text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
```less
.page {
background-color: var(--weui-BG-2);
}
``` |
Route 725 is a long mostly north–south secondary highway in the southwestern portion of New Brunswick, Canada. Most of the route is in Charlotte County.
The route starts at a dead end at the Canada–US border northwest of Upper Little Ridge. The road travels southeast through a mostly forested area to the southern terminus of Route 730 then through the communities of Upper Little Ridge, Little Ridge, and Lower Little Ridge. The road then begins to turn east, passes Barter Settlement, and ends in Five Corners just outside Saint Stephen at the southern terminus of Route 735 and the eastern terminus of Route 740.
See also
References
725
725 |
Robert McClelland Barr (December, 1856 – March 11, 1930) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He also made some appearances as an outfielder, first baseman, and third baseman.
Barr played for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Washington Nationals, Indianapolis Hoosiers, and Rochester Broncos, all of the American Association. He also played for the National League teams the Washington Nationals and New York Giants.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
External links
19th-century baseball players
Baseball players from Washington, D.C.
Major League Baseball pitchers
Pittsburgh Alleghenys players
Washington Nationals (AA) players
Indianapolis Hoosiers (AA) players
Washington Nationals (1886–1889) players
Rochester Broncos players
New York Giants (NL) players
1856 births
1930 deaths
Washington Nationals (minor league) players
Rochester Maroons players
Rochester Jingoes players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Woonsocket (minor league baseball) players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
Utica Stars players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Providence Clamdiggers (baseball) players |
Gulf of Tendra or Tendra Bay () is a shallow water bay off the coast of Ukraine (south of the Yahorlyk Kut peninsula), northern Black Sea. The gulf is separated from the sea by the Tendra Spit. The gulf is 45 km long, 7 km wide, and up to 6 m depth.
It is included in the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve. From 1993 to 2003 it was included in the Montreux Record.
References
External links
Tendriv Bay at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Tendrivska Bay at the Ramsar Sites Information Service
Bays of Ukraine
Ramsar sites in Ukraine |
The 2000 Austrian Figure Skating Championships () took place on 12 December 1999 in Vienna. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and ice dancing. The results were used to choose the Austrian teams to the 2000 World Championships and the 2000 European Championships.
Senior results
Men
Ladies
Ice dancing
External links
results
Austrian Figure Skating Championships
1999 in figure skating
Austrian Figure Skating Championships, 2000
Figure skating |
Karlee Delane Bispo (born January 14, 1990) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in middle-distance freestyle events.
At the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Bispo won a gold medal in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay with her teammates Katie Ledecky, Shannon Vreeland, and Missy Franklin in a time of 7:45.14. Swimming the third leg, she recorded a split of 1:57.58.
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
American female freestyle swimmers
Texas Longhorns women's swimmers
Sportspeople from Modesto, California
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Universiade bronze medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 2011 Summer Universiade |
Dominique Plante is a Canadian musician, most noted as an instrumental and songwriting collaborator with singer-songwriter Ariane Roy.
Roy and Plante received SOCAN Songwriting Prize nominations for "Ta main" in 2021, and for "Ce n'est pas de la chance" in 2022.
Plante is the brother of film director Pascal Plante, and has composed music for his brother's films Fake Tattoos (Les Faux tatouages), La Fleur de l'âge and Red Rooms (Les Chambres rouges). At the 2023 Fantasia Film Festival, he won the award for Best Score for his work on Red Rooms.
References
21st-century Canadian composers
21st-century Canadian guitarists
Canadian film score composers
Canadian pop guitarists
Canadian songwriters
French Quebecers
Musicians from Quebec
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Anatoliy Andriyovych Naumenko (;, born 6 September 1998) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a defender.
Player career
FC Chernihiv
In 2020, Naumenko started his career in FC Chernihiv of the Ukrainian Second League. On 24 October 2020, he made his debut with his new team against FC Uzhhorod for the season 2020-21. On 21 June 2021 his contract with FC Chernihiv ended.
Career statistics
Club
References
External links
Anatoliy Naumenko at FC Chernihiv
1998 births
Living people
Footballers from Chernihiv
Ukrainian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Chernihiv players
Ukrainian Second League players |
Gothicism or Gothism ( ; ) was a dacianistic cultural movement in Sweden, which took honor in being a Swede, who were related to the illustrious Goths as the Goths originated from Götaland. The founders of the movement were Nicolaus Ragvaldi and the brothers Johannes and Olaus Magnus. The belief continued to hold power in the 17th century, when Sweden was a great power following the Thirty Years' War, but lost most of its sway in the 18th. It was renewed by the Viking revival and Romantic nationalism in the early 19th century, this time with the Vikings as heroic figures.
Origins
The name is derived from the Gothicists' belief that the Goths had originated from Sweden, based on Jordanes' account of a Gothic urheimat in Scandinavia (Scandza). The Gothicists took pride in the Gothic tradition that the Ostrogoths and their king Theodoric the Great, who assumed power in the Roman Empire, had Scandinavian ancestry. This pride was expressed as early as the medieval chronicles, where chroniclers wrote about the Goths as the ancestors of the Scandinavians, and the idea was used by Nicolaus Ragvaldi at the Council of Basel to argue that the Swedish monarchy was the foremost in Europe. It also permeated the writings of the Swedish writer Johannes Magnus (Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus) as well as those of his brother Olaus Magnus (Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus). Both had a strong influence on contemporary scholarship in Sweden.
Some scholars in Denmark attempted to identify the Goths with the Jutes; however, these ideas did not lead to the same widespread cultural movement in Danish society as it did in the Swedish. In contrast with the Swedes, the Danes of this era did not forward claims to political legitimacy based on assertions that their country was the original homeland of the Goths or that the conquest of the Roman Empire was proof of their own country's military valour and power through history.
During the 17th century, Danes and Swedes competed for the collection and publication of Icelandic manuscripts, Norse sagas, and the two Eddas. In Sweden, the Icelandic manuscripts became part of an origin myth and were seen as proof that the greatness and heroism of the ancient Geats had been passed down through the generations to the current population. This pride culminated in the publication of Olaus Rudbeck's treatise Atland eller Manheim (1679–1702), in which he claimed that Sweden was identical to Atlantis.
Romantic nationalism
During the 18th century, Swedish Gothicism had sobered somewhat, but it revived during the period of Romantic nationalism from 1800 onwards, with Erik Gustaf Geijer and Esaias Tegnér in the Geatish Society.
In Denmark, Romantic nationalism led writers such as Johannes Ewald, N. F. S. Grundtvig (whose translation of Beowulf into Danish was the first into a modern language) and Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger to take a renewed interest in Old Norse subjects. In other parts of Europe, interest in Norse mythology, history and language was represented by the Englishmen Thomas Gray, John Keats and William Wordsworth, and the Germans Johann Gottfried Herder and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock.
Architecture
In Scandinavian architecture, Gothicism had its prime in the 1860s and 1870s, but it continued until 1900. The interest in Old Norse subjects led to the creation of a special architecture in wood inspired by stave churches, and it was in Norway that the style had its largest impact. The details that are often found in this style are dragon heads, from which it is often called dragon style, false arcades, lathed colonnades, protruding lofts and a ridged roof.
See also
Götaland theory
Name of the Goths
Hyperborea#Identification as Hyperboreans
References
Cultural history of Sweden
Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups
Social movements in Sweden
Anti-Danish sentiment |
Mongolia competed at the 2009 World Games in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, from July 16, 2009 to July 26, 2009.
Medalists
Competitors
Sumo
Mongolia has qualified to the games four man and four woman. Four man and three man entered main competition. Baljinnyam Baterdene, who was in entry list of women's lightweight and openweight events didn't start in the competition.
References
Nations at the 2009 World Games
2009
2009 in Mongolian sport |
António Nogueira may refer to:
António Nogueira (footballer, born 1951), Portuguese footballer
António Nogueira (footballer, born 1963), Portuguese footballer
António Reymão Nogueira (1909-1987), Portuguese equestrian |
Friedrich Heinrich Emanuel Kayser (March 26, 1845November 29, 1927) was a German geologist and palaeontologist, born in Königsberg.
He was educated at the universities of Halle, Heidelberg and Berlin, where in 1871 he qualified as a lecturer in geology. From 1873 he worked as a state geologist for the Preußischen Geologischen Landesanstalt (Prussian Geological Survey), and in 1881 became a professor at the Berlin Mining Academy. In 1885 he succeeded Wilhelm Dunker as professor of geology and paleontology at the University of Marburg.
He is known for his work involving the stratigraphy, tectonics and paleontology of Paleozoic formations in Germany; especially the Harz and the Rhenish Massif. With Wilhelm Dames, he was co-editor of the journal Paläontologischen Abhandlungen.
Among his separate works are Lehrbuch der Geologie (2 vols.): ii. Geologische Formationskunde (1891; 2nd ed., 1902), and i. Allgemeine Geologie (1893); vol. ii. (the volume first issued) was translated and edited by Philip Lake, under the title Textbook of Comparative Geology (1893). Another work is Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fauna der Siegenschen Grauwacke (1892).
Posthumous honours
Kayser Bjerg, a mountain in Greenland, was named after him.
References
1845 births
1927 deaths
Scientists from Königsberg
Scientists from the Province of Prussia
19th-century German geologists
German paleontologists
20th-century German geologists
Academic staff of the University of Marburg |
Joseph Fallon (born 24 July 1897, date of death unknown) was a Belgian equestrian. He competed in two events at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1897 births
Year of death missing
Belgian male equestrians
Olympic equestrians for Belgium
Equestrians at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing |
```yaml
description: This playbook tracks the user responses and resends the emails to recipients who have not responded
id: xsoar-data-collection-response-tracking
inputs:
- description: 'Data collection Job uuid '
key: Jobuuid
playbookInputQuery:
required: false
value: {}
- description: The file id of the attachment to send to the recipient
key: FileAttachments
playbookInputQuery:
required: false
value: {}
- description: Mail Subject
key: EmailSubject
playbookInputQuery:
required: false
value: {}
- description: The amount of time between two scheduled commands that poll the response
key: PollingTimebetweenRuns
playbookInputQuery:
required: false
value: {}
name: xsoar-data-collection-response-tracking
outputs:
- contextPath: WSActionStatus(val.job_uuid==obj.job_uuid)
description: "Merges the output to the main playbook"
starttaskid: "0"
tasks:
"0":
id: "0"
ignoreworker: false
isautoswitchedtoquietmode: false
isoversize: false
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "7"
note: false
quietmode: 0
separatecontext: false
skipunavailable: false
task:
brand: ""
id: 78f010aa-291b-4af4-8db9-46ba1c20e744
iscommand: false
name: ""
version: -1
description: ''
taskid: 78f010aa-291b-4af4-8db9-46ba1c20e744
timertriggers: []
type: start
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 50,
"y": 60
}
}
"3":
id: "3"
ignoreworker: false
isautoswitchedtoquietmode: false
isoversize: false
note: false
quietmode: 0
separatecontext: false
skipunavailable: false
task:
brand: ""
id: 2b7d1e64-264a-4e0b-8338-7544f6d22b1f
iscommand: false
name: End
type: title
version: -1
description: ''
taskid: 2b7d1e64-264a-4e0b-8338-7544f6d22b1f
timertriggers: []
type: title
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 50,
"y": 915
}
}
"6":
id: "6"
ignoreworker: false
isautoswitchedtoquietmode: false
isoversize: false
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "3"
note: false
quietmode: 0
scriptarguments:
emailsendcounter:
complex:
accessor: emailsendcounter
root: incident
transformers:
- args:
by:
value:
simple: "1"
operator: addition
separatecontext: false
skipunavailable: false
task:
brand: Builtin
description: commands.local.cmd.set.incident
id: d67d1cc1-9bca-4022-8717-a7a7626565b2
iscommand: true
name: IncrementCounter
script: Builtin|||setIncident
type: regular
version: -1
taskid: d67d1cc1-9bca-4022-8717-a7a7626565b2
timertriggers: []
type: regular
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 50,
"y": 720
}
}
"7":
id: "7"
ignoreworker: false
isautoswitchedtoquietmode: false
isoversize: false
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "10"
note: false
quietmode: 0
scriptarguments:
uuid:
simple: ${inputs.Jobuuid}
separatecontext: false
skipunavailable: false
task:
brand: ""
description: Gets the current status of an action that was setup; Used to track if the user responded to the action.
id: 26053a5f-0441-4305-822a-4b1237a5293c
iscommand: true
name: Get the status of the job
script: '|||xsoar-ws-get-action-status'
type: regular
version: -1
taskid: 26053a5f-0441-4305-822a-4b1237a5293c
timertriggers: []
type: regular
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 50,
"y": 190
}
}
"10":
id: "10"
ignoreworker: false
isautoswitchedtoquietmode: false
isoversize: false
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "11"
note: false
quietmode: 0
scriptarguments:
attachIDs:
simple: ${inputs.FileAttachments}
emailsubject:
simple: test subject
uuid:
simple: ${inputs.Jobuuid}
separatecontext: false
skipunavailable: false
task:
brand: ""
description: To parse the context data after running xsoar-ws-get-action-status and resend emails to recipients who have not responded
id: a50d5167-5931-446a-8e24-8417a967d278
iscommand: false
name: Response Status parsing
scriptName: xsoar-ws-parse-context
type: regular
version: -1
taskid: a50d5167-5931-446a-8e24-8417a967d278
timertriggers: []
type: regular
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 50,
"y": 350
}
}
"11":
continueonerror: true
id: "11"
ignoreworker: false
isautoswitchedtoquietmode: false
isoversize: false
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "6"
note: false
quietmode: 0
scriptarguments:
timebetweenruns:
simple: ${inputs.PollingTimebetweenRuns}
timeout:
simple: ${inputs.PollingTimeout}
uuid:
simple: ${inputs.Jobuuid}
separatecontext: false
skipunavailable: false
task:
brand: ""
description: |-
Companion automation to XSOAR-Web-Server that polls a certain UUID for user response.
The automation returns a scheduledcommand if the user has not responded to the action url
id: 84e2bf73-3b56-483a-88c3-0fc2a777ad5d
iscommand: false
name: Schedule Polling
scriptName: xsoar-ws-poll-status
tags:
- EmailTimeout
type: regular
version: -1
taskid: 84e2bf73-3b56-483a-88c3-0fc2a777ad5d
timertriggers:
- action: start
fieldname: emailusersla
type: regular
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 50,
"y": 530
}
}
version: -1
view: |-
{
"linkLabelsPosition": {},
"paper": {
"dimensions": {
"height": 920,
"width": 380,
"x": 50,
"y": 60
}
}
}
tests:
- No tests (auto formatted)
fromversion: 6.5.0
``` |
Sherlock Holmes is an Italian 1968 television series featuring Nando Gazzolo as Sherlock Holmes and Gianni Bonagura as Dr. Watson.
The series aired on Secondo Programma from 25 October to 29 November 1968 and is formed by six episodes: the first three episodes adapt The Valley of Fear while the last three episodes adapt The Hound of the Baskervilles. Each episode is about one hour long.
Episodes
External links
Sherlock Holmes on RaiPlay.
Sherlock Holmes television series
1960s Italian television series
1968 Italian television series debuts |
Dick's Picks Volume 2 is the second live album in the Dick's Picks series of releases by the Grateful Dead. It was recorded on Halloween night in 1971 at the Ohio Theatre in Columbus, Ohio. The album consists of the second set of the concert. It was released in March 1995, the last Grateful Dead album to be released before the death of Jerry Garcia.
Dick's Picks Volume 2 is the only one of the Dick's Picks that is a single CD. The other albums in the series have either two, three, or four CDs, except for Dick's Picks Volume 29, which contains six CDs.
Set list
The complete concert set list for the 10/31/71 show at the Ohio Theatre was:
1: "Bertha", "Me and My Uncle", "Deal", "Playing in the Band", "Loser", "El Paso", "Tennessee Jed", "Jack Straw", "Big Railroad Blues", "Brown Eyed Women", "Mexicali Blues", "Casey Jones", "Cumberland Blues", "One More Saturday Night"
2: "Dark Star"* > "Jam"* > "Sugar Magnolia"*, "St. Stephen"*, "Not Fade Away"* > "Goin' Down the Road Feelin' Bad"* > "Not Fade Away" reprise*
E: "Johnny B. Goode"
Note: New Riders of the Purple Sage were the opening act.
* appears on Dick's Picks Volume 2
The jam
The jam that appears on the set list after "Dark Star" is generally referred to as "Tighten Up Jam" by collectors due to its similarities to the Archie Bell & the Drells tune "Tighten Up". The Grateful Dead would jam on the theme only a handful of times, mostly from 1969 until 1971.
Also notably rare is a "Cold Rain and Snow" tease on the way back into playing "Not Fade Away" from "Goin' Down the Road Feeling Bad". The Grateful Dead were known for teasing bits of songs, often they would play a song they teased at a different show.
Caveat emptor
Each volume of Dick's Picks has its own "caveat emptor" label, advising the listener of the sound quality of the recording. The label for Volume 2 reads:
"This compact disc has been digitally remastered directly from the original quarter track 7½ ips analog tape. It is a snapshot of history, not a modern professional recording, and may therefore exhibit some technical anomalies and the unavoidable effects of the ravages of time."
Track listing
"Dark Star" → (Garcia, Hart, Kreutzmann, Lesh, McKernan, Weir, Hunter) "Jam" → – 23:14
"Sugar Magnolia" → (Weir, Hunter) – 6:33
"St. Stephen" (Garcia, Lesh, Hunter) – 7:10
"Not Fade Away" → (Petty, Hardin) – 7:25
"Goin' Down the Road Feeling Bad" → (traditional, arranged by Grateful Dead) – 10:38
"Not Fade Away" (Petty, Hardin) – 3:19
Personnel
Grateful Dead
Jerry Garcia – lead guitar, vocals
Keith Godchaux – keyboards
Bill Kreutzmann – percussion
Phil Lesh – bass, vocals
Bob Weir – guitar, vocals
Production
Rex Jackson – recording
Dick Latvala – tape archivist
Gecko Graphics – design
See also
Dick's Picks series
Grateful Dead discography
Notes and references
External links
First set of concert
02
1995 live albums |
Sabre Corporation is a travel technology company based in Southlake, Texas. It is the largest global distribution systems provider for air bookings in North America. American Airlines founded the company in 1960, and it was spun off in 2000.
In 2007, Texas Pacific Group and Silver Lake Partners acquired what was then Sabre Holdings. Sabre began publicly trading on the NASDAQ in 2014.
History
Early history
In 1953, C.R. Smith, the president of American Airlines, met Blair Smith, an IBM salesman, on a flight and developed the Sabre (the Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment) concept. The system was based on SAGE, the first major system to use interactive real-time computing, which IBM had developed for military use.
Sabre Corporation was founded in 1960 by American Airlines. Sabre Corporation installed the first Sabre reservation system in Briarcliff Manor, New York that year. The system consisted of two IBM 7090 mainframe computers and processed 84,000 calls per day.
In 1964, Sabre's nationwide network was completed and became the largest commercial real-time data-processing system in the world. Sabre Corporation handled 7500 passenger reservations per hour in 1965. The Sabre system upgraded to IBM System/360 and moved to a new center in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1972.
In 1976, the Sabre system was installed into a travel agency for the first time. This allowed travel agents to have instant access to flights. By the end of the year, 130 locations installed the Sabre system. Sabre introduced BargainFinder, the industry's first automated low-fare search capability, in 1984. The following year, easySabre was launched. It gave consumers with personal computers access to the Sabre system to make airline, hotel and car rental reservations.
In 1989 The New York Times reported Sabre having "about 38 percent of the reservations market."
In 1996, the company launched Travelocity, an online travel agency. Sabre formed a joint venture with Abacus International in 1998 to create SabreSonic, a customized version of Sabre's reservations system to Abacus subscribers in Asia.
2000s
AMR Corporation, the parent company of American Airlines, spun off its controlling stake in Sabre Corporation in 2000 to form an independent company.
In 2001, Electronic Data Systems (EDS) purchased Sabre Holdings' airline hardware and communications business, and Sabre began migrating its old mainframe for air travel shopping and pricing to HP NonStop and Linux servers. In 2005, the company acquired lastminute.com, an online travel and leisure retailer.
Texas Pacific Group and Silver Lake Partners acquired Sabre Corporation in March 2007. In March 2010, the company acquired Calidris, a revenue integrity and business intelligence company. Sabre Corporation acquired SoftHotel, a web-based property management provider, in June 2011. The company launched Sabre Red App Centre in March 2012. In April 2014, Sabre Corporation went public on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol SABR. The IPO sold for $16 per share and valued Sabre at $3.93 billion. The company acquired Genares, a hospitality technology company, that September.
In December 2014, Bravofly Rumbo Group acquired Sabre European Online Travel Agency, lastminute.com.
In January 2015, Sabre sold its Travelocity brand to Expedia, Inc. for $280 million. In July 2015, Sabre acquired Abacus International, a global distribution system based in the Asia-Pacific region. The deal included long-term distribution agreements between Sabre and the 11 Asian airlines that previously shared ownership of Abacus.
In June 2016, Sabre announced Tom Klein would resign as CEO by the end of 2016.
In October 2019 Sabre announced its purchase of Radixx for $110. Radixx is a seller of passenger service software to small and budget airlines. Sabre expects Radixx to generate $20 million in 2019.
In October 2021, Sabre announced the sale of the AirCentre portfolio to CAE Inc for $392.5M.
In May 2022 Sabre announced its purchase of Nuvola, a provider of hotel and service optimization software.
In August 2022, Sabre acquired Conferma Pay, a UK-based payments company.
In March 2023, Sabre announced some executive changes as part of what it called its "long-term succession plan." The changes include Sean Menke transitioning to be solely Executive Chair effective April 27. At the same time, Kurt Ekert, who served as the president of Sabre, will take over as CEO.
Operations
The company is based in Southlake, Texas and has additional offices in London, Kraków, Bangalore, Montevideo and Singapore. In December 2013, the company handled approximately 85,000 data transactions, every second for customers according to the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. At the time, the company did business with 70 airlines and 100,000 hotels. Sabre has two major business verticals - Sabre Travel Solutions and Sabre Hospitality Solutions.
Acquisitions
Preview Travel (2000)
Dillion Communication Systems (2000)
Gradient Solutions (2000)
GetThere (2000)
Sabre Pacific (2001)
Nexion Inc. (2003)
David R. Bornemann Associates (2001)
Site59 (2001)
Resfeber Scandinavia (2002)
Kiehl Hendrickson Group (2002)
axsResource Airport Resource Management Solutions (2003)
World Choice Travel (2003)
RM Rocade (2004)
Showtickets.com (2004)
SynXis Corporation (2004)
Southwest Travel Systems (2005)
IgoUgo.com (2005)
Lastminute.com (2005)
E-site Marketing (2007)
Flight Explorer (2008)
EB2 (2008)
Calidris (2010)
Flightline Data Services (2010)
f:wz (2010)
SoftHotel (2011)
Prism (2012)
Genares (2014)
Abacus International (2015)
Trust International (2015)
Airpas Aviation (2016)
References
External links
Computer reservation systems
Travel technology
American companies established in 1960
Travel and holiday companies of the United States
Technology companies established in 1960
Hospitality companies established in 1960
Companies based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Tarrant County, Texas
Corporate spin-offs
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
2014 initial public offerings
2007 mergers and acquisitions |
Istihlal ( istiḥlāl) is a term used in Islamic jurisprudence, or fiqh, to refer to the act of regarding some action as permissible, or halaal, although it is haraam; the implication is that such a regard is an erroneous and improper distortion of Islamic law. The word "istihlal" is derived as Stem X of the Arabic consonantal root ح-ل-ل meaning "to untie", "to solve", "to dissolve", "to open", "to release", etc.
The term "istihlal" came to prominence in the Western news media on 11 March 2005, the first anniversary of the Madrid bombing attacks of 2004, when the Islamic Commission of Spain (La Comisión Islámica de España) issued a fatwa, or religious opinion, denouncing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda for engaging in istihlal with respect to the waging of jihad through terrorism, and the killing of women, children, and noncombatants.
The relevant passages from the fatwa are as follows:
Que según la Sharia, todo aquel que declara halal o permitido lo que Dios ha declarado haram o prohibido, como es matar a personas inocentes en atentados terroristas, se convierte en Kafir Murtadd Mustahlil, es decir en apóstata, por haber pretendido hacer halal (istihlal) el asesinato de inocentes, crimen que el Sagrado Corán y la Sunna del Profeta Muhammad, Dios le bendiga y salve, prohíben expresamente.
En tanto que Osama ben Laden y su organización defienden la legalidad del terrorismo y pretenden fundamentarla en el sagrado Corán y la Sunna, están cometiendo delito de istihlal y se convierten ipso facto en apóstatas (kafir murtadd), que no deben ser considerados musulmanes ni ser tratados como tales.
Translated into English:
That according to the Sharia, anyone who declares halaal, or permitted, what God has declared haraam, or forbidden, such as the killing of innocent persons in terrorist attacks, turns into a Kafir Murtadd Mustahlil, that is to say, an apostate, by having claimed to make halal (istihlal) the murder of innocents, a crime that the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (may God bless and save him) expressly forbid.
Insofar as Osama bin Laden and his organization defend the legality of terrorism and claim to base it in the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah, they are committing the sin of istihlal and become ipso facto apostates (kafir murtadd), who should not be considered Muslims nor be treated as such.
References
External links
"Text of the Fatwa Declared Against Osama Bin Laden by the Islamic Commission of Spain." Translated into English by Liza Sabater.
Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
Islamic jurisprudence |
The 1966 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Eight Conference during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season. In their ninth and final season under head coach Jack Mitchell, the Jayhawks compiled a 2–7–1 record (0–6–1 against conference opponents), tied for last place in the Big Eight Conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 188 to 106. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.
The team's statistical leaders included Donnie Shanklin with 732 rushing yards, Halley Kampschroeder with 278 receiving yards and Bob Skahan with 299 passing yards. Jerry Barnett and Bill Wohlford were the team captains.
Schedule
References
Kansas
Kansas Jayhawks football seasons
Kansas Jayhawks football |
William Pryor Letchworth (May 26, 1823 – December 1, 1910) was an American businessman notable for his charitable work, including his donation of his 1,000-acre estate to the State of New York which became known as Letchworth State Park.
Early years
Letchworth was born in Brownville, New York on May 26, 1823, the fourth of eight children born to Josiah Letchworth and Ann ( Hance) Letchworth. Raised as a Quaker, Letchworth learned the values of hard work, charity, and development of the intellect from his family.
Career
At age 15, Letchworth was hired as a clerk at Hayden & Holmes, a saddlery and hardware company. Letchworth succeeded at his tasks and in business in general, and by age 22 was a partner at Pratt & Letchworth, a company involved in the "malleable iron" business, with Samuel Fletcher Pratt. He retired from the saddlery and iron goods work at age 46 and devoted himself to charitable works.
Charity and social work
In 1873, Letchworth was appointed to the New York State Board of Charities. "In 1875, he had inspected all the orphan asylums, poor-houses, city alms houses, and juvenile reformatories in the state which had an aggregate population of 17,791 children." Following his investigation, he recommended that all children under 2 years of age be removed from these institutions, which was accepted by the state. In 1878, Letchworth was elected as President of the Board. Letchworth resigned from the State Board of Charities in 1897.
Letchworth spent the next few years traveling around Europe and the United States at his own expense to explore the treatment and condition of the insane, epileptics and poor children. From this research, he wrote two books: The Insane in Foreign Countries and Care and Treatment of Epileptics. Many of his recommendations were later adopted by Craig Colony, a state epileptic hospital which he helped to establish in Western New York in 1896.
Letchworth served as President of the National Association for the Study of Epilepsy and the Care of Treatment of Epilepsy, and edited the Proceedings of its first Annual Meeting Letchworth Village in Thiells, New York was also named for Letchworth.
In addition, he was President of the First New York State Conference of Charities and Corrections, as well as President of the National Conference of Charities and Correction, held in St. Louis in 1884.
Glen Iris Estate
Although successful, Letchworth found the day-to-day operations of business burdensome. He sought refuge from the business world and decided to build a retreat estate. He settled on a location in former Seneca territory in Western New York. The Seneca people were pushed out of the area following the American Revolutionary War, as they had been allies of the defeated British. As a tourist, Letchworth visited the Sehgahunda Valley of the Genesee River in western New York. In 1859 he purchased his first tract of land near Portage Falls.
Letchworth hired noted landscape architect William Webster to design the grounds of the estate, and named it Glen Iris. He reportedly spent $500,000 improving the land. In 1906, he bequeathed his estate to New York state with the provision that the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society serve as custodian of the land and allowing himself a life tenancy. It now makes up the heart of Letchworth State Park.
Personal life
Letchworth died at Glen Iris on December 1, 1910.
References
Further reading
External links
Biography of William Pryor Letchworth
William Pryor Letchworth
The Story of Glen Iris
American manufacturing businesspeople
1823 births
1910 deaths
People from Brownville, New York
American epileptologists
19th-century American philanthropists
19th-century American businesspeople |
The Macao Cultural Centre (CCM; ; ) is a cultural centre in Sé, Macau, China.
History
The cultural centre was founded in 1999 with a cost of US$100 million. In August 2017, the roof of the cultural center was damaged due to Typhoon Hato.
Architecture
The cultural center is housed in a five-storey building with a total area of 45,000 m2.
Activities
The cultural center regularly hold musical performances.
See also
List of museums in Macau
Culture of Macau
References
External links
1999 establishments in Macau
Buildings and structures completed in 1999
Buildings and structures in Macau
Cultural centers in China
Sé, Macau |
Dolce is a municipality and village in Plzeň-South District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Dolce lies approximately south of Plzeň and south-west of Prague.
Gallery
References
Villages in Plzeň-South District |
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill is the only solo studio album by American singer and rapper Lauryn Hill. It was released on August 25, 1998, by Ruffhouse Records and Columbia Records. The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill is a neo soul and R&B album with some songs based in hip hop soul and reggae. Its lyrics touch upon Hill's pregnancy and the turmoil within her former group the Fugees, along with themes of love and God. The album's title was inspired by the film and autobiographical novel The Education of Sonny Carson, and Carter G. Woodson's The Mis-Education of the Negro.
After touring with the Fugees, Hill became involved in a romantic relationship with Jamaican entrepreneur Rohan Marley, and shortly after, became pregnant with their child. This pregnancy, as well as other circumstances in her life, inspired Hill to make a solo album. Recording sessions for the album took place from late 1997 to June 1998 mainly at Tuff Gong Studios in Kingston, as Hill collaborated with a group of musicians known as New Ark in writing and producing the songs.
The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, selling over 422,000 copies in its first week, which broke a record for first-week sales by a female artist. It was promoted with the release of the hit singles "Doo Wop (That Thing)", "Ex-Factor", and "Everything Is Everything", while "Lost Ones" and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" were released as promotional singles. To further promote the album, Hill made televised performances on Saturday Night Live and the Billboard Music Awards before embarking on a sold-out, worldwide concert tour.
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill was among the most acclaimed albums of 1998, as most critics praised Hill's presentation of a woman's view on life and love, along with her artistic range. At the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill earned ten nominations, winning five awards, making Hill the first woman to receive that many nominations and awards in one night. The album's success propelled Hill to international superstardom, and contributed to bringing hip hop and neo soul to the forefront of popular music. New Ark, however, felt Hill and her record label did not properly credit the group on the album; a lawsuit filed by the group was settled out of court in 2001.
Since its release, the album has been ranked in numerous best-album lists, with a number of critics regarding it as one of the greatest albums of the 1990s, as well as one of the greatest albums of all time. Among its honors are inclusion in Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list, Harvard University's Loeb Music Library, the Smithsonian National Museum of African American history, the 200 Definitive Albums in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry. In 2021, the album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America, for estimated sales of 10 million copies in the US, making Hill the first female rapper to accomplish this feat. Worldwide, the album has sold over 20 million copies, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time, the best-selling album by a female rapper, and the best-selling neo-soul album of all time.
Background
In 1996, Lauryn Hill met Rohan Marley while touring as a member of the Fugees. The two gradually formed a close relationship, and while on tour, Hill became pregnant with his child. The pregnancy and other circumstances in her life inspired her to record a solo album. After contributing to fellow Fugees member Wyclef Jean's 1997 solo record Wyclef Jean Presents The Carnival, Hill took time off from touring and recording due to her pregnancy and cases of writer's block. This pregnancy, however, renewed Hill's creativity, as she recalled in an interview several years later: "When some women are pregnant, their hair and their nails grow, but for me it was my mind and ability to create. I had the desire to write in a capacity that I hadn't done in a while. I don't know if it's a hormonal or emotional thing ... I was very in touch with my feelings at the time." Of the early writing process, Hill said, "Every time I got hurt, every time I was disappointed, every time I learned, I just wrote a song."
While inspired, Hill wrote over thirty songs in her attic studio in South Orange, New Jersey. Many of these songs drew upon the turbulence in the Fugees, as well as past love experiences. In the summer of 1997, as Hill was due to give birth to her first child, she was requested to write a song for gospel musician CeCe Winans. Several months later, she went to Detroit to work with soul singer Aretha Franklin, writing and producing her single "A Rose is Still a Rose". Franklin would later have Hill direct the song's music video. Shortly after this, Hill did writing work for Whitney Houston. Having written songs for artists in gospel, hip hop, and R&B, she drew on these influences and experiences to record The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill.
Recording and production
Hill began recording The Miseducation in late 1997 at Chung King Studios in New York City, and completed it in June 1998 at Tuff Gong Studios in Kingston, Jamaica. In an interview, Hill described the first day of recording, stating: "The first day in the studio I ordered every instrument I ever fell in love with: harps, strings, timpani, organs, clarinets. It was my idea to record it so the human element stayed in. I didn't want it to be too technically perfect." Initially, Jean did not support Hill recording a solo album, but eventually offered to help as a producer, which she did not accept. Aside from doing work at Chung King Studios, Hill also recorded at Perfect Pair Studios in New Jersey, as well as Sony Studios, with some songs having different elements recorded at different studios. The bulk of the album, however, was recorded at Tuff Gong Studios in Kingston, Jamaica, the studio built by reggae musician Bob Marley. Regarding this shift in environment, Hill stated: "When I started recording in New York and New Jersey, lots of people were talking to me about going different routes. I could feel people up in my face, and I was picking up on bad vibes. I wanted a place where there was good vibes, where I was among family, and it was Tuff Gong." Many members of the Marley family were present in the studio during the recording sessions, among them Julian Marley, who added guitar elements to "Forgive Them Father".
In an interview, recording engineer Gordon "Commissioner Gordon" Williams recalled the recording of "Lost Ones", stating: "It was our first morning in Jamaica and I saw all of these kids gathered around Lauryn, screaming and dancing. Lauryn was in the living room next to the studio with about fifteen Marley grandchildren around her, the children of Ziggy, and Stephen, and Julian, and she starts singing this rap verse, and all the kids start repeating the last word of each line, chiming in very spontaneously because they were so into the song." Columbia Records considered bringing in an outside producer for the album and had early talks with RZA of the Wu-Tang Clan. However, Hill was adamant about writing, arranging, and producing the album herself: "It would have been more difficult to articulate to other people. Hey, it's my album. Who can tell my story better than me?" She recalled Ruffhouse Records executive Chris Swartz ensuring her artistic freedom while recording the album: "I had total control of the album. Chris Swartz at Ruffhouse, my label, said, 'Listen, you've never done anything stupid thus far, so let me let you do your thing.'"
Music and lyrics
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill is considered a neo soul album, according to Christopher John Farley of Time and Rhapsody writer Mosi Reeves; Complex magazine refers to it more generally as R&B. Its music incorporates styles such as soul, hip hop, and reggae, with some songs based in hip hop soul, according to the Encyclopedia of African American Music (2010). "When It Hurts So Bad" is musically old roots reggae mixed with soul. While mostly in English, "Forgive Them Father" and "Lost Ones" both feature singing in patois, which is the common dialect in Jamaica. Although heavily R&B, the song "Superstar" contains an interpolation of the rock song "Light My Fire" by The Doors. Hill said that she "didn't want to come out with a [Fugees] type of sound", but create "something that was uniquely and very clearly a Lauryn Hill album." She also said that she did not intend for the album's sound to be commercially appealing: "There's too much pressure to have hits these days. Artists are watching Billboard instead of exploring themselves. Look at someone like Aretha, she didn't hit with her first album, but she was able to grow up and find herself. I wanted to make honest music. I don't like things to be too perfect, or too polished. People may criticize me for that, but I grew up listening to Al Green and Sam Cooke. When they hit a high note, you actually felt it."
Much of Hill's lyrics dealt with motherhood, the Fugees, reminiscence, love, heartbreak, and God. Commenting on the album's gospel content, Hill stated "Gospel music is music inspired by the gospels. In a huge respect, a lot of this music turned out to be just that. During this album, I turned to the Bible and wrote songs that I drew comfort from." Several of the album's songs, such as "Lost Ones", "Superstar", "Ex-Factor" and "Forgive Them Father" were widely speculated as direct attacks at Fugee members Wyclef and Pras. "Ex-Factor" was originally intended for a different artist, however, Hill decided to keep it after it was completed, due to its personal content. Although a large portion of the album's love songs would turn out to be bitter from Hill's previous relationship, "Nothing Even Matters", a duet performed by Hill and R&B singer D'Angelo, showcased a brighter, more intimate perspective on the subject. The song was inspired by Hill's relationship with Rohan Marley. Speaking about "Nothing Even Matters"' lyrics, Hill remarked: "I wanted to make a love song, á la Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway, and give people a humanistic approach to love again without all the physicality and overt sexuality."
"To Zion", among the more introspective tracks on the album, spoke about how Hill's family comes before her career and her decision to have her first child, even though many at the time encouraged her to abort the pregnancy, so as to not conflict with her burgeoning career. In an interview she discussed the song's origin and significance, commenting "Names wouldn't come when I was ready to have him. The only name that came to me was Zion. I was like, 'is Zion too much of a weight to carry?' But this little boy, man. I would say he personally delivered me from my emotional and spiritual drought. He just replenished my newness. When he was born, I felt like I was born again." She further stated: "I wanted it to be a revolutionary song about a spiritual movement, and also about my spiritual change, going from one place to another because of my son."
Throughout The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, several interludes of a teacher speaking to what is implied to be a classroom of children are played. The "teacher" was played by American poet and politician Ras Baraka speaking to a group of children in the living room of Hill's New Jersey home. Hill requested that Baraka speak to the children about the concept of love, to which he improvised in the lecture. Slant Magazines Paul Schrodt remarked on the title's reference to Carter G. Woodson's The Mis-Education of the Negro: "[Hill] adopts Woodson's thesis and makes it part of her own artistic process. Like the songs themselves, the intro/outro classroom scenes suggest a larger community working to redefine itself." Along with Woodson's book, the album's title was inspired by the film and autobiographical novel The Education of Sonny Carson.
Marketing and sales
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill was released on August 25, 1998. It was promoted with three singles—"Doo Wop (That Thing)", "Ex-Factor", and "Everything Is Everything"; all of which became hits and produced popular music videos. The album broke numerous sales records. In its first week, it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming the first album by a unaccompanied woman rapper to peak or debut at number one in the US. Its first-week sales of over 422,000 copies, broke the record for female artists at time, previously held by Madonna's Ray of Light (1998). The Miseducation also became the first debut album by a woman to launch atop the Billboard 200 chart; which made Hill the first act to have debuted at number one on both the Billboard 200 and Hot 100 with their first entries on each chart. The album's first-week sales remained the highest first-week sales for a debut album released by a woman in the 20th century, and the highest for a female rapper ever.
It topped the Billboard 200 for a second consecutive week, during which it sold 265,000 copies; and earned a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) after two weeks. The following week, Hill became the first artist in the history of the Billboard 200 chart to enter the list at number one with a debut album and spend three consecutive weeks at the summit, when the album stayed at number one on the chart. The album held four non-consecutive weeks at number one, which tied the record during the time for most weeks at number one for a hip hop album released in the Soundscan Era, before being surpassed by Jay-Z's Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life (1998). By late October 1998, it had spent nearly two consecutive months within the top five of the chart, and had not fallen below the number three slot. The album's chart stability was considered rare for a hip hop release at the time, since most hip hop albums that debuted high quickly plummeted down the charts.
The Miseducation had sold 2.9 million copies in the United States by December 1998, becoming one of the best-selling albums of that year. It also topped the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums year-end chart, making it the first and to this date, the only album by a woman to accomplish this feat. In Ireland, the album became the first rap album to reach number one on the Irish Albums Chart. In Japan, it sold over one million copies in its first few months, and became one of the few million-certified albums by the Recording Industry Association of Japan.
The album's sales increased after Hill's appearance at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, as it sold 234,000 more copies in the week of March 3, 1999, and 200,000 copies the following week. 198 days after its release, the album was certified 5× platinum by the RIAA, and is one of the fastest-selling albums to achieve this milestone. By August 1999, it had sold 10 million copies worldwide, including nearly 700,000 in Canada. The album would eventually log a total of 26 weeks in the top ten of the Billboard 200 chart. In April 2002, Columbia said that the album had sold 12 million copies worldwide, and by 2009, its global sales were reported to be 19 million copies.
As of 2015, it is the only rap album by a woman (from July 1995 - July 2005) to spend more than one week at number one; is the longest-running number one album from a woman rapper; and one of the longest-running number one rap albums ever on the Billboard 200 chart, according to XXL. In 2018, it was announced that The Miseducation was the most-streamed album released in 1998, on Spotify. It is one of the 20 most streamed albums from the 1990s in the United Kingdom, along with being one of the most streamed albums from the 70s, 80s and 90s, according to the Official Chart Company.
The album held the record for the longest-charting debut album by a female rapper on the Billboard 200, at 91 weeks, for over 21 years before being surpassed by Cardi B's Invasion of Privacy (2018). In 2021, the album was Diamond certified by the RIAA, which led Hill to earn the Guinness World Record for being the first female rapper to reach RIAA Diamond status. It was also reported that the album has sold 20 million copies worldwide according to Sony Music.
Tour
Initially, there was no immediate tour planned due to the album not needing further promotion. Hill was also pregnant again with a child due in September 1998. Her first live performances of the songs were at Saturday Night Live and the Billboard Music Awards. In January 1999, Hill recruited a band and began rehearsals for what would become The Miseducation Tour. Tickets sold out as soon as the tour was announced.
The tour began at Budokan in Tokyo on January 21, 1999. Hill performed there again the following night, and played at two other Tokyo venues in the following week. One week later, she flew to London for her performance at the Brixton Academy on February 8. With 20 US dates total, the American part of the tour, which featured Outkast as the opening act, started on February 18 in Detroit, and ended on April 1 in Hill's hometown of Newark, New Jersey. During the tour, Hill performed three sold-out nights at The Theater at Madison Square Garden. She began the tour's 14-date European leg on May 13, when she performed at the Oslo Spektrum in Norway, closing on June 2 at the Manchester Arena in England. Hill would return back to the US, performing 10 shows in July and August, with Busta Rhymes as an opening act. She then returned to Japan, where the tour was completed. Los Angeles Times stated that the tour was "quite possibly the most accomplished tour ever by a hip-hop artist" at the time.
Hill did not want an extensive tour because of obligations to her family and the difficulties she experienced touring with the Fugees in 1996, which she found desensitizing and isolating. According to Hill biographer Chris Nickson in 1999, "there was the possibility of more dates being added ... but it was unlikely that Lauryn would be willing to make the tour more grueling and draining. She'd come to know that there was much more to life than a career."
Critical reception
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill was met with widespread critical acclaim; according to Los Angeles Times journalist Geoff Boucher, it was the most acclaimed album of 1998. Reviewers frequently praised Hill's presentation of a female's view on life and love. Eric Weisbard from Spin called her a "genre-bender" whose confident singing and rapping was balanced by vulnerable themes and sentiment. In The New York Times, Ann Powers found it "miraculous" and "exceptional" for Hill to use "her faith, based more in experience and feeling than in doctrine," as a means of connecting "the sacred to the secular in music that touches the essence of soul." AllMusic's John Bush was impressed by how she produced most of the album, "not as a crossover record, but as a collection of overtly personal and political statements", while demonstrating "performing talents, vocal range, and songwriting smarts". David Browne, writing in Entertainment Weekly, called it "an album of often-astonishing power, strength, and feeling", as well as "one of the rare hip-hop soul albums" to not lose focus with frivolous guest appearances. Browne applauded Hill's artistic vision and credited her for "easily flowing from singing to rapping, evoking the past while forging a future of her own". Dream Hampton of The Village Voice said she seamlessly "travels her realm within any given song", while Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot deemed the record a "vocal tour de force" with arrangements that "bristle with great ideas". XXL gave the album a perfect "XXL" rating, with the magazine saying that it "not only verifies [Hill] as the most exciting voice of a young, progressive hip-hop nation, it raises the standards for it."
In a less enthusiastic review, Q magazine's Dom Phillips felt the music's only flaw was "a lack of memorable melody" on some songs that did not use interesting samples, while John Mulvey from NME quibbled about what he felt were redundant skits and Hill's "propensity" for histrionics and declarations of "how brilliant God is" on an otherwise "essential" album. Pitchforks Neil Lieberman found some of the ballads tedious and the melodies "cheesy". Citing "Lost Ones" and "Superstar" as highlights, The Village Voice music editor Robert Christgau deemed it the "PC record of the year", featuring exceptionally understated production and skillful rapping but also inconsistent lyrics, average singing, and superfluous skits. He appreciated the "knowledge [and] moral authority" of Hill's perspective and values, although he lamented her appraisal of God on record. In the Los Angeles Times, Soren Baker believed Hill was more effective as a critical rapper than a singer on the more emotional songs, where her voice was "too thin to carry such heavy subject matter".
Accolades
At the end of 1998, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill topped numerous critics polls of the year's best albums, including Rolling Stone, Billboard, Spin, and Time. It was also voted the second best record of the year in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics published in The Village Voice. Hill was nominated ten times for the 1999 Grammy Awards, making her the first woman to ever be nominated that many times in one year. She won five Grammys, including awards in the Best New Artist, Best R&B Song, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best R&B Album categories. The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill also won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, making it the first hip hop album to ever receive that award. Hill set a new record in the industry, as she also became the first woman to win five Grammys in one night. Hill was the big winner of the night at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards, taking home four Moonmen, including Best Female Video and Video of the Year, for the music video for her single "Doo Wop (That Thing)", becoming the first hip hop video to win the award. It also earned her nominations at the NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Female Artist, Outstanding Album, and Outstanding Song ("Doo Wop (That Thing)"). At the Billboard Music Awards, the record won in the R&B Album of the Year category, while "Doo Wop" won Best R&B/Urban New Artist Clip, and at the 1999 American Music Awards, Hill won the award for Best New Soul/R&B artist. She also won a Soul Train award and received a nomination for Best International Female Solo Artist at the Brit Awards.
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill has since appeared on a number of lists ranking the greatest albums ever; according to Acclaimed Music, it is the 113th most acclaimed album based on such rankings.
Lawsuit
Though The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill was largely a collaborative work between Hill and a group of musicians known as New Ark (Vada Nobles, Rasheem Pugh, Tejumold Newton, and Johari Newton), there was "label pressure to do the Prince thing," wherein all tracks would be credited as "written and produced by" the artist with little outside help. While recording the album, Hill was against the idea of creating documentation defining each musician's role.
In 1998, New Ark filed a 50-page lawsuit against Hill, her management and her record label, stating that Hill "used their songs and production skills, but failed to properly credit them for the work." The musicians claimed to be the primary songwriters on two tracks, and major contributors on several others, though Gordon Williams, the album's mixer and engineer, described the project as a "powerfully personal effort by Hill ... It was definitely her vision." Audio engineer Tony Prendatt, who also worked on the album, defended Hill, with a statement saying "Lauryn's genius is her own". In response to the lawsuit, Hill claimed that New Ark took advantage of her success. New Ark requested partial writing credits and monetary reimbursement. The suit was eventually settled out of court in February 2001 for a reported $5 million.
Impact
Influence on contemporaries
Several artists have cited the album as an inspiration for their musical work including Omar Apollo, H.E.R., Ella Mai, Rachel Platten, and Macy Gray. Furthermore Ella Mai, Rihanna, Dan Smith of Bastille and Adele have all called The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill their personal favorite album. American entertainer Donald Glover stated that it's his most-listened to album, while Zendaya, along with rappers J. Cole and Kendrick Lamar have cited it as their favorite album by a female artist.
Producer Savan Kotecha told Vulture that he and Ariana Grande listened to The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill album during the recording of Grande's fourth studio album Sweetener. Kotecha stated that the chord changes in Grande's song "No Tears Left to Cry" was modeled after the album. Beyoncé cited Hill as one of her primary inspirations for her fourth album 4. The Miseducation also inspired the albums Daytona by Pusha T, The College Dropout by Kanye West, and Immunity by Clairo.
Talent manager Nick Shymansky, shared with BET that after being inspired by The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, his search for a Lauryn Hill-like talent led him to discovering Amy Winehouse in the early aughts. Winehouse eventually began working on her debut album Frank (2003), with many of the producers that Hill has worked with. Country singer Lucinda Williams stated that her album World Without Tears (2003), as well her song "Righteously" were influenced by the album and its hip hop elements. Maroon 5's album Songs About Jane (2002) was also inspired by the LP, most notably on the track "Sweetest Goodbye" which drew from The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill song "Tell Him". Numerous artists have titled their projects after the album including Freddie Gibbs with his album The Miseducation of Freddie Gibbs, Calboy & Lil Wayne on their single "Miseducation", and Lil' Kim on her mixtape track "Mis-education of Lil' Kim".
Music industry
Following the success of The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, Hill rose to international superstardom and established herself as a pioneering woman in hip-hop, as magazines ranging from Harper's Bazaar to Esquire to Teen People vied to place her on their front covers. In 1999, she was described as a "Hip Hop icon" by Jet. Music Journalist Brandon Tensley argued that she achieved "icon status through the strength of her debut solo album alone."
Radio personality Ed Lover argued that The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill offered a different perspective from other woman in hip-hop, who generally rapped about sex or being "rugged" and "rough" at the time of its release. "Women tuned into her like she was a Ms. Luther King" according to American rapper Redman, while further adding that the album "made women cocky" and empowered them. Journalist Danyel Smith stated that it "dragged rap back to the land of the living after the twin drive-by murders of Tupac Shakur (1996) and Notorious B.I.G. (1997)".
In a February 8, 1999, Time cover-story, Hill was credited for helping fully assimilate hip-hop into mainstream music, and became the first hip-hop artist to ever appear on the magazine's front cover. Later that month, Hill broke numerous records at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards. Among the awards she received that night was Album of the Year, which has often been recognized as the most prestigious award in American music, and marked the first time a hip-hop artist won the award. According to music executive Clive Davis, the win helped the Grammy Awards become more accepting of rap and hip hop music. Former senior music editor for Amazon, Pete Hilgendorf stated it marked the start of when "the progression of R&B moving into hip-hop became evident".
The Rough Guide to Rock (2003) hailed the album as the "ultimate cross-over album of the hip-hop era". The album has been cited as one of the earliest to fully blend rapping and singing, with Genius dubbing Hill as "the first superstar to excel at both singing and rapping". Writing for The New York Times in 2018, Journalist Jon Caramanica noted that by "the mid-to-late 2000s, singing became a full-fledged part of hip-hop, owing to the success of Drake, one of the first stars —Lauryn Hill got there earlier — who toggled cleanly between rapping and singing and understood them as variations of each other, not oppositional forces. Rappers are singers now, to the point where the framework of singing has been refracted almost wholly through the needs of hip-hop." When speaking to Pitchfork about the album's influence, rapper Vince Staples stated that "Nowadays we get a combination of singing and rapping in a lot of music. But back then, it was a risk. So for her to sing like that early on, combined with the subject matter, the arrangement of the album with its throughline, and how it just flows with you… it's definitely a classic body of work." Janelle Monáe shared a similar sentiment arguing that Hill "was hip-hop and R&B, but nobody had used [the combination] in the way she did. She created something that we had never tasted before." Cyndi Lauper argued that the album "changed everything and everybody. Lauryn Hill changed phrasing. She started a whole new kind of singing, taking church and hip-hop and stirring it with this freaking great feeling and voice."
Along with Brown Sugar by D'Angelo, Erykah Badu's Baduizm, and Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite by Maxwell, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill is considered to be one of the most important and definitive releases in the history of neo soul music. According to Ebony magazine, it brought the neo soul genre to the forefront of popular music, and became the genre's most critically acclaimed and popular album. The Encyclopedia of African American Music (2010), noted that "some tracks are based more in hip hop soul than neo soul, but the record is filled with live musicians and layered harmonies, and therefore it is a trendsetting record that connects modern hip hop, R&B, and classic soul music together, creating groundwork for what followed it in the neo soul genre." In conversation with the Los Angeles Times about the success of the 1999 album Black Diamond by Angie Stone, editor Emil Wilbekin of Vibe stated "I think [1998's] The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill changed the way a lot of R&B; artists are presenting their music," and added "With Lauryn and Erykah Badu and D'Angelo and Maxwell, there's been a return to live instruments, real singing and real love stories. I think Angie Stone is an outgrowth of that."
Tributes and anniversary projects
Marvel Comics released a series of variant comic book covers inspired by influential contemporary rap albums, which included a reimagined Miseducation themed Ms. Marvel comic cover. San Francisco Bay Area music collective UnderCover Presents, formed by Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, released a Miseducation tribute album entitled UnderCover Presents: A Tribute to The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (2017).
On The Miseducations fifteenth anniversary in 2013, American rapper Nas reviewed the album for XXL, hailing it as a model for artists of all genres to follow. He also called it "a timeless record, pure music", and said it "represents the time period—a serious moment in Black music, when young artists were taking charge and breaking through doors."
In 2018, Hill launched a North American tour to commemorate the album's 20th anniversary. Adele penned a letter referring to the album as her "favorite record of all time", while noting that it represented "an honest representation of love and life", and added "I feel I can relate too but also I know there's elements and levels I never will be able to. Ms. Lauryn Hill was on form in every way possible. Thank you for the record of a lifetime, thank you for your wisdom! Thank you for existing. Happy 20th". American girl group TLC, spoke to Beats 1 about the album's influence, with Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas stating "I mean, she be in the videos sometimes pregnant, and sometimes not. She was doing it at a time where they would probably be like, "wait until you have your baby." Whereas these days, a female artist — whether you're an actress or whatever — if you're pregnant, you celebrate that from the moment that you decide to share it with the world. She didn't care, she just did it. Her voice — to be able to rap like that and sing like that, she was and is unbelievably talented. There's nobody like Lauryn Hill."
In celebration of the album's 20th anniversary, Billboard interviewed 16 artists who have been inspired by the album, which included Jazmine Sullivan, Maggie Rogers, Rapsody, Normani, Chloe Bailey, Lizzo, Andra Day, Saweetie, Ella Mai, Teyana Taylor, Anne-Marie and more. The album was also the subject of author and journalist Joan Morgan's 2018 book She Begat This: 20 Years of 'The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill'. That same year, Spotify presented the Dear Ms. Hill art installation in Brooklyn, New York which saw fans, including H.E.R. and Kelly Rowland, submit letters about The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, and then used those letters to turn them into paper art. Further, the Spotify podcast Dissect launched their first ever mini series, which examined the album and its impact. Hill also collaborated with Woolrich to design Miseducation inspired pieces for their 'American Soul Since 1830' collection, and starred in the accompanying campaign.
Legacy
Rankings and honors
The album was the first in the history of XXL to receive a perfect "XXL" rating. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame placed it on their list of 200 Definitive Albums (2007). In 2014, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for inclusion in the National Recording Registry; making it the first female rap recording to enter the National Recording Registry. In 2017, Harvard University selected it as one of the first batch of hip hop albums to preserved in the Loeb Music Library. That same year, the album was ranked in second place on the NPR list of '150 Greatest Albums Made by Women'; and nearly tied with Blue by Joni Mitchell for the number one position, according to the publication. The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill has also been collected by the Smithsonian National Museum of African American history.
While ranking it 314th on their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (2003), Rolling Stone credited Hill with taking 1970s soul and making it "boom and signify to the hip-hop generation". Rolling Stone's placement of The Miseducation at number 10 on a revised edition in 2020 made it the highest ranking rap album on the list. In 2022, the album was placed at number 11 on the Consequence list of the "100 Greatest Albums of All Time", being the second highest ranked album by a woman on the list; the publication later ranked it as the second greatest hip hop album ever on their list of the 50 best hip hop albums of all time (2023). In 2023, it was ranked as the best R&B album of all time by British GQ. That same year, The Recording Academy cited it as one of the 10 essential albums made by women rappers; and the album was also recognized as one of the 5 hip hop albums that "Revolutionized Rap Music" by American Songwriter.
After being asked "What is the best Hip-Hop album of all-time?", the OpenAI created product called ChatGPT, that utilizes artificial intelligence listed The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill along with four other albums as its response, according to Rock the Bells.
Reappraisal
Jon Caramanica, writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), called it "as earnest, unpretentious, and pleasantly sloppy an album as any woman of the hip-hop generation has ever made", and said that, by appealing to a wide spectrum of listeners with hip hop filtered through a "womanist lens", the album propelled Hill to superstardom "of epic proportions" and "the focal point at hip-hop's crossover into the mainstream."
According to Billboard, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill "taught a generation about the power of baring your soul through song". The album touched upon themes of love, heartbreak, and pregnancy, which added an newfound emotional element to hip-hop. Paving the way for artists like Kid Cudi and Kanye West to showcase vulnerability in their music, according to author Kathy Iandoli. Jay-Z stated that with the album, Hill "made something that's going to stand the test of time." Neo soul singer Maxwell named it his favorite album of the 1990s and praised it for its combination of "incredible songwriting and hip-hop".
Chris Mench of Complex, wrote that the album "set a new standard for rap women, and even for rap in general", while adding that "its influence extends far beyond the genre walls of hip-hop. It's hard to imagine the rise of conscious artists like Lupe Fiasco or Kendrick Lamar without her, but it's equally as hard to picture widespread success for minimalist, soulful singers like Adele, Amy Winehouse, and even FKA twigs without Lauryn paving the way." Kyle Anderson of MTV, wrote that the album "essentially gave birth to the genre now known as neo soul, which means you can trace the lineage of Alicia Keys, Erykah Badu, Jill Scott and dozens of others back to Hill's masterpiece." Writing for Highsnobiety, Journalist David Opie declared that The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill has educated "pretty much everyone who's recorded music since" as well as "inspiring both newer artists and hip-hop stalwarts alike."
The Guardian heralded the album as "the high-water mark of the conscious hip-hop movement", and named it a "game-changing cri de coeur", proclaiming that the album "channelled some precious learning for a generation or more of young women, black and white alike; one in which a ferociously talented artist preached self-determination and self-respect, self-knowledge and getting one's due", and added "It was foremother to Beyoncé's Lemonade and Janelle Monáe's Dirty Computer".
Aftermath
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill remains Hill's only studio album. After its success, the singer shunned her celebrity status and pursued a private life while raising six children, but both personal and professional difficulties followed. As Miami New Times journalist Juliana Accioly explained, "She was reported to have spent years on a spiritual quest while dealing with bipolar disorder. She was sued over songwriting credits. She served a three-month prison sentence in 2013 for tax evasion. She was deemed a diva for wanting to be called 'Ms. Hill' and criticized for her erratic performances." In October 2018, Hill embarked on a concert tour commemorating Miseducations 20th anniversary. In its anticipation, Accioly reflected on the album in the context of the Me Too movement of recent years: "Against that backdrop, Hill's own descriptions of mistreatment carry validation and support for victims. … For women who came up during Miseducations zenith, attending Hill's 2018 performance could serve as a measure of how much the world around them has changed — and how many things remain the same. Her crash course on life is still very much relevant: 'It could all be so simple,' but it's not."
Track listing
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Musicians
Al Anderson – guitar
Tom Barney – bass
Bud Beadle – alto/tenor saxophone, flute
Robert Browne – guitar
Rudy Byrd – percussion
Che "Guevara" Pope – drum programming
Jared Crawford – live drums
D'Angelo – Rhodes piano
DJ Supreme – DJ
Francis Dunnery – guitar
Paul Fakhourie – bass
Dean Frasier – saxophone
Loris Holland – keys ; clavinet
Quartet Indigo – strings
Julian Marley – guitar
Chris Meredith – bass
Johari Newton – guitar
Tejumold Newton – piano
Vada Nobles – drum programming
Arun Pandian – guitar
Grace Paradise – harp
James Poyser – bass ; keys
Everol Ray – trumpet
Kevin Robinson – trumpet, flugelhorn
Ronald "Nambo" Robinson – trombone
Matthew Rubano – bass
Carlos Santana – guitar
Earl Chinna Smith – guitar
Andrew Smith – guitar
Squiddly Ranks – live drums
John R. Stephens – piano
Elizabeth Valletti – harp
Fayyaz Virti – trombone
Joe Wilson – piano
Stuart Zender – bass
Production
Errol Brown – assistant recording engineer
Che "Guevara" Pope – co-producer , producer
Lauryn Hill – producer, executive producer
Matt Howe – recorder
Storm Jefferson – recorder ; mix engineer ; assistant mix engineer
Ken Johnson – recorder ; assistant recording engineer
Vada Nobles – co-producer , producer
Tony Prendatt – recorder ; engineer
Warren Riker – recorder ; mix engineer
Jamie Seigel – assistant mix engineer
Greg Thompson – assistant mix engineer
Neil Tucker – assistant recording engineer
Chip Verspyck – assistant recording engineer
Brian Vibberts – assistant engineer
Gordon "Commissioner Gordon" Williams – recorder ; engineer ; mixer
Johny Wyndrx – recorder
Vocalists
Lauryn Hill – vocals
Mary J. Blige – vocals
D'angelo – vocals
Shelley Thunder – vocals
Kenny Bobien – backing vocals
Chinah – backing vocals
Jenni Fujita – backing vocals
Fundisha Johnson – backing vocals
Sabrina Johnston – backing vocals
Jenifer McNeil – backing vocals
Rasheem Pugh – backing vocals
Lenesha Randolph – backing vocals
Ramon Rivera – backing vocals
Earl Robinson – backing vocals
Andrea Simmons – backing vocals
Eddie Stockley – backing vocals
Ahmed Wallace – backing vocals
Tara Watkins – backing vocals
Rachel Wilson – backing vocals
Chuck Young – backing vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
See also
Billboard Year-End
List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1998
List of number-one R&B albums of 1998 (U.S.)
List of number-one R&B albums of 1999 (U.S.)
List of best-selling albums in the United States
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
Further reading
Laura Checkoway, "Inside The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill", Rolling Stone, August 26, 2008.
External links
1998 debut albums
Lauryn Hill albums
Albums involved in plagiarism controversies
Albums produced by Lauryn Hill
Albums recorded at Chung King Studios
Columbia Records albums
Concept albums
Grammy Award for Album of the Year
Grammy Award for Best R&B Album
Ruffhouse Records albums
United States National Recording Registry recordings
United States National Recording Registry albums
Progressive rap albums |
Virginia Demetricia (Aruba, December 22, 1842 - after 1867) was a Aruban woman who rebelled against slavery. She was born enslaved on a plantation in Aruba and, due to her rebellious nature, she repeatedly came into contact with the authorities. Today, she is regarded as a heroine of resistance.
Biography
Background
She was born on a modest plantation named Barbolia (nowadays, San Barbola). Her mother was a slave named Maria Theodora (a) Gilina. Virginia was the fourth child among her seven siblings. The identity of her father is unknown. Virginia started helping on the plantation when she was young, doing things like carrying messages and going to the market. Virginia, her mother, and her brothers and sisters all belonged to Jan Hendrik van der Biest, who was a Protestant colonist and assistant administrator in Aruba.
Virginia's rebellious acts
The introduction of the Slave Regulations of 1857 led to unrest in Suriname, but also on the islands of Curaçao and Aruba. Masters felt that their property rights were curtailed and that they should treat their slaves more carefully than their own children. The enslaved used the restraint of corporal punishment for refusal to work and disobedience, following the implementation of the new Regulations.
As a teenager, Virginia repeatedly broke the law. Between 1859 and 1863, five trials were conducted against her for violating the Regulations. Virginia resisted being controlled and rebelled against her enslaver, Van der Biest. Her first punishment for breaking the rules happened in March 1859 when she stole clothes from her mistress. As a result, the authorities on the island punished her with fourteen days of forced labor on the public road. Four months later, she broke the rules again and was punished with two months of forced labor in the plantation fields where she lived.
Escape attempts and further incidents
In November of the same year, she tried to escape the harsh conditions of the plantation but was unsuccessful. Her failed attempt led to an additional four weeks of work on the plantation. In July 1860, she was accused and found guilty of 'running away and making false accusations, accompanied by disrespectful behavior'. She was confined to a cell in Fort Zoutman for eight days. After her release, she was promptly arrested once more, this time for 'disturbing the peace on the street and resisting the police'. Since imprisonment and forced labor didn't seem to deter her, she received her first and only physical punishment: fourteen lashes with a whip.
Transition and emancipation
When the relationship between an owner and a slave became unsustainable, it was customary for the owner to sell the slave. On November 22, 1860, Virginia was sold and to be transported to her new owner, Jacob Abraham Jesurun, in Curaçao. Historical records show that he paid ƒ140 (Dutch guilders) for her. Virginia also had run-ins with the authorities in Curaçao. On June 10, 1861, she was apprehended by two police officers for being involved in a case of 'simple physical violence,' leading to a four-day imprisonment. On June 17, 1862, Virginia welcomed her first child, a daughter named Jeanette.
After emancipation
In 1863, Virginia's life took a different trajectory with the abolition of slavery. Jesurun received ƒ200 as compensation for her. From then on, Virginia adopted the surname "Gaai". Her relatives in Aruba adopted the surname "Bikker," and her daughter Jeanette took on the name "Daña".
Last information
The last documented information about Virginia is that she gave birth to a son named Marcelino Martis Gaai in Willemstad on June 2, 1867.
References
Sources
1842 births
19th-century Dutch people
Slavery in the Caribbean
Women in war in the Caribbean
Rebel slaves
Year of death unknown
Women in 19th-century warfare
Women in war in the Netherlands
19th-century people from the Dutch Empire
19th-century slaves
Aruban people of African descent
History of Aruba |
Chloropterus politus is a species of leaf beetle from Iran and Oman. It was first described from Minab by French entomologists Nicole Berti and Michel Rapilly in 1973.
References
Eumolpinae
Beetles of Asia
Beetles described in 1973
Insects of Iran
Insects of the Arabian Peninsula |
The J Award of 2013 is the ninth annual J Awards, established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. The announcement comes at the culmination of Ausmusic Month (November). For the sixth and final year, three awards were presented; Australian Album of the Year, Australian Music Video of the Year and Unearthed Artist of the Year.
The winners were announced on Triple J on Friday 22 November 2013.
Who's eligible?
Any Australian album released independently or through a record company, or sent to Triple J in consideration for airplay, is eligible for the J Award. The 2013 nominations for Australian Album of the Year and Australian Music Video of the Year were selected from releases received by Triple J between November 2012 and October 2013. For Unearthed Artist of the Year it was open to any artist from the Unearthed (talent contest), who has had a ground breaking and impactful 12 months from November 2012 and October 2013.
Awards
Australian Album of the Year
Australian Video of the Year
Unearthed Artist of the Year
References
2013 in Australian music
2013 music awards
J Awards |
Yaroslav Mudry is a of the Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy. The ship is the second of the class, known in Russia as Project 11540 Yastreb (hawk). The ship is designed to search for, detect and track enemy submarines, to provide anti-ship and anti-submarine protection, and to support military operations of the Russian Army, ensuring the landing of naval assault forces and other tasks.
Construction and career
Her keel was laid on 27 May 1988 with yard number 402 at the Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad as Nepristupny. The ship was launched in 1990 or May 1991 and was scheduled for completion in 1992. The construction of the ship was suspended in December 1992 due to lack of funding. In the meantime, the ship was renamed to Yaroslav Mudry on 30 August 1995. According to the shipyard in October 1998, the hull would be sold for scrap. The construction work was restarted in 2002 or June 2003. The frigate started sea trials on 26 February 2009. Yaroslav Mudry was commissioned to the Baltic Fleet of Russian Navy on 24 July 2009. The ship is based at Baltiysk.
The ship has been part of the Baltic Fleet since 19 June 2009, and was commissioned on 24 July 2009.
In July 2010, it was reported that in 2011, after negotiations with Ukraine, the ship would be transferred to the Black Sea Fleet to maintain the operational integrity of the fleet's area of responsibility - the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Although the transfer did not take place, the ship is occasionally seen in the Mediterranean Sea and off the Horn of Africa.
From 7 December 2011 to 10 February 2012 the ship participated in a campaign of the inter-naval combined group in the Mediterranean Sea, led by the aircraft carrier . On 25 April 2012 the ship was transferred, with the consent of Vice-Admiral VV Chirkov, Commander of the Baltic Fleet, to the "patronage of the head of the Russian Imperial House of Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna”.
Ship captains
2009 - October 2011 - Commander A. Shishkaryov
October 2011 - 5 July 2013 Commander Alexey Suglobov
2013-2014 - Commander Evgeny Anatolievich Tishkevich
Summer 2014 to 26 August 2015- Commander Cherokov
26 August 2015 to 21 February 2018 - Lt Cdr Novozhilov
21 February 2018 to present - Commander Navolotsky
Patrons
25 April 2012 to Present - Maria Vladimirovna
Citations
References
External links
Neustrashimyy-class frigates |
Ihor Buryak (born 12 January 1983) is a professional Ukrainian football defender.
Career
He played for Hirnyk Kryvyi Rih. His previous club was FC Chornomorets Odesa where he moved in June 2010 from FC Tavriya Simferopol. Buryak also played for such clubs as Metalurh Donetsk, Arsenal Kharkiv (later renamed FC Kharkiv), lllychivets Mariupol, and FC Dniester Ovidiopol.
External links
Profile on Football Squads
Ihor Buryak at CFU
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Kyiv
Ukrainian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
Expatriate men's footballers in Belarus
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Belarus
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
FC Sachsen Leipzig players
FC Metalurh Donetsk players
FC Metalurh-2 Donetsk players
FC Arsenal Kharkiv players
FC Kharkiv players
FC Mariupol players
FC Illichivets-2 Mariupol players
FC Odesa players
SC Tavriya Simferopol players
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
FC Vostok players
FC Naftan Novopolotsk players
FC Hirnyk Kryvyi Rih players
FC TSK Simferopol players
FC Kyzyltash Bakhchisaray players
FC Rubin Yalta players
Crimean Premier League players |
A Joss is an English term used to refer to a Chinese deity or idol. It generally describes a Chinese religious statue, object (such as joss paper), or idol in many Chinese folk religions.
Etymology
The English designation "joss" first appeared in the 18th century as a reference to a Chinese idol. The term is usually explained as a borrowing from Portuguese deus or deos, meaning "god". The main objection to this connection with Portuguese deus/deos is that it does not address the linguistic routes that would have allegedly led to the appearance of "joss", with its Chinese religious connotation. Most likely, the English form does describe an actual Chinese divinity, viz. the Dizhushen "landlord deity" ( 地主神), being the tutelary deity of the land (and heaven) and its inhabitants. Known under various epithets and names, this paternal god, who confers luck and wealth to his loyal worshippers, occupies a central position in the folk beliefs of many (overseas) Chinese communities.
A similar form is also attested in Dutch as "joos" or "josie", which is a taboo form for the devil (often "corrected" to the less offensive sounding, personal name Joost). This was already noticed by Samuel Hull Wilcocke who translated the travelogues of the Dutch captain and explorer John Splinter Stavorinus.
Uses
Josses serve multiple functions in traditional Chinese religious customs, varying by the specific tradition. Although the word directly translates to "god", the term "joss" is used to describe a physical statue that is believed to be the dwelling place of a specific deity. Josses are often decorated with golden plaques, which are given by the worshippers as a sign of reverence and respect.
Josses are used as a symbolic representation of a particularly important god or goddess. They are often used as a means of divination. Depending upon the tradition, josses will be found in family homes, be communally shared, and appear in temples across China and Taiwan.
Taiwanese tradition
Josses belong to specific villages and are considered to be owned by the village temple. Most josses are passed throughout the homes of the village, where they reside for a time. The temple altars host at least one joss, which represents the village's main god. Josses will be placed at the center of an altar in the worshipper's home, where they make offerings to them, and are used to communicate to the deity.
Southern Chinese tradition
Statues of deities, such as Guanyin (the goddess of mercy) and Guangong (the god of justice), are placed on altars in every new business and restaurant. Josses play an important role in ritual ceremonies. The spiritualization ceremony for new temples involves inviting the spirits into statues made of clay, and in doing so, creates a joss. If the invitation ceremony is successful, the spirit lives inside the statue indefinitely. Significantly more women than men visit the temples and make offerings to the josses. Different deities in the temples have their own special abilities and characteristics. Many worshippers will have josses of a particular deities that can bring about good health or good fortune at home or at work.
See also
Ancestor worship
Chinese folk religion
Divination
Joss house
Joss paper
References
External links
Chinese folk religion
Religious sculptures |
LGBT rights in Georgia may refer to:
LGBT rights in Georgia (country), about the country in the Caucasus region
LGBT rights in Georgia (U.S. state), about one of the states that make up the United States of America |
Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus was a Roman senator and poet, who served as Consul in AD 9 as the colleague of Gaius Poppaeus Sabinus. He is particularly remembered for his poem about the capture of Troy by Hercules. Ovid wrote about him in Ponto memoravit. He is a member of the gens Sulpicia.
References
1st-century Romans
1st-century Roman poets
Imperial Roman consuls
Sulpicii
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown |
Angela Jackson (born July 25, 1951) is an American poet, playwright, and novelist based in Chicago, Illinois. Jackson became the fifth Illinois Poet Laureate in 2020.
Biography
Angela Jackson was born in Greenville, Mississippi, the fifth of nine children, but grew up in the Englewood neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago, where her father, George Jackson, Sr., and mother, Angeline Robinson Jackson, moved during the Great Migration.
Jackson lives and works in Chicago, Illinois.
Education
Jackson attended Catholic elementary school. She graduated third in her high school class at Loretto Academy.
In 1977, she graduated from Northwestern University, where she won an Academy of American Poets Award, and the University of Chicago with an M.A. in Latin American and Caribbean studies. Her novels Where I Must Go and Roads, Where There Are No Roads were inspired by her experiences at Northwestern.
Career
She was a member of the Organization of Black American Culture (OBAC) with young black writers such as Haki Madhubuti (Don L. Lee), Carolyn Rodgers, Sterling Plumpp, and was editor of the journal Nommo.
Personal life
Jackson is Catholic.
Awards
1973: Conrad Kent Rivers Memorial Award
1974: Academy of American Poets Award from Northwestern University
1979: Illinois Art Council Creative Writing Fellowship in Fiction
1980: National Endowment For the Arts Creative Writing Fellowship in Fiction
1984: Hoyt W. Fuller Award for Literary Excellence
1985: American Book Award
1984: DuSable Museum Writers Seminar Poetry Prize
1984: Pushcart Prize for Poetry
1989: ETA Gala Award
1996: Illinois Authors Literary Heritage Award
Illinois Arts Council Literary Awards
five for fiction and one for poetry; The Carl Sandburg Award
Chicago Sun-Times Friends of Literature Book of the Year Award
2000: Illinois Art Council Creative Writing Fellowship in Playwriting
2002: Shelley Memorial Award of the Poetry Society of America
2008: American Book Award
2022: Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize winner
Works
Poetry
"VooDoo/Love Magic", Poetry Foundation
The Greenville Club, 1977 (chapbook)
Plays
Witness!, 1970
Shango Diaspora: An African American Myth of Womanhood and Love, 1980
Also known as When the Wind Blows
Lightfoot: The Crystal Stair
Novels
Treemont Stone
American Book Award
Memoir
Apprenticeship in the House of Cowrie Shells
Anthologies
References
External links
Angela Jackson Bio from Illinois Poet Laureate
1951 births
Living people
Northwestern University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
People from Greenville, Mississippi
Poets from Illinois
Poets Laureate of Illinois
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
American Book Award winners
Novelists from Illinois
African-American Catholics
21st-century American women writers
20th-century African-American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American women writers
21st-century African-American writers |
Thomas Engström (born 1975), is a Swedish novelist and journalist. His third novel, West of Liberty, was published in October 2013 by Albert Bonniers Förlag. The book was the first in a series of political thrillers featuring former Stasi agent and CIA freelancer Ludwig Licht. The series explores the harsh realities of today's international political landscape.
The Ludwig Licht series has been sold to a number of countries, including Germany, Poland, The Netherlands, Russia, The Czech Republic and Greece.
During early 2018, the books started to be filmed as an international TV series by, among others, German ZDF Network Movie and Swedish Anagram. International distribution is handled by British ITV. The role of Ludwig Licht is played by Wotan Wilke Möhring.
West of Liberty earned Engström the Swedish Crime Writers' Academy's award for best crime writing debut of 2013.
South of Hell was published in August 2014. It takes place in rural Pennsylvania, as well as Washington, DC. It was nominated for the Best Swedish Suspense Novel of the Year Award.
The third installment, North of Paradise, was published in October 2015. The setting, this time, is southern Florida and Cuba.
In 2017, the series concluded with East of the Abyss, taking place in Ukraine, Armenia and the republic of Georgia. The book was nominated for the Best Swedish Suspense Novel of the Year Award.
Journalism
An award-winning columnist, Thomas Engström has written about international politics and culture in the news daily Svenska Dagbladet and the monthly magazine Axess. He currently is a columnist for the magazine Fokus. He has a law degree from Lund University, including studies at the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights.
Translations
Engström has translated some twenty titles from English, including the works of Barack Obama, Mark Bowden, Ian Kershaw, and Walter Isaacson.
Other
In late 2009, Engström co-authored a pan-European Anthology on the state of European democracy, twenty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall – an assignment commissioned by the Danish Foreign Office.
Engström is married to New Zealander Anne Engström (nee Sullivan) who works in the charity sector and politics in London. Anne Engström is of mixed heritage with a Maori father and British mother and has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Politics from Canterbury University, New Zealand . They married in Kalmar, Sweden on 3 March 2023. They live in Royal Tunbridge Wells, England and spend a few months of the year in Småland, Sweden.
Bibliography
Öster om Avgrunden (East of the Abyss) (2017) Albert Bonniers Förlag
Norr om paradiset (North of Paradise) (2015) Albert Bonniers Förlag
Söder om helvetet (South of Hell) (2014) Albert Bonniers Förlag
Väster om friheten (West of Liberty) (2013) Albert Bonniers Förlag
Dirty Dancer (Dirty Dancer) (2006) Albert Bonniers Förlag
Mörker som gör gott (Otto) (2003) Albert Bonniers Förlag
References
External links
Publisher's information, Albert Bonniers Förlag
Nordin Agency
1975 births
Living people
21st-century Swedish novelists
Swedish male novelists |
Truro Theological College (1877–1900) was an Anglican theological college for the Diocese of Truro in Cornwall, England.
The Diocese of Truro was formed in 1876 out of the Diocese of Exeter, and the college was established in 1877. It closed in 1900.
The college was an affiliated college of Durham University. It had an academic hood of a full shape black stuff with the cowl lined for four inches of grey fur and the cape edged with one inch of grey fur. In the 1970s a Truro Ordination Course was established, and this revived the college's hood.
References
Anglican seminaries and theological colleges
Former theological colleges in England
Religious organizations established in 1877
Educational institutions established in 1877
1900 disestablishments
1877 establishments in England |
The Big Night is a 1951 American film noir directed by Joseph Losey, that features John Drew Barrymore (credited as "John Barrymore, Jr." in his first starring role), Preston Foster and Joan Lorring. The feature is based on a script written by Joseph Losey and Stanley Ellin, based on Ellin's 1948 novel Dreadful Summit. Hugo Butler and Ring Lardner, Jr. also contributed to the screenplay, but were uncredited when the film was first released. Robert Aldrich, who had been an assistant director on other films directed by Losey, also has a brief uncredited appearance in a scene at a boxing match.
Plot
On his 17th birthday, shy and bespectacled "Georgie" LaMain (John Barrymore, Jr.), is dared by classmates to kiss a girl, which he is reluctant to do. At his father Andy's (Preston Foster) bar, beneath a sign warning "No Minors Allowed," George asks if Andy's girlfriend, Frances, will be there too, but Andy is evasive. George is presented with a birthday cake but fails to blow out all the candles. Unexpectedly, influential sports columnist Al Judge (Howard St. John), who walks with a cane, enters the bar and orders George's father to strip off his shirt and kneel. Andy passively complies, and Judge savagely beats him with his cane. Andy will not explain why he submitted to the pain and humiliation, and his bartender Flanagan (Howard Chamberlin) urges George to let the issue lie. However, as Flanagan assists Andy, George takes some of his father's clothes to look more adult, as well as his father's gun, and leaves.
Stopping briefly at a nearby pharmacy, George is asked by the druggist to look after a baby for a moment, where George poses with the gun in front of a mirror. With no clear direction to take, George begins a night journey, going first to a boxing match that he and his father were to attend to celebrate his birthday, hoping that he will find Al Judge there. At the arena, George sells his father's ticket but is accused of ticket scalping by a conman (Emile Meyer) posing as a police officer, who takes the ticket money. Inside the arena, the man who bought the ticket, Professor Cooper (Philip Bourneuf), a journalism teacher, explains what happened and shares his disgust of Al Judge.
Cooper takes George to one of Judge's haunts, where George encounters the conman who robbed him and wins a fight with him. At another club, he also meets Cooper's girlfriend Julie (Dorothy Comingore) and her sister Marion (Joan Lorring) and has his first drink. George is entranced by a Black singer (Mauri Leighton, credited as Mauri Lynn) and tries to compliment the singer as they leave, but he uses an unintentionally racist phrase that he regrets.
At Julie's apartment, George passes out but wakes to find that Marion has been watching him. She expresses sympathy and concern and the two kiss, but George reacts hostilely and leaves when he finds that Marion had tried to hide his gun. At Judge's newspaper, he learns the journalist's address and goes there to confront him. Facing George's gun, Judge explains that he had punished Andy because Frances, the missing girlfriend at the birthday party, was his sister and that she had killed herself when Andy would not marry her. George cannot bring himself to shoot Judge, but the writer attacks him and in the struggle, Judge is shot. George seeks shelter with Marion and Cooper for a while, but when he returns to the bar, he sees that police have come to arrest his father for Judge's shooting. Afraid and confused and still holding the gun, George confesses but learns that Judge was only wounded. His father explains that he had not been able to marry Frances because was still married to George's mother, who had run off with another man. Andy had not wanted his son to grow up hating his mother. He persuades George to surrender the gun, and the two, professing their love for each other, go away with the police.
Cast
John Barrymore, Jr. as George La Main
Preston Foster as Andy La Main
Joan Lorring as Marion Rostina
Howard St. John as Al Judge
Dorothy Comingore as Julie Rostina
Philip Bourneuf as Dr. Lloyd Cooper
Howland Chamberlin as Flanagan
Myron Healey as Patrolman Kennealy
Emil Meyer as Peckinpaugh
Mauri Leighton as Terry Angelus
Reception
Critical response
When the film was released, film critic Bosley Crowther, panned the drama, writing, "Not only is the story presumptuous and contrived, without any clarification of character or theme, but it is directed by Joseph Losey in a provokingly ostentatious style and it is played by a cast of professionals as though it were an exercise at dramatic school. Preston Foster is funereal as the father, Howard St. John is insolent as the man who beats him up. Philip Bourneuf is bleary as a bibulous professor and Joan Lorring is sugary as a benevolent girl. Apparently everybody was concerned with theatrical effects and forgot all about a story with point and intelligence." Similarly, Variety's review criticized the "muddled script" and disliked the low-key lighting and "obscure" scenes that would be evoked by later critics as hallmarks of film noir style.
Seen in the light of film noir, Losey's career, and reconsiderations of the political elements of older films, The Big Night has fared much better with critics. Richard Brody, writing in The New Yorker, refers to the film as "an obscure gem" that "displays the sort of scathing critique of American society that, at the time of its release, led to trouble," claiming that it "reveals the period’s rank ideological foundations—an undercurrent of ethnic and racial hatred and an entrenched mythology of masculinity that gives rise to secrets, lies, and violence. Losey’s nerve-jangling style matches the subject: his images’ crisscrossing and striated lines evoke George's unresolved tangle of conscience and identity."
References
External links
1951 films
1951 drama films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
Film noir
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Joseph Losey
Films scored by Lyn Murray
Films with screenplays by Ring Lardner Jr.
United Artists films
1950s American films |
Luisa Sello (born October 28, 1955) is an Italian classical flautist and teacher.
Biography
Luisa Sello was born in Udine. She completed the Doctor of Musical Arts degree in Italy and Paris where she studied flute as well as Contemporary and Baroque performance practice. She has studied in Paris with Raymond Guiot, at the Accademia Chigiana with Severino Gazzelloni, and at the Académie Internationale of Nice with Alain Marion. She has graduated also in Languages and in Modern Literature.
She spent a brief period of orchestral experience and collaboration with the orchestra of the Teatro alla Scala of Milan under the direction of Riccardo Muti. During her solo career she has played alongside artists such as Alirio Diaz, Bruno Canino, Trevor Pinnock, Philippe Entremont, the Pražák Quartet, Nuovo Quartetto Italiano, the Jess Trio Wien, and has been guest soloist with orchestras such as I Virtuosi Italiani, Concert Verein Wiener Symphoniker, Salzburger Kammerorchester, Slovak Philharmonic, Thailand Symphonic Orchestra, Greater Miami Symphony Orchestra and the Orchestra Milano Classica.
She has worked with numerous contemporary composers (Aldo Clementi, Franco Donatoni, Adriano Guarnieri, Francesco Pennisi, Primo Ramov, Josef Anton Riedl, Salvatore Sciarrino) performing their works for the first time. The Italian composer Valter Sivilotti has dedicated to Luisa Sello the composition "L'incantesimo della luna nuova" for flute and string orchestra.
In 2013 she has been nominated honorary Ambassador of Udine in the world, to represent Friulian culture in Italy and in the world.
Since 2008 she is President of the Association "Gli amici della musica di Udine", the ancient music society of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region founded in 1922.
She was professor of Flute at the Conservatory of Trieste "Giuseppe Tartini" from 1989 to 2020. She is visiting professor at University of Music in Vienna and Adjunct Professor at the New Bulgarian University of Music in Sofia.
Honours
Knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – December 2, 2022
Selected discography
Serenade for Ludwig, Ludwig van Beethoven, Flute Chamber Music, Bruno Canino piano, Myriam Dal Don violin, Giuseppe Mari viola. Dynamic 2020
All'Italiana! Belcanto for flute and piano, Verdi/Galli, Donizetti, Rossini/Tulou, Rossini/Cottignies, Bellini/Galli, Bruno Canino piano, Stradivarius 2019
Johann Sebastian Bach, Le Sonate concertanti for flute and piano, Bruno Canino piano, Stradivarius 2018
Sérénade à deux, Works for flute and guitar, Willy Burkhard, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Astor Piazzolla, Jacques Ibert, Francesco Molino,Franco Margola, Daniele Zanettovich, Ferdinando Carulli, Carla Minen guitar, Stradivarius 2016
The origin of song, Rossini, Sello, Donizetti, He, Verdi, Chaminade, Bellini, Beethoven, Bruno Canino (piano), Johannes Kropfitsch (piano), Beijing Hongcheng Millennium Culture & Art Co. 2012
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Integrale dei Concerti K.V. 313-314-315, Romolo Gessi conductor, Orchestra Milano Classica, Stradivarius 2007
Minus one "Fantasie d'opera", Verdi e Bellini, Johannes Jess Kropfitsch, piano, BMG Ricordi Milano Dischi 2005
Sonate, Hummel-Martinů-Franck, Johannes Jess Kropfitsch piano, RivoAlto 2000
Books and essays
2007 The personification of Krishna and Radha in Giacinto Scelsi's Music in 'The Goddess Awakened' (Ed. Forum, )
2005 Fantasie su arie di Verdi e Bellini, Introduzione e revisione di Luisa Sello, Raccolta di fantasie per flauto e pianoforte di differenti gradi di difficoltà per l'uso dei giovani flautisti, Ricordi publisher, Milano
1997 Fantasie brillanti per giovani allievi, Melodie favorite di Verdi, Bellini, Rossini, Donizetti, Introduzione e revisione di Luisa Sello, Raccolta di fantasie per flauto di differenti gradi di difficoltà per l’uso dei giovani flautisti, Ricordi publisher, Milano
References
External links
Discography (Discogs)
Living people
Italian flautists
Italian classical flautists
1955 births |
"A Leela of Her Own" is the sixteenth episode in the third season of the American animated television series Futurama, and the 48th episode of the series overall. The episode is an homage to A League of Their Own. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 7, 2002. Bob Uecker provided the voice of himself, Tom Kenny provided the voice of Abner Doubledeal, and Hank Aaron guest starred as himself and Hank Aaron XXIV.
Plot
A new pizza restaurant run by Cygnoids has moved in across the street from the Planet Express building. Leela convinces the others that they should go to greet their new neighbors. They find that the Cygnoids have much to learn about Earth customs. Fry tries to help them get adjusted, first by giving them advice on how not to make pizza (such as not using live bees as an ingredient, not crushing rats to make wine, and not letting their relatives live in the pizza oven when not in use) and then by suggesting that they learn how to play blernsball (the 30th century version of baseball as seen in "Fear of a Bot Planet").
The Planet Express staff and the Cygnoids form teams and go to a blernsball diamond in a nearby park. While playing blernsball with the Cygnoids, Leela's lack of depth perception causes her to injure opposing players by beaning them in the head. Gaining notice from Abner Doubledeal, the owner of the New New York Mets, who thinks that having a one-eyed woman repeatedly bean opposing players would be a good novelty act, she becomes the first female player to play professional blernsball. Leela sees herself as a pioneer for women in sports, but Jackie Anderson, a female star for a college blernsball team, tells her that Leela is an embarrassment who is making it harder for legitimate female athletes to be taken seriously. Leela is on the fast track to becoming the worst blernsball player ever and seeks help to prevent that by enlisting Hank Aaron XXIV, a distant relative of Hank Aaron, who is currently the worst blernsball player of all time. After taking his advice, she throws a strike and is delighted.
During the last game of the season, the Cygnoids sell their pizza in the stadium and their franchise is bought by Fishy Joe. With the Mets leading in the bottom of the ninth inning and two out, Leela pleads to be put in the game, explaining that she has been training with Hank Aaron. The manager gives in and Leela pitches to Jackie Anderson, who is making her professional debut. Leela throws two strikes, but on the third pitch Jackie hits a grand slam and wins the game.
Leela walks away, unhappy until Jackie tells her that she really was a role model after all, since she encouraged women to try harder than ever in order to prove that they were not as bad as her. Meanwhile, at the blernsball museum, Hank Aaron XXIV sadly leaves his post as the worst blernsball player ever (now occupied by a cardboard cutout of Leela), with the head of the original Hank Aaron consoling him by reminding him that he is still the worst football player ever.
Broadcast and reception
In its initial airing, the episode received a Nielsen rating of 3.0/9, placing it 89th among primetime shows for the week of April 1–7, 2002. Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B+.
References
External links
A Leela of Her Own at The Infosphere.
Futurama (season 3) episodes
2002 American television episodes
New York Mets |
Adele Hofmann (1926 – 2001) was an American pediatrician. She was a leader in the field of adolescent medicine, co-authoring the field’s authoritative textbook and co-founding two of its leading professional organizations.
Early life and education
Hofmann was born Adele Dellenbaugh in 1926 in Boston, Massachusetts. She was the granddaughter of Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh, an artist, writer and explorer. She attended Smith College, graduating in 1948, then University of Rochester Medical School, earning her MD in 1952.
Career
Hofmann spent the first 30 years of her career in New York. She pursued her medical training at Babies Hospital of Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, and then was a National Foundation Fellow in Endocrinology at Presbyterian Hospital. She next worked at Beth Israel Hospital in New York from 1963 to 1970, becoming associate director of the teenage service. She went on to head the pediatric and adolescent medicine programs at New York University, Bellevue Hospital, and St. Luke's Hospital. Later, after moving to California, she worked at Children's Hospital of Orange County (1984 to 1990, as Medical Director of Ambulatory Pediatrics) and the University of California at Irvine (1990 to 1995, as Director of Adolescent Medicine).
Hofmann was a founder of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, serving as its president in 1976-77. The following year she founded the Section on Adolescent Health in the American Academy of Pediatrics. Bringing together knowledge of endocrinology, pediatrics, psychology and general medicine, she led a movement to redefine adolescent medicine as a pediatric specialty.
In 1981, the Society for Adolescent Medicine awarded her its Outstanding Achievement in Adolescent Medicine Award. In 1988 the American Academy of Pediatrics awarded her its Outstanding Achievement Award in Adolescent Health.
Hofmann published widely. She wrote articles on minors' legal rights, adolescent behavior and sexuality, and young people with special risks. Her books included The Hospitalized Adolescent (1976), with a foreword from Anna Freud; this won an award from the American Nurses Association. In 1984 she published Consent and Confidentiality in Child and Adolescent Care and 1986, with Donald Graydanus, Hofmann published the definitive textbook for her field, Adolescent Medicine. It won an award from the American College of Internal Medicine the following year and as of 2001 remained in print at McGraw Hill.
Personal life
She married Frederick G. Hofmann and they had two children: Peter Hofmann and Annie Gardiner. (She and Frederick subsequently divorced.)
Hofmann died of congestive heart failure on June 15, 2001, in a hospital in Newport Beach, California, near her home in Laguna Beach. She was 74.
Legacy
The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine offers an annual visiting professorship award named for Hofmann. The American Academy of Pediatrics' Section on Adolescent Health also gives an award named for her.
References
1926 births
2001 deaths
American pediatricians
Smith College alumni
University of Rochester alumni |
Kızılahmet is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Hınıs, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 294 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Hınıs District |
The Hanover Square Rooms or the Queen's Concert Rooms were assembly rooms established, principally for musical performances, on the corner of Hanover Square, London, England, by Sir John Gallini in partnership with Johann Christian Bach and Carl Friedrich Abel in 1774. For exactly one century this was the principal concert venue in London. The premises were demolished in 1900.
History of the Rooms
The site had previously been occupied by a mill, hence its previous name Mill Field and that of the currently adjoining Mill Street. Originally the property of Earl of Plymouth, leased out to Lord Dillon, in June 1774 it was sold for £5,000 to Viscount Wenman, who on the same day conveyed it to Gallini, Bach and Abel. Gallini owned half the freehold and each of the other two a quarter. On the site formerly occupied by a garden and office, they constructed, as extensions to the house, assembly rooms for concerts and public meetings. The main room on the first floor measured by , with a height of between 22 and : its vaulted ceilings had paintings by the decorative painter Giovanni Battista Cipriani; and Thomas Gainsborough, a friend of Bach and Abel, was commissioned to produce the transparent paintings on glass for the Rooms. In addition there was a small room off the North side of the main room and a larger room on the ground floor beneath it.
The concert hall there, where concerts started under Bach in February 1775, became one of the principal musical venues in London. For these concerts the convention was that "The Ladies' tickets are Black, and the Gentlemen's Red." An entry from April 1776 in the diary of Edward Piggot gives the following description of a concert:
In November 1776 Gallini bought out the shares of his partners to become the sole owner of the freehold. Bach and Abel, continuing the tradition of subscription concerts they had started together in 1763, carried on organising festinos in the Rooms until 1783, when Gallini's father-in-law Lord Abingdon withdrew his financial support. Until his imprisonment in 1795 for libellous statements concerning a "pettifogging lawyer" who had allegedly cheated him, Lord Abingdon switched his allegiance to the rival orchestra in the Pantheon. From 1783 to 1793 programming was arranged by the violinist Wilhelm Cramer who led the group "The Professional Concerts", advertised as founded by "eminent professors of music, many years resident in London." The Rooms enjoyed royal patronage from 1785 to 1793, with George III and Queen Charlotte frequent concert-goers. The King even had a room set aside as the "Queen's Tea Room," to which he donated a large gilt mirror for the mantelpiece. In 1776 parallel series of concerts was started in the Rooms by the violinist and impresario Johann Peter Salomon. The Rooms were used by the Concert of Ancient Music from 1804 onwards; for the annual benefit performance of Handel's Messiah for the Royal Society of Musicians from 1785 to 1848; from 1833 onwards by the Philharmonic Society, established in 1813 under patronage of the Prince Regent; and, from 1848 until its dissolution in 1861, by the Amateur Musical Society, a choral society founded by Henry David Leslie in 1847. The estrangement in 1813 between the Prince Regent and Beau Brummell is reported to have taken place at a fancy dress ball in these Rooms, where Brummell, on not being recognized by the Prince, asked one of his companions in a stage whisper, "Alvanley, who's your fat friend?"
Over the years the Hanover Square Rooms were visited by many leading musicians and performers including Joseph Haydn (1791–1794), Johann Nepomuk Hummel (performances of Haydn piano sonata, 1791, and Mozart piano concerto, 1792) Harriet Wainwright (whose opera Comala premiered in 1792) Felix Mendelssohn (1842, first performance of Scottish Symphony), Niccolò Paganini (performing to empty benches, to his chagrin, 1834), Franz Liszt (1840), Anton Rubinstein (1842), Joseph Joachim (performing the Beethoven violin concerto at the age of twelve under Mendelssohn's baton, 1844), Hector Berlioz (1848 and 1853), Clara Schumann (1856) and Jenny Lind (the "Swedish nightingale", performing with her husband the pianist Otto Goldschmidt, 1856). The concerts of Haydn, organised through lengthy negotiations with Salomon, featured the first nine of his so-called London symphonies, Nos. 93–101. In a diary entry from 1791, Charles Burney records:
In 1856, after the fourth concert in which she had participated—programmed for five hours with organ arrangements of her husband Robert Schumann's music during the interval—Clara Schumann wrote, "This was really the ne plus ultra of a bad concert. I felt ashamed of myself among all this dreadful stuff." On the arrangement for organ of Schumann's piano duet Geburtstagmarsch from his 12 Klavierstücke, Op. 85, she wrote that it "was one of those incomprehensible things that could happen nowhere but in England."
The Hanover Square Rooms were also used for some of the first performances in England of J. S. Bach's instrumental and choral music during the English Bach revival. In the first two decades of the nineteenth century, Samuel Wesley performed his violin sonatas with Salamon and arrangements of his organ music for two players with Vincent Novello, sometimes with orchestral accompaniment; Mendelssohn performed a prelude and fugue on the organ in 1840 in a concert arranged by Prince Albert; and in 1854 William Sterndale Bennett, one of the founding members of the Bach Society five years previously, conducted the first English performance of the St. Matthew Passion.
Benefit balls for the Royal Academy of Music were held regularly in the Rooms and attended by the Royal Family. After the 1835 ball, Benjamin Disraeli wrote to his sister:
The Rooms were used for many different purposes apart from music and balls, including public meetings ranging from lectures on the Church of England to displays of crewel embroidery. There were also medical talks, including, on 1 March 1842, a lecture by the Scottish surgeon James Braid who gave one of the first public demonstrations of what he called neuro-hypnotism or "nervous sleep" by sending 18 members of the audience simultaneously into a trance.
In 1848, with both of Gallini's nieces no longer alive, the Rooms were acquired by the music publisher Robert Cocks. Hector Berlioz narrated a performing visit he made in 1853:
From 1862 onwards, having been completely refurbished, the concert-hall was used by the Royal Academy of Music. The Rooms were used from 1868 to 1874 for meetings of the women's suffrage movement: in 1868, Emily Faithfull lectured on "The Claim of Woman"; in 1870 the second meeting of the recently formed London National Society for Women's Suffrage was held in the Rooms, presided over by Clementia Taylor (wife of the MP Peter Alfred Taylor) and addressed by Helen Taylor, Harriet Grote (wife of George Grote) and Millicent Fawcett; in 1873 a similar public meeting was addressed by Lady Anna Eliza Mary Gore-Langton (wife of the MP William Gore-Langton), and Eliza Sturge (niece of Joseph Sturge).
The last concert of the Royal Academy took place in 1874. The following year the property was sold and became the premises of the Hanover Square Club, which had already been holding committee meetings there since ownership passed to Cocks. The buildings were demolished in 1900.
Gallery
Notes
References
, Account with contemporary newspaper reports of attempts to persuade Haydn to visit London
External links
Hanover Square and neighbourhood, British History Online, containing a detailed history of the Hanover Square Rooms taken from
Gallini family website with details of the activities of Giovanni Gallini
Berlioz in London, account of concerts in Hanover Square Rooms in 1848 and 1853
Haydn, Part 2 of J. Cuthbert Hadden's 1902 biography
Tate papers on Thomas Gainsborough, Tate Gallery
Glass transparency showbox of Thomas Gainsborough, Victoria and Albert Museum
High art in hairdressing Report in the New York Times on a hairdressers' exhibition in Hanover Square Rooms, 1874.
1774 establishments in England
1875 disestablishments in England
Assembly rooms
Dance venues in England
Former concert halls in London
Former buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Joseph Haydn
Demolished buildings and structures in London
Buildings and structures demolished in 1900 |
The 2022 season was the Indianapolis Colts' 70th in the National Football League (NFL), their 39th in Indianapolis, their sixth under the leadership of general manager Chris Ballard and their fifth and final season under head coach Frank Reich.
In the offseason, the Colts acquired former MVP quarterback Matt Ryan in exchange for a third round pick.
After a 3–5–1 start, head coach Reich was fired from the team with former Colts offensive lineman Jeff Saturday being named the interim head coach. Saturday won his first game with the Colts against the Raiders, but did not win any more games, as the team finished the season on a 7–game losing streak. On December 17, The Colts were defeated by the Minnesota Vikings in a game that was notable for being the biggest blown lead in NFL history, as the Colts squandered a 33–0 halftime lead to lose 39–36 in overtime. This loss, coupled with the Jacksonville Jaguars win over the New York Jets the following Thursday, eliminated the Colts from playoff contention.
Draft
Draft trades
Staff
Final roster
Preseason
The Colts' preseason opponents and schedule were announced in the spring.
Regular season
Schedule
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Game summaries
Week 1: at Houston Texans
This was the Colts first tie game since the 1982 season when they were based in Baltimore.
Because the Browns won their season opener for the first time since 2004, coupled with this game, the Colts now hold the NFL's longest active season opener winless streak, not having won a season opener since 2013.
Week 2: at Jacksonville Jaguars
The Colts failed to capitalize on offense, and were shutout for the first time since week 13 of the 2018 season, which was also against the Jaguars. This was also their eighth consecutive loss in Jacksonville.
Week 3: vs. Kansas City Chiefs
Week 4: vs. Tennessee Titans
Week 5: at Denver Broncos
There was a pitiful 0 touchdowns from either side and Russell Wilson and Matt Ryan struggled throughout the game. Stephon Gilmore helped win with an interception in the endzone and a mishap by Russell Wilson that he threw to Courtland Sutton while he was covered by Gilmore and ended up being incomplete on 4th down, missing a wide open K.J. Hamler. With the win, the Colts improved to 2-2-1.
Week 6: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars
Week 7: at Tennessee Titans
Week 8: vs. Washington Commanders
Week 9: at New England Patriots
After the game, head coach Frank Reich was fired after a 3-5-1 start, and was replaced by former Colts center Jeff Saturday who had zero coaching experience.
Week 10: at Las Vegas Raiders
Week 11: vs. Philadelphia Eagles
Week 12: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers
Week 13: at Dallas Cowboys
Week 15: at Minnesota Vikings
The Colts blew a 33-0 lead and ending up losing in overtime. After the game, Jeff Saturday benched Matt Ryan in favor of Nick Foles for next week's game.
Week 16: vs. Los Angeles Chargers
The Colts were eliminated after the loss.
Week 17: at New York Giants
Week 18: vs. Houston Texans
Standings
Division
Conference
References
External links
Indianapolis
Indianapolis Colts seasons
Indianapolis Colts |
TX Piscium (19 Piscium) is a variable red giant star in the constellation Pisces. It is amongst the reddest naked eye stars, with a significant reddish hue when seen in binoculars. It is approximately 800 light years from Earth.
Spectrum
TX Piscium is a very red star, 2.6 magnitudes fainter at blue wavelengths than in the middle of the visual range, and another 3.3 magnitudes fainter in the ultraviolet.
It has been given a spectral class C7,2, indicating a relatively cool carbon star with only modest C2 band strength. It has alternately been classified as C-N5 C24, suggesting a warmer star with stronger C2 bands. Spectral features have been observed to vary.
Variability
The apparent magnitude of TX Piscium varies between +4.9 and +5.5 and it is classified as a slow irregular variable. Photometry has shown some periodicity in the brightness of 224 days, and some spectral variation over 450 days, suggesting the star is not entirely irregular.
The star apparently lies on the period-luminosity relation corresponding to fundamental mode pulsations, unusual for a low-amplitude semi-regular or irregular variable which usually pulsate in an overtone. The angular diameter has been measured at around 10 mas, although this varies depending on the observed wavelength and the atmosphere appears to be highly asymmetric. There may be one or more "blobs" of ejected material near the star. Some observations show the angular diameter to change in synchrony with the visual brightness.
Properties
TX Piscium is a thermally-pulsing asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) red giant star, which means that it is alternately fusing helium in a shell around its core and fusing hydrogen in a shell closer to its surface. Stars on the TP-AGB are generally unstable, with high mass loss and pulsations.
The periodic flashes of the helium shell in a red giant star are known as thermal pulses and cause the hydrogen shell to be extinguished. This creates strong convection and the third dredge-up (TDU) which brings helium fusion products such as carbon to the surface. After several TDUs, the abundance of carbon in the atmosphere begins to exceed that of oxygen and then the star is known as a carbon star. In TX Piscium, the carbon/oxygen ratio is calculated to be 1.03, which is at the low end of the scale of carbon stars. It is thought to be a relatively new carbon-rich red giant star.
TX Piscium has a mass of approximately . Modelling of its observed properties suggest a mass between , while evolutionary models suggest a mass between . In particular, stars with a mass below are not expected to become carbon stars.
The temperature of TX Piscium is thought to vary between 3,080 K at minimum visual brightness and 3,170 K at visual maximum. Similarly, its luminosity varies between . Many of its physical properties are uncertain due to uncertainty in its distance. The Hipparcos parallax corresponds to a distance of 275 parsecs, but other estimates give distances as high as 315 parsecs.
References
Pisces (constellation)
Slow irregular variables
Piscium, 019
Carbon stars
Asymptotic-giant-branch stars
Piscium, TX
Durchmusterung objects
117245
9004
223075 |
Juicio Final (2000) (Spanish for "Final Judgment") was a professional wrestling Pay-Per-View (PPV) show event produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) that took place on March 17, 2000 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The show was produced with the tag line, Homenaje a Dos Leyendas: El Santo y Salvador Lutteroth (Spanish for "Homage to Two Legends: El Santo and Salvador Lutteroth") to honor and remember CMLL founder Salvador Lutteroth and El Santo, the most famous Mexican wrestler ever. This was the tenth time that CMLL used the name "Jucio Final" for one of their major shows.
The show featured six matches in total with the main event of the show being a Lucha de Apuestas, mask vs. mask match between Villano III and Atlantis in a match that has been called "The biggest Apuesta match of the decade". The match was voted the 2000 Match of the Year in the Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards. The show featured four additional matches, including two Six-man "Lucha Libre rules" tag team matches, a singles match and a 16-man Torneo cibernetico elimination match.
Production
Background
Since 1996 the Mexican wrestling company Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (Spanish for "World Wrestling Council"; CMLL) has held a show in March each year to commemorate the passing of CMLL founder Salvador Lutteroth who died in March 1987. For the first three years the show paid homage to Lutteroth himself, from 1999 through 2004 the show paid homage to Lutteroth and El Santo, Mexico's most famous wrestler ever and from 2005 forward the show has paid homage to Lutteroth and a different leyenda ("Legend") each year, celebrating the career and accomplishments of past CMLL stars. Originally billed as Homenaje a Salvador Lutteroth, it has been held under the Homenaje a Dos Leyendas ("Homage to two legends") since 1999 and is the only show outside of CMLL's Anniversary shows that CMLL has presented every year since its inception. All Homenaje a Dos Leyendas shows have been held in Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico which is CMLL's main venue, its "home". Traditionally CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, which means the Homenaje a Dos Leyendas shows replace their regularly scheduled Super Viernes show. The 2000 show was the fifth overall Homenaje a Dos Leyendas show. The show was also billed as Jucio Final ("Final Judgement"), an event name or tag line that CMLL has used intermittently since the mid-1950s. It is no longer an annually recurring show, but instead held intermittently sometimes several years apart and not always in the same month of the year either. All Juicio Final shows have been held in Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico which is CMLL's main venue, its "home".
Storylines
The JuicioFinal show featured six professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.
Results
Torneo Generación XXI order of elimination
References
2000 in professional wrestling
2000
CMLL Juicio Final
2000s in Mexico City
2000 in Mexico
March 2000 events in Mexico |
Seghe Airport is an airport on Seghe in the Solomon Islands .
The Segi Point area was secured by the 4th Marine Raider Battalion on 30 June 1943 in the opening phase of the New Georgia Campaign. The 47th Naval Construction Battalion (Seabees) landed with the Marines and immediately began construction of a fighter airstrip. Bad weather and poor soil conditions delayed construction, but by 18 July a coral-surfaced by runway was ready for use. By the end of July taxiways and revetments had been completed. In August the runway was widened to and two gas tanks had been constructed and by September 52 hardstands had been completed.
The field was then used as a fighter strip to support the Rendova and Munda Point Landings.
USAAF units based at Segi Point included:
44th Pursuit Squadron operating P-40s
US Navy units based at Segi Point included:
VB-305 operating SBDs
VF-33 operating F6Fs
VF-38 operating F6Fs
VF-40 operating F6Fs
Airlines and destinations
References
External links
Solomon Airlines Routes
Airports in the Solomon Islands |
Magnus Isaksson (born January 16, 1987 in Piteå, Sweden) is a professional Swedish ice hockey player. He is currently playing for IF Björklöven in HockeyAllsvenskan.
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Swedish ice hockey centres
Luleå HF players
Sportspeople from Piteå
Ice hockey people from Norrbotten County |
Diego Fernández de Córdoba may refer to:
(1355–1435), lord of Baena
(died 1481), counsellor of King Henry IV of Castile
(died 1487), counsellor of King Henry IV of Castile
Diego Fernández de Córdoba y Arellano, marqués de Comares (1463–1518), Governor of Oran and Mazalquivir and first Viceroy of Navarre
Diego Fernández de Córdoba y Mendoza, 3rd Count of Cabra, (fl. 1487–1525)
Diego Fernández de Córdoba, 1st Marquess of Guadalcázar (1578–1630) |
In mathematics, the Natural transform is an integral transform similar to the Laplace transform and Sumudu transform, introduced by Zafar Hayat Khan in 2008. It converges to both Laplace and Sumudu transform just by changing variables. Given the convergence to the Laplace and Sumudu transforms, the N-transform inherits all the applied aspects of the both transforms. Most recently, F. B. M. Belgacem has renamed it the natural transform and has proposed a detail theory and applications.
Formal definition
The natural transform of a function f(t), defined for all real numbers t ≥ 0, is the function R(u, s), defined by:
Khan showed that the above integral converges to Laplace transform when u = 1, and into Sumudu transform for s = 1.
See also
References
Integral transforms |
John Hanna (September 3, 1827 – October 24, 1882) was a United States Representative (1877 to 1879) and United States Attorney (1861 to 1866) from Indiana.
Early years
John Hanna was born on September 3, 1827, near Indianapolis. He pursued classical studies and graduated from the Indiana Asbury University (now DePauw University) in 1850. He studied law, was admitted to the bar.
Career
Hanna commenced practice in Greencastle. He was mayor of Greencastle from 1851 to 1854.
Bleeding Kansas
He moved to Kansas in 1857 and in December of that year was elected to its Territorial legislature. He served from 1857 to 1858. In 1858, as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, he introduced and secured passage (over the Governor's veto) of an act that repealed the 1855 law "To punish offenses against slave property", effectively making expansion of slavery in Kansas impossible. He returned to Indiana in 1858.
U.S. Attorney
In 1860, he was an Indiana elector for Abraham Lincoln. He was appointed United States Attorney for Indiana by President Lincoln in 1861. Active in pursuing disloyalty claims against Southern sympathizers, he appeared for the United States in Ex Parte Milligan prior to the appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court. Reappointed by President Andrew Johnson in 1865, he was removed by him in 1866 after he publicly denounced the president at a meeting in Indianapolis. He then retired to private law practice in partnership with civil war general Frederick Knefler.
Congressman
He was elected as a Republican to the 45th Congress in 1876, defeating the Democratic incumbent 19,534 to 18,236, as the Greenback party candidate polled 1,595 votes. He held office from March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1879, having been defeated in his bid for reelection in 1878 by Gilbert De La Matyr, who had been nominated by both the Democratic and Greenback parties, 18,727 to 17,881.
Personal life
Hanna died on October 24, 1882, in Plainfield, Indiana. He was interred at Forest Hill Cemetery in Greencastle.
References
John Hanna, in The History of Hendricks County(Chicalgo. Interstate Publishing. 1885) pp. 619–622
1827 births
1882 deaths
Politicians from Indianapolis
Mayors of places in Indiana
United States Attorneys for the District of Indiana
DePauw University alumni
People from Greencastle, Indiana
19th-century American legislators
Kansas Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana |
"There's a Brand New World" is the name of a 1988 single by the British pop group Five Star. Peaking at #61, it was the band's first single since 1985 not to make the UK Top 40. The track was taken from the band's fourth album, Rock the World.
Track listings
7" single:
There's A Brand New World (7" single remix)
U
12" single:
There's A Brand New World (12" version)
Rescue Me (Instrumental version – though not listed as such)
U
CD single:
There's A Brand New World (7" single remix)
Stay Out of My Life (12" version)
There's A Brand New World (12" version)
U
All tracks available on the remastered versions of either the 2012 'Rock The World' album, the 2013 'The Remix Anthology (The Remixes 1984–1991)' or the 2018 'Luxury – The Definitive Anthology 1984-1991' boxset.
Five Star songs
1988 singles
Songs written by Denise Pearson
1988 songs
RCA Records singles |
Costa is a barrio in the municipality of Lajas, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,628.
History
Costa was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the combined population of Costa and Parguera barrios was 1,256.
See also
List of communities in Puerto Rico
References
Barrios of Lajas, Puerto Rico |
The United States of America is a 1975 film by James Benning and Bette Gordon.
Summary
A conceptual bicentennial film dealing with spatial and temporal spaces about two travelers in their car alongside the relationships to changes in America (political, social and geographical) from New York to Los Angeles.
Legacy
The Criterion Channel describes it as "one of the major works of the structuralist film movement of the 1970s".
A remake of the film, also directed by Benning, premiered in 2022.
See also
United States Bicentennial
Road movie
References
External links
The United States of America on MUBI
1970s avant-garde and experimental films
1975 films
Films directed by James Benning
1970s American films
Films directed by Bette Gordon |
Stingray Naturescape is a Canadian-based specialty television channel owned by Stingray Group. The channel primarily broadcasts a rotation of various nature scenery videos with accompanying audio from the nature scene pictured with sometimes non-verbal music added to create a "soothing" atmosphere. During the Christmas and holiday season, the channel will broadcast videos of a crackling fireplace during portions of the day, primarily evening, night, and early morning hours. The channel will also broadcast the fireplace, without music, every day of the year from 6:00pm-11:00pm.
The channel broadcasts in both high definition and 4K resolution (ultra-high-definition television).
History
On February 20, 2013, Stingray Digital was granted approval from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch The Seasonal Channel, described as "a national, niche, no spoken word specialty Category B service featuring still pictures and moving video of nature scenes with appropriate music that would change based upon the season to create a soothing video environment."
The channel later launched in September 2014 as Stingray Ambiance on Vidéotron in high-definition only.
In September 2015, the channel launched a second 4K UHD feed under the Stingray Ambiance 4K moniker initially on Vidéotron, marking the first 4K television channel in the Stingray portfolio.
Since the channel's original launch in Canada, it has since been launched in multiple countries spanning several continents including Germany, Mexico, Portugal, and Indonesia, among others.
In early 2020, while maintaining the same programming concept, the channel was renamed Stingray Naturescape.
References
External links
Stingray Naturescape
Stingray Group
Commercial-free television networks
Music video networks in Canada
Television channels and stations established in 2014
Digital cable television networks in Canada |
Musellifer is a genus of gastrotrichs belonging to the family Muselliferidae.
The species of this genus are found in Northern America.
Species:
Musellifer delamarei
Musellifer profundus
Musellifer reichardti
Musellifer sublitoralis
Musellifer tridentatus
References
Gastrotricha |
Gianmaria Volpato (born 25 August 2002) known professionally as Gianmaria (stylized as gIANMARIA) is an Italian singer-songwriter and rapper.
Biography
Volpato was born in Vicenza. He showed an immediate interest in music at the age of 13. During his early musical studies, he alternated his studies by working at a local pizzeria.
In 2021, he took part in the fifteenth edition of the Italian talent show X Factor, under the guidance of mentor Emma Marrone, finishing in second place behind Baltimora. In conjunction with the talent show, he presented his debut single "I suicidi", previously performed during the auditions, written by himself in collaboration with Nicolas "Bais" Biasin.
After the talent show, Gianmaria obtained a recording contract with the label Epic Records, with whom released the singles "Tutto o niente 2" and "Mamma scusa". These tracks anticipated the release of the debut EP entitled "Fallirò", which was released on 14 January 2022. The EP debuts at position 25 on the Classifica FIMI Artisti, and is being promoted through the Fallirò Tour 2022.
In November 2022, Gianmaria was one of 12 acts selected to compete in , a televised competition aimed at selecting six newcomers as contestants of the 73rd Sanremo Music Festival. Gianmaria placed first during the show, with his entry "La città che odi", by rightfully accessing the festival in the category. "Mostro" was later announced as his entry for the Sanremo Music Festival 2023.
Discography
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Television
X Factor (Sky Uno, 2021) Contestant - Runner-up
Sanremo Giovani 2022 (Rai 1, 2022) Contestant - Winner
Tournées
2022 – Fallirò Tour 2022
References
Italian pop musicians
Italian male singer-songwriters
Italian singer-songwriters
Italian rappers
2002 births
Living people
People from Vicenza |
The Avataq Cultural Institute is Nunavik's official organization for the preservation and promotion of the Inuktitut language and Inuit culture. Avataq has departments that deal with ethnography and art, as well as a library, archive and language programs.
History
Avataq receives its mandate from the biennial Inuit Elders Conference. The Institute was formed at the first Inuit Elders Conference with the goal of protecting Inuit culture. It began operating on November 1, 1980. Its head office is in Inukjuak and it also operates an office in Montreal, Quebec.
In 1984 Avataq supported a place-name survey of elders in 12 Inuit communities in the Quebec Arctic.
Activities
In 2018 Avataq worked with Dartmouth College to return bones that had been excavated from Inuit gravesites in 1967 by one of the college's anthropologists.
The Institute formed an alliance with the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in 2018 to promote Inuit art and culture.
References
Inuit art
Inuit culture
Inuit languages
Inuit groups |
The Francisco Hernández expedition () is considered to be the first scientific expedition to the New World, led by Francisco Hernández de Toledo, a naturalist and physician of the Court of King Philip II, who was highly regarded in Spain because of his works on herbal medicine.
Among some of the most important achievements of the expedition were the discovery and subsequent introduction in Europe of a number of new plants that did not exist in the Old World, but that quickly gained acceptance and become very popular among European consumers, such as pineapples, cocoa, corn, and many others.
Expedition
In 1570 Hernández was appointed Archiater physician for the New World and commended by the King to embark on a scientific expedition to study the region's medicinal plants. Hernandez set sail for the New World in August 1571, taking along his son, and landed in February 1572 in Veracruz. For three years he toured Mexico and Central America together with a geographer, painters, botanists and native doctors, collecting and classifying botanical specimens. He also studied the culture and medical achievements of the native Nahua peoples, taking notes and preparing numerous illustrations assisted by three indigenous painters who had been baptized as Antón, Baltazar Elías and Pedro Vázquez.
Among the plants the expedition encountered and described were pineapples, cocoa (known by the locals as Cacahuatl), corn, Guaiacum officinale, Smilax regelii, Strychnos nux-vomica (known by the locals as Mahuatl Quauhtlepatli), sweet granadilla, passionfruit, and several plants with hallucinogenic properties used in rituals such as peyote, maguey, and Datura or devil's weed.
From March 1574 until his return to Spain in 1577, Hernandez lived in Mexico, where he carried out medical tests using the plants he had gathered, put together a large botanical collection, and studied local medicinal practices and archeological sites.The result was an impressive work, composed of 24 books on plants, one about the fauna, one on minerals, and ten volumes of paintings and illustrations that were brought to Spain to be published. José de Acosta calculated that the total cost of the expedition represented about 60,000 ducats, an enormous sum at the time.
During the 1576 outbreak of the epidemic known as cocoliztli, Nahuatl for "pest", during the colonial-period population decline of the Aztecs, Hernández performed autopsies in the Hospital Real de San José de los Naturales in collaboration with surgeon Alonso López de Hinojosos and physician Juan de la Fuente. Hernandez described the gruesome symptoms with clinical accuracy. These included high fever, severe headache, vertigo, black tongue, dark urine, dysentery, severe abdominal and thoracic pain, large nodules behind the ears that often invaded the neck and face, acute neurologic disorders, and profuse bleeding from the nose, eyes, and mouth, with death frequently occurring in 3 to 4 days.
Publications
Hernández returned to Spain in 1577 carrying with him a large number of seeds and live plants. He prepared a brief introduction that was printed, but died before he could see his complete work published. All the material had been preserved at the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo del Escorial, where a large part of his original manuscript was lost in a fire almost a century later. Because Hernández's work included numerous descriptions of unknown plants and names that appeared incomprehensible, King Philip II appointed Nardo Antonio Recchi, Archiater physician of Napoles, to prepare a compilation of the texts for publication. Recchi grouped all descriptions of plants into eight groups according to their common morphology and differentiated those plants that were believed to be useful to cure what was then known in Spain as "The French Disease" that had infected millions in Europe. However, after Recchi died his work remained unpublished and was ultimately purchased by Federico Angelo Cesi, an Italian scientist, naturalist, and founder of the Accademia dei Lincei.
The compilation was finally published in Mexico in 1615 as Quatro libros de la Naturaleza, y virtudes de las plantas y animales que están reunidos en el uso de Medicina en la Nueva España, y el Método, y corrección, y preparación, que para administrallas se requiere con lo que el Doctor Francisco Hernández escribió en lengua latina by the Dominican priest Francisco Ximénez, who had managed to obtain a copy of the Latin manuscript prepared by Recchi.
Federico Cesi published a heavily redacted a compendium of Recchi's Latin version in Rome on 1628, titled Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus, with notes and additions by Johann Schreck, Fabio Colonna, Johann Schmidt, and Cesi himself. After Cesi's death another edition was published in 1648 by Johannes Schreck and Fabio Colonna as Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium mexicanorum historia a Francisco Hernández in indis primum compilata, de inde a Nardo Antonio Reccho in volumen digesta.
Another compilation by physician Casimiro Gómez Ortega, based on additional material found in the Colegio Imperial de los Jesuitas de Madrid was published in 1790 under the name Francisci Hernandi, medici atque historici Philippi II, hispan et indiar. Regis, et totius novi orbis archiatri. Opera, cum edita, tum medita, ad autobiographi fidem et jusu regio. The finding of the material greatly helped convince King Charles III of Spain, to authorize a major botanical expedition that was to be known as the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain led by Martín Sessé y Lacasta.
His works were also translated to English in 2000 under the title The Mexican Treasury: The Writings of Dr. Francisco Hernández, accompanied by Searching for the Secrets of Nature: The Life and Works of Dr. Francisco Hernández that contains information about the life and works of Hernández.
Sources
Alfredo de Micheli-Serra. Médicos y medicina en la Nueva España del Siglo XVI. Gaceta Médica de México. May/June 2001, vol.137, no.3 (accessed 16 November 2005 available on the World Wide Web). ISSN 0016-3813
Fundació Catalunya-Amèrica Sant Jeroni de la Murtra revista RE (Edición castellano), "El preguntador" Época 5. número 45. pp. 57–60. julio de 1999 Accessed November 16, 2005.
References
External links
Colonial Mexico
Expeditions from Spain
North American expeditions
1570 in New Spain
1571 in New Spain
1572 in New Spain
1573 in New Spain
1574 in New Spain
1575 in New Spain
1576 in New Spain
1577 in New Spain
1570s in Mexico
1570s in New Spain
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery |
Baron Walpole of Walpole in the County of Norfolk is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain.
Since 1797 holders also hold the title of Baron Walpole of Wolterton. Past holders have also held the titles Baron Walpole of Houghton in the County of Norfolk, Viscount Walpole and Earl of Orford (second creation; 1742 to 1797), and Earl of Orford (third creation; 1806 to 1931). One holder held the title of Baron Clinton from 1781 to 1791.
History
Grants
The title of Baron Walpole of Walpole in the County of Norfolk was created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1723 for Robert Walpole, in honour of and during the lifetime of his father Sir Robert Walpole, the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain, with special remainder, failing male issue, to his brothers Edward and Horace, in default of this to the heirs male of his father, and in default of this to the heirs male of his grandfather Sir Thomas Walpole.
On Sir Robert's retirement from the House of Commons in 1742, he received the titles Baron Walpole of Houghton in the County of Norfolk, Viscount Walpole and Earl of Orford, with the standard remainder.
The title of Baron Walpole of Wolterton in the County of Norfolk was created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1756 for Horatio Walpole, envoy to Paris and later The Hague, and younger brother of Sir Robert.
Early holders
When Sir Robert, the 1st Earl of Orford, died in 1745, he was succeeded by his eldest son, the aforementioned Robert, Lord Walpole of Walpole, who thus became the 2nd Earl of Orford. He had married Devonshire heiress Margaret Rolle in 1724. In 1751, she, by survival, became one of the co-heirs to the ancient Clinton barony, which was in abeyance. That abeyance was terminated in her favour in 1760, and she became the 15th Baroness Clinton.
The 2nd Earl of Orford was succeeded by his eldest son, the 3rd Earl. He notably served as Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk from 1757 to 1797. In 1781 he also succeeded his mother as 16th Baron Clinton. Lord Orford never married and on his death the barony of Clinton became dormant (see the Baron Clinton article for later history of this peerage), while the other titles were inherited by his uncle, the 4th Earl, at birth known as Horace Walpole, who was a politician and early expounder of the Neo-Gothic in architecture and the Gothic novel. He never married either and so on his death in 1797, three of his titles of different ranks became extinct, while he was succeeded as Baron Walpole of Walpole according to the special remainder by his cousin Horatio Walpole (known as the younger), who had already inherited his own father's title, Baron Walpole of Wolterton.
Horatio Walpole the Younger
As said, Horatio Walpole (the Younger) succeeded his father as Baron Walpole of Wolterton in 1757 and eventually as Baron Walpole of Walpole in 1797. He had earlier represented King's Lynn in Parliament. In favour with those in power, in 1806 the earldom of Orford was recreated for him.
Later holders
Horatio the younger's son sat as Member of Parliament for Wigan and King's Lynn before coming into his earldom. His grandson, the 4th Earl, briefly represented Wigan in the House of Commons.
The baronies of Walpole of Walpole and Walpole of Wolterton were inherited by the late 5th Earl's distant cousin, who was a male-line descendant of the Hon. Thomas Walpole, second son of the 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton. , the two remaining peerages are held by the 9th/7th Baron's grandson, the 11th/9th Baron Walpole. The 10/8th Baron was one of the ninety hereditary peers who remained in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act of 1999, and sat as a cross-bencher, until his retirement on 13 June 2017.
The family seat is Mannington Hall, near Itteringham, Norfolk.
Barons Walpole of Walpole (1723)
Robert Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Walpole (1701–1751) (succeeded as 2nd Earl of Orford in 1745)
Earls of Orford, Viscounts Walpole, Barons Walpole of Houghton (1742)
Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, 1st Viscount Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Houghton (1676–1745)
Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford, 2nd Viscount Walpole, 2nd Baron Walpole of Houghton, 1st Baron Walpole of Walpole (1701–1751)
George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford, 3rd Viscount Walpole, 3rd Baron Walpole of Houghton, 2nd Baron Walpole of Walpole (1730–1791) (succeeded as 16th Baron Clinton in 1781)
Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford, 4th Viscount Walpole, 4th Baron Walpole of Houghton, 3rd Baron Walpole of Walpole (1717–1797)
Barons Walpole of Wolterton (1756)
Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1678–1757)
Horatio Walpole, 2nd Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1723–1809) (succeeded as 4th Baron Walpole of Walpole in 1797 and created Earl of Orford in 1806)
Earls of Orford (1806), Barons Walpole of Walpole and Barons Walpole of Wolterton
Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, 4th Baron Walpole of Walpole, 2nd Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1723–1809)
Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford, 5th Baron Walpole of Walpole, 3rd Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1752–1822)
Horatio Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford, 6th Baron Walpole of Walpole, 4th Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1783–1858)
Horatio William Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford, 7th Baron Walpole of Walpole, 5th Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1813–1894)
Robert Horace Walpole, 5th Earl of Orford, 8th Baron Walpole of Walpole, 6th Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1854–1931)
Barons Walpole of Walpole and Barons Walpole of Wolterton following reversion
Robert Henry Montgomerie Walpole, 9th Baron Walpole of Walpole, 7th Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1913–1989)
Robert Horatio Walpole, 10th Baron Walpole of Walpole, 8th Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1938–2021)
Jonathan Robert Hugh Walpole, 11th Baron Walpole of Walpole, 9th Baron Walpole of Wolterton (b. 1967)
The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Hon. Benedict Thomas Orford Walpole (b. 1969).
The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his elder son, Thomas Walpole (b. 2003).
Male-line family tree
See also
Earl of Orford
Wolterton Hall
Spencer Horatio Walpole
Spencer Walpole
Lady Walpole (disambiguation)
Notes and references
Notes
References
References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
Burkes Peerage and Baronetage (1939)
Baronies in the Peerage of Great Britain
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of Great Britain
Noble titles created in 1723
Noble titles created in 1742
Noble titles created in 1756
Robert Walpole
Baron
Peerages created with special remainders |
The Rebelution is a Christian ministry/organization directed at youth, describing itself as "a teenage rebellion against low expectations." It was founded in August 2005 by twin brothers Alex and Brett Harris, younger brothers of best-selling author and former pastor, Joshua Harris.
About
At age 16, Alex and Brett started a blog called The Rebelution. Since then, the Rebelution movement has grown to include a website and international speaking tour.
Expanding on the topic of the blog, the Harris brothers have published two books for Christian teenagers, Do Hard Things: A Teenage Rebellion Against Low Expectations (2008) and Start Here: Doing Hard Things Right Where You Are (2010) with WaterBrook Multnomah, a division of Random House. The Rebelution Tour, a series of one-day conferences for teens and parents, took place every summer from 2007 to 2011.
Alex and Brett Harris
Alex and Brett Harris have been featured nationally on MSNBC, CNN, NPR, and in The New York Times. They were supporters of the campaign of Mike Huckabee. Their father is Gregg Harris, a figure in the Christian homeschooling movement. Alex graduated from Harvard Law School, and served as a law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. In 2017, Brett co-founded the Young Writers Workshop with Jaquelyn Crowe, an online membership based workshop for young Christian aspiring writers.
The Modesty Survey
The Modesty Survey was an anonymous survey aimed at Christian teenagers, gathering quantitative and qualitative answers of what Christian boys consider to be immodesty. Hundreds of Christian females submitted questions to the 148-question survey and over 1,500 Christian males participated. It has been endorsed by Shaunti Feldhahn, R. Albert Mohler, Jr., and C. J. Mahaney, among others. Some groups criticized the survey for treating modesty as something that pertains only to girls, or as something that men get to define.
See also
Do Hard Things: A Teenage Rebellion Against Low Expectations
References
External links
The Rebelution at Facebook
Interview with Alex and Brett Harris at ChristianBook.com
HICKS: Teens not with 'stupid' from The Washington Times
Christian charities based in the United States
Youth-led organizations
Christian organizations established in 2005
2005 establishments in the United States
Youth organizations based in the United States |
The 2009–10 Oregon State Beavers men's basketball team represented Oregon State University in the 2009-10 college basketball season. Their head coach was Craig Robinson who was in his 2nd year. The team played their home games at Gill Coliseum in Corvallis, Oregon and are members of the Pacific-10 Conference. They finished the season 14–18, 8–10 in Pac-10 play and lost in the quarterfinals of the 2010 Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball tournament. Despite a sub .500 record, the Beavers were invited to the 2010 College Basketball Invitational where they lost in the first round.
2009 recruiting class
Roster
Schedule
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Exhibition
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Pac-10 tournament
|-
!colspan=9 style=| CBI
Highlights
December 6, 2009 – After winning just one of their first four games, the Beavers won their next three games in a row.
Sweeps of archrival Oregon, 2009 Pac-10 Tournament Champion USC, and perennial power Arizona.
February 13, 2010 - First win at Arizona (McKale Center, Tucson) in 27 years
Seth Tarver was awarded Pac-10 Defensive Player of the Year
Calvin Haynes was named to the All-Pac-10 Second Team
References
Oregon State Beavers men's basketball seasons
Oregon State
Oregon State
Oregon State
Oregon State |
Dennis L. Peck (born 1942) is an American sociologist and Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Alabama, best known for his research on suicide, single-vehicle car accidents, and learning to cope with the last moments of life.
Biography
Dennis Peck is an Emeritus Professor of Sociology at The University of Alabama. He earned the MS degree in sociology at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and, in 1976, he earned the Ph.D. degree at Washington State University.
After his service in the United States Air Force during the mid-1960s and the U.S. Public Health in the early 1970s. Peck began his academic career at East Texas State University in Commerce, Texas. Two years later he was appointed to a position in the Department of Sociology at The University of Alabama in 1978., where he served as Assistant Professor (1978–1982, Associate Professor (1982–1986), and as Professor of Sociology from 1986 until 2008.
During his tenure at the University of Alabama Peck went on leave to serve in Washington, D.C. as a Program evaluation researcher for the federal government at the Department of Housing and Urban Development and later the Department of Education.
From 1987 to 1993 he served as editor of the Sociological Inquiry, and was president of the Mid-South Sociological Society and the Alabama-Mississippi Sociological Association.
Work
In addition to his interdisciplinary contributions in the general areas of demography, the sociology of law, deviant behavior, criminology, and death and dying, he has authored and edited books, chapters, and journal articles in the areas of suicide, public health, psychiatric law, democracy, toxic waste disposal, life without parole, human sexuality, urban development programming, post-traumatic stress disorder, program evaluation, divorce, social policy, and civility.
Contributing to the learned literature throughout his career, Peck served as lead co-editor-in-chief of The Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience (2009) and 21st Century Sociology: A Reference Handbook (2007).
Selected publications
Peck, Dennis L., and J. Selwyn Hollingsworth eds. Demographic and Structural Change: The Effects of the 1980s on American Society. No. 114. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996.
Bryant, Clifton D., and Dennis L. Peck, eds. 21st century sociology: a reference handbook. Sage Publications, 2006.
Bryant, Clifton D., and Dennis L. Peck, eds. Encyclopedia of death and the human experience. Sage Publications, 2009.
Articles, a selection:
References
External links
UA Sociology Professor Co-edits Encyclopedia on Death and the Human Experience at UA news.
1942 births
Living people
American sociologists
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
University of Alabama faculty |
Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 10 September 1908, alongside a referendum on prohibition.
Background
The Althing was dissolved by King Frederick VIII in the early spring in order to elect a new parliament that would vote on a draft status law that would define the position of Iceland in the Danish realm. The election campaign was one of the acrimonious in Icelandic political history due to the controversial nature of the draft. The opposition was led by Skúli Thoroddsen, a member of the Independence Party.
Electoral system
The 36 members of the Althing were elected from a mix of single-member and two-member constituencies. The elections were the first to take place since changes to the electoral system in 1904; they were the first to be held using the secret ballot, and also saw the three-round majoritarian system replaced by plurality voting as multiple rounds of voting on the same day were no longer possible. The tax qualification for voting was also reduced, increasing the proportion of people able to vote to around 14% of the population, up from 7,786 in 1903 to 11,726.
Results
Candidates opposed to the draft law won a landslide majority, whilst voter turnout was 72.4%, nearly 20% more than the 1903 elections. As a result, the law was voted down in 1909, resulting in the resignation of Minister for Iceland Hannes Hafstein.
References
Iceland
1908
1908 in Iceland
1908
September 1908 events |
Chartrand et Simonne is a French-Canadian biographical drama television mini-series about social activists Michel Chartrand and Simonne Monet. The series lasted for a total of twelve episodes, with the first six airing in 2000 on Radio-Canada and the remaining six in 2003 on Télé-Québec (re-titled as Simonne et Chartrand). The series was directed by Alain Chartrand, one of the couple's sons.
Plot
The series recounts the life of Michel Chartrand and Simonne Monet, a couple who fought for social change and justice. We witness the battles they face all the while trying to raise a family. From the moment they first meet to Monet's death, decades of activism is outlined, all of which had a significant impact on Quebec society.
Main cast
Luc Picard as Michel Chartrand
Geneviève Rioux as Simonne Monet-Chartrand
Raymond Bouchard as Amédée Monet
Muriel Dutil as Berthe Monet
Marie-Lyse Laberge-Forest as Marie Chartrand
Guillaume Legault as Alain Chartrand
Normand Bissonnette as Émile Boudreau
Gabriel Gascon as Louis Chartrand
Valérie Gervais-Lillo as Madeleine Chartrand
Karine Poulin as Hélène Chartrand
Eric Paulhus as Dominique Chartrand
Annie Charland as Micheline Chartrand
Françoise Graton as Hélène Patenaude-Chartrand
Stéphane Demers as Pierre Trudeau
Patrick Goyette as Gérard Pelletier
Awards
The series won six awards at the 2000 Prix Gémeaux: Best Dramatic Series, Best Direction in a Dramatic Series, Best Lead Actor in a Dramatic Series, Best Set Design, Best Make-up/Hair and Best Costume Design. For its second installment, at the 2004 Prix Gémeaux, Luc Picard again won the award for Best Lead Actor in a Dramatic Series, while Geneviève Rioux won the award for Best Lead Actress in a Dramatic Series.
References
External links
2000s Canadian drama television series
2000s Canadian television miniseries
Television shows filmed in Quebec
Ici Radio-Canada Télé original programming
Canadian political drama television series
Télé-Québec original programming |
The University of Dayton first fielded a football team in 1905. They remained independent of athletic conferences for most of their history, including the period from 1977 to 1992 when they joined Division III of the NCAA. Beginning in 1993 they joined the Pioneer Football League in Division I-AA/FCS play as a founding member.
The Flyers have amassed a 687–377–25 (.642) record since 1905 and have won 2 National Championships as a member of Division III. UD has won 12 Conference Championships.
Seasons
Pre-2006 data taken from
Postseason facts
Years in Postseason: 12
DIII Post-Season Record: 16-9 ()
DI Post-Season Record: 0-1 ()
OVERALL PLAYOFF RECORD: 16-10 ()
Championships
National Championships: 2 (1980, 1989)
National Runner-Up: 3 (1981, 1987, 1991)
References
Dayton Flyers
Dayton Flyers football seasons |
Radon Labs was a German video game developer based in Berlin. The company was founded in 2000 as a spin-off of the company Terratools. Radon Labs has its headquarters in Berlin and a second development studio in Halle-Leipzig. The company filed for bankruptcy in May 2010 and was bought by the browsergames publisher Bigpoint GmbH.
Products
3D Engine
Radon Labs is the creator of the Nebula Device, an Open Source 3D game engine. Radon Labs released its engine under MIT license in 2006 and a later version in 2011.
Selected games
Urban Assault (1998)
Project Nomads (2001)
Michael Schumacher Racing World Kart 2002 (2002)
Geniu$: The Tech Tycoon Game (2005)
Paws and Claws: Pet Vet (2006)
Riding Star 2 (2006)
Riding Star 3 DS (2007)
Treasure Island (2008)
Drakensang: The Dark Eye (2008)
Drakensang: The River of Time (2010)
Future Wars (2010)
Crazy Quiz (2010)
Schwarzenberg'' (cancelled)
References
External links
Radon Labs at MobyGames
The Nebula Device on SourceForge
The Nebula Device 3 on Google Code
Video game development companies
Defunct video game companies of Germany
Companies established in 1995
Companies based in Berlin
German companies established in 1995
1995 establishments in Germany |
"Thanksgiving" is the eighth episode of the second season of the American comedy-drama streaming television series Master of None. The episode was released on Netflix on May 12, 2017, along with the rest of the second season. It was written by series creator Aziz Ansari and Lena Waithe, who star as Dev Shah and Denise. Melina Matsoukas served as the episode's director.
The episode follows Dev celebrating Thanksgiving with Denise's family throughout the years, as Dev's family doesn't celebrate the holiday. The episode details Denise's coming out as a lesbian throughout the years and their growing, yet resistant acceptance. The episode received widespread acclaim from critics. "Thanksgiving" won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, making Waithe the first African-American woman ever to win such award.
Plot
As Dev's family does not celebrate Thanksgiving, he has spent it with Denise's family for years, the two being childhood friends. On Thanksgiving in 1995, 12-year-old Denise begins to realize she is attracted to women. On Thanksgiving 1999, she comes out to Dev. When he asks why she is nervous to tell her family, she says LGBT issues are touchy in black families. On Thanksgiving in 2006, Denise comes out to her mother Catherine (Angela Bassett). Catherine asks her sister Joyce (Kym Whitley) if this is her fault. On Thanksgiving in 2015, Denise brings her girlfriend Michelle (Ebony Obsidian). Catherine and Joyce are obviously annoyed, and attempt to hide the fact that Denise is gay from her grandma, Ernestine (Venida Evans). The next year, Denise brings home a superficial girl named Nikki (Erica Mena). After dinner, Dev talks with Catherine and Joyce. Catherine admits that while she does struggle with embracing her daughter's sexuality, she still wishes for Denise to end up with a nice woman, and misses Michelle. Finally, on Thanksgiving in 2017, Denise and Michelle are dating again. Joyce and Ernestine are happy to see her. Michelle and Catherine talk alone, and Catherine admits to Denise she is happy the two of them are together. Denise, Catherine, Joyce, Ernestine, Dev, and Michelle have a wonderful dinner, and happily say grace together.
Production and development
The episode was partially based on co-writer Waithe's own life.
Reception
In 2018, TV Guide listed "Thanksgiving" as number 10 in their "TV Guide's 65 Best Episodes of the 21st Century" issue.
Upon winning a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, Waithe became the first African-American woman to win an Emmy Award in that category. The episode also won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Individual Episode.
References
2017 American television episodes
American LGBT-related television episodes
Emmy Award-winning episodes
Thanksgiving television episodes |
Military step or march is a regular, ordered and synchronized walking of military formations.
History
The steady, regular marching step was a marked feature of Roman legions. Vegetius, the author of the only surviving treatise on the Roman Empire's military, De Re Militari, recognized the importance of:
constant practice of marching quick and together. Nor is anything of more consequence either on the march or in the line than that they should keep their ranks with the greatest exactness. For troops who march in an irregular and disorderly manner are always in great danger of being defeated. They should march with the common military step twenty miles in five summer-hours, and with the full step, which is quicker, twenty-four miles in the same number of hours. If they exceed this pace, they no longer march but run, and no certain rate can be assigned.
Military marching of foot formations into a battle was a common practice in most European countries for centuries, and was even carried over into the new world as recently as the American War of Independence. Since then, it has been phased out by advances in military equipment and tactics; however, foot drill remains an important part of military education and training.
Marching types and commands
The following commands specify different types of marching:
Quick March: This is an instruction to begin marching at the Quick March speed with the left foot. The standard pace is 116 beats per minute with a step, with variations for individual regiments, the pace given by the commander, and the speed of the band's rhythm: British light infantry and rifle regiments, for example, Quick March at 140 beats per minute, a legacy of their original role as highly mobile skirmishers. Highland regiments, which march to bagpipe music, march at 112 paces per minute when with pipe bands solely, while on 120 when with military bands.
Australian Army Quick Time is 116 paces per minute with a pace
Canadian Armed Forces Quick March is 120 paces per minute with a 75 cm pace
United States Quick Time is 120 paces per minute
The way the march is performed is based on the regiment's nationality. All Western Bloc nations nowadays have a similar style of quick marching, lifting their legs in a natural or casual manner. And with their opposite arm up level to the breast pocket, kept straight and used similar to a guided pendulum. Former Eastern Bloc nations and several Latin American, Asian and African nations use or have used the Prussian/German invented goose step, with legs remaining straight during each step. Both of these function to maintain individual pace, unit pace uniformity, and actually help the soldiers march in their relatively elevated pace.
The United States command for a start is "For-ward, MARCH," or "quicktime, MARCH" when resuming quicktime from another pace or from "routestep". Arm movement is kept to 9 inches to the front and 6 inches to the rear (6 inches and 3 inches, respectively, in the U.S. Navy, Coast Guard, Marine Corps, and Air Force) while marching, while the interval between ranks and files is both 40 inches. The light infantry version of the march is also used by the Spanish Legion during parades, as well as the Chasseurs of the French Army (Chasseurs alpins inclusive).
Slow March: This is a ceremonial pace, used for funeral marches and when a unit's colours are marched out in front of the troops. The feet are kept parallel to the ground and the arms are never used. In the United States Army and Marine Corps, arms swing as the distance they normally would in quicktime, but at the same pace as marching. U.S. Marine Color Guards do not swing their arms. Slow March is typically used in the Marine Corps for funeral details and ceremonies such as the Marine Corps Ball (when the cake is escorted out). In Spain, Latin America, and the Philippines this is done during religious processions whenever a military band joins it. This march style is the official parade march in the armed forces of Bolivia and Ecuador and the military academies and schools of Venezuela, done with the goose step during parades and ceremonies. It is the iconic march step used in the French Foreign Legion. The standard pace is 60 paces per minute (88 for the FFL).
Australian Army Slow Time is 70 paces per minute with a 75cm pace.
Half Step March or Cut the pace: This is a U.S. march pace. It is at the same tempo as Quick Time, but instead of 30 inches, the step is 15 inches.
Double March: This is essentially a moderate jog at approximately 180 36 inch paces per minute. It creates a travel speed of approximately double that of Quick Time, designed to be used even when carrying heavy burdens. This is often erroneously used to describe a sprint or an ordinary run. The U.S. command is "Double Time, MARCH." This is also used by the elite airborne units and special forces of the National Armed Forces of Venezuela as well as in the Armed Forces of Bolivia, soldiers of the Italian Army's Bersaglieri, and historically, Iraqi special forces units and the current Iraqi Special Operations Forces during parades and ceremonies.
Easy March: This is an unrestricted march at approximately Quick Time. This is designed for field marches and other rough conditions, though is not used in combat areas. The U.S. command is "Route-step, MARCH."
Mark Time: The military mark time is essentially a stationary march with the knees coming up parallel to the ground or the foot dangling six inches off the ground. The time of what they were previously marching is kept or Quick March is used if no time is supplied. This is designed to maintain the time of large parades when portions need no forward speed, but is also used as a common punishment for physical training because of its tiring nature. United States service members move the knees upward approximately 6 inches.
Step For -Ward or Forward or Forward, March: This causes troops marking time to resume a normal march. If it is implicitly used (as when the marking time is used to align formations or to wait for the former rank to pass when entering "Column of Route" from a depth-style formation) the (typically) Right Marker stomps his foot to signal it to the rest of the troops.
See also
Military parade
Marching
Marching band
Lockstep
Drill commands
References
External links
Canadian Forces Manual for Drill and Ceremonial, also PO 401 DRILL
US Marine Corps Drill & Ceremonies Manual
A foot drill manual of an English boot squad
Military marching
Military education and training
Walking
Military traditions |
```asciidoc
// This assembly is included in:
//
// deploying/deploying.adoc
[id="assembly-cluster-recovery-volume-{context}"]
= Cluster recovery from persistent volumes
[role="_abstract"]
You can recover a Kafka cluster from persistent volumes (PVs) if they are still present.
//scenarios to recover from
include::../../modules/managing/con-cluster-recovery-scenarios.adoc[leveloffset=+1]
//procedure to recover a cluster from a PV
include::../../modules/managing/proc-cluster-recovery-volume.adoc[leveloffset=+1]
``` |
```python
#
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#
# coding=utf-8
#
# This code is based on EleutherAI's GPT-NeoX library and the GPT-NeoX
# and OPT implementations in this library. It has been modified from its
# original forms to accommodate minor architectural differences compared
# to GPT-NeoX and OPT used by the Meta AI team that trained the model.
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
""" PyTorch Yuan model."""
import math
from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch
import torch.utils.checkpoint
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import BCEWithLogitsLoss, CrossEntropyLoss, MSELoss
from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama import LlamaRMSNorm,LlamaRotaryEmbedding
from transformers.activations import ACT2FN
from transformers.modeling_outputs import BaseModelOutputWithPast, CausalLMOutputWithPast, SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast
from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel
from transformers.utils import add_start_docstrings, add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward, logging, replace_return_docstrings
from .configuration_yuan import YuanConfig
from einops import rearrange
# from flash_attn import flash_attn_varlen_func as flash_attn_unpadded_func
# from flash_attn import flash_attn_func
import copy
logger = logging.get_logger(__name__)
_CONFIG_FOR_DOC = "YuanConfig"
class LocalizedFiltering(torch.nn.Module):
"""
Mega's Exponential Moving Average layer, largely left unmodified from the original repo with the exception of
variable names and moving away from the stateful representation of incremental decoding state. See
"path_to_url" for more details.
"""
def __init__(self, hidden_size):
super().__init__()
self.embed_dim = hidden_size
self.lf_conv2d_group = 1
self.lf_conv2d_num_pad = 1
self.conv1 = torch.nn.Conv2d(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim // 2, (2, 1), stride=(1, 1), padding=(self.lf_conv2d_num_pad, 0), groups=self.lf_conv2d_group)
self.conv2 = torch.nn.Conv2d(self.embed_dim // 2, self.embed_dim, (2, 1), stride=(1, 1), padding=(self.lf_conv2d_num_pad, 0), groups=self.lf_conv2d_group)
#Use the same RMSNorm as llama
self.output_layernorm = LlamaRMSNorm(self.embed_dim)
def _train_forward(self, inputs):
inputs = inputs.transpose(0,1)
seq_len, bsz, embed_dim = inputs.size()
if embed_dim != self.embed_dim:
raise ValueError(
f"Unexpected embedding dimension received: input is {embed_dim}, model expects {self.embed_dim}"
)
residual = inputs
inputs = inputs.view(seq_len, 1, bsz, embed_dim).permute(2, 3, 0, 1)
output1 = self.conv1(inputs)
output1 = output1[:, :, :seq_len, :]
output2 = self.conv2(output1)
output2 = output2[:, :, :seq_len, :].permute(2, 3, 0, 1).contiguous()
output2 = output2.view(seq_len, bsz, embed_dim)
assert output2.shape == residual.shape
lf_output = self.output_layernorm(output2 + residual)
lf_output = lf_output.transpose(0,1)
return lf_output
def _inference_forward(self, inputs, before_hidden_states):
if before_hidden_states is None:
inputs = inputs.transpose(0,1)
seq_len, bsz, embed_dim = inputs.size()
if embed_dim != self.embed_dim:
raise ValueError(
f"Unexpected embedding dimension received: input is {embed_dim}, model expects {self.embed_dim}"
)
residual = inputs
inputs = inputs.view(seq_len, 1, bsz, embed_dim).permute(2, 3, 0, 1)
output1 = self.conv1(inputs)
output1 = output1[:, :, :seq_len, :]
output2 = self.conv2(output1)
output2 = output2[:, :, :seq_len, :].permute(2, 3, 0, 1).contiguous()
output2 = output2.view(seq_len, bsz, embed_dim)
assert output2.shape == residual.shape
lf_output = self.output_layernorm(output2 + residual)
lf_output = lf_output.transpose(0,1)
return lf_output
else:
inputs = inputs.transpose(0,1)
before_hidden_states = before_hidden_states.transpose(0,1)
residual = inputs
seq_len, bsz, embed_dim = inputs.size()
seq_len_before, _, _ = before_hidden_states.size()
assert seq_len == 1 and seq_len_before == 2
inputs = torch.cat((before_hidden_states, inputs), dim=0)
inputs = inputs.view(3, 1, bsz, embed_dim).permute(2, 3, 0, 1)
output1 = self.conv1(inputs)
output2 = self.conv2(output1[:,:,1:-1,:])
output2 = output2[:,:,1:-1,:]
output2 = output2.view(1, bsz, embed_dim)
assert output2.shape == residual.shape
lf_output = self.output_layernorm(output2 + residual)
lf_output = lf_output.transpose(0,1)
return lf_output
def forward(
self,
inputs,
before_hidden_states
) -> torch.Tensor:
assert self.lf_conv2d_num_pad == 1
if self.training:
lf_output = self._train_forward(inputs)
else:
lf_output = self._inference_forward(inputs, before_hidden_states)
return lf_output
# Copied from transformers.models.bart.modeling_bart._make_causal_mask
def _make_causal_mask(
input_ids_shape: torch.Size, dtype: torch.dtype, device: torch.device, past_key_values_length: int = 0
):
"""
Make causal mask used for bi-directional self-attention.
"""
bsz, tgt_len = input_ids_shape
mask = torch.full((tgt_len, tgt_len), torch.tensor(torch.finfo(dtype).min, device=device), device=device)
mask_cond = torch.arange(mask.size(-1), device=device)
mask.masked_fill_(mask_cond < (mask_cond + 1).view(mask.size(-1), 1), 0)
mask = mask.to(dtype)
if past_key_values_length > 0:
mask = torch.cat([torch.zeros(tgt_len, past_key_values_length, dtype=dtype, device=device), mask], dim=-1)
return mask[None, None, :, :].expand(bsz, 1, tgt_len, tgt_len + past_key_values_length)
# Copied from transformers.models.bart.modeling_bart._expand_mask
def _expand_mask(mask: torch.Tensor, dtype: torch.dtype, tgt_len: Optional[int] = None):
"""
Expands attention_mask from `[bsz, seq_len]` to `[bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len]`.
"""
bsz, src_len = mask.size()
tgt_len = tgt_len if tgt_len is not None else src_len
expanded_mask = mask[:, None, None, :].expand(bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len).to(dtype)
inverted_mask = 1.0 - expanded_mask
return inverted_mask.masked_fill(inverted_mask.to(torch.bool), torch.finfo(dtype).min)
def rotate_half(x):
"""Rotates half the hidden dims of the input."""
x1 = x[..., : x.shape[-1] // 2]
x2 = x[..., x.shape[-1] // 2 :]
return torch.cat((-x2, x1), dim=-1)
def apply_rotary_pos_emb(q, k, cos, sin, position_ids):
# The first two dimensions of cos and sin are always 1, so we can `squeeze` them.
cos = cos.squeeze(1).squeeze(0) # [seq_len, dim]
sin = sin.squeeze(1).squeeze(0) # [seq_len, dim]
cos = cos[position_ids].unsqueeze(1) # [bs, 1, seq_len, dim]
sin = sin[position_ids].unsqueeze(1) # [bs, 1, seq_len, dim]
q_embed = (q * cos) + (rotate_half(q) * sin)
k_embed = (k * cos) + (rotate_half(k) * sin)
return q_embed, k_embed
class YuanMLP(nn.Module):
def __init__(
self,
hidden_size: int,
intermediate_size: int,
hidden_act: str,
):
super().__init__()
self.up_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_size, intermediate_size, bias=False)
self.gate_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_size, intermediate_size, bias=False)
self.down_proj = nn.Linear(intermediate_size, hidden_size, bias=False)
self.act_fn = ACT2FN[hidden_act]
def forward(self, x):
return self.down_proj(self.gate_proj(x) * self.act_fn(self.up_proj(x)))
class YuanAttention(nn.Module):
"""Localized Filtering-based Attention 'YUAN 2.0: A Large Language Model with Localized Filtering-based Attention' paper"""
def __init__(self, config: YuanConfig):
super().__init__()
self.config = config
self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size
self.num_heads = config.num_attention_heads
self.head_dim = self.hidden_size // self.num_heads
self.max_position_embeddings = config.max_position_embeddings
self.causal_mask = config.causal_mask
self.softmax_scale = 1.0 / math.sqrt(self.head_dim)
self.use_flash_attention = config.use_flash_attention
try:
self.use_shareqk = config.use_shareqk
except Exception as e:
self.use_shareqk=False
self.dropout = 0.0
if (self.head_dim * self.num_heads) != self.hidden_size:
raise ValueError(
f"hidden_size must be divisible by num_heads (got `hidden_size`: {self.hidden_size}"
f" and `num_heads`: {self.num_heads})."
)
self.v_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim, bias=False)
self.o_proj = nn.Linear(self.num_heads * self.head_dim, self.hidden_size, bias=False)
#Use the same RoataryEmbedding as llama
self.rotary_emb = LlamaRotaryEmbedding(self.head_dim, max_position_embeddings=self.max_position_embeddings)
if self.use_shareqk:
self.qk_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim, bias=False)
self.qk_weight = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(2, self.hidden_size))
self.qk_bias = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(2, self.hidden_size))
else:
self.lf_gate = LocalizedFiltering(self.hidden_size)
self.q_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim, bias=False)
self.k_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim, bias=False)
def _shape(self, tensor: torch.Tensor, seq_len: int, bsz: int):
return tensor.view(bsz, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2).contiguous()
def forward(
self,
hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None,
output_attentions: bool = False,
use_cache: bool = False,
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]:
bsz, q_len, _ = hidden_states.size()
before_hidden_states = None
is_first_step = False
if use_cache:
if past_key_value is None:
inference_hidden_states_memory = torch.empty(bsz, 2, hidden_states.shape[2], dtype=hidden_states.dtype)
is_first_step = True
else:
before_hidden_states = past_key_value[2]
if use_cache:
if is_first_step:
if q_len >= 2:
inference_hidden_states_memory = hidden_states[ :, -2:, :]
else:
inference_hidden_states_memory[:, :, :] = 0
inference_hidden_states_memory[:, -1:, :] = hidden_states[:, -1:, :]
else:
hidden_states_tmp = before_hidden_states[:, -1:, :]
inference_hidden_states_memory = copy.deepcopy(torch.cat((hidden_states_tmp, hidden_states), dim=1))
value_states = self.v_proj(hidden_states).view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)
if self.use_shareqk:
qk_states = self.qk_proj(hidden_states).view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads*self.head_dim)
query_key = qk_states.unsqueeze(2) * self.qk_weight + self.qk_bias
query_states, key_states = torch.unbind(query_key, dim=2)
query_states = query_states.view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)
key_states = key_states.view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)
else:
hidden_states = self.lf_gate(hidden_states,before_hidden_states)
query_states = self.q_proj(hidden_states)
key_states = self.k_proj(hidden_states)
qk_states = torch.cat([query_states, key_states], dim=-1)
qk_states = qk_states.view(bsz,q_len,self.num_heads,int(qk_states.shape[-1]//self.num_heads))
(query_states,key_states) = torch.chunk(qk_states, 2, dim=-1)
query_states = query_states.transpose(1, 2)
key_states = key_states.transpose(1, 2)
kv_seq_len = key_states.shape[-2]
if past_key_value is not None:
kv_seq_len += past_key_value[0].shape[-2]
cos, sin = self.rotary_emb(value_states, seq_len=kv_seq_len)
query_states, key_states = apply_rotary_pos_emb(query_states, key_states, cos, sin, position_ids)
if past_key_value is not None:
# reuse k, v, self_attention
key_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[0], key_states], dim=2)
value_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[1], value_states], dim=2)
past_key_value = (key_states, value_states,inference_hidden_states_memory) if use_cache else None
if self.use_flash_attention:
attn_weights = None
query_states = query_states.transpose(1, 2)
key_states = key_states.transpose(1, 2)
value_states = value_states.transpose(1, 2)
batch_size, seqlen_q = query_states.shape[0], query_states.shape[1]
seqlen_k = key_states.shape[1]
q, k, v = [rearrange(x, 'b s ... -> (b s) ...') for x in [query_states, key_states, value_states]]
cu_seqlens_q = torch.arange(0, (batch_size + 1) * seqlen_q, step=seqlen_q, dtype=torch.int,
device=q.device)
if self.training:
assert seqlen_k == seqlen_q
cu_seqlens_k = cu_seqlens_q
is_causal = self.causal_mask
else:
is_causal = seqlen_q == seqlen_k
cu_seqlens_k = torch.arange(0, (batch_size + 1) * seqlen_k, step=seqlen_k, dtype=torch.int,
device=q.device)
self.dropout=0
output = flash_attn_unpadded_func(
q, k, v, cu_seqlens_q, cu_seqlens_k, seqlen_q, seqlen_k, self.dropout, causal=is_causal
)
attn_output = rearrange(output, '(b s) ... -> b s ...', b=batch_size)
else:
attn_weights = torch.matmul(query_states, key_states.transpose(2, 3)) / math.sqrt(self.head_dim)
if attn_weights.size() != (bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, kv_seq_len):
raise ValueError(
f"Attention weights should be of size {(bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, kv_seq_len)}, but is"
f" {attn_weights.size()}"
)
if attention_mask is not None:
if attention_mask.size() != (bsz, 1, q_len, kv_seq_len):
raise ValueError(
f"Attention mask should be of size {(bsz, 1, q_len, kv_seq_len)}, but is {attention_mask.size()}"
)
attn_weights = attn_weights + attention_mask
attn_weights = torch.max(attn_weights, torch.tensor(torch.finfo(attn_weights.dtype).min))
# upcast attention to fp32
attn_weights = nn.functional.softmax(attn_weights, dim=-1, dtype=torch.float32).to(query_states.dtype)
attn_output = torch.matmul(attn_weights, value_states)
if attn_output.size() != (bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, self.head_dim):
raise ValueError(
f"`attn_output` should be of size {(bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, self.head_dim)}, but is"
f" {attn_output.size()}"
)
attn_output = attn_output.transpose(1, 2)
attn_output = attn_output.reshape(bsz, q_len, self.hidden_size)
attn_output = self.o_proj(attn_output)
if not output_attentions:
attn_weights = None
return attn_output, attn_weights, past_key_value
class YuanDecoderLayer(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, config: YuanConfig):
super().__init__()
self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size
self.self_attn = YuanAttention(config=config)
self.mlp = YuanMLP(
hidden_size=self.hidden_size,
intermediate_size=config.intermediate_size,
hidden_act=config.hidden_act,
)
#Use the same RMSNorm as llama
self.input_layernorm = LlamaRMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps)
self.post_attention_layernorm = LlamaRMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps)
def forward(
self,
hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None,
output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False,
use_cache: Optional[bool] = False,
) -> Tuple[torch.FloatTensor, Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor, torch.FloatTensor]]]:
"""
Args:
hidden_states (`torch.FloatTensor`): input to the layer of shape `(batch, seq_len, embed_dim)`
attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor`, *optional*): attention mask of size
`(batch, 1, tgt_len, src_len)` where padding elements are indicated by very large negative values.
output_attentions (`bool`, *optional*):
Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under
returned tensors for more detail.
use_cache (`bool`, *optional*):
If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding
(see `past_key_values`).
past_key_value (`Tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, *optional*): cached past key and value projection states
"""
residual = hidden_states
hidden_states = self.input_layernorm(hidden_states)
# Self Attention
hidden_states, self_attn_weights, present_key_value = self.self_attn(
hidden_states=hidden_states,
attention_mask=attention_mask,
position_ids=position_ids,
past_key_value=past_key_value,
output_attentions=output_attentions,
use_cache=use_cache,
)
hidden_states = residual + hidden_states
# Fully Connected
residual = hidden_states
hidden_states = self.post_attention_layernorm(hidden_states)
hidden_states = self.mlp(hidden_states)
hidden_states = residual + hidden_states
outputs = (hidden_states,)
if output_attentions:
outputs += (self_attn_weights,)
if use_cache:
outputs += (present_key_value,)
return outputs
YUAN_START_DOCSTRING = r"""
This model inherits from [`PreTrainedModel`]. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the
library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads
etc.)
This model is also a PyTorch [torch.nn.Module](path_to_url#torch.nn.Module) subclass.
Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage
and behavior.
Parameters:
config ([`YuanConfig`]):
Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not
load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the
[`~PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained`] method to load the model weights.
"""
@add_start_docstrings(
"The bare Yuan Model outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top.",
YUAN_START_DOCSTRING,
)
class YuanPreTrainedModel(PreTrainedModel):
config_class = YuanConfig
base_model_prefix = "model"
supports_gradient_checkpointing = True
_no_split_modules = ["YuanDecoderLayer"]
_skip_keys_device_placement = "past_key_values"
_keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected = [r"decoder\.version"]
def _init_weights(self, module):
std = self.config.initializer_range
if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=std)
if module.bias is not None:
module.bias.data.zero_()
elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding):
module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=std)
if module.padding_idx is not None:
module.weight.data[module.padding_idx].zero_()
def _set_gradient_checkpointing(self, module, value=False):
if isinstance(module, YuanModel):
module.gradient_checkpointing = value
YUAN_INPUTS_DOCSTRING = r"""
Args:
input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`):
Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide
it.
Indices can be obtained using [`AutoTokenizer`]. See [`PreTrainedTokenizer.encode`] and
[`PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__`] for details.
[What are input IDs?](../glossary#input-ids)
attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*):
Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
- 1 for tokens that are **not masked**,
- 0 for tokens that are **masked**.
[What are attention masks?](../glossary#attention-mask)
Indices can be obtained using [`AutoTokenizer`]. See [`PreTrainedTokenizer.encode`] and
[`PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__`] for details.
If `past_key_values` is used, optionally only the last `decoder_input_ids` have to be input (see
`past_key_values`).
If you want to change padding behavior, you should read [`modeling_opt._prepare_decoder_attention_mask`]
and modify to your needs. See diagram 1 in [the paper](path_to_url for more
information on the default strategy.
- 1 indicates the head is **not masked**,
- 0 indicates the head is **masked**.
position_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*):
Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range `[0,
config.n_positions - 1]`.
[What are position IDs?](../glossary#position-ids)
past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, *optional*, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`):
Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape
`(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and 2 additional tensors of shape
`(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`.
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention
blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.
If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that
don't have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all
`decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.
inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, *optional*):
Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This
is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the
model's internal embedding lookup matrix.
use_cache (`bool`, *optional*):
If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see
`past_key_values`).
output_attentions (`bool`, *optional*):
Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned
tensors for more detail.
output_hidden_states (`bool`, *optional*):
Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for
more detail.
return_dict (`bool`, *optional*):
Whether or not to return a [`~utils.ModelOutput`] instead of a plain tuple.
"""
@add_start_docstrings(
"The bare Yuan Model outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top.",
YUAN_START_DOCSTRING,
)
class YuanModel(YuanPreTrainedModel):
"""
Transformer decoder consisting of *config.num_hidden_layers* layers. Each layer is a [`YuanDecoderLayer`]
Args:
config: YuanConfig
"""
def __init__(self, config: YuanConfig):
super().__init__(config)
self.padding_idx = config.pad_token_id
self.vocab_size = config.vocab_size
#TODO: control it by config
self.eod_token = config.eod_token
self.reset_attention_mask = config.reset_attention_mask
self.reset_position_ids = config.reset_position_ids
self.embed_tokens = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.hidden_size, self.padding_idx)
self.layers = nn.ModuleList([YuanDecoderLayer(config) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)])
#Use the same RMSNorm as llama
self.norm = LlamaRMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps)
self.gradient_checkpointing = False
# Initialize weights and apply final processing
self.post_init()
def get_input_embeddings(self):
return self.embed_tokens
def set_input_embeddings(self, value):
self.embed_tokens = value
# Copied from transformers.models.bart.modeling_bart.BartDecoder._prepare_decoder_attention_mask
def _prepare_decoder_attention_mask(self, attention_mask, input_shape, inputs_embeds, past_key_values_length):
# create causal mask
# [bsz, seq_len] -> [bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len]
combined_attention_mask = None
if input_shape[-1] > 1:
combined_attention_mask = _make_causal_mask(
input_shape,
inputs_embeds.dtype,
device=inputs_embeds.device,
past_key_values_length=past_key_values_length,
)
if attention_mask is not None:
# [bsz, seq_len] -> [bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len]
expanded_attn_mask = _expand_mask(attention_mask, inputs_embeds.dtype, tgt_len=input_shape[-1]).to(
inputs_embeds.device
)
combined_attention_mask = (
expanded_attn_mask if combined_attention_mask is None else expanded_attn_mask + combined_attention_mask
)
return combined_attention_mask
def _prepare_decoder_attention_mask_training(self, input_id, inputs_embeds, eod_token, reset_mask_flag ,reset_attention_mask=True, reset_position_ids=True):
micro_batch_size, seq_length = input_id.size()
attention_mask = torch.tril(torch.ones(
(micro_batch_size, seq_length, seq_length), device=inputs_embeds.device)).view(
micro_batch_size, 1, seq_length, seq_length)
position_ids = torch.arange(seq_length, dtype=torch.long,
device=inputs_embeds.device)
position_ids = position_ids.unsqueeze(0).expand_as(input_id)
if reset_position_ids:
position_ids = position_ids.clone()
if reset_position_ids or reset_attention_mask:
# Loop through the batches:
for b in range(micro_batch_size):
# Find indecies where EOD token is.
eod_index = position_ids[b, input_id[b] == eod_token]
# Detach indecies from positions if going to modify positions.
if reset_position_ids:
eod_index = eod_index.clone()
# Loop through EOD indecies:
prev_index = 0
for j in range(eod_index.size()[0]):
i = eod_index[j]
# Mask attention loss.
if reset_attention_mask:
attention_mask[b, 0, (i + 1):, :(i + 1)] = 0
# Reset positions.
if reset_position_ids:
position_ids[b, (i + 1):] -= (i + 1 - prev_index)
prev_index = i + 1
inverted_mask = 1 - attention_mask
output_attn_mask = inverted_mask.masked_fill(inverted_mask.to(torch.bool), torch.finfo(inputs_embeds.dtype).min)
if reset_mask_flag:
output_attn_mask = output_attn_mask[:,:,-1:,:]
return output_attn_mask, position_ids
@add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(YUAN_INPUTS_DOCSTRING)
def forward(
self,
input_ids: torch.LongTensor = None,
attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
past_key_values: Optional[List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None,
inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
use_cache: Optional[bool] = None,
output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutputWithPast]:
output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions
output_hidden_states = (
output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states
)
use_cache = use_cache if use_cache is not None else self.config.use_cache
return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict
input_ids1 = copy.deepcopy(input_ids)
reset_mask_flag = False
if past_key_values:
input_ids = input_ids[:, -1:]
if use_cache:
reset_mask_flag = True
# retrieve input_ids and inputs_embeds
if input_ids is not None and inputs_embeds is not None:
raise ValueError("You cannot specify both decoder_input_ids and decoder_inputs_embeds at the same time")
elif input_ids is not None:
batch_size, seq_length = input_ids.shape
elif inputs_embeds is not None:
batch_size, seq_length, _ = inputs_embeds.shape
else:
raise ValueError("You have to specify either decoder_input_ids or decoder_inputs_embeds")
seq_length_with_past = seq_length
past_key_values_length = 0
if past_key_values is not None:
past_key_values_length = past_key_values[0][0].shape[2]
seq_length_with_past = seq_length_with_past + past_key_values_length
if position_ids is None:
device = input_ids.device if input_ids is not None else inputs_embeds.device
position_ids = torch.arange(
past_key_values_length, seq_length + past_key_values_length, dtype=torch.long, device=device
)
position_ids = position_ids.unsqueeze(0).view(-1, seq_length)
else:
position_ids = position_ids.view(-1, seq_length).long()
if inputs_embeds is None:
inputs_embeds = self.embed_tokens(input_ids)
if self.training or self.reset_position_ids:
attention_mask, _ = self._prepare_decoder_attention_mask_training(input_ids1, inputs_embeds, self.eod_token, reset_mask_flag, self.reset_attention_mask, self.reset_position_ids)
else:
if attention_mask is None:
attention_mask = torch.ones(
(batch_size, seq_length_with_past), dtype=torch.bool, device=inputs_embeds.device
)
attention_mask = self._prepare_decoder_attention_mask(
attention_mask, (batch_size, seq_length), inputs_embeds, past_key_values_length
)
hidden_states = inputs_embeds
if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training:
if use_cache:
logger.warning_once(
"`use_cache=True` is incompatible with gradient checkpointing. Setting `use_cache=False`..."
)
use_cache = False
# decoder layers
all_hidden_states = () if output_hidden_states else None
all_self_attns = () if output_attentions else None
next_decoder_cache = () if use_cache else None
for idx, decoder_layer in enumerate(self.layers):
if output_hidden_states:
all_hidden_states += (hidden_states,)
past_key_value = past_key_values[idx] if past_key_values is not None else None
if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training:
def create_custom_forward(module):
def custom_forward(*inputs):
# None for past_key_value
return module(*inputs, output_attentions, None)
return custom_forward
layer_outputs = torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint(
create_custom_forward(decoder_layer),
hidden_states,
attention_mask,
position_ids,
None,
)
else:
layer_outputs = decoder_layer(
hidden_states,
attention_mask=attention_mask,
position_ids=position_ids,
past_key_value=past_key_value,
output_attentions=output_attentions,
use_cache=use_cache,
)
hidden_states = layer_outputs[0]
if use_cache:
next_decoder_cache += (layer_outputs[2 if output_attentions else 1],)
if output_attentions:
all_self_attns += (layer_outputs[1],)
hidden_states = self.norm(hidden_states)
# add hidden states from the last decoder layer
if output_hidden_states:
all_hidden_states += (hidden_states,)
next_cache = next_decoder_cache if use_cache else None
if not return_dict:
return tuple(v for v in [hidden_states, next_cache, all_hidden_states, all_self_attns] if v is not None)
return BaseModelOutputWithPast(
last_hidden_state=hidden_states,
past_key_values=next_cache,
hidden_states=all_hidden_states,
attentions=all_self_attns,
)
class YuanForCausalLM(YuanPreTrainedModel):
def __init__(self, config):
super().__init__(config)
self.eod_token = config.eod_token
self.sep_token = config.sep_token
self.use_loss_mask = config.use_loss_mask
self.model = YuanModel(config)
self.lm_head = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.vocab_size, bias=False)
# Initialize weights and apply final processing
self.post_init()
def get_input_embeddings(self):
return self.model.embed_tokens
def set_input_embeddings(self, value):
self.model.embed_tokens = value
def get_output_embeddings(self):
return self.lm_head
def set_output_embeddings(self, new_embeddings):
self.lm_head = new_embeddings
def set_decoder(self, decoder):
self.model = decoder
def get_decoder(self):
return self.model
def get_loss_mask(self, input_ids, labels, eod_token, sep_token):
micro_batch_size, seq_length = input_ids.size()
loss_mask = torch.ones(input_ids.size(), dtype=torch.float, device=input_ids.device)
position_ids = torch.arange(seq_length, dtype=torch.long,
device=input_ids.device)
position_ids = position_ids.unsqueeze(0).expand_as(input_ids)
"""modify loss_mask to only calculate the loss of the answer (separated with [SEP])"""
for b in range(micro_batch_size):
eod_indexs = position_ids[b, input_ids[b] == eod_token]
sep_indexs = position_ids[b, input_ids[b] == sep_token]
if len(eod_indexs) == 0 or len(sep_indexs) == 0:
loss_mask[b] = 1.0
else:
if eod_indexs[0] > sep_indexs[0]:
loss_mask[b, 0:sep_indexs[0]] = 0
if len(eod_indexs) == len(sep_indexs):
for ii, eod_index in enumerate(eod_indexs):
start_index = eod_index
if ii == (len(sep_indexs) - 1):
stop_index = seq_length
else:
stop_index = sep_indexs[ii + 1]
loss_mask[b, start_index:stop_index] = 0.0
else:
if len(eod_indexs) > len(sep_indexs):
loss_mask[b,:] = 1.0
else:
for ii, eod_index in enumerate(eod_indexs):
start_index = eod_index
stop_index = sep_indexs[ii + 1]
loss_mask[b, start_index:stop_index] = 0.0
elif eod_indexs[0] < sep_indexs[0]:
if len(eod_indexs) == len(sep_indexs):
for ii, eod_index in enumerate(eod_indexs):
start_index = eod_index
stop_index = sep_indexs[ii]
loss_mask[b, start_index:stop_index] = 0.0
else:
if len(eod_indexs) < len(sep_indexs):
loss_mask[b,:] = 1.0
else:
for ii, eod_index in enumerate(eod_indexs):
start_index = eod_index
if ii >= len(sep_indexs):
stop_index = seq_length
else:
stop_index = sep_indexs[ii]
loss_mask[b, start_index:stop_index] = 0.0
loss_mask[input_ids == eod_token] = 1.0
return loss_mask
@add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(YUAN_INPUTS_DOCSTRING)
@replace_return_docstrings(output_type=CausalLMOutputWithPast, config_class=_CONFIG_FOR_DOC)
def forward(
self,
input_ids: torch.LongTensor = None,
attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
past_key_values: Optional[List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None,
inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
labels: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
use_cache: Optional[bool] = None,
output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> Union[Tuple, CausalLMOutputWithPast]:
r"""
Args:
labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*):
Labels for computing the masked language modeling loss. Indices should either be in `[0, ...,
config.vocab_size]` or -100 (see `input_ids` docstring). Tokens with indices set to `-100` are ignored
(masked), the loss is only computed for the tokens with labels in `[0, ..., config.vocab_size]`.
Returns:
Example:
```python
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, YuanForCausalLM
>>> model = YuanForCausalLM.from_pretrained(PATH_TO_CONVERTED_WEIGHTS)
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(PATH_TO_CONVERTED_TOKENIZER)
>>> prompt = "Hey, are you consciours? Can you talk to me?"
>>> inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt")
>>> # Generate
>>> generate_ids = model.generate(inputs.input_ids, max_length=30)
>>> tokenizer.batch_decode(generate_ids, skip_special_tokens=True, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False)[0]
"Hey, are you consciours? Can you talk to me?\nI'm not consciours, but I can talk to you."
```"""
output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions
output_hidden_states = (
output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states
)
return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict
outputs = self.model(
input_ids=input_ids,
attention_mask=attention_mask,
position_ids=position_ids,
past_key_values=past_key_values,
inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
use_cache=use_cache,
output_attentions=output_attentions,
output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states,
return_dict=return_dict,
)
hidden_states = outputs[0]
logits = self.lm_head(hidden_states)
loss = None
if labels is not None:
if self.use_loss_mask:
loss_mask = self.get_loss_mask(input_ids, labels, self.eod_token, self.sep_token)
# Shift so that tokens < n predict n
shift_logits = logits[..., :-1, :].contiguous()
shift_labels = labels[..., 1:].contiguous()
# Flatten the tokens
if self.use_loss_mask:
loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss(reduction='none')
shift_logits = shift_logits.view(-1, self.config.vocab_size)
shift_labels = shift_labels.view(-1)
# Enable model parallelism
shift_labels = shift_labels.to(shift_logits.device)
loss = loss_fct(shift_logits, shift_labels)
loss = torch.sum(loss * loss_mask) / loss_mask.sum()
else:
loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss()
shift_logits = shift_logits.view(-1, self.config.vocab_size)
shift_labels = shift_labels.view(-1)
# Enable model parallelism
shift_labels = shift_labels.to(shift_logits.device)
loss = loss_fct(shift_logits, shift_labels)
if not return_dict:
output = (logits,) + outputs[1:]
return (loss,) + output if loss is not None else output
return CausalLMOutputWithPast(
loss=loss,
logits=logits,
past_key_values=outputs.past_key_values,
hidden_states=hidden_states,
attentions=outputs.attentions,
)
def prepare_inputs_for_generation(
self, input_ids, past_key_values=None, attention_mask=None, inputs_embeds=None, **kwargs
):
position_ids = kwargs.get("position_ids", None)
if attention_mask is not None and position_ids is None:
# create position_ids on the fly for batch generation
position_ids = attention_mask.long().cumsum(-1) - 1
position_ids.masked_fill_(attention_mask == 0, 1)
if past_key_values:
position_ids = position_ids[:, -1].unsqueeze(-1)
# if `inputs_embeds` are passed, we only want to use them in the 1st generation step
if inputs_embeds is not None and past_key_values is None:
model_inputs = {"inputs_embeds": inputs_embeds}
else:
model_inputs = {"input_ids": input_ids}
model_inputs.update(
{
"position_ids": position_ids,
"past_key_values": past_key_values,
"use_cache": kwargs.get("use_cache"),
"attention_mask": attention_mask,
}
)
return model_inputs
@staticmethod
def _reorder_cache(past_key_values, beam_idx):
reordered_past = ()
for layer_past in past_key_values:
reordered_past += (tuple(past_state.index_select(0, beam_idx) for past_state in layer_past),)
return reordered_past
@add_start_docstrings(
"""
The Yuan Model transformer with a sequence classification head on top (linear layer).
[`YuanForSequenceClassification`] uses the last token in order to do the classification, as other causal models
(e.g. GPT-2) do.
Since it does classification on the last token, it requires to know the position of the last token. If a
`pad_token_id` is defined in the configuration, it finds the last token that is not a padding token in each row. If
no `pad_token_id` is defined, it simply takes the last value in each row of the batch. Since it cannot guess the
padding tokens when `inputs_embeds` are passed instead of `input_ids`, it does the same (take the last value in
each row of the batch).
""",
YUAN_START_DOCSTRING,
)
class YuanForSequenceClassification(YuanPreTrainedModel):
_keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = [r"lm_head.weight"]
def __init__(self, config):
super().__init__(config)
self.num_labels = config.num_labels
self.model = YuanModel(config)
self.score = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.num_labels, bias=False)
# Initialize weights and apply final processing
self.post_init()
def get_input_embeddings(self):
return self.model.embed_tokens
def set_input_embeddings(self, value):
self.model.embed_tokens = value
@add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(YUAN_INPUTS_DOCSTRING)
def forward(
self,
input_ids: torch.LongTensor = None,
attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
past_key_values: Optional[List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None,
inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
labels: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
use_cache: Optional[bool] = None,
output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> Union[Tuple, SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast]:
r"""
labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
Labels for computing the sequence classification/regression loss. Indices should be in `[0, ...,
config.num_labels - 1]`. If `config.num_labels == 1` a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If
`config.num_labels > 1` a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).
"""
return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict
transformer_outputs = self.model(
input_ids,
attention_mask=attention_mask,
position_ids=position_ids,
past_key_values=past_key_values,
inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
use_cache=use_cache,
output_attentions=output_attentions,
output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states,
return_dict=return_dict,
)
hidden_states = transformer_outputs[0]
logits = self.score(hidden_states)
if input_ids is not None:
batch_size = input_ids.shape[0]
else:
batch_size = inputs_embeds.shape[0]
if self.config.pad_token_id is None and batch_size != 1:
raise ValueError("Cannot handle batch sizes > 1 if no padding token is defined.")
if self.config.pad_token_id is None:
sequence_lengths = -1
else:
if input_ids is not None:
sequence_lengths = (torch.ne(input_ids, self.config.pad_token_id).sum(-1) - 1).to(logits.device)
else:
sequence_lengths = -1
pooled_logits = logits[torch.arange(batch_size, device=logits.device), sequence_lengths]
loss = None
if labels is not None:
labels = labels.to(logits.device)
if self.config.problem_type is None:
if self.num_labels == 1:
self.config.problem_type = "regression"
elif self.num_labels > 1 and (labels.dtype == torch.long or labels.dtype == torch.int):
self.config.problem_type = "single_label_classification"
else:
self.config.problem_type = "multi_label_classification"
if self.config.problem_type == "regression":
loss_fct = MSELoss()
if self.num_labels == 1:
loss = loss_fct(pooled_logits.squeeze(), labels.squeeze())
else:
loss = loss_fct(pooled_logits, labels)
elif self.config.problem_type == "single_label_classification":
loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss()
loss = loss_fct(pooled_logits.view(-1, self.num_labels), labels.view(-1))
elif self.config.problem_type == "multi_label_classification":
loss_fct = BCEWithLogitsLoss()
loss = loss_fct(pooled_logits, labels)
if not return_dict:
output = (pooled_logits,) + transformer_outputs[1:]
return ((loss,) + output) if loss is not None else output
return SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast(
loss=loss,
logits=pooled_logits,
past_key_values=transformer_outputs.past_key_values,
hidden_states=transformer_outputs.hidden_states,
attentions=transformer_outputs.attentions,
)
``` |
South Scarle is a civil parish in the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire, England. The parish contains ten listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the village of South Scarle and the surrounding area. All the listed buildings are in the village, and consist of a church, houses cottages and farmhouses, a pigeoncote and a barn.
Key
Buildings
References
Citations
Sources
Lists of listed buildings in Nottinghamshire |
The 1991 East Devon District Council election took place on 2 May 1991 to elect members of East Devon District Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections. There were minor changes to the district boundaries for this election.
New district boundaries
District boundary changes took place effective April 1988. No districts were added or created. All changes involved the city of Exeter, which borders East Devon to the west. The areas transferred from Exeter to East Devon had a population of about nine persons; the areas transferred from East Devon to Exeter had an estimated population of 189.
Ward results
Axminster Hamlets
Axminster Town
Beer
Broadclyst
Budleigh Salterton
Clyst Valley
Clystbeare
Colyton
Eden Vale
Exe Valley
Exmouth Brixington
Exmouth Halsdon
Exmouth Littleham Rural
Exmouth Littleham Urban
Exmouth Withycombe Raleigh
Exmouth Withycombe Urban
Honiton St. Michaels
Honiton St. Pauls
Lympstone
Newbridges
Newton Poppleford & Harpford
Otterhead
Ottery St. Mary Rural
Ottery St. Mary Town
Patteson
Raleigh
Seaton
Sidmouth Rural
Sidmouth Town
Sidmouth Woolbrook
Tale Vale
Trinity
Upper Axe
Woodbury
Yarty
References
1991 English local elections
May 1991 events in the United Kingdom
East Devon District Council elections
1990s in Devon |
The Scottish Parliamentary Pensions Act 2009 was an Act of the Scottish Parliament to set out rules to govern the Scottish Parliamentary Pension Scheme which was passed by the Parliament on 22 January 2009 and received Royal Assent on 25 February 2009.
See also
List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 1999
References
External links
Acts of the Scottish Parliament 2009
Pensions in the United Kingdom
Scottish Parliament |
María Elena Zamora Ruiz (born 16 August 1969) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. In 2012 she served as Deputy of the LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Guanajuato.
References
1969 births
Living people
Politicians from Guanajuato
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LXI Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Guanajuato |
Sharon Township is a township in Le Sueur County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 658 at the 2000 census.
Sharon Township was organized in 1858, and named for the Sharon plain, in present-day Israel.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.9 square miles (92.9 km), of which 35.8 square miles (92.6 km) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.4 km) (0.39%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 658 people, 231 households, and 195 families residing in the township. The population density was 18.4 people per square mile (7.1/km). There were 239 housing units at an average density of 6.7/sq mi (2.6/km). The racial makeup of the township was 97.42% White, 1.37% Native American, 0.15% Asian, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population.
There were 231 households, out of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.4% were married couples living together, 3.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.2% were non-families. 13.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the township the population was spread out, with 30.5% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.7 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $52,841, and the median income for a family was $57,083. Males had a median income of $32,375 versus $24,688 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,314. About 3.4% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
References
Townships in Le Sueur County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota
1858 establishments in Minnesota Territory
Populated places established in 1858 |
Patrick "Rudeboy" Tilon (born 1964, Suriname) (also Rudeboy Remington, Silver Surfering Rudeboy, Microphone Nazi, Sir Antagonist) is a Dutch musician, best known as the singer of the rap rock band Urban Dance Squad, which he led from 1986 to 2000, and the first two albums of Dutch electronic musician Junkie XL (1997-2000). <p>After Urban Dance Squad disbanded in 2000, he left Junkie XL and made a few records with short-lived bands and projects: The League Of XO Gentlemen (Smiling At The Claptrap Circuses, 2003) and Club Of High Eyebrows (Older Now, 2007). Tilon also worked in the catering industry during this period. Since 2011 he is singing under a new moniker, The Arguido, with the Amsterdam surf band The Phantom Four, which released the album Sounds From the Obscure in 2012.<p>
In 2019, Tilon joined noise rock band The Cold Vein from Nijmegen. In 2022, they published their first album Simple Trick More Voodoo.
In late 2021, he started performing again with former Urban Dance Squad-dj DJ DNA (Arjen de Vreede) under the title Rudeboy plays UDS featuring DJ DNA ,, playing UDS-songs with a new band: Axel van Oort (bass), Matthias van Beek (guitar) and Jochem van Rooijen (drums).
References
1964 births
Living people
Dutch male singers
Dutch rappers
Surinamese emigrants to the Netherlands
Musicians from Amsterdam |
Invercauld Castle () is a country house situated in Royal Deeside near Braemar in Scotland. It is protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.
History
The Farquharson family settled in the area in the 14th century, and constructed a tower house in the 16th century. A vaulted basement within the present building dates from this time, although the tower house was remodelled in the late 17th century. Further alterations were made through the 18th and 19th centuries, and in 1875 the castle was extensively remodelled by John Thomas Wimperis in the Scots Baronial style. The house retains many Victorian furnishings and paintings.
References
External links
Invercauld Estate
Castles in Aberdeenshire
Category A listed buildings in Aberdeenshire
Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout xmlns:android="path_to_url"
xmlns:tools="path_to_url"
xmlns:app="path_to_url">
<data>
<variable
name="viewModel"
type="org.proninyaroslav.libretorrent.ui.log.LogViewModel" />
</data>
<RelativeLayout
android:id="@+id/root_layout"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:fitsSystemWindows="true"
tools:context=".ui.log.LogActivity">
<include
layout="@layout/toolbar" />
<RelativeLayout
android:id="@+id/coordinator_layout"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_below="@id/toolbar">
<org.proninyaroslav.libretorrent.ui.customviews.SwitchBar
android:id="@+id/enableLog"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
android:checked="@={viewModel.mutableParams.logging}" />
<androidx.coordinatorlayout.widget.CoordinatorLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_below="@id/enableLog">
<org.proninyaroslav.libretorrent.ui.customviews.EmptyRecyclerView
android:id="@+id/log_list"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:focusable="true"
android:scrollbars="vertical" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/empty_view_log"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:text="@string/journal_list_empty"
style="@style/EmptyView" />
<com.google.android.material.floatingactionbutton.FloatingActionButton
android:id="@+id/fab_up"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="top|end"
android:layout_marginTop="24dp"
app:srcCompat="@drawable/ic_arrow_up_grey600_24dp"
app:fabSize="mini"
android:focusable="true"
android:layout_marginEnd="16dp"
tools:ignore="ContentDescription" />
<com.google.android.material.floatingactionbutton.FloatingActionButton
android:id="@+id/fab_down"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="bottom|end"
android:layout_marginBottom="16dp"
app:srcCompat="@drawable/ic_arrow_down_grey600_24dp"
app:fabSize="mini"
android:focusable="true"
android:layout_marginEnd="16dp"
tools:ignore="ContentDescription" />
</androidx.coordinatorlayout.widget.CoordinatorLayout>
</RelativeLayout>
</RelativeLayout>
</layout>
``` |
U.S. Route 241 may refer to:
U.S. Route 241 (Tennessee–Kentucky) in Tennessee and Kentucky
U.S. Route 241 (Alabama–Tennessee) in Alabama and Tennessee
41-2
2 |
North Central High School is a public high school in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It is part of the Metropolitan School District of Washington Township. North Central is an International Baccalaureate (IB) school.
History
North Central was established in 1956 in response to Washington Township's rapidly growing population and the desire of residents to have a local high school. Prior to this, students from the township attended Broad Ripple High School and Shortridge High School in Indianapolis. (At this time, most of the township was outside the city limits.) In 1963 the current facility was opened, and the original building was repurposed to Northview Middle School.
Demographics
For the 2015-2016 school year, enrollment was 3,636 students. 41% were black, 35% were white, 14% were Hispanic, 6% were multiracial, and 4% were Asian. 42% qualified for free lunches and 6% of the student body qualified for reduced-price lunches.
For the 2020-21 school year, enrollment was 3,754 students. Of these, 38% were black, 33% were white, 19% were Hispanic, 6% were multiracial, and 4% were Asian. 45% of students qualified for free lunches and 2% qualified for reduced-price lunches.
Music
The North Central Wind Ensemble has been named the ISSMA State Concert Band Champions six times (2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2011).
The North Central High School Symphony Orchestra has been named the ISSMA State Concert Orchestra Champions ten times (1985, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2007, 2009, and 2014).
The North Central Counterpoints show choir have been named the ISSMA State Concert Choir Grand Champions fifteen times (1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011) and the State Show Choir Grand Champions eleven times (2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019).
Notable alumni
Adam Alexander, NASCAR Camping World Series broadcaster, SpeedTV contributor, anchor
Tom Borton, jazz saxophonist, songwriter, composer, and former CEO of Los Angeles Post Music, Inc.
Todd Brewster, journalist and author
Cheryl Bridges, former marathon world record holder and first woman to obtain an athletic scholarship at a U.S. university
Sean Buck, Navy Vice Admiral, 63rd Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy
A'Lelia Bundles, author and journalist
Priyanka Chopra, Indian actress, singer, film producer
Mitch Daniels, Governor of Indiana (2005–13), President of Purdue University (2013–)
Andrew East, American football player
Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, musician, multi- platinum selling producer, with over 100 top 10 hits for various artists
Jared Fogle, spokesperson and convicted felon
Ray Gaddis, retired soccer player for the Philadelphia Union in Major League Soccer.
Jason Gardner, 1999 Indiana Mr. Basketball, Final Four participant at The University of Arizona. Current director of player relations at Arizona. He briefly returned to North Central for the 2020-21 season to serve as the boys basketball head coach.
Eric Gordon, Indiana Mr. Basketball, 2007, former Indiana University PG. 2008 NBA Draft: 1st round, 7th pick to Los Angeles Clippers.
Amber Harris, pro basketball player for Chicago Sky, 2-time WNBA champion
Marie Collins Johns, former President & CEO, Verizon, mayoral candidate for Washington, D.C.
Ro James, musician
Ronnie Johnson, basketball player
Scott A. Jones, co-founder of Boston Technologies and ChaCha
Peter Kassig, aid worker, taken hostage and ultimately executed by The Islamic State.
Ron Klain, White House Chief of Staff to President Joe Biden, former Chief of Staff to former Vice President Al Gore, and was Chief of Staff to Biden when he was Vice President
Jon Krahulik, Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court.
Brad Leaf, American-Israeli basketball player for Hapoel Galil Elyon and Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israel Premier League
Todd Lickliter, former Butler University and Iowa Hawkeyes head men's basketball coach
Charly Arnolt, sports broadcaster and TV personality
David Logan, basketball player for Dinamo Basket Sassari
Mary Mackey, novelist and poet
Maicel Malone-Wallace, 1996 Olympic Gold Medalist 4x400 Relay
Derrick Mayes football wide receiver at Notre Dame and the Green Bay Packers
Diana Mercer, author and Huffington Post columnist
Susan Neville, Professor of English at Butler University and Flannery O'Connor Award Winning author.
Bart Peterson, politician, former Mayor of Indianapolis
Courtney Roby, NFL football player, also played football at Indiana University
Chad Spann, NFL football player
Marc Summers, television personality, Double Dare game show Nickelodeon, currently Unwrapped, Food Network
Lars Tate, Gatorade National High School football player of the year, University of Georgia and NFL starter
Don Thompson, executive at McDonald's Corporation
Troy Van Voorhis, MIT chemistry professor and speaker at The Veritas Forum
Kris Wilkes, 2017 Indiana Mr. Basketball and former college basketball player for UCLA
David Wolf, astronaut
John Von Ohlen, jazz drummer who played in the bands of Woody Herman and Stan Kenton
Tim Rogers, journalist and video game developer
See also
List of high schools in Indiana
References
Educational institutions established in 1956
Public high schools in Indiana
Schools in Indianapolis
1956 establishments in Indiana |
Liezel Huber and Lisa Raymond were the defending champions, but Huber chose not to compete that year. Raymond played with Sabine Lisicki.
Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears defeated in the final the fourth seeded Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Květa Peschke with the score 6–1, 6–4.
Seeds
Draw
Draw
References
Main draw
Doubles |
This article provides details of international football games played by the Guinea national football team from 2020 to present.
Results
2020
2021
2022
References
2020–
2020s in Guinean sport |
Cold Waters may refer to:
Cold Waters (album), an album by South African rapper PdotO
Cold Waters (video game), a 2017 submarine simulator game by Killerfish Games
See also
Cold Water (disambiguation) |
Somewhere in Europe () is a 1948 Hungarian drama film directed by Géza von Radványi. It depicts the aftermath of World War II and specifically the lives of a gang of orphaned children in a postwar setting. The gang of children steal, cheat, and pillage due largely to the harsh circumstances and the world around them. The film has been compared to Italian neorealism. The film was chosen to be part of the New Budapest Twelve, a list of Hungarian films considered the best in 2000. It was adapted into a musical.
Cast
Artúr Somlay - Péter Simon
Miklós Gábor - Hosszú
Zsuzsa Bánki - Éva
György Bárdy - Police Commissioner
References
External links
Films about orphans
1948 drama films
1948 films
Hungarian drama films
Hungarian black-and-white films |
The Curse of the Bronze Lamp (also published as Lord of the Sorcerers) is a mystery novel by the American writer John Dickson Carr, who published it under the name of Carter Dickson. It is a locked room mystery or, more properly, a subset of that category known as an "impossible crime", and features the series detective Sir Henry Merrivale. Carr considered this one of his best impossible crime novels.
Plot summary
Lady Helen Loring does not believe in the ancient Egyptian curse associated with an ancient artifact, a bronze lamp that is a gift from the Egyptian government. It comes from a tomb that Helen and her father, Lord Severn, helped excavate.
In defiance of the dire predictions of an Egyptian soothsayer, she brings the lamp back to Severn Hall, her ancestral home in England. At the door, Helen stepped out of the car, leaving her friends to follow her into the Hall.
Less than three minutes later, they did—and Helen had vanished. On the floor, in the middle of the vast entrance hall, were her coat and the bronze lamp.
Luckily, Sir Henry Merrivale is nearby and unafraid of any and all spirits and soothsayers; after a murder shocks the inhabitants of Severn Hall, he solves both the disappearance and the murder.
1945 American novels
Novels by John Dickson Carr
Locked-room mysteries
William Morrow and Company books |
David Douglas Archer (16 April 1928 – 25 March 1992) was a British field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1928 births
1992 deaths
English male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Great Britain
Field hockey players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players from London
Sportspeople from Edmonton, London |
Doug Dersch (born April 18, 1946) was a Canadian football player who played for the Edmonton Eskimos, Montreal Alouettes, Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Toronto Argonauts. He won the Grey Cup with Hamilton in 1972. He played college football at the University of Calgary.
References
1946 births
Living people
Calgary Dinos football players
Canadian football linebackers
Edmonton Elks players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
People from Red Deer County
Players of Canadian football from Alberta |
Graph drawing is an area of mathematics and computer science combining methods from geometric graph theory and information visualization to derive two-dimensional depictions of graphs arising from applications such as social network analysis, cartography, linguistics, and bioinformatics.
A drawing of a graph or network diagram is a pictorial representation of the vertices and edges of a graph. This drawing should not be confused with the graph itself: very different layouts can correspond to the same graph. In the abstract, all that matters is which pairs of vertices are connected by edges. In the concrete, however, the arrangement of these vertices and edges within a drawing affects its understandability, usability, fabrication cost, and aesthetics. The problem gets worse if the graph changes over time by adding and deleting edges (dynamic graph drawing) and the goal is to preserve the user's mental map.
Graphical conventions
Graphs are frequently drawn as node–link diagrams in which the vertices are represented as disks, boxes, or textual labels and the edges are represented as line segments, polylines, or curves in the Euclidean plane. Node–link diagrams can be traced back to the 14th-16th century works of Pseudo-Lull which were published under the name of Ramon Llull, a 13th century polymath. Pseudo-Lull drew diagrams of this type for complete graphs in order to analyze all pairwise combinations among sets of metaphysical concepts.
In the case of directed graphs, arrowheads form a commonly used graphical convention to show their orientation; however, user studies have shown that other conventions such as tapering provide this information more effectively. Upward planar drawing uses the convention that every edge is oriented from a lower vertex to a higher vertex, making arrowheads unnecessary.
Alternative conventions to node–link diagrams include adjacency representations such as circle packings, in which vertices are represented by disjoint regions in the plane and edges are represented by adjacencies between regions; intersection representations in which vertices are represented by non-disjoint geometric objects and edges are represented by their intersections; visibility representations in which vertices are represented by regions in the plane and edges are represented by regions that have an unobstructed line of sight to each other; confluent drawings, in which edges are represented as smooth curves within mathematical train tracks; fabrics, in which nodes are represented as horizontal lines and edges as vertical lines; and visualizations of the adjacency matrix of the graph.
Quality measures
Many different quality measures have been defined for graph drawings, in an attempt to find objective means of evaluating their aesthetics and usability. In addition to guiding the choice between different layout methods for the same graph, some layout methods attempt to directly optimize these measures.
The crossing number of a drawing is the number of pairs of edges that cross each other. If the graph is planar, then it is often convenient to draw it without any edge intersections; that is, in this case, a graph drawing represents a graph embedding. However, nonplanar graphs frequently arise in applications, so graph drawing algorithms must generally allow for edge crossings.
The area of a drawing is the size of its smallest bounding box, relative to the closest distance between any two vertices. Drawings with smaller area are generally preferable to those with larger area, because they allow the features of the drawing to be shown at greater size and therefore more legibly. The aspect ratio of the bounding box may also be important.
Symmetry display is the problem of finding symmetry groups within a given graph, and finding a drawing that displays as much of the symmetry as possible. Some layout methods automatically lead to symmetric drawings; alternatively, some drawing methods start by finding symmetries in the input graph and using them to construct a drawing.
It is important that edges have shapes that are as simple as possible, to make it easier for the eye to follow them. In polyline drawings, the complexity of an edge may be measured by its number of bends, and many methods aim to provide drawings with few total bends or few bends per edge. Similarly for spline curves the complexity of an edge may be measured by the number of control points on the edge.
Several commonly used quality measures concern lengths of edges: it is generally desirable to minimize the total length of the edges as well as the maximum length of any edge. Additionally, it may be preferable for the lengths of edges to be uniform rather than highly varied.
Angular resolution is a measure of the sharpest angles in a graph drawing. If a graph has vertices with high degree then it necessarily will have small angular resolution, but the angular resolution can be bounded below by a function of the degree.
The slope number of a graph is the minimum number of distinct edge slopes needed in a drawing with straight line segment edges (allowing crossings). Cubic graphs have slope number at most four, but graphs of degree five may have unbounded slope number; it remains open whether the slope number of degree-4 graphs is bounded.
Layout methods
There are many different graph layout strategies:
In force-based layout systems, the graph drawing software modifies an initial vertex placement by continuously moving the vertices according to a system of forces based on physical metaphors related to systems of springs or molecular mechanics. Typically, these systems combine attractive forces between adjacent vertices with repulsive forces between all pairs of vertices, in order to seek a layout in which edge lengths are small while vertices are well-separated. These systems may perform gradient descent based minimization of an energy function, or they may translate the forces directly into velocities or accelerations for the moving vertices.
Spectral layout methods use as coordinates the eigenvectors of a matrix such as the Laplacian derived from the adjacency matrix of the graph.
Orthogonal layout methods, which allow the edges of the graph to run horizontally or vertically, parallel to the coordinate axes of the layout. These methods were originally designed for VLSI and PCB layout problems but they have also been adapted for graph drawing. They typically involve a multiphase approach in which an input graph is planarized by replacing crossing points by vertices, a topological embedding of the planarized graph is found, edge orientations are chosen to minimize bends, vertices are placed consistently with these orientations, and finally a layout compaction stage reduces the area of the drawing.
Tree layout algorithms these show a rooted tree-like formation, suitable for trees. Often, in a technique called "balloon layout", the children of each node in the tree are drawn on a circle surrounding the node, with the radii of these circles diminishing at lower levels in the tree so that these circles do not overlap.
Layered graph drawing methods (often called Sugiyama-style drawing) are best suited for directed acyclic graphs or graphs that are nearly acyclic, such as the graphs of dependencies between modules or functions in a software system. In these methods, the nodes of the graph are arranged into horizontal layers using methods such as the Coffman–Graham algorithm, in such a way that most edges go downwards from one layer to the next; after this step, the nodes within each layer are arranged in order to minimize crossings.
Arc diagrams, a layout style dating back to the 1960s, place vertices on a line; edges may be drawn as semicircles above or below the line, or as smooth curves linked together from multiple semicircles.
Circular layout methods place the vertices of the graph on a circle, choosing carefully the ordering of the vertices around the circle to reduce crossings and place adjacent vertices close to each other. Edges may be drawn either as chords of the circle or as arcs inside or outside of the circle. In some cases, multiple circles may be used.
Dominance drawing places vertices in such a way that one vertex is upwards, rightwards, or both of another if and only if it is reachable from the other vertex. In this way, the layout style makes the reachability relation of the graph visually apparent.
Application-specific graph drawings
Graphs and graph drawings arising in other areas of application include
Sociograms, drawings of a social network, as often offered by social network analysis software
Hasse diagrams, a type of graph drawing specialized to partial orders
Dessin d'enfants, a type of graph drawing used in algebraic geometry
State diagrams, graphical representations of finite-state machines
Computer network diagrams, depictions of the nodes and connections in a computer network
Flowcharts and drakon-charts, drawings in which the nodes represent the steps of an algorithm and the edges represent control flow between steps.
Data-flow diagrams, drawings in which the nodes represent the components of an information system and the edges represent the movement of information from one component to another.
Bioinformatics including phylogenetic trees, protein–protein interaction networks, and metabolic pathways.
In addition, the placement and routing steps of electronic design automation (EDA) are similar in many ways to graph drawing, as is the problem of greedy embedding in distributed computing, and the graph drawing literature includes several results borrowed from the EDA literature. However, these problems also differ in several important ways: for instance, in EDA, area minimization and signal length are more important than aesthetics, and the routing problem in EDA may have more than two terminals per net while the analogous problem in graph drawing generally only involves pairs of vertices for each edge.
Software
Software, systems, and providers of systems for drawing graphs include:
BioFabric open-source software for visualizing large networks by drawing nodes as horizontal lines.
Cytoscape, open-source software for visualizing molecular interaction networks
Gephi, open-source network analysis and visualization software
graph-tool, a free/libre Python library for analysis of graphs.
Graphviz, an open-source graph drawing system from AT&T Corporation
Linkurious, a commercial network analysis and visualization software for graph databases
Mathematica, a general purpose computation tool that includes 2D and 3D graph visualization and graph analysis tools.
Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout, open-source .NET library (formerly called GLEE) for laying out graphs
NetworkX is a Python library for studying graphs and networks.
Tulip, an open source data visualization tool
yEd, a graph editor with graph layout functionality
PGF/TikZ 3.0 with the graphdrawing package (requires LuaTeX).
LaNet-vi, an open-source large network visualization software
Edraw Max 2D business technical diagramming software
See also
International Symposium on Graph Drawing
List of Unified Modeling Language tools
Footnotes
References
.
.
.
.
.
.
Specialized subtopics
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
External links
GraphX library for .NET : open-source WPF library for graph calculation and visualization. Supports many layout and edge routing algorithms.
Graph drawing e-print archive: including information on papers from all Graph Drawing symposia.
for many additional links related to graph drawing. |
Doom Island ( or Pulau Dum, pronounced "Dom") is a small island in Southwest Papua, Indonesia. It is administratively part of the city of Sorong, specifically the Sorong Islands District.
The island served as an administrative center of Dutch East Indies administration in Papua, and continued to become the core of Sorong for some time before the city developed across the strait on the mainland of Papua.
Geography and administration
The island is located around away from mainland Sorong. It has a perimeter of around .
The island is part of two administrative villages (kelurahan): West and East Doom. The two villages also include other small islands close to Sorong. As of mid 2021, the two villages have a combined population of 9,855.
History
Prior to European colonization, the island had been part of the Sultanate of Tidore.
First appearing in Dutch records by 1863 through a study by Heinrich Agathon Bernstein, the island was colonized by the Dutch early in the establishment of Dutch East Indies presence in New Guinea, with a colonial post being officially established in 1906 and a Minahasan being appointed as the head. The island later served as an administrative post, with multiple office buildings, a prison, and a "pleasure building" being constructed on the island. A diesel-powered electrical generator was installed on the island to supply electricity for the buildings. The island acted as an administrative center for the onderafdeling ( subdivision) of Sorong between 1935 and 1950 or 1952.
During the Second World War, Japanese forces occupied and fortified the island, building a network of tunnels and bunkers. The island was attacked by American and Australian aircraft throughout the war.
Following the war, a fishing station was briefly established on the island before it was moved to Manokwari. After the handover of Papua to Indonesia, growth of Sorong forced the movement of the city to the mainland around 1965, although the island initially remained developed relative to mainland Sorong until the latter grew, with Doom being called the "star island" in the 1970s and 80s due to its relatively bright lights.
Access and facilities
Due to its short distance from Sorong, Doom is reachable by boat within 10 minutes from the mainland. The island has a reverse osmosis seawater processing facility, capable of processing 9,000 liters per hour.
There is a high school on the island, which used to be a Dutch prison complex, and a football field.
References
Sorong
Islands of Western New Guinea |
Evros Football Clubs Association or EPS Evros (Greek: Ένωση Ποδοσφαιρικών Σωματείων Έβρου, ΕΠΣ Έβρου) is a union representing the football teams from the Greek regional unit of Evros. Its headquarters are in Alexandroupoli.
Association football governing bodies in Greece
Evros (regional unit)
1980 establishments in Greece |
The Camp Five Museum is a living history museum located in Laona, Wisconsin that interprets the forest industry and transportation history of Wisconsin. It includes part or all of the Camp Five Farmstead, also known as Camp Five Logging Camp, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The museum was established in 1969.
History
The R Connor Company established a logging camp at this site in the late 1890s, their fifth camp near Laona. By 1914, the timber within reach of the camp was exhausted, so it was converted into a company farm, to supply meat, vegetables, and work horses to Connor's other camps in the area. The site worked well because it was near town, the land in the immediate vicinity was good for farming, and it lay on a rail line. The farm continued to supply Connor's logging camps for decades. In 1969, the farm opened to the public as a history museum.
Museum
The museum site encompasses and includes a logging and forestry museum, static displays of historic logging equipment and bateaux used in log drives, a slaughterhouse, a petting zoo, a nature center, a small cafeteria, and a museum shop. Two tours run from the site into the surrounding countryside: a forestry tour and a riverboat tour. Each tour takes about twenty minutes. Visitors reach the museum by taking the Lumberjack Steam Train, which runs on the Laona and Northern Railway.
The museum's steam train and blacksmithy are part of its daily living history displays. In addition the museum periodically hosts re-enactors of the fur-trade era, cowboys, the Civil War, and World War I.
Awards:
1996 - Camp Five was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the US Department of the Interior
1987 - Presidential Environmental Youth Award, from the United States Environmental Protection Agency for its education and ecology program for Boy Scouts
1978 - Forest History Association of Wisconsin award
1975 - Arbor Day Foundation National Award in Education for the Green Treasure Forest Tour
1970 - Wisconsin Historical Society Award of Merit
References
External links
Railroad museums in Wisconsin
Forestry museums in the United States
Nature centers in Wisconsin
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Museums in Forest County, Wisconsin
Natural history museums in Wisconsin
Industry museums in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Forest County, Wisconsin |
```html
<!--
(See accompanying file LICENSE.md or copy at path_to_url
-->
<!-- boost-no-inspect -->
<!-- HTML header for doxygen 1.8.9.1-->
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "path_to_url">
<html xmlns="path_to_url">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/xhtml;charset=UTF-8"/>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=9"/>
<meta name="generator" content="Doxygen 1.8.11"/>
<title>Boost.Hana: Data types</title>
<link href="tabs.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<script type="text/javascript" src="jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="dynsections.js"></script>
<link href="navtree.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<script type="text/javascript" src="resize.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="navtreedata.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="navtree.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(initResizable);
$(window).load(resizeHeight);
</script>
<link href="search/search.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<script type="text/javascript" src="search/searchdata.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="search/search.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function() { init_search(); });
</script>
<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
MathJax.Hub.Config({
extensions: ["tex2jax.js"],
jax: ["input/TeX","output/HTML-CSS"],
});
// (See accompanying file LICENSE.md or copy at path_to_url
MathJax.Hub.Config({
"HTML-CSS": {
linebreaks: {
automatic: true,
width: "75% container"
}
}
});
</script><script type="text/javascript" src="path_to_url"></script>
<link href="doxygen.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<!-- Additional javascript for drawing charts. -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="highcharts.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="highcharts-data.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="highcharts-exporting.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="chart.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="hana.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="top"><!-- do not remove this div, it is closed by doxygen! -->
<div id="titlearea">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 56px;">
<td id="projectlogo"><img alt="Logo" src="Boost.png"/></td>
<td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">
<div id="projectname">Boost.Hana
 <span id="projectnumber">1.3.0</span>
</div>
<div id="projectbrief">Your standard library for metaprogramming</div>
</td>
<td> <div id="MSearchBox" class="MSearchBoxInactive">
<span class="left">
<img id="MSearchSelect" src="search/mag_sel.png"
onmouseover="return searchBox.OnSearchSelectShow()"
onmouseout="return searchBox.OnSearchSelectHide()"
alt=""/>
<input type="text" id="MSearchField" value="Search" accesskey="S"
onfocus="searchBox.OnSearchFieldFocus(true)"
onblur="searchBox.OnSearchFieldFocus(false)"
onkeyup="searchBox.OnSearchFieldChange(event)"/>
</span><span class="right">
<a id="MSearchClose" href="javascript:searchBox.CloseResultsWindow()"><img id="MSearchCloseImg" border="0" src="search/close.png" alt=""/></a>
</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!-- end header part -->
<!-- Generated by Doxygen 1.8.11 -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var searchBox = new SearchBox("searchBox", "search",false,'Search');
</script>
</div><!-- top -->
<div id="side-nav" class="ui-resizable side-nav-resizable">
<div id="nav-tree">
<div id="nav-tree-contents">
<div id="nav-sync" class="sync"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="splitbar" style="-moz-user-select:none;"
class="ui-resizable-handle">
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){initNavTree('group__group-datatypes.html','');});
</script>
<div id="doc-content">
<!-- window showing the filter options -->
<div id="MSearchSelectWindow"
onmouseover="return searchBox.OnSearchSelectShow()"
onmouseout="return searchBox.OnSearchSelectHide()"
onkeydown="return searchBox.OnSearchSelectKey(event)">
</div>
<!-- iframe showing the search results (closed by default) -->
<div id="MSearchResultsWindow">
<iframe src="javascript:void(0)" frameborder="0"
name="MSearchResults" id="MSearchResults">
</iframe>
</div>
<div class="header">
<div class="summary">
<a href="#nested-classes">Classes</a> </div>
<div class="headertitle">
<div class="title">Data types</div> </div>
</div><!--header-->
<div class="contents">
<a name="details" id="details"></a><h2 class="groupheader">Description</h2>
<p>General purpose data types provided by the library. </p>
<table class="memberdecls">
<tr class="heading"><td colspan="2"><h2 class="groupheader"><a name="nested-classes"></a>
Classes</h2></td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1integral__constant.html">boost::hana::integral_constant< T, v ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Compile-time value of an integral type. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1integral__constant.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1basic__tuple.html">boost::hana::basic_tuple< Xs ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Stripped down version of <code><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1tuple.html" title="General purpose index-based heterogeneous sequence with a fixed length. ">hana::tuple</a></code>. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1basic__tuple.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1lazy.html">boost::hana::lazy< implementation_defined ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight"><code><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1lazy.html" title="hana::lazy implements superficial laziness via a monadic interface. ">hana::lazy</a></code> implements superficial laziness via a monadic interface. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1lazy.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1map.html">boost::hana::map< Pairs ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Basic associative container requiring unique, <code>Comparable</code> and <code>Hashable</code> keys. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1map.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1optional.html">boost::hana::optional< T ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Optional value whose optional-ness is known at compile-time. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1optional.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1pair.html">boost::hana::pair< First, Second ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Generic container for two elements. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1pair.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1range.html">boost::hana::range< T, from, to ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Compile-time half-open interval of <code><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1integral__constant.html" title="Compile-time value of an integral type. ">hana::integral_constant</a></code>s. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1range.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1set.html">boost::hana::set< implementation_defined ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Basic unordered container requiring unique, <code>Comparable</code> and <code>Hashable</code> keys. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1set.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1string.html">boost::hana::string< implementation_defined ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Compile-time string. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1string.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1tuple.html">boost::hana::tuple< Xn ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">General purpose index-based heterogeneous sequence with a fixed length. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1tuple.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">struct  </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1type.html">boost::hana::type< T ></a></td></tr>
<tr class="memdesc:"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">C++ type in value-level representation. <a href="structboost_1_1hana_1_1type.html#details">More...</a><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>
</div><!-- contents -->
</div><!-- doc-content -->
<!--
(See accompanying file LICENSE.md or copy at path_to_url
-->
<!-- boost-no-inspect -->
<!-- HTML footer for doxygen 1.8.9.1-->
<!-- start footer part -->
<div id="nav-path" class="navpath"><!-- id is needed for treeview function! -->
<ul>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
``` |
Association football is the most popular sport in Sweden, with over 240,000 licensed players (approximately 56,000 women and 184,000 men) with another 240,000 youth players. There are around 3,200 active clubs fielding over 8,500 teams, which are playing on the 7,900 pitches available in the country. Football was first played in Sweden in the 1870s, the first championship was decided in 1896 and the Swedish Football Association was founded in 1904. Despite being a relatively small country population-wise, both the men's and women's national teams and the club teams have gained rather large success from time to time.
History
Football, along with other organised sports, came to Sweden in the 1870s and was mainly exercised by gymnastics clubs which exercised most of the sports of the time. England and Scotland were the main sources of inspiration and it is thus not strange that football gained popularity fast, with the first agreement of rules made in 1885 by the clubs active in Gothenburg, Stockholm and Visby. The first international club match was played in 1890 and the first match with modern rules was played two years later in 1892.
The first association to administer a Swedish national football tournament was Svenska Idrottsförbundet, founded 1895 in Gothenburg, the dominating football town in Sweden, at the time. The association arranged Svenska Mästerskapet in 1896 which Örgryte IS won. The tournament was played until 1925 when the first national league, Allsvenskan, was started. In the late 1890s, the IFK associations began playing football, and by 1901, the first Kamratmästerskap (IFK championship) in football was arranged.
Football has grown since and there is currently around 3,300 clubs with 32,700 teams and with one million members, whereof about half a million are active players, altogether.
League system
The current national league system administered by the football association is organised as 1-1-2-6-12, where Allsvenskan is the highest Swedish level and Superettan the second highest, followed by two third level (Division 1), six fourth level (Division 2) and twelve fifth level leagues (Division 3). Below Division 3 are several lower leagues, in some areas going all the way down to the ninth level, (Division 7), or in the case of Upplands FF, the tenth level (Division 8), overseen by regional football associations.
Cup system
The national cup Svenska Cupen is played by all 32 teams from Allsvenskan and Superettan and 64 teams from the lower divisions. Which 64 teams from the lower divisions that get to play is decided by the number of licensed players in the football districts.
International titles
The Sweden national football team played its first international football match in 1908 against Norway. The team has been fairly successful with one 2nd place in the 1958 World Cup, two third places (1950 and 1994) and a victory in the 1948 Summer Olympics. The Sweden women's national football team was once leading in the development of women's football and won the unofficial European Championships in 1984, a success the team has not managed to repeat, however, it won a silver in the 2003 World Cup.
Swedish clubs have appeared in European club competition finals 10 times. In men's football, IFK Göteborg won the UEFA Cup twice, 1982 and 1987, and Malmö FF lost the European Cup final in 1979. In the women's game, Umeå IK won the UEFA Women's Cup twice, in 2003 and 2004, and lost in the final in 2001, 2007 and 2008; Djurgårdens IF Dam (then known as Djurgården/Älvsjö) lost in the final in 2005; and Tyresö FF lost in the final of the renamed UEFA Women's Champions League in 2014.
Seasons
Swedish football began to have regular seasons from 1924 on, when Allsvenskan started. Before that, tournaments were played irregularly. Svenska Mästerskapet for example, the decider of the Swedish Champions in the early years, was played spring-autumn, while Svenska Serien, the national league, was played autumn-spring. Some years, it was played spring-autumn-spring due to various reasons, and other years it was not played at all due to economical trouble. In 1959, Swedish football changed from autumn-spring to spring-autumn seasons. Allsvenskan has not been suspended any season since its start.
The last five seasons:
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Swedish champions
The current Swedish Champions title is held by the winners of Allsvenskan. The title has existed since 1896, although no club was given the title between 1926 and 1930. The 117 championships have been won by 19 different football clubs so far, with the top four title holders being Malmö FF (20 titles), IFK Göteborg (18 titles), IFK Norrköping (13 titles) and Örgryte IS (12). Clubs from the three largest cities in Sweden, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö have held the title the majority of the seasons, 78 in total, but there is also an example of a very small municipality being able to field a club capable of winning the title, as Åtvidabergs FF from Åtvidaberg held the title twice, in 1972 and 1973.
The last five holders of the title:
2014 - Malmö FF
2015 - IFK Norrköping
2016 - Malmö FF
2017 - Malmö FF
2018 - AIK
2019 - Djurgårdens IF
2020 - Malmö FF
Women's Football
Competition records
European Cup
The following teams have advanced to elimination rounds in the European Cup.
Runner-up: Malmö FF (1978–79)
Semi-finals: IFK Göteborg (1985–86)
Quarter-finals: Djurgården (1955–56), IFK Malmö (1960–61), Åtvidabergs FF (1974–75), IFK Göteborg (1984–85, 1988–89)
UEFA Champions League
The following teams have advanced to elimination rounds in the UEFA Champions League.
Quarter-finals: IFK Göteborg (1994–95)
Group Stage: IFK Göteborg (1992–93, 1996–97, 1997–98), AIK (1999–2000), Helsingborgs IF (2000–01), Malmö FF (2014–15, 2015–16, 2021-2021)
UEFA Cup
The following teams have advanced to elimination rounds in the UEFA Cup.
Champions: IFK Göteborg (1981–82, 1986–87)
Round of 32: Helsingborgs IF (2007–08)
UEFA Europa League
The following teams have advanced to elimination rounds in the UEFA Europa League.
Round of 32: Östersund (2017–18), Malmö FF (2018–19, 2019–20)
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
The following teams have advanced to elimination rounds in the UEFA Cup Winner’s Cup
Quarter-finals: Malmö FF (1974-1975, 1986-1987), IFK Göteborg (1979-1980), AIK (1996-1997), Åtvidabergs FF (1971-1972),
UEFA Women's Champions League
The following teams have advanced to elimination rounds in the UEFA Women's Champions League or its predecessor, the UEFA Women's Cup.
Club names are current, not necessarily those used when a club competed in a given season.
Champions: Umeå IK (2003, 2004)
Runner-up:
Umeå IK (2002, 2007, 2008)
Djurgårdens IF Dam (2005)
Tyresö FF (2014)
Semi-finals:
FC Rosengård (2004)
Umeå IK (2010)
Quarter-finals:
Umeå IK (2005, 2009)
Djurgårdens IF Dam (2006)
Linköpings FC (2011, 2015)
Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (2012, 2013)
FC Rosengård (2012, 2013, 2015, 2016)
Round of 16:
Linköpings FC (2010)
FC Rosengård (2014)
KIF Örebro DFF (2016)
Largest football stadiums in Sweden
Football stadiums with a capacity of at least 20,000 are included.
See also
Football in Stockholm
Notes
References
Print
Online
External links
Swedish Football Association |
Gimmy Bade (born 1974) is a French football player and coach. He is the nephew of Jean-Pierre Bade.
Career
Bade was born in Réunion. Making his SS Saint-Louisienne aged 19 in 1993, he considers winning the treble- the Premier League, Cup, and Coupe D.O.M. in 2002 to be the apogee of his career.
Accompanied by Jean-Marc Audemar and Benoît Salviat, Bade joined Tanjong Pagar United of the Singaporean S.League for the 2004 season; however, the club had a poor season, coming last for multiple reasons including, as Bade stated, "inexperienced players". The defender even had to convert to the forward position for some games and was offered contracts from other Singaporean clubs following Tanjong Pagar United's disbandment.
References
1974 births
Men's footballers from Réunion
Sportsmen from Réunion
Living people
JS Saint-Pierroise players
Expatriate men's footballers in Singapore
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Singapore
Men's association football defenders
French men's footballers
Singapore Premier League players
Tanjong Pagar United FC players
French football managers
Football managers from Réunion
AS Saint-Louisienne players |
Jeffrey Davis Perry (born January 8, 1964) is a former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives who represented the 5th Barnstable District from 2003-2011. He was the Republican Party nominee for United States Congress in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district in the 2010 election, losing to Democrat Bill Keating.
Education and early career
Perry has an associate's degree (A.A.) from Bristol Community College, and a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in sociology from Curry College. He completed an executive management program at the Law Enforcement Executive Center at Babson College, graduated from the Plymouth Regional Police Academy, and served for eight years as a Wareham police officer. After leaving the police force, Perry started a private investigation business.
State representative
In 2002, Perry was elected as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He represented the Fifth Barnstable District, covering the town of Sandwich plus portions of Barnstable, Bourne and Mashpee. He was last reelected by a 70% to 30% margin in 2008. In 2010 he resigned to run for the U.S. House; his term ends in January 2011. He was succeeded by Republican Randy Hunt.
Perry had served on the following Legislative Committees: Joint Committee on Education; Joint Committee on Public Safety and Homeland Security; House Committee on Ways & Means; and Joint Committee on State Administration and Oversight.
Academia
While serving as a State Representative, Perry attended night classes for four years at the New England School of Law, where he was recognized as "the student who has shown the greatest promise of outstanding contributions to public service." After completing his law degree there, he passed the Massachusetts Bar Examination in 2007 and worked at the firm of Flannigan and Perry, P.C., located in Hanover and Hyannis, while he continued to work in the state legislature.
Perry is an adjunct professor of criminal justice at Cape Cod Community College, and previously taught constitutional law at Bridgewater State College.
Political positions
Perry is an ally of Mitt Romney, and an admirer of Ronald Reagan. He is the author of a self-published book titled, My GOP: It is Time for Republicans to Get Back to the Principles of Ronald Reagan.
While in the State House, Perry cosponsored a bill opposing a state proposal to reopen a dredge dumping site in Buzzards Bay. He has supported the efforts of Democratic Governor Deval Patrick to bring casinos to Massachusetts. Perry unsuccessfully sponsored legislation to require residency verification as a condition for receiving public benefits.
Public safety and law enforcement
Perry opposed allowing police to pull over motorists for not wearing seat belts. He has supported maintaining criminal penalties against possession of small amounts of marijuana.
Perry is a member of a special legislative commission on drugs, which has focused on such drugs as OxyContin and oxycodone.
Fiscal policy
Perry said he hopes efforts by Governor Deval Patrick to reduce earmarks will succeed, but until then "each legislator has to fight or we're going to get left out." Thus, he requested earmarks himself, such as $25,000 for the Sandwich Glass Museum, and $16 million to bring widespread broadband access to Cape Cod. He opposed using state funds for a convict's sex change operation and has supported tax credits for home heating costs.
Perry supports giving state lottery proceeds to local governments. He opposes state tax increases, calling concerns about revenue shortfalls "hysteria" and expressing concern that increasing sales taxes could cause people to avoid taxation altogether by making purchases online or by going out of state. Perry has advocated reducing the state's gasoline excise tax in July and August to stimulate the tourism industry.
Electoral history
In 2002, Perry ran against Democrat Ruth W. Provost in the general election to represent the newly created Fifth Barnstable district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Provost had been a three-term incumbent of the Second Plymouth district, but her district was redrawn to her disadvantage after the 2000 U.S. Census and she opted to run for election in the new district. The vote was 51% to 49% for Perry. In 2004, Perry won 66% to 34% over Democrat Garry N. Blank in the general election for the Massachusetts House of Representatives for the Fifth Barnstable district. In 2006, Perry was reelected in an uncontested election. In 2008, he received 70% of the vote to 30% for Democrat Glenn S. Pare in the race to represent the Fifth Barnstable district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives.
In 2010, Perry ran to represent the 10th Congressional District in the U.S. House of Representatives and was defeated by Norfolk County District Attorney William Keating. Keating received 132,582 votes (47 percent) while Perry received 119,829 votes (42 percent). Independents Maryanne Lewis, James Sheets and Joseph van Ness received 16,673 votes (6 percent), 10,438 votes (4 percent) and 3,075 votes (1 percent) respectively. He launched his campaign before Democratic incumbent William Delahunt announced his retirement, making this an open seat. Perry defeated Joe Malone, Robert Hayden and Raymond Kasperowicz for the GOP nomination.
Controversies
Wareham police strip searches
In 2010, controversy arose about Perry's time in the early 1990s as a Wareham police sergeant, when on two separate occasions, Scott Flanagan, a subordinate police officer, conducted illegal strip searches of two teenage girls, aged 14 and 16. Perry supported Flanagan up until Flanagan entered a guilty plea. Perry said he had assumed Flanagan was innocent. Flanagan pleaded guilty in 1993 to indecent assault and civil rights violations, and subsequently was sentenced to four years in prison. Perry was named in two federal civil rights lawsuits brought against the town. The town lost one of the cases and settled the other. Perry said that although he was named as a defendant, he was never questioned and never appeared in court. Perry stated in May 2010 that, if given the chance, he would not have done anything differently: "I did what I think is good police work." Perry resigned seventeen days after Flanagan was indicted, for what Perry said were reasons unrelated to the controversy.
One of the victims, Lisa Allen, who was 14 years old at the time she was assaulted by Flanagan in 1991, has made a public statement against Perry and his role in the incident:
He [Perry] had to hear me screaming and crying. Instead of helping me, Jeff Perry denied anything happened .. Perry did not care about protecting teenaged girls in Wareham from police officer Flanagan. Jeff Perry cared only about protecting police officer Flanagan. ... It upsets me that Jeff Perry can run for Congress after what he did to me when I was 14 years old.'
Allen's father said in 2010 that he was surprised and angry that Perry is running for Congress. "There's nowhere he should run except out of town", he said.
The father of Heather Adams, the victim in the 1992 incident, however, stated in 2010 that he believed Perry was simply doing his job and that the 1992 incident should have no impact on Perry's political career. "Jeff Perry was young and handled it the best way he could ... He was worrying about his men. You have to look at everything, not just heat of the moment. Time heals all wounds. I don't have anything bad to say about him", Adams' father added.
WBZ-TV reported on the facts of the two cases in a September 2010 report: When Perry was a police sergeant in Wareham in the 1990s, an officer under his command, Scott Flanagan strip searched teenage girls. In one case, Perry was on the scene in a cranberry bog in 1991 when an officer stuck his hand in a 14-year-old girl's underwear. Perry says he didn't know what was going on at the time. In another case, Perry was not at the scene when Flanagan sexually assaulted a 16-year-old girl behind a convenience store. But later that night, Perry and Flanagan went to the girl's parents' home. Perry says he went to tell the parents about the "odd search". The parents said they interpreted the officer's visit as a warning for them to keep quiet, or risk their daughter going to jail. Perry said he was just doing good police work. He says he would not do anything differently, and does not regret his actions with what he knew at the time. Perry resigned from the department seven months afterwards. Flanagan served four years in prison. Perry visited Flanagan in prison, but says, "We believed he was not guilty until he pled guilty. So I wanted to go and confront him and listen to him so I could find out what happened." Perry calls this guilt by association, and says he is proud of his police career. He says he had no idea what Flanagan was doing, and there was no indication that he was capable of something like this.
Supervisor statements
In June 2010, former Wareham police captain Paul Cardalino told the Cape Cod Times that he had not been informed of the December 31, 1992, strip-search incident involving H. Adams immediately, and only heard about it the next day from an officer from the neighboring town of Bourne. Cardalino said that Perry should have filed a report and called in a neutral superior officer as soon as he heard that a third party had witnessed the strip search. "Once a sergeant is aware of it, especially (an incident) that might hurt the department's reputation, the report should have been done", Cardalino said. He gave Perry a positive letter of recommendation upon Perry's resignation; Cardalino says that if he had evidence that Perry witnessed the Allen strip search then Perry would have been fired.
In October 2010, former Wareham police chief Thomas A. Joyce endorsed Perry in a television commercial, saying, "Jeff Perry worked for me. He was a good cop and he was always committed to protecting the public." Perry's police file includes commendations for his actions at a fatal fire, awards from Mothers Against Drunk Driving, and a commendation for helping recover stolen items.
Joyce had passed over Perry for promotion during his tenure. In a sworn deposition, Joyce stated that Perry "had not been 100 percent truthful to me" in an incident about breaking a radar gun. He also reported that during a pre-employment background check, a former boss of Perry's had told the police department that Perry had told "a lot of bull tales ... [and] should not be trusted with a gun." Joyce also said that Perry had intentionally tripped a red light to catch drivers going through it, a practice which Joyce called "the old red light game". On Perry's resignation from the department, Joyce gave Perry a positive letter of recommendation. Joyce, who had been also named as a defendant in civil suits about the sexual assault strip-search cases, said the attacks against Perry regarding the two strip search incidents go too far.
Statements on bar application
According to newspaper and television reports, Perry's 2010 recollections of the strip search incidents differ from what was documented contemporaneously; for example, Perry said in 2010 that he notified his supervisor immediately about the December 31, 1992, incident. Records indicate, however, that Perry filed his report on the following day (January 1, 1993) and only after he had denied the girl's parents attempt to file a complaint, his Captain had been informed of the strip search by a policeman from another town, and his captain had ordered him to file the report.
In 2007 Perry filed a bar application to become a lawyer where he included the inaccurate statement about filing a police report that night. Perry included an inaccurate statement on his bar application that Lisa Allen had been arrested on the night that she had been sexually abused by Flanagan. Lisa Allen had in fact been neither arrested nor detained. These inaccuracies caused the former executive director of a state commission advocating for victims of sexual abuse to call for an investigation into whether Perry lied on his bar application.
Columbia State University
In 2010 controversy arose over a claim on Perry's 2002 campaign website that he had earned a bachelor's degree in business administration with honors from the so-called Columbia State University, an unaccredited diploma mill that shipped out phony certificates until federal agents shut it down in 1998.
In August 2010, Perry acknowledged that he had paid Columbia State University "several thousand dollars" under the impression it was an accredited institution. Perry claimed he was among those who had been conned and despite only sending a couple of "non work intensive" papers, that he thought he was getting a legitimate correspondence bachelor's degree. He later earned legitimate degrees from Curry College and New England School of Law, and said that he was "proud" of his studies.
Personal
Jeff and Lisa Perry live in Sandwich. They have one child.
References
External links
Profile in Massachusetts General Court Member Directory
Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
2010 House and Senate Campaign Finance for Massachusetts, Perry, Jeffrey Davis, Federal Election Commission.
1964 births
Living people
People from Wareham, Massachusetts
People from Sandwich, Massachusetts
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
American municipal police officers
21st-century American businesspeople
Massachusetts lawyers
Curry College alumni
Babson College alumni |
Hassan El Mouataz (born 21 September 1981 in Rabat, Morocco) is a Moroccan football defender.
El Mouataz played 8 seasons for Belgian side Lokeren between 2006 and 2013 and has also made six appearances for Morocco, scoring two goals. As of 2013, he is a free agent player after his contract with Lokeren ended.
International career
Mouataz earned his first cap for the Morocco national football team during a friendly against Czech Republic on 11 February 2009. The match was played in Morocco and finished 0-0.
Honours
Lokeren
Belgian Cup: 2011–12
References
External links
No.2 Hassan El Mouataz
1981 births
Living people
Moroccan men's footballers
Footballers from Rabat
Morocco men's international footballers
K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen players
Belgian Pro League players
Men's association football fullbacks
Moroccan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Moroccan expatriate sportspeople in Belgium |
The 96th Guards Rifle Division was reformed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army in May 1943, based on the 2nd formation of the 258th Rifle Division, and served in that role until after the end of the Great Patriotic War. It would become one of the more highly decorated rifle divisions of the Red Army.
The 96th Guards was formed in 5th Shock Army of Southern Front and remained in that Front until April 1944. It that month it was transferred with its 3rd Guards Rifle Corps to 28th Army and it would remain under these commands for the duration of the war. After battling across the Mius River in August it won a battle honor in the Donbas and then advanced across southern Ukraine through the winter and spring, reaching well to the west of the Dniepr. As part of 1st Belorussian Front it took part in the summer campaign that destroyed Army Group Center and was soon awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its role in the fighting around Babruysk and shortly after the Order of Lenin for its part in the liberation of Minsk. After this campaign it was transferred with 28th Army to 3rd Belorussian Front and in early 1945 took part in the Vistula-Oder Offensive, winning further honors in East Prussia. It was moved again with its Army to join 1st Ukrainian Front in April and played an important role in the battles south of Berlin. Following the German surrender the 96th Guards was assigned to occupation duty as part of the Central Group of Forces but was moved back to Belarus in 1946 and disbanded in early 1947.
Formation
The 258th had fought in the defensive phase of the Battle of Stalingrad as part of 1st Guards and 24th Armies before being transferred to 65th Army for Operation Uranus. During the pursuit of the defeated Axis forces it was moved to 5th Shock Army and distinguished itself sufficiently to merit Guards status. As of the beginning of May the 258th was serving as a separate rifle division in 5th Shock Army in Southern Front. On May 4 the division was redesignated as the 96th Guards; it would receive its Guards banner on June 10. Once the division completed its reorganization its order of battle was as follows:
291st Guards Rifle Regiment (from 405th Rifle Regiment)
293rd Guards Rifle Regiment (from 991st Rifle Regiment)
295th Guards Rifle Regiment (from 999th Rifle Regiment)
234th Guards Artillery Regiment (from 782nd Artillery Regiment)
102nd Guards Antitank Battalion (later 102nd Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion)
96th Guards Reconnaissance Company
111th Guards Sapper Battalion
92nd Guards Signal Battalion (later 24th Guards Signal Company)
100th Guards Medical/Sanitation Battalion
99th Guards Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Company
101st Guards Motor Transport Company
97th Guards Field Bakery
98th Guards Divisional Veterinary Hospital
1601st Field Postal Station
1687th Field Office of the State Bank
The division remained under the command of Col. Semyon Samuilovich Levin, who had commanded the 258th since January 12. At the time of its redesignation it was noted that the division's personnel were roughly 50 percent Russian nationality and 50 percent Turkmens. At the beginning of July it remained a separate division in the Army.
Into Ukraine
In February the 4th Panzer Army and Army Detachment Hollidt (later renamed 6th Army) had fallen back to the Mius-Front, which had been constructed the year previous. Southern Front launched its first effort to break this line on July 17 as the Battle of Kursk was winding down, but after a great deal of costly back-and-forth fighting finally suspended the effort on July 27, although German counterattacks would continue until August 2.
A renewed offensive began on August 13 and although Southwestern Front to the north was initially unable to penetrate the front of 1st Panzer Army south of Izium, Southern Front broke through 6th Army beginning on August 18. 5th Shock Army, with an overwhelming concentration, especially of artillery, on a narrow front, penetrated 7 km behind the front through a 3 km-wide gap. Under the light of a full moon the Army spread out north and south behind the 6th Army's front. The 96th Guards distinguished itself in the fighting for Savur-Mohyla. This hill was a lynchpin of the Mius-Front at a height of 277.9m. The 295th Guards Rifle Regiment, commanded by Lt. Col. Andrei Maksimovich Voloshin, led his soldiers along the west edge of the hill and captured Hill 183.0 which unhinged the German defense.
German efforts to close the gap on August 20 made some initial progress but failed due to a strong Soviet reaction. By August 23 1st Panzer Army was also in trouble with its army corps south of Izium reduced to a combat strength of just 5,800 men and unable to hold a continuous line. On the 31st Field Marshal E. von Manstein was finally authorized to withdraw both armies to the Kalmius River, effectively beginning the race to the Dniepr.
As of the start of September the 96th Guards had been assigned to the 31st Guards Rifle Corps, still in 5th Shock Army. As the advance into the Donbas continued the division liberated an important city on September 4 and the men and women of the division were soon awarded a unique honorific:By this date the division had been transferred to the 3rd Guards Rifle Corps, where it would remain for the rest of the war. At about this time it was recorded that close to 50 percent of the division's personnel were of the 1925 year group, making this a very young cadre for any rifle division.
Lower Dniepr Offensive
During the rest of September Southern Front, with 5th Shock on its right (north) flank, forced the German 6th Army back through the Donbas towards the southernmost part of the Panther–Wotan line from Zaporozhe to Melitopol. On October 9 the Front (renamed 4th Ukrainian on October 20) renewed its offensive on both sides of the latter city. The 51st Army's battle for Melitopol lasted until October 23 after which 6th Army was in a near rout across the Nogay Steppe. The larger part of its forces fell back to form a bridgehead east of the Dniepr south of Nikopol with the 5th Shock and 2nd Guards Armies in pursuit. During November substantial German reserves were moved into the bridgehead in anticipation of an offensive to restore communications with Crimea, which had been cut off by the remainder of 4th Ukrainian Front. This came to nothing in the face of Soviet threats elsewhere, but the bridgehead remained strongly held.
Nikopol-Krivoi Rog Offensive
A cold wave in the first week of January 1944 firmed up the ground enough for the 4th and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts to begin moving against the remaining German positions in the Dniepr bend. 3rd Ukrainian began its assault on January 10, but this had largely failed by the 13th. On the same day the 4th Ukrainian attacked the bridgehead but made minimal gains before both Fronts called a halt on January 16. The offensive was renewed on January 30 against a bridgehead weakened by transfers and 4th Ukrainian drove a deep wedge into its south end. On February 4 the German 6th Army ordered the bridgehead to be evacuated. During February 5 Shock Army was transferred to 3rd Ukrainian Front.
On February 17 Colonel Levin left the division to further his military education; he would go on to command the 62nd and 99th Rifle Divisions and became a Hero of the Soviet Union. He was replaced the next day by Maj. Gen. Sergei Nikolaevich Kuznetsov, who would remain in command into the postwar. The battle for Krivoi Rog continued until the end of that month. On March 4 all four of the Ukrainian fronts began a new offensive into western Ukraine. By March 20 the 3rd Ukrainian had reached the Southern Bug River and 5th Shock Army was on the approaches to Nikolayev, which Hitler had designated as a "fortress" on March 8. Nikolayev was finally liberated on March 28; immediately following this victory the 3rd Guards Corps was moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and assigned to the 28th Army. While in the Reserve the 102nd Guards Antitank Battalion gave up its 45mm antitank guns and was reequipped with 12 SU-76 self-propelled guns.
Operation Bagration
At the beginning of June the 3rd Guards Corps consisted of the 96th, 50th and 54th Guards Rifle Divisions. When the Army returned to the front it joined the center of 1st Belorussian Front, at the corner northwest of Mozyr, linking with the left-flank armies which stretched along the southern margins of the Pripyat Marshes. While those armies would mostly remain inactive in the first weeks the Front commander, Army Gen. K. K. Rokossovskii, assigned the 28th an active role in the initial phase of the summer offensive in support of 65th Army's drive on Babruysk. The Army deployed all three of its corps in the first echelon with 3rd Guards Corps on a 5 km-wide sector on the right. During the first two days of the battle the Corps drove back the southern flank of the German 35th Infantry Division and together with elements of 65th Army advanced up to 10 km on June 24, forcing the German division back towards the railroad south of Babruysk. On July 2 the 96th Guards would be decorated with the Order of the Red Banner for its part in the battle for Babryusk.
On June 25 the 28th Army broke into the lines of the 35th and 129th Infantry Divisions in five places. The 129th Infantry, by now reduced to the size of a regiment, was forced to rotate to the west, leaving a gap on its corps' north flank. Meanwhile, the 18th Rifle Corps of 65th Army was scattering the remnants of 35th Infantry and widening the gap, which was entered by Cavalry Mechanized Group Pliev. By the evening of June 28 Pliev's 30th Cavalry Division reached the outskirts of Slutsk, as the rifle divisions of 28th Army were making their best speed to keep up with the advance of the mobile group. By June 30 German reinforcements were arriving, including elements of the 4th Panzer Division at Baranavichy which were sent to block the road to Slutsk. From June 22 to July 3 the 28th Army and the Pliev Group had forced a German retreat of 250 km to the vicinity of Stowbtsy, but the advance now paused to bring up supplies to overcome the increasing resistance. On July 23 the 96th Guards as a whole would receive the Order of Lenin while, unusually, its 295th Guards Rifle Regiment would be given the Order of the Red Banner in the same decree, both for their parts in the liberation of the Minsk region.
During the first week of the offensive Lt. Colonel Voloshin had continued to lead his 295th Guards Regiment with distinction, often in advance of the division. On the first day it took the village of Yeletsy, helping to open one of the gaps in the German lines. Overnight on June 26/27 an outflanking maneuver ended in the capture of three batteries of heavy artillery. The next day the Regiment forced the Ptsich River and seized the village of Glusk. Up to July 2 the 295th accounted for about 1,500 German officers and soldiers killed or severely wounded; six tanks or self-propelled guns, 30 guns and mortars, 80 machine guns and more than 100 German prisoners captured; plus 25 supply depots and 85 settlements taken. On March 24, 1945, Voloshin would be made a Hero of the Soviet Union.
Baranovichi-Slonim Operation
Resistance along the Baranavichy axis grew on July 4 as reinforcements continued to arrive, including the remainder of 4th Panzer, units of 12th Panzer Division that had broken through from Minsk, and the 1st Hungarian Cavalry Division moving up from Pinsk. 28th Army reached a line from Minkeviche to Kletsk to Rybaki. At this time Baranavichy was garrisoned by the 52nd Special Designation Security Division, a panzer battalion and three assault gun brigades. A defensive line was already being prepared along the Shchara River based on the town of Slonim. The Front was ordered, under STAVKA operational directive no. 220127, to immediately resume its advance on Baranavichy and subsequently to Brest with the 48th, 65th and 28th Armies; however the 28th was stretched out over a 25 km line of march and was still 12 km from its designated attack sector.
The Army commander, Lt. Gen. A. A. Luchinskii, directed his forces to outflank Baranavichy from the south on July 5, and by evening had liberated Lyakhavichy. Intensive fighting for Baranavichy took place on July 6–7. The line along the Shchara was penetrated but the Army advanced only a few kilometres. By the end of the second day the town was partially encircled but the Soviet advance was slowed by German reinforcements and continuing difficulties in bringing the Front's forces up to the attack sectors. Overnight the 65th Army, assisted by the 28th, stormed Baranavichy in an unexpected night attack which cleared it by 0400 hours on July 8 as the German forces withdrew to the west. By the end of the day the Army had advanced as far as Hantsavichy. On July 25 the 293rd Guards Rifle Regiment would be awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its part in the liberation of Slonim.
Lublin–Brest Offensive
The 28th Army continued making its main offensive in the direction of Kosava and Smolyanitsa and by July 13 had reached the Yaselda River along its entire front. At this point it encountered much stiffer resistance from the newly arrived 102nd Infantry Division and the 5th Hungarian Reserve Division. It fell to the 1st Mechanized Corps to pierce this line and allow the advance to continue. By July 16 the 3rd Guards Corps, in conjunction with the 105th Rifle Corps of 65th Army, had reached a line from Abramy to Chakhets, along with the Pliev Group.
The operation to liberate Brest began on July 17. The Front's main attack would be made by its left-flank armies with the right-flank forces in support; 28th Army on the right with 61st Army and the Pliev Group were to outflank the city from the north and northwest, encircle and capture it. The attack began with a 15-20 minute artillery preparation. 28th Army, with the Pliev Group, directed their advances towards Kamenets, and by the end of the day had covered 25 km. After beating off numerous German counterattacks the next day the Army forced the Lesnaya River east of Dmitrovichi and linked up with 61st Army. From July 19 the German High Command began heavy counterattacks against the Army and the Pliev Group in order to continue its hold on Brest, and these would continue until the 21st. The commitment of 20th Rifle Corps from second echelon in the direction of the railroad to Brest along the Army's left flank during the second half of July 20 allowed the offensive to gain momentum and the German forces began to withdraw towards the city. During July 25–26 the Army forced the Lesnaya north of Czernawczyci and General Rokossovskii handed over his reserve 46th Rifle Corps to help complete the encirclement. This was done on July 27 and beginning after midnight on the 28th the Army drove into the fortified zone from the north, throwing off counterattacks, and linked up with 9th Guards Rifle Corps of 61st Army and the main forces of 70th Army. The city was cleared later that day.
Into Germany
Following the massive push of the summer offensive the Soviet armies remained largely inactive over the following months. In September the 28th Army returned to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for rest and rebuilding and in October was reassigned to the 3rd Belorussian Front on the East Prussian border. It was almost immediately involved in the abortive Goldap-Gumbinnen Operation, which largely ended on its sector by October 30. By early January 1945 the 96th Guards had 6,500 personnel on strength which was quite high for a rifle division at that stage of the war, especially one that had been used as an assault formation for most of the previous 12 months.
East Prussian Offensives
In the planning for the Vistula-Oder Offensive the Front organized its shock group into two echelons with the 39th, 5th and 28th Armies in the first, backed by the 11th Guards Army and two tank corps. The 28th Army had its main forces on its right flank and was to launch a vigorous attack north of the StallupönenGumbinnen paved highway in the general direction of Insterburg. Its breakthrough frontage was 7 km wide and its immediate objective was to destroy the Gumbinnen group of German forces in conjunction with 5th Army before assisting 11th Guards in its deployment along the Inster River. The Army deployed a total of 1,527 guns and mortars on this frontage and the 3rd Guards Corps, which was to launch the main attack, was backed by 205 such weapons per kilometre.
3rd Belorussian Front began its part of the offensive on the morning of January 13. The Army, mainly facing the 549th Volksgrenadier Division, broke through the defense along the KischenGrunhaus sector and penetrated as much as 7 km by the day's end while fighting off 14 counterattacks by infantry and tanks. On the next day 3rd Guards Corps advanced only 1-1.5 km during a day-long fight for the strongpoint of Kattenau; a number of positions changed hands several times. January 16 saw further small progress as the German forces continued to cover the routes to Gumbinnen. By now it was apparent to the Front commander, Army Gen. I. D. Chernyakhovskii, that the breakthrough would not come on this sector and he moved his second echelon to the 39th Army's front. On January 19 the Army began to advance more successfully. General Luchinskii concentrated the maximum amount of artillery fire in support of the 3rd Guards and 128th Rifle Corps allowing a breakthrough on a narrow sector towards the northeastern outskirts of Gumbinnen. Meanwhile, the 20th Rifle Corps reached the town from the south, but the German grouping continued to resist and the Army's units were forced to consolidate. During a two-day battle on January 20–21 the 20th and 128th Corps finally captured Gumbinnen, but a large remnant of the German forces managed to retreat to the Angerapp River, which the 28th Army reached by the end of the second day. By 2300 hours on January 23 it became apparent that the German forces facing the Army were in retreat to the west. Over the next two days the Army advanced up to 35 km and reached a line from Kortmedin to Gerdauen by the end of the 26th, less than 70 km southeast of Königsberg.
On February 19 several of the division's subunits were honored for their roles in breaking through the East Prussian defenses. The 295th Guards Rifle Regiment was granted the honorific "Gumbinnen"; the 291st Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner; the 293rd Guards Rifle Regiment and the 234th Guards Artillery Regiment each received the Order of Suvorov, 3rd Degree; and the 111th Guards Sapper Battalion won the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 3rd Degree.
After six weeks of almost continuous fighting, by the beginning of March the divisions of 3rd Belorussian Front were significantly understrength. Despite this the Front ordered a new operation to eliminate the remaining German forces southwest of the Königsberg fortified zone. The new offensive began on March 13, with 28th Army attacking in the direction of Bladiau, which was taken on March 15. During the night of March 25/26 the Army, in cooperation with 31st Army, stormed the town of Rosenberg and advanced towards Balga, capturing 6,200 soldiers, 25 tanks and 220 guns of various calibres. Immediately after the operation ended on March 29 the 28th was reassigned to the Reserve of the Supreme High command and began moving across eastern Germany towards the Oder River. On April 26 the division would be decorated with the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree, in recognition of its role in the fighting southwest of Königsberg.
Berlin Operation
By mid-April the 96th Guards had arrived in the 1st Ukrainian Front. The battle for the Oder and Neisse Rivers began on April 16 but 28th Army's leading divisions did not arrive at the front and begin combat operations until April 22. On April 26 the division was moving to the area of Zossen, which contained the underground headquarters of the German OKW and OKH, and passed through Golßen with its lead column. By this point the German 9th Army had been encircled and was making every effort to break out. Led by 50 tanks the advance force of this grouping attacked west along the boundary between the 120th Rifle Corps' 329th Rifle Division and the 58th Rifle Division of 3rd Guards Army in the Halbe area. While the 395th Rifle Division halted the breakthrough the 50th and 96th Guards were diverted to eliminate the German forces. The two Guards divisions threw the breakthrough force back to the woods northeast of Baruth while a further attack by the 25th Tank Corps in conjunction with the 389th Rifle Division cut it off from the main body of 9th Army.
The next day General Luchinskii received orders to occupy a line from Dornswalde to Radeland to Jauchzen-Bruck with three divisions, including the 96th Guards. While the German 9th Army continued its efforts to escape from its pocket, its former breakthrough force was gradually eliminated, sometimes in hand-to-hand fighting. 6,200 prisoners were taken, along with 47 tanks, 25 armored transports, 180 guns and mortars and 1,133 motor vehicles. By the end of the day the 9th Army pocket had shrunk to just 400 sq/km. Overnight on April 28/29 this Army organized one more effort to escape towards the positions of the 12th Army in the Luckenwalde area. The breakout began at 0100 hours and made progress at the junction of the 3rd and 3rd Guards Armies. In the morning the 3rd Guards Corps was brought up to halt the breakthrough. A combined force of 45,000 men punched a hole 2 km wide between the 50th and 54th Guards in the Munchendorf area and began moving through in spite of powerful artillery and mortar fire. This breakthrough was eventually halted by forces of the 3rd Guards Tank, 4th Guards Tank, and 13th Armies.
During April 29 the 50th and 96th Guards Divisions repulsed several heavy German attacks and by the end of the day were continuing to fight along a line from Dornswalde to Radeland to Munchendorf with their fronts facing north. While the 50th Guards, on a line from outside Radeland to an unnamed height 3 km northeast of Munchendorf was forced to pull back its left flank under pressure and the 54th Guards was also forced to give up ground the 96th Guards held its positions. Most of the remainder of German 9th Army was in the Staatsforst Kummersdorf and took heavy losses from flanking fire of the 50th and 54th Guards as they moved through the gap they had created near Munchendorf; despite these losses the survivors of 9th Army pushed about 24 km farther west. This advance succeeded in cutting the communications of 3rd and 4th Guards Tank and 28th Armies.
Overnight the command of 1st Ukrainian Front took steps to finally eliminate this group of German forces, which were already broken into at least three pockets. Luchinskii ordered two regiments of 61st Rifle Division to be moved by trucks to the Sperenberg area to reinforce the 71st Mechanised Brigade. At the same time, 3rd Guards Corps was ordered to make concentric attacks from the north and south to defeat the German forces in the breakthrough area while 3rd Guards Army attacked from the east. Despite enormous losses the 9th Army continued its attempts to break out on April 30. 96th Guards remained in heavy fighting near Munchendorf while 71st Mechanised and elements of 117th Guards Rifle Division were forced aside; later in the day the 117th Guards brought that portion of the breakout force to a halt. By the end of the day the 3rd Guards Corps was still encountering stubborn resistance while mopping up the encircled forces in their sector. By the end of the day, although elements of 9th Army advanced another 10 km to the west, the tail of the Army was mostly eliminated and mass surrenders began; 1st Ukrainian Front alone took 24,000 prisoners. On May 1 units of the 28th Army eliminated the last remnants in the Staatsforst Kummersdorf woods as part of the German grouping. The Front command now gave orders to prepare for a new offensive in the direction of Prague.
Postwar
During the first week of May the division advanced with the rest of its Front towards Prague, but saw little combat before the fighting ended on May 11. By this time the men and women of the division shared the complete title of 96th Guards Rifle, Ilovaisk, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division. [Russian: 96-я гвардейская стрелковая Иловайская ордена Ленина Краснознамённая ордена Суворова дивизия.] According to STAVKA Directive No. 11096, part 2, dated May 29 the division was assigned to the Central Group of Forces, effective June 10. This Group was to be responsible for the occupation of Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary. General Kuznetsov remained in command until the 96th Guards was disbanded; after several relatively minor appointments he would be made commander of the 17th Rifle Corps in 1955 before he was transferred to the reserve in January 1959. The division was moved to the Belorussian Military District in late 1946 and was disbanded with most of the rest of 3rd Guards Rifle Corps in March 1947.
References
Citations
Bibliography
p. 195
pp. 232, 330
External links
Sergei Nikolaevich Kuznetsov
96th Guards Rifle Division at Pamyat Naroda. In Russian.
G096
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1947
Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner
1943 establishments in the Soviet Union
1947 disestablishments in the Soviet Union |
The MBCGame StarCraft League, also known as MSL, was a StarCraft tournament hosted by Korean television network MBCGame. The tournament started out in 2002 under the name of KPGA Tour, and in 2003 it was renamed the MSL. On February 1, 2012, MBCGame ceased operations and the MSL was discontinued. Throughout its lifetime, the MSL gave away the equivalent of over US$1.6 million in prize money.
League Championships
Brackets
Note: Brackets are re-seeded according to KeSPA ranking in the quarterfinals.
2009 Avalon MSL
2009 Nate MSL
2010 Hana Daetoo Securities MSL
2010 Bigfile MSL
2010 PDPop MSL
2011 ABC Mart MSL
See also
StarCraft professional competition
Starleague (Ongamenet)
References
External links
Avalon MSL Results
StarCraft competitions
Esports competitions in South Korea
2002 establishments in South Korea
2012 disestablishments in South Korea |
The Oder–Neisse line (, ) is an unofficial term for the modern border between Germany and Poland. The line generally follows the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers, meeting the Baltic Sea in the north. A small portion of Polish territory does fall west of the line, including the cities of Szczecin and Świnoujście (German: Stettin and Swinemünde).
All prewar German territories east of the line and within the 1937 German boundaries – comprising nearly one quarter (23.8 percent) of the Weimar Republic – were ceded under the changes decided at the Potsdam Conference, with the majority ceded to Poland. The remainder, consisting of northern East Prussia including the German city of Königsberg (renamed Kaliningrad), was allocated to the Soviet Union, as the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian SFSR (today Russia). Much of the German population in these territories – estimated at around 12 million in autumn 1944 – had fled in the wake of the Soviet Red Army's advance.
The Oder–Neisse line marked the border between East Germany and Poland from 1950 to 1990. The two Communist governments agreed to the border in 1950, while West Germany, after a period of refusal, adhered to the border, with reservations, in 1972 (treaty signed in 1970).
After the revolutions of 1989, newly reunified Germany and Poland accepted the line as their border in the 1990 German–Polish Border Treaty.
History
The lower River Oder in Silesia was Piast Poland's western border from the 10th until the 13th century. From around the time of World War I, some proposed restoring this line, in the belief that it would provide protection against Germany. One of the first proposals was made in the Russian Empire. Later, when the Nazis gained power, the German territory to the east of the line was militarised by Germany with a view to a future war, and the Polish population faced Germanisation. The policies of Nazi Germany also encouraged nationalism among the German minority in Poland.
While the process of Germanisation of lands east of the Limes Sorabicus line already took place between 12th and 14th century, there were many areas where German population hardly settled at all, making the process of Germanisation extend well into the 19th and 20th centuries.
For example, on the Rugia Island, the local Slavic culture and language persisted into the 19th century; this was also the case for many areas between the Oder–Neisse and interwar Polish border. About half of what was Farther Pomerania remained plurality Kashubian or Polish until 18th and 19th century, with surviving majority Slavic pockets extending as far west as Dievenow. In 1905, Arnošt Muka observed that "there remained in that land an old Slav national grouping with types and means of settlement, customs and habits unchanged through to this day in the character and outlook of the inhabitants”. The situation was similar in the Western part of Silesia, where Polish and Silesian languages remained dominant by the end of 18th century in areas such as Ohlau, Groß Wartenberg and Namslau.
Before World War II, Poland's western border with Germany had been fixed under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. It partially followed the historic border between the Holy Roman Empire and Greater Poland, but with certain adjustments that were intended to reasonably reflect the ethnic compositions of small areas near the traditional provincial borders. The fate of Upper Silesia was to be decided in a plebiscite, which produced 59.8% votes in favour of Germany. The plebiscite took place among severe ethnic tensions, as German authorities and Freikorps clashed and persecuted the local Polish population, and the Poles organised massive strikes and protests. The plebiscite allowed both permanent inhabitants of the area but also people born in the region to vote, regardless of their current location or time spent living in Silesia. Voters who participated in the plebiscite despite not living in Upper Silesia were called "migrants", and made up 192,408 (16 %) of the total electorate of 1,186,234. As these "migrants" voted overwhelmingly for Germany, the local Polish population considered the plebiscite to be fraudulent, resulting in three Silesian Uprisings. Eventually, the region was divided roughly equally, with some majority Polish regions remaining in Germany, and some German provinces being ceded to Poland.
At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Polish delegation led by Roman Dmowski requested the inclusion of the city of Danzig in the Polish state, arguing that the city was "rightfully part of Poland" because it was Polish until 1793, and that Poland would not be economically viable without it. During the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the inhabitants of Danzig fought fiercely for it to remain a part of Poland, but as a result of the Germanisation process in the 19th century, 90% of the people in Danzig were German by 1919, which made the Entente leaders at the Paris Peace Conference compromise by creating the Free City of Danzig, a city-state in which Poland had certain special rights. The city of Danzig was 90% German and 10% Polish, yet the surrounding countryside around Danzig was overwhelmingly Polish, and the ethnically Polish rural areas included in the Free City of Danzig objected, arguing that they wanted to be part of Poland.
The Oder-Neisse line as a concept of future Polish border appeared among Polish nationalist circles in late 19th century; Jan Ludwik Popławski is considered to be one of the first advocates for the return of "Piast Poland", although his writings mainly focused on Upper Silesia, Opolian Silesia and the southern part of East Prussia, as these regions remained majority Polish. In 1918, Bolesław Jakimiak advocated for a Polish border along the rivers of Oder and Lusatian Neisse, possibly inspired by the proposals of Russian nationalists. He described the German expansion towards the formerly Slavic lands and considered it a "matter of historical justice" to have East Prussia, the entirety of Pomerania, East Brandenburg and both Lower and Upper Silesia become "integral parts" of the future Polish state. At the Paris Peace Conference, Polish commission supervised by Jules Cambon and headed by Roman Dmowski proposed a Polish border that would encompass the entirety of Upper Silesia and most of Opolian Silesia, including cities of Ratibor, Neustadt, Falkenberg, Brieg, Oels and Militsch in Poland. The entirety of Greater Poland was also to be ceded to the Polish state, along with Danzig, Warmia and Masuria. While the postulate of the Polish delegation gained acceptance of the rest of the conference, it was met with vehement protest from David Lloyd George, whose opposition led to border changes in favour of Germany.
Considerations during the war
Background
Between the wars, the concept of "Western thought" (myśl zachodnia) became popular among some Polish nationalists. The "Polish motherland territories" were defined by scholars, like Zygmunt Wojciechowski, as the areas included in Piast Poland in the 10th century. Some Polish historians called for the "return" of territories up to the river Elbe. The proponents of these ideas, in prewar Poland often described as a "group of fantasists", were organized in the National Party, which was also opposed to the government of Poland, the Sanacja. The proposal to establish the border along the Oder and Neisse was not seriously considered for a long time. After World War II the Polish Communists, lacking their own expertise regarding the Western border, adopted the National Democratic concept of western thought.
After Nazi Germany invaded and occupied Poland, some Polish politicians started to see a need to alter the border with Germany. A secure border was seen as essential, especially in the light of Nazi atrocities. During the war, Nazi Germany committed genocide against Poland's population, especially Jews, whom they classified as Untermenschen ("sub-humans"). Alteration to the western border was seen as a punishment for the Germans for their atrocities and a compensation for Poland. The participation in the genocide by German minorities and their paramilitary organizations, such as the Selbstschutz ("self defense"), and support for Nazism among German society also connected the issue of border changes with the idea of population transfers intended to avoid such events in the future.
Initially the Polish government in exile envisioned territorial changes after the war which would incorporate East Prussia, Danzig (Gdańsk) and the Oppeln (Opole) Silesian region into post-war Poland, along with a straightening of the Pomeranian border and minor acquisition in the Lauenburg (Lębork) area. The border changes were to provide Poland with a safe border and to prevent the Germans from using Eastern Pomerania and East Prussia as strategic assets against Poland. Only with the changing situation during the war were these territorial proposals modified. In October 1941 the exile newspaper Dziennik Polski postulated a postwar Polish western border that would include East Prussia, Silesia up to the Lausitzer Neisse and at least both banks of the Oder's mouth. While these territorial claims were regarded as "megalomaniac" by the Soviet ambassador in London, in October 1941 Stalin announced the "return of East Prussia to Slavdom" after the war. On 16 December 1941 Stalin remarked in a meeting with the British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden, though inconsistent in detail, that Poland should receive all German territory up to the river Oder. In May 1942 General Władysław Sikorski, Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile, sent two memoranda to the US government, sketching a postwar Polish western border along the Oder and Neisse (inconsistent about the Eastern Glatzer Neisse and the Western Lausitzer Neisse). However, the proposal was dropped by the government-in-exile in late 1942.
In post-war Poland the government described the Oder–Neisse line as the result of tough negotiations between Polish Communists and Stalin.
However, according to the modern Institute of National Remembrance, Polish aspirations had no impact on the final outcome; rather the idea of a westward shift of the Polish border was adopted synthetically by Stalin, who was the final arbiter in the matter. Stalin's political goals as well as his desire to foment enmity between Poles and Germans influenced his idea of a swap of western for eastern territory, thus ensuring control over both countries. As with before the war, some fringe groups advocated restoring the old border between Poland and Germany.
Tehran Conference
At the Tehran Conference in late 1943, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin raised the subject of Poland's western frontier and its extension to the River Oder. While the Americans were not interested in discussing any border changes at that time, Roosevelt agreed that in general the Polish border should be extended West to the Oder, while Polish eastern borders should be shifted westwards; he also admitted that it was due to elections at home he could not express his position publicly. British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden wrote in his diary that "A difficulty is that the Americans are terrified of the subject which [Roosevelt advisor] Harry [Hopkins] called 'political dynamite' for their elections. But, as I told him, if we cannot get a solution, Polish-Soviet relations six months from now, with Soviet armies in Poland, will be infinitely worse and elections nearer."
Winston Churchill compared the westward shift of Poland to soldiers taking two steps "left close" and declared in his memoirs: "If Poland trod on some German toes that could not be helped, but there must be a strong Poland."
The British government formed a clear position on the issue and at the first meeting of the European Advisory Commission on 14 January 1944, recommended "that East Prussia and Danzig, and possibly other areas, will ultimately be given to Poland" as well as agreeing on a Polish "frontier on the Oder".
Yalta Conference
In February 1945, American and British officials met in Yalta and agreed on the basics on Poland's future borders. In the east, the British agreed to the Curzon line but recognised that the US might push for Lwów to be included in post-war Poland. In the west, Poland should receive part of East Prussia, Danzig, the eastern tip of Pomerania and Upper Silesia. President Franklin D. Roosevelt said that it would "make it easier for me at home" if Stalin were generous to Poland with respect to Poland's eastern frontiers. Winston Churchill said a Soviet concession on that point would be admired as "a gesture of magnanimity" and declared that, with respect to Poland's post-war government, the British would "never be content with a solution which did not leave Poland a free and independent state." With respect to Poland's western frontiers, Stalin noted that the Polish Prime Minister in exile, Stanisław Mikołajczyk, had been pleased when Stalin had told him Poland would be granted Stettin/Szczecin and the German territories east of the Western Neisse. Yalta was the first time that the Soviets openly declared support for a German-Polish frontier on the Western as opposed to the Eastern Neisse. Churchill objected to the Western Neisse frontier, saying that "it would be a pity to stuff the Polish goose so full of German food that it got indigestion." He added that many Britons would be shocked if such large numbers of Germans were driven out of these areas, to which Stalin responded that "many Germans" had "already fled before the Red Army." Poland's western frontier was ultimately left to be decided at the Potsdam Conference.
Polish and Soviet demands
Originally, Germany was to retain Stettin, while the Poles were to annex East Prussia with Königsberg (now Kaliningrad). The Polish government had in fact demanded this since the start of World War II in 1939, because of East Prussia's strategic position that allegedly undermined the defense of Poland. Other territorial changes proposed by the Polish government were the transfer of the Silesian region of Oppeln and the Pomeranian regions of Danzig, Bütow and Lauenburg, and the straightening of the border somewhat in Western Pomerania.
However, Stalin decided that he wanted Königsberg as a year-round warm water port for the Soviet Navy, and he argued that the Poles should receive Stettin instead. The prewar Polish government-in-exile had little to say in these decisions, but insisted on retaining the city of Lwów (Lvov, Lemberg, now L'viv) in Galicia. Stalin refused to concede, and instead proposed that all of Lower Silesia including Breslau (Polish: Wrocław) be given to Poland. Many Poles from Lwów would later be moved to populate the city.
The eventual border was not the most far-reaching territorial change that was proposed. There were suggestions to include areas further west so that Poland could include the small minority population of ethnic Slavic Sorbs who lived near Cottbus and Bautzen.
The precise location of the western border was left open. The western Allies accepted in general that the Oder would be the future western border of Poland. Still in doubt was whether the border should follow the eastern or western Neisse, and whether Stettin, now Szczecin, which lay west of the Oder, should remain German or be placed in Poland (with an expulsion of the German population). Stettin was the traditional seaport of Berlin. It had a dominant German population and a small Polish minority that numbered 2,000 in the interwar period. The western Allies sought to place the border on the eastern Neisse at Breslau, but Stalin refused to budge. Suggestions of a border on the Bóbr (Bober) were also rejected by the Soviets.
Nikita Khrushchev in his memoirs said: "I had only one desire – that Poland's borders were moved as far west as possible."
Not satisfied with the Oder-Neisse line, the Polish communists initially wanted to own the entire island of Usedom and push the border west to the Randow river; however they were refused by Stalin.
Potsdam Conference
At Potsdam, Stalin argued for the Oder–Neisse line on the grounds that the Polish Government demanded this frontier and that there were no longer any Germans left east of this line. Later the Russians admitted that at least "a million Germans" (still far lower than the true number) still remained in the area at that time. Several Polish Communist leaders appeared at the conference to advance arguments for an Oder–Western Neisse frontier. The port of Stettin was demanded for Eastern European exports. If Stettin was Polish, then "in view of the fact that the supply of water is found between the Oder and the Lausitzer Neisse, if the Oder's tributaries were controlled by someone else the river could be blocked." Soviet forces had initially expelled Polish administrators who tried to seize control of Stettin in May and June, and the city was governed by a German communist-appointed mayor, under the surveillance of the Soviet occupiers, until 5 July 1945.
Concessions
James Byrnes – who had been appointed as U.S. Secretary of State earlier that month – later advised the Soviets that the U.S. was prepared to concede the area east of the Oder and the Eastern Neisse to Polish administration, and for it not to consider it part of the Soviet occupation zone, in return for a moderation of Soviet demands for reparations from the Western occupation zones. An Eastern Neisse boundary would have left Germany with roughly half of Silesia – including the majority of Wrocław (Breslau), the former provincial capital and the largest city in the region. The Soviets insisted that the Poles would not accept this. The Polish representatives (and Stalin) were in fact willing to concede a line following the Oder-Bober-Queiss (Odra-Bóbr-Kwisa) rivers through Żagań (Sagan) and Lubań (Lauban), but even this small concession ultimately proved unnecessary, since on the next day Byrnes told the Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov that the Americans would reluctantly concede to the Western Neisse.
Byrnes' concession undermined the British position, and although the British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin raised objections, the British eventually agreed to the American concession. In response to American and British statements that the Poles were claiming far too much German territory, Stanisław Mikołajczyk argued that "the western lands were needed as a reservoir to absorb the Polish population east of the Curzon Line, Poles who returned from the West, and Polish people who lived in the overcrowded central districts of Poland." The U.S. and the U.K. were also negative towards the idea of giving Poland an occupation zone in Germany. However, on 29 July, President Truman handed Molotov a proposal for a temporary solution whereby the U.S. accepted Polish administration of land as far as the Oder and eastern Neisse until a final peace conference determined the boundary. In return for this large concession, the U.S. demanded that "each of the occupation powers take its share of reparations from its own [Occupation] Zone and provide for admission of Italy into the United Nations." The Soviets stated that they were not pleased "because it denied Polish administration of the area between the two Neisse rivers."
On 29 July Stalin asked Bolesław Bierut, the head of the Soviet-controlled Polish government, to accept in consideration of the large American concessions. The Polish delegation decided to accept a boundary of the administration zone at "somewhere between the western Neisse and the Kwisa". Later that day the Poles changed their mind: "Bierut, accompanied by Rola-Zymierski, returned to Stalin and argued against any compromise with the Americans. Stalin told his Polish protégés that he would defend their position at the conference."
Finally on 2 August 1945, the Potsdam Agreement of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, in anticipation of the final peace treaty, placed the German territories east of the Oder–Neisse line formally under Polish administrative control. It was also decided that all Germans remaining in the new and old Polish territory should be expelled.
'Recovered territories'
Those territories were known in Poland as the Regained or Recovered Territories, a term based on the claim that they were in the past the possession of the Piast dynasty of Polish kings, Polish fiefs or included in the parts lost to Prussia during the Partitions of Poland. The term was widely exploited by Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland. The creation of a picture of the new territories as an "integral part of historical Poland" in the post-war era had the aim of forging Polish settlers and repatriates arriving there into a coherent community loyal to the new Communist regime. The term was in use immediately following the end of World War II when it was part of the Communist indoctrination of the Polish settlers in those territories. The final agreements in effect compensated Poland with of former German territory in exchange for of land lying east of the Curzon Line – Polish areas occupied by the Soviet Union. Poles and Polish Jews from the Soviet Union were the subject of a process called "repatriation" (settlement within the territory of post-war Poland). Not all of them were repatriated: some were imprisoned or deported to work camps in Siberia or Kazakhstan.
One reason for this version of the new border was that it was the shortest possible border between Poland and Germany. It is only 472 km (293 miles) long, from one of the northernmost points of the Czech Republic to one of the southernmost points of the Baltic Sea at the Oder estuary.
World War II aftermath
Winston Churchill was not present at the end of the Conference, since the results of the British elections had made it clear that he had been defeated. Churchill later claimed that he would never have agreed to the Oder–Western Neisse line, and in his famous Iron Curtain speech declared that
The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place.
Not only were the German territorial changes of the Nazis reversed, but the border was moved westward, deep into territory which had been in 1937 part of Germany with an almost exclusively German population. The new line placed almost all of Silesia, more than half of Pomerania, the eastern portion of Brandenburg, a small area of Saxony, the former Free City of Danzig and the southern two-thirds of East Prussia (Masuria and Warmia) within Poland (see Former eastern territories of Germany). The northeastern third of East Prussia was directly annexed by the Soviet Union.
These territorial changes were followed by large-scale population transfers, involving 14 million people all together from the whole of Eastern Europe, including many people already shifted during the war. Nearly all remaining Germans from the territory annexed by Poland were expelled, while Polish persons who had been displaced into Germany, usually as slave laborers, returned to settle in the area. In addition to this, the Polish population originating from the eastern half of the former Second Polish Republic, now annexed by the Soviet Union, was mostly expelled and transferred to the newly acquired territories.
Most Poles supported the new border, mostly out of fear of renewed German aggression and German irredentism. The border was also presented as a just consequence for the Nazi German state's initiation of World War II and the subsequent genocide against Poles and the attempt to destroy Polish statehood, as well as for the territorial losses of eastern Poland to the Soviet Union, mainly western Ukraine and Belarus. It has been asserted that resentment towards the expelled German population on the part of the Poles was based on the fact that the majority of that population was loyal to the Nazis during the invasion and occupation, and the active role some of them played in the persecution and mass murder of Poles and Jews. These circumstances allegedly have impeded sensitivity among Poles with respect to the expulsion committed during the aftermath of World War II.
The new order was in Stalin's interests, because it enabled the Soviet Communists to present themselves as the primary maintainer of Poland's new western border. It also provided the Soviet Union with territorial gains from part of East Prussia and the eastern part of the Second Republic of Poland.
United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes outlined the official position of the U.S. government regarding the Oder–Neisse line in his Stuttgart Speech of 6 September 1946:
At Potsdam specific areas which were part of Germany were provisionally assigned to the Soviet Union and to Poland, subject to the final decisions of the Peace Conference. [...] With regard to Silesia and other eastern German areas, the assignment of this territory to Poland by Russia for administrative purposes had taken place before the Potsdam meeting. The heads of government agreed that, pending the final determination of Poland's western frontier, Silesia and other eastern German areas should be under the administration of the Polish state and for such purposes should not be considered as a part of the Soviet zone of occupation in Germany. However, as the Protocol of the Potsdam Conference makes clear, the heads of government did not agree to support at the peace settlement the cession of this particular area. The Soviets and the Poles suffered greatly at the hands of Hitler's invading armies. As a result of the agreement at Yalta, Poland ceded to the Soviet Union territory east of the Curzon Line. Because of this, Poland asked for revision of her northern and western frontiers. The United States will support revision of these frontiers in Poland's favor. However, the extent of the area to be ceded to Poland must be determined when the final settlement is agreed upon.
The speech was met with shock in Poland and Deputy Prime Minister Mikołajczyk immediately issued a response declaring that retention of Polish territories based on the Oder–Neisse line was matter of life and death.
Byrnes, who accepted Western Neisse as provisional Polish border, in fact did not state that such a change would take place (as was read by Germans who hoped for support to regain the lost territories). The purpose of the speech and associated US diplomatic activities was as propaganda aimed at Germany by Western Powers, who could blame the Polish-German border and German expulsions on Moscow alone.
In the late 1950s, by the time of Dwight D. Eisenhower's Presidency, the United States had largely accepted the Oder–Neisse line as final and did not support German demands regarding the border, while officially declaring a need for a final settlement in a peace treaty. In the mid-1960s the U.S. government accepted the Oder–Neisse line as binding and agreed that there would be no changes to it in the future. German revisionism regarding the border began to cost West Germany sympathies among its western allies. In 1959, France officially issued a statement supporting the Oder–Neisse line, which created controversy in West Germany.
The Oder–Neisse line was, however, never formally recognized by the United States until the revolutionary changes of 1989 and 1990.
German recognition of the border
East Germany
The East German Socialist Unity Party (SED), founded 1946, originally rejected the Oder–Neisse line. Under Soviet occupation and heavy pressure by Moscow, the official phrase Friedensgrenze (border of peace) was promulgated in March–April 1947 at the Moscow Foreign Ministers Conference. The German Democratic Republic and Poland's Communist government signed the Treaty of Zgorzelec in 1950 recognizing the Oder–Neisse line, officially designated by the Communists as the "Border of Peace and Friendship".
In 1952 Stalin made recognition of the Oder–Neisse line as a permanent boundary one of the conditions for the Soviet Union to agree to a reunification of Germany (see Stalin Note). The offer was rejected by the West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.
West Germany
The West German definition of the "de jure" borders of Germany was based on the determinations of the Potsdam Agreement, which placed the German territories (as of 31 December 1937) east of the Oder–Neisse line "under the administration of the Polish State" while "the final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should await the peace settlement". The recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line as permanent was thus only reserved to a final peace settlement with reunited Germany.
In West Germany, where the majority of the displaced refugees found refuge, recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line as permanent was long regarded as unacceptable. Right from the beginning of his Chancellorship in 1949, Adenauer refused to accept the Oder–Neisse line as Germany's eastern frontier, and made it quite clear that if Germany ever reunified, the Federal Republic would lay claim to all of the land that had belonged to Germany as at 1 January 1937. Adenauer's rejection of the border adjustments resulting from the Potsdam agreement was viewed critically by some in Poland. Soon after the agreement was signed, both the US and Soviet Union accepted the border as the de facto border of Poland. United States Secretary James Byrnes accepted the Western Neisse as the provisional Polish border. While in his Stuttgart Speech he played around with an idea of modification of borders (in Poland's favor), giving fuel to speculation by German nationalists and revisionists, the State department confessed that the speech was simply intended to "smoke out Molotov's attitude on the eve of elections in Germany". The Adenauer government went to the Constitutional Court to receive a ruling that declared that legally speaking the frontiers of the Federal Republic were those of Germany as at 1 January 1937, that the Potsdam Declaration of 1945 which announced that the Oder–Neisse line was Germany's "provisional" eastern border was invalid, and that as such the Federal Republic considered all of the land east of the Oder–Neisse line to be "illegally" occupied by Poland and the Soviet Union. The American historian Gerhard Weinberg pointed out that in claiming the frontiers of 1937, West Germany was in fact claiming the frontiers established by the Treaty of Versailles, which the entire interwar German leadership had claimed to be totally unacceptable from 1919 to 1939, and which perhaps indicated that Versailles was nowhere near as harsh as claimed, especially when compared with the far greater territorial losses imposed by the Oder–Neisse line. Not all in Adenauer's government supported this; politicians like minister Seebohm criticized limiting German territorial demands to the borders of 1937, alluding to pre-Versailles borders, as did the organisation of German expelled BdV. In 1962 a virulent anti-Polish organization called AKON was founded in West Germany which published maps with the borders of 1914.
To Hans Peter Schwarz, Adenauer's refusal to accept the Oder–Neisse line was in large part motivated by domestic politics, especially his desire to win the votes of the domestic lobby of those Germans who had been expelled from areas east of the Oder–Neisse line. 16% of the electorate in 1950 were people who fled or were expelled after the war, forming a powerful political force . As a result, the CDU, the CSU, the FDP and the SPD all issued statements opposing the Oder–Neisse line and supporting Heimatrecht ("right to one's homeland", i.e. that the expellees be allowed to return to their former homes). Adenauer greatly feared the power of the expellee lobby, and told his cabinet in 1950 that he was afraid of "unbearable economic and political unrest" if the government did not champion all of the demands of the expellee lobby. In addition, Adenauer's rejection of the Oder–Neisse line was intended to be a deal-breaker if negotiations ever began to reunite Germany on terms that Adenauer considered unfavorable such as the neutralization of Germany as Adenauer knew well that the Soviets would never consider revising the Oder–Neisse line. Finally Adenauer's biographer, the German historian Hans Peter Schwarz has argued that Adenauer may have genuinely believed that Germany had the right to retake the land lost east of the Oder and Neisse rivers, despite all of the image problems this created for him in the United States and western Europe. By contrast, the Finnish historian Pertti Ahonen—citing numerous private statements made by Adenauer that Germany's eastern provinces were lost forever and expressing contempt for the expellee leaders as delusional in believing that they were actually going to return one day to their former homes—has argued that Adenauer had no interest in really challenging the Oder–Neisse line. Ahonen wrote that Adenauer "saw his life's work in anchoring the Federal Republic irrevocably to the anti-Communist West and no burning interest in East European problems—or even German reunification." Adenauer's stance on the Oder–Neisse line was to create major image problems for him in the Western countries in the 1950s, where many regarded his revanchist views on where Germany's eastern borders ought to be with considerable distaste, and only the fact that East Germany was between the Federal Republic and Poland prevented this from becoming a major issue in relations with the West.
On 1 May 1956, the West German Foreign Minister Heinrich von Brentano admitted during a press conference in London that the Federal Republic's stance on the Oder–Neisse line was "somewhat problematic", and suggested that the Federal Republic should recognize the Oder–Neisse line in exchange for the Soviet Union allowing German reunification. Brentano's remark caused such an uproar with the expellee leaders arguing that he should resign, that Adenauer was forced to disallow his foreign minister, and Brentano only kept his job by claiming that he was misquoted by the British press. In private, Brentano was willing to accept the Oder–Neisse line as the price of reunification, and was not misquoted in London as he claimed afterwards. Away from the public limelight in a conversation with the Canadian ambassador Charles Ritchie in June 1956, Brentano called the leaders of the expellee groups "unteachable nationalists" who had learned nothing from World War II, and who did not have the right to control the Federal Republic's policy towards Eastern Europe by vetoing policy changes they disliked. Brentano's press conference was meant by Adenauer to be a trial balloon to see if the Federal Republic could have a more flexible policy towards Eastern Europe. The furious protests set off by Brentano's press conference convinced Adenauer that he did not have the domestic support for such a policy, and that the current policy of opposing the Oder–Neisse line would have to continue. This caused considerable disappointment with Adenauer's Western allies, who had been applying strong pressure behind the scenes and would continue to apply such pressure for the rest of the 1950s for Bonn to recognize the Oder–Neisse line. This pressure become especially acute after the "Polish October" crisis of 1956 brought to power Władysław Gomułka as Poland's new leader. Gomułka was a Communist, but also a Polish nationalist, and it was believed possible in Washington that a split could be encouraged between Moscow and Warsaw if only Bonn would recognize the Oder–Neisse line. Because the Federal Republic's refusal to recognize the Oder–Neisse line together with the presence of such Nazi-tainted individuals like Theodor Oberländer in Adenauer's cabinet, Gomułka was obsessed with the fear that one day the Germans would invade Poland again, which would mean a return to the horrors of the German occupation.
Gomułka feared the Germans more than he disliked the Russians, and thus he argued in both public and in private that it was necessary to keep Soviet troops in Poland to guard against any future German revanchism. Gomułka felt sincerely threatened by the revanchist statements put out by the Adenauer government, and believed the alliance with the Soviet Union was the only thing stopping the threat of a new German invasion. Gomułka told the 8th Plenum on 19 October 1956 that: "Poland needs friendship with the Soviet Union more than the Soviet Union needs friendship with Poland...Without the Soviet Union we cannot maintain our borders with the West". During his meetings with Nikita Khrushchev during the Polish October crisis, Gomułka stressed that though he wanted Poland to take a more independent line within the Soviet bloc, he would never break with Moscow because of his fears of future German aggression based on their statements rejecting the Oder–Neisse line. Because Gomułka's obsession with the Oder–Neisse line and his reputation as a Polish nationalist who spoke of a "Polish road to socialism" independent of Moscow, it was believed possible by the Americans at the time that Gomułka might follow Tito's example in 1948 if only Adenauer could be persuaded to accept the Oder–Neisse line. One scholar wrote in 1962 that most Poles deeply disliked Communism, but were willing to accept Gomułka's regime as the lesser evil because they believed Gomułka's warnings that if without the Red Army, the Germans would invade again. Such was the extent of Polish fears about German revanchism that as late as February 1990 the Polish Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki stated in a speech that Red Army might have to stay in Poland until Germany had promised to firmly recognize the Oder–Neisse line as the final frontier between Germany and Poland.
In 1963 the German Social Democratic opposition leader Willy Brandt said that "abnegation is betrayal", but it was Brandt who eventually changed West Germany's attitude with his policy of Ostpolitik. In 1970 West Germany signed treaties with the Soviet Union (Treaty of Moscow) and Poland (Treaty of Warsaw) recognizing Poland's Western border at the Oder–Neisse line as current reality, and not to be changed by force. This had the effect of making family visits by the displaced eastern Germans to their lost homelands now more or less possible. Such visits were still very difficult, however, and permanent resettlement in the homeland, now Poland, remained impossible.
In 1989, another treaty was signed between Poland and East Germany, the sea border was defined, and a dispute from 1985 was settled.
United Germany
In March 1990, the West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl caused a storm, when he suggested that a reunified Germany would not accept the Oder–Neisse line, and implied that the Federal Republic might wish to restore the frontier of 1937, by force if necessary. Kohl further added that in a statement of 1 March 1990 that he would only recognize the Oder–Neisse line if Poland promised to pay compensation to the Germans expelled after 1945 and if Poland promised not to seek reparations for the sufferings of Polish slave labourers in Germany and reparations for the damage done by German forces to Poland during World War II. After Kohl's note caused a massive international backlash that threatened to derail the process for German reunification, Kohl hastily changed track, and said that a reunified Germany would accept the Oder–Neisse line after all, and that he would not seek to link recognizing the Oder–Neisse line to talks about compensation. In November 1990, after German reunification, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland signed a treaty confirming the border between them, as requested by the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany. Earlier, Germany had amended its constitution and abolished Article 23 of West Germany's Basic Law (on which reunification was based), which could have been used to claim the former German eastern territories.
The German-Polish Border Treaty, signed 14 November 1990, finalizing the Oder–Neisse line as the Polish-German border came into force on 16 January 1992, together with a second one, a Treaty of Good Neighbourship, signed in June 1991, in which the two countries, among other things, recognized basic political and cultural rights for both the German and the Polish minorities living on either side of the border. After 1990, approximately 150,000 Germans still resided in the areas transferred to Poland, mainly in the Opole Voivodeship, with a smaller presence in regions such as Lower Silesia and Warmia-Masuria. There are 1.5 million Poles or ethnic Poles living in Germany, including both recent immigrants and the descendants of Poles that settled in Germany many generations ago.
Other developments
Division of cities
The border divided several cities into two parts – Görlitz/Zgorzelec, Guben/Gubin, Frankfurt/Słubice and Bad Muskau/Łęknica.
Partially open border 1971–1980
Millions visited the neighbouring country (either Poland or East Germany) during the years 1971–1980. The East German economy was threatened by overconsumption of Polish tourists, who came to East Germany to buy cheaper products that the socialist economy could not provide in abundance on either side of the border; and the Poles also became politically dangerous for the GDR government by the time of the 1980 Solidarity strikes.
See also
Curzon Line
Federation of Expellees
Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
World War II-related events
Vistula-Oder Offensive, from 12 January until 2 February 1945
Malta Conference, from 30 January to 3 February 1945
Yalta Conference, from 4 to 11 February 1945
Battle of Königsberg, from 6 April until 9 April 1945
Battle of the Oder-Neisse, from 16 April until 19 April 1945
Potsdam Conference, from 17 July to 2 August 1945
Notes
References
Bibliography
Anderson, Sheldon. "The Oder-Neisse Border and Polish-East German relations, 1945-1949." Polish Review 42.2 (1997): 185-199 online.
External links
An East German pamphlet for propagandists entitled "Why is the Oder-Neiße Line a Peace Border?"
Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland on the confirmation of the frontier between them, 14 November 1990(PDF) (Treaty confirming the border between Germany and Poland (Warsaw, 14 November 1990) in Polish and German)
The Oder Neisse Line Problem (German) (PDF)
Closing The Ring Winston Churchill; Excerpt on the Teheran conference, from his memoirs.
Speaking Frankly James F. Byrnes; Excerpt on the Yalta conference, from his memoirs.
Triumph and Tragedy Winston Churchill; Excerpt on the Yalta conference, from his memoirs.
Churchill's statement to the House of Commons 27, February 1945, Describing the outcome of Yalta
The German-Polish Border Region. A Case of Regional Integration? ARENA Working Papers WP 97/19 Jorunn Sem Fure Department of History, University of Bergen
Aftermath of World War II in Poland
Aftermath of World War II in Germany
Partition (politics)
1945 establishments in Europe |
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions (Ca2+). Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration of calcium ions within a cell being 10,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell. This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes (the calcium is said to be a second messenger). Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate (found in chalk) and calcium phosphate, two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones. This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening (calcification) of certain intracellular structures, including the mitochondria, leading to cell death. Therefore, it is vital that calcium ion levels are controlled tightly, and can be released into the cell when necessary and then removed from the cell.
Structure
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that extend throughout muscle cells, wrapping around (but not in direct contact with) the myofibrils (contractile units of the cell). Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contain structures called transverse tubules (T-tubules), which are extensions of the cell membrane that travel into the centre of the cell. T-tubules are closely associated with a specific region of the SR, known as the terminal cisternae in skeletal muscle, with a distance of roughly 12 nanometers, separating them. This is the primary site of calcium release. The longitudinal SR are thinner projects, that run between the terminal cisternae/junctional SR, and are the location where ion channels necessary for calcium ion absorption are most abundant. These processes are explained in more detail below and are fundamental for the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
Calcium absorption
The SR contains ion channel pumps, within its membrane that are responsible for pumping Ca2+ into the SR. As the calcium ion concentration within the SR is higher than in the rest of the cell, the calcium ions won't freely flow into the SR, and therefore pumps are required, that use energy, which they gain from a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These calcium pumps are called Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPases (SERCA). There are a variety of different forms of SERCA, with SERCA 2a being found primarily in cardiac and skeletal muscle.
SERCA consists of 13 subunits (labelled M1-M10, N, P and A). Calcium ions bind to the M1-M10 subunits (which are located within the membrane), whereas ATP binds to the N, P and A subunits (which are located outside the SR). When 2 calcium ions, along with a molecule of ATP, bind to the cytosolic side of the pump (i.e. the region of the pump outside the SR), the pump opens. This occurs because ATP (which contains three phosphate groups) releases a single phosphate group (becoming adenosine diphosphate). The released phosphate group then binds to the pump, causing the pump to change shape. This shape change causes the cytosolic side of the pump to open, allowing the two Ca2+ to enter. The cytosolic side of the pump then closes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum side opens, releasing the Ca2+ into the SR.
A protein found in cardiac muscle, called phospholamban (PLB) has been shown to prevent SERCA from working. It does this by binding to the SERCA and decreasing its attraction (affinity) to calcium, therefore preventing calcium uptake into the SR. Failure to remove Ca2+ from the cytosol, prevents muscle relaxation and therefore means that there is a decrease in muscle contraction too. However, molecules such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, can prevent PLB from inhibiting SERCA. When these hormones bind to a receptor, called a beta 1 adrenoceptor, located on the cell membrane, they produce a series of reactions (known as a cyclic AMP pathway) that produces an enzyme called protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can add a phosphate to PLB (this is known as phosphorylation), preventing it from inhibiting SERCA and allowing for muscle relaxation.
Calcium storage
Located within the SR is a protein called calsequestrin. This protein can bind to around 50 Ca2+, which decreases the amount of free Ca2+ within the SR (as more is bound to calsequestrin). Therefore, more calcium can be stored (the calsequestrin is said to be a buffer). It is primarily located within the junctional SR/luminal space, in close association with the calcium release channel (described below).
Calcium release
Calcium ion release from the SR, occurs in the junctional SR/terminal cisternae through a ryanodine receptor (RyR) and is known as a calcium spark. There are three types of ryanodine receptor, RyR1 (in skeletal muscle), RyR2 (in cardiac muscle) and RyR3 (in the brain). Calcium release through ryanodine receptors in the SR is triggered differently in different muscles. In cardiac and smooth muscle an electrical impulse (action potential) triggers calcium ions to enter the cell through an L-type calcium channel located in the cell membrane (smooth muscle) or T-tubule membrane (cardiac muscle). These calcium ions bind to and activate the RyR, producing a larger increase in intracellular calcium. In skeletal muscle, however, the L-type calcium channel is bound to the RyR. Therefore, activation of the L-type calcium channel, via an action potential, activates the RyR directly, causing calcium release (see calcium sparks for more details). Also, caffeine (found in coffee) can bind to and stimulate RyR. Caffeine makes the RyR more sensitive to either the action potential (skeletal muscle) or calcium (cardiac or smooth muscle), thereby producing calcium sparks more often (this is partially responsible for caffeine's effect on heart rate).
Triadin and Junctin are proteins found within the SR membrane, that are bound to the RyR. The main role of these proteins is to anchor calsequestrin (see above) to the ryanodine receptor. At ‘normal’ (physiological) SR calcium levels, calsequestrin binds to the RyR, Triadin and Junctin, which prevents the RyR from opening. If calcium concentration within the SR falls too low, there will be less calcium bound to the calsequestrin. This means that there is more room on the calsequestrin, to bind to the junctin, triadin and ryanodine receptor, therefore it binds tighter. However, if calcium within the SR rises too high, more calcium binds to the calsequestrin and therefore it binds to the junctin-triadin-RyR complex less tightly. The RyR can therefore open and release calcium into the cell.
In addition to the effects that PKA had on phospholamban (see above) that resulted in increased relaxation of the cardiac muscle, PKA (as well as another enzyme called calmodulin kinase II) can also phosphorylate ryanodine receptors. When phosphorylated, RyRs are more sensitive to calcium, therefore they open more often and for longer periods of time. This increases calcium release from the SR, increasing the rate of contraction. Therefore, in cardiac muscle, activation of PKA, through the cyclic AMP pathway, results in increased muscle contraction (via RyR2 phosphorylation) and increased relaxation (via phospholamban phosphorylation), which increases heart rate.
The mechanism behind the termination of calcium release through the RyR is still not fully understood. Some researchers believe it is due to the random closing of ryanodine receptors (known as stochastic attrition), or the ryanodine receptors becoming inactive after a calcium spark, while others believe that a decrease in SR calcium, triggers the receptors to close (see calcium sparks for more details).
Role in rigor mortis
The breakdown of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, along with the resultant release of calcium, is an important contributor to rigor mortis, the stiffening of muscles after death.
An increase in calcium concentration in the sarcoplasm can also cause muscle stiffness.
References
Cell biology
Organelles |
```go
// _ _
// __ _____ __ ___ ___ __ _| |_ ___
// \ \ /\ / / _ \/ _` \ \ / / |/ _` | __/ _ \
// \ V V / __/ (_| |\ V /| | (_| | || __/
// \_/\_/ \___|\__,_| \_/ |_|\__,_|\__\___|
//
//
// CONTACT: hello@weaviate.io
//
package clients
import (
"bytes"
"context"
"crypto/sha256"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"net/http"
"time"
"github.com/weaviate/weaviate/entities/moduletools"
"github.com/weaviate/weaviate/usecases/modulecomponents"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
"github.com/weaviate/weaviate/modules/text2vec-huggingface/ent"
)
const (
DefaultOrigin = "path_to_url"
DefaultPath = "pipeline/feature-extraction"
)
// there are no explicit rate limits: path_to_url#rate-limits
// so we set values that work and leave it up to the users to increase these values
const (
DefaultRPM = 100 //
DefaultTPM = 10000000 // no token limit
)
type embeddingsRequest struct {
Inputs []string `json:"inputs"`
Options *options `json:"options,omitempty"`
}
type options struct {
WaitForModel bool `json:"wait_for_model,omitempty"`
UseGPU bool `json:"use_gpu,omitempty"`
UseCache bool `json:"use_cache,omitempty"`
}
type embedding [][]float32
type embeddingBert [][][][]float32
type embeddingObject struct {
Embeddings embedding `json:"embeddings"`
}
type huggingFaceApiError struct {
Error string `json:"error"`
EstimatedTime *float32 `json:"estimated_time,omitempty"`
Warnings []string `json:"warnings"`
}
type vectorizer struct {
apiKey string
httpClient *http.Client
bertEmbeddingsDecoder *bertEmbeddingsDecoder
logger logrus.FieldLogger
}
func New(apiKey string, timeout time.Duration, logger logrus.FieldLogger) *vectorizer {
return &vectorizer{
apiKey: apiKey,
httpClient: &http.Client{
Timeout: timeout,
},
bertEmbeddingsDecoder: newBertEmbeddingsDecoder(),
logger: logger,
}
}
func (v *vectorizer) Vectorize(ctx context.Context, input []string,
cfg moduletools.ClassConfig,
) (*modulecomponents.VectorizationResult, *modulecomponents.RateLimits, error) {
config := v.getVectorizationConfig(cfg)
res, err := v.vectorize(ctx, v.getURL(config), input, v.getOptions(config))
return res, nil, err
}
func (v *vectorizer) VectorizeQuery(ctx context.Context, input []string,
cfg moduletools.ClassConfig,
) (*modulecomponents.VectorizationResult, error) {
config := v.getVectorizationConfig(cfg)
return v.vectorize(ctx, v.getURL(config), input, v.getOptions(config))
}
func (v *vectorizer) getVectorizationConfig(cfg moduletools.ClassConfig) ent.VectorizationConfig {
icheck := ent.NewClassSettings(cfg)
return ent.VectorizationConfig{
EndpointURL: icheck.EndpointURL(),
Model: icheck.PassageModel(),
WaitForModel: icheck.OptionWaitForModel(),
UseGPU: icheck.OptionUseGPU(),
UseCache: icheck.OptionUseCache(),
}
}
func (v *vectorizer) vectorize(ctx context.Context, url string,
input []string, options options,
) (*modulecomponents.VectorizationResult, error) {
body, err := json.Marshal(embeddingsRequest{
Inputs: input,
Options: &options,
})
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "marshal body")
}
req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", url,
bytes.NewReader(body))
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "create POST request")
}
if apiKey, err := v.getApiKey(ctx); apiKey != "" && err == nil {
req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", apiKey))
}
req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
res, err := v.httpClient.Do(req)
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "send POST request")
}
defer res.Body.Close()
bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "read response body")
}
if err := checkResponse(res, bodyBytes); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
vector, errs, err := v.decodeVector(bodyBytes)
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "cannot decode vector")
}
return &modulecomponents.VectorizationResult{
Text: input,
Dimensions: len(vector[0]),
Vector: vector,
Errors: errs,
}, nil
}
func checkResponse(res *http.Response, bodyBytes []byte) error {
if res.StatusCode < 400 {
return nil
}
var resBody huggingFaceApiError
if err := json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &resBody); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("unmarshal error response body: %v", string(bodyBytes))
}
message := fmt.Sprintf("failed with status: %d", res.StatusCode)
if resBody.Error != "" {
message = fmt.Sprintf("%s error: %v", message, resBody.Error)
if resBody.EstimatedTime != nil {
message = fmt.Sprintf("%s estimated time: %v", message, *resBody.EstimatedTime)
}
if len(resBody.Warnings) > 0 {
message = fmt.Sprintf("%s warnings: %v", message, resBody.Warnings)
}
}
if res.StatusCode == http.StatusInternalServerError {
message = fmt.Sprintf("connection to HuggingFace %v", message)
}
return errors.New(message)
}
func (v *vectorizer) decodeVector(bodyBytes []byte) ([][]float32, []error, error) {
var emb embedding
if err := json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &emb); err != nil {
var embObject embeddingObject
if err := json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &embObject); err != nil {
var embBert embeddingBert
if err := json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &embBert); err != nil {
return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unmarshal response body")
}
if len(embBert) == 1 && len(embBert[0]) > 0 {
vectors := make([][]float32, len(embBert[0]))
errs := make([]error, len(embBert[0]))
for i, embBer := range embBert[0] {
vectors[i], errs[i] = v.bertEmbeddingsDecoder.calculateVector(embBer)
}
return vectors, errs, nil
}
return nil, nil, errors.New("unprocessable response body")
}
if len(embObject.Embeddings) > 0 {
return embObject.Embeddings, nil, nil
}
return nil, nil, errors.New("unprocessable response body")
}
if len(emb) > 0 {
return emb, nil, nil
}
return nil, nil, errors.New("unprocessable response body")
}
func (v *vectorizer) GetApiKeyHash(ctx context.Context, config moduletools.ClassConfig) [32]byte {
key, err := v.getApiKey(ctx)
if err != nil {
return [32]byte{}
}
return sha256.Sum256([]byte(key))
}
func (v *vectorizer) GetVectorizerRateLimit(ctx context.Context, cfg moduletools.ClassConfig) *modulecomponents.RateLimits {
rpm, _ := modulecomponents.GetRateLimitFromContext(ctx, "Cohere", DefaultRPM, 0)
execAfterRequestFunction := func(limits *modulecomponents.RateLimits, tokensUsed int, deductRequest bool) {
// refresh is after 60 seconds but leave a bit of room for errors. Otherwise, we only deduct the request that just happened
if limits.LastOverwrite.Add(61 * time.Second).After(time.Now()) {
if deductRequest {
limits.RemainingRequests -= 1
}
return
}
limits.RemainingRequests = rpm
limits.ResetRequests = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(61) * time.Second)
limits.LimitRequests = rpm
limits.LastOverwrite = time.Now()
// high dummy values
limits.RemainingTokens = DefaultTPM
limits.LimitTokens = DefaultTPM
limits.ResetTokens = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(1) * time.Second)
}
initialRL := &modulecomponents.RateLimits{AfterRequestFunction: execAfterRequestFunction, LastOverwrite: time.Now().Add(-61 * time.Minute)}
initialRL.ResetAfterRequestFunction(0) // set initial values
return initialRL
}
func (v *vectorizer) getApiKey(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
if apiKey := modulecomponents.GetValueFromContext(ctx, "X-Huggingface-Api-Key"); apiKey != "" {
return apiKey, nil
}
if v.apiKey != "" {
return v.apiKey, nil
}
return "", errors.New("no api key found " +
"neither in request header: X-Huggingface-Api-Key " +
"nor in environment variable under HUGGINGFACE_APIKEY")
}
func (v *vectorizer) getOptions(config ent.VectorizationConfig) options {
return options{
WaitForModel: config.WaitForModel,
UseGPU: config.UseGPU,
UseCache: config.UseCache,
}
}
func (v *vectorizer) getURL(config ent.VectorizationConfig) string {
if config.EndpointURL != "" {
return config.EndpointURL
}
return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", DefaultOrigin, DefaultPath, config.Model)
}
``` |
Shulgino () is a rural locality (a village) in Prilukskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2002.
Geography
Shulgino is located 18 km northeast of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Obodayevo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Vologodsky District |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.