and for special religious celebrations and special events of the archbishopric. The cathedral and its district were included by the municipal fortifications, but politically they formed an exclave.
Protestantism in Bremen
When the Protestant Reformation swept through northern Germany, the first Reformed sermon in Bremen was held in 1522, and in 1534 the city established a Protestant rule of churches. The cathedral chapter was still catholic and closed St Peter's cathedral, after on Palm Sunday of 1532 a delegation of Bremen's revolutionary Council of the 104 men (de.wiki) had forcefully interrupted a Catholic mass and prompted a pastor to hold a Lutheran service. The Roman Catholic Church was condemned as a symbol of the abuses of a long Catholic past by most local citizens and the building fell into disuse and then disrepair. In 1547 the chapter, meanwhile prevailingly Lutheran, appointed the Dutch Albert Hardenberg, called Rizaeus, as the first Cathedral preacher of Protestant affiliation. Rizaeus turned out to be a partisan of the rather Zwinglian understanding of the Lord's Supper, which was rejected by the then Lutheran burghers, city council, and chapter. So in 1561 - after tremendous quarrels - Rizaeus was dismissed and banned from the city and the cathedral shut again its doors.
While the majority of Bremen's burghers and city council adopted Calvinism until the 1590s, the chapter, being simultaneously the body of secular government in the neighbouring Prince-Archbishopric, clung to Lutheranism.
Tower disasters
On 27 January 1638, the southern belfry, that already had looked instable since more than a century, collapsed causing severe damage to surrounding buildings and killing eight people. Its lower storeys received a flat roof.
Also in 1638, the Prince-Archbishopric's Lutheran Administrator Frederick II reopened St Peter's as a Lutheran place of worship, while meanwhile all other churches in town had become Calvinist. In 1642, a Lutheran Latin School opened at St Peter's. Just eighteen years later, a lightning struck the northern tower and burned the roof, which collapsed into the nave destroying the roof. The walls of northern tower were quickly rebuilt, covered with a simple pyramidal roof. The southern tower suffered a second collapse and remained an open ruin for almost two and a half centuries.
Interior development
Though the outer appearance of the building remained quite poor for more than two centuries, the importance of the church increased.
The Lutheran community in the walls of Bremen lacked the status of a parish, but due to immigration from the Lutheran states around Bremen, time by time it became the largest religious group in the city. In administrative matters, the Lutherans that joined the services in the cathedral, at the same time were members of the Calvinist parishes of the municipal districts, where they lived.
To get space for the increasing audience of the services, some galleries were built inside the central nave and the northern aisle. Between 1693 and 1698, Arp Schnitger installed a huge organ that would be played until 1847, one of the most valuable equipment, Bremen Cathedral ever had.
in the same period, in 1694/96, the Lutheran church received a new main altar with a canopy, resembling St. Peter's Baldachin in Vatican Basilica. About 80 years later, the western rose window had to be changed (for a simpler one), in order to prevent damages of the organ caused by humidity.
Municipal rule
In 1803 the cathedral immunity district with St Peter's, meanwhile an extraterritorial enclave of the Electorate of Hanover, which had gained the duchy of Bremen-Verden in, was incorporated into the Free Imperial City of Bremen. Its burgomaster Johann Smidt, a devout member of the Reformed (Calvinist) church, confiscated the considerable estates of the Lutheran congregation. The representatives of the Lutheran congregation, led by the cathedral preacher Johann David Nicolai, started to fight for its right to exist. In 1810, facing the annexion of Bremen by the French Empire, the city council agreed to the establishment of a cathedral parish, this way preventing a French confiscation of the church's properties. But the new parish wouldn't gain full equality of right with the Calvinist parishes before 1830, asserted by a majority of Bremen's Calvinist senators (government members) against the expressed will of Smidt.
[In 1873 the Calvinist and Lutheran congregations in Bremen reconciled and founded a united administrative umbrella, the still existing Bremian Evangelical Church, comprising the bulk of Bremen's citizens.]
In 1817, the city council ordered the withdrawal of some small houses, attached to the northern wall of the cathedral. But the consequent reparations of the wall had to be paid by the parish's construction fund. After more than two centuries of economic decline, for the free city of Bremen investments in its nautic and other transport infrastructure had priority to the reconstruction of the cathedral. Therefore, during the 3rd to 9th decades of the 19th century, urgent renovations had to be paid from the construction fund, and embellishments from gifts.
Since 1822, some innovations of the interior were done. The abundance of stalls was reduced to a functional density. Unfortunately, some most valuable medieval stalls were destroyed that way. In 1839/40, a new main altar in Gothic Revival style was installed, and 1847 to 1849 a new organ.
In the 1860s, the cathedral got its first coloured stained glass windows after the Reformation.
Restoration
By the 1880s the citizens of Bremen decided that the cathedral should be restored to its medieval glory. The idea was predominantly promoted by Franz Schütte. Money was raised for the restoration of the building and work began in 1888. Reconstruction continued off and on until 1901 when the church reopened. The restoration was done close to the status before and old pictures, but with a few additions in Romanesque Revival and Gothic Revival style. The whole concept was developed by Max Salzmann. The towers were raised to their present height and completed in 1892. The interior of the church was restored in the Gothic style making it difficult to see the changes in style that occurred over time.
The northern tower that had collapsed in the 17th century was newly erected from its foundations, but using recent structures of the northern tower and old depictions of the cathedral as an example. Of the northern tower it is unknown even to the authorities concerned today, if the lower four storeys were kept or pulled down and rebuilt almost identically. The upper storeys were redesigned a bit. The mosaics in the two central arcs of the façade were new. The gallery above the entrances was restored a bit more solid, and the rose window a bit more decorated than they had been.
On the northern façade the gables of the transept and above the Brautportal ("Bride Door") were new, and the Bride Door itself was redecorated, now it has Gothic Revival design.
The addition of the crossing tower was a challenge of engineering, the four columns of the crossing had to be displaced by more stable pillars, but the medieval vaults were kept.
Inside, the walls were repainted in a Neo-Byzantine style.
World War II and new repairs
The church was struck by a fire bomb during an Allied air raid in 1943 and damaged repeatedly until 1945 when a high explosive bomb caused the collapse of parts of the vaults of the northern aisle. Due to that gap, it was feared that the building could collapse totally. However, all roofs and windows were closed quite soon, and by 1950 the vaults were reconstructed and the whole building stabilized. From 1972 to 1981 the church was restored once again. During those works, the chance was used for an intensive archaeological examination of the foundations and the graves under the floor. The only change of structures was the new rose window of the northern transept, but many of the Neo-Byzantine paintings disappeared. The design of the stained glass windows is totally new.
Interior
Altars and pulpit
On the eve of the reformation, the cathedral contained fifty altars. Now, there are four altars and one pulpit. The main altar is in the choir. For smaller services, there is a central altar beside the pulpit in the middle of the northern side of the central nave. It is decorated with a torso of a sculpture of Christ, carrying his cross, saved from northern façade. The two other altars are in the crypts. In the western crypt, nowadays used as baptismal chapel, it is decorated with the oldest sculpture of the cathedral, Jesus Christ as a ruler with Saint Peter's key.
The pulpit installed in 1638 was a gift to the people of Bremen from Queen Christina of Sweden, whose troops - in the course of the Thirty Years' War - had already captured the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, and aimed at gaining the city too. The pulpit remains in its original location.
Organs
Bremen has a long-standing tradition of fine organ music. As early as in 1244, the cantor was ordered to take care of the organ. Notations are preserved since 1526. In 1528, the construction of a new "large organ" was begun. From 1698 to 1843 the famous organ built by Arp Schnitger, one of the Baroque period's best known organ makers was the main organ. Its replacements, the Schulze organ and then the Wilhelm Sauer organ, one of the largest in northwest Germany. The cathedral today has five organs in different parts of the cathedral and continues the long tradition of great organs and organists.
Choir stalls
Up to the nineteenth century, the cathedral choir, which still exists today, was situated in the crossing and divided from the transepts by lateral walls. On both sides of this choir, there were two files of choir stalls. In 1826, they were withdrawn, as they had no view to the pulpit. Unfortunately, most of them were used as firewood. But nine of the carved stall wings were saved by the cathedral's structurer. They had been created in the 1360s. Now they are exposed in one of the chapels. Each of them has a program, showing connected stories from the bible.
Burials
Willehad of Bremen
Emma of Lesum
Unni (archbishop) - his head
Crypts and tombs
Two crypts reveal the lower portions of the early Romanesque state of the cathedral. Consecrated in 1068, the western crypt is the oldest room on Bremen. Its altar is decorated by a Christ Pantocrator, the oldest sculpture of the cathedral. Nowadays this room is used for baptisms. Therefore, it contains the bronze baptismal font from 1229 that had been moved to all parts of the cathedral before.
The eastern crypt contains the bodies of almost ninety graves of bishops, archbishops, and other notables. Furthermore, it contains two sculptures from the western façade, the coronation of Saint Mary from the attic and the relic of the crucifixion from the southern central arch.
St Peter's has several fine examples of artistic epitaphs for individuals that have survived the many restorations of the cathedral. The three finest are for Chapter Senior Segebade II von der Hude (ca. 1500–1578; Provost of Himmelpforten Convent), Dr. Gerhard Brandis (1518), and Cathedral Provost Sigebade Clüver (1547).
St Peter's was the original resting place of St Emma of Lesum, a wealthy benefactress of the church, who lived in outside the city in the early 11th century. When her tomb was opened, her body had crumbled to dust except for her right hand; the one that gave aid to the poor. The relic was moved to the church at Werden.
Museum
The cathedral museum was established in one of the side chapels in the 1970s cathedral restoration.
Bleikeller
An unusual "Bleikeller" or lead basement is located beneath the nave, but has no more direct access from it.
Originally, the roofs of the cathedral were covered with lead. As it had to be repaired very often, a huge amount of that metal was stored in a basement. Even before the Reformation, it was found that this cellar was an excellent place to preserve corpses amazingly well. Eight mummies in glass-topped coffins can be seen there. Their identity is displayed: two Swedish officers from the Thirty Years' War, an English countess, a murdered student, and a local pauper. That basement has become the cathedral's most visited attraction for more than 300 years.
Towers
The cathedral has twin 89 meter towers (with weather-vanes 92.31 m) referred to as the north tower and the south tower. Like several major romanesque churches, Bremen Cathedral has a second choir in the west. The towers were constructed flanking this western choir, forming the west front of the church since 1215 and 1253. In 1346 the towers were strengthened and given pyramidal tops of uneven heights. When the towers were restored and raised in the 1890s they were given Rhenish "helmets," which still cap the towers today. It is possible to climb the south tower for a view of the city. The north tower has no public access.
The crossing tower is a completely new addition of end 19th century. For several centuries, the outside design of the crossing had been modest.
When the southern tower collapsed in 1638, it contained eight bells. Today both western towers together house the cathedral's four bells. The northern tower has three bells. The oldest surviving bell is the "Maria Gloriosa" cast in 1433 by the famous bell maker Ghert Klinghe. The other bells were removed and melted down for the war effort in World War II. In 1951 two bells, "Hansa" and "Felicitas", were donated to the cathedral by former residents living abroad. In 1962, a prominent Bremen family donated a fourth bell, the "Brema," which hangs in the southern tower. The Brema weighs 7000 kg.
Connected Themes
Adam of Bremen
11th century archbishop Adalbert also wanted to improve the reputation of the cathedral school and invited Magister Adam of Magdeburg Cathedral School to come to Bremen and eventually become its director. After 1072 Adam wrote The Deeds of the Bishops of the Hamburg Church, a history of the missionary efforts in northern Germany and Scandinavia in four volumes. Adam of Bremen, as he became known, used the earlier works of others available to him at what was left of the cathedral library to describe the events and people in the Christianization of north Germany, Frisia, and Scandinavia, for which Hamburg had authority to send missionaries. Adam of Bremen continued to revise and update his writing until his death in 1080. His fourth book was mainly written, it is believed, as a guide to the geography and customs of the peoples of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden for future missionaries in the conversion of the pagans of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. In his work is found the first reference to Vinland.
Customs
There is a tradition with a connection to the cathedral. When a man reaches the age of 30 and still is not married, he must sweep the cathedral steps until a young woman gives him a kiss and then he is released from his duty. Women who reach their thirtieth birthday unmarried go to polish the cathedral doorknobs in the company of friends and family.
References
Bibliography
Hans-Christoph Hoffmann, Die Erhaltung des St. Petri Doms zu Bremen im 19. Jahrhundert, Beihefte zum Jahrbuch der Wittheit zu Bremen / II, editor Gerold Wefer und Hans Kloft, © & editing society Die Wittheit zu Bremen 2007, editing company H. M. Hauschild Gmbh, Bremen, , available in Bremen State Archive (de) catalogue n° Beih.3 125 Za.
External links
St. Petri Dom
Bremen official website
Historical descriptions in German with some illustrations
Hermann Alexander Müller, Der Dom zu Bremen und seine Kunstdenkmale. Mit eingedruckten Holzschnitten und vier Tafeln nach Zeichnungen des Dombaumeisters Johann Wetzel. C. Ed. Müller, Bremen 1861
Historische Gesellschaft des Künstlervereins, Denkmale der Geschichte und Kunst der freien Hansestadt Bremen (1876), Erster Theil: Arthur Fitger, Der Dom
Architekten- und Ingenieurverein, Bremen und seine Bauten (1905), p. 75ff. Ernst Ehrhardt, Der Dom
Churches in Bremen (city)
Pre-Reformation Roman Catholic cathedrals
Lutheran churches converted from Roman Catholicism
Lutheran cathedrals in Germany
Romanesque architecture in Germany
Gothic hall churches in Germany
Tourist attractions in Bremen (state)
Burial sites of the House of Immedinger
Protestant churches in Bremen (state) |
Pati Unus aka Yat Sun (Javanese: ꦥꦠꦶꦪꦸꦤꦸꦱ꧀, Chinese: 逸新, Pinyin: Yat Sun) known as Pangeran Sabrang Lor (1488–1521) was the second Sultan of Demak who reigned from 1518 to 1521. Pati Unus' real name is Raden Abdul Qadir. He is the crown prince of Raden Patah, the founder of Demak.
According to Tome Pires in 1513, Pati Unus was 25 years old and had finished invading Malacca in the first attack. In 1521, Pati Unus led a second invasion of Malacca against the Portuguese occupation. However, he was killed in battle and was succeeded by his sister-in-law, Trenggana as the next king of Demak.
Origin
In the Suma Oriental, Tomé Pires mentions a man named "Pate Onus" or "Pate Unus". He was the brother-in-law of Pate Rodim, the ruler of Demak. Pate Rodim is a figure who is synonymous with Raden Patah, the founder and first king of Demak.
In the Hikayat Banjar, the king of Demak Sultan Surya Alam helped Pangeran Samudera, the ruler of Banjarmasin to defeat his uncle the ruler of the Kingdom of Negara Daha in the interior of South Kalimantan.
A son of Raden Patah named Raden Surya is also known as Pangeran Sabrang Lor (sabrang means crossing and lor means north), because he crossed the Java Sea to Malacca to fight the Portuguese.
The statement of the figure of Pati Unus clashes with the figure of Trenggana, the third king of Demak, who reigned from 1505 to 1518, then from 1521 to 1546.
Invasions of Malacca
First invasion
In 1512, Samudra Pasai fell to the Portuguese, this made Pati Unus' task as Commander of the Islamic Fleet of Java even more urgent, and had to be carried out immediately. So at the end of 1512 a small fleet, in the expedition of jihad was sent to invade the Portuguese fort in Malacca. In January 1513, Pati Unus' fleet reached Malacca, carrying about 100 ships with 5,000 Javanese soldiers from Jepara and Palembang. About 30 of them are large Javanese junks weighing 350-600 tons (with the exception of the main ship Pati Unus), the rest are smooth-knit, exploring, and graduation type ships. The junks alone carried 12,000 people. The ships carried a lot of artillery made in Java. Although defeated, Pati Unus sailed home and buried his warship as a monument to the struggle. This won him the throne of Demak. In a letter to Afonso de Albuquerque, from Cannanore, 22 February 1513, Fernão Pires de Andrade, Captain of the fleet that repelled Pate Unus, said:Pati Unus's junk is the largest seen by the people of this area. He had a thousand soldiers on board, and His Majesty can trust me... that it was a very remarkable thing to see, because the nearby Anunciada didn't look like a ship at all. We attacked it with bombardment, but even the greatest shot did not penetrate it below the waterline, and the esfera (fire) I had on board I managed to get in but did not penetrate; The ship had three layers of metal, all of which were more than one cruzado thick. And that ship is really so terrible that no one has ever even seen the like. It took three years to build, His Majesty may have heard the story in Malacca about Pati Unus, who made this fleet to become the king of Malacca.
Second invasion
In 1521, all 375 ships had been completed. Despite serving as sultan for only three years, Pati Unus decided to directly join the expedition along with his two sons from his marriage to Raden Patah's daughter, and another son from another wife. The war fleet was prepared to depart from the port of Demak, blessed by Sunan Gunung Jati. The exceptionally large fleet for its time was led by Pati Unus. This massive war fleet set sail for Malacca, where the Portuguese had prepared a defense with dozens of large cannons protruding from the Malacca fortress.
As Pati Unus's ship was about to lower the boat to dock on the beach, it was struck by a cannonball, and he died as a result of the attack. The Javanese joint forces, who had also suffered heavy casualties, decided to retreat under the leadership of Raden Hidayat, the second in command after the death of Pati Unus. Upon the return of the remaining fleet to Java, Fadhlullah Khan, was appointed by Syarif Hidayatullah as the new Commander of the Joint Fleet, replacing Pati Unus who died in Malacca.
The failure of the second expedition to Malacca was partly due to internal factors, particularly issues of harmony among the sultanates of Indonesia.
Pati Unus's first and third sons also perished, while his second son, Raden Abdullah, survived and continued the lineage of Pati Unus. He joined the remaining fleet to return to Java. In the fleet that returned to Java, some soldiers of the Malacca Sultanate chose to migrate to Java as their homeland failed to be recaptured from the Portuguese colonizers. They were Malaccan Malays, and their descendants later assisted the descendants of Raden Abdullah, the son of Pati Unus, in the Islamization of the land of Pasundan.
References
Sources
Pires, Tomé, Suma Oriental
Ricklefs, M. C., A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200, Palgrave MacMillan, New York, 2008 (terbitan ke-4),
1488 births
1521 deaths
Sultans
Demak Sultanate |
Pawlo Humeniuk (, anglicized as Paul Homenick, and polonized as Paweł Humeniak) June 18, 1883 – January 24, 1965) was a Ukrainian American fiddler from the early 20th century who became one of the biggest stars of the era's ethnic music.
Biography
Humeniuk was born in June 18, 1883 in Pidvolochysk, a village that was then known as Podwołoczyska, Austria-Hungary, and is now in Ukraine. His native languages were Ukrainian and Polish. He arrived in the United States on December 8, 1908, where he found work as a violin maker. He performed at various celebrations, such as weddings, in the New York City area.
Humeniuk was signed to Okeh Records in 1925, and began recording on December 3 of that year. His early records sold well, and included kolomyjkas, kozachoks and polkas. He was the undisputed king of Ukrainian American popular music, until Columbia Records began promoting Ewgen Zukowsky. The two occasionally worked together, such as on "Ukrainske Wesilia", which is said to have sold more than 100,000 copies (though reliable records are not available from this era).
After 1926, Humeniuk began recording traditional Polish music under the name Paweł Humeniak. His influence in this field is important, as he helped develop the genre of American polka and inspired future bandleaders like Edward Krolikowski and Ignacy Podgorski. His 1928 "Kanarek" was the best-selling polka of the era, and set the standard for eastern-style polka.
Humeniuk's last recording was in 1940.
He was married to Antoinetta Szeponias. They had three children: Walter (born 1914), Mitchell (1916) and Lucy (1925).
References
1883 births
1965 deaths
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
American fiddlers
Ukrainian violinists
Polish violinists
Male violinists
American people of Polish descent
American people of Ukrainian descent
20th-century American violinists
20th-century American male musicians |
Rochelle Independent School District is a public school district based in the community of Rochelle, Texas (USA). The district has one school, Rochelle School that serves students in grades kindergarten through twelve.
Academic achievement
In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.
Special programs
Athletics
Rochelle High School plays six-man football.
See also
List of school districts in Texas
References
External links
Rochelle ISD
School districts in McCulloch County, Texas |
Fort Davis is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jeff Davis County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,201 at the 2010 census, up from 1,050 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Jeff Davis County.
History
It was the site of Fort Davis, established in 1854 on the San Antonio–El Paso Road through west Texas and named after Jefferson Davis, who was then the Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. It was reestablished in 1867 following the civil war.
Geography
Fort Davis is located in southeastern Jeff Davis County at the southeastern foot of the Davis Mountains. Texas State Highway 17 (State Street) passes through the center of town, leading northeast to Interstate 10 at Balmorhea and southwest to Marfa. Texas State Highway 118 joins Highway 17 through the center of Fort Davis, but leads northwest through the Davis Mountains to Interstate 10 and southeast to Alpine.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land.
Fort Davis has the highest elevation above sea level of any county seat in Texas; the elevation is .
Climate
Fort Davis experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with cool, dry winters and hot, wet summers. There is a large degree of diurnal temperature variation due to the high elevation of the area.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,024 people, 415 households, and 317 families residing in the CDP.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, 1,050 people, 415 households, and 298 families resided in the CDP. The population density was . The 525 housing units averaged 94.1 per square mile (36.3/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.29% White, 0.19% African American, 0.48% Native American, 7.62% from other races, and 3.43% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 49.33% of the population.
Of the 415 households, 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were not families. About 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.02.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,882, and for a family was $27,955. Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,249. About 20.7% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under age 18 and 26.0% of those age 65 or over.
Arts and culture
Points of interest
Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center and Botanical Gardens at the Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute
Fort Davis National Historic Site
The McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas at Austin
Fort Davis is home to one of 10 dishes comprising the Very Long Baseline Array
Davis Mountains State Park
Education
Fort Davis is served by the Fort Davis Independent School District.
Dirks-Anderson Elementary School
Fort Davis High School
All of Jeff Davis County is zoned to Odessa College.
Gallery
References
External links
Handbook of Texas: Fort Davis, TX
Fort Davis Chamber of Commerce
Census-designated places in Jeff Davis County, Texas
Census-designated places in Texas
County seats in Texas
Butterfield Overland Mail in Texas
1854 establishments in Texas |
Route 21 is a highway in eastern Missouri. Its northern terminus is at Route 30 in Affton. Its southern terminus is at the Arkansas state line (where it continues as Highway 115). In the St. Louis area, it is known as Tesson Ferry Road, which was named after the 19th century proprietor of the ferry across the Meramec River.
The section through northern Jefferson County, Missouri was considered dangerous. As a result, the road was rerouted and built to freeway standards. Construction to reroute the highway to just south of Hillsboro was completed on December 15, 2008 and Route 21 is currently freeway standard from Route 141 to Highway B. Plans to extend the freeway south to DeSoto have been approved, but funds are lacking to complete this part of the project.
Route 21 from the Meramec River to Route B, along with Route M, make up the Jefferson County Scenic Byway.
Major intersections
Hillsboro Business Spur
Business 21 follows the old alignment of Route 21 through the city of Hillsboro. It begins at the intersection of Route 21 and Highway B on the southern edge of the city, and continues north to the intersection of Route A and Old Route 21, where it ends. Business 21 is the only way one can now reach Route BB, as the rerouting of Route 21 bypasses the road.
See also
List of state highways in Missouri
List of highways numbered 21
References
External links
021
Transportation in Ripley County, Missouri
Transportation in Carter County, Missouri
Transportation in Reynolds County, Missouri
Transportation in Iron County, Missouri
Transportation in Washington County, Missouri
Transportation in Jefferson County, Missouri
Transportation in St. Louis County, Missouri |
I Love NY, also known as I Love New Year, is an Indian romantic comedy film directed by Radhika Rao and Vinay Sapru starring Sunny Deol and Kangana Ranaut. It was produced by Bhushan Kumar and Krishan Kumar under the banner of T-Series. After numerous delays, the film released on 10 July 2015.
Plot
A beautiful musician and a serious Wall Street banker cross paths on New Year's Eve and share experiences that the banker cannot recall. Over the next two days, they fall in love.
Cast
Production
In 2011 directors Radhika Rao and Vinay Sapru announced their intent to begin work on I Love New Year. The film originally had the working title of Happy New Year, but the title was changed because Shah Rukh Khan was working at the same time on a film of that title. Actors Sunny Deol and Kangana Ranaut were cast in the lead roles; Ranaut said that she trained for over a month in order to learn the correct expressions and body language of a musician. Shooting commenced in summer 2011 at Filmalaya Studios in Mumbai, and some scenes were filmed in Bangkok and the final scenes in New York City.
Release
Originally planned for release in April 2013, the film was delayed several times. The film was released on 10 July 2015.
Critical reception
The film received generally negative reviews. Nishi Tiwari of Rediff.com wrote in a 1 out of 5 stars review that it was "criminally unremarkable", criticising the story. Troy Ribeiro of NDTV gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, calling the plot "silly and far-fetched". Filmfare reviewer Rachit Gupta gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, criticising the film's "mish-mash of sentimentality, annoying characters and clichéd rom com developments". Gupta also felt that Deol and Ranaut as a couple were miscast. He also felt that the music was forgettable.
Box office
The film collected nett in its entire theatrical run against the budget of ,
and was declared a "flop" by Box Office India.
Soundtrack
The song "Judaai" was recreated by Falak Shabir from a song previously composed by himself in 2013 of the same name.
Music composed by: Pritam, Falak Shabir, Anupam Amod, R. D. Burman and DJ Phukan. The song "Aaja Meri Jaan" was recreated by DJ Phukan from a song composed by R. D. Burman in 1993.
Lyrics written by: Mayur Puri, Sayeed Quadri and Falak Shabir.
Background Score composed by: Aadesh Shrivastava.
References
External links
T-Series (company) films
2010s Hindi-language films
2015 films
Films featuring songs by Pritam
Indian romantic comedy films
Films shot in Chicago
Films shot in New York City
2015 romantic comedy films |
Bastiglia (Modenese: ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Modena in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about northwest of Bologna and about northeast of Modena.
Bastiglia borders the following municipalities: Bomporto, Modena, and Soliera.
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna |
Crimean Tatar is written in both Latin and Cyrillic. Historically, the Arabic script was also used.
Since 1990s when Verkhovna Rada of Crimea officially accepted the new Common Turkic-based Latin alphabet it had been dominant mostly on the internet while the Soviet Cyrillic alphabet remained dominant in printed productions. After 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea Russian government requires the use of Cyrillic script only. In 2021 Ukrainian government started the switch of Crimean Tatar language to the Latin script.
History
Arabic script
Crimean Tatars used the Arabic script from the 16th century to 1928, when it was replaced by the Latin alphabet based on Yañalif. The Crimean variant contained a couple of modified Arabic letters.
1 — The letter ﻙ (kef) was often used in place of ﮒ and ﯓ.
Latin alphabet
In 1928, during latinisation in the Soviet Union, the Crimean Tatar Arabic alphabet was replaced by the Latin alphabet based on the Yañalif script. This alphabet contained a number of differences from the modern variant. Particularly, the letters Ь ь, Ƣ ƣ, Ꞑ ꞑ, Ɵ ɵ, X x, Ƶ ƶ, I i instead of the modern  â, Ğ ğ, I ı, İ i, Ñ ñ, Ö ö, and Ü ü.
Modern alphabets
Cyrillic
Cyrillic for Crimean Tatar was introduced in 1938 as part of Cyrillization of languages in Soviet Union. It is based on Russian alphabet with no special letters. From 1938 to 1990s, that was the only alphabet used for Crimean Tatar.
*Гъ (ğ), къ (q), нъ (ñ) and дж (c) are separate letters of the alphabet (digraphs).
Latin
Modern Latin alphabet for Crimean Tatar was introduced in 1990s. It is based on Turkish alphabet with three special letters — Q, Ñ, Â. Its official use in Crimea was accepted in 1997 by Crimean Parliament. In 2021 it was approved by the government of Ukraine, to be adopted in education by September 2025.
*Ââ is not recognized as separate letter. It is used to show softness of a consonant followed by Aa.
Cyrillic to Latin transliteration
Sample of the scripts
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
References
Кай И.С. Руководство для обучения крымско-татарскому языку по новому алфавиту — Симферополь, 1928.
Alem-i-Medeniye
Latin alphabets
Cyrillic alphabets
Arabic alphabets
Persian alphabets
Alphabets used by Turkic languages
Crimean Tatar culture |
An eggshell planet is a type of exoplanet characterized by its ultra-thin outer brittle layer and minimal topography. The term was introduced in scientific discussions to describe a subset of rocky exoplanets with specific geological and tectonic characteristics. These planets pose questions regarding their potential habitability due to the unlikelihood of them having plate tectonics.
Characteristics
The defining characteristic of an eggshell planet is its exceptionally thin lithosphere. The lithosphere of a planet is the rigid outermost shell, and its thickness can influence various geological processes, including the formation of mountains and plate tectonics. The thickness of the lithosphere is determined by a myriad of factors including the planet's size, interior temperature, and composition.
While plate tectonics is considered essential for maintaining Earth's habitability through temperature regulation, eggshell planets are thought to lack this process. This lack of tectonic activity is significant because plate tectonics is believed to be crucial for a planet's long-term habitability.
Discovery and research
Eggshell planets became a topic of interest following a series of studies examining the variety of exoplanets. Paul Byrne, an associate professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis and a faculty fellow of the McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, conducted the studies with his team. Through extensive modeling, Byrne and his team ran thousands of simulations to understand the parameters affecting the lithospheric thickness of rocky exoplanets.
Their research identified surface temperature as the primary determinant of the lithosphere's thickness. Other influential factors include planetary mass, distance from its host star, and age. As per their models, planets that are small, old, or distant from their star are likely to possess thick, rigid lithospheres. However, under certain conditions, some planets might have lithospheres only a few kilometers thick, leading to the "eggshell" designation.
These planets may bear similarities to specific regions on Venus, known for its vast lava plains and minimal high-standing terrain due to its scorching surface temperatures resulting in a thin lithosphere.
Potential habitability
The primary concern regarding eggshell planets is their suitability for life. As these planets are believed to lack plate tectonics—a process that might be essential for a rocky planet's long-term habitability—their capacity to support life becomes questionable. While the research is still ongoing, initial findings suggest that the thin lithospheres on these worlds make them less ideal candidates when searching for Earth-like conditions elsewhere in the universe.
Future studies
Scientists are keen on studying eggshell planets further with the help of upcoming space telescopes. These future missions may provide more detailed observations, confirming the geological characteristics and potentially shedding light on the actual number of such planets in the universe. By studying these unique planetary bodies, scientists aim to discern the uniqueness or commonality of Earth-like conditions in the cosmos.
References
Exoplanetology
Exoplanets
Astrophysics
Astronomy |
The Lower Market Square is the central square in the historic town of Görlitz. The city's town hall and thus most of the administration have been located on this square since 1350. Many of the city's Renaissance-styled buildings were built here.
History
Görlitz is first mentioned in 1071. At that time, merchants settled around the Nikolai Church and along the Via Regia. Around 1200, the Lower Market Square was created and the Via Regia was passed through it. In 1250 the Upper Market Square was laid out. Since then the selling farmers stood mainly on this market, while the craftsmen stood on the Lower Market Square.
In the center of the Lower Market is the so-called Zeile (Row). Over the centuries, this was repeatedly changed structurally and today consists of a coherent block of houses. At that time, it housed merchants and grocers and offered space under the arcades to offer goods. The once half-timbered part on the northern side of the row was replaced in 1706 by a new administrative building, the so-called Börse. Merchants held their weekly meetings there. The building is now used as a hotel.
Buildings
Town Hall
The town hall has been the place of the cities administration and jurisdictions since 1350. It utilises several buildings of different epoches on the Lower Market Square 6–8. The tower dates back to 1378 (lower cubic part) and was raised in the 16th century to its present height. A lion (the heraldic animal of Bohemia) is located on top of two clocks in a gothic arch. The clocks were added 1584 by Bartholomäus Scultetus. In the corner between the tower and the Brüderstraße (Brethren Street) a renaissance-styled staircase was erected in 1537 by Wendel Roskopf. On the second floor in the building next to the tower is the seat of the mayor. In 1903 construction began for another building complex. The new town hall is a reminiscence of the 17th century Görlitz residential houses. The structure looks imposing and it displayed the spirit of the emerging city.
Brown Deer
The Brauner Hirsch (Brown Deer) is first mentioned in 1403. It was for a long time one of the most distinguished inns and breweries of the city. In the 16th century the building underwent several reconstructions which are documented, among others, by one of the keystones of the portico vaults (Michel Schmid - 1539) and remains of a painted wooden beam ceiling on the 1st floor (1593). However much of the building burned down in city fire 1717 and was reconstructed in 1722, thus the baroque exterior. The pharmacist Leopold Pape made many changes inside the building in 1818. The building was still used for accomondating affluent visitors, including
Jérôme Bonaparte (1812), Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (3 and 4 September 1813), Frederick William III of Prussia (1835), Frederick William IV of Prussia (1831, 1833, 1840,1844), Nicholas I of Russia (1838), Alexander II of Russia (1840), Archduke John of Austria (1848), the German Emperor William I (1819), Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1866, got his headquarters here during the war).
Frenzelhof
The Frenzelhof is one of the typical Görlitz hall houses. First mentioned in the 15th century, it was bought in 1500 by the influential merchant Hans Frenzel. He had a fireproof and painted vault built. The vault has been preserved until today. In the two central halls extending over two floors, goods were presented in daylight and protected from rain. In the following centuries, the owners and uses changed and construction work was carried out. Between 1760 and 1813 the building was in a poor shape and probably unoccupied. After 1813 the gothic gable and the baroque facade has been replaced. Today the building is used as an hotel.
Council Pharmacy
The Ratsapotheke (Council Pharmacy or Town Hall Pharmacy) is a building from 1453 and was modernized in 1550 to 1553 by the son of Wendel Roskopf to follow the Renaissance style. Zacharias Scultetus, the brother of the mathematician Bartholomäus Scultetus added an astronomical drawing and the sundial above the first floor during this time. Inside the building several painted wooden beam ceilings are preserved. The name Ratsapotheke can be derived from two similar meanings. The pharmacy in Görlitz was first mentioned in 1305 and belonged to a member of a council (Ratsmitglied) and was located inside the cities town hall. Therefore, the name Ratsapotheke (councils pharmacy). The other interpretation is, that the pharmacist Christian August Struve bought this building and relocated his pharmacy from the town hall into this building. Therefore, the name shortened over time from Rathausapotheke (town hall pharmacy) to Ratsapotheke. Until 1832 it was the only pharmacy in the city. During restoration works in 1999 the bricked Renaissance portal was revealed again with some fragments of the original colours. Since 2000 a cafe, the Ratscafe (Councils Cafe), is inside the building.
Scales
The Waage (Scales) was the building in the town where all incoming goods were weighted and cleared. The ground-floor probably dates back to 1453. The rest of the building was constructed by Jonas Roskopf, the son of Wendel Roskopf in Renaissance-style in 1600. The building kept its function to collect Octroi until 1823. After that the trade association, founded in 1830, met in the premises and used them for exhibitions until they moved to the Humboldt House, completed in 1871. The building was refurbished in the 1980s and is currently unused.
Schönhof
The Schönhof was the first Renaissance-building in the city built the year after a devastating town fire in 1525 by Wendel Roskopf. Being opposite to the town hall, close to merchant houses and on the trade route Via Regia, it was specifically built to serve as a royal guesthouse. It accomondated Elector of Saxony John George II and King of Bohemia Wenceslaus IV. A central hall inside the building extends over all floors, thus the house corresponds to the type of a Görlitz hall house. Since 2006 the Silesian Museum uses the premises of building.
Barockhaus
The Barockhaus (House of Baroque) located on the corner between Handwerk street and Neisse street was built shortly after the town fire in 1726 in baroque-style. The owner Johann Christian Ameiß was a linen and damask trader from Zittau. Powered by the ideas of enlightenment Adolf Traugott von Gersdorff and Karl Gottlob Anton founded the Upper Lusatian Society of Science and bought the house in 1804 to move their Upper Lusatian Library of Sciences into the building. The society had their headquarters in this building until 1945. Since 1951 the city of Görlitz is the owner of the building and uses it to this day to make the library available for public.
Gallery
References
Squares in Germany by city
Görlitz |
Time of the Comet () is a 2008 Albanian historical drama/black comedy film adapted from the 1985 novel by Albanian author Ismail Kadare titled Black Year (). The film was directed by Fatmir Koçi, while Blerim Destani and Masiela Lusha starred in the leading roles. German bodybuilder and actor Ralf Möller also appeared in the film.
Plot
The film takes place in 1914 when William of Wied was enthroned as Prince of Albania, and the Principality of Albania was occupied by all the neighbouring countries. Shestan (Blerim Destani), a young idealist villager forms a band and travels the country trying to find enemy troops to fight.
During his journeys he comes across many opposing factions like the Ottoman loyalist band of Kus Baba (Çun Lajçi) and meets Agnes (Masiela Lusha), whose father wants her to become a Catholic nun, and falls in love with her. However, Shestan continues his journey and arrives at Prince William's headquarters where he offers his services and asks to fight on the frontline but the prince mocks his willingness to fight. Shestan, while being extremely disappointed decides to return to his village but on the way back home he comes across Agnes who has been kidnapped by "Mad Ahmed", a Muslim extremist and saves her.
After arriving home Shestan and Agnes get married but on their wedding day Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, are assassinated in Sarajevo marking the beginning of World War I. When Shestan learns about the beginning of the war, his companions ask him about their future actions and the film ends with Shestan replying to them "Play the music louder".
Cast
Blerim Destani as Shestan
Masiela Lusha as Agnes
as Agnes's father
Thomas Heinze as William, Prince of Albania
Vlado Jovanovski as Meto
Çun Lajçi as Kus Babaj
Ralf Möller as Freiherr von Keittel
Blerim Gjoci
Xhevdet Jashari
Luan Jaha as Doskë Mokrari
Bes Kallaku
Adem Karaga
Gentian Zenelaj
Reception
Time of the Comet was very successful in Albania and set a new box office record. Fatmir Koçi, the director of the film was criticized because of the script changes he made while adapting Ismail Kadare's novel. American actress Masiela Lusha received praise for her acting performance, however some questioned her level of knowledge in the rural Gheg Albanian dialect. Lusha is known to speak the official Midland Albanian dialect. Çun Lajçi's performance as Kus Baba was also praised by many critics.
Awards
The film won the Audience Award in the Prishtina International Film Festival and the Best Albanian Movie in the International Summer Film Festival, held in the city of Durrës for the first time.
References
External links
2008 films
Albanian comedy-drama films
Albanian-language films
Films based on Albanian novels
Films set in 1914
Films set in Albania
2008 black comedy films
World War I films
2008 comedy films |
Chinook High School is a high school (grades 9-12) in the town of Chinook, Blaine County, Montana. Matt Molyneaux is the principal. Its notable alumni include Mike Tilleman.
History
As the town of Chinook was known historically for its sugar beet production in the early-to-mid 1900s, the local sugar beet factory donated sugar beet emblazoned uniforms to the high school's boy's basketball team, which is how they became known as the "Sugar Beeters".
See also
List of high schools in Montana
References
External links
CHINOOK PUBLIC SCHOOLS website
Schools in Blaine County, Montana
Public high schools in Montana |
Château Sociando-Mallet is an unclassed Bordeaux wine producer from the appellation Haut-Médoc. The winery is located on the Left Bank of the Bordeaux wine regions, in the commune of Saint-Seurin-de-Cadourne north of Saint-Estèphe, France. Despite its estimation as a producer of high quality wine, it was neither ranked in the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 (not existing at the time), nor is it listed among Médoc's Cru Bourgeois, due to a decision of its owner Jean Gautreau not to enter it for such classification.
The winery also produces a second wine named La Demoiselle de Sociando-Mallet.
History
Situated on what was in 1633 the residence of a Basque nobleman named Sièvre Sociando, the first documentation of the estate mentions its nobles terres. After its acquisition around 1850 by Madame Mallet, it was recorded in the 1883 edition of Cocks & Féret along with Château Verdignan as the leading cru of Saint-Seurin.
Sociando-Mallet was a forgotten and derelict property of vastly reduced land by the time it was bought by Jean Gautreau, a négociant from Lesparre, in 1969. The estate has since seen considerable expansion and modernisation, and enjoys high prices and a good reputation in today's wine market.
Production
The vineyard extends to 50 hectares, with the grape varieties of 55% Cabernet Sauvignon, 40% Merlot and 5% Cabernet Franc. An average of 20,000 cases of the Grand vin are produced per year.
References
External links
Château Sociando-Mallet official site
Tasting notes on Sociando-Mallet: a selection from 2014 to 1998
Bordeaux wine producers |
The Dead Hate the Living! is a 2000 low budget zombie film written and directed by Dave Parker and produced by Full Moon Entertainment. The film is dedicated to producer Kirk Edward Hansen, who died on December 18, 1999.
Plot
The film opens with a scientist, Eibon, recording a message stating that he had successfully brought the dead back to life and that he plans to become one of them. He is then attacked by a zombie that had managed to break into his lab. About a month later a group of young filmmakers, actors Shelly and Eric, director David, and FX artists Paul and Marcus, break into an abandoned hospital, unaware that it was the same one that Eibon used for his experiments.
Their attempts to make a horror film are interrupted when David and Shelly's sister Nina arrives on set, upset that Shelly had taken her role in the film. She continues to act antagonistically to other crew members, which includes a gofer named Topaz, insisting that the filming and special effects be retooled for her. This causes a pause in filming, during which time the crew investigates the hospital, finding both Eibon's laboratory and his corpse, which is inside a strange coffin. David decides to use the corpse as a prop, which disgusts Shelly and makes her quit the film. Later during filming Eric accidentally brings Eibon back to life via the coffin, which emits a strange purple light and opens a vortex through which two zombies emerge. Eric is promptly killed by the zombies and brought back to life by Eibon. It's also revealed that Eibon became interested in bringing the dead back to life after his beloved wife Ellie died from cancer.
The zombies pick off the crew one by one, including Shelly, until only Topaz, David, and Paul are left. Topaz is captured and brought to Eibon's laboratory, as she had killed a zombie Ellie. Paul and David disguise themselves as zombies to infiltrate the lair and eliminate enemies, however Paul dies in the process. David manages to successfully free Topaz and destroy Eibon, however when they try to leave the hospital they find themselves in a different dimension inhabited by the dead.
Cast
Eric Clawson as David Poe
Jamie Donahue as Topaz
Brett Beardslee as Paul
Wendy Speake as Shelly Poe
Benjamin P. Morris as Eric
Rick Irwin as Marcus
David Douglas as Chas
Matt Stephens as Dr. Eibon
Kimberly Pullis as Nina Poe
Andre 'Doc' Newman as Maggot
Matthew McGrory as Gaunt (his acting debut)
Ariana Albright as Ellie Eibon
Mitch Persons as The Zombie
Critical response
Fatally Yours offered in their review that [the film] "is straight up one of the best Full Moon Entertainment movies out there for sure", praising the director and casting. They concluded by remarking that while the film might "seem like your typical cheesy horror film it does have its memorable moments that make you happy to be able to be viewing it." Beyond Hollywood wrote that the film began with "the biggest cliche' of movie cliche's" in that the protagonists were themselves filmmakers filming a horror movie scene as part of the horror movie itself. They made note of the low budget and that the film was no exception to films of this genre not being known for presenting great acting, underscoring that the first 20 minutes were "excruciatingly bad", though granting that the acting did get better, leading the reviewer to suppose that the project was possibly shot in the same order as scripted, allowing the actors to become more comfortable with their characters as the film progressed. eFilmCritic found the film to be "easily one of the absolute worst films to ever smudge a rental store shelf", opining that the film's script was cliche' and unoriginal, the pacing would "cause even snails to squirm with impatience", and concluding the review by writing the film was "horribly directed, horribly shot, and just plain horribly executed." Mike Bracken of IGN wrote, "Ultimately, this is one of the better zombie flicks to come along in awhile". Glenn Kay wrote that the film is enthusiastic, but "most viewers will agree that the living hate The Dead Hate the Living!"
References
Further reading
External links
2000 horror films
2000 films
American zombie films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Dave Parker
2000s American films |
```smalltalk
/*
*
* This software may be modified and distributed under the terms
* of the MIT license. See the LICENSE file for details.
*
* path_to_url
*
*/
namespace Piranha.Security;
/// <summary>
/// An item in the permission manager.
/// </summary>
public class PermissionItem
{
/// <summary>
/// The name of the claim.
/// </summary>
public string Name { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// The display title.
/// </summary>
public string Title { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets/sets the optional category for grouping.
/// </summary>
public string Category { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets/sets if this is an internal permissions used
/// by Piranha.
/// </summary>
public bool IsInternal { get; set; }
}
``` |
The Tadrart Rouge (meaning "Red Mountain") or Southern Tadrart or Algerian Tadrart or Meridional Tadrart is a mountain range in southeastern Algeria, part of the Algerian Desert. The area has a rich array of rock art.
Geography
The Tadrart Rouge is a roughly 15–30 km large and 150 km long southern prolongation of the Libyan Tadrart Acacus into Algeria spanning to the frontier of Niger. Primarily composed of sandstone, it links the Tassili n’Ajjer in the north-west to the Djado in the southeast. The range is broken by a series of west-east oriented fossil drainage networks resulting in deep gorges. In Djaren, discharging into the erg of Tin Merzuga, is the most important one. The range reaches its maximum elevation of towards its southern end about 160 km southeast of Djanet.
Erosion has formed a large number of natural arches. The area is well known for the spectacular red-orange sand dune fields contrasting with the jagged dark red rock formations of the range.
Palaeoclimate
The Tadrart Rouge is today harsh and dry with almost no precipitation. But during the African humid period the area had rainfall and was covered by savanna vegetation and thus was suitable for human and animal life.
Rock art
The Tadrart Rouge has magnificent Saharan rock art covering a long chronological span from early Neolithic to recent times. Rock walls and rock shelters on wadi bottoms are dotted with both rock paintings and rock engravings, documenting climate change as the area evolved from a savanna 10,000 years ago to a desert 5,000 years ago. The rock art changed in time from wild fauna such as elephants, rhinos, giraffes, antelopes, and wild bovids, to domesticated animals such as bovids, ovicaprids, horses, and camels.
References
External links
La tadrart rouge. Algérie
Mountain ranges of Algeria
Saharan rock art
Prehistoric Africa
Archaeological sites in Algeria
Natural arches |
Lü Long (; died 416), courtesy name Yongji (永基), was the last emperor of the Di-led Chinese Later Liang dynasty. He was the nephew of the founding emperor Lü Guang (Emperor Yiwu), and he took the throne after his brother Lü Chao (呂超) assassinated the emperor Lü Zuan (Emperor Ling) in 401 and offered the throne to him. During his reign, Later Liang was under constant attacks by Northern Liang and Southern Liang and reduced largely to its capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu). In 403, Lü Long decided to end the state by surrendering Guzang to Later Qin's emperor Yao Xing. He became a Later Qin official, but after aligning himself with Yao Xing's son Yao Bi (姚弼), who made unsuccessful attempts to seize the crown prince position from Yao Hong, was executed by Yao Hong after Yao Xing's death in 416.
Early life
Not much is known about Lü Long's early life, and his birthdate is not known, and virtually nothing is known about his father Lü Bao. He was described as handsome and skilled at horsemanship and archery. Late in the reign of his uncle Lü Guang (Emperor Yiwu) he served as a general, but he did not have the same prominence that his younger brother Lü Chao (呂超) had.
In 401, Lü Chao assassinated Lü Guang's son Lü Zuan (Emperor Ling) and killed Lü Zuan's brother Lü Wei (呂緯) the Duke of Longxi, and then offered the throne to Lü Long. Initially, Lü Long was hesitant to accept, but Lü Chao compared this to riding a dragon up to heaven and not being able to get off, and Lü Long accepted, using the title "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang), roughly equivalent to emperor. He honored his mother Lady Wei as empress dowager, and created his wife Lady Yang as empress. He created Lü Chao the Duke of Anding and entrusted most governmental and military affairs to him.
Reign
Lü Long, however, instead of correcting Lü Zuan's rule (which was considered violent and arbitrary), continued the violence by slaughtering many strong clans within his state for the purpose of showing his authority, and the people were further alienated. After hearing this, in summer 401, the Later Qin emperor Yao Xing sent his uncle Yao Shuode (姚碩德) to launch a major attack on Later Liang. The Later Qin army quickly reached Guzang and put it under siege. Many of the non-natives in Guzang planned a rebellion to give the city to Later Qin, but were discovered, and Lü Long slaughtered them, but with Yao Shuode's pressure, Lü Chao suggested nominal submission to Later Qin, which Lü Long agreed with, sending his nephews and some 50 clans to the Later Qin capital Chang'an as hostages to guarantee his faithfulness. Per Yao Shuode's recommendation, Yao Xing created him the Duke of Jiankang, although Lü Long continued to internally use the title of Heavenly Prince. Yao Shuode then withdrew.
However, Lü Long continued to be under constant attack by both Southern Liang and Northern Liang, and just a few months after Yao Shuode's withdrawal Lü Chao suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Southern Liang general Tufa Rutan. Due to the wars, there was a severe famine, so much so that more than 100,000 people were starved. Every day, hundreds of the residents of Guzang pleaded to exit the city, even knowing that they would be captured to be slaves. Lü Long was angry at these behaviors, believing that this damaged his regime's image, and therefore executed these people. Lü Long tried to make peace with both Southern Liang and Northern Liang, and in 402 had a brief peace with both, even obtaining some famine relief from Northern Liang's prince Juqu Mengxun, but the peace did not last, nor did Later Qin military assistance stop the attacks.
By 403, Lü Long was desperate. Meanwhile, Later Qin officials advised Yao Xing to take control of Later Liang territory directly, believing that if Lü Long somehow survived this crisis, he would no longer be a vassal. Yao Xing therefore summoned Lü Chao to Chang'an, intending to use his absence to force Lü Long to submit. When Lü Long received the order, he decided to end the state of siege altogether by offering his territory—now not much more than Guzang itself—to Later Qin. Yao Xing sent his general Qi Nan (齊難) with a large force to protect and escort Lü Long to Chang'an. Lü Long welcomed him and then, after saying farewell to Lü Guang's temple, left for Chang'an. Later Qin took over the city, and Later Liang was no more.
Under Later Qin rule
Lü Long was made a Later Qin official, and he used his Later Qin-bestowed title of Duke of Jiankang. Little is known about most of the duration that he spent under Later Qin rule. However, late in Yao Xing's reign, he became involved in the plot by Yao Xing's son Yao Bi (姚弼) the Duke of Guangping to seize the position of crown prince from his brother Yao Hong, and in 416, after a failed attempt by Yao Bi's associates to seize power in a coup, Yao Bi was forced to commit suicide, and Lü Long, along with other co-conspirators, were arrested. He was executed by Yao Hong shortly after Yao Xing then died the next day, as was his brother Lü Chao.
Family
Father
Lü Bao (呂寶), posthumously honored Emperor Wen, brother of Lü Guang (Emperor Yiwu)
Mother
Lady Wei
Wife
Empress Yang
Brother
Lü Chao
References
Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) emperors
416 deaths
Later Qin generals
5th-century Chinese monarchs
Year of birth unknown |
Dorokhovo (also Bezhetsk, Bezhetsk, or Dorokhov) is a former air base in Bezhetsky District of Tver Oblast, Russia, located 7 km southwest of Bezhetsk. It was a small interceptor base with about 10 alert pads for fighter aircraft and some other pads and tarmac space. In 1967 it received some of the first Sukhoi Su-15 (Flagon) interceptors.
It was home to 611th Fighter Aviation Regiment (611 IAP) flying 39 Sukhoi Su-15 aircraft in the 1970s and Sukhoi Su-27 aircraft by the 1990s. It also had MiG-31 aircraft. From the 1960s to the 1990s the regiment was part of the 3rd Air Defence Corps of the Moscow Air Defence District.
References
Soviet Air Defence Force bases
Russian Air Force bases
Airports in Tver Oblast |
The 151st Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Service
The 151st Illinois Infantry was organized at Quincy, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on February 23, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 151st served in garrisons in Georgia.
The regiment mustered out February 8, 1866.
Total strength and casualties
The regiment had 51 enlisted men who died of disease.
Commanders
Colonel French B. Woodall - mustered out with the regiment.
See also
List of Illinois Civil War Units
Illinois in the American Civil War
Notes
References
The Civil War Archive
Units and formations of the Union Army from Illinois
Military units and formations established in 1865
1865 establishments in Illinois
Military units and formations disestablished in 1866
1866 disestablishments in Illinois |
Gmina Marianowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Marianowo, which lies approximately east of Stargard and east of the regional capital Szczecin.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 3,137.
Villages
Gmina Marianowo contains the villages and settlements of Czarnkowo, Dalewo, Dzwonowo, Gogolewo, Kępy, Krzywiec, Mariankowo, Marianowo, Sulino, Trąbki, Trąbki Małe and Wiechowo.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Marianowo is bordered by the town of Stargard and by the gminas of Chociwel, Dobrzany, Stara Dąbrowa, Stargard and Suchań.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Marianowo
Stargard County |
The Riding Mountain Park East Gate Registration Complex north of Brandon, Manitoba, is the only surviving gate structure of the three built at the entrances to Canada's Riding Mountain National Park. Three gate complexes were built: the South Entrance (1931), the East Entrance (1933) and the North Entrance (1936), in the rustic style prevailing at the time in North American national parks.
The main entrance gate, located along PTH 19, comprises two log and stone pavilions, one on each side of the road, topped by cupolas from which a roofed sign spans the highway between them. The construction of the gate and what was then called Norgate Road was carried out by local workers hired through the government's Depression Relief Program. Besides the gate structure, the designated area includes the Whirlpool Warden's Station and a gatekeeper's residence. Entry into the park at this gate is from the Rural Municipality of McCreary.
The complex was designated a National Historic Site in 1992.
References
External links
National Historic Site page, Parks Canada
East Gate Registration Complex on the Historic & Cultural Heritage page of the Riding Mountain National Park site
National Historic Sites in Manitoba
Riding Mountain National Park
Rustic architecture in Canada
Buildings and structures completed in 1933 |
Monkeemania (The Very Best of the Monkees) is a two-disc Monkees compilation released in 2011. It contains 57 of the Monkees' songs, including hit singles, B-sides, album tracks and rarities. Several of these songs were unreleased in the 1960s, but were eventually issued on the Monkees' Missing Links archival compilation albums.
This compilation is not to be confused with the Arista Records compilation album Monkeemania (40 Timeless Hits) that was issued in Australia in 1979.
Track listing
Disc 1
"(Theme From) The Monkees" (Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart) – 2:20
"Last Train to Clarksville" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:46
"Take a Giant Step" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) – 2:31
"Saturday's Child" (David Gates) - 2:44
"Papa Gene's Blues" (Michael Nesmith) - 1:59
"I Wanna Be Free" (album version) (Boyce, Hart) – 2:26
"I'm a Believer" (Neil Diamond) – 2:46
"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:23
"She" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:39
"Mary, Mary" (Nesmith) - 2:17
"Your Auntie Grizelda" (Diane Hildebrand, Jack Keller) - 2:29
"Look Out (Here Comes Tomorrow)" (extended mix) (Diamond) – 2:49
"Sometime in the Morning" (Goffin, King) - 2:29
"When Love Comes Knockin' (At Your Door)" (Neil Sedaka, Carole Bayer Sager) - 1:48
"A Little Bit Me, A Little Bit You" (Diamond) – 2:48
"She Hangs Out" (single version) (Jeff Barry) - 2:34
"The Girl I Knew Somewhere" (Nesmith) – 2:33
"All of Your Toys" (Bill Martin) - 3:09
"Randy Scouse Git (Alternate Title)" (Micky Dolenz) – 2:34
"You Just May Be the One" (Nesmith) - 2:04
"Forget That Girl" (Douglas Farthing Hatlelid) - 2:26
"Shades of Gray" (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil) – 3:23
"For Pete's Sake (Closing Theme)" (Peter Tork, Joey Richards) – 2:11
"Sunny Girlfriend" (Nesmith) - 2:33
"You Told Me" (Nesmith) - 2:25
"No Time" (Hank Cicalo) - 2:09
"Salesman" (Craig Vincent Smith) - 2:36
"The Door into Summer" (Douglas, Martin) - 2:49
"Daily Nightly" (Nesmith) - 2:32
"Star Collector" (Goffin, King) - 4:24
Disc 2
"Pleasant Valley Sunday" (Goffin, King) – 3:08
"Words" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:51
"What Am I Doing Hangin' 'Round?" (Michael Martin Murphey, Owen Castleman) – 3:08
"Cuddly Toy" (Harry Nilsson) – 2:40
"Daydream Believer" (John Stewart) – 2:58
"Goin' Down" (Dolenz, Hildebrand, Davy Jones, Nesmith, Tork) - 4:23
"Valleri" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:14
"I'll Be Back up on My Feet" (Sandy Linzer, Denny Randell) - 2:28
"P.O. Box 9847" (Boyce, Hart) - 3:15
"Tapioca Tundra" (Nesmith) - 3:06
"D.W. Washburn" (Leiber & Stoller) - 2:48
"Daddy's Song" (extended mix) (Nilsson) – 3:28
"Porpoise Song (Theme from Head)" (Goffin, King) – 4:13
"As We Go Along" (King, Toni Stern) – 3:54
"Can You Dig It?" (Tork) – 3:24
"Circle Sky" (alternate mix) (Nesmith) - 2:31
"Long Title: Do I Have to Do This All Over Again?" (Tork) – 2:39
"Tear Drop City" (Boyce, Hart) - 2:01
"A Man Without a Dream" (Goffin, King) – 3:03
"Someday Man" (Roger Nichols, Paul Williams) – 2:40
"Listen to the Band" (Nesmith) – 2:28
"Some of Shelly's Blues" (Nesmith) - 2:30
"How Insensitive" (Antonio Carlos Jobim, Vinicus DeMoraes, Norman Gimbel) - 2:32
"Good Clean Fun" (Nesmith) - 2:18
"Mommy and Daddy" (Dolenz) - 2:13
"Oh My My" (Barry, Andy Kim) - 3:01
"(Theme from) The Monkees" (TV version) (Boyce, Hart) – 0:50
Notes
The extended mix of "Look Out (Here Comes Tomorrow)" presented here is not the one that features the narration by Peter Tork; it is the mix first released on Music Box and was featured in the episode "Monkees in Manhattan".
References
2011 greatest hits albums
The Monkees compilation albums |
Jürgen Brietzke (born 31 May 1959) is a German sailor. He competed in the men's 470 event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
German male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for East Germany
Sailors at the 1988 Summer Olympics – 470
People from Ludwigslust-Parchim |
Winterhalder is a surname of German origin, meaning "winter slope", referring to someone who lived on a north-facing slope. Notable people with the surname include:
Edward Winterhalder (born 1955), American author
Herbert Winterhalder (1879-1946), English footballer
Johann Michael Winterhalder (1706-1759), German artist
Josef Winterhalder the Elder (1702-1769), German sculptor
Josef Winterhalder the Younger (1743-1807), German-Bohemian painter
See also
Winterhalder & Hofmeier, a German clock manufacturing company
Winterhalter |
Brunnenburg () is a 13th-century castle in the province of South Tyrol, in northern Italy.
History
Schloss Brunnenburg is situated above the city of Merano, on the outskirts of the municipality of Tirol. Originally built circa 1250, the castle was completely restored and updated in the mid-20th century by Boris de Rachewiltz, an Egyptologist, and his wife Mary, daughter of the poet Ezra Pound and violinist Olga Rudge; Mary lives there to this day. Surrounding the castle is the family's vineyard.
Pound stayed with his daughter and her family at the castle in 1958 after he returned from the United States. It was there that he wrote the last 6 of his 116 "cantos" of The Cantos.
The Ezra Pound Centre for Literature
"The Ezra Pound Centre for Literature" was established at the castle by his daughter, where students come from all over the world to study the poet's works. A large guesthouse on the castle grounds is used as temporary housing for students, usually for a semester at a time.
References
Brunnenburg (1980). In Oswald Trapp (ed.). Tiroler Burgenbuch, vol. II, Burggrafenamt, Bozen, Athesia 1980.
External links
Brunnenburg Castle
The Ezra Pound Center for Literature
Great Adventures at Brunnenburg Castle
Castles in South Tyrol
Museums in South Tyrol
Ezra Pound
13th-century establishments in Italy
Establishments in the Princely County of Tyrol |
Motor oil, engine oil, or engine lubricant is any one of various substances used for the lubrication of internal combustion engines. They typically consist of base oils enhanced with various additives, particularly antiwear additives, detergents, dispersants, and, for multi-grade oils, viscosity index improvers. The main function of motor oil is to reduce friction and wear on moving parts and to clean the engine from sludge (one of the functions of dispersants) and varnish (detergents). It also neutralizes acids that originate from fuel and from oxidation of the lubricant (detergents), improves the sealing of piston rings, and cools the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts.
In addition to the aforementioned basic constituents, almost all lubricating oils contain corrosion and oxidation inhibitors. Motor oil may be composed of only a lubricant base stock in the case of non-detergent oil, or a lubricant base stock plus additives to improve the oil's detergency, extreme pressure performance, and ability to inhibit corrosion of engine parts.
Motor oils are blended using base oils composed of petroleum-based hydrocarbons, polyalphaolefins (PAO), or their mixtures in various proportions, sometimes with up to 20% by weight of esters for better dissolution of additives.
History
On 6 September 1866, American John Ellis founded the Continuous Oil Refining Company. While studying the possible healing powers of crude oil, Dr. Ellis was disappointed to find no real medicinal value, but was intrigued by its potential lubricating properties. He eventually abandoned the medical practice to devote his time to the development of an all-petroleum, high-viscosity lubricant for steam engines – which at the time were using inefficient combinations of petroleum and animal and vegetable fats. He made his breakthrough when he developed an oil that worked effectively at high temperatures. This meant fewer gummed up valves and corroded cylinders.
Use
Motor oil is a lubricant used in internal combustion engines, which power cars, motorcycles, lawnmowers, engine-generators, and many other machines. In engines, there are parts which move against each other, and the friction between the parts wastes otherwise useful power by converting kinetic energy into heat. It also wears away those parts, which could lead to lower efficiency and degradation of the engine. Proper lubrication decreases fuel consumption, decreases wasted power, and increases engine longevity.
Lubricating oil creates a separating film between surfaces of adjacent moving parts to minimize direct contact between them, decreasing frictional heat and reducing wear, thus protecting the engine. In use, motor oil transfers heat through conduction as it flows through the engine. In an engine with a recirculating oil pump, this heat is transferred by means of airflow over the exterior surface of the oil pan, airflow through an oil cooler, and through oil gases evacuated by the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system. While modern recirculating pumps are typically provided in passenger cars and other engines of similar or larger in size, total-loss oiling is a design option that remains popular in small and miniature engines.
In petrol (gasoline) engines, the top piston ring can expose the motor oil to temperatures of . In diesel engines, the top ring can expose the oil to temperatures over . Motor oils with higher viscosity indices thin less at these higher temperatures.
Coating metal parts with oil also keeps them from being exposed to oxygen, inhibiting oxidation at elevated operating temperatures preventing rust or corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors may also be added to the motor oil. Many motor oils also have detergents and dispersants added to help keep the engine clean and minimize oil sludge build-up. The oil is able to trap soot from combustion in itself, rather than leaving it deposited on the internal surfaces. It is a combination of this and some singeing that turns used oil black after some running.
Rubbing of metal engine parts inevitably produces some microscopic metallic particles from the wearing of the surfaces. Such particles could circulate in the oil and grind against moving parts, causing wear. Because particles accumulate in the oil, it is typically circulated through an oil filter to remove harmful particles. An oil pump, a vane or gear pump powered by the engine, pumps the oil throughout the engine, including the oil filter. Oil filters can be a full flow or bypass type.
In the crankcase of a vehicle engine, motor oil lubricates rotating or sliding surfaces between the crankshaft journal bearings (main bearings and big-end bearings) and rods connecting the pistons to the crankshaft. The oil collects in an oil pan, or sump, at the bottom of the crankcase. In some small engines such as lawn mower engines, dippers on the bottoms of connecting rods dip into the oil at the bottom and splash it around the crankcase as needed to lubricate parts inside. In modern vehicle engines, the oil pump takes oil from the oil pan and sends it through the oil filter into oil galleries, from which the oil lubricates the main bearings holding the crankshaft up at the main journals and camshaft bearings operating the valves. In typical modern vehicles, oil pressure-fed from the oil galleries to the main bearings enters holes in the main journals of the crankshaft.
From these holes in the main journals, the oil moves through passageways inside the crankshaft to exit holes in the rod journals to lubricate the rod bearings and connecting rods. Some simpler designs relied on these rapidly moving parts to splash and lubricate the contacting surfaces between the piston rings and interior surfaces of the cylinders. However, in modern designs, there are also passageways through the rods which carry oil from the rod bearings to the rod-piston connections and lubricate the contacting surfaces between the piston rings and interior surfaces of the cylinders. This oil film also serves as a seal between the piston rings and cylinder walls to separate the combustion chamber in the cylinder head from the crankcase. The oil then drips back down into the oil pan.
Motor oil may also serve as a cooling agent. In some engines oil is sprayed through a nozzle inside the crankcase onto the piston to provide cooling of specific parts that undergo high-temperature strain. On the other hand, the thermal capacity of the oil pool has to be filled, i.e. the oil has to reach its designed temperature range before it can protect the engine under high load. This typically takes longer than heating the main cooling agentwater or mixtures thereofup to its operating temperature. In order to inform the driver about the oil temperature, some older and most high-performance or racing engines feature an oil thermometer.
Continued operation of an internal combustion engine without adequate engine oil can cause damage to the engine, first by wear and tear, and in extreme cases by "engine seizure" where the lack of lubrication and cooling causes the engine to cease operation suddenly. Engine seizure can cause extensive damage to the engine mechanisms.
Non-vehicle motor oils
An example is lubricating oil for four-stroke or four-cycle internal combustion engines such as those used in portable electricity generators and "walk behind" lawn mowers. Another example is two-stroke oil for lubrication of two-stroke or two-cycle internal combustion engines found in snow blowers, chain saws, model airplanes, gasoline-powered gardening equipment like hedge trimmers, leaf blowers and soil cultivators. Often, these motors are not exposed to as wide of service temperature ranges as in vehicles, so these oils may be single viscosity oils.
In small two-stroke engines, the oil may be pre-mixed with the gasoline or fuel, often in a rich gasoline:oil ratio of 25:1, 40:1 or 50:1, and burned in use along with the gasoline. Larger two-stroke engines used in boats and motorcycles may have a more economical oil injection system rather than oil pre-mixed into the gasoline. The oil injection system is not used on small engines used in applications like snowblowers and trolling motors as the oil injection system is too expensive for small engines and would take up too much room on the equipment. The oil properties will vary according to the individual needs of these devices. Non-smoking two-stroke oils are composed of esters or polyglycols. Environmental legislation for leisure marine applications, especially in Europe, encouraged the use of ester-based two cycle oil.
Properties
Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum hydrocarbon base stock derived from crude oil, with additives to improve certain properties. The bulk of a typical motor oil consists of hydrocarbons with between 18 and 34 carbon atoms per molecule. One of the most important properties of motor oil in maintaining a lubricating film between moving parts is its viscosity. The viscosity of a liquid can be thought of as its "thickness" or a measure of its resistance to flow. The viscosity must be high enough to maintain a lubricating film, but low enough that the oil can flow around the engine parts under all conditions. The viscosity index is a measure of how much the oil's viscosity changes as temperature changes. A higher viscosity index indicates the viscosity changes less with temperature than a lower viscosity index.
Motor oil must be able to flow adequately at the lowest temperature it is expected to experience in order to minimize metal to metal contact between moving parts upon starting up the engine. The pour point defined first this property of motor oil, as defined by ASTM D97 as "...an index of the lowest temperature of its utility..." for a given application, but the cold-cranking simulator (CCS, see ASTM D5293-08) and mini-rotary viscometer (MRV, see ASTM D3829-02(2007), ASTM D4684-08) are today the properties required in motor oil specs and define the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) classifications.
Oil is largely composed of hydrocarbons which can burn if ignited. Still another important property of motor oil is its flash point, the lowest temperature at which the oil gives off vapors which can ignite. It is dangerous for the oil in a motor to ignite and burn, so a high flash point is desirable. At a petroleum refinery, fractional distillation separates a motor oil fraction from other crude oil fractions, removing the more volatile components, and therefore increasing the oil's flash point (reducing its tendency to burn).
Another manipulated property of motor oil is its total base number (TBN), which is a measurement of the reserve alkalinity of an oil, meaning its ability to neutralize acids. The resulting quantity is determined as mg KOH/ (gram of lubricant). Analogously, total acid number (TAN) is the measure of a lubricant's acidity. Other tests include zinc, phosphorus, or sulfur content, and testing for excessive foaming.
The Noack volatility test (ASTM D-5800) determines the physical evaporation loss of lubricants in high temperature service. A maximum of 14% evaporation loss is allowable to meet API SL and ILSAC GF-3 specifications. Some automotive OEM oil specifications require lower than 10%.
Table of thermal and physical properties of typical unused engine oil:
Viscosity grades
The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has established a numerical code system for grading motor oils according to their viscosity characteristics known as SAEJ300. This standard is commonly used throughout the world, and standards organizations that do so include API and ACEA. The grades include single grades, such as SAE 30, and also multi-grades such as SAE 15W-30. A multi-grade consists of a winter grade specifying the viscosity at cold temperatures and a non-winter grade specifying the viscosity at operating temperatures. An engine oil using a polymeric viscosity index improver (VII) must be classified as multi-grade.
Breakdown of VIIs under shear is a concern in motorcycle applications, where the transmission may share lubricating oil with the motor. For this reason, motorcycle-specific oil is sometimes recommended. The necessity of higher-priced motorcycle-specific oil has also been challenged by at least one consumer organization.
Maintenance
The oil and the oil filter need to be periodically replaced; the process is called an oil change. While there is an entire industry surrounding regular oil changes and maintenance, an oil change is a relatively simple car maintenance operation that many car owners can do themselves. It involves draining the oil from the engine into a drip pan, replacing the filter, and adding fresh oil.
In engines, there is some exposure of the oil to products of internal combustion, and microscopic coke particles from black soot accumulate in the oil during operation. Also, the rubbing of metal engine parts produces some microscopic metallic particles from the wearing of the surfaces. Such particles could circulate in the oil and grind against the part surfaces causing wear. The oil filter removes many of the particles and sludge, but eventually, the oil filter can become clogged, if used for extremely long periods.
The motor oil and especially the additives also undergo thermal and mechanical degradation, which reduces the viscosity and reserve alkalinity of the oil. At reduced viscosity, the oil is not as capable of lubricating the engine, thus increasing wear and the chance of overheating. Reserve alkalinity is the ability of the oil to resist the formation of acids. Should the reserve alkalinity decline to zero, those acids form and corrode the engine.
Some engine manufacturers specify which Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) viscosity grade of oil should be used, but different viscosity motor oil may perform better based on the operating environment. Many manufacturers have varying requirements and have designations for motor oil they require to be used. This is driven by the EPA requirement that the same viscosity grade of oil used in the MPG test must be recommended to the customer. This exclusive recommendation led to the elimination of informative charts depicting climate temperature range along with several corresponding oil viscosity grades being suggested.
In general, unless specified by the manufacturer, thicker oils are not necessarily better than thinner oils; heavy oils tend to stick longer to parts between two moving surfaces, and this degrades the oil faster than a lighter oil that flows better, allowing fresh oil in its place sooner. Cold weather has a thickening effect on conventional oil, and this is one reason thinner oils are manufacturer recommended in places with cold winters.
Motor oil changes are usually scheduled based on the time in service or the distance that the vehicle has traveled. These are rough indications of the real factors that control when an oil change is appropriate, which include how long the oil has been run at elevated temperatures, how many heating cycles the engine has been through, and how hard the engine has worked. The vehicle distance is intended to estimate the time at high temperature, while the time in service is supposed to correlate with the number of vehicle trips and capture the number of heating cycles. Oil does not degrade significantly just sitting in a cold engine. On the other hand, if a car is driven just for very short distances, the oil will not fully heat up, and it will accumulate contaminants such as water, due to lack of sufficient heat to boil off the water. Oil in this condition, just sitting in an engine, can cause problems.
Also important is the quality of the oil used, especially with synthetics (synthetics are more stable than conventional oils). Some manufacturers address this (for example, BMW and VW with their respective long-life standards), while others do not.
Time-based intervals account for the short-trip drivers who drive short distances, which build up more contaminants. Manufacturers advise to not exceed their time or distance-driven interval for a motor oil change. Many modern cars now list somewhat higher intervals for changing oil and filter, with the constraint of "severe" service requiring more frequent changes with less-than-ideal driving. This applies to short trips of under , where the oil does not get to full operating temperature long enough to boil off condensation, excess fuel, and other contamination that leads to "sludge", "varnish", "acids", or other deposits. Many manufacturers have engine computer calculations to estimate the oil's condition based on the factors which degrade it, such as RPM, temperature, and trip length; one system adds an optical sensor for determining the clarity of the oil in the engine. These systems are commonly known as s or OLMs.
Some quick oil change shops recommend intervals of , or every three months; this is not necessary, according to many automobile manufacturers. This has led to a campaign by the California EPA against the "3,000-mile myth", promoting vehicle manufacturer's recommendations for oil change intervals over those of the oil change industry.
The engine user can, in replacing the oil, adjust the viscosity for the ambient temperature change, thicker for summer heat and thinner for the winter cold. Lower-viscosity oils are common in newer vehicles.
By the mid-1980s, recommended viscosities had moved down to 5W-30, primarily to improve fuel efficiency. A typical modern application would be Honda motor's use of 5W-20 (and in their newest vehicles, 0W-20) viscosity oil for . Engine designs are evolving to allow the use of even lower-viscosity oils without the risk of excessive metal-to-metal abrasion, principally in the cam and valve mechanism areas. In line with car manufacturers push towards these lower viscosities in search of better fuel economy, on 2 April 2013 the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) introduced an SAE 16 viscosity rating, a break from its traditional "divisible by 10" numbering system for its high-temperature viscosity ratings that spanned from low-viscosity SAE 20 to high-viscosity SAE 60.
Standards
American Petroleum Institute (API)
Engine lubricants are evaluated against the American Petroleum Institute (API), SJ, SL, SM, SN, SP, CH-4, CI-4, CI-4 PLUS, CJ-4, CK, and FA, as well as International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) GF-3, GF-4, GF-5, GF-6A, GF-6B and Cummins, Mack and John Deere (and other Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM)) requirements. These evaluations include chemical and physical properties using bench test methods as well as actual running engine tests to quantify engine sludge, oxidation, component wear, oil consumption, piston deposits and fuel economy. Originally S for spark ignition and C for compression, as used with diesel engines. Many oil producers still refer these categories in their marketing.
The API sets minimum performance standards for lubricants. Motor oil is used for the lubrication, cooling, and cleaning of internal combustion engines. Motor oil may be composed of only a lubricant base stock in the case of mostly obsolete non-detergent oil, or a lubricant base stock plus additives to improve the oil's detergency, extreme pressure performance, and ability to inhibit corrosion of engine parts.
Groups:
Lubricant base stocks are categorized into five groups by the API. Group I base stocks are composed of fractionally distilled petroleum which is further refined with solvent extraction processes to improve certain properties such as oxidation resistance and to remove wax. Poorly refined mineral oils that fail to meet the minimum VI of 80 required in group I fit into Group V. Group II base stocks are composed of fractionally distilled petroleum that has been hydrocracked to further refine and purify it. Group III base stocks have similar characteristics to Group II base stocks, except that Group III base stocks have higher viscosity indexes. Group III base stocks are produced by further hydrocracking of either Group II base stocks or hydroisomerized slack wax (a Group I and II dewaxing process by-product). Group IV base stock are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Group V is a catch-all group for any base stock not described by Groups I to IV. Examples of group V base stocks include polyolesters (POE), polyalkylene glycols (PAG), and perfluoropolyalkylethers (PFPAEs) and poorly refined mineral oil. Groups I and II are commonly referred to as mineral oils, group III is typically referred to as synthetic (except in Germany and Japan, where they must not be called synthetic) and group IV is a synthetic oil. Group V base oils are so diverse that there is no catch-all description.
The API service classes have two general classifications: S for "service/spark ignition" (typical passenger cars and light trucks using gasoline engines), and C for "commercial/compression ignition" (typical diesel equipment). Engine oil which has been tested and meets the API standards may display the API Service Symbol (also known as the "Donut") with the service categories on containers sold to oil users.
The latest API service category is API SP for gasoline automobile and light-truck engines. The SP standard refers to a group of laboratory and engine tests, including the latest series for control of high-temperature deposits. Current API service categories include SP, SN, SM, SL and SJ for gasoline engines. All earlier service categories are obsolete. Motorcycle oils commonly still use the SF/SG standard though.
All the current gasoline categories (including the obsolete SH) have placed limitations on the phosphorus content for certain SAE viscosity grades (the xW-20, xW-30) due to the chemical poisoning that phosphorus has on catalytic converters. Phosphorus is a key anti-wear component in motor oil and is usually found in motor oil in the form of zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP). Each new API category has placed successively lower phosphorus and zinc limits, and thus has created a controversial issue of obsolescent oils needed for older engines, especially engines with sliding (flat/cleave) tappets. API and ILSAC, which represents most of the world's major automobile/engine manufacturers, state API SM/ILSAC GF-4 is fully backwards compatible, and it is noted that one of the engine tests required for API SM, the Sequence IVA, is a sliding tappet design to test specifically for cam wear protection. Not everyone is in agreement with backwards compatibility, and in addition, there are special situations, such as "performance" engines or fully race built engines, where the engine protection requirements are above and beyond API/ILSAC requirements. Because of this, there are specialty oils out in the market place with higher than API allowed phosphorus levels. Most engines built before 1985 have the flat/cleave bearing style systems of construction, which is sensitive to reducing zinc and phosphorus. For example, in API SG rated oils, this was at the 1200–1300 ppm level for zinc and phosphorus, where the current SM is under 600 ppm. This reduction in anti-wear chemicals in oil has caused premature failures of camshafts and other high pressure bearings in many older automobiles and has been blamed for premature failure of the oil pump drive/cam position sensor gear that is meshed with camshaft gear in some modern engines.
The current diesel engine service categories are API CK-4, CJ-4, CI-4 PLUS, CI-4, CH-4, and FA-4. The previous service categories such as API CC or CD are obsolete. API solved problems with API CI-4 by creating a separate API CI-4 PLUS category that contains some additional requirements – this marking is located in the lower portion of the API Service Symbol "Donut".
API CK-4 and FA-4 have been introduced for 2017 model American engines. API CK-4 is backward compatible that means API CK-4 oils are assumed to provide superior performance to oils made to previous categories and could be used without problems in all previous model engines (but see Ford below).
API FA-4 oils are different (that is why API decided to start a new group in addition to API Sx and API Cx). API FA-4 oils are formulated for enhanced fuel economy (presented as reduced greenhouse gas emission). To achieve that, they are SAE xW-30 oils blended to a high temperature high shear viscosity from 2.9 cP to 3.2 cP. They are not suitable for all engines thus their use depends on the decision of each engine manufacturer. They cannot be used with diesel fuel containing more than 15 ppm sulfur.
Cummins reacted to the introduction of API CK-4 and API FA-4 by issuing its CES 20086 list of API CK-4 registered oils and CES 20087 list of API FA-4 registered oils. Valvoline oils are preferred.
Ford recommends FA-4 motor oil in its smaller diesel engines, for example the F-150 with the 3.0L diesel engine and the Transit with the 2.0L diesel engine. The Ford specification number is WSS-M2C214-B1.
Ford recommends motor oils meeting the Ford specification WSS-M2C171-F1 in the 3.2L and 6.7L Ford diesel engines as well as older Ford diesel engines, 4.5L, 6.0L, 6.4L, and 7.3L. Ford publishes a list of approved oils, and most CK-4 oils are on the list.
While engine oils are formulated to meet a specific API service category, they in fact conform closely enough to both the gasoline and diesel categories. Thus diesel rated engine oils usually carry the relevant gasoline categories, e.g. an API CJ-4 oil could show either API SL or API SM on the container. The rule is that the first mentioned category is fully met and the second one is fully met except where its requirements clash with the requirements of the first one.
Motorcycle oil
The API oil classification structure has eliminated specific support for wet-clutch motorcycle applications in their descriptors, and API SJ and newer oils are referred to be specific to automobile and light truck use. Accordingly, motorcycle oils are subject to their own unique standards. See JASO below. As discussed above, motorcycle oils commonly still use the obsolescent SF/SG standard.
ILSAC
The International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) also has standards for motor oil. Introduced in 2004, GF-4 applies to SAE 0W-20, 5W-20, 0W-30, 5W-30, and 10W-30 viscosity grade oils. In general, ILSAC works with API in creating the newest gasoline oil specification, with ILSAC adding an extra requirement of fuel economy testing to their specification. For GF-4, a Sequence VIB Fuel Economy Test (ASTM D6837) is required that is not required in API service category SM.
A key new test for GF-4, which is also required for API SM, is the Sequence IIIG, which involves running a , GM 3.8 L V-6 at , 3,600 rpm, and oil temperature for 100 hours. These are much more severe conditions than any API-specified oil was designed for: cars which typically push their oil temperature consistently above are most turbocharged engines, along with most engines of European or Japanese origin, particularly small capacity, high power output.
The IIIG test is about 50% more difficult than the previous IIIF test, used in GF-3 and API SL oils. Engine oils bearing the API starburst symbol since 2005 are ILSAC GF-4 compliant.
To help consumers recognize that an oil meets the ILSAC requirements, API developed a "starburst" certification mark.
A new set of specifications, GF-5, took effect in October 2010. The industry had one year to convert their oils to GF-5 and in September 2011, ILSAC no longer offered licensing for GF-4.
After nearly a decade of GF-5, ILSAC released final GF-6 specifications in 2019, with licensed sales to oil manufacturers and re-branders to begin 1 May 2020. There are two GF6 standards; GF-6A being a progression and fully backwards compatible with GF-5, and GF-6B specifically for SAE 0W-16 viscosity oil.
ACEA
The ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles) performance/quality classifications A3/A5 tests used in Europe are arguably more stringent than the API and ILSAC standards. CEC (The Co-ordinating European Council) is the development body for fuel and lubricant testing in Europe and beyond, setting the standards via their European Industry groups; ACEA, ATIEL, ATC and CONCAWE.
ACEA does not certify oils, nor license, nor register, compliance certificates. Oil manufacturers are themselves responsible for carrying out all oil testing and evaluation according to recognised engine lubricant industry standards and practices.
Popular categories include A3/B3 and A3/B4 which are defined as "Stable, stay-in-grade Engine Oil intended for use in Passenger Car & Light Duty Van Gasoline& Diesel Engines with extended drain intervals" A3/B5 is suitable only for engines designed to use low viscosities. Category C oils are designated for use with catalysts and particulate filters while Category E is for heavy duty diesel.
JASO
The Japanese Automotive Standards Organization (JASO) has created their own set of performance and quality standards for petrol engines of Japanese origin.
For four-stroke gasoline engines, the JASO T904 standard is used, and is particularly relevant to motorcycle engines. The JASO T904-MA and MA2 standards are designed to distinguish oils that are approved for wet clutch use, with MA2 lubricants delivering higher friction performance. The JASO T904-MB standard denotes oils not suitable for wet clutch use, and are therefore used in scooters equipped with continuously variable transmissions. The addition of friction modifiers to JASO MB oils can contribute to greater fuel economy in these applications.
For two-stroke gasoline engines, the JASO M345 (FA, FB, FC, FD) standard is used, and this refers particularly to low ash, lubricity, detergency, low smoke and exhaust blocking.
These standards, especially JASO-MA (for motorcycles) and JASO-FC, are designed to address oil-requirement issues not addressed by the API service categories. One element of the JASO-MA standard is a friction test designed to determine suitability for wet clutch usage. An oil that meets JASO-MA is considered appropriate for wet clutch operations. Oils marketed as motorcycle-specific will carry the JASO-MA label.
ASTM
A 1989 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) report stated that its 12-year effort to come up with a new high-temperature, high-shear (HTHS) standard was not successful. Referring to SAE J300, the basis for current grading standards, the report stated:
The rapid growth of non-Newtonian multigraded oils has rendered kinematic viscosity as a nearly useless parameter for characterising "real" viscosity in critical zones of an engine... There are those who are disappointed that the twelve-year effort has not resulted in a redefinition of the SAE J300 Engine Oil Viscosity Classification document so as to express high-temperature viscosity of the various grades ... In the view of this writer, this redefinition did not occur because the automotive lubricant market knows of no field failures unambiguously attributable to insufficient HTHS oil viscosity.
Manufacturer Specifications
Some current engine or vehicle manufacturers require a specific oil formula, known as oil specs, be used to add extra levels of protection for special engine designs, materials and operating conditions. Starting in the late 1990's BMW for example came out with a spec called LL-98 (Long Life 1998) which requires special additives in oils that were approved to meet that spec. BMW regularly develops new specs to meet the increasing demands of the EPA emission standards and MPG requirements as well as new engines. Failure to use the correct specification oil has been known to cause PCV (positive crankcase ventilation), VVT (variable valve timing) system, gasket and sealing system, and other internal combustion component premature clogging and other failures. Some of the additives in those specs are designed to aid in keeping systems lubricated and clean. Some examples of BMW's other specs are: LL-01,LL-01 fe, LL-12, LL-14+, LL-17 fe. European vehicle manufacturers have led the way for oil specs but Asian and American manufacturers have since joined in creating a need for oil change, repair shops and dealerships to carry many different oils to avoid damages both mechanical and monetarily. Examples of some VW specs are VW 500.00, VW 501.01, VW 502.00, VW 503.00, VW 503.01, VW 504.00, VW 505.00, VW 505.01, VW 506.00, VW 507.00, VW 508.00/509.00. Mercedes Benz specs include MB 226.5, MB 226.51, MB 229.1, MB 229.31, MB 229.5, MB 229.51, MB 229.52.
Other additives
In addition to the viscosity index improvers, motor oil manufacturers often include other additives such as detergents and dispersants to help keep the engine clean by minimizing sludge buildup, corrosion inhibitors, and alkaline additives to neutralize acidic oxidation products of the oil. Most commercial oils have a minimal amount of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate as an anti-wear additive to protect contacting metal surfaces with zinc and other compounds in case of metal to metal contact. The quantity of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is limited to minimize adverse effect on catalytic converters. Another aspect for after-treatment devices is the deposition of oil ash, which increases the exhaust back pressure and reduces fuel economy over time. The so-called "chemical box" limits today the concentrations of sulfur, ash and phosphorus (SAP).
There are other additives available commercially which can be added to the oil by the user for purported additional benefit. Some of these additives include:
Antiwear additives, like zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and its alternatives due to phosphorus limits in some specifications. Calcium sulfonates additives are also added to protect motor oil from oxidative breakdown and to prevent the formation of sludge and varnish deposits. Both were the main basis of additive packages used by lubricant manufacturers up until the 1990s when the need for ashless additives arose. Main advantage was very low price and wide availability (sulfonates were originally waste byproducts). Currently there are ashless oil lubricants without these additives, which can only fulfill the qualities of the previous generation with more expensive basestock and more expensive organic or organometallic additive compounds. Some new oils are not formulated to provide the level of protection of previous generations to save manufacturing costs.
Some molybdenum disulfide containing additives to lubricating oils are claimed to reduce friction, bond to metal, or have anti-wear properties. MoS2 particles can be shear-welded on steel surface and some engine components were even treated with MoS2 layer during manufacture, namely liners in engines. (Trabant for example). They were used in World War II in flight engines and became commercial after World War II until the 1990s. They were commercialized in the 1970s (ELF ANTAR Molygraphite) and are today still available (Liqui Moly MoS2 10 W-40). Main disadvantage of molybdenum disulfide is anthracite black color, so oil treated with it is hard to distinguish from a soot filled engine oil with metal shavings from spun crankshaft bearing.
In the 1980s and 1990s, additives with suspended PTFE particles were available, e.g., "Slick50", to consumers to increase motor oil's ability to coat and protect metal surfaces. There is controversy as to the actual effectiveness of these products, as they can coagulate and clog the oil filter and tiny oil passages in the engine. It is supposed to work under boundary lubricating conditions, which good engine designs tend to avoid anyway. Also, Teflon alone has little to no ability to firmly stick on a sheared surface, unlike molybdenum disulfide, for example.
Many patents proposed use perfluoropolymers to reduce friction between metal parts, such as PTFE (Teflon), or micronized PTFE. However, the application obstacle of PTFE is insolubility in lubricant oils. Their application is questionable and depends mainly on the engine designone that can not maintain reasonable lubricating conditions might benefit, while properly designed engine with oil film thick enough would not see any difference. PTFE is a very soft material, thus its friction coefficient becomes worse than that of hardened steel-to-steel mating surfaces under common loads. PTFE is used in composition of sliding bearings where it improves lubrication under relatively light load until the oil pressure builds up to full hydrodynamic lubricating conditions.
Some molybdenum disulfide containing oils may be unsuitable for motorcycles which share wet clutch lubrication with the engine.
Environmental effects
Due to its chemical composition, worldwide dispersion and effects on the environment, used motor oil is considered a serious environmental problem. Most current motor-oil lubricants contain petroleum base stocks, which are toxic to the environment and difficult to dispose of after use. Over 40% of the pollution in America's waterways is from used motor oil. Used oil is considered the largest source of oil pollution in the U.S. harbors and waterways, at per year, mostly from improper disposal. By far the greatest cause of motor-oil pollution in oceans comes from drains and urban street-runoff, much of it caused by improper disposal of engine oil. of used oil can generate a slick on surface water, threatening fish, waterfowl and other aquatic life. According to the U.S. EPA, films of oil on the surface of water prevent the replenishment of dissolved oxygen, impair photosynthetic processes, and block sunlight. Toxic effects of used oil on freshwater and marine organisms vary, but significant long-term effects have been found at concentrations of 310 ppm in several freshwater fish species and as low as 1 ppm in marine life forms. Motor oil can have an incredibly detrimental effect on the environment, particularly to plants that depend on healthy soil to grow. There are three main ways that motor oil affects plants:
contaminating water supplies
contaminating soil
poisoning plants
Used motor-oil dumped on land reduces soil productivity. Improperly disposed used oil ends up in landfills, sewers, backyards, or storm drains where soil, groundwater and drinking water may become contaminated.
Synthetic oils
Synthetic lubricants were first made in significant quantities as replacements for mineral lubricants (and fuels) by German scientists in the late 1930s and early 1940s, because of their insufficient quantities of crude needed to fight in World War II. A significant factor in their gain in popularity was the ability of synthetic-based lubricants to remain fluid in very low temperatures, such as those encountered on Germany's eastern front, which caused petroleum-based lubricants to solidify owing to their higher wax content. The use of synthetic lubricants widened through the 1950s and 1960s owing to a property at the other end of the temperature spectrum – the ability to lubricate aviation engines at high temperatures that caused mineral-based lubricants to break down. In the mid-1970s, synthetic motor oils were formulated and commercially applied for the first time in automotive applications. The same SAE system for designating motor oil viscosity also applies to synthetic oils.
Synthetic oils are derived from either Group III, Group IV, or some Group V bases. Synthetics include classes of lubricants like synthetic esters (Group V) as well as "others" like GTL (methane gas-to-liquid) (Group III +) and polyalpha-olefins (Group IV). Higher purity and therefore better property control theoretically means synthetic oil has better mechanical properties at extremes of high and low temperatures. The molecules are made large and "soft" enough to retain good viscosity at higher temperatures, yet branched molecular structures interfere with solidification and therefore allow flow at lower temperatures. Thus, although the viscosity still decreases as temperature increases, these synthetic motor oils have a higher viscosity index over the traditional petroleum base. Their specially designed properties allow a wider temperature range at higher and lower temperatures and often include a lower pour point. With their improved viscosity index, synthetic oils need lower levels of viscosity index improvers, which are the oil components most vulnerable to thermal and mechanical degradation as the oil ages, and thus they do not degrade as quickly as traditional motor oils. However, they still fill up with particulate matter, although the matter better suspends within the oil, and the oil filter still fills and clogs up over time. So periodic oil and filter changes should still be done with synthetic oil, but some synthetic oil suppliers suggest that the intervals between oil changes can be longer, sometimes as long as primarily due to reduced degradation by oxidation.
Tests show that fully synthetic oil is superior in extreme service conditions to conventional oil, and may perform better for longer under standard conditions. But in the vast majority of vehicle applications, mineral oil-based lubricants, fortified with additives and with the benefit of over a century of development, continue to be the predominant lubricant for most internal combustion engine applications.
Bio-based oils
Bio-based oils existed prior to the development of petroleum-based oils in the 19th century. They have become the subject of renewed interest with the advent of bio-fuels and the push for green products. The development of canola-based motor oils began in 1996 in order to pursue environmentally friendly products. Purdue University has funded a project to develop and test such oils. Test results indicate satisfactory performance from the oils tested. A review on the status of bio-based motor oils and base oils globally, as well as in the U.S, shows how bio-based lubricants show promise in augmenting the current petroleum-based supply of lubricating materials, as well as replacing it in many cases.
The USDA National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research developed an Estolide lubricant technology made from vegetable and animal oils. Estolides have shown great promise in a wide range of applications, including engine lubricants. Working with the USDA, a California-based company Biosynthetic Technologies has developed a high-performance "drop-in" biosynthetic oil using Estolide technology for use in motor oils and industrial lubricants. This biosynthetic oil American Petroleum Institute (API) has the potential to greatly reduce environmental challenges associated with petroleum. Independent testing not only shows biosynthetic oils to be among the highest-rated products for protecting engines and machinery; they are also bio-based, biodegradable, non-toxic and do not bioaccumulate in marine organisms. Also, motor oils and lubricants formulated with biosynthetic base oils can be recycled and re-refined with petroleum-based oils. The U.S.-based company Green Earth Technologies manufactures a bio-based motor oil, called G-Oil, made from animal oils.
Future
A new process to break down polyethylene, a common plastic product found in many consumer containers, converts it into a paraffin-like wax with the correct molecular properties for conversion into a lubricant, avoiding the expensive Fischer–Tropsch process. The plastic is melted and then pumped into a furnace. The heat of the furnace breaks down the molecular chains of polyethylene into wax. Finally, the wax is subjected to a catalytic process that alters the wax's molecular structure, leaving a clear oil.
Biodegradable motor oils based on esters or hydrocarbon-ester blends appeared in the 1990s followed by formulations beginning in 2000 which respond to the bio-no-tox-criteria of the European preparations directive (EC/1999/45). This means, that they not only are biodegradable according to OECD 301x test methods, but also the aquatic toxicities (fish, algae, daphnia) are each above 100 mg/L.
Another class of base oils suited for engine oil are the polyalkylene glycols. They offer zero-ash, bio-no-tox properties, and lean burn characteristics.
Re-refined motor oil
The oil in a motor oil product does break down and burns as it is used in an engineit also gets contaminated with particles and chemicals that make it a less effective lubricant. Re-refining cleans the contaminants and used additives out of the dirty oil. From there, this clean "base stock" is blended with some virgin base stock and a new additives package to make a finished lubricant product that can be just as effective as lubricants made with all-virgin oil. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines re-refined products as containing at least 25% re-refined base stock, but other standards are significantly higher. The California State public contract code defines a re-refined motor oil as one that contains at least 70% re-refined base stock.
Packaging
Motor oils were sold at retail in glass bottles, metal cans, and metal-cardboard cans, before the advent of the current polyethylene plastic bottle, which began to appear in the early 1980s. Reusable spouts were made separately from the cans; with a piercing point like that of a can opener, these spouts could be used to puncture the top of the can and to provide an easy way to pour the oil.
Today, motor oil in the US is generally sold in bottles of and on a rarity in as well as in larger plastic containers ranging from approximately due to most small to mid-size engines requiring around of engine oil. In the rest of the world, it is most commonly available in 1L, 3L, 4L, and 5L retail packages.
Distribution to larger users (such as drive-through oil change shops) is often in bulk, by tanker truck or in drums.
See also
Waste oil
References
External links
Table of SAE and ISO viscosity gradings
Measuring free radicals in used engine oil
Oil for high mileage
Which oil is better to pour into the engine
Oil
Engine lubrication systems
Tribology |
Stephen G. Hicks (February 22, 1809 – December 14, 1869 (or 1866)) was an American soldier of Cherokee Indian descent, born in Jackson County, Georgia. His father, John Hicks, was one of the seven soldiers killed in action at the Battle of New Orleans. Stephen Hicks served in the army during the Black Hawk War, Mexican War and Civil War.
Career
During the American Civil War he enlisted in the 40th Illinois Infantry Regiment on July 22, 1861, and was honorably discharged on the July 24, 1865, at Louisville, Kentucky. In April 1862, he was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh. Because of this injury, he was deemed unfit for active duty and was instead appointed commander at Fort Anderson, Kentucky and took part in the Battle of Paducah in March 1864.
It was there, at Paducah, Kentucky, on March 25, that Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest unsuccessfully demanded Hicks' surrender:
Hicks courteously declined.
A bronze bas relief by Bruce Saville of Hicks can be found at Vicksburg National Military Park.
References
Union Army officers
1809 births
1860s deaths
People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
People from Jackson County, Georgia
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
American people of the Black Hawk War |
Loraine is a town in Mitchell County, Texas, United States. The population was 602 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Loraine is located at (32.407039, –100.714098).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 504 people, 153 households, and 104 families residing in the town.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 656 people, 250 households, and 160 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 320 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 61.43% White, 6.25% African American, 1.22% Native American, 27.59% from other races, and 3.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 46.04% of the population.
There were 250 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.0% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.26.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 22.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $20,852, and the median income for a family was $26,944. Males had a median income of $22,381 versus $14,375 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,540. About 22.6% of families and 28.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.7% of those under age 18 and 22.5% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The Town of Loraine is served by the Loraine Independent School District.
Notable people
George H. Mahon, longtime member of the United States House of Representatives, resided in Loraine as a youth
J. D. Sheffield, a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Coryell County, was born in Loraine in 1960. He is a physician in Gatesville, Texas
Glenn Smiley, The Reverend and civil rights consultant and leader, was born in Loraine on April 19, 1910
Gallery
References
Towns in Mitchell County, Texas
Towns in Texas |
Dectodesis eminens is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Dectodesis of the family Tephritidae.
Distribution
Tanzania.
References
Tephritinae
Insects described in 1942
Diptera of Africa |
Antennaria lanata is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, known by the common name woolly pussytoes. It is native to western Canada (Alberta, British Columbia) and the northwestern United States (Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and extreme northern California (Del Norte and Trinity Counties)).
Antennaria lanata is a small herb up to 20 cm (8 inches) tall. Leaves are covered with thick white hairs resembling wool. It is dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. It grows in protected alpine and subalpine sites in mountainous areas.
References
External links
Turner Photographics Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest,
Naturegate
Paul Slichter, Pussytoes of Mt. Adams Country, Woolly Everlasting, Woolly Pussytoes Antennaria lanata
Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California
lanata
Flora of Western Canada
Plants described in 1834
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
Stephen Perse (1548 – 30 September 1615) was an English academic, physician and philanthropist, who founded schools that still carry his name.
Biography
He was probably educated at Norwich School, and took his B.A. degree at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1569, where he was elected to a fellowship. Ordained in May 1573, as a Church of England priest and deacon, he was subsequently permitted to change his fellowship to "physick" and took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1581.
Perse amassed a fortune of around £10,000, probably from profits on business loans. He gave money to the University Library, for the establishment of the road now known as Maid's Causeway, and for the public water supply from the springs at Nine Wells to Cambridge along the stream known as Hobson's Conduit.
The grave of Stephen Perse is commemorated by a memorial in the Caius College chapel and he is remembered at the College's annual Perse Feast. His epitaph there reads:
Educational foundation
In his will, Perse gave a significant sum of money for the establishment of "a Grammar Free Schoole", and adjoining almhouses for six poor widows. The school was to teach five score scholars born in Cambridge, Barnwell, Chesterton or Trumpington, with some of the boys able to proceed to scholarships at Gonville and Caius College.
In 1615 the Perse School was founded in Cambridge. His foundation is commemorated by a blue plaque at its original site (now the Whipple Museum) in Free School Lane. The school motto is Qui facit per alium facit per se, usually taken to mean "He who does things for others does them for himself"; the Latin sentence ends "per se" in a word play on the founder's name. In 1881, the Perse School for Girls was established, now part of the Stephen Perse Foundation.
References
1548 births
1615 deaths
People educated at Norwich School
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Founders of English schools and colleges
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
English philanthropists |
Boynuyoğun is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Sarıçam, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,671 (2022). Before 2008, it was part of the district of Yüreğir.
References
Neighbourhoods in Sarıçam District |
Madumana is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within the Central Province.
See also
List of towns in Central Province, Sri Lanka
External links
Populated places in Central Province, Sri Lanka |
The Old Town House, also known as the Union Town House, is a historic government building at 128 Town House Road in Union, Maine. Built in 1840, it served the town for many years as its town hall, and as one of its major social venues. It is now owned by the local historical society, which operates it as a community meeting place. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
Description and history
The Old Town House stands on the east side of Town House Road (Maine State Route 235), up the hill from Union's town common. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It has relatively plain trim around doors and windows, and short gable returns. The main entrance is a later Victorian double door. The interior of the hall is a combination of Greek Revival and Late Victorian styles, the result of renovations and alterations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The interior has a small vestibule, with kitchen and ticket booth to one side, and stairs leading to a projection booth on the other. The main hall has an arched plaster ceiling, with a stage area occupying the easternmost fifth of the building.
The hall was built in 1840 for the town by Ebenezer Cobb, a local builder. Originally designated by the town exclusively for civic uses, this rule was relaxed in 1845, and the hall saw a variety of uses over the next century. In addition to town meetings, it housed social events and theatrical performances, and was briefly used for religious services. In 1887 the stage was added, and it was fitted for showing movies in 1917. The town ceased using it for civic purposes in 1952, selling it to the local American Legion chapter. The American Legion continued to let the building for functions, but folded in 1972. Ownership returned to the town, which deeded it to the Union Historical Society, which continues to operate it as a social meeting venue.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Knox County, Maine
References
City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Knox County, Maine
Greek Revival architecture in Maine
Victorian architecture in Maine
Buildings and structures completed in 1840
Buildings and structures in Knox County, Maine
Town halls in Maine |
Nicholas David Beal (born 2 December 1970 in Howden, East Riding of Yorkshire) is a rugby union player who played at Fullback for Northampton Saints, England and the Lions.
Career
Club
Beal spent his whole professional career at Northampton Saints, and captained the squad that won the Middlesex Sevens trophy in 2003. He missed out on their victory in the 2000 Heineken Cup Final due to injury. He retired in 2004.
International
Beal was a part of the England team that won the World Sevens title in 1993. He also joined the 1997 British Lions tour to South Africa.
Personal life
Beal is married with two sons. He attended Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe where he was schoolmates with Northampton and England teammate Matt Dawson.
After retiring he worked as a financial advisor. In 2007 he was appointed a non-executive director of the Saints' board.
References
External links
Scrum.com player statistics
Sporting heroes profile
1970 births
Living people
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
England international rugby sevens players
England international rugby union players
English rugby union players
Male rugby sevens players
Northampton Saints players
People educated at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe
People from Howden
Rugby union fullbacks
Rugby union players from Yorkshire
1999 Rugby World Cup players |
Żeleźnica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krajenka, within Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Krajenka, south-west of Złotów, and north of the regional capital Poznań.
Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, 1772-1945 Prussia and Germany. For more on its history, see Złotów County.
References
Villages in Złotów County |
```c++
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE.chromium file.
#include "nativeui/win/drag_drop/drag_source.h"
namespace nu {
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<DragSource> DragSource::Create(Delegate* delegate) {
return Microsoft::WRL::Make<DragSource>(delegate);
}
DragSource::DragSource(Delegate* delegate) : delegate_(delegate) {}
HRESULT DragSource::QueryContinueDrag(BOOL escape_pressed, DWORD key_state) {
if (cancel_drag_)
return DRAGDROP_S_CANCEL;
if (escape_pressed) {
delegate_->OnDragSourceCancel();
return DRAGDROP_S_CANCEL;
}
if (!(key_state & MK_LBUTTON)) {
delegate_->OnDragSourceDrop();
return DRAGDROP_S_DROP;
}
delegate_->OnDragSourceMove();
return S_OK;
}
HRESULT DragSource::GiveFeedback(DWORD effect) {
return DRAGDROP_S_USEDEFAULTCURSORS;
}
} // namespace nu
``` |
These are the official results of the Women's 400 metres event at the 1999 IAAF World Championships in Seville, Spain. There were a total number of 52 participating athletes, with seven qualifying heats, four quarter-finals, two semi-finals and the final held on Thursday 26 August 1999 at 20:30h.
Final
Semi-final
Held on Tuesday 24 August 1999
Quarter-finals
Held on Monday 23 August 1999
Heats
Held on Tuesday 24 August 1999
References
H
400 metres at the World Athletics Championships
1999 in women's athletics |
Rokkaku-dō may refer to:
Rokkaku-dō, Buddhist temple in Kyoto
Rokkaku-dō (architecture)
Rokkakudō (Kitaibaraki) |
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