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50814575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupha%20Wayi | Rupha Wayi | Rupha Wayi (Quechua rupha burning, Ancash Quechua wayi house, "burning house", also spelled Rupahuay) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru which reaches a height of approximately . It is located in the Ancash Region, Bolognesi Province, Huallanca District.
References
Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Ancash Region |
15509273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancer%2C%20Saskatchewan | Lancer, Saskatchewan | Lancer (2021 population: ) is a special service area in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Miry Creek No. 229 and Census Division No. 8. It held village status between 1913 and 2022.
History
Lancer incorporated as a village on September 11, 1913. It restructured on August 1, 2022, relinquishing its village status in favour of becoming a special service area under the jurisdiction of the Rural Municipality of Miry Creek No. 229.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lancer had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, Lancer had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, an change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Saskatchewan
References
Special service areas in Saskatchewan
Miry Creek No. 229, Saskatchewan
Division No. 8, Saskatchewan |
23738980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayton%20Windmill | Gayton Windmill | Gayton Windmill may refer to a number of windmills in the United Kingdom.
Gayton Windmill, a post mill which stood at
Gayton Windmill, a tower mill which stands at
Gayton Windmill , a tower mill in present-day Merseyside
See also
Gayton (disambiguation) |
59560594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m%20Thinking%20of%20Ending%20Things%20%28novel%29 | I'm Thinking of Ending Things (novel) | I'm Thinking of Ending Things is the 2016 debut novel of Canadian writer Iain Reid. It was first published in June 2016 in the United States by Simon & Schuster. The book has been described as a psychological thriller and horror fiction, and it is about a young woman who has many doubts about her relationship with her boyfriend. In spite of her reservations, however, she takes a road trip with him to meet his parents.
The novel was selected by National Public Radio as one of the best books of 2016, was a finalist in the 2016 Shirley Jackson Award, and appeared on the 2017 Ottawa Independent Writers Frank Hegyi Award for Emerging Authors longlist. In 2020, Netflix released a film adaptation of the book, written and directed by Charlie Kaufman and starring Jesse Plemons, Jessie Buckley, Toni Collette, and David Thewlis.
Plot summary
The story is narrated by Jake's unnamed girlfriend of only a few months. They met in a pub, during a college trivia night, and Jake gave her his phone number by writing it on a piece of paper and slipping it into her bag. Several weeks later, he takes her to meet his parents on their remote farm. She has been considering "ending things," but has not told him yet. It is a long drive, and they engage in lengthy philosophical discussions.
The evening with Jake's parents turns out to be unpleasant and scary. They ask her awkward questions, and she sees unsettling things, like a picture of Jake as a child that looks as if it could be her. During the long drive home, Jake decides to stop at a Dairy Queen, to which the narrator reluctantly agrees. She recognizes one of the girls that works at the Dairy Queen, but can't pinpoint why. After getting back on the road, Jake wants to dispose of their trash at a nearby deserted high school. After doing so, he starts making out with her in the car in front of the school but stops, due to a flashback memory, where he sees the janitor watching them from one of the windows. Furious, Jake leaves her alone in the car and enters the school building to confront him.
After a long wait in the cold car, Jake's girlfriend goes looking for him. She searches the long corridors in the main building, before realizing that she is being followed. Believing it to be the janitor, she tries to hide and quickly gets lost. Jake's girlfriend relives traumatic childhood experiences of a neighbor visiting her mother and threatening to take her away. Frightened, she wishes she had ended things with Jake. At this point, the narration begins to become more fractious and disjointed, with the narrator losing sight of their identities. The narrator remembers where the gym is, even though she has never been to the school before. Making her way there, hoping to find a way out, she starts to physically deteriorate, and she begins referring to herself using the plural "we,” rather than "I.” It soon becomes apparent that the narrator and Jake are, in fact, the same person.
The narrator, now an amalgam of different people, makes their way to the janitor's room and climbs into the closet. They recall how they wished they had given the woman in the pub their phone number that trivia night, but they were too shy. Jake hoped to meet her again, but that never happened. Instead, he wrote about her to live out their relationship as a maladaptive fantasy. The narrator ends up suffering a breakdown, once his fantasy breaks down. The janitor, revealed to be a middle-aged Jake, finds them in his room. He gives the narrator a metal clothes hanger from the closet and says, "I'm thinking of ending things.” The narrator agrees, straightens the hanger out, and stabs themself in the neck with the sharp end. As they bleed to death, from their injuries, the narrator refers to themself as "A single unit, back to one. Me. Only me. Jake. Alone again."
Many of the chapters of the book are separated by conversations between two strangers, who discuss a horrific incident that occurred at the school, which is implied to be a murder, but later, it is revealed to be a suicide. Near the end of the book, it is revealed they are talking about Jake. Jake was a student who dropped out of college, 30 years ago, and was employed at the school, as a janitor. They talk about how he came from a farm and that his parents had died, long ago. They note how withdrawn and disturbed he became and that he used to spend much of his time on his own, writing in notebooks. They discuss the discovery of his body and the notebooks, but it is only when they read them that they understand what happened.
Background
Reid told interviewers it took him about three years to write the book, although ideas for the story had been with him for far longer. He drew on his experiences growing up on a farm in remote Ontario, as well as travelling Canadian country roads, in total darkness. Reid said that he left the novel's ending open to interpretation, and that while he has his own explanation about what the ending means, other interpretations are all "totally valid". He added that he appreciates books that "put some of the onus onto me to decipher and complete the story.”
After Reid had finished the novel, he had trouble finding someone who would publish it. He recalled, "Just about everyone in Canada rejected it, until Simon and Schuster made a modest offer." The book went on to be listed on The New York Times Best Seller list, was translated into over twenty languages, and was made into a film.
Reception
According to the review aggregator Book Marks, I'm Thinking of Ending Things received positive reviews, based on 5 reviews.
In a review in the Chicago Tribune, Lloyd Sachs described I'm Thinking of Ending Things as "the boldest and most original literary thriller to appear in some time". He called Reid "a master of tension,” and noted that despite the book's "philosophic weight,” he "pulls it off.” Sachs recommended re-reading the book, saying that "[w]ith its deep enigmas" and the "dense psychological space [the characters are] traveling through,” it "remains as full of dark surprises as your friendly neighborhood black hole".
Hannah Pittard wrote in a review in The New York Times that she felt the novel's "bait-and-switch tactic"—interspacing the Jake-and-girlfriend narrative with a commentary between two strangers about an unspecified tragedy—too "gimmicky". She also felt that Reid's story was a little too non-diegetic, in that the narrator withholds too much from the reader. Pittard expressed her disappointment at the book's "big reveal" at the end, saying that it "hastily disposes of unexplained and unnecessary red herrings, and the revelation is, at once, too tidy and too convenient to be satisfying".
Writing in The Australian, author Pip Smith said the novel "reads like a short story, with its elastic stretched to snapping point". She said that while it has all the ingredients of a good thriller, with mounting tension and a twist at the end, Reid "sells his concept short" by sticking to the thriller format. Smith was critical of Reid's portrayal of Jake's girlfriend as having "inferior intelligence.” She acknowledged that by the end of the book, it becomes clear that the author was not trying to create "a believable female character, but a misanthropic male's fantasy of a female character.” However, until the twist, readers "have spent 200 pages with a narrator who is structurally obliged to sound unintelligent". Smith felt that "Reid's novel is about being trapped by intelligence, social awkwardness, and a fantasy of what could have been, but his novel is also trapped by its own lure, with a narrator too flimsy to feel real." She concluded that re-reading the book gives the text new meaning but added that many people will only read it once, and will miss Reid's "provocations about predetermination and free will".
References
External links
I'm Thinking of Ending Things at Fantastic Fiction
I'm Thinking of Ending Things at Simon & Schuster
I'm Thinking of Ending Things reader discussions
2010s horror novels
2016 Canadian novels
Canadian novels adapted into films
Psychological thriller novels
Simon & Schuster books
2016 debut novels |
17602071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko%20Tani | Yoko Tani | was a French-born Japanese actress and nightclub entertainer.
Early life
Tani was born in Paris. Her birth name was Itani Yōko (猪谷洋子). She has occasionally been described as 'Eurasian', 'half French', 'half Japanese' and even, in one source, 'Italian Japanese', all of which are incorrect.
French records (1958) show that her father and mother—both Japanese—were attached to the Japanese embassy in Paris, with Tani herself conceived en route during a shipboard passage from Japan to Europe in 1927 and subsequently born in Paris the following year, hence given the name Yōko (洋子), one reading of which can mean "ocean-child.". Tani would later play a diplomat's daughter in Piccadilly Third Stop.
According to Japanese sources, the family returned to Japan in 1930, when Yoko would still have been a toddler, and she did not return to France until 1950 when her schooling was completed. Given that there were severe restrictions on Japanese travelling outside Japan directly after World War II, this would have been an unusual event; however, it is known that Itani had attended an elite girls' school in Tokyo (Tokyo Women's Higher Normal School, currently Ochanomizu University Senior High School), and then graduated from Tsuda University. She subsequently secured a Catholic scholarship to study aesthetics at the University of Paris (Sorbonne) under Étienne Souriau.
Career
Return to France (1950–1955)
Once back in Paris, Tani found little interest in attending university (although by her own account she persevered for two years despite understanding hardly anything that was being said). Instead, she developed a more compelling attraction to the cabaret, the nightclub, and the variety music-hall, where, setting herself up as an exotic oriental beauty, she quickly established a reputation for her provocative "geisha" dances, which generally ended with her slipping out of her kimono. It was here she was spotted by Marcel Carné, who took her into his circle of director and actor-friends, including Roland Lesaffre, whom she was later to marry. As a result, she began to get bit parts in films—starting as (perhaps predictably) a Japanese dancer, in Gréville's Le port du désir (1953–1954, released 1955)—and on the stage, with a role as Lotus Bleu in la Petite Maison de Thé (French adaptation of The Teahouse of the August Moon) at the Théâtre Montparnasse, 1954–1955 season.
Lesaffre and Japan (1956)
Tani's involvement with cinema was, up to the mid-1950s, limited entirely to that of portraying stereotyped orientals in French films. With the end of the US occupation of Japan in 1952, however, postwar Japanese cinema itself burst upon the French scene, culminating in the years 1955 and 1956 when a total of six Japanese films, including Akira Kurosawa's Ikimono no Kiroku (I Live in Fear 生きものの記録), were entered at Cannes. It was at Cannes that Tani first made contact with Kurosawa, and the director Hisamatsu Seiji, contacts which led to a trip to Japan in 1956 by Tani and Lesaffre and their joint appearance in the Toho production Hadashi no seishun (裸足の青春 fr. La jeunesse aux pieds nus), a film about the difficult lives of Catholics in the remote islands off Kyushu, in southern Japan. Tani played the part of a 'fallen woman' who has returned to the islands from Tokyo (where she had run off to become a stripper), and Lesaffre that of the local bishop. It was originally intended that the film be directed by Kurosawa himself, but in the end, it fell to his Toho stable-mate Taniguchi Senkichi. Tani and Lesaffre's ambition was to bring the film back to France and release it in the French market, an aim which was, however, never achieved.
During the same trip, and also for Toho, Tani took a minor role in Hisamatsu's Jōshû to tomo ni (女囚と共に), a variant on the dubious but ever-popular "women in prison" theme, in which she played a westernised Japanese Catholic named Marie. This film was notable only in that it starred two veritable legends of the Japanese cinema: Hara Setsuko and Tanaka Kinuyo.
International period (1957–1962)
Early in 1957, Tani appeared in a small role in her first English-language film: the MGM production of Graham Greene's The Quiet American, a political drama set in French Indochina. Despite being an American production, the film was shot entirely in Rome (with location scenes of Saigon added), with Tani cast as a francophone Vietnamese nightclub hostess.
But Tani's real "break" in English-language cinema came with the 1958 production The Wind Cannot Read. This film, a war-time love story, had originally been a project of the British producer Alexander Korda, and was to have been directed by David Lean, who in 1955 travelled to Japan with author Richard Mason and cast Japanese actress Kishi Keiko as the female lead. Locations were scouted in India, and Ms Kishi (then 22 years old) was brought to England to learn sufficient English for the part. At a very advanced stage, the project fell apart, and a few months later Korda died. The pieces were eventually picked up by the Rank Organisation, and it was decided to produce the film using the script and locations already set out by Lean, with one of Rank's big stars, Dirk Bogarde, in the male lead, Ralph Thomas to direct, and Tani, who was found in Paris, to play the leading female role. The film was a commercial success and one of the top British films of that year, and led to further roles in other British co-productions --- as the Inuit Asiak in the Anglo-French-Italian The Savage Innocents (Les Dents du diable) (1959 - nominated for the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1960), and as the ingénue Seraphina in Piccadilly Third Stop (1960).
Aside from The Quiet American, her only other "Hollywood" roles were in My Geisha (1962, shot on location in Japan) and the Dean Martin comedy Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed? (1963, Paramount Studios Los Angeles).
Despite being type-cast as an exotic, Tani got to play some unusual roles as a result, as evidenced by her portrayal of Japanese doctor/scientist Sumiko Ogimura in the self-consciously internationalist 1959 East-German/Polish film production of Stanisław Lem's novel The Astronauts, Der schweigende Stern (First Spaceship on Venus), and as Miyake Hanako, Japanese common-law wife of the German double-agent Richard Sorge in Veit Harlan's .
Perhaps even more unusual (for the time) was her trip to Vancouver, Canada in 1962 to play the role of Mary Ota in James Clavell's The Sweet and the Bitter, which treats the aftermath of the wartime internment of Canadian Japanese and the loss of their properties and businesses. Ota, a young Japanese woman, returns to British Columbia after a twenty-year absence to avenge her father's internment-camp death, her hatred directed towards the man who stole her father's fishing boats. The film was completed in 1963, but there was no North American release due to legal and financial difficulties. British Lion finally underwrote a showing of the film in London in 1967.
Spies, swords and sandals (1963 onwards)
1962/63 marked a shift in Tani's career: a return (once again) to France and the definitive end of her marriage to Lesaffre. From this point on she was to be more strictly European-based and to take on work mainly in the low-budget Italian peplum cinema and in femme fatale roles in UK television dramas such as Danger Man and Man in a Suitcase.
Despite her involvement with film, Tani never abandoned her attachment to the nightclub and cabaret. The British producer Betty Box, when looking for the female lead for The Wind Cannot Read (vide supra), wrote:
And, from a 1960s account of the well-known Le Crazy Horse de Paris nightclub:
Even as late as 1977, we find her in São Paulo, where she had a small role in Chinese-Brazilian director Juan Bajon's sexploitation film O Estripador de Mulheres:
Ho Ai Li, Assistant Life Editor of 'The Straits Times', (18/10/'15), quotes Tani as saying, when she was in Singapore, to film Goldsnake:
Personal life
Tani's 1956 marriage to Roland Lesaffre was childless, and ended in divorce in 1962. Lesaffre claimed in his autobiography Mataf (éditions Pygmalion, 1991), that theirs was the first Franco-Japanese marriage after World War II --- conceivably true, but almost impossible to verify. (True or not, it may have begun something of a trend, since Kishi Keiko and Yves Ciampi were married the following year.)
In later life Tani remarried, wedding Roger Laforet, a native of Binic, Côtes-d'Armor (Brittany). A wealthy industrialist, Laforet was an associate of Baron Marcel Bich, co-founder of the BIC consumer products empire. Tani's declining years were spent between Paris and their house in Paimpol overlooking the sea.
She died in Paris, from cancer, but is buried in Binic together with Laforet. Their tomb carries the Breton inscription «Ganeoc'h Bepred» (roughly, "Always With You").
Tani was survived by her younger sister, Aiko.
In popular culture
Her first name inspired the Belgian comics character Yoko Tsuno by Roger Leloup.
Film
1954 (France) : Le port du désir dir. Edmond T. Gréville - unnamed dancer
1954 (France) : Les Clandestines dir. Raoul André - unnamed Chinese girl
1954 (France) : Ali Baba et les Quarante voleurs dir. Jacques Becker
1954 (France) : Marchandes d'illusions dir. Raoul André - unnamed Eurasian
1954 (France) : The Babes Make the Law dir. Raoul André - The Lotus Flower
1954 (West Germany) : dir. Veit Harlan - Hanako (Sorge's Japanese common-law wife)
1955 (France) : The Price of Love dir. Maurice de Canonge - unnamed dancer
1955 (France) : Gueule d'ange dir. Marcel Blistène - Bamboo Flower
1955 (France) : Paris canaille dir. Pierre Gaspard-Huit, released 1956 - unnamed student
1955 (France) : À la manière de Sherlock Holmes dir. Henri Lepage
1956 (Japan) : 裸足の青春 - Hadashi no seishun / Barefoot Youth dir. 谷口千吉 / Senkichi Taniguchi - Okano Mariko (岡野マリ子)
1956 (Japan) : 女囚と共に - Jōshû to tomo ni / Women in Prison dir. 久松静児 / Seiji Hisamatsu - Marie (マリー), a prisoner
1956 (France) : Mannequins of Paris dir. André Hunebelle - Lotus
1957 (France) : The Ostrich Has Two Eggs dir. Denys de La Patellière - la comtesse Yoko
1957 (France) : La Fille de feu dir. Alfred Rode - Zélie
1958 (Italy) : The Quiet American dir. Joseph L. Mankiewicz - head nightclub hostess
1958 (UK) : The Wind Cannot Read dir. Ralph Thomas - Aiko Suzuki (Sabby)
1959 (East Germany/Poland) : Der schweigende Stern/Milcząca Gwiazda - The Silent Star/First Spaceship on Venus dir. Kurt Maetzig & Hieronim Przybył - Sumiko Ogimura MD
1959 (France/Italy/UK) : The Savage Innocents dir. Nicholas Ray - Asiak
1960 (UK) : Piccadilly Third Stop dir. Wolf Rilla - Seraphina Yokami
1961 (Italy/France) : Ursus and the Tartar Princess dir. Remigio Del Grosso - Princess Ila
1961 (Italy) : Maciste alla corte del Gran Khan - Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World dir. Riccardo Freda - Princess Lei Ling
1961 (Italy/France) : Marco Polo dirs. Hugo Fregonese, Piero Pierotti - Princess Amurroy
1962 (USA/Japan) : My Geisha dir. Jack Cardiff - Kazumi Ito
1962 (Canada) : The Sweet and the Bitter, dir. James Clavell, released 1967 - Mary Ota
1963 (USA) : Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed? dir. Daniel Mann - Isami Hiroti
1964 (Italy) : F.B.I. - Operazione Baalbek dir. Hugo Fregonese & Giuliano Carnimeo - Asia
1964 (West Germany) : The Secret of Dr. Mabuse dir. Hugo Fregonese - Mercedès
1964 (Italy) : Bianco, Rosso, Giallo, Rosa - The Love Factory, dir. Massimo Mida - Yoko
1965 (Italy/France) : OSS 77 – Operazione fior di loto dir. Bruno Paolinelli
1965 (Italy) : Agent Z-55, Desperate Mission dir. Roberto Bianchi Montero - Su Ling
1965 (UK) : Invasion dir. Alan Bridges - Chief of the "Lystrians"
1966 (Italy) : The Spy Who Loved Flowers dir. Umberto Lenzi - Mei Lang
1966 (Spain/Italy/France) : Goldsnake 'Anonima Killers' dir. Ferdinando Baldi - Annie Wong
1967 (Italy) : Le 7 cinesi d'oro dir. Vincenzo Cascino - La giapponese
1977 (Brazil) : O Estripador de Mulheres dir. Juan Bajon
1978 (France) : dir. André Hunebelle - Youyou
Television
1960 (UK) : Chasing the Dragon - BBC television (scriptwriter Colin Morris)
1961 (UK) : Rashomon - BBC television adaptation dir. Rudolph Cartier - The Wife
1961 (USA) : Here's Hollywood - NBC Television; season 1, episode 28 (broadcast 26 April 1961) - herself
1962 (USA) : Ben Casey - season 1, episode 27, "A Pleasant Thing for the Eyes" - Aiko Tanaka
1963 (UK) : Edgar Wallace Mysteries - episode 31, "The Partner" (based on A Million Dollar Story (1926)) dir. Gerard Glaister - Lin Siyan
1964 (UK) : Drama '64 - ITV; episode "Miss Hanago" (broadcast 22 November 1964) - Miss Hanago
1966 (UK) : Armchair Theatre - Associated British Corp. - episode "The Tilted Screen" - Michiko
1967 (UK) : Danger Man - ITV; season 4, episode 1, "Koroshi" - Ako Nakamura
1967 (UK) : Danger Man - ITV; season 4, episode 2, "Shinda Shima" - Miho
1967 (UK) : Man in a Suitcase - ITV; episode 5, "Variation on a Million Bucks pt. 1" - Taiko
1967 (UK) : Man in a Suitcase - ITV; episode 6, "Variation on a Million Bucks pt. 2" - Taiko
1968 (France/Canada) : Les Dossiers de l'agence O - episode 10, "L'arrestation du musicien" - Kiku - la stripteaseuse
1971 (UK) : Shirley's World - ITV; episode 12, "A Girl Like You" (UK transmission date 23 June 1972) - Okiyo
1972 (France/Quebec) : Le Fils du ciel - ORTF/Télévision de Radio-Canada - Gisèle Lelarge
1986 (France) : Série rose (erotic anthology) - FR3; episode "Le lotus d'or" dir. Walerian Borowczyk - Madame Lune
Theatre
1954 (France) : Namouna by Jacques Deval - Théâtre de Paris - Sao-Ming
1955 (France) : La petite maison de thé adapted by Albert Husson - Théâtre Montparnasse - Lotus Bleu
1958 (France) : Chérie Noire by François Campaux, Théâtre Michel - Chérie
1965 (UK) : The Professor by Hal Porter, Royal Court Theatre - Fusehime Ishimoto (housemaid)
1967 (France) : Une femme à louer by François Campaux, mise en scène Christian Alers, Théâtre de la Potinière
References
1928 births
1999 deaths
Japanese film actresses
French film actresses
French stage actresses
French television actresses
French people of Japanese descent
Actresses from Paris
20th-century French actresses |
9484023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelo%20Bentancur | Carmelo Bentancur | Carmelo Bentancur (born July 4, 1899, date of death unknown) was born in Durazno, Uruguay. He enlisted in the army with his brother, Cecilio, and served as a pilot but after an air accident he joined the cavalry.
He was several times the national fencing champion and was the Uruguayan representative in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
References
1899 births
Year of death missing
Uruguayan male sabre fencers
Olympic fencers for Uruguay
Fencers at the 1936 Summer Olympics |
61677101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320%20UEFA%20Youth%20League%20Domestic%20Champions%20Path | 2019–20 UEFA Youth League Domestic Champions Path | The 2019–20 UEFA Youth League Domestic Champions Path began on 2 October and ended on 4 December 2019. A total of 32 teams compete in the Domestic Champions Path to decide eight of the 24 places in the knockout phase (play-offs and the round of 16 onwards) of the 2019–20 UEFA Youth League.
Times are CET/CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).
Draw
The youth domestic champions of the top 32 associations according to their 2018 UEFA country coefficients entered the Domestic Champions Path. If there was a vacancy (associations with no youth domestic competition, as well as youth domestic champions already included in the UEFA Champions League path), it was first filled by the title holders should they have not yet qualified, and then by the youth domestic champions of the next association in the UEFA ranking.
For the Domestic Champions Path, the 32 teams were drawn into two rounds of two-legged home-and-away ties. The draw for both the first round and second round was held on 3 September 2019, 14:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. There were no seedings, but the 32 teams were split into groups defined by sporting and geographical criteria prior to the draw.
In the first round, the 32 teams were split into four groups. Teams in the same group were drawn against each other, with the order of legs decided by draw.
In the second round, the sixteen winners of the first round, whose identity was not known at the time of the draw, were split into two groups: Group A contained the winners from Groups 1 and 2, while Group B contained the winners from Groups 3 and 4. Teams in the same group were drawn against each other, with the order of legs decided by draw.
Format
In both rounds, if the aggregate score was tied after full time of the second leg, the away goals rule was used to decide the winner. If still tied, the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out (no extra time was played). The eight second round winners advanced to the play-offs, where they were joined by the eight group runners-up from the UEFA Champions League Path (group stage).
First round
The first legs were played on 2, 3, 5 and 9 October, and the second legs were played from 22–24 October 2019.
|}
Notes
APOEL won 2–1 on aggregate.
Sheriff Tiraspol won 3–1 on aggregate.
Zrinjski Mostar won 3–1 on aggregate.
Zaragoza won 5–1 on aggregate.
Derby County won 9–2 on aggregate.
Midtjylland won 3–1 on aggregate.
Sogndal won 4–2 on aggregate.
ÍA won 16–1 on aggregate.
PAOK won 2–1 on aggregate.
Rennes won 2–1 on aggregate.
5–5 on aggregate. Rangers won on away goals.
Porto won 7–2 on aggregate.
Domžale won 2–0 on aggregate.
1–1 on aggregate. Slovan Bratislava won 4–2 on penalties.
Dynamo Kyiv won 10–2 on aggregate.
Maccabi Petah Tikva won 4–1 on aggregate.
Second round
The first legs were played on 4 and 6 November, and the second legs were played from 26–27 November and 4 December 2019.
|}
3–3 on aggregate. Sheriff Tiraspol won on away goals.
Zaragoza won 9–0 on aggregate.
Midtjylland won 3–1 on aggregate.
Derby County won 6–2 on aggregate.
Porto won 5–2 on aggregate.
Dynamo Kyiv won 5–2 on aggregate.
Rangers won 4–1 on aggregate.
Rennes won 3–0 on aggregate.
Notes
References
External links
UEFA Youth League Matches: 2019–20, UEFA.com
2
October 2019 sports events in Europe
November 2019 sports events in Europe
December 2019 sports events in Europe |
29082982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra%20Taft%20Benson%20Agriculture%20and%20Food%20Institute | Ezra Taft Benson Agriculture and Food Institute | The Ezra Taft Benson Agriculture and Food Institute is a 501 (C3) Corporation owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and operated as a subdivision of the Church's Welfare Department that has as its goal the improvement of the nutrition and health of the rural poor.
The Institute was originally formed as part of the Brigham Young University (BYU) College of Biology and Agriculture in 1975. It was named for Ezra Taft Benson, a U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, president of the LDS Church, and an advocate for the well being of farmers. The institute still maintains ties to BYU but in January 2008 it separated organizationally from BYU and became part of the LDS Church's Welfare Program.
The Benson Institute has focused on Ecuador, Bolivia, Mexico, Guatemala, Morocco, and Ghana.
While part of BYU the Benson Institute was housed in B-49, which is now the home of the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship. This building is at the south-west corner of 5th East and 8th North in Provo, Utah. After joining the LDS Church Welfare Department it moved to the LDS Church Office Building in Salt Lake City.
The Institute for Self-Reliant Agriculture was organized by a group of former Benson Institute staff applying the same principles.
Notes
References
Howard M. Collett, "Self sufficiency in the Andes: Benson Institute builds stability in Ecuador", Church News, January 10, 2009
Jan Underwood Pinborough, "Raising the Quality of Life: The Ezra Taft Benson Institute", Ensign, February 1986, p. 36
External links
Benson Institute official website
Brigham Young University
Organizations established in 1975
Properties of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1975 establishments in Utah
Agricultural organizations based in the United States |
5837356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low%20Lake | Low Lake | Low Lake (or Lac Low) is a lake in western Quebec, Canada. It is located in the municipality of Baie-James.
Lakes of Nord-du-Québec |
11552082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Heggie | Charles Heggie | Charles Winton Heggie (26 September 1862 – 15 July 1925) was a Scottish footballer who played for Rangers, St Bernard's and the Scotland national team. He is one of just two players to have scored four goals in their only Scotland appearance.
Career
Heggie began his career at Govan based club Ailsa FC before joining Rangers in 1882. At Rangers he initially played as a defender but moved to a forward position for much of the 1883–84 season and finished the season as the club's top scorer with 13 goals in 30 matches. In these early years of football, with the exception of the Scottish Cup, Rangers only contested friendly matches but Heggie helped Rangers reach the Cup semi-finals, scoring in a 5–1 win against Cambuslang in the quarter-finals.
The following season, he only played 7 times for Rangers, scoring 5 goals, but was a regular again in 1885–86 with 29 goals in 31 games. His only Scotland appearance was against Ireland on 20 March 1886 at Ballynafeigh Park, Belfast. Scotland won the match 7–2 and Heggie scored four of the Scotland goals. Heggie holds the distinction of being one of just two players in Scottish football history to have scored 4 goals in their only international cap; two years later William Dickson would repeat the feat, again against Ireland.
The Scottish Umpire and Cycling Mercury noted in October 1886 that:
Unsurprisingly perhaps, the 1886–87 season proved to be his last at Rangers and he played 8 matches, scoring 3 times. After his spell with Rangers he moved to St. Bernard's in January 1887. This proved to be his final club; however he remained within football as a referee. Heggie later emigrated to Western Australia, where he died in 1925.
See also
List of Scotland national football team hat-tricks
References
External links
1862 births
1925 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Rangers F.C. players
Scottish football referees
St Bernard's F.C. players
Men's association football forwards
Scottish emigrants to Australia |
63254707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lykovskaya | Lykovskaya | Lykovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Nikolskoye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 9 as of 2002.
Geography
Lykovskaya is located 31 km north of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Semyonovskaya is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Kaduysky District |
33113323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracewell%20House | Tracewell House | Tracewell House, also known as "Maple Shadows" and Tracewell Manor, is a historic home located near Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia. It was built about 1835, and is a two-story, single pile, painted brick I house in the Greek Revival style. It has a slate covered gable roof and a two-story rear ell.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.
References
Houses in Parkersburg, West Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Greek Revival houses in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1835
National Register of Historic Places in Wood County, West Virginia
I-houses in West Virginia |
442176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall%2C%20London | Blackwall, London | Blackwall is an area of Poplar, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, East London. The neighbourhood includes Leamouth and the Coldharbour conservation area.
The area takes its name from a historic stretch of riverside wall built along an outside curve of the Thames, to protect the area from flooding. While mostly residential, the Poplar Dock and Blackwall Basin provide moorings for vessels.
Setting and administration
The area's significance derived from its position on an outside curve of the Thames, where currents slowed down, making it a sheltered spot useful to a range of shipping activities. This sheltered position was enhanced by the presence of the Blackwall Rock reef, though this could also be a danger to shipping. A further advantage of the area was that it lay east of the Isle of Dogs, so loading and unloading here avoided that time and effort of sailing round that peninsula to London, while still being very close to the City of London.
The area developed on the riverside, next to Poplar's East Marsh and was known as Blackwall by at least the 14th century; taking its name from the colour of the river wall, built - with its stairs - in the Middle Ages. Having never been an administrative unit, the area lacks formal definition, but can be broadly described as the part of Poplar close to the Thames on the north-east part of the Isle of Dogs peninsula extending eastward to the confluence of the Thames and Lea.
Blackwall gives its name to Blackwall Reach, the stretch of the Thames east of the Isle of Dogs. Blackwall Reach gives its name to Blackwall Point, the northern tip of the Greenwich Peninsula, south of the Thames in Greenwich (and not in Blackwall).
Blackwall was historically part of the Hamlet of Poplar, an autonomous area of the Manor and Ancient Parish of Stepney in Middlesex. The Hamlet of Poplar became an independent parish in 1817. The civil parish of Poplar had a vestry committee which organised services such as poor relief and road maintenance. Indeed, the whole Isle of Dogs was until the late 20th century referred to as being in Poplar. In 1965, the Metropolitan Borough of Poplar merged with its neighbours to form the new London Borough of Tower Hamlets.
History
Blackwall Yard became a major sea hub, and the district was a significant part of the Port of London, and involved with important voyages for over 400 years. Shipfitting and repair was taking place by 1485 and shipbuilding would take place in the area later too. In 1576, Martin Frobisher left Blackwall and landed at Frobisher Bay on Baffin Island, claiming it for England (its first overseas possession) in the name of Queen Elizabeth I. Frobisher was funded by the Muscovy Company seeking the North West Passage. In the early years of the 17th century the port was the main departure point of the English colonisation of North America and the West Indies launched by the London Company. On 20 December 1606, three ships, Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery, sailed from Blackwall, landing in Virginia on 26 April 1607 to establish the first permanent English settlement, Jamestown.
The East and West India Docks were constructed at the beginning of the 19th century.
Leamouth Wharf was the site of the Samuda Brothers, Orchard House Yard and Thames Iron Works shipyards which were major centres of employment. In 1895, Arnold Hills the owner of the Thames Iron Works and foreman Dave Taylor set up a works team, Thames Ironworks F.C. The club would later be reformed as West Ham United F.C.
Until 1987, Blackwall was a centre of shipbuilding and repair. This activity principally included Blackwall Yard, the Orchard House Yard and the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company which included land in both Blankwall and Canning Town, which is east of the Lea in the old parish and borough of West Ham. The Blackwall Yard (two of whose former dry docks can still be seen around the present-day Reuters building) built the first Blackwall Frigates.
The London and Blackwall Railway was one of the earliest railway systems in London, operating from 1840. it was also one of the smallest, running from Fenchurch Street Station in the city to Blackwall, a journey of less than twenty minutes, but which was very important to connect to Gravesend passenger boats. Near the Blackwall railway station was built the Brunswick Hotel, located on the Greenwich Meridian line. In its early years, it apparently attracted a fairly elegant crowd, including William IV on an occasion connected with the opening or expansion of the burgeoning docks in the area. Its prime customer base was emigrants (mostly to Australia) who would wait here until they could board small steamers to take them to the large sea-going liners at Gravesend. In the days of sail, these passengers might have to wait for days or weeks until the winds were favourable; but by the end of the century the substitution of steam power and rail links on the south bank of the Thames greatly reduced the viability of the hotel. No evidence remains of either the hotel (demolished in the 1920s) or the railway station (demolished 1946); they stood between Jamestown Way and the Thames.
The Blackwall Tunnel, opened in 1892–1897, carries road traffic under the Thames from Blackwall to the Greenwich Peninsula.
The Brunswick Wharf Power Station was built by Poplar Borough Council for the British Electricity Authority (BEA) in 1952, on the site of the former East India Export Dock. The power station was controversial due to potential air pollution in a densely populated part of London.
Built environment
Coldharbour Conservation Area
Coldharbour is said to be "the sole remaining fragment of the old hamlet of Blackwall" and "one of the last examples of the narrow streets which once characterised the river's perimeter". It is today largely residential and no longer has any industrial and maritime activities. The Coldharbour Conservation Area, designated in 1975 and then expanded in 2008, has several listed historic buildings as well as engineering structures once part of the former docks.
Economic activity
Northumberland Wharf is still retained as a working wharf, this has special status by the Mayor of London and the Port of London Authority (PLA) as a safeguarded wharf. It is run by Cory Riverside Energy who also managed the Reuse and Recycling Centre which is next to the wharf and for the transportation of waste by barge along the River Thames.
Housing developments
The 1980s, Blackwall saw the area first redevelopment project, a luxury housing complex called Jamestown Harbour over the Blackwall Basin, designed by WCEC Architects for the Wates Group and was completed by 1985. Jamestown Harbour was one of the first housing developments of the London Docklands. With its brick-built warehouse-style exteriors and distinctive blue and red balconies, it was designed to recreate the appearance of traditional river and dockside warehouses.
In the 2000s, a residential development New Providence Wharf began to be built, which was designed and built by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and Ballymore Group and saw the Ontario Tower and Providence Tower (now the Charrington Tower) completed in 2007 and 2016 respectively.
Transport
Historic
The former London and Blackwall Railway ran from Minories to Blackwall by way of Stepney, a distance of three and half miles. This was authorised in 1836 as "The Commercial Railway", running close to Commercial Road in the East End of London to the Blackwall railway station.
Contemporary
The areas major roads; the A1261 (Aspen Way) and the A102 Blackwall Tunnel Approach Road bring a significant degree of air pollution and community severance.
London Buses routes D3 on west-east Blackwall Way, and D6, D7 and N550 on north-south Preston Road give local access to neighbouring Poplar, Leamouth, the Isle of Dogs and Canary Wharf.
The Thames Path (north bank) National Trail which opened in 1996 is connected to Blackwall, it enters the district at the South Dock Entrance and goes via Coldharbour and Blackwall Way and rejoins the River Thames at Virginia Wharf till the East India Dock at Blackwall Point.
References
External links
Google Earth view of Blackwall and around
Areas of London
Port of London
Districts of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets |
70259821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Kilpatrick | Kim Kilpatrick | Kim Kilpatrick (born ) is a Canadian para-swimmer and therapist with a visual impairment. She won the gold medal in the women's 4 x 100-metre individual medley A competition as well as the silver medal in the women's 4 x 100-metre freestyle relay A-B and the women's 4 x 100-metre medley relay A-B events alongside Lisa Bentz, Yvette Michel and Andrea Rossi at the 1980 Summer Paralympics in Arnhem, Netherlands.
Early life
Kilpatrick was born , and comes from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. She was born completely blind but has limited vision in one eye and can see shadows and distinguish between dark and light colors. Kilpatrick's parents had extensive experience participating in sports and she has one sibling. She began swimming competitively from the age of ten and was guided by the use of a special tapper to tap me on the head that was invented by her father to tap her on the head when she reached the end of the pool to avoid striking her head against the wall. She attended W. Ross Macdonald School for the Blind and liked studying English as well as History and disliked learning Geography. In 1977, Kilpatrick began swimming and was entered in Class A category events since she is blind.
She gained qualification to the 1978 Ontario Games for the Physically Disabled that were staged in Windsor by achieving the minimum qualifying standard at a sports competition for the blind at her school. Kilpatrick won the 50-metre freestyle, 400-metre freestyle and the 50-metre breaststroke in the blind division. She placed second in the 50-metre freestroke and the 100-metre breastroke competitions. In the 1979 Brewer Park Centennial held at the Ottawa Coliseum, Kilpatrick won six events in her division, such as a gold medal in the relay event. She went on to achieve four first places in the Class A blind division at the Central-West Ontario Regional Games in Brantford. At the 1980 Ontario Games for the Disabled, she placed first in the women's 400-metre freestyle and the women's 100-metre butterly events.
Kilpatrick qualified for her first international competition, the 1980 Summer Paralympics in Arnhem, Netherlands. She failed to qualify for the final of the women's 400 metres A athletics competition by finishing second in her heat and placed fourth in the final of the women's 800 metres A event. Kilpatrick went on to come fourth in the women's 4 x 50-metre individual medley A swimming event and won the gold medal in the women's 4 x 10-metre individual medley A. Kilpatrick also finished seventh in the Women's 100 m Freestyle A. She was part of the Canada team that won the silver in both the women's 4 x 100-metre freestyle relay A-B and the women's 4 x 100-metre medley relay A-B events alongside Lisa Bentz, Yvette Michel and Andrea Rossi.
At the 1982 Ontario Games for the Disabled in Sarnia, Kilpatrick won five gold medals in swimming and set two new personal records in the 100-metre freestyle and 200-metre freestyle disciplines. She qualified as one of ten students at her school who would compete in the 1984 Summer Paralympics in Long Island, New York. Kilpatrick finished seventh in the women 100-metre backstroke B1 competition, sixth in each of the women's 200-metre individual medley B1 and the women's 100-metre freestyle B1 events and fourth in the women's 100-metre breaststroke B1 competition.
Kilpatrick became a therapist and worked to assist in the direction of a Canadian National Institute for the Blind summer activities program for legally blind preadolescent children in Eastern Ontario in 1988. She subsequently became a music therapist and worked for the Victorian Order of Nurses program for those with various disabilities. Kilpatrick is also an disability advocate as well as a storyteller. She is an 2013 inductee of the Ontario Blind Sports Association Hall of Fame.
References
1966 births
Living people
Swimmers from Ottawa
20th-century Canadian women
21st-century Canadian women
Paralympic swimmers for Canada
Canadian female freestyle swimmers
Canadian female medley swimmers
Canadian female breaststroke swimmers
Paralympic swimmers with a vision impairment
Paralympic gold medalists for Canada
Paralympic silver medalists for Canada
Paralympic medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Paralympics
Canadian blind people |
43433837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%20Isbell | Harris Isbell | Harris Isbell (June 7, 1910 – December 23, 1994) was an American pharmacologist and the director of research for the NIMH Addiction Research Center at the Public Health Service Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky from 1945 to 1963. He did extensive research on the physical and psychological effects of various drugs on humans (imprisoned narcotics offenders, see below). Early work investigated aspects of physical dependence (an important aspect of drug addiction) with opiates and barbiturates, while later work (at least partially funded by the Central Intelligence Agency as part of the MKUltra project) investigated psychedelic drugs, including LSD. The research was extensively reported in academic journals such as the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Psychopharmacologia, and the AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry.
Biography
He was born on June 7, 1910, in Arkansas to Francis Taylor Isbell and Celeste Mathews. He received his M.D. from Tulane University School of Medicine in 1934, and held various research positions before becoming head of the Addiction Research Center (ARC) in 1945. He was awarded the US Public Health Service Meritorious Service Award in 1962; Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy praised him as "an extraordinarily able director and coordinator of multidisciplinary research" and "an outstanding investigator in his own right whose work in clinical pharmacology has exerted far-reaching influences on medical practice".
After leaving the ARC in 1963, he became Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology at the University of Kentucky School of Medicine.
Isbell and his associates (including Abraham Wikler) published extensively on the effects of drugs (including opiates, synthetic opioids, barbiturates, alcohol, amphetamine, ibogaine, multiple psychedelics, and THC) on human subjects, with over 125 publications.
Among their experimental results were
the qualitative and quantitative documentation of physical dependence on barbiturates,
physical dependence on alcohol,
tolerance to amphetamine,
the clinical use of opiate antagonists (e.g., nalorphine/Nalline and naloxone/Narcan) as treatment for opiate overdoses,
the ability of methadone to alleviate opiate withdrawal symptoms,
rapid tolerance but lack of physical dependence with LSD,
cross-tolerance between LSD and psilocybin,
and the ability of pure THC to cause marijuana-like effects.
New pharmaceutical substances were assayed (in the prisoner population) for their abuse and addiction (substance dependence) potential (medications for pain, cough, and diarrhea were of particular concern), and this information was utilized by groups such as the World Health Organization.
Other work at the ARC during Isbell's tenure included
psychological aspects of human opiate addiction (e.g., re-arousal of craving after abstinence upon return to the addiction environment, i.e. a "conditioned" response),
EEG studies of mental activity during drug use (including mescaline),
and animal studies.
(A detailed annotated bibliography of ARC research was published in 1978.)
Isbell died on December 23, 1994, in Lexington, Kentucky.
Research
Areas of interest described in Isbell's published work include physical and psychological effects of individual substances (including potential for dependence and addiction), ways to mitigate withdrawal symptoms (e.g., methadone therapy), the development of reliable rating methods and questionnaires for subjective drug effects (the Addiction Research Center Inventory), cross-drug comparisons, drug tolerance, and classification of drug groups (based on both the physiological and the subjective effects of a drug, as well as its cross-tolerance with other drugs).
"Volunteer" subjects
The subjects in Isbell's experiments are described as "volunteers"; they were recruited from the associated Lexington Public Health Service Hospital. The hospital was a US Government facility for treating drug abuse; some patients were sentenced drug offenders, while others voluntarily entered for treatment. The subjects in ARC experiments were all incarcerated male narcotics offenders with a history of drug addiction; subjects signed a simple "Consent Form". Subjects were motivated by payment in the form of drugs (usually opiates); this fact is not documented in the published research articles. The separate living environment within the ARC for experimental subjects (e.g., the possibility of having a small private room) was also a motivation.
The use of prison subjects for these sorts of experiments (and the nature of payment) would be difficult or impossible to justify by current human subjects and informed consent standards. The potential for coercion in a prison environment is one concern; providing drugs (whether as experimental substances or as payment) to abstinent addicts in a treatment center is another. (See Campbell (2007) for a detailed discussion of ethical and historical aspects of the ARC subject protocols.)
Subjects in the experiments are described as physically healthy former drug addicts who were not psychotic, although they often were described as having "character disorders or inadequate personalities" (this diagnosis appears to be based on MMPI test evaluation). Subjects in some of the more extreme psychedelic experiments (LSD doses for 77 days in a row) were all "Negro males", though this is not a regular pattern (e.g., the 5 subjects in the similarly extreme 1950 barbiturate study described below were all white males).
In spite of the risky nature of some of the experiments (e.g., inducing addiction to opiates, alcohol, barbiturates, or new minimally tested pharmaceuticals, and then forcing immediate and severe withdrawal), there were apparently no fatalities, though there was at least one close call.
Subjects sometimes dropped out in the middle of an experiment, although in one reported case a subject who wished to drop out after a severe negative reaction to a 180 microgram LSD dose ("He felt that he would die or would become permanently insane") required "considerable persuasion" to continue.
General methodology
The studies took place in a dedicated experimental ward. Given the hospital context, medical personnel were readily available. In general, the methodology appears scientifically sound (e.g., proper balancing of experimental conditions, within-subjects designs, single (sometimes double) blind procedures as appropriate, placebo conditions, careful documentation of the experimental procedures, appropriate awareness of potential confounding factors, etc.), although the small number of subjects in some of the experiments is a statistical concern.
The general methodology for the addiction studies consisted of first getting subjects drug-free (with apparent exceptions for cigarettes and coffee), and then attempting to induce addiction by regular administration (orally or injected) of the substance of interest. Addiction was determined by the occurrence of abstinence symptoms when administration of the substance stopped. Sometimes a different substance (e.g., methadone) would be administered at the peak of withdrawal to determine if it alleviated symptoms. Following the evaluation of this cold turkey withdrawal, subjects were then usually more gradually weaned off of the substance being tested.
Isbell also evaluated the "euphoric" effect of various drugs (typically opioids), evaluating various doses to see if they
induced similar effects (e.g., talkativeness, comfort in the experimental situation, sedation in high doses)
as 30 mg of morphine.
The ability to induce euphoria is sometimes/often considered to be a component of addiction liability.
In the psychedelic studies, subjects had the choice of staying in an individual room or mingling with other subjects in a common area. Observations and measurements were taken before the substance of interest was ingested, and hourly thereafter (following a 10-minute rest in bed). Physical measurements included pulse, blood pressure, rectal temperature, kneejerk reflex sensitivity, and pupil diameter (opiates cause constriction (miosis) while LSD causes dilation (mydriasis)). Psychological measurements consisted of a self-evaluation form with multiple statements (e.g., "I am confused"), as well as evaluation by experienced and trained observers. Some subjects had negative reactions to LSD (as noted above), but others found the experience "pleasant", or even "dearly loved" it as long as the dosage was not too high (less than 2 micrograms per kilogram of body weight).
Opioids
Isbell and associates published a number of studies on morphine, methadone and assorted analgesics; much of this work was motivated by the search for a "nonaddicting analgesic" (that is, a compound with the pain-relieving capabilities of morphine, but without the opioid dependence issues).
Many opiate derivatives and synthetic opioids were tested for addiction and abuse potential.
Isbell and Vogel (1949) investigated methadone, a synthetic opioid developed in Germany in 1937. They found that intravenous methadone had similar subjective effects as morphine and heroin, and induced physical dependence with chronic use. However, the withdrawal symptoms were significantly milder than with morphine. Administration of methadone during morphine withdrawal alleviated withdrawal symptoms, and methadone was reasonably effective when taken orally. This combination of characteristics led them to propose methadone administration as a way of facilitating morphine withdrawal.
Barbiturates
Isbell et al. (1950) did a controlled experiment (no other drugs involved, and proper nutrition) on the effects of chronic
barbiturate administration. 5 non-epileptic subjects were given slowly increasing doses of secobarbital, pentobarbital, or amobarbital to a point of obvious intoxication over a period of more than 73 days. Both the nature of the intoxication and the nature of the withdrawal symptoms are described as similar to chronic alcohol use. Intoxication symptoms included confusion, poor judgment, hostility, and motor incoordination. Upon abrupt withdrawal of barbiturates, initial symptoms included tremor, anxiety, weakness, and vomiting, followed by convulsion, delirium, and hallucinations.
Alcohol
Isbell et al. (1955) demonstrated that alcohol causes physical dependence; that is, cessation of alcohol consumption in a chronic user can cause significant physical withdrawal symptoms. Subjects were abstinent drug addicts; some but not all had a history of heavy alcohol use. Out of 10 initial subjects, 6 subjects were successfully kept in a state of constant moderate intoxication (still able to walk) for a period from 48 to 87 days. Subjects were given controlled oral doses of alcohol throughout the day from 6am until midnight, and a booster dose around 3am; the total consumption per subject was in the range of a quart of 80-proof liquor per day. All subjects were provided with a healthy diet in addition to the alcohol.
Withdrawal of alcohol at the end of the intoxication period produced tremors and weakness in all 6 subjects. Two subjects experienced convulsions, and delirium or hallucinations (audio or visual) occurred in 4 of the 6 subjects. Given these withdrawal symptoms, Isbell et al. (1955) made some proposals for safely managing alcohol withdrawal.
Psychedelics
Starting in 1956, Isbell and associates published studies on LSD, psilocybin, psilocin,
DMT,
bufotenine,
morning glory seeds (ololiuqui),
and mescaline; these substances were sometimes described as "psychotomimetic". LSD and psilocybin for many of the experiments was supplied by Sandoz Pharmaceuticals (both of these substances were legal at the time). According to a 1986 interview with Isbell, the psychedelics research was initiated by an explicit CIA request.
LSD
Isbell et al. (1956) motivated their study of LSD by the superficial similarities between the LSD state (viewed as a temporary "reversible psychosis") and schizophrenia, as well as the previous findings of interactions between LSD and the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin. A dosage of 1-2 micrograms per kilogram of body weight was determined to induce "striking effects" (mood change, perceptual distortion, pupil dilation). Four experiments then quantified tolerance effects (the extent to which repeated doses of LSD cause a reduction in the effect of a subsequent dose). Experiment 4 included 77 consecutive days with doses of 1.55 micrograms/kg (corresponding to a dose of 140 micrograms for someone weighing 200 pounds), although the full sequence of LSD doses was at least a week or two longer than this due to the tolerance protocol. Tolerance to LSD developed rapidly; by day 3 the subjective effects were significantly lessened, and later in the experiments subjects simply read and watched TV normally. In the middle of the experiment, even a quadruple dose (600 micrograms or so) had little effect. Tolerance also disappeared rapidly; after no LSD had been given for 3 days, a subsequent dose again had a large effect. There were no abstinence symptoms after LSD administration stopped (i.e., no physical dependence).
Isbell et al. (1956) also concluded that the LSD reaction "had only a superficial resemblance to the chronic forms of any of the major psychoses".
Isbell and Logan (1957) reported that chlorpromazine (Thorazine) could either block or reverse the effects of LSD. Azacyclonol had no effect, while pre-treatment with reserpine augmented the effects of LSD (though in a manner described as "unpleasant"). Isbell et al. (1959b) reported that pre-treatment with scopolamine (an acetylcholine antagonist), phenoxybenzamine (an adrenergic alpha blocker) or "BAS" (a 5-methoxytryptamine based serotonin antagonist) had little effect on a subsequent LSD dose. They attempt to explain these results within the neurotransmitter ("neurohumors") knowledge of the period.
Psilocybin
Isbell (1959) reported that psilocybin had physical and psychological effects similar to LSD, although psilocybin had a shorter duration and much less potency for a given dosage.
Isbell et al. (1961) found that 12 days treatment with LSD induced tolerance to either LSD or psilocybin (lessened response on pupil dilation and the psychological measures), and that psilocybin also induced tolerance to both LSD and psilocybin. This cross-tolerance supported the hypothesis that the two substances at least partially share their mechanism of action.
Other
Wolbach et al. (1962) reported that mescaline and LSD had similar effects (although with different time course and potency), that direct tolerance could be induced by mescaline, and that each substance induced cross-tolerance to the other. This was particularly interesting, since LSD (and psilocybin) are indole compounds, while mescaline is not.
Contrasting with the psilocybin and mescaline results, Isbell et al. (1964) found that tolerance to intramuscular LSD did not provide tolerance to an intramuscular injection of the indole hallucinogen DMT.
Isbell et al. (1959c) investigated the psychological and physical effects of 13 different congeners of LSD, and correlated these effects with their potency as a serotonin antagonist in smooth muscle. With the exception of "ALD-52", all of the substances were less potent than LSD. There was low correlation between the smooth muscle and the "psychotomimetic" effects.
THC (marijuana)
Starting in 1967, Isbell and associates published a few studies on THC and marijuana (cannabis).
Isbell et al. (1967) reported that pure THC (which had only recently been chemically isolated with its chemical structure identified) had marijuana-like effects (e.g., increased pulse rate (tachycardia) and altered time sense), whether smoked or taken orally. A number of other isolated compounds present in marijuana (cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene) did not show these effects.
Isbell and Jasinski (1969) compared LSD (1.5 micrograms per kilogram of body weight, injected intramuscularly) and smoked THC (225 or 250 micrograms per kilogram of body weight, added to a tobacco cigarette). Physical symptoms were quite different (e.g., tachycardia with THC, dilated pupils with LSD), and tolerance to LSD did not cause tolerance to THC, suggesting different mechanisms of action. Their data do not show a statistical difference in the psychological effects of the two substances; this is somewhat surprising since cannabis is not usually considered to be a psychedelic drug. Whether this result is due to the small number of subjects, an inappropriate rating scale, the use of pure THC, or an exceedingly high THC dose (they report that some subjects had "hallucinations", and two subjects withdrew after experiencing "psychotic reactions" to THC) is unclear.
Jasinski, Haertzen, and Isbell (1971) describe some of the subjective and physiological effects of the synthetic cannabinoids parahexyl and dimethylheptylpyran.
Isbell also investigated dosage effects of THC, and reported that low doses (4–6 mg) produced a pleasurable state (euphoria, perceptual distortion, and change of mood); this dosage was described by subjects as "good reefer".
However,
higher doses (18 milligrams of THC) reliably produced what Isbell referred to as a "psychotic reaction" (e.g., "all of a sudden
[the subject] was
on a trip and watching his own burial. The smoker will swear that what hit him never came from marijuana").
Isbell also commented on the potency of
street marijuana of that time ("the local grass is probably pretty weak stuff").
Drug policy
In 1951 Isbell testified to Congress before the passage of the Boggs Act of 1952 that "smoking marijuana has no unpleasant aftereffects, no dependence is developed on the drug, and the practice can easily be stopped at any time."
Isbell (1971b) (p 903) provides a liberal view of drug policy. He observes that the drug laws of the time are "excessively rigid and extremely punitive", and have not had any proven effect on the drug problem. He then states that "simple possession of a drug for one's own use should be a civil offense punishable only by a fine", and suggests the possibility that marijuana of low or moderate potency could be legalized and regulated like tobacco, while also observing that maintenance on barbiturates, cocaine, or amphetamine would not be "pharmacologically sound". However, Isbell rejected removing controls on marijuana, which would "open the way to more potent stuff" such as hashish, with the consequent risk of high-dose effects.
References
1910 births
1994 deaths
American pharmacologists
Psychedelic drug research
Medical experimentation on prisoners
Project MKUltra
Human subject research in the United States
Cannabis law reform in the United States
Tulane University School of Medicine alumni
University of Kentucky faculty
20th-century American chemists |
53217599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrogomphus%20gordoni | Austrogomphus gordoni | Austrogomphus gordoni, also known as Austrogomphus (Xerogomphus) gordoni, is a species of dragonfly of the family Gomphidae, commonly known as the western red hunter.
It inhabits streams and pools in Western Australia.
Austrogomphus gordoni is a small, black and yellow dragonfly with a red tip to its tail.
Gallery
See also
List of Odonata species of Australia
References
Gomphidae
Odonata of Australia
Insects of Australia
Endemic fauna of Australia
Taxa named by J.A.L. (Tony) Watson
Insects described in 1962
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
50852328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinari%20Freytags%20Post-Zeitung | Ordinari Freytags Post-Zeitung | Ordinari Freytags Post-Zeitung is the first newspaper to be published in the Baltic Region in 1675 in Reval. It was published in the German language by Christoph Brendenken.
References
Publications established in 1675
German-language newspapers published in Europe
1675 establishments in Europe |
119244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownstown%20Charter%20Township%2C%20Michigan | Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan | Brownstown Charter Township is a charter township in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. Its population was 30,627 at the 2010 census. Brownstown was established in 1827, a decade prior to Michigan's admission to the Union.
Brownstown has three separate but connected segments due to the incorporation of the cities of Flat Rock, Rockwood, and Woodhaven in the early 1960s.
History
Prior to the township's organization, the area was involved in the War of 1812, and the battles of Brownstown and Maguaga took place in the area.
The region now known as Brownstown was, like surrounding areas in Michigan, once a part of the French colony of New France (Mid France). The area eventually fell into hands of the British and finally came under American rule in the 18th century. The original area of land south of Detroit was designated a township by the Michigan Territorial Council on April 5, 1827, when Moses Roberts was elected its first supervisor. This made Brownstown one of Wayne County's nine original townships.
Research from local historians have found that the township was named for Adam Brown, who was kidnapped by the Wyandot Indians. Brown was raised by the Wyandots, married a native woman, and grew to become a tribal leader. As time passed, settlements spread out from the lakeshore to begin changing the swampy, sandhill countryside into productive farmland. Established in 1893, Kurtzhals Farm is one of the largest remaining farms in the township.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which (27.58%) are covered by water.
The township is divided into three different segments. The Huron River forms the southernmost boundary of the township with Berlin Charter Township in Monroe County. The southernmost point of the Detroit River is within the township, which leads to Lake Erie. Brownstown borders the cities of Flat Rock, Gibraltar, Riverview, Rockwood, Southgate, and Taylor, as well as touching corners with the cities of Romulus and Trenton. Huron Charter Township borders to the west. Brownstown shares a water boundary with Grosse Ile Township and across the international border with the city of Amherstburg in Ontario.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, 22,989 people, 8,322 households, and 6,249 families resided in the township. The population density was . The 9,008 housing units had an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 89.02% White, 3.82% African American, 0.53% Native American, 3.83% Asian, 0.86% from other races, and 1.95% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3.58%.
Of the 8,322 households, 40.3% had children under 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were not families. About 19.8% of households were one person, and 4.3% were one person 65 or older. The average household size was 2.76, and the average family size was 3.18.
In the township, the age distribution was 28.7% under 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% 65 were or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.
The median income for a household was $55,239 and for a family was $65,544. Males had a median income of $50,246 versus $29,614 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,523. About 5.7% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under 18 and 7.4% of those 65 or over.
The population of Brownstown Township was 30,627. The racial and ethnic makeup of the population was 79.0% non-Hispanic white, 8.6% Black or African-American, 0.4% Native American, 5.2% Asian, 0.1% non-Hispanics of some other race, 2.1% reporting two or more races and 5.2% Hispanic or Latino.
Transportation
Highways
(Telegraph Road)
, U.S. highway that was decommissioned in 1973. It ran along the current Dix–Toledo Road, which runs through the northern portion of the township.
(Fort Street)
Other roadways
Hull's Trace North Huron River Corduroy Segment, built in 1812, is a historic roadway that was the first military road and first federal road in the United States.
Jefferson Avenue runs along the southeastern portion of the township.
Bridges
Jefferson Avenue–Huron River and Harbin Drive–Silver Creek Canal Bridges is a bridge listed on the National Register of Historic Places that carries Jefferson Avenue over the Huron River, as well as the connected Harbin Drive bridge over the Silver Creek.
Economy
The township is also home to the Chevrolet Volt Battery Pack Assembly Plant. GM converted an empty warehouse on Sibley and King Roads between I-75 and Allen Road into a temporary plant.
Amazon opened a distribution center in Brownstown in 2015.
Education
Most of the township is served by the Woodhaven-Brownstown School District. The district includes eight separate schools and students from both the City of Woodhaven and Brownstown Township may attend the district. Woodhaven High School is the high school for the district.
A portion of the township is within the Gibraltar School District.
Students in the small neighborhood south of Pennsylvania Road and west of Telegraph within Brownstown attend Taylor School District schools. These students are assigned to Eureka Heights Elementary School, West Middle School, and Taylor High School, all in Taylor.
Residents in the northern section were once served by the Bacon Memorial Library in Wyandotte, but now all residents are served by the Trenton Veterans Memorial Library in Trenton.
References
External links
Brownstown Township
Southeast Michigan Council of Governments
Travel Treasures and Tours
Townships in Wayne County, Michigan
Charter townships in Michigan
Michigan in the War of 1812
Michigan populated places on the Detroit River
Michigan populated places on Lake Erie
1827 establishments in Michigan Territory
Populated places established in 1827 |
43066157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu | Jammu | Jammu () is a city in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir, which is an Indian-administered union territory. It is the headquarters and the largest city in Jammu district. Lying on the banks of the river Tawi, the city of Jammu, with an area of , is surrounded by the Himalayas in the north and the northern plains in the south. Jammu is the second-most populous city of the union territory. Jammu is known as "City of Temples" for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines.
Etymology
According to local tradition, Jammu is named after its founder, Raja Jambulochan, who is believed to have ruled the area in the 9th century. Local tradition holds the city to be 3000 years old but this is not supported by historians.
Geography
Jammu is located at . It has an average elevation of . Jammu city lies at uneven ridges of low heights at the Shivalik hills. It is surrounded by the Shivalik range to the north, east, and southeast while the Trikuta Range surrounds it in the northwest. It is approximately from the national capital, New Delhi.
The city spreads around the Tawi river with the old city overlooking it from the north (right bank) while the new neighbourhoods spread around the southern side (left bank) of the river. There are five bridges on the river. The city is built on a series of ridges.
History
According to Tarikh-i-Azmi, Jammu came into existence around 900 CE. The state of Durgara (modern forms "Duggar" and "Dogra)") is also attested from around this time. The capital of the Durgara state at that time is believed to have been Vallapura (identified with modern Billawar). Its rulers are repeatedly mentioned in Kalhana's Rajatarangini. Babbapura (modern Babor) is another state mentioned in Rajatarangini, some of whose rulers also appear by in the Vamshavali (family chronicles) of later Jammu rulers. These rulers are believed to have enjoyed almost independent status and allied themselves with the Sultans of Delhi. Raja Bhim Dev is prominently mentioned in the Delhi chronicles as a supporter of Mubarah Shah ().
Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles of Timur (), who invaded Delhi in 1398 and returned to Samarkand via Jammu. In the Mughal chronicles of Babur in the early 16th century, Jammu is mentioned as a powerful state in the Punjab hills. It is said to have been ruled by Manhas Rajputs. Emperor Akbar brought the hill kingdoms of the region under Mughal suzerainty, but the kings enjoyed considerable political autonomy. In addition to Jammu, other kingdoms of the region such as Kishtwar and Rajauri were also prominently mentioned. It is evident that the Mughal empire treated these hill chiefs as allies and partners in the empire.
Modern history
After the decline of the Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev of the Jamuwal (Jamwal) family asserted its supremacy among the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor, Raja Ranjit Dev (r. 1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states. Ranjit Dev promoted religious freedom and security, which attracted many craftsmen and traders to settle in Jammu, contributing to its economic prosperity.
Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab (misls) gained ascendency, and Jammu began to be contested by the Bhangi, Kanhaiya and Sukerchakia misls. Around 1770, the Bhangi misl attacked Jammu and forced Ranjit Dev to become a tributary. Brij Lal Dev, Ranjit Dev's successor, was defeated by the Sukerchakia chief Mahan Singh, who sacked Jammu and plundered it. Thus Jammu lost its supremacy over the surrounding country. In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the Sikh Empire by Ranjit Singh, the son of Mahan Singh.
In 1818 Raja Kishore Singh, father of Raja Gulab Singh, was appointed and anointed the ruler of Jammu principality, and hence started the Jamwal dynasty, aka Dogra dynasty, which came to rule the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under British suzerainty. The rulers built large temples, renovated old shrines, built educational institutes and many more. A 43 km long railway line connecting Jammu with Sialkot was laid in 1897
Jammu has historically been the capital of Jammu Province and the winter capital of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1952).
After the partition of India, Jammu continues as the winter capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Battles
Battle of Jammu (1712)
Battle of Jammu (1808)
Climate
Jammu, like the rest of north-western India, features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with extreme summer highs reaching , and temperatures in the winter months occasionally falling below . June is the hottest month with average highs of , while January is the coldest month with average lows reaching . Average yearly precipitation is about with the bulk of the rainfall in the months from June to September, although the winters can also be rather wet. In winter dense smog causes much inconvenience and temperature even drops to . In summer, particularly in May and June, extremely intense sunlight or hot winds can raise the temperature to . Following the hot season, the monsoon lashes the city with heavy downpours along with thunderstorms; rainfall may total up to in the wettest months. The city is exposed to heatwaves.
Transport
Jammu city has a railway station called Jammu Tawi (station code JAT) that is connected with major cities of India. The old railway link to Sialkot was suspended by Pakistan in September 1947, and Jammu had no rail services until 1971, when the Indian Railways laid the Pathankot-Jammu Tawi Broad Gauge line. The new Jammu Tawi station opened in October 1972 and is an origination point for express trains.
With the commencement of the Jammu–Baramulla line, all trains to the Kashmir Valley will pass through Jammu Tawi. A part of the Jammu–Baramulla project has been executed and the track has been extended to Katra. Jalandhar - Pathankot-Jammu Tawi section has been doubled and electrified.
National Highway 44 which passes through Jammu connects it to the Kashmir valley. National Highway 1B connects Jammu with Poonch town. Jammu is from Kathua town, while it is from Udhampur city. The famous pilgrimage town of Katra is from Jammu.
Jammu Airport is in the middle of Jammu. It has direct flights to Srinagar, Delhi, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Leh, Mumbai and Bengaluru. Jammu Airport operates daily 30 arrival and departure of flights which are served by Go First, Air India, SpiceJet, IndiGo and Vistara.
The city has JKSRTC city buses and minibusses for local transport which run on some defined routes. These minibusses are called "Matadors". Besides this auto-rickshaw and cycle-rickshaw service is also available. Local taxis are also available.
Administration
Jammu city serves as the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir state from November to April when all the offices move from Srinagar to Jammu. Srinagar serves as the summer capital from May to October. Jammu was a municipal committee during 2001 census of India. With effect from 5 September 2003, it has upgraded status of a municipal corporation.
Economy
Jammu city is the main cultural and economic centre of the administrative division of Jammu. A famous local basmati rice is produced in the RS Pura area near Jammu, and processed in rice mills in Jammu. The industrial estate at Bari Brahamna has a large presence of industrial units manufacturing a variety of products including carpets and electronic goods.
Tourism
Tourism is the largest industry in Jammu city. It is also a focal point for the pilgrims going to Vaishno Devi and Kashmir valley as it is second last railway terminal in North India. All the routes leading to Kashmir, Poonch, Doda and Laddakh start from Jammu city. So throughout the year, the city remains full of people from all the parts of India. Places of interest include old historic palaces like Mubarak Mandi Palace, Purani Mandi, Rani Park, Amar Mahal, Bahu Fort, Raghunath Temple, Ranbireshwar Temple, Karbala, Peer Meetha, Old city.
Demographics
As of 2011 census, the population of Jammu city was 502,197. Males constituted 52.7% of the population; females numbered constituted 47.3% of the population. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males against the national average of 940. Jammu had an average literacy rate of 89.66%, much higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy was 93.13% and female literacy was 85.82%. 8.47% of the population were under 6 years of age. The urban agglomeration of Jammu had a population of 657,314. Most of Jammu and Kashmir's Hindus live in the Jammu region; many speak Dogri.
Muslim communities
The city of Jammu had a significant Muslim population prior to the Partition of India, 30.4 per cent by the 1941 census. During the 1947 Jammu massacres, which preceded and continued during the Pakistan tribal invasion of Kashmir, many Muslims were killed and many driven away to Pakistan. The estimates of the number killed in the whole province vary between 20,000 and 100,000. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, allegedly orchestrated by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and aided and abetted by the state forces and the Maharaja Hari Singh.
As a result of the violence and migration, by 1961, about 17.2 per cent of the population in the city of Jammu was Muslim. The displaced Muslims took refuge in the Sialkot District and other parts of Pakistani Punjab. Many prominent Punjabi residents in Pakistan, including politician Chaudhry Amir Hussain, economist Mahbub ul Haq, Air Marshal Asghar Khan, journalist Khalid Hasan and singer Malika Pukhraj were from Jammu. A large number of these refugees also returned and resettled in the territory.
Education
In the 2014–2015 General Budget of India, Arun Jaitley, the Finance Minister of India, proposed an Indian Institute of Technology and an Indian Institute of Management for the division. List of some educational institutions is provided below.
Engineering Colleges in Jammu:-
Indian Institute of Technology Jammu
Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu
Model Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jammu
Yogananda College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu
University Institute of Engineering and Technology, University of Jammu
Medical Institutions:-
Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, CSIR
Government Medical College, Jammu
Legal Institutions:-
Kishen Chand Law College, Jammu
Dogra Law College, Jammu
Calliope School of Legal Studies, Jammu
R. K. Law College, Jammu
General Degree Courses (colleges):-
Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College, Jammu
Govt. MAM PG College, Jammu
Universities:-
Central University of Jammu
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
University of Jammu
Schools
Kendriya Vidyalaya, Bantalab
Kendriya Vidyalaya, Sunjuwan
Cuisine
Jammu is known for its sund panjeeri, patisa, rajma with rice and Kalari cheese. Dogri food specialties include ambal, khatta meat, kulthein di dal, dal patt, maa da madra, rajma, and . Pickles typical of Jammu are made of kasrod, , mango with saunf, jimikand, , , and potatoes. Auriya is a dish made with potatoes. Jammu cuisine features various chaats, especially gol gappas, kachalu, Chole bhature, gulgule, rajma kulche and dahi palla, among various others.
Refugees
Kashmiri Pandit refugees
Being comparatively safe from terrorism, Jammu city has become a hub of refugees. These primarily include Kashmiri Hindus who migrated from Kashmir Valley in 1989. Hindus from Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir who migrated to India have also settled in Jammu city. According to records, approximately 31,619 Hindu families had migrated from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir to India. Of these 26,319 families are settled in Jammu.
Rohingya refugees
Rohingyas who fled Myanmar during 2016 have also currently settled in Jammu. Some believes the settlements of Rohingya Muslims have also raised security threats in Jammu. During the 2018 Sunjuwan attack, intelligence agencies suspected but did not prove involvement of Rohingya Muslims in the attack.
Notable people
Maulana Abdur Rahman, member of the 2nd Lok Sabha
References
Bibliography
External links
Cities and towns in Jammu district
Indian capital cities
Capitals of former nations
Former capital cities in India
Cities in Jammu and Kashmir |
4070429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickering%20Public%20Library | Pickering Public Library | Pickering Public Library is the library system of Pickering, Ontario, Canada. The library was operational in separate branches since 1841, but officially launched as the Main Library in 1990 at the Central Branch. There are also the George Ashe (formerly Petticoat) and Claremont branches which remain part of the Pickering Public Library.
History
The Pickering Public Library officially opened its doors on May 22, 1990, which is the Central Branch, after two years of construction in response to the Town of Pickering's growing needs. Prior to opening, there were various library branches including Greenwood, Claremont, Whitevale, Bay Ridges, Rouge Hill, Brougham, which was the first branch opened in 1841, and the formerly named Liverpool Branch until the official opening of the Central Branch. The former three branches remain open to this day. The Petticoat Creek Library branch opened their doors on June 14, 2001 and was officially renamed to the George Ashe Library on September 15, 2017.
In 2020, the library estimates to have 515,000 visitors, upwards of 60 permanent employees, almost 1 million items available to borrow, and almost 1.7 million uses of the public computers annually.
Services
Collections
The library's collection count is almost 1 million items.
Assistive Services
The library offers services to patrons and Pickering residents with special needs. This includes a library delivery service for those who cannot visit the library due to disabilities, and a sign language interpretation service.
Technology
The Pickering Public Library technology services include public access computers and free wireless internet access across all three branches. The Library provides access to e-books, movies, music, and other electronic items. Each branch has a black-and-white printer where patrons can print for 10 cents a page. All branches also have a photocopier. The Pickering Public Library website allows users to reserve items and transfer items to their preferred branch. The library also produces live readings of children's stories on Facebook, and a podcast for children called "Wee Listen".
The Central Branch of the Pickering Public Library houses a Maker Space, where patrons can reserve technological equipment and a workstation to with and utilize for developing new technologies.
Digital Content
Pickering Public Library cardholders can access multiple online databases through the library's website. These include databases of Consumer Reports, the Toronto Star's historical newspapers, and Merck Manuals.
The library offers audiobook, e-book, and eMagazine services, including cloudLibrary, Flipster, hoopla, Libby by OverDrive, and Tumblebooks, available from the library's website.
Future
There is a proposed Library Expansion for the Central Branch, due to increased usage and need. The expansion, dubbed the "City Centre Library", is projected to cost $21 million, while offering additional services such as financial learning assistance. The expansion would result in the Central Branch Library being attached to the Pickering Town Centre. Further, more items are planned to be available for loans, such as additional GoPro cameras and musical instruments.
Awards and nominations
See also
Ontario Public Libraries
References
External Links
Pickering Public Library Website
PPL Kids Website
Pickering Local History Collection Digital Archive
Pickering Library Promotional Video
Public libraries in Ontario
Buildings and structures in the Regional Municipality of Durham
Pickering, Ontario
Education in the Regional Municipality of Durham
Libraries established in 1990
1990 establishments in Canada |
23947209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C5%A1iai%20Bishop%20Vincentas%20Borisevi%C4%8Dius%20Priest%20Seminary | Telšiai Bishop Vincentas Borisevičius Priest Seminary | Telšiai Bishop Vincentas Borisevičius Priest Seminary () is a Roman Catholic seminary in Telšiai, Lithuania. It was founded in 1927 by Justinas Staugaitis, the first Bishop of Diocese of Telšiai .
History
After the establishment of Diocese of Telšiai in 1926, Bishop Justinas Staugaitis expressed his worries about the education of Diocese's priests whereas in Kaunas priest seminary there were only 26 Samogitian seminarians at that time. On 4 October 1927, the priest seminary in Telšiai was opened. Vincentas Borisevičius became the first rector of the seminary and later also became the second bishop of Telšiai.
After the Soviet occupation in 1940, the seminary was closed. By that time it had educated 150 priests. It was reopened in 1941 however in 1946 it was closed again.
The seminary in Telšiai was re-established in 1989 by Bishop Antanas Vaičius. Now, the seminary also has a preparative faculty as well as a minor seminary in Žemaičių Kalvarija. From 2015 until 2018 the rector of the seminary was dr. Ramūnas Norkus. In 2018 he was replaced by dr. Saulius Stumbra.
Rectors of the seminary
1927–1940 – Vincentas Borisevičius
1940–1946 – Pranciškus Ramanauskas
1946–1989 – Seminary was closed due to the Soviet occupation
1989–1993 – Kazimieras Gasčiūnas
1996–1997 – Steponas Brazdeikis
1997–2003 – Algis Genutis
2003–2006 – Antanas Lapė
2006–2008 – Vygintas Gūdeliūnas
2008–2011 – Jonas Ačas
2011–2015 – Viktoras Ačas
2015–2018 – Ramūnas Norkus
Since 2018 – Saulius Stumbra
External links
Official website
References
Catholic seminaries in Lithuania
Buildings and structures in Telšiai County
1927 establishments in Lithuania
Educational institutions established in 1927
Telšiai |
2820069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%20in%20art | 1950 in art | Events from the year 1950 in art.
Events
Austrian painter Arnulf Rainer founds the Hundsgruppe ("dog pack") with Arik Brauer, Ernst Fuchs and Josef Mikl.
Paint by number kits introduced by Max S. Klein, an engineer and owner of the Palmer Paint Company of Detroit, and Dan Robbins.
Ernst Gombrich's The Story of Art is published by Phaidon Press.
Awards
Archibald Prize: William Dargie – Sir Leslie McConnan
Audubon Artists Gold Medal – Richmond Barthé
Works
Jean Arp – Evocation of a Form: Human, Lunar, Spectral (model for bronze)
Francis Bacon – Fragment of a Crucifixion
Max Beckmann – Falling Man
Marc Chagall – La Mariée
Salvador Dalí – The Madonna of Port Lligat (second version, Fukuoka Art Museum)
Max Desfor – Flight of Refugees Across Wrecked Bridge in Korea (photograph)
Robert Doisneau – Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville (The Kiss) (photograph)
Alberto Giacometti – The Chariot
E. Chambré Hardman – The Birth of the Ark Royal (photograph)
Maruki Iri and Maruki Toshi – Ghosts, Fire and Water (Yūrei, Hi and Mizu), first of The Hiroshima Panels (原爆の図, Genbaku no zu)
Oskar Kokoschka – The Myth of Prometheus (triptych)
L. S. Lowry – The Pond
Henri Matisse – Beasts of the Sea (paper collage)
Joan Mitchell - Figure and the City'''
Jackson Pollock – Autumn Rhythm (Number 30) William Scott – Bowl, Eggs and Lemons Vladimir Tretchikoff – Chinese Girl, popularly known as "The Green Lady"
Keith Vaughan – Theseus and the Minotaur'' (Tate Britain)
Births
April 22 – Thierry Zéno, Belgian filmmaker
June 24 – Bob Carlos Clarke, Irish photographer (d. 2006)
July 29 – Jenny Holzer, American neo-conceptual artist
August 30
Konrad Bernheimer, Venezuelan-born German art dealer and collector
Antony Gormley, English sculptor
September 4 – Kobe (Jacques Saelens), Belgian visual artist and sculptor
November 10 – Jonathan Janson, American painter and art historian
December 11 – Aleksandr Tatarskiy, Russian animator, artist and film director (d. 2007)
David Ruben Piqtoukun, Canadian Inuit sculptor
Deaths
February 12 – Boris Vladimirski, Soviet painter of the Socialist Realism school (b. 1878)
February 15 – Albert Herter, American painter (b. 1871)
April 5 – Hiroshi Yoshida, Japanese painter and woodblock printmaker (b. 1876)
September 26 – Pierre Roy, French-born painter, illustrator and designer (b. 1880)
December 7 – Wojciech Weiss, Polish painter and draughtsman (b. 1875)
December 28 – Max Beckmann, German painter (b. 1884)
James Sleator, Irish painter (b. 1889)
See also
1950 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
References
Years of the 20th century in art
1950s in art |
15415408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxat-Senat | Taxat-Senat | Taxat-Senat is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France. It is located northwest of Gannat along the D223 road, northwest of Charroux, southwest of Chezelle, west of Ussel-d'Allier and northeast of Bellenaves and Naves.
Population
Economy
In 2007, the working age population was 120 people, 96 were active and 24 were inactive. 92 of the 96 active people (49 men and 43 women) were employed and 4 (1 man and 3 women) unemployed. Of the 24, 8 inactive people were retired, 6 were students and 10 were classified as "other inactive".
In 2009 there were 84 tax units making up 218 individuals, and the median annual income tax per person was €16,102.5.
In 2007, 12 establishments existed in the commune, including a food company, a manufacturer, a construction company and an auto repair firm and service companies. In 2000, the commune had 22 farms covering a total of 1274 hectares.
Sights
The commune contains the Église romane Saint-André de Taxat, dated to the twelfth century with rich frescoes of the fourteenth century. It is listed on the Supplementary List of Historic Monuments and is partly ruined, especially the floor of the nave and is subject to a restoration plan. The other church, Église de Senat, the parish church, has an apse and bell tower which are also on Supplementary List of Historic Monuments.
Personalities
Hubert Pradon-Vallancy (1891-1943), Deputy of the Allier Department from 1928 to 1932. He was born in the Château de Mont in Taxat-Senat and was also mayor of Taxat-Senat.
See also
Communes of the Allier department
References
Communes of Allier |
43814902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%20Crescents | Brooklyn Crescents | The Brooklyn Crescents, affiliated with the Crescent Athletic Club, were an American amateur ice hockey team from Brooklyn in New York City.
History
The Brooklyn Crescents played in the American Amateur Hockey League in 1896–97 (the inaugural season) and between 1899 and 1918 and won nine championship titles, most in league history. The Crescents had several Canadian players on its team, among them Bob Wall, Bill Dobby and Arthur Liffiton from Montreal, Jimmy Shirreff from Brockville and James Sarsfield Kennedy from Barrie. Wall, Dobby and Kennedy joined the Crescents from the rivaling Brooklyn SC before the 1899–1900 season, while Liffiton joined from the same club for the 1901–02 season. Before moving to New York City both Bob Wall and Bill Dobby had played on the Montreal Shamrocks.
The Brooklyn Crescents played their home games at the Clermont Avenue Skating Rink in Brooklyn, which they shared with fellow AAHL team the Brooklyn Skating Club, from 1896 until 1906. From 1906 to 1916 they played at the St. Nicholas Rink in Manhattan. In January 1917 the team moved its operations to the Brooklyn Ice Palace at the corner of Atlantic Avenue and Bedford Avenue in Brooklyn.
References
Notes
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Defunct sports clubs and teams in New York City
Ice hockey teams in the New York metropolitan area
Sports in Brooklyn |
64001581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20N.%20Kaplan | Mark N. Kaplan | Mark N. Kaplan is an American lawyer and business executive who is the former CEO of Drexel Burnham Lambert and senior partner at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and Affiliates.
Education
Kaplan graduated from Columbia College in 1951 and Columbia Law School in 1953.
Professional career
Kaplan was a lawyer at Marshall, Bratter who headed its corporate department and was considered a potential leader before joining the investment bank, Burnham and Company. Kaplan then served the president and CEO of its various incarnations before becoming Drexel Burnham Lambert from 1970 to 1977, replacing I. W. "Tubby" Burnham, the firm's founder in that capacity while Burnham remained its chairman. In 1977, he left the company to become president and CEO of Engelhard, a former Fortune 500 company. He spent two years at the company before joining Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, where he served as a senior partner until 1998. He also served as a director of DRS Technologies and represented the firm in its acquisition by Leonardo S.p.A.
Awards and honors
In 1979, he was a member of the first class of Columbia College's John Jay Award presented to its alumni for distinguished professional achievement, along with ABC News President Roone P. Arledge, NASA Administrator James C. Fletcher, New York Times executive editor Max Frankel, New York State Comptroller Arthur Levitt Sr., and Ford Foundation CEO Franklin A. Thomas He is also member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, elected in 2010.
Philanthropy
Kaplan currently serves on the board of the Institute of International Education and the New York Academy of Medicine.
Personal life
He is married to Helene L. Kaplan, a Skadden lawyer and Barnard College graduate who served as the chair of the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1985 to 1990, and from 2002 to 2007.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
American bank presidents
Drexel Burnham Lambert
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom people
Lawyers from New York City
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences |
70411236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleshko | Meleshko | Meleshko is a Ukrainian-language surname. Literally, it is a diminutive derived from the given name Мелёха/Мелеха (Melyokha/Melekha), which is a diminutive form of the given name Yemelyan or Meletiy/Meletius.
Dmitry Meleshko
Vasyl Meleshko
Roman Meleshko
See also
References
Ukrainian-language surnames |
40861145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20Arrows | Seven Arrows | Seven Arrows is the debut album by bassist Ben Allison. It was released on the Koch Records label in 1996.
Track listing
All compositions by Ben Allison.
Dragzilla
Reflections of Desire
Delirioso
Little Boy
Cosmic Groove Slinky
Forgetting, For Now
King of a One Man Planet
Personnel
Ben Allison – Bass, Guitar
Ted Nash – Saxophones
Frank Kimbrough – Piano
Ron Horton – Trumpet
Tim Horner – Drums
References
External links
benallison.com - Seven Arrows
1996 debut albums
Ben Allison albums |
62003572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobino | Sobino | Sobino () is a rural locality (a village) in Razdolyevskoye Rural Settlement, Kolchuginsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2010. There are 8 streets.
Geography
Sobino is located 5 km south of Kolchugino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Berechino is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Kolchuginsky District |
29380852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.A.%20Reynolds | F.A. Reynolds | Foster Allen Reynolds (December 29, 1883 - July 18, 1960) was an American brass instrument designer and manufacturer.
Career
Early years
Reynolds began as an apprentice with the Brass band instrument manufacturer J.W. York. At York he learned brass band instrument design in a tradition that traced its lineage back through James York, the company's founder to the company where he learned the craft, the Boston Musical Instrument Company, which in turn had been formed by the union of the E.G. Wright Company (est. 1841) and Graves & Co which had been making instruments since the 1820s and the advent of valved brass instruments.
In 1904, Reynolds left the York company to take a position with the H.N. White company, the maker of “King” instruments. There he transitioned from craftsman to shop superintendent. Reynolds worked for 30 years in Cleveland at King rising far in the company.
F.A. Reynolds Company
Reynolds established the F.A. Reynolds Company in 1936 to produce his own brand of band instruments. Reynolds developed a reputation for his instruments' excellent acoustics and superior craftsmanship. Reynolds spent 10 years with his company, developing successful lines of cornets, trumpets, baritone horns, French horns, and bass trombones among others. The company realized significant sales of instruments to the United States Armed Forces during the Second World War. At the age of 61, Reynolds sold the company to Scherl & Roth in 1946.
While at F.A. Reynolds, he teamed with other notable brass men of the day to work on the Martin Committee trumpet in 1939. He also Established the Ohio Band Instrument Company concurrently owned by himself, his brother Harper and Max Scherl of Scherl & Roth. This spin-off company became wholly owned by Scherl & Roth at the same time they purchased F.A. Reynolds.
Retirement and F.E. Olds
The year after selling his company to retire, Reynolds was lured to F.E. Olds by Maurice Berlin, the president of Olds’ parent company Chicago Musical Instruments. Reynolds moved to Los Angeles, California and took control of the Olds factory there. By 1948 this involvement lead to the birth of the Olds Ambassador line of cornets, trumpets and trombones which Olds sold for decades. In 1953 Reynolds took on an apprentice, Zigmant Kanstul, who would serve as plant superintendent after Reynolds' death until 1970. Reynolds died on the job from a massive heart attack in the company of Kanstul and others at the Olds plant in Fullerton, California.
Company legacy
F.E. Olds and Son has been reconstituted and is selling Olds and Reynolds branded instruments with a headquarters in Westfield, New Jersey. The original F.E. Olds company closed its doors in 1979, still managed by one of the employees present with Reynolds at his death, The Ohio Band Instrument Company name went away around 1950.
Personal life
Reynolds was married twice and had three children. His marriage to Frances Dean at the age of 19 lasted 31 years before ending in divorce. His second marriage, to Myrtle Rozelle, lasted the remainder of his life. He entered the workforce at the age of 19 in 1903 and died on the job July 18, 1960, at the age of 76.
References
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States
Brass instrument manufacturing companies
1883 births
1960 deaths |
30439056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yijing%20%28prince%29 | Yijing (prince) | Yijing (Chinese: 奕經; Wade–Giles: I-ching; 1793–1853) was a Manchu prince of the Qing Dynasty. He was a cousin of the Daoguang Emperor. In 1826, he served at Kashgar as a junior officer in the campaign against Jahangir Khoja. During the First Opium War, after the British captured Zhenhai and Ningpo, the emperor ordered Yijing to go to Zhejiang on 18 October 1841 and take command of a counter-offensive. In the Battle of Ningpo on 10 March 1842, Yijing's troops attempted to retake the city, but the British successfully repelled the attack.
References
1793 births
1853 deaths
Qing dynasty generals
Assistant Grand Secretaries
People of the First Opium War
Prince Cheng
Prince Xun (循) |
24491671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn%20Madden | Martyn Madden | Martyn Madden (born 4 December 1973 in Cardiff) is a Welsh former rugby union player. Madden made his debut for the Wales national team on 8 June 2002 against the Springboks. A prop forward, he played club rugby for Llanelli Scarlets.
Notes
1973 births
Scarlets players
Welsh rugby union players
Wales international rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union players from Cardiff
Rugby union props |
27996862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20N.%20Goshal | H. N. Goshal | Hamendrnath Goshal (; 1915–1967), also known as Harinarayan Ghoshal or Thakin Ba Tin (, ), was a communist politician and trade union leader in Burma, of Bengali Hindu origin. Goshal was one of the foremost leaders of the Communist Party of Burma and the most prominent theoretician of the party for several years. During the height of the Cultural Revolution (which had repercussions in the Communist Party of Burma) Goshal was marginalized and killed in an inner-party purge.
Political activities
Goshal graduated from Rangoon University. In August 1939, Goshal took part in the founding of the Communist Party of Burma. He was a member of the Bengali cell of the party. He was associated with Subodh Mukherjee, Dr. Amar Nag, Amar De, Gopal Munshi, Madhav Munshi, etc. During the Japanese occupation, Goshal fled to India. During the early days of the Communist Party of Burma, Goshal played an important role as a liaison between the Burmese party and the Communist Party of India (through its Bengal Provincial Committee).
After the death of Thakin Ba Hein, Goshal became the head of the All Burma Trade Union Congress. His activities were mainly concentrated to Rangoon, organizing the largely Indian working class there.
Goshal is said to have visited India just before the Communist Party of India held its second congress of 1948 (some controversy exists regarding this subject; if he was in India and if so, which meetings he attended). In India, and other countries in Asia, the communist parties reoriented themselves towards a more confrontational line. Goshal edited a political and strategic document, calling for the Communist Party of Burma to prepare for armed struggle. The document would be nicknamed the 'Goshal Thesis'. The Goshal Thesis stood in sharp contrast to the 'Browderist' positions the Communist Party of Burma had until then. The Goshal Thesis was adopted by the Communist Party of Burma at a mass meeting in Pyinmana on March 14, 1948. At this point, Goshal emerged as the main theorist of the party.
In response to the Goshal Thesis, the Burmese government ordered a crack-down on the Communist Party. The party responded by calling on its leaders to head for the country-side and led guerrilla warfare from there. At this point, Goshal argued in favour of retaining the presence of the party in the cities and to mobilize for general strikes and popular protests in Rangoon. Seemingly contradictory to the Goshal Thesis, Goshal was the sole Central Committee member of the party that did not support the Maoist line of rural warfare.
Death
During the 1960s Goshal was denounced in an inner-party purge, labelled 'the Liu Shaoqi of Burma' and executed in the Pegu Yoma on 18 June 1967. He had been on the losing side in a factional conflict following the return of a section of the party leadership that had been exiled in Beijing. He lost an important vote at the Communist Party politburo meeting of June 1965, where he had argued against Thakin Than Tun's proposal to organize a new party school (Thakin Than Tun had returned from Beijing, whilst Goshal had been a leader of the party inside Burma. Thakin Than Tun had proposed setting up a new party school, with teachers trained in China).
References
1967 deaths
Burmese people of Indian descent
Burmese people of Bengali descent
Burmese trade unionists
Executed Burmese people
University of Yangon alumni
Communist Party of Burma politicians
People executed by Myanmar
Bengali communists
Burmese people of World War II
1915 births
Executed trade unionists |
51189979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mander%20Dona | Mander Dona | Mander Dona is a village in Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located from Kapurthala, which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Mander Dona. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch, who is an elected representative.
Demography
According to the report published by Census India in 2011, Mander Dona has 37 houses with the total population of 200 persons of which 99 are male and 101 females. Literacy rate of Mander Dona is 79.33%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children in the age group 0–6 years is 21 which is 10.50% of the total population. Child sex ratio is approximately 1100, higher than the state average of 846.
Population data
References
External links
Villages in Kapurthala
Kapurthala Villages List
Villages in Kapurthala district |
74340035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Uruli | Battle of Uruli | The Marathas, under the leadership of Peshwa Madhavrao and his uncle Raghunathrao, launched a campaign against the Nizam's forces and eventually defeated them in the Battle of Uruli. This victory helped the Marathas regain their control over the Deccan region and weakened the power and influence of the Nizam.
See also
Battle of Udgir
Battle of Rakshasbhuvan
Battle of Kharda
Battle of Palkhed
Battle of Bhopal
Maratha Empire
Battles involving the Maratha Empire
References
Conflicts in 1762
Battles involving the Indian kingdoms
Battles involving the Maratha Empire |
44956179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%20SAFL%20season | 1924 SAFL season | The 1924 South Australian Football League season was the 45th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.
The 1924 SAFL grand final crowd of 44,345 was the largest football crowd in South Australia for 15 years and was larger than any Victorian Football League (VFL) crowd during 1924. However, the one off Dame Nellie Melba's Limbless Soldiers' Appeal match between VFL and Victorian Football Association premiers and was slightly larger at 46,100.
Ladder
Finals series
First Semi-Final
Second Semi-Final
Preliminary Final
Grand Final
References
SAFL
South Australian National Football League seasons |
16189544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Dog%20Island | Little Dog Island | Little Dog Island is a square, flat granite island, with an area of 83 ha, in south-eastern Australia. It is part of Tasmania’s Great Dog Island Group, lying in eastern Bass Strait between Flinders and Cape Barren Islands in the Furneaux Group. It is a game reserve. It was previously grazed, a usage now ceased. The island is part of the Franklin Sound Islands Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because it holds over 1% of the world populations of six bird species.
History
Bass Strait sealer, John Maynard, and Margery, the widow of sealer James Munro, were found here with their families in 1861, probably for the mutton bird harvest.
Fauna
Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are little penguin, short-tailed shearwater (over half a million pairs) and pied oystercatcher. The sooty oystercatcher, Caspian tern and white-fronted tern have bred on an isolated rock 200 m north of the island. The swamp harrier has bred on the island. Reptiles present include the metallic skink and tiger snake. The growling grass frog has been recorded.
See also
List of islands of Tasmania
References
Furneaux Group
Important Bird Areas of Tasmania |
50427106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Peter%20the%20Apostle%20Cathedral%2C%20Pointe-Noire | St. Peter the Apostle Cathedral, Pointe-Noire | The St. Peter the Apostle Cathedral () or Cathedral of St. Peter the Apostle in Pointe-Noire, is a religious building belonging to the Roman Catholic Church and is located in Pointe-Noire, the second largest city in the African country of the Republic of Congo.
It serves as the seat of the diocese of Pointe-Noire (Dioecesis Nigrirostrensis) that was created on September 14, 1955, with the Bull "Dum Tantis" by Pope Pius XII and is included in the ecclesiastical province of Brazzaville. The cathedral uses the Latin or Roman rite.
See also
Roman Catholicism in the Republic of the Congo
St. Peter's Cathedral
References
Roman Catholic cathedrals in the Republic of the Congo
Buildings and structures in Pointe-Noire |
6532583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Cantor | Charles Cantor | Charles R. Cantor (born August 26, 1942) is an American molecular geneticist who, in conjunction with David Schwartz, developed pulse field gel electrophoresis for very large DNA molecules. Cantor's three-volume book Biophysical Chemistry, co-authored with Paul Schimmel, was an influential textbook in the 1980s and 1990s.
Career
Charles Cantor received his AB from Columbia University in 1963 and PhD from University of California, Berkeley in 1966.
He is Director of the Center for Advanced Biotechnology at Boston University. While on a two-year sabbatical acting as Chief Scientific Officer at Sequenom, Inc. he maintained his research laboratory at Boston University. He is also a co-founder and Director of Retrotope, a US-based company using heavier isotopes of carbon (13C) and hydrogen (2H, deuterium) to stabilize essential compounds like amino acids, nucleic acids and lipids to target age-related diseases.
Cantor held positions at Columbia University (1981–1989) and the University of California, Berkeley (1989–1992), before moving to Boston University in 1992. In 2017 he became Professor Adjunct in Molecular Medicine at Scripps Research.
He has been director of the Department of Energy Human Genome Project and Chairman of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Boston University.
He is a consultant to more than 16 biotech firms, has published more than 400 peer reviewed articles, been granted 54 US patents, and co-authored a three-volume textbook on Biophysical Chemistry.
Publications
Papers
Charles Cantor obtained his Ph.D. in the group of Ignacio Tinoco, with whom he published work on the optical properties of nucleotides. In post-doctoral work with Thomas Jukes he studied repetitive sequences in polypeptides, but most of his independent research has concerned nucleic acids, from his early work with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and repetitive sequences in polydeoxyribonucleotides. onwards.
Cantor’s laboratory at Boston University has developed methods for separating large DNA molecules, for studying structural relationships in complex proteins and nucleic acids, and for sensitive detection of proteins and nucleic acids in a variety of settings. His work has been very highly cited, with five papers cited more than 1000 times each: 2709 citations of work on a toggle switch in Escherichia coli, 2594 of his paper on microtubule assembly, 2412 on his paper on pulsed field gradient gel-electrophoresis, 1437 on the launching of the ENCODE project (with about 200 authors), and 1176 on a study of noise in gene expression.
Reviews
Cantor's reviews include one on the physical chemistry of nucleic acids.
Books
Cantor co-authored Biophysical Chemistry with Paul Schimmel, which was published in three volumes:
Part 1, The Conformation of Biological Macromolecules; Part 2, Techniques for the Study of Biological Structure and Function; Part 3, The Behavior of Biological Macromolecules
With Cassandra Smith, he wrote Genomics: The Science and Technology Behind the Human Genome Project.
References
External links
CharlesCantor.Org
A schedule of Dr. Charles Cantor's upcoming scientific talks
Management Team of Sequenom
Living people
1942 births
Columbia University faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Boston University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
New England Complex Systems Institute
Columbia College (New York) alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni |
2694869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Su-yeong | Kim Su-yeong | Kim Suyeong was a Korean poet.
Life
Kim Soo-young (1921–1968) was a Korean poet and translator whose poetry explored love and freedom as poetic and political ideals. Kim was born in Gwancheol-dong, Seoul on November 27, 1921. After graduating from the Sunrin Commercial High School, Kim departed for Japan to study at the Tokyo University of Commerce. He returned to Korea in 1943 to avoid the conscription of student soldiers in Japan. A year later, he moved to Jilin, Manchuria with his family and taught at the Jilin High School. At this time, Kim was also heavily involved in theatre work. Upon Korea's Independence in 1945, Kim returned to Seoul to work as interpreter and eventually transferred to the Department of English at Yonhui University as a senior though he eventually turned down this position. He was conscripted by the North Korean Army and became a prisoner of war. He was eventually released to the Geojedo Island Prisoner-of-War Camp in 1952, where he worked as an interpreter for the director of the hospital, and for the U.S 8th Army. Kim, who taught English at Sunrin Commercial High School later in life, began working for Weekly Pacific (Jugan taepyeongyang) and Pyeonghwa Newspaper after returning to Seoul in 1954. The following year, Kim retired from his work and began a poultry farming operation from his home, in order to devote himself to poetry, translation and literary criticism. He published a poetry collection entitled Play of the Moon (Dallaraui Jangnan), for which he received the first Poet's Association Award. He died on June 16, 1968, after being struck by a bus while in Seoul.
Work
Kim's literary orientation became clear when he led other young Korean poets in "The Second Half," a group dedicated to redirecting Korean poetry away from the traditionalism and lyricism of the early 1950s by confront social concerns by using language in a new way. Among the innovations were the use of surrealism, abstraction, prose, slang and profanity in Kim's poems. Kim's early poems were in a Modernist style, though later he changed directions, using everyday language in addressing social issues. Many are political, either overtly or by hidden implication.
According to the scholar of Korean literature, Brother Anthony of Taizé, Kim's significance and impact only really took place after his death. He only published one volume of poetry (in 1959). Shortly before his death, he wrote a theoretical article which sparked a lively debate.
Perhaps his best-known poem is "Grass". The Kim Soo-young Contemporary Poetry Award is named in his honor.
Publications
Dalnara-ui jangnan (A Game Played in the Moon), published in 1959, was the only book of poetry he produced in his lifetime.
The Complete Works of Kim Su-young, Vol.1 (Poems). Minumsa Publishing Group 2003, 394p, .
Translated works
Kim Soo-Young (2005) Jenseits des Rausches. Gedichte.
(translated by Kang Yeo-Kyu and Uwe Kolbe) Edition Peperkorn: Thunum.
Kim Soo-Young (2001) Der Wächter der Wolke: ausgewählte Gedichte. (translated by Kim Miy-He and Sylvia Bräsel) Edition Peperkorn: Thunum.
Brother Anthony <of Taizé>, translator and editor (2001) Variations: Three Korean Poets. Cornell East Asia series ; 110.
Works in Korean (Partial)
Grass (poet)
One day while leaving the old palace
waterfall
Awards
The Society of Korean Poets Award for Poetry, 1958 (first recipient)
The Kim Suyeong Literary Award was established 1981 in his honor
In 2007, he was listed by the Korean Poets' Association among the ten most important modern Korean poets.
See also
Korean literature
References
Bibliography
Variations: Three Korean Poets - Kim Su-Young, Shin Kyong-Nim, Lee Si-Young. Translated by Brother Anthony of Taizé and Young-Moo Kim. Cornell East Asia Series, No. 110. 2001 Bilingual CEAS Edition, 328 pages. 1-885445-10-5.
Kim Su-Yong, Cent poèmes, translated into French and introduced and annotated by Kim Bona; introduction by Laurent Grisel; preface by Jean-Paul Michel. William Blake & Co. Edit., 2000. 192 pp. .
Paik Nak-chung, "The Poetry of Kim Su-yong; The Living Kim Su-yong," Korea Journal, winter 1999.
External links
literary officer website
Selected poems in English translation: http://www.sogang.ac.kr/~anthony/SelectedPoems.htm
Discussion of the poet in French: https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230028/http://www.poesieschoisies.net/le_poete.php?V=45,,,poeme,11,,2-88340-022-9,,2,,,
Discussion of the poet and two others in their stylistic and political setting: https://web.archive.org/web/20050225234417/http://www.sogang.ac.kr/~anthony/Sheffield.htm
Translation of Kim's "Watchman of the Clouds"
Three of Kim's poems in English translation:
Ten of Kim's poems in English translation
British and American influence on Kim's poetry: https://web.archive.org/web/20110722134225/http://ref.daum.net/item/554537 (summary of Korean journal article)
On Kim's poetic response to political conditions: http://www.dbpia.com/view/ar_view.asp?arid=495397 (summary of Korean journal article)
On Kim's view of poetry: (summary of Korean journal article)
Hong Jung-sun, "Poet Kim Su-young, Still Controversial," List, vol. 12, autumn 2013 at https://web.archive.org/web/20131102035510/http://www.list.or.kr/articles/article_view.htm?Div1=4&Idx=1218
1921 births
1968 deaths
South Korean male poets
20th-century South Korean poets
Society of Korean Poets Award winners
20th-century male writers
Road incident deaths in South Korea |
10489180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Asinius%20Marcellus | Marcus Asinius Marcellus | Marcus Asinius Marcellus was the name of two men of the Asinii.
Marcus Asinius Marcellus, the Elder
Marcus Asinius Marcellus was consul in 54 as the colleague of Manius Acilius Aviola; it was the same year the Emperor Claudius died. According to Paul von Rohden, Marcellus was the son of Marcus Asinius Agrippa, consul in 25, and the paternal grandson of Vipsania Agrippina, although he admits to the slight chance Marcellus was a grandson of Asinia and Marcus Claudius Marcellus.
Marcellus was a Senator active in the reigns of the emperors Claudius and Nero. In the year 60 Marcellus was caught up in a scandal involving a relative of a Praetor who forged his will. The associates in the scandal were disgraced and punished. Although Marcellus was also disgraced and his accomplices executed, he escaped punishment because the Emperor Nero intervened--reportedly because he was "great-grandson of Asinius Pollio and bore a character far from contemptible."
Marcus Asinius Marcellus, the Younger
The younger Marcus Asinius Marcellus was a consul ordinarius in 104 as the colleague of Sextus Attius Suburanus Aemilianus, and son or grandson of the consul of 54. Edmund Groag suggested he is identical to the homonymous man mentioned as a member of the College of Pontifices around AD 101/102. Nothing more is known of him.
References
Senators of the Roman Empire
Imperial Roman consuls
1st-century Romans
2nd-century Romans
Marcellus, Marcus
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown |
10657125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Hart%20%28cricketer%29 | Herbert Hart (cricketer) | Herbert William Hart (21 September 1859 – 2 November 1895) was an English first-class cricketer, who played one match as an amateur for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1888.
Born in Cottingham, near Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, Hart was a left arm fast bowler, whose only outing came against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord's. After going wicketless in the first innings, he took 2 for 19 in the second innings, clean bowling Wilfred Flowers for a duck and Charles Wright for 14. However, Yorkshire lost by 103 runs. He scored 3 in each innings, batting at number nine. He was one of eight victims for George Hearne (8 for 30) in Yorkshire's first innings, in which Hearne took a hat-trick.
Hart died in Cottingham aged 36, in November 1895.
References
External links
Cricinfo Profile
Cricket Archive Statistics
1859 births
1895 deaths
Yorkshire cricketers
People from Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire
English cricketers
Cricketers from Yorkshire |
19005142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeziorko%2C%20Zdu%C5%84ska%20Wola%20County | Jeziorko, Zduńska Wola County | Jeziorko is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zapolice, within Zduńska Wola County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately south of Zapolice, south-west of Zduńska Wola, and south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Villages in Zduńska Wola County |
10298598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriden%20Markham%20Municipal%20Airport | Meriden Markham Municipal Airport | Meriden Markham Municipal Airport is a public-use airport located three miles (5 km) southwest of the central business district of Meriden, a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. This general aviation airport is owned by City of Meriden. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a local general aviation facility.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Meriden Markham Municipal Airport is assigned MMK by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned MMK to Murmansk Airport in Murmansk, Russia).
History
The history of the airport goes back to at least 1928, when Ernest L. Markham was named the first airport manager; on 14 July 1962 the airport was renamed in honor of Markham for his 32 years of dedicated service.
In the summer of 2020, the airport added new hangars to increase the capacity of hangared aircraft.
Oversight and policies
Operations at MMK are overseen by the Meriden Aviation Commission, which meets the second Tuesday of each month at 6:00 p.m. in the airport terminal building.
Noise abatement procedures are in place at this airport, with pilots being required to fly runway heading until ascending to 1,100 msl.
Operations requires that touch and go type landings are only to be performed on runway 18 due to terrain on the takeoff on runway 36. Full stop landings and takeoffs are permitted on runways 18 and 36.
Facilities and aircraft
Meriden Markham Municipal Airport covers an area of which contains one asphalt paved runway (18/36) measuring 3,100 x 75 ft (945 x 23 m).
For the 12-month period ending May 30, 2007, the airport had 18,028 aircraft operations, an average of 49 per day: 97% local general aviation, 1% transient general aviation, 1% air taxi and <1% military. There were 70 aircraft based at this airport: 96% single engine, 3% multi-engine and 1% helicopters.
The Connecticut Wing Civil Air Patrol Silver City Cadet Squadron (NER-CT-014) operates out of the airport.
Meriden Aviation Center, located at the airport, provides plane rental services (Piper PA28-161 aircraft) as well as flight instruction.
The fixed-base operator is Mustang Aviation.
See also
List of airports in Connecticut
References
External links
Meriden Markham Airport (official website)
Meriden Aviation Services, Inc. (fixed-base operator)
Airports in New Haven County, Connecticut
Buildings and structures in Meriden, Connecticut |
4902341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Texas%20Chainsaw%20Massacre%20%28franchise%29 | The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (franchise) | The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is an American horror franchise created by Kim Henkel and Tobe Hooper. It consists of nine films, comics, a novel, and two video game adaptations. The franchise focuses on the cannibalistic spree killer Leatherface (who uses a chainsaw as his signature weapon) and his family, who terrorize unsuspecting visitors to their territories in the desolate Texas countryside, typically killing and subsequently cooking them.
The film series has grossed over $252 million at the worldwide box office.
Films
The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, released in 1974, written and directed by Tobe Hooper, was the first and most successful entry in the series. It is considered to be the first of the 1970s slasher films, and originated a great many of the clichés seen in countless later low-budget slashers. Its plot concerns a family of cannibals living in rural Texas, who abduct customers from their gas station. The film's most notable character, Leatherface, is one of the most well-known villains in cinema history, notable for his masks made of human skin, his blood-soaked butcher's apron and the chainsaw he wields. Although the film is marketed as a true story, it does not depict actual events, and is instead (as with the film Psycho) inspired by notorious killer Ed Gein, who acted alone and did not use a chainsaw.
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986) is set 13 years after the events of the first film. Although it managed to recoup its relatively small budget, the film was not considered a financial success. Since its initial release, however, it has developed a cult following of its own. Unlike its predecessor, which combined minimal gore with a documentary-style nature, the sequel is a comedic horror film, filled with black humor and various gore effects created by make-up maestro Tom Savini. The film features an appearance by novelist Kinky Friedman as well as film critic Joe Bob Briggs. Briggs' cameo appearance was originally cut in editing, but was restored for the director's cut version of the film when it was released on DVD.
Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III is a 1990 follow-up to the previous two films. It stars Kate Hodge, Ken Foree, and Viggo Mortensen and was directed by Jeff Burr. At the time, this was considered to be the first of several sequels in the series to be produced by New Line Cinema, but was not a commercial success, and New Line had no further involvement in the series. The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1995) is the fourth film in the original series. It received a limited release in 1995 through Columbia Pictures, and was given a limited re-release in 1997 under the new title Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation in hopes of capitalizing on the elevated public profiles of stars Renée Zellweger and Matthew McConaughey in the wake of their 1996 films Jerry Maguire and A Time to Kill respectively.
The 2003 remake, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, directed by Marcus Nispel, written by Scott Kosar and produced by Michael Bay, is based on the events of the first film, but for the most part, it follows a different storyline. A major difference between the two films, for example, is that rather than picking up Leatherface's psychotic hitchhiker brother, the group instead come upon a traumatized survivor who shoots herself in their van. The film gives Leatherface's background, a real name (Thomas Brown Hewitt), as well as a possible reason for his wearing masks, namely a skin disease which has caused his nose to rot away. The remake received a mixed critical response upon release, but was financially successful enough to lead to a prequel, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006), which takes place in 1969. Directed by Jonathan Liebesman, written by Sheldon Turner and produced by Michael Bay, it explores the roots of Leatherface's family and delves into their past. Leatherface's first mask is featured, as well as the first murder he commits using a chainsaw. It grossed less than its predecessor and has received a largely negative reception from film critics.
The seventh film, Texas Chainsaw 3D (2013), is a direct sequel to the original 1974 film, and makes no reference to the events of the other sequels. The film was directed by John Luessenhop, and written by Adam Marcus, Kirsten Elms, and Debra Sullivan. Texas Chainsaw follows a young girl named Heather, who is travelling to Texas with her friends to collect an inheritance from her deceased grandmother, whom she had never met. There, Heather discovers that she is part of the Sawyer family, who were killed by the townspeople following the events of the 1974 film, as well as a cousin of Leatherface. According to Seth M. Sherwood, writer of the prequel Leatherface (2017), the eighth film is part of a continuity that consists of Leatherface, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), and Texas Chainsaw 3D.
Following the release of Leatherface, the producers had the rights to make five more Texas Chainsaw Massacre films. Producer Christa Campbell stated that the fate of the potential films would largely depend on the financial reception and perceived fan reactions regarding the 2017 prequel. Lionsgate and Millennium Films lost the franchise rights in December the same year due to the time it took to release it. Legendary Entertainment subsequently acquired the franchise's rights with interest in developing television and film projects.
The ninth film, Texas Chainsaw Massacre, takes place 50 years after the events of the original Texas Chain Saw Massacre and is in continuity with the original series. The film stars Sarah Yarkin, Elsie Fisher, Moe Dunford, Nell Hudson, Jessica Allain, Olwen Fouéré, Jacob Latimore, and Alice Krige. In addition, Mark Burnham portrays an older Leatherface, replacing Gunnar Hansen, while Olwen Fouéré plays Sally Hardesty, replacing Marilyn Burns. Original directors, Ryan and Andy Tohill, were fired a week into filming and were replaced with David Blue Garcia. Chris Thomas Devlin wrote the screenplay with the story by Fede Álverez and Rodo Sayagues. The film skipped a theatrical release and was instead released on Netflix, on February 18, 2022. The film received mostly negative reviews.
Recurring cast and characters
This table only shows characters that have appeared in three or more films in the series.
A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the film or that the character's presence in the film has yet to be announced.
An indicates an appearance through archival footage or stills.
A indicates a cameo role.
An indicates an appearance not included in the theatrical cut.
An indicates a role as a stunt performer.
A indicates an unmasked role.
A indicates a voice-only role.
A indicates a younger version of the character.
Reception
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series, when compared to the other top-grossing American horror series—A Nightmare on Elm Street, Child's Play, Friday the 13th, Saw, Scream, and Halloween—and adjusting for 2023 inflation, is next to last with $459.7 million, Halloween is the highest-grossing horror series in the United States at approximately $1.09 billion. Next in line is Friday the 13th at $908.4 million, followed by the Nightmare on Elm Street series with $793.5 million. The Scream film series is in fourth place with $779.5 million, followed by the Saw series with $688.3 million, and the Child's Play film series rounding out the list with $305.2 million.
Other media
Books
Stephen Hand wrote a novelization of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre that was published March 1, 2004, by Black Flame.
Comics
Several comic books based on The Texas Chainsaw Massacre films were published in 1991 by Northstar Comics entitled Leatherface. They were licensed as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre to Avatar Press for use in new comic book stories, the first of which was published in 2005. In 2006, Avatar Press lost the license to DC Comics imprint, Wildstorm, which has published new stories based on the films. However, in June 2007, Wildstorm changed a number of horror comics, including The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, from monthly issues to specials and miniseries.
The series of comics featured none of the main characters seen in the original film (Topps Comics Jason vs. Leatherface series is exempt) with the exception of Leatherface. The 1991 Leatherface miniseries was loosely based on the third Texas Chainsaw Massacre film. The writer of the miniseries, Mort Castle said: "The series was very loosely based on Texas Chainsaw Massacre III. I worked from the original script by David Schow and the heavily edited theatrical release of director Jeff Burr, but had more or less free rein to write the story the way it should have been told. The first issue sold 30,000 copies". Kirk Jarvinen drew the illustrations for the first issue, and Guy Burwell finished the rest of the series. The comics, not having the same censorship restrictions from the MPAA, featured much more gore than the finished film. The ending, as well as the fates of several characters, was also altered. An adaptation of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was planned by Northstar Comics, but never came to fruition.
Video games
Thus far, two video games based on the franchise have seen release.
In 1982, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, a mass-market video game adaptation of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was released for the Atari 2600 by Wizard Video. In the game, the player assumes the role of Leatherface, and attempts to murder trespassers while avoiding obstacles such as fences and cow skulls. As one of the first horror-themed video games, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre caused controversy when it was released due to the violent nature of the video game and sold poorly as many video game stores refused to carry it. Wizard Video's other commercial release, Halloween, had a slightly better reception, but the limited number of copies sold has made both games highly valued items among Atari collectors.
At The Game Awards held in December 2021, a new game titled The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, based around the original film, was announced, to be released by Gun Interactive, the company behind Friday the 13th: The Game. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S on August 18, 2023, also releasing on Xbox Game Pass on the same day.
Crossover appearances
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre content has been featured in the video games Mortal Kombat X, Dead by Daylight, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, Call of Duty: Warzone and Rocket League.
All American Massacre
In 1998, filming began for All American Massacre, an installment which would have served as both a sequel and prequel to The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2. The film was initially conceived as a 15-minute short, but was expanded to a 60-minute feature. It was directed by William Hooper, son of Tobe Hooper. Bill Moseley reprised his role as the character Chop Top, who would have been revealed to have survived the events of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 and been in a Texas psychiatric prison for a number of years. The plot of the film would have centered on Chop Top detailing his past in an interview with a news crew, before carrying out a new series of murders. A trailer for All American Massacre was released on the internet, but the film itself was never released.
See also
Chain Saw Confidential
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Texas Chain Saw Massacre
Horror film franchises
American film series
Film series introduced in 1974
Films adapted into comics
Splatterpunk |
63946770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOMOS%20Films | SOMOS Films | SOMOS Films LLC is a Miami based company that produces feature films in Spanish for theatrical wide release, television, internet and other distribution means. SOMOS Films is part of the SOMOS Group(SOMOSTV, SOMOS Productions, SOMOS Distribution, SOMOS Next and SOMOS Films). SOMOS Films produces its own projects and participates in co-production with international partnering companies. In its coproduction projects the company works with local talent at creative, technical and artistic levels.
History
In 2018, Somos Films produced its first film Muerte en Berruecos, a movie about the assassination of South America's independence hero Antonio Jose de Sucre, together with Digivision Producciones, premiered in Venezuela in the month of April. Muerte en Berruecos was nominated to the Goya Awards for Best Ibero-American Film at the 35th edition. In 2019, The company produced Voy Por Ti, which depicts bullying in schools, co-produced with Cnac, Xenon Films and Zona Filmica, which premiered at the Miami International Film Festival. and winner of Special Jury Award at the Festival del Cinema Latino Americano di Trieste.
The company completed the production of Especial (starred by Ruper Vásquez and Greyber Rengifo), a story about a child with Down Syndrome, in co-production with El Dorado Films and Divarte Cine and El Paraiso de La Serpiente, with Biznaga Films, Cine Provincia, Bibi Film and La Maroma Producciones (Mexico). Both films are participated in international film festivals. Especial won the award "Best Fiction Film" at The Venezuelan Film Festival in July, 2021. and also the Silver Hugo award in the New Directors category in the Chicago International Film Festival.
In 2021, SOMOS Films finished the production of Hotel Providencia, filmed in Margarita Island, together with 58 Films, Sghettisawz and Digivisión Producciones, as well as the Venezuelan production with Divarte Producciones Un Cupido sin puntería (starred by Luis Geronimo Abreu and Claudia La Gatta) and "One Way" (filmed in Caracas) starred by Maria Alejandra Martin, with Rodando Films C.A. The company also produced "El Quinceanero de mi abuela" (starred by Mónica Pastrana, Johanna Rosaly, Linette Torres and Jorge Luis Ramos) y "Al Reves" (with Angelique Burgos and Obie Bermúdez) en la isla de Puerto Rico in co-production with Pinolywood Studios. SOMOS Films and Rodando Films finished the comedy "Amor en el Aire"'' in Colombia and the company is currently producing the film "Julia" with Divarte Films, directed by Jose Antonio Varela.
Productions
References
External links
Official website
Companies based in Miami
Film production companies of the United States
2018 establishments in Florida |
35149837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Mack%20%28disambiguation%29 | Mary Mack (disambiguation) | Mary Mack is a clapping game played by children.
Mary Mack may also refer to:
Mary Mack (comedian) (born 1975), American folk humorist
Mary Bono Mack (born 1961), American politician
"Mary Mack" (folk song), a Scottish folk song
See also
"Mary Mac", a 1996 song by the Blackeyed Susans |
18716737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Doutreleau | Stephen Doutreleau | Stephen Doutreleau (born in France, 11 October 1693; date of death uncertain, after 1747, in France) was a French Jesuit missionary who ministered to Native Americans and colonists in present-day Illinois, Mississippi and Louisiana for 20 years.
Life
He became a Jesuit novice at the age of twenty-two and migrated in 1727 to Louisiana, with a group of Ursuline nuns. Soon after his arrival, he was sent to the Illinois mission. In 1728 he was recorded at Post Vincennes, "the fort on the Wabash" [River], which was established about that time.
On 1 January 1730, Doutreleau set out for New Orleans on business connected with the mission. In the previous two months, the Natchez Indians had massacred all the inhabitants of the small French village of Natchez and the Yazoo, a neighboring Indian tribe, also attacked the French. Two Jesuit missionaries, fathers Paul Du Poisson (resident priest of Arkansas Post who had been visiting Natchez) and Jean Rouel, were killed in these uprisings.
Ignorant of the hostilities and accompanied by four or five French voyageurs, Father Doutreleau landed at the mouth of the Yazoo River to offer up the Mass. The Yazoo attacked the small party, killing one of the Frenchmen and wounding the missionary. Doutreleau escaped to his canoe with two of his companions; they fled down the Mississippi. When they reached the French camp at Tunica Bay, their wounds were dressed. After a night's rest, they continued and made it to New Orleans without attacks. They had accomplished a journey of four hundred leagues through a hostile country.
Shortly after, Father Doutreleau became chaplain of the French colonial troops in Louisiana. He accompanied them on one expedition. At his own request, he was sent back to the Illinois Indians, but how long he remained in the Illinois Country is uncertain.
At one time Doutreleau was chaplain of the hospital at New Orleans. In 1747 he returned to France, after twenty years as a missionary in the Mississippi Valley.
References
Attribution
1693 births
18th-century French Jesuits
French Roman Catholic missionaries
18th-century French people
Year of death unknown
French military chaplains
Jesuit missionaries in New France |
50790880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20Rutgers%20Scarlet%20Knights%20football%20team | 1991 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team | The 1991 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Doug Graber, the Scarlet Knights compiled a 6–5 record, scored 217 points, allowed 217 points, and finished in sixth place in the Big East Conference. The team's statistical leaders included Tom Tarver with 1,969 passing yards, Antoine Moore with 627 rushing yards, and James Guarantino with 740 receiving yards.
Schedule
References
Rutgers
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football seasons
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football |
36234076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iry-pat | Iry-pat | Iry-pat ( "member of the elite") was an ancient Egyptian ranking title, that is a title announcing a high position in the hierarchy of the country. Iry-pat was indeed the highest ranking title at the royal court, and only the most important officials could bear this title. The title is already attested in the First Dynasty: one of the first holders was Merka, official under king Qa'a.
In the New Kingdom, the title was often the crown prince and the title announced that the holder was the second ruler in the country. It is therefore sometimes translated as Hereditary or Crown Prince. Under Tutankhamun, Horemheb was officially designated the iry-pat or successor to this pharaoh but did not succeed the boy king since Ay intervened to seize the throne instead for about 4 years before Horemheb assumed power as pharaoh.
References
Ancient Egyptian titles |
59061439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szarvasi%20FC | Szarvasi FC | Szarvasi Football Club is a professional football club based in Szarvas, Békés County, Hungary, that competes in the Békés county league.
Name changes
1906–?: Juventus SC
?-1923: Szarvasi Iparosok és Munkások Testedző Köre
1923: merger with MOVE Szarvasi Torna and Atlétikai Club
1923–1942: Szarvasi Turul Sport Egyesület
1942–1945: Szarvasi MOVE Turul Sport Egyesület
1945–1948: Szarvasi SE
1948: merger with Szarvasi MaDISz and Szarvasi Barátság SE
1948–1949: Szarvasi EPOSz
1949–1950: Szarvasi Vasas
1950–1951: Szarvasi SzSE
1951–1952: Szarvasi Vasas SK
1952–1957: Szarvasi Traktor
1957-1957: Szarvasi Hunyadi
1957–1958: Szarvasi MEDOSZ SE
1958–1962: Szarvasi SC
1962: merger with Szarvasi Spartacus SK
1962–1971: Szarvasi Spartacus SC
1971: merger with Szarvasi Főiskola
1971–1985: Szarvasi Főiskola Spartacus Sport Club
1985–1995: Szarvasi Vasas Spartacus SE
1995–2018: Szarvasi Football Club
2019– present: Szarvasi Football Club 1905
External links
Profile on Magyar Futball
References
Football clubs in Hungary
Association football clubs established in 1905
1905 establishments in Hungary |
34789540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel%20Ciurea | Cornel Ciurea | Cornel Ciurea (born November 12, 1972) is an "expert" in politics and governing institutions and a former politician from the Republic of Moldova.
He graduated from the National School of Administration and Political Science of Bucharest and the Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova. Ciurea worked for TeleRadio-Moldova (1994–1996). He served as the director of the weekly Democrația (2006–2009). Ciurea has served as a political expert of the Institute for Development and Social Initiatives (IDIS) “Viitorul” since 2009. Between 2010 and 2011, Ciurea was an Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe expert on political party legislation and a coordinator of a project on the National Convention for European Integration.
Cornel Ciurea served as a Vice President of the Social Liberal Party (May 9, 2001 – February 10, 2008). He ran for Mayor of Chișinău in the Moldovan local elections of 2007.
References
External links
Date biografice ale candidatului la funcția de primar general al municipiului Chișinău Corneliu Ciurea
1972 births
Living people
Politicians from Chișinău
National University of Political Studies and Public Administration alumni
Moldovan jurists |
2742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abila | Abila | Abila, also spelled Abyla, may refer to:
Places
Abila in the Decapolis, ancient city in the Levant
Abila Lysaniou, capital of ancient Abilene, northwest of present-day Damascus, Syria
Abila (Peraea), archaeological site in Jordan
Abila, Latin name of Ávila, Spain
Abyla, Roman colony in the province of Mauretania Tingitana
Mount Abila, mountain in Ceuta, autonomous city of Spain, in Africa
Other
Abila (grasshopper), a genus of grasshoppers
See also
Abela, a surname
Abilene (biblical) |
20155101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne%20Antoinette | Jean-Étienne Antoinette | Jean-Étienne Antoinette (born 29 January 1966) is a French Guianan politician. He was a former member of the Senate of France. He is the mayor of Kourou, French Guinea.
External links
Page at the French Senate
1966 births
Living people
French Guianan politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
French people of French Guianan descent
Mayors of places in French Guiana
People from Kourou
Senators of French Guiana |
19831510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paw%C5%82owice%2C%20Gr%C3%B3jec%20County | Pawłowice, Grójec County | Pawłowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mogielnica, within Grójec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Mogielnica, south-west of Grójec, and south of Warsaw.
References
Villages in Grójec County |
55751545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Daughter%27s%20Tale%20Pankh | A Daughter's Tale Pankh | A Daughter's Tale Pankh is an Bollywood action-drama film directed by and produced by Rajinder Verma. Directed by Premraaj & Rajinder Verma under the banner of Yash babu Entertainment. The film was released worldwide on 17 November 2017 and grossed more than (INR). It has generally received positive reviews from critics. The principal locations of the shoot were Mumbai, Delhi, Kurukshetra and Haryana. The production was done under the guidance of IAS of Kurukshetra, Mrs. Sumedha Kataria, and Special Correspondent of The Pioneer, Mr. Sourabh Chowdhury. The story and screenplay are written by Rajinder Verma. It features actor Dr. Nishigandha Wad, Mehul Buch, Sudhir Pandey, Surbhi Kakkar, Amarjeet Singh, Vipin Goyal, Sonam Arora & Ayush Shah. Music of the film was composed by Mahesh.
Cast
Nishigandha Wad
Mehul Buch
Sudhir Pandey
Virendra Singh
Surbhi Kakkar
Ragini Dixit
Pooja Dixit
Paruk Kaushik
Sonam Arora
Aakash sharma
Rahul Jaittly
Sunil Lahri
Amarjeet Singh Tumber
Chunar Verma
Sourabh Chowdhury
Gayatri Kaushal
Sumedha Kataria
Premraaj
Ayush Shah
Rahuul Chuwdhary
Sunil Kumar Tinna
Vipin Pandey
Sadiq Abbas rizvi
Santy Nirwana
References
External links
A Daughter's Tale Pankh on The A.V. Club
A Daughter's Tale Pankh on Bollywood Hungama
2010s Hindi-language films
Indian action drama films
2017 action drama films |
5922022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Tahoma%20Flight%20185 | Air Tahoma Flight 185 | Air Tahoma Flight 185 was a scheduled cargo flight from Memphis to Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport conducted by Air Tahoma as part of a contract to freight parcels for courier firm DHL. On August 13, 2004, the flight crashed during approach to landing just one mile short of the runway. The Convair 580, which is a twin engine turboprop, was destroyed upon impact. The first officer was killed and the captain received minor injuries.
History of the flight
On August 13, 2004, at about 00:49 Eastern Daylight Time, Air Tahoma, Inc., Flight 185 crashed about one mile south of Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG), in Florence, Kentucky while on approach to runway 36R. The crash was heard by a nearby Florence Police officer. Shortly after, first responders found the plane. The first officer was killed and the captain received minor injuries. The airplane was destroyed by impact forces. The flight was operating as a cargo flight for DHL Express from Memphis International Airport to CVG. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the flight, which operated on an instrument flight rules flight plan.
Official investigation
The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of this accident was fuel starvation resulting from the captain's decision not to follow approved fuel crossfeed procedures. Different output pressure settings on the fuel boost pumps coupled with the open crossfeed valve resulted in both engines drawing fuel from the left tank. All of the fuel from the airplane's left tank that was not used by the engines was transferred into the right tank due to the pressure differential between the boost pumps. During the airplane's descent to landing, the fuel in the left fuel tank became exhausted. Both engine-driven fuel pumps drew air from the exhausted left tank into the fuel system, resulting in a dual-engine flameout.
Contributing to the accident were the captain's inadequate preflight planning, his subsequent distraction during the flight, and his late initiation of the in-range checklist. Further contributing to the accident was the flight crew's failure to monitor the fuel gauges and to recognize that the airplane's changing handling characteristics were caused by a fuel imbalance.
References
External links
Air Tahoma, Inc., Flight 185 Aircraft Accident Report
NTSB brief DCA04MA068
Accidents and incidents involving the Convair CV-240 family
2004 in Kentucky
Airliner accidents and incidents in Kentucky
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by fuel starvation
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 2004
August 2004 events in the United States
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
DHL |
59041086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell%20Kitchener | Darrell Kitchener | Darrell John Kitchener (born 1943) is a biologist who has been active in mammalian research in Western Australia and Indonesia. He is the author of over one hundred papers, published while employed as the senior research biologist at the Western Australian Museum, and described many new species of mammals during his 28 years in that position. Kitchener was born on 9 June 1943 in Victoria, Australia. He obtained degrees in botany and zoological sciences at the University of Tasmania and completed his Ph.D. at the University of Western Australia. His works include contributions to the Australian Museum's Complete book of Australian mammals.
The specific epithet for the free-tailed bat Mormopterus kitcheneri — found in the Southwest Australia ecoregion and first described in 2014 — commemorates Kitchener "for his prolific contribution to elucidating the systematics of Indo-Australian mammals, especially bats".
References
1943 births
Australian zoologists
People from Victoria (state)
Living people
University of Tasmania alumni
University of Western Australia alumni |
40234370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoria%20%28Brescia%20Metro%29 | Vittoria (Brescia Metro) | Vittoria is a station of the Brescia Metro, in the city of Brescia in northern Italy. The station is in the historic core of the city, in the north-west of the Piazza della Vittoria.
Archaeological discoveries in the old city centre, and at Vittoria the buried ruins of a tower dating back to the later Middle Ages, resulted in a slowdown of the construction work in the area and some design changes.
References
External links
Brescia Metro stations
Railway stations in Italy opened in 2013 |
54470615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio%20Otokpa | Kouadio Otokpa | Kouadio Otokpa (born 9 June 1959) is an Ivorian sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
References
1959 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Ivorian male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Ivory Coast
Place of birth missing (living people) |
40230319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20de%20la%20Cruz%20Castro%20Ricalde | María de la Cruz Castro Ricalde | María de la Cruz de Fátima Castro Ricalde is a Mexican writer, professor and researcher with the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies.
She has worked at the Toluca Campus of the institution since 1990, and currently is the coordinator of the communications and humanities department. She teaches undergraduate courses in humanistic studies as well as administration at the masters level. She has been a guest lecturer in France, Canada, the United States, Germany and in various parts of Mexico.
Education
She earned her bachelor's degree in Spanish from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México in 1987, followed by a masters and doctorate in modern literature from the Universidad Iberoamericana in 1991.
Research interests
A researcher at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies, her research specialties include Mexican and Latin American literature and cinema from the 20th into the 21st centuries. Although her writing specialty is the essay, her books include Visión de Reyes (1990), El espacio deshabitado. Ensayos sobre teoría de arte, lingüística y literatura (1991), El discurso de los mundos posibles (1990), La palabra sin fronteras. Contemporaneidad de Alfonso Reyes (1993), Razón y Placer : Alfonso Reyes (1994) Ficción, narración y polifonía. El universo narrativo de Sergio Pitol (2000)and El cine mexicano se impone. Mercados transnacionales y penetración cultural en la edad dorada, with M. Castro and Robert Irwin McKee (2011), and she has edited seven books including Enfoques alternativos en la educación superior (2007), Guadalupe Dueñas. Después del silencio (2010) and Narradoras mexicanas y argentinas siglos XX-XXI. Antología crítica (2011).
She has also written on Mexican women writers of the 20th century such as Nellie Campobello, Josefina Vicens, Elena Garro, Rosario Castellanos and Maria Luisa Puga, focusing on their essays, journalism, poetry and more. While the topics are of interests to academics as well, she writes in a direct style making the material accessible to the general public.
Recognition
Her research and writing has been recognized with the Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez Prize from the State of Mexico as well as Level II membership in Mexico's Sistema Nacional de Investigadores. She is also a member of Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires sur les Mondes Ibériques Contemporains in France.
Personal life
Her son is Rodrigo Rivera Castro, a Mexican researcher in artificial intelligence and machine learning.
References
See also
List of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education faculty
Academic staff of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
29309436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium%20on%20Computational%20Geometry | Symposium on Computational Geometry | The International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG) is an academic conference in computational geometry. It was founded in 1985, with program committee consisting of David Dobkin, Joseph O'Rourke, Franco Preparata, and Godfried Toussaint; O'Rourke was the conference chair. The symposium was originally sponsored by the SIGACT and SIGGRAPH Special Interest Groups of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). It dissociated from the ACM in 2014, motivated by the difficulties of organizing ACM conferences outside the United States and by the possibility of turning to an open-access system of publication. Since 2015 the conference proceedings have been published by the Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics instead of by the ACM. Since 2019 the conference has been organized under the auspices of the newly-formed Society for Computational Geometry.
A 2010 assessment of conference quality by the Australian Research Council listed it as "Rank A".
References
External links
Mathematics conferences
Theoretical computer science conferences
Computational geometry
Association for Computing Machinery conferences |
69230142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Pe%C3%B1a | Brian Peña | Brian Peña Perez-Vico (born 20 June 2002) is a Spanish professional footballer who currently plays for Riga FC as a attacking midfielder.
Club career
MFK Zemplín Michalovce
Brian Peña made his Fortuna Liga debut for Zemplín Michalovce against Senica on 16 October 2021.
Riga FC
On 3 June 2023, Peña signed a contract with Latvian Higher League side Riga FC. He scored his first league goal for Riga FC in a match against their rivals RFS. He secured his team a point with his goal.
References
External links
Brian Peňa at MFK Zemplín Michalovce
Brian Peña Perez-Vico at Futbalnet
2002 births
Living people
People from Vilafranca del Penedès
Footballers from the Province of Barcelona
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
MFK Zemplín Michalovce players
Riga FC players
Slovak First Football League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovakia
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Expatriate men's footballers in Latvia
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Latvia |
1489871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%20Exarchate | Bulgarian Exarchate | The Bulgarian Exarchate (; ) was the official name of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church before its autocephaly was recognized by the Ecumenical See in 1945 and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was restored in 1953.
The Exarchate (a de facto autocephaly) was unilaterally (without the blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch) promulgated on , in the Bulgarian church in Constantinople in pursuance of the firman of Sultan Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire.
The foundation of the Exarchate was the direct result of the struggle of the Bulgarian Orthodox against the domination of the Greek Patriarchate of Constantinople in the 1850s and 1860s. In 1872, the Patriarchate accused the Exarchate that it introduced ethno-national characteristics in the religious organization of the Orthodox Church, and the secession from the Patriarchate was officially condemned by the Council in Constantinople in September 1872 as schismatic. Nevertheless, Bulgarian religious leaders continued to extend the borders of the Exarchate in the Ottoman Empire by conducting plebiscites in areas contested by both Churches.
In this way, in the struggle for recognition of a separate Church, the modern Bulgarian nation was created under the name Bulgar Millet.
National awakening
In 1762, Saint Paisius of Hilendar (1722–1773), a monk from the south-western Bulgarian town of Bansko, wrote Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya ("History of the Slav-Bulgarians"), a short historical work which was also the first ardent call for a national awakening. In History of Slav-Bulgarians, Paisius urged his compatriots to throw off subjugation to the Greek language and culture. The example of Paisius was followed by others, including Saint Sophroniy of Vratsa (1739–1813), Abbot Spiridon Gabrovski (died 1824), Abbot Yoakim Karchovski (died 1820), and Abbot Kiril Peychinovich (died 1845).
Struggle for church autonomy
Source:
The result of the work of Paisius and his followers began before long to give fruit. Discontent with the supremacy of the Greek clergy started to flare up in several Bulgarian dioceses as early as the 1820s.
It was not, however, until the 1850 that the Bulgarians initiated a purposeful struggle against the Greek clerics in a number of bishoprics demanding their replacement with Bulgarian ones as well as other changes such as the use of Bulgarian in liturgy and fixed salaries for bishops. By that time, most Bulgarian religious leaders had realised that any further struggle for the rights of the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire could not succeed unless they managed to obtain at least some degree of autonomy from the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
As the Ottomans identified nationality (ethnicity) with confession and the majority of ethnic Bulgarians were Orthodox Christians, they were automatically included in the Rūm millet, a community ruled immediately by the Ecumenical Patriarch in his capacity of millet-bashi and dominated by Phanar Greeks (Phanariots). Thus, if the Bulgarians wanted to have Bulgarian schools and liturgy in Bulgarian, they needed an autonomous ecclesiastical organisation.
The struggle between the Bulgarians, led by Neofit Bozveli and Ilarion Stoyanov, and the Phanariotes intensified throughout the 1860s. As the Greek clerics were ousted from most Bulgarian bishoprics at the end of the decade, the whole of northern Bulgaria, as well as the northern parts of Thrace and Macedonia had, to all intents and purposes, seceded from the Patriarchate.
Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate
In seeking to calm down the disturbances, the Ottoman government of the Sultan Abdülaziz granted the right to establish an autonomous Bulgarian Exarchate for the dioceses of Bulgaria as well as those, wherein at least two-thirds of Orthodox Christians were willing to join it, by issuing the Sultan's firman promulgated on . The firman envisaged a broad autonomy of the Exarchate but would leave it under the supreme canonical authority of the Ecumenical See, i.e. not full autocephaly.
The Exarchate's borders went on to extend over present-day northern Bulgaria (Moesia), most of Thrace, as well as over north-eastern Macedonia. After the Christian population of the bishoprics of Skopje and Ohrid voted in 1874 overwhelmingly in favour of joining the Exarchate (Skopje by 91%, Ohrid by 97%) the Bulgarian Exarchate became in control of the whole of Macedonia (Vardar and Pirin Macedonia). The Exarchate was also represented in the whole of Greek Macedonia and the Vilayet of Adrianople by vicars. Thus, the borders of the Exarchate included all Bulgarian districts in the Ottoman Empire.
The process of constituting the Exarchate as legal institution was important part of nation-building process. A meeting of the Bulgarian leaders in Constantinople chaired by Gavril Krastevich is convened on March 13, 1870 to elect ten civil members of the Temporary church council. The council includes also the six Bulgarian bishops which constitute the Exarchate's Synod. The role of newly found council have been to create draft for the Exarchate's Statute, which prescribes the inner administrative order of the Bulgarian autocephalous church. Over the next ten months, the council have discussed ideas about Exarchate's Statue. During the discussions two political camps emerged. The ″liberal-democratic″ camp included Petko Slaveykov, Todor Ikonomov and Stoyan Chomakov which argued about priority of democratic and representative functions of the Exarchate. From their point of view, civil members of the Exarchate's institutions should lead conduction of administrative functions, outside of strictly religious practices. The ″conservative″ camp argued about keeping strict church hierarchy in Exarchate's activities, pleaded for strict following of Orthodox traditions and insisted on more institutional powers based on the Exarch figure. Representatives of ″conservative″ camp were P.V. Odjakov and Ilarion Makariopolski. This political discussion continued ideological opposition between ″young″ and ″old″ patriotic groups, which were in the foundation of differentiation between the Conservative and Liberal political fractions in the Constituent Assembly in 1879 in Veliko Tarnovo.
Bulgarian schism
The first (after Hilarion of Lovech had to resign before being confirmed by the government) Bulgarian Exarch was Antim I who was elected by the Holy Synod of the Exarchate on .
On , in the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church in Constantinople, which had been closed by the Ecumenical Patriarch's order, Antim I, along with other Bulgarian hierarchs who were then restricted from all priestly ministries, celebrated a liturgy, whereafter he declared autocephaly of the Bulgarian Church.
The Patriarchal Synod reacted by defrocking Antim I and excommunicating others, including Ilarion Stoyanov.
The decision on the unilateral declaration of autocephaly by the Bulgarian Church was not accepted by the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
The subsequent Council in Constantinople, chaired by Ecumenical Patriarch Anthimus VI, in September 1872, wherein the Patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem (the latter declined to sign the Council's decisions) also participated, declared on September 18 (September 30) the Bulgarian Exarchate schismatic and declared its adherents excommunicated. The latter were accused of having “surrendered Orthodoxy to ethnic nationalism”, which had been qualified as a heresy - "ethnophyletism" (). Furthermore on January 21, 1872, on request of the Patriarch and under the influence of Count Nikolai Ignatiev, then an influential Russian Ambassador in Constantinople, the Ottoman government sent into exile in Izmir, Anatolia three Bulgarian clerks Hilarion of Makariopolis, Panaret of Plovdiv and Hilarion of Lovech. The energetic protests of the Bulgarian community in Istanbul, reverts the decision short after.
The Russian Most Holy Synod claimed neutrality, but the Russian government, represented by Count Nikolai Ignatiev, actively mediated in the Greek-Bulgarian dispute. The unity of the Orthodox Church was instrumental for Russian's political interests in the Orthodox world. The attempts though to satisfy the Greek Patriarchate by reducing the territories of the Bulgarian Exarchate (noticeably Vardar, Pirin and Greek Macedonia), proved fruitless and against the Bulgarian interests.
Exarch Antim I was discharged by the Ottoman government immediately after the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) on April 24, 1877, and was sent into exile in Ankara. Under the guidance of his successor, Joseph I, the Exarchate managed to develop and considerably extend its church and school network in the Bulgarian Principality, Eastern Rumelia, Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet. In 1879, the Tarnovo Constitution formally established the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as the national religion of the nation. On the eve of the Balkan Wars in 1912, in the Ottoman Macedonian vilayets and the Adrianople Vilayet alone, the Bulgarian Exarchate had seven dioceses with prelates and eight more with acting chairmen in charge and 38 vicariates, 1,218 parishes and 1,310 parish priests, 1331 churches, 73 monasteries and 234 chapels, as well as 1,373 schools with 2,266 teachers and 78,854 pupils. Almost all of the schoolmasters had been born in Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace.
The immediate effect of the partition of the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars was the anti-Bulgarian campaign in areas under Serbian and Greek rule. The Serbians expelled Exarchist churchmen and teachers and closed Bulgarian schools and churches (affecting the standing of as many as 641 schools and 761 churches). Thousands of Bulgarian refugees left for Bulgaria, joining an even larger stream from the devastated Aegean Macedonia, where the Greeks burned Kukush, the center of Bulgarian politics and culture. Bulgarian language (including the Macedonian dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished. The Ottomans managed to keep the Adrianople region, where the whole Thracian Bulgarian population was put to total ethnic cleansing by the Young Turks' army.
After World War I, by virtue of the peace treaties, the Bulgarian Exarchate was deprived of its dioceses in Macedonia and Aegean Thrace. Exarch Joseph I transferred his offices from Constantinople to Sofia as early as 1913. After the death of Joseph I in 1915, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church was not in a position to elect its regular head for a total of three decades.
Conditions for the restoration of the Bulgarian Patriarchate and the election of head of the Bulgarian Church were created after World War II. In 1945 the schism was lifted and the Patriarch of Constantinople recognised the autocephaly of the Bulgarian Church. In 1950, the Holy Synod adopted a new Statute which paved the way for the restoration of the Patriarchate and in 1953, it elected the Metropolitan of Plovdiv, Cyril, Bulgarian Patriarch.
Territory of the Bulgarian Exarchate
Until the Balkan Wars 1912/1913, the Bulgarian Exarchate disposed of a total of 23 bishoprics in Bulgaria, most of the Torlak-populated area (in 1878 partly ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Serbia) and the region of Macedonia: Vidin, Vratsa, Nish (till 1878), Lovech, Veliko Tarnovo, Rousse, Silistra, Varna, Preslav, Sliven, Stara Zagora, Pirot (till 1878), Plovdiv, Sofia, Samokov, Kyustendil, Skopje, Debar, Bitola, Ohrid, Veles, Strumitsa and Nevrokop; also it was represented by acting chairmen in charge in eight other bishoprics in the region of Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet (Lerin, Edessa, Kostur, Solun, Kukush, Syar, Odrin and Carevo).
See also
List of Patriarchs of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church
Bulgarian Orthodox Church
References
Further reading
External links
History of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church according to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913).
A short history of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church by CNEWA, the papal agency for humanitarian and pastoral support
Commemorative coin released for 140 years of the Bulgarian Exarchate
The Builders of Modern Bulgaria, Volume 1
Exarchate
Macedonian Orthodox Church
Exarchate
Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire
Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
Exarchates of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church
1872 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Religious organizations established in 1872
Eastern Orthodox organizations established in the 19th century
Bulgarian National Revival |
18090735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20Broadband%20Network | Community Broadband Network | The Community Broadband Network (CBN) is a British social enterprise which supports and develops community-led broadband initiatives.
History
CBN was launched in the United Kingdom during January 2004 by the then Rural Affairs Minister Alun Michael and Broadband Minister Stephen Timms; at this time the UK was lagging behind neighboring developed countries in the provision of first generation broadband services, leaving significant holes in availability. Many of these "notspots" were in rural areas or were the focus of economic regeneration programmes; local community organizations were beginning to develop their own services typically using Wi-Fi wireless technology but often without specialist telecommunications knowledge within their groups. CBN was founded as a co-operative of such groups, able to provide support and specialist skills to its members; during 2004-5 CBN supported over 100 local broadband projects with direct consultancy and mentoring, and provided online information and support for a further 200.
Today
With first generation broadband widely available in the UK, CBN's focus shifted towards the community led higher-speed next-generation broadband services, including fibre-optic networks. In 2006 CBN signed a joint venture agreement with Dutch consultancy Close the Gap, which was responsible for conceiving, planning and delivering the OnsNet (“our net” in English) Fibre to the Home (Ftth) project in the market town of Nuenen and then in Eindhoven.
Retaining the social enterprise model, CBN now works with community groups, policy makers, and industry to develop thinking on next generation broadband platforms and strategies in the UK.
CBN is represented on several key broadband forums:
An executive member of the UK Broadband stakeholder group, the body that brings together government, industry, Regional Development Agencies, and business to drive forward the UK's broadband agenda.
A member of the NOMAD Wireless Forum bringing together a range of public sector and private organisations active in promoting wireless initiatives.
A member of the Connected Neighbourhood Forum linking the 10 local authority Digital Challenge finalists.
An invited participator in the high level summit organised by minister Stephen Timms in November 2007 to discuss policy on Next Generation Access in the UK.
CBN’s experience has attracted international attention and they are developing community broadband projects in Africa supported by UN-HABITAT.
In 2008 Francesco Caio, in his report at barriers to broadband investment for the British Government, referred to CBN's scenario work which described a "patchwork quilt" of broadband infrastructures rather than a single "da wo" (big me) incumbent network owner. This led to Lord Carter recommending that CBN be assisted in creating a national framework in his Digital Britain report.
In 2009, CBN has been facilitating the creation of the Independent Networks Co-operative Association (INCA) to meet the Digital Britain recommendations. INCA is essentially a trade association for independent network operators in the UK who are investing alternative next generation broadband infrastructures.
References
External links
Broadband
Telecommunications organisations in the United Kingdom |
14657749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20on%20the%20Functioning%20of%20the%20European%20Union | Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union | The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on European Union (TEU). It was previously known as the Treaty Establishing the European Community (TEC).
The Treaty originated as the Treaty of Rome (fully the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community), which brought about the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), the best-known of the European Communities (EC). It was signed on 25 March 1957 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany and came into force on 1 January 1958. It remains one of the two most important treaties in the modern-day European Union (EU).
Its name has been amended twice since 1957. The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 removed the word "economic" from the Treaty of Rome's official title and, in 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon renamed it the "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union".
Following the 2005 referendums, which saw the failed attempt at launching a European Constitution, on 13 December 2007 the Lisbon Treaty was signed. This saw the 'TEC' renamed as the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and, once again, renumbered. The Lisbon reforms resulted in the merging of the three pillars into the reformed European Union.
In March 2011, the European Council adopted a decision to amend the Treaty by adding a new paragraph to Article 136. The additional paragraph, which enables the establishment of a financial stability mechanism for the Eurozone, runs as follows:
Present contents
The consolidated TFEU consists of seven parts:
Part 1, Principles
In principles, article 1 establishes the basis of the treaty and its legal value. Articles 2 to 6 outline the competencies of the EU according to the level of powers accorded in each area. Articles 7 to 14 set out social principles, articles 15 and 16 set out public access to documents and meetings and article 17 states that the EU shall respect the status of religious, philosophical and non-confessional organisations under national law.
Part 2, Non-discrimination and citizenship of the Union
The second part begins with article 18 which outlaws, within the limitations of the treaties, discrimination on the basis of nationality. Article 19 states the council with the consent of the European Parliament "may take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation". Articles 20 to 24 establishes EU citizenship and accords rights to it; to free movement, consular protection from other states, vote and stand in local and European elections, right to petition Parliament and the European Ombudsman and to contact and receive a reply from EU institutions in their own language. Article 25 requires the commission to report on the implementation of these rights every three years.
Part 3, Union policies and internal actions
Part 3 is the largest in the TFEU. Articles 26 to 197 concern the substantive policies and actions of the EU.
Title I: Internal market
Title II: Free movement of goods
Including the customs union
Title III: Agriculture and Fisheries
Common Agricultural Policy and Common Fisheries Policy
Title IV: Free movement of workers, services and capital
Title IV concerns free movement of people, services and capital:
Chapter 1: Workers (articles 45–48, ex articles 39–42 TEC), including the right to move freely in order to "accept [an] offer of employment actually made
Chapter 2: Right of Establishment (articles 49–55), including the right to take up and pursue activities as [a] self-employed person
Chapter 3: Services (articles 56–62)
Chapter 4: Capital and Payments (articles 63–66)
Title V: Area of freedom, justice and security
Including police and justice co-operation
Title VI: Transport
Title VII: Common Rules on Competition, Taxation and Approximation of Laws
European Union competition law, taxation and harmonisation of regulations (note Article 101 and Article 102)
Title VIII: Economic and monetary policy
Articles 119 to 144 concern economic and monetary policy, including articles on the euro. Chapter 1: Economic policy - Article 122 deals with unforeseen problems in the supply chain and "severe difficulties caused by natural disasters or exceptional occurrences beyond its control" Chapter 1: Economic policy – Article 126 deals with how excessive member state debt is handled. Chapter 2: Monetary policy – Article 127 outlines that the European System of Central Banks should maintain price stability and work with the principles of an open markets and free competition. The Article 140 describes the criteria for inclusion in monetary union (the euro) or having exception from it, and also says that it is a majority of the council, not the state alone, which decides upon usage of euro or national currency. Thereby are states obliged (except UK and Denmark) to introduce the euro if the council finds they fulfil the criteria.
Titles IX to XV: Employment, social and consumer policy
Title IX concerns employment policy, under articles 145–150. Title X concerns social policy, and with reference to the European Social Charter 1961 and the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers 1989. This gives rise to the weight of European labour law.
Title XI establishes the European Social Fund under articles 162–164. Title XII, articles 165 and 166 concern education, vocational training, youth and sport policies. Title XIII concerns culture, in article 167. Title XIV allows measures for public health, under article 168. Title XV empowers the EU to act for consumer protection, in article 169.
Titles XVI to XXIV: Networks, industry, environment, energy, other
Title XVI, articles 170–172 empower action to develop and integrate Trans-European Networks. Title XVII, article 173, regards the EU's industrial policy, to promote industry. Title XVIII, articles 174 to 178 concern economic, social and territorial cohesion (reducing disparities in development). Title XIX concerns research and development and space policy, under which the European Research Area and European Space Policy are developed.
Title XX concerns the increasingly important environmental policy, allowing action under articles 191 to 193. Title XXI, article 194, establishes the Energy policy of the European Union.
Title XXII, article 195 is tourism. Title XXIII, article 196 is civil protection. Title XXIV, article 197 is administrative co-operation.
Part 4, Association of the overseas countries and territories
Part 4, in articles 198 to 204, deals with association of overseas territories. Article 198 sets the objective of association as promoting the economic and social development of those associated territories as listed in annexe 2. The following articles elaborate on the form of association such as customs duties.
Part 5, External action by the Union
Part 5, in articles 205 to 222, deals with EU foreign policy. Article 205 states that external actions must be in accordance with the principles laid out in Chapter 1 Title 5 of the Treaty on European Union. Article 206 and 207 establish the common commercial (external trade) policy of the EU. Articles 208 to 214 deal with co-operation on development and humanitarian aid for third countries. Article 215 deals with sanctions while articles 216 to 219 deal with procedures for establishing international treaties with third countries. Article 220 instructs the High Representative and Commission to engage in appropriate co-operation with other international organisations and article 221 establishes the EU delegations. Article 222, the Solidarity clause states that members shall come to the aid of a fellow member who is subject to a terrorist attack, natural disaster or man-made disaster. This includes the use of military force.
Part 6, Institutional and financial provisions
Part 6, in articles 223 to 334, elaborates on the institutional provisions in the Treaty on European Union. As well as elaborating on the structures, articles 288 to 299 outline the forms of legislative acts and procedures of the EU. Articles 300 to 309 establish the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank. Articles 310 to 325 outline the EU budget. Finally, articles 326 to 334 establishes provision for enhanced co-operation.
Part 7, General and final provisions
Part 7, in articles 335 to 358, deals with final legal points, such as territorial and temporal application, the seat of institutions (to be decided by member states, but this is enacted by a protocol attached to the treaties), immunities and the effect on treaties signed before 1958 or the date of accession.
See also
Berlin Declaration (2007)
Four Freedoms (European Union)
References
Treaties concluded in 1957
Treaties entered into force in 1958
Euro |
6320573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Smith%20Region%2C%20Northwest%20Territories | Fort Smith Region, Northwest Territories | Fort Smith Region was a former Statistics Canada census division, one of two in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It was abolished in the 2011 census, along with the other census division of Inuvik Region, and the land area of the Northwest Territories was divided into new census divisions named Region 1, Region 2, Region 3, Region 4, Region 5, Region 6.
Its former territory covered all of the modern-day Regions 3 through 6, as well as a part of Region 2. For example, its border with the old Inuvik Region ran through the middle of Great Bear Lake, which is now entirely within the modern-day Region 2.
It contained more than 77 percent of the population and more than 54 percent of the land area of the Northwest Territories. Its main economic centre was the territorial capital of Yellowknife; it also contained the town of Fort Smith. The 2006 census reported a population of 32,272 spread over a land area of .
Communities
City
Yellowknife
Towns
Fort Smith
Hay River
Village
Fort Simpson
Hamlets
Fort Liard
Fort Providence
Behchokǫ̀
Whatì
Settlements
Dettah
Enterprise
Fort Resolution
Jean Marie River
Kakisa
Łutselk'e
Nahanni Butte
Gamèti
Fort Reliance
Trout Lake
Wekweeti
Wrigley
Indian reserves
Hay River Reserve (Hay River Dene)
Salt River First Nation
References
Regions of the Northwest Territories
Census divisions of the Canadian territories |
26432482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Yates%20murders | James Yates murders | The James Yates murders occurred in 1781, when James Yates brutally murdered his wife and his four children in New York, later claiming that a voice instructed him to do so.
History
In late December 1781 and in the first months of 1782, a few newspapers ran articles making reference to the James Yates Murders. Although most of these articles provided only a few lines, they serve as lasting evidence of the crime.
James Yates was born in West-Chester County. A source from The Pennsylvania Packet claimed to have spoken to various neighbors, all of whom described Yates as someone they would never have expected to commit such an atrocity. Before the incident, he had appeared as healthy and sane. Yates had been a member of the religious community, the Society of Shakers.
On the night of the murders, he "was tempted to this horrid deed by the spirit". This temptation resulted in the murder of his four children and his wife. Three out of the four children were murdered in the house, while his wife, with the youngest child on top of her, were found on the nearby road. Mrs. Yates was likely attempting to escape. Yates's weapon of choice was believed to be a club. Not only was a club found in the road alongside his wife and child, but his victims had wounds to the head. Many of Yates's animals were also killed, such as his cattle, a dog and two horses.
The following morning, Yates went to his parents' house, and his neighbors reported that he was nude. He disclosed to his parents what he had done, but they did not believe in such nonsense until arriving at their son's home and viewing the bodies themselves. Yates was confused and seemed to be in a state of madness as he claimed at first that the bodies were not those of his family and felt that his now deceased wife was an Indian. He also professed that his actions were acceptable and appeared to have little regret. His brother was present that day and was able to control his brother, so Yates was not restrained. He was eventually imprisoned in Albany.
An Account of a Murder Committed by Mr. J---- Y----, upon His Family
Little was published in the papers regarding the murder in the years following the tragedy. "An Account of a Murder Committed by Mr. J---- Y----, upon His Family, in December, A.D. 1781" was posted in the newspaper fifteen years after the murders. The authenticity to the story is often questioned due to the detailed information and suspicious time frame. The full account was presented in the New-York Weekly Magazine in two parts, the first on July 20 of 1796 and the second on July 27 of 1796. This account was written to the editor by someone named "ANNA", who states that she received the information from a woman that knew James Yates. Before relating a very detailed first-person narrative of the murders, the woman acknowledges that James Yates was not incredibly wealthy, yet his family was respected.
This account claims that on the night of the murders, the Yates family had some community members over for a religious get-together. His sister stayed longer than most guests that night. Yates was his usual self and was described as being particularly loving toward his wife. She had a desire to go to New Hampshire, so he intended to take her there the next morning. His sister then left, and Yates and his wife continued to read the Bible together. His wife held their infant, his oldest child sat nearby, and the two other children were asleep.
Yates saw a light, and a Spirit appeared that told him to rid himself of his idols. Yates began his night of destruction by throwing the Bible into the fire. Grabbing his axe, he went out to the family's sleigh and hacked it to ruins, only to do the same to the family's animals. The account claims that Yates once again heard the voice telling him, "you have more idols, look at your wife and children". He proceeded to his children's room and followed the voice's instructions by throwing his two sons against the wall and fireplace, resulting in their deaths. Noticing that his wife and remaining children had fled, he grabbed the axe and searched for them outdoors. He noticed his wife running in the direction of her parents' house, but he was able to hit her with the axe, causing her to drop their baby. The baby's life came to an end as Yates threw her against a fence.
His wife was injured, and seeing her in agony caused Yates to come to his senses. He began to lovingly embrace his wife, but the voice haunted him once more. He grabbed a stake from the fence, repeatedly struck his wife and then placed the dead infant on top of her. Soon after, Yates found his last child in the barn, attempting to hide. He brought her over to where her mother and sister lay and instructed her to dance around the bodies as he debated killing her. He eventually took an axe to her forehead.
After ridding himself of the last of his idols, he reflected on his actions and realized that consequences such as prison or even death would follow. He pondered placing the bodies in the house, lighting his house on fire, and blaming Indians, but he decided against lying as he had a "good motive for [his] actions". Yates appeared at his sister's house early in the morning, and she took notice of the blood on his hands. He was in a crazed state and tried to grab a knife. She not only was able to resist him, but she tied him down and ran to her brother's house. The neighbors were informed of the situation, and Yates was taken to Tomhanick. A religious man, referred to as "Mr. W", attempted to counsel Yates while at Tomhanick, but he "[refused] to confess his error". Next, Yates stayed with a woman named "Mrs. B". He disclosed the events of that night to her, but still felt that the directions from the Spirit were meant to be followed. Yates was eventually imprisoned at Albany. It is said that he escaped two times.
Connection to Wieland
Charles Brockden Brown's gothic novel, Wieland, is believed to be based on the James Yates Murders. Theodore Wieland, like James Yates, heard voices advising him to murder his family. Within Wieland's Advertisement, Charles Brockden Brown declares, "most readers will probably recollect an authentic case, remarkably similar to that of Wieland". This statement appears to refer to the James Yates murders that, at the time, had been mentioned in publications such as New York Weekly Magazine, Philadelphia Minerva, and the Salem Gazette and served as a way to authenticate the story in Wieland.
References
1781 in New York (state)
Familicides
Murder in New York (state)
Mass murder in the United States
American people convicted of murder
Escapees from New York (state) detention
Crimes in New York (state)
1781 murders in the United States |
65979637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield%20Society%20of%20Arts%20and%20Crafts | Deerfield Society of Arts and Crafts | Inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement and the concept, organization, work and success of the Deerfield Society of Blue and White Needlework, citizens of Deerfield, Massachusetts began to create, show, and sell their craft and art works. Success in the 1899 Summer Exhibition in Deerfield, as well as two subsequent exhibitions, encouraged Madeline Yale Wynne, a founding member of the Chicago Arts and Crafts Society, to organize the Deerfield Society of Arts and Crafts in 1901, and to serve as its president. The Society changed its name in 1906 to the Society of Deerfield Industries.
Converging factors
Several interrelated forces at work in Deerfield during the 19th century were important in the rise of the Deerfield Society of Arts & Crafts. Agriculture in the area was declining, which had an economic impact on the area. Following the Civil War, there were fewer male-led households because of the diminished population of men. This led to a loosening of traditional roles for women, and also meant that more women were able to inherit property along "the Street," Deerfield's main street filled with stately 18th century houses. Besides long-time residents of the town, middle and upper-class urban women began to buy and restore homes, some for summer use, along "the Street" in the 1880s and 1890s. By the beginning of the 20th century, about one third of the houses on "the Street" were owned by women. These houses had parlors which they converted into work spaces and salesrooms as they began to embrace the Arts & Crafts movement.
History
The women who came to Deerfield for the summer were important for much of the planning and marketing of the products. They lent their expertise for purposes of organization, product development, and marketing. Local women provided much of the labor needed to produce the items to sell, and relied upon the income to support themselves and relatives.
An article in a 1901 publication noted the difficulty of keeping promising young people in a rural town: "How can the young women who resent an idle life and are unreconciled of going into the mill or factory find at home something to do that is interesting and reasonably remunerative?" It indicated that Deerfield had solved the problem with a village industry that might serve as a model for other towns. The products, it suggested, would be of interest to those furnishing colonial houses. "The colonial and craft revivals provided Deerfield women with an opportunity to seek economic security without jeopardizing their status as elite descendants of New England's first families."
The Society of Blue & White Needlework was the first Arts & Crafts organization founded in Deerfield, in 1896. In September 1899, the first annual Arts & Crafts exhibition was held. In 1900, the Deerfield Basket Makers was founded. In 1901, the Deerfield Society of Arts and Crafts was formed under the leadership of Madeline Yale Wynne. There followed the Pocumtuck Basket Makers and the Deerfield Rug Makers in 1902. Others worked on their own in a variety of areas: rug making, weaving, furniture production, art photography, metalwork, bookbinding, and ornamental iron work. Each group of crafts people in the town was represented by one member on the Society's Board of Directors. This society took on the responsibility for overseeing the annual exhibit and sale of works, which was extremely successful.
In 1906, the Society of Blue and White Needlework pulled out of the Deerfield Society of Arts and Crafts, which was then renamed the Society of Deerfield Industries. Group exhibitions were held every summer from 1899 to 1916. In 1917, World War I intervened, and an exhibition was not held. It was also not held in 1918, because Madeline Yale Wynne, the founder of the Society, had died. There was an exhibit in 1919, the 20th anniversary of town exhibitions, but this was the last one for ten years. In 1941, the start of World War II meant the end of the Society.
Selected member artisans
Frances Stebbins Allen (1854 -1941) and Mary Electa Allen (1858 - 1941): Pictorial photographers who were among the first to join the Society
Eleanor Arms (1864 - 1937): Weaver
Gertrude Porter Ashley and Mildred Porter Ashley: Basket makers who published Raffia Basketry as a Fine Art in 1915
Ellen Miller (1854 - 1929): Founding member of the Blue & White Society, needleworker, left Society in 1906 when the embroidery group left the Society
Augustus V. Tack (1870 - 1949): Portrait and landscape painter
Chauncey Thomas (1877 - 1950): Potter who worked in Deerfield from 1909 to 1911
Louanna Thorn (1875 - 1965): Weaver
Margaret C. Whiting (1860 - 1846): Founding member of the Blue & White Society, needleworker, left Society in 1906 when the embroidery group left the Society
References
External links
The Arts & Crafts Moment in Deerfield
Raffia Basketry as a Fine Art by Gertrude Porter Ashley and Mildred Porter Ashley (1922)
Deerfield, Massachusetts
Colonial Revival Movement
Arts and Crafts movement |
3414289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trollop | Trollop | Pejorative terms for women |
67755975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20H.%20Walling | William H. Walling | William H. Walling (September 3, 1830 – June 16, 1912) was an American soldier awarded the Medal of Honor for actions at First Battle of Fort Fisher, North Carolina during the American Civil War. The medal was earned while serving with the 142nd New York Volunteer Infantry as a captain. By the end of the war he had achieved a rank of Brevet Lieutenant Colonel. He was born in Hartford, New York and died in Potsdam, New York where he is buried at Bayside Cemetery.
Medal of Honor citation
For extraordinary heroism on 25 December 1864, in action at Fort Fisher, North Carolina. During the bombardment of the fort by the fleet, Captain Walling captured and brought the flag of the fort, the flagstaff having been shot down.
Date Issued: 28 March 1892
References
1830 births
1912 deaths
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Hartford, New York |
72408856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hayden%20%28racing%20driver%29 | John Hayden (racing driver) | John Hayden (born December 2, 1968) is an American former professional stock car racing driver who competed in both the NASCAR Busch Series and the ARCA Re/Max Series from 2000 to 2006.
Racing career
Hayden first ran in the NASCAR Southeast Series in 1997, and would run one more race in the next 6 years.
In 2001, Hayden would make his ARCA Re/Max Series debut at Memphis Motorsports Park driving for Dan Kinney, where he would finish 25th after starting 14th. He would make three more starts that year and would get a best finish of fifth at the Illinois State Fairgrounds. He would make six more starts the following year, earning a best career finish of third in the first start of the year at Nashville Superspeedway. It was also during this year where Hayden would make his first NASCAR Busch Series debut at Phoenix International Raceway after failing to qualify at Lowe's Motor Speedway and Memphis.
In 2003, Hayden would run in a number of the Busch Series season with Kinney's team, Premier Motorsports, in the No. 85 Chevrolet, entering in seventeen races and qualifying for ten with a best finish of 18th at Nashville and Indianapolis Raceway Park. Hayden and Kinney would part ways at the end of the year.
Hayden would join Day Enterprises Racing in 2004, first driving the No. 61 Chevrolet at Nashville, finishing 32nd, and then driving the No. 16 for six races, only qualifying at Pikes Peak International Raceway and Memphis. After failing to qualify for five races at the beginning of the following year in 2005, he would return to Premier Motorsports at Pikes Peak, where he would finish 38th after starting in 22nd due to a brake issue. He would make one more Busch Series start the following year, running at the Milwaukee Mile, finishing 32nd due to a crash. It was during this time that he served as a crew member for Brewco Motorsports.
Hayden would go on to serve as a crew chief for Patrick Sheltra in the ARCA Re/Max Series in 2009, with his last start in auto racing coming at a CRA Street Stocks Series event at Kentucky Motor Speedway, where he would finish ninth.
Personal life
Hayden is currently the co-track operator of Kentucky Motor Speedway in Whitesville, Kentucky.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Busch Series
ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
Racing drivers from Kentucky
People from McLean County, Kentucky |
55260321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina%20Khadempour | Sina Khadempour | Sina Khadempour (, born January 9, 1997) is an Iranian professional football player who most recently played for Darya Babol in the Azadegan League. He has also played for the Iran national under-23 football team.
Club career
Club career statistics
International career
Khadempour has played 2 matches for Iran under-20 in 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Honours
Naft Tehran
Hazfi Cup: 2016–17
References
External links
Sina Khadempour at PersianLeague.com
Sina Khadempour at metafootball
1997 births
Living people
Naft Tehran F.C. players
Esteghlal F.C. players
Iranian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Sportspeople from Ardabil |
24062783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption%20%281933%20film%29 | Corruption (1933 film) | Corruption is a 1933 American Pre-Code film directed by Charles E. Roberts and starring Evalyn Knapp and Preston Foster. The film is also known as Double Exposure in the United Kingdom.
Plot summary
Tim Butler (Preston Foster) is elected Mayor of a city known for corruption, unfortunately, he is elected by those who are corrupt. Butler is set up and removed from office, to only be convicted of killing Regan (Warner Richmond), a major member of the political machine. Butler is helped by his loyal assistant, Ellen (Evalyn Knapp) and is eventually exonerated.
Cast
Evalyn Knapp as Ellen Manning
Preston Foster as Tim Butler
Charles Delaney as Charlie Jasper
Tully Marshall as Gorman
Warner Richmond as Regan
Huntley Gordon as District Attorney Blake
Lane Chandler as Assistant District Attorney King
Natalie Moorhead as Sylvia Gorman
Mischa Auer as Volkov
Jason Robards, Sr. as Police Commissioner
Gwen Lee as Mae
Sidney Bracey as Dr. Robbins
External links
1933 films
1933 crime films
1930s English-language films
American black-and-white films
American crime films
1930s American films
Films directed by Charles E. Roberts |
62660714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Byrne%20House | Tom Byrne House | The Tom Byrne House, in Lincoln County, Idaho near Shoshone, Idaho was built in 1914 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
It is a one-story lava rock house built by the Hayden brothers, and has some elements of Colonial Revival style. It is about in plan.
It is located northeast of Shoshone.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, Idaho
Colonial Revival architecture in Idaho
Residential buildings completed in 1914
Lava rock buildings and structures |
7085659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Margulies | Jimmy Margulies | Jimmy Margulies (born October 8, 1951) is an American editorial cartoonist. His work appears daily in AM New York and on the website of Newsday, and is distributed nationally to over 425 papers by King Features Syndicate. His cartoons appear regularly in Time, Newsweek, The New York Times and USA Today.
Publications
Margulies has two collections of his cartoons published ...My Husband is Not a Wimp! (1988), and Hitting Below the Beltway (1998).
Awards and recognition
Margulies has won the National Headliner Award and Fischetti Editorial Cartoon Competition (1996), and the Barryman Award from the National Press Foundation (2005). The National Rifle Association of America placed him on their blacklist, which he considers a badge of honor.
In its 2009 "Best of Everything" lists, Time magazine listed Margulies's "Save the Women and Children... and my bonus too" as its top editorial cartoon of the year.
References
External links
Cartoons at AM New York
Cartoons at Comics Kingdom
1951 births
Living people
American editorial cartoonists |
36392603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano%20Marzano | Stefano Marzano | Stefano Marzano (born 1950) is an Italian architect and designer. He served as Chief Design Officer and CEO of Philips Design at Royal Philips International between 1991 and 2011. He served as Chief Design Officer and as member of the Group Management at Electrolux from January 2012 until he retired at the end of 2013.
Education
Marzano studied architecture at Politecnico of Milano. Marzano holds a doctorate in Architecture at the same Politecnico of Milano, a H.C. doctorate in design from the University Sapienza in Roma and a H.C. doctorate in Design from the PolyU of Hong Kong.
Career
Until 1998 he was a professor at the Domus Academy in Milan, and a member of the academy’s strategic board. In 1999–2001 and 2017 -2019 he was a professor at the Design University at Politecnico di Milano. Marzano is also the author and editor of several books on design.
Marzano is a member of the European Design Leadership Board. He is an adviser to several design schools around the world : for example is Founding Dean and Advisory Board Member of THNK School of Creative Leadership. H He was chairman of the advisory board and co-funder of the faculty of Design of the TUe, the Eindhoven University of Technology.
In 2005, Businessweek named Marzano one of 38 global “Best Leaders.” He has also received honorary doctorates in design from the Sapienza University of Rome and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Notes and references
Living people
1950 births
Italian designers
Electrolux people
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni |
23412232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDRS-1 | TDRS-1 | TDRS-1, known before launch as TDRS-A, was an American communications satellite, operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by TRW and launched by on its maiden flight, STS-6.
History
While on the pad, problems were detected with Challenger main engines and repairs were begun. During this time, a severe storm caused contamination of TDRS-1 while it was in the Payload Change-out Room on the Rotating Service Structure at the launch pad. Consequently, the satellite had to be taken back to its checkout facility, where it was cleaned and rechecked. Challenger finally lifted off from Launch Complex 39A of the Kennedy Space Center at 18:30:00 UTC on 4 April 1983.
Operations
Following deployment from Challenger, TDRS-1 was to be raised to its operational geosynchronous orbit by means of an Inertial Upper Stage, which consisted of two solid rocket motors, the first used to raise the orbit's apogee, the second its perigee. The first burn was successful, however the IUS went out of control during the second burn. TDRS-1 separated from the upper stage in a lower than planned orbit. It was eventually raised to geosynchronous orbit by means of its attitude control system. In order to achieve this, a team of engineers from the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland worked for nearly three months using six one-pound thrusters on the errant satellite to push it higher in space. The failure was later identified as a collapsed second-stage nozzle Techroll Seal, a flexible ring which allows the nozzle to move and provide directional control. The Goddard engineers' successful effort required 39 adjustment burns to correct the elliptical orbit to the high geosynchronous orbit desired for TDRS-1. In connection with this rescue, Goddard Space Flight Center on 26 November 1984 honored a group of 34 individuals with the Robert H. Goddard Award of Merit, the highest level of recognition the Goddard Space Flight Center can bestow on its employees. In 1989 its operations were affected by a geomagnetic storm.
TDRS-1 formed part of the first Pole-to-Pole phone call on 28 April 1999, with TDRS-1 being used at the South Pole, and an Iridium phone being used at the North Pole (recorded in Ripley's Believe It Or Not and Guinness World Records in April 1999).
Mission duration
TDRS-1 had a design life of ten years, however in April 2008, it was still operational on the twenty-fifth anniversary of its launch. Over the years, the orbital inclination was allowed to increase so that, for portions of the day (approximately 5 hours), it was able to be used for communications with the North and then the South Pole. Along with Marisat F2, GOES 3 and LES-9, it was one of a number of satellites that were transferred to the US National Science Foundation in 1998, for communications with the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. After Marisat was retired, TDRS-1 became the primary means of communication with the research station. The last functioning traveling-wave tube amplifier aboard TDRS-1 failed in October 2009, rendering the spacecraft unusable for communications purposes.
TDRS-1 proved helpful during a 1999 medical emergency at the NSF's Antarctic Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. The satellite's high-speed Internet connectivity allowed personnel to conduct telemedicine conferences. Doctors in the United States aided Dr. Jerri Nelson, who had breast cancer, in performing a self-biopsy and administering chemotherapy. Later, in 2002, doctors used TDRS-1 to perform another telemedicine conference with the station to assist in knee surgery for a meteorologist.
Because of its orbit, the satellite was able to link the North and South Poles and relayed the first pole-to-pole phone call. TDRS-1 also transmitted the first internet connection and live webcast from the North Pole and supported the first global television event from the South Pole Station - a worldwide television broadcast to commemorate the beginning of the year 2000.
Decommissioned
The spacecraft was retired on or about 21 October 2009, after 26 years. Decommissioning was started on 5 June 2010 and passivation was completed on 27 June 2010. , NASA had repositioned TDRS-3 to assume the duties of TDRS-1.
See also
List of TDRS satellites
References
External links
NASA's TDRS-1 Remote Terminal System Installed at Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex
NASA's Antarctic TDRS-1 Remote Ground Terminal Installed at McMurdo
Derelict satellites orbiting Earth
Partial satellite launch failures
Spacecraft launched in 1983
TDRS satellites
Spacecraft launched by the Space Shuttle
Spacecraft decommissioned in 2009 |
21522761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makowczyce | Makowczyce | Makowczyce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobrodzień, within Olesno County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
References
Villages in Olesno County |
2129423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigmo | Enigmo | {{Infobox video game
| title = Enigmo
|image =
|developer = Pangea Software, Beatshapers (PlayStation Minis)
|publisher = Pangea Software, Beatshapers (PlayStation Minis)
|designer =
|engine =
|released = Mac OS 9 Mac OS X2003Windows2003iOS2008 PlayStation Minis2010Windows Phone 72011 Android2011
|genre = Puzzle
|modes = Single player
|platforms = Windows, Mac OS X, Mac OS 9, iOS, PSP, Windows Phone 7, Android
}}Enigmo and Enigmo 2''' are respectively 2.5D and 3D arcade-style computer games for Windows, Mac OS 9, Mac OS X, iOS and PlayStation Minis developed by Pangea Software. They both involve moving certain substances into their proper containers. The music in both games was recorded by Michael Beckett.
Enigmo was created in 2003 by Pangea Software and was their most successful game ever sold at the time. The graphics are three-dimensional, in a sense; but gameplay is strictly limited to the horizontal and vertical axes. Liquids (water, oil, and lava) fall from droppers and will bounce around the walls of a mechanism. Gameplay consists of manipulating a limited number of dynamic items (such as bumpers, sliders, accelerators, and sponges) to affect various streams of flowing liquid so that the droplets reach their destination: tanks specific for each liquid. The player wins the level when all tanks on the level are filled with 50 drops of the appropriate liquid. In addition to the pre-designed levels, players can create their own using the game's built-in editor and download others for free off of the Pangea website.
In 2004, Aspyr Media ported a 2003 release of Enigmo to the Windows Mobile platform. This version was included with the Dell Axim x50v model PDA; the software is available for purchase from Dell and appears to be limited to the x50v model.
In January 2011, a version of Enigmo is set to be released in the PlayStation Store as a PSP Mini. It will be developed and published by Beatshapers.
In May 2011, a version of Enigmo was released for Windows Phone 7.
Enigmo 2
Enigmo 2 was introduced in February 2006, and expands upon the basic principles set down by the original. Water is still a substance that can be manipulated, but lava and oil were swapped for laser beams and plasma particles. The game adds the dimension of depth to gameplay, and many solutions involving rotating the camera or objects in three dimensions. The graphics were also improved. The game takes place in outer space, specifically near Earth, Mars, Saturn, and asteroids, but gravity functions as it would on earth. Like the original, each container must have 50 units to be considered full''. When all containers are simultaneously full (they lose their contents over time), the player wins the level.
Enigmo for iOS
During WWDC 2008, it was announced that an iOS version of Enigmo was in development and would be available for purchase for the price of US$9.99 at the launch of the App Store. The game makes use of the iPhone's multi touch interface and is controlled entirely via touch. Players can use the swiping and pinching actions to zoom and pan and use their fingers to position the puzzle pieces. The game has been a success; it was voted the "Best iPhone Game" at WWDC '08 and has been met with very positive reviews in the App Store. Originally including only 50 levels, Enigmo has been updated to allow user designed levels created on the desktop versions of the game; the price was dropped to US$4.99 at that time. It was then dropped to US$1.99 on October 8, 2008 and later to US$0.99 for Black Friday. It is currently on sale for $0.99.
Enigmo for iPhone and iPod Touch are now available in Dutch, German, Spanish, Japanese, Italian, and French. JR Language Translations provided the localisation of the game to Pangea Software.
Enigmo 2 for iOS
On September 2, 2009, Pangea Software released Enigmo 2 for the iPhone. It is very similar to the Macintosh version, although it uses multi-touch to control. On September 24, it was updated to support the Retina Display and the iPad. it costs $2.99 and is available from the App Store.
External links
Official website Enigmo 2
References
Pangea Software
2003 video games
2006 video games
MacOS games
Windows games
Freeverse Inc. games
IOS games
PlayStation Network games
Puzzle video games
Android (operating system) games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows Phone games
Aspyr games
Single-player video games
Beatshapers games |
29633338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahle%20%28disambiguation%29 | Zahle (disambiguation) | Zahle may refer to:
Zahle (surname)
Zahlé (transliterated Zahleh or Zahleh, زحلة), the capital of Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon
Zahle and Forzol, a Melkite Catholic diocese in the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon
Our Lady of Zahle and the Bekaa, a Marian shrine
Centre d'Etudes Universitaires de Zahlé et de la Békaa (CEUZB), a university institution
Anibal Zahle, a Lebanese sports club
Zahle District
See also
Zahl (disambiguation) |
40883111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana%2C%20Iran | Vana, Iran | Vana (, also Romanized as Vānā; also known as Vāneh and Wahna) is a village in Bala Larijan Rural District, Larijan District, Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 304, in 89 families.
References
Populated places in Amol County |
4958453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Union%20College | Atlantic Union College | Atlantic Union College (AUC) was a private Seventh-day Adventist college in South Lancaster, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1882. The college closed in 2018 due to accreditation and financial problems.
From 1933 to 2018, AUC was a four-year liberal arts college with a peak enrollment of over 700 students. After a financial crisis in 2011 it suspended bachelor's degree programs, then resumed them on a smaller scale in 2015. In February 2018, the college announced that it would permanently close after the spring 2018 semester. The campus was sold in 2021.
History
Origins
Founded in 1882, Atlantic Union College in South Lancaster, Mass. is the oldest campus in the Seventh-day Adventist worldwide educational system. In 1882, the school was organized as a preparatory school under the leadership of Adventist 'pioneer' Stephen Nelson Haskell to serve the needs of Adventist constituents in the northeastern part of the United States and Bermuda, and was named "That New England School". The next year, it was incorporated and renamed South Lancaster Academy. In 1918, it was renamed: Lancaster Junior College. Then, in 1922, it was yet again renamed Atlantic Union College after being authorized to grant degrees in the state of Massachusetts. That year, the academy and college separated. In 1933, Governor Joseph Ely granted AUC the right to confer the Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1945, the school was first accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC). In 1954, it was authorized to grant the Bachelor of Science degree. Herbert E. Douglass was president from 1967 to 1970. In 1990, Atlantic Union College was authorized to grant the Master of Education degree.
Lengthy legal & financial struggles
In October 1997, Bruce Wells, AUC's Dean, appointed by President Lashley, precipitated criticism for approaching selectmen in the neighboring town of Clinton for permission to use a Clinton address to sell used cars out of the college's parking lot in Lancaster. Six years later, Sylvan Lashley, left the college. There was an investigation by the U.S. Department of Education studied Title IV student aid funds, on which the vast majority of the college's 500 students were dependent at that time.
In 1993, with 82% of enrolled students receiving financial aid, there was a high default rate on student loans and enrollment was dropping well below projections. An auditor's report had shown the college was "essentially bankrupt" and at the time was at least $3 million in debt. By the Fall of 1994, another enrollment drop forced them to borrow $2 million to get through the 94–95 school year; a violation of North American Division working policy to borrow money for operating purposes. In May 1995, the AUC had $6.2 million in debt. Approximately $3 million was owed to the Atlantic Union Revolving Fund and $2.4 million owed to the General Conference. By August 1995, AUC met their first cash crunch and were forced to dip into the endowment funds to meet payroll. This process was repeated in November and December of the same year until the endowment funds were exhausted.
In 1998, the New England Association of Schools and Colleges issued 28 citations to Atlantic Union after an on-site visit. Most pertained to problems with finances, fund raising, the curriculum, student services, and faculty pay.
After a focused evaluation in 2001, the Massachusetts Commission on Institutions of Higher Education recommended to the board of trustees for NEASC that the college's accreditation be terminated. In December 2003, the Board of Trustees placed the college on probation.
In 2008, NEASC placed the college on probation status due to "failure to meet [its] Standard on Financial Resources". In February 2011, it was announced that Atlantic Union College would lose its accreditation on July 31, 2011.
The AUC board of trustees undertook negotiations with Washington Adventist University with the aim of establishing a branch campus of WAU on AUC's former campus. However. AUC President Norman Wendth announced in July that the plan had not gained approval from the Massachusetts Department of Education in time for the Fall 2011 school term. All 179 faculty and staff at AUC were laid off on July 31, 2011. Only one of the 450 enrolled students failed to find a new college in time for the fall semester, while all nursing students transferred to Mount Wachusett Community College in Gardner, Massachusetts. Adult degree program and distance learning students were not affected and automatically became students of Washington Adventist University.
In October 2011 the AUC board of trustees voted to suspend any further negotiations for a branch of WAU after the institutions were unable to reach an operating agreement.
Temporary restart
After 2011 some non-degree educational activities continued at Atlantic Union College. Performing arts instruction continued at the Thayer Performing Arts Center, and a certificate program in evangelism was instituted in 2013, the Northeast Evangelism Training School. Following a site visit by the Massachusetts Department of Higher Education (DHE) and the appointment of a new interim president late in 2012, the college won approval by the Massachusetts Board of Higher Education to offer two degrees beginning in 2013.
The college also began pursuing non-degree educational program. In 2013 it became the home of the Northeast Evangelism Training School. The following year, the college began offering three non-higher education programs.
In November 2014 Dr. Avis D. Hendrickson was appointed president of the college, the first woman to hold that post, and as it turned out the college's final president.
Final closure
Despite the new programs launched by the college, it continued to experience severe financial struggles. After receiving a report from an independent task force, the college's governing board voted in February 2018 to close the college. Degree programs closed at the end of the spring semester and certificate programs closed at the end of the summer.
The campus was sold in 2021.
Campus
Atlantic Union College was located on 135-acres in Lancaster Massachusetts.
Racial & ethnic profile
Atlantic Union College, coeducational since its founding, long served the full range of ethnicities of Seventh-day Adventists. While racial and ethnic proportions varied, during the college's last year of operation in 2011, ethnicity of the student body was 65.7% Black or African American, 16.7% Hispanic/Latino, 6.9% White, 5.9% Asian, 3.9% Race and/or ethnicity unknown and 1.0% Two or more races non-Hispanic/Latino.
During the 1990s, the administration of Dr. Sylvan Lashley was accused of infractions from racial discrimination to mishandling of student aid funds, which resulted in a federal investigation. In 2003 a former employee filed a complaint with the Massachusetts Commission on Discrimination, charging President Sylvan Lashley and assistant Dwight Carnegie with reverse discrimination.
In 2015, the AUC Board of Trustees created a "Reconciliation and Unity" committee to address the lingering effects of past tensions, both social and personal, approving a Resolution on Reconciliation and Unity.
See also
List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities
List of Seventh-day Adventist hospitals
List of Seventh-day Adventist medical schools
List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools
Seventh-day Adventist education
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Seventh-day Adventist theology
Adventist Colleges and Universities
Christian school
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Further reading
References
External links
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Seventh-day Adventist universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1882
Educational institutions disestablished in 2018
Universities and colleges in Worcester County, Massachusetts
1882 establishments in Massachusetts
2011 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Defunct private universities and colleges in Massachusetts
Former Seventh-day Adventist institutions |
28065463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think%20Global%20School | Think Global School | THINK Global School (TGS) is an independent high school that travels the world with students studying in ten countries, over the course of three years. The school is a non-profit, co-educational, and non-denominational. Think Global School was founded by Harald and Joann McPike.
Students at Think Global School gain an education through the Changemaker Curriculum, engaging in place- and project-based learning relevant to the countries they travel to.
Non-profit status
The school is a U.S.-registered 501(c)(3) non-profit entity and has earned the Guidestar Exchange Seal, an award given to non-profits demonstrating a commitment to transparency.
Changemaker Curriculum
Learning at Think Global School is centered around the school's internally developed Changemaker Curriculum, which educates students through a blend of place and project-based learning. There are no formal classes at Think Global School, instead students participate in one multidisciplinary teacher-led module each term that draws heavily from social, environmental, historical, and cultural themes and create several personal projects of their own. For the teacher-led modules, students are either partnered up or work in groups to replicate what employees experience in the workforce.
Each teacher-led module and student-driven project comprises multiple learning targets, which are tied to psychologist Benjamin Bloom's theory of mastery learning. Students increase in mastery rank as they progress through modules and projects and their skills improve as well. These ranks are novice, specialist, and master.
Reporting at Think Global School is done quarterly at the end of each term. The school utilizes a narrative report to present a comprehensive picture of a student's time in country. Students evaluate their own learning outcomes as part of the narrative report as well as receiving feedback from their educators and advisors on their academic and social progress.
Think Local and service learning
Think Global School has three components: in-country service learning, cultural experiences, and learning the local language.
Service learning
Think Global School integrates service learning into its curriculum in several ways. The first is by engaging in service-based activities in the places the school visits. Students create a project that meets a local need in their home country. These service-based projects require the student to work with stakeholders in their local community to ensure project authenticity.
Cultural experiences and weXplores
To help develop empathy and a balanced worldview, students at Think Global School are also exposed to a wide variety of cultural experiences. These experiences are usually held in conjunction with guest speakers who are local experts in their field and often involve the students traveling to a destination to learn firsthand. These cultural experiences cover the environmental, socio-cultural, political, and economic issues that are central to the host country.
Each term students also take at least one week-long series of activities, leaving the host city for another location.
Language learning
The school's core academic program is taught in English. Particular emphasis is placed on learning Spanish, with one term being held in a Spanish speaking country each year. Moreover, students are expected to acquire a basic vocabulary in the language of each term's host country.
References
External links
"Sweden to host first Think Global School trimester" By Marcus Oscarsson
"Cameron Becomes A Citizen of the World" By The South Coast Register
"Life-changing journey for student" By The Press
"Hiroshima International School and Think Global School students mix it up in Multiculturalism 101" By Louise George Kittaka
Boarding schools in New York (state)
International schools in New York City
Experiential learning schools
Non-profit organizations based in New York (state) |
3220393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickeya%20dadantii | Dickeya dadantii | Dickeya dadantii is a gram-negative bacillus that belongs to the family Pectobacteriaceae. It was formerly known as Erwinia chrysanthemi but was reassigned as Dickeya dadantii in 2005. Members of this family are facultative anaerobes, able to ferment sugars to lactic acid, have nitrate reductase, but lack oxidases. Even though many clinical pathogens are part of the order Enterobacterales, most members of this family are plant pathogens. D. dadantii is a motile, nonsporing, straight rod-shaped cell with rounded ends, much like the other members of the genus, Dickeya. Cells range in size from 0.8 to 3.2 μm by 0.5 to 0.8 μm and are surrounded by numerous flagella (peritrichous).
In the natural plant environment, D. dadantii causes plant maladies such as necrosis, blight and “soft rot,” which is a progressive tissue maceration. D. dadantii contains many pectinases that are able to macerate and break down the plant cell wall material. This exposed part of the plant releases nutrients that can facilitate bacterial growth. Commonly infected plants include potato tubers, bulbs of vegetables, and ornamental crops.
Hosts
D. dadantii causes disease on several different ornamental and horticultural host plants throughout the world including: tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates. The host range of D. dadantii continues growing as new susceptible species are continuously being documented. It has also been found in soils, rivers and irrigation water. Host specificity is not yet fully understood. Originally pathovar groups were documented according to the hosts from which they were isolated. Today 50+ species have been identified and more are possible if another classification system based on biovars were to be used. Disease is most often reported on bananas, carnations, and chrysanthemums, but the list of host species is quite vast. Important host families and species economically affected include:
There are also many significant hosts for D. dadantii present in ornamental and floriculture industries, with the families including:
Note: the plant families listed above show examples of some specific species infected within each family, not to say D. dadantii has the ability to infect every species within a family.
Symptoms
D. dadantii is phytopathogenic bacterium causing soft rot diseases on many host plants including some which are economically important. D. dadantii, more commonly known as: soft rot, brown rot or blackleg, causes characteristic symptoms associated with other bacterial wilts, causing final diagnosis to be difficult. The pathogen primarily seeks to attack the plant's xylem vessels located in leaves, stems, blossoms and storage organs of herbaceous plants. D. dadantii is able to infect hosts at any point in its life cycle. In addition to symptoms of wilt, the disease appears as sunken and cracked external lesions also having a brown interior in cross section in subterranean bulbs and tubers Diseased plants will display a variety of symptoms including: wilting, stunting and vascular discoloration of the stems. Early symptoms include water soaked lesions at the site of infection, gradually expanding chlorotic leaves and loss of turgor in tissues.
The intensity of D. dadantii colonization relates to the amount of disease and degree of damage. The pathogen is very successful at infiltrating host tissues due to the many pectinases responsible for disassembly of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Once the cell wall is degraded cellular structure collapses and this cell maceration gives a characteristic "water-soaked" or rotted appearance. D. dadantii grow intercellularly, continuing to degrade cells and colonize, until it eventually reaches xylem tissues. Upon reaching the xylem vessels D. dadantii possesses the ability to spread to new regions of the host and other areas may begin to display symptoms. Colonization within the xylem restricts flow of water causing loss of turgor pressure and wilting of foliage and stems. Restricted movement of important plant compounds eventually lead to death of the host.
Disease cycle
D. dadantii is able to infect the fleshy, succulent plant parts, such as tubers, rhizomes, stems and leaves, causing localized symptoms. As discussed in the symptoms section, it is also capable of infecting the xylem, resulting in a systemic infection that causes wilting. D. dadantii typically originates from infected insects, vegetables or host plant residues. However, the bacteria are also able to survive in soils and other plants without infection. The ability of D. dadantii to live in the soil as a plant pathogen is regulated by virulence genes in response to environmental factors that control whether the bacterium is saprophytic or pathogenic. When D. dadantii is virulent it enters primarily through hydathodes and wounds, with the assistance of jasmonates, where the bacteria rapidly breakdown the parenchymatous tissues with the use of pectic enzymes. D. dadantii produces many pectinases that are responsible for disassembly of the plant cell wall. After the cell wall is degraded, and the contents of the cell are accessed, D. dadantii catabolizes glucose by a fermentation pathway. After the plant has been accessed, colonization is a complicated process that requires many additional factors for successful infection. These factors include: “cellulases, iron assimilation, a Hrp type III secretion system, exopolysaccharides, motility, and proteins involved in resistance against plant defense mechanisms”. The plant attempts to resist the infection with different defense mechanisms and D. dadantii must overcome obstacles, such as defense barriers, secondary metabolites and toxic materials. An example of a plant defense mechanism is to produce a defensive barrier, such as a cork layer. However, when the infection is spread by larvae, the cork layer is eaten as quickly as it is made by the plant. Consequently, the protective cork layer is an ineffective protection mechanism. The bacteria continue to spread and multiply throughout the plant, moving in the intercellular spaces, within collapsed cells and the xylem. As the bacteria grow in numbers, additional hosts are infected through the spread of bacteria by: splashing water from infected plants, insects, and cultural practices including the use of contaminated tools, gloves and machinery and improper storage of cultivated crops or seeds. D. dadantii can be a problem year round, given the right environmental conditions exist. It is able to infect plants in greenhouses, indoor interiorscapes and tropical areas where temperatures and humidity remains high. At higher latitudes, infections are mainly during the hot and humid summer months.
Environment
D. dadantii is a pathogen that is spread through water with the splashing of water from infected plants or recycled irrigation water, insects and cultural practices, such as using contaminated tools and machinery or improper storage of vegetables or seeds with infected substances. Insects are an important vector for movement of the pathogen. Insects are able to carry the bacteria externally and internally and are normally unharmed by the bacteria. However, there is continued research in the area of D. dadantii as an insect pathogen to aphids. The pea aphid is able to contract the pathogen from an infected plant and is destroyed in a mode of action similar to Bacillus thuringiensis by producing cyt-like entomotoxins that cause sepsis. The most important factor to disease development is environmental factors consisting of high humidity and temperatures of 71° to 93 °F (22° to 34 °C). In greenhouses, D. dadantii can survive in potting media with or without a host plant for a year or more and in the leaves of host or nonhost plants for 5 to 6 months. It is unable to be pathogenic below .
Management
D. dadantii is a member within the genus that is able to produce the pigment indigoidine. Rapid identification of this species utilizes this water-insoluble blue pigment appearing in the bacterial colonies as a chemotaxonomic trait. The presence of a soft rot may be an indication of a bacterial disease. However, many other organisms and plant disorders may appear as various soft rot or black lesions.
Proper identification is important for treatment and control measures. Thus a differential media is used to culture Dickeya species and isolate or identify D. dadantii. Researchers at Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan developed a medium that differentiates D. dadantii from other species. This NGM medium contains nutrient agar (NA) and glycerol medium supplemented with MnCl2 :4H2O. To make this media, mix 23 g of nutrient agar, 10 ml glycerol (1% v/v), and 0.4 g MnCl2:4H2O (2 mM) to 1.0 liter of water. Note the pH of this media is 6.5 and it has a light brown base color. The proper temperature for culturing D. dadantii is 28 degrees Celsius. A positive result occurs when a bacterial streak produces a brownish blue color on the agar plate. Further isolation and extraction of the indigoidine pigment is possible using the methods described by Chatterejee and Brown.
Currently there are no effective chemical controls for D. dadantii. The most important practices involve lowering the prevalence of disease by proper sanitation of materials, exclusion of infected materials, and avoiding environments conducive to disease. Most important to disease management is exclusion because D. dadantii can move through vegetatively propagated tissues asymptomatically. Therefore, it is important to have certified disease-free stock.
Some promising biological control research is being done for orchid species. D. dadantii has been studied in commercially valuable Phalaenopsis orchids. Soft rot diseases caused by Dickeya spp is one of the most devastating diseases in orchid production. Orchid growers have used environmental controls to provide the optimum growth conditions for the plants while minimizing the cultivation of the pathogens. Proper control of humidity and air movement combined with clean, high quality water, in a temperature and light regulated facility are the most commonly employed methods for disease prevention.
Other biological controls of D. dadantii include symbiotic fungi known as mycorrhiza and possibly transgenic proteins. Transfer of sweet pepper genes coding for ferredoxin like protein and defensin was shown to reduce D. dadantii disease in Phalaenopsis orchids under cultivation.
Importance
D. dadantii has been associated with bacterial soft rot diseases of a majority of foliage plants, numerous flowering plants and many vegetables. It is a major pathogen for many economic crops such as potatoes, banana and pineapple in addition to ornamental house plants. It causes blackleg of potato.
In addition to the pathogen having important negative consequences, D. dadantii is being used for its positive contributions. Most noble of its contributions is an enzyme, asparaginase, being used in conjunction with other chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients who have had allergic reactions to E. coli derived asparaginase Elspar or pegaspargase (Oncaspar). Secondly, with a strong governmental push towards increasing renewable fuel resources, D. dadantii is being studied for its utilization in ethanol fuel production and its ability to ferment and break down cell walls and pectins as an alternative to E. coli. Although not as effective as E. coli, some genes from D. dadantii were added to E. coli through genetic engineering to allow for pectin degradation by E. coli.
References
External links
Type strain of Erwinia chrysanthemi at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Bacterial plant pathogens and diseases
Orchid diseases
Bacteria described in 2005 |
35666804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnie%20McWatters | Arnie McWatters | Arnie McWatters was a Canadian quarterback and halfback in the Ontario Rugby Football Union.
Coming straight from high school, McWatters played for his hometown Sarnia Imperials from 1935 to 1938, with his finest season being 1936, when he won the Grey Cup and was an all-star. He next played four seasons with the Ottawa Rough Riders where he won another Grey Cup in 1940 and was an all-star in 1942. After one season with the Ottawa Combines, he finished his career playing four seasons for the Ottawa Trojans, the highlight coming in 1945 when he won the Imperial Oil Trophy as OFRU most valuable player.
He later coached the University of Ottawa and Carleton University football teams. In 1991 he was elected to the Sarnia Lambton Sports Hall of Fame.
References
Sportspeople from Sarnia
Ontario Rugby Football Union players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Sarnia Imperials players
Players of Canadian football from Ontario |
15680519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Black%20Flag%20band%20members | List of Black Flag band members | Black Flag is an American hardcore punk band formed in 1976 in Hermosa Beach, California by Greg Ginn, the band's guitarist, primary songwriter, and sole constant member. During Black Flag's 10-year existence, the band went through 16 distinct lineups involving 17 different musicians. Aside from Ginn, the longest-lasting members were bassist Chuck Dukowski (6 years), vocalist Henry Rollins (5 years), vocalist Keith Morris (3½ years), and drummer Roberto "Robo" Valverde (3½ years). The 1983–1985 lineup of Ginn, Rollins, bassist Kira Roessler, and drummer Bill Stevenson recorded four albums and three EPs together in a sixteen-month period. After breaking up in 1986 and briefly reuniting in 2003, Black Flag announced another reunion in January 2013. Two versions of Black Flag are currently touring; the Ginn-fronted band known as Black Flag, and a group featuring founding vocalist Keith Morris and other previous members known simply as Flag.
Members
Current members (Black Flag)
Greg Ginn – guitars, backing vocals (1976–1986, 2003, 2013–2014, 2019–present)
Mike Vallely – lead vocals (2003, 2013–2014, 2019–present)
Charles Wiley – drums (2022–present)
Harley Duggan – bass (2022–present)
Current members (Flag)
Keith Morris – vocals (1976–1979, 2013–present)
Chuck Dukowski – bass (1977–1983, 2013–present)
Dez Cadena – vocals (1980–1981, 2003, 2013–present), rhythm guitar (1981–1983, 2003, 2013–present)
Bill Stevenson – drums (1983–1985, 2013–present)
Stephen Egerton – lead guitar (2013–present)
Former members
Raymond Pettibon – bass (1976)
Bryan Migdol – drums (1977–1978)
Kansas (Jim Dearmen) – bass (1977)
Glenn "Spot" Lockett – bass (1977; died in 2023)
Roberto "Robo" Valverde – drums (1978–1981, 2003)
Ron Reyes – lead vocals (1979–1980, 2013)
Henry Rollins – lead vocals (1981–1986)
Emil Johnson – drums (1982)
Chuck Biscuits – drums (1982)
Kira Roessler – bass (1983–1985)
Anthony Martinez – drums (1985–1986)
C'el Revuelta – bass (1986, 2003; died in 2017)
Gregory Moore – drums (2003, 2013–2014)
Dave Klein – bass (2013)
Isaias Gil – drums (2019–2022)
Joe Noval – bass (2019–2022)
Member history
Ginn formed the band with singer Keith Morris in the summer of 1976. Ginn's younger brother Raymond—known later by his pseudonym Raymond Pettibon—played bass guitar with them in early rehearsals but soon bowed out of the group to focus on his college education. To fill out the rhythm section Morris recruited some of his friends, whom he described as "scruffy beach rat types who were more interested in getting laid and finding drugs than really playing". By early 1977 these included a bassist known only as "Kansas" and drummer Bryan Migdol, though both would frequently skip rehearsals. The band originally called themselves Panic. Ginn's friend Glenn Lockett, also known as Spot, played bass guitar with the group during rehearsals in early 1977. Würm bassist Gary McDaniel, who later adopted the pseudonym Chuck Dukowski, began sitting in with the band and soon became their permanent bassist. Spot became a recording engineer and record producer, recording the band's releases over the next eight years and working with many of the other bands on Ginn and Dukowski's independent record label SST. Panic changed their name to Black Flag in 1978, and released their debut EP Nervous Breakdown in January 1979.
Migdol left and was replaced by Robo, a Colombian national. Morris recorded basic tracks for Black Flag's second release, but left the band to form the Circle Jerks shortly before Black Flag was to embark on a summer 1979 West Coast tour. He was replaced by Ron Reyes, who also recorded tracks for the band's second release but quit mid-performance in May 1980. The band convinced him to return to finish recording the Jealous Again EP (1980), then replaced him with Dez Cadena in June 1980. Cadena sang on the "Louie Louie" single (1981) and both sang and played guitar on the Six Pack EP (1981), but his voice suffered from the strain of constant touring and he expressed a desire to move to guitar. When the band toured the East Coast of the United States in December 1980, they met Washington, D.C. native and State of Alert singer Henry Garfield, who stayed in touch with Dukowski. When they returned to the East Coast that spring, Garfield jumped on stage at a New York City show and sang a song with them. A few days later they asked him to audition in New York City and offered him the position of lead singer. After settling his affairs at home, Garfield met up with Black Flag in Detroit and sang at soundchecks and encores throughout the rest of the tour while Cadena continued to sing the main sets. On arriving in Los Angeles with the band, Garfield took the pseudonym Henry Rollins.
The five-piece Black Flag lineup of Ginn, Dukowski, Robo, Cadena and Rollins recorded the band's first full-length album, Damaged, in 1981. However, Robo encountered visa problems at the end of a December 1981 tour of the United Kingdom and could not legally return to the United States. Descendents drummer Bill Stevenson was brought in to finish the tour with a week of East Coast dates. For the first half of 1982, sixteen-year-old Emil Johnson drummed for Black Flag, playing on the title track of the TV Party EP, but quit in the middle of a U.S. tour after a fight with the band's roadie Mugger. He was replaced by Chuck Biscuits of D.O.A., but Biscuits lasted only several months as he would not agree to the band's demanding rehearsal schedule. With the Descendents on hiatus, Bill Stevenson joined Black Flag in early 1983 as their new drummer, and the band toured the United States and Europe. Cadena left Black Flag in April 1983 to form his own band, DC3, and was not replaced. Ginn also attempted to edge out Dukowski, desiring a new musical direction, and in the fall of 1983 Rollins took it upon himself to fire Dukowski from Black Flag in order to resolve the situation. Dukowski remained involved with Black Flag, acting as their manager and booking agent.
Throughout 1982 and 1983, the band had been in a legal dispute with Unicorn Records over the rights to Damaged that had prevented them from releasing material under the Black Flag name, though they had released the 1982 compilation album Everything Went Black, consisting of demos recorded during Morris, Reyes, and Cadena's stints as singer (Morris was credited as "Johnny 'Bob' Goldstein" and Reyes as "Chavo Pederast"). When Unicorn went bankrupt in late 1983, the band was free to release new material and recorded their second album, 1984's My War, with Ginn playing bass guitar under the pseudonym Dale Nixon. Shortly after the album's recording, Kira Roessler was added as the band's new bassist. The lineup of Ginn, Rollins, Stevenson, and Roessler was Black Flag's most prolific, releasing three more albums in 1984 (Family Man, Slip It In, and Live '84) along with two more albums (Loose Nut and In My Head) and an EP (The Process of Weeding Out) in 1985.
Stevenson was fired from Black Flag by Ginn in late April 1985 and returned to the Descendents. He was replaced by Anthony Martinez, who toured North America with the band and played on the live album Who's Got the 10½? (1986). Roessler was fired in September 1985 and replaced by C'el Revuelta, who performed on the band's final tour from January to June 1986. Ginn disbanded Black Flag that August.
In September 2003, Ginn organized three Black Flag reunion shows to benefit cat rescue organizations. The lineup for these performances was Ginn on lead guitar, C'el Revuelta on bass, Dez Cadena on rhythm guitar and co-lead vocals, and Robo on drums. Pro-skateboarder Mike Vallely sang for Black Flag and drummer Gregory Moore was on the drums for one of the sets of this show when the band played the entire My War album with a pre-recorded bass track by Ginn.
In January 2013, Ginn announced that he was reuniting Black Flag with Ron Reyes on vocals and Gregory Moore on drums and that the band would make a European and North American tour as well as release a new album. Black Flag has been confirmed to headline the Hevy Festival in the U.K., the Ruhrpott Rodeo Festival in Germany and the Muddy Roots Music Festival in Cookeville, Tennessee in 2013. In November of the same year, Reyes was fired on stage and replaced by Mike Vallely from Ginn's other band Good for You.
Also in January 2013, other former Black Flag members who are estranged from Greg Ginn, former singer Keith Morris, former bassist Chuck Dukowski and former drummer Bill Stevenson announced that they would also play some shows as "Flag", playing Black Flag songs, with Stephen Egerton of All and The Descendents instead of Greg Ginn on guitar during Spring and Summer of 2013.
Singers
Keith Morris
Keith Morris grew up in Hermosa Beach and attended Mira Costa High School, where brothers Greg and Raymond Ginn were also students. After graduating in 1973 he studied fine art and painting while working at his father's bait shop. One of his co-workers at the shop was Bill Stevenson, a Mira Costa student eight years Morris' junior who would also go on to be a member of Black Flag (Morris' father befriended Ozzie Cadena, who son Dez would also later join Black Flag). Becoming a fan of heavy rock and protopunk groups, Morris took a second job working at local record store Rubicon Records. It was here that he struck up a friendship with Greg Ginn, whose sister was dating Morris' record store co-worker. Morris soon left the family bait shop and began working for Ginn's amateur radio and electronics business, Solid State Tuners (SST). The two bonded over shared musical tastes, including an interest in early punk rock groups, and decided to start a band together. Morris originally planned to play drums in the group, but Ginn convinced him to take the role of vocalist after witnessing his frantic energy while singing along to the radio. In the summer of 1976 they began rehearsing songs that Ginn had written on guitar, with Ginn's brother Raymond accompanying on bass guitar. By early 1977 Morris had recruited friends of his to serve as the rhythm section, including bassist "Kansas" and drummer Brian Migdol, and the group took the name Panic. Morris performed at Panic's early shows and on their debut EP, Nervous Breakdown, recorded in January 1978. Later that year he and then-Panic bassist Gary McDaniel (later known as Chuck Dukowski) took up residence at "The Church", an abandoned Baptist church the band was then using as a rehearsal space. The band changed its name to Black Flag in early 1979.
By November 1979, however, Morris was growing "burned out" with Black Flag's long and frequent rehearsals, and began making excuses to miss them. His feelings of isolation within the band exacerbated his problems with drugs and alcohol: "I was doing a lot of drugs, and I was drinking quite a bit", he later recalled, "That's like the major reason for me leaving Black Flag, because it wasn't fun, and part of my fun was to drink away the bad stuff, or party away all the things in my life that I didn't want to be a part of." Tensions came to a head during the band's two-day recording session that month for a prospective full-length album, and Morris announced at the end of the session that he was leaving the group. McDaniel later said that Morris quit because "he wanted to stay exactly the same. Our music was changing, and he didn't like a lot of our new songs." Morris claimed to have felt blamed by the other members for slowing the band's progress: "Whenever there would be arguments, everyone would be pointing their finger at me, and it would be my fault. Like, if we weren't learning new songs fast enough, it was my fault. Coming to rehearsal after having drunk a six-pack of beer, maybe having snorted a couple lines of coke, that would be my fault. They made me feel like I was the cement shoes attached to their feet." Black Flag's constant rehearsals also eroded Morris' friendships with Ginn and then-Black Flag drummer Robo: "I guess our line of communication just ceased to exist, and that's really important", he later said, "There has to be some free space, some head time, we can't be around each other in these grungy, dirty, filthy-carpet-covered rooms all the time. We needed to get out and breathe some fresh air, rub elbows with our friends in other bands, and play more shows, instead of just rehearsing, rehearsing and rehearsing all the time." According to Morris, his departure was not acrimonious:
It was entirely my decision. For me, we had pretty much run our course. I love Robo, I still respect Greg, Gary kind of irritated me at times. But the fact of the matter is, when I left I felt no hatred towards them; it wasn't like "Fuck you guys, man, I don't ever wanna see you again!" It wasn't like that. Because I still lived in the church and they were still rehearsing there. They probably breathed a sigh of relief, because I was completely in the throes of being a full-blown alcoholic cokehead, and it didn't help that Robo was one of my suppliers. A couple of weeks later, I started my next group.
This next group was the Circle Jerks, which included guitarist Greg Hetson, who had recently quit Red Cross, as well as drummer Lucky Lehrer and bassist Roger Rogerson. Their early set list included some of Morris' Black Flag lyrics set to new music: Nervous Breakdown's "Wasted", the recorded-but-unreleased "I Don't Care", and two songs Morris had written with Black Flag but had not recorded: "Red Tape" and "Behind the Door" (originally titled "Room 13"). They also used some songs that Hetson had written with Red Cross, and gave them new lyrics. This caused conflict with Morris' former bandmates in Black Flag: "They were extremely angry and spiteful about it," he said. "These were songs that I did with Black Flag, but I wrote the lyrics, so I can do with them whatever I want. We souped them up, we changed the notes, the tempos... The only people who were upset about this were the guys in Black Flag and Red Cross." The Circle Jerks' versions of these songs appeared on their debut album Group Sex (1980). Black Flag responded by rewriting "I Don't Care" as "You Bet We've Got Something Personal Against You!" for 1980's Jealous Again EP, taking the music from their original version but changing Morris' lyrics into a screed against him, accusing him of stealing their song and lying about it, and declaring "you've got nowhere to go but down".
Morris was asked by director Penelope Spheeris to sing with Black Flag for her documentary film The Decline of Western Civilization. Morris declined, and ultimately both the Circle Jerks and Black Flag appeared in the film, the latter with Morris' replacement Ron Reyes singing. After Reyes quit Black Flag in May 1980, Morris filled in for two shows in Los Angeles and San Francisco. "Black Flag was my first love;" he later recalled, "I've got the Black Flag bars tattooed on my heart, branded in my brain. Greg [Ginn] and Chuck [Dukowski] asked me to fill in, and I knew that I was just filling in, that I wasn't rejoining Black Flag on any permanent basis, because the Circle Jerks had made a record, it was very popular, and people really loved us, and we were selling out shows. So everything was cool, and I had no problem filling in for Ron Reyes for a couple of nights."
Ron Reyes
Ron Reyes, a punk rock fan of Puerto Rican descent, dropped out of Mira Costa High school at age 18. He was present for Black Flag's first performance, at the Redondo Beach Moose Lodge, and the experience left a strong impression on him:
I was just blown away. Keith [Morris] was like an animal; it was so fun, to see this guy just screaming and shouting. Everything about them was so over-the-top, and so energetic; the bands I'd seen before, like X and the Germs, they just paled in comparison to the energy that Black Flag had. Those other bands, they were 'rock bands', and Black Flag were...something else. The intensity of Greg Ginn's guitar playing, I have never seen anything like that, to this day. And Gary McDaniel, y'know, he was just wild, crazy, and so intense. It was just the intensity of it all. I'd never seen anything like that before.
Reyes and Dez Cadena were friends and had practiced songs together on guitar. In summer 1979 Reyes moved into "The Church", where Black Flag rehearsed; He would watch the band practice and became good friends with them, particularly Morris. He purchased a drum kit from a friend as a favor, and soon began drumming for a group called The Tourists, with Greg Hetson and brothers Jeff and Steven McDonald. The Tourists opened for Black Flag at their infamous July 22, 1979 performance at Manhattan Beach's Polliwog Park, and the following month changed their name to Red Cross. Reyes continued to follow Black Flag, travelling to San Francisco that fall for their first performances outside the Los Angeles area. By the time Morris left Black Flag in November 1979, Reyes had quit Red Cross and was playing drums with a group called The Tracks. Greg Ginn and Gary McDaniel approached him with an offer to sing for Black Flag. "I was a little bit nervous, I guess," recalled Reyes, "but it seemed really natural; I had no experience as a singer, I'd never wanted to be a singer, but I wasn't intimidated. Because it was very clear to me from the get-go that the whole spirit of punk rock was not about experience, and talent, and chops — It was all about attitude and energy. I figured I had enough of that to get by." Reyes speculated that Black Flag chose him because he was not part of the Hollywood punk rock scene:
They had quite a lot of distaste for the Hollywood scene. So I think they went out of their way to avoid that, and finding a home-grown South kinda guy was attractive to them. Certainly, I was a huge fan, I loved the band, I was at all their shows, right up the front, raising a bunch of hell with them. Black Flag was really kind of a family down there in the South Bay, it was close-knit, and I don't think they would have been interested in going the normal route of doing auditions with people they didn't know. Probably it was just being in the right place, at the right time.
Reyes' first show with Black Flag was December 16, 1979, less than three weeks after Morris' departure. His performance style was spirited and anarchic, characterized by the frantic energy with which he would dash across the stage and hurl himself into the audience while barking the lyrics in a howling, out-of-breath fashion. Ginn also began teaching Reyes how to play guitar, with an eye towards making him a rhythm guitarist as well as vocalist, which would free Ginn up to play lead guitar and add solos to his songs. Ultimately, however, Reyes would never play guitar in Black Flag. He appeared with the band in the documentary film The Decline of Western Civilization and performed with them on their first shows outside of California, traveling to Vancouver, Seattle, and Portland in February and April 1980. Having attempted to record their debut album with Morris the previous November, Black Flag made another attempt at it with Reyes in April 1980. The session was unsuccessful, in part because Reyes would sometimes leave the studio mid-take. "I was a little intimidated by the studio process", he later admitted. "Put me on stage for 20 minutes, where I could just go wild, and I loved that. But now I had to sing the song in key, in tune...And Greg was committed to a level of excellence. He would not have let us do anything that wasn't great. Some of our earlier recordings were frustrating for a lot of us."
Reyes quit Black Flag mid-performance during a May 23, 1980 show at The Fleetwood in Redondo Beach, California. "There was a lot of violence, and I was really starting to lose my taste for it", he later recalled. "It seemed like it didn't matter what we did up there, we could've just been up onstage masturbating and it wouldn't have made a difference; [the audience] would have kept on slamming and going around in circles and doing their thing, and that's all they cared about. I felt, 'What's the point?' ... So I just walked offstage. I remember saying something to the effect of, 'I don't really care about being the background to whatever it is that you're doing out there...' It didn't have anything to do with the other band members, I had no beef with any of them." Black Flag finished the set by playing an extended version of "Louie Louie", with various audience members taking the microphone.
Despite having quit the band, Reyes agreed to return to finish recording the tracks they had begun in April. Recording engineer and producer Spot recalled that "recording the vocals in a posthumous manner [Reyes] was surprisingly cooperative and I was moved to remark: 'This is so easy now! Why didn't you quit the band before this? Reyes later remarked that "Spot just wanted to finish the project. I don't think they had a desire that I would join the band again. I felt, 'OK, that's cool'. I still loved the band, I loved the music, I had no bad feelings towards the guys, so I was totally into it." According to Ginn, "Ron was kind of apprehensive about recording. He liked to sing live, but he just hated the recording process, so it was like pulling teeth, but we finally got it done. And that's the thing about Ron, his energy was incredible onstage, he would just burst out, you know? And we finally got that performance on tape, but it took a little bit of doing, just because he wasn't ever really comfortable in the studio."
Reyes had begun dating a girl from Vancouver, and soon moved there. When the Jealous Again EP was released in August 1980, he was credited on the sleeve as "Chavo Pederast", a mean-spirited joke on the part of Black Flag: "Chavo" after the homeless orphan character in the Mexican sitcom El Chavo, and "Pederast" after pederasty. "At the time, I'm not even sure I understood the derogatory nature of the name, and I don't think I would have cared anyway", said Reyes. "It seemed a very natural, punk-rock thing to do, and I would have done the same thing if I was in their shoes ... When I became a family man, and the meaning of that name became more apparent to me, then it was something I felt a little shame over. I found I had to explain myself, a lot, when people called me Chavo Pederast."
Dez Cadena
Dez Cadena moved with his family from New Jersey to Hermosa Beach in 1974, at age 13. His father, record producer and jazz promoter Ozzie Cadena, befriended Keith Morris' father Jerry Morris. In February 1979 the 17-year-old Dez was present, along with his friend Ron Reyes, for Black Flag's first performance. He continued to follow the band, hanging out at their rehearsals and attending many of their performances. In June 1980 he was playing guitar in a reformed Red Cross when Black Flag approached him to replace Ron Reyes as their singer. Cadena recalled Chuck Dukowski asking him to join the band: "He said, 'You know all the words to our songs, in a week we have to play a gig in Vancouver, why don't you become our next singer? Never having sung before, Cadena was initially reserved, but Dukowski assured him that did not matter. "Black Flag was my favorite band," Cadena later said, "and these guys were my friends, so I didn't want to let them down." In contrast to the sardonic anarchism of Keith Morris and the chaotic energy of Ron Reyes, Cadena's singing was a blunt, flinty bark delivered with passion and fury, evoking vocal cords strained almost to breaking point. His guitar-playing skills were attractive to Ginn, who planned—as he had with Reyes—to eventually position Cadena to also play rhythm guitar, freeing Ginn up to play lead and add solos.
Cadena's first performance with Black Flag was a party at the end of summer 1980 to close out "The Church", the abandoned Baptist church they had used as a living and rehearsal space since 1978. The band had moved out of the building several months prior, and on the eve of a West Coast tour invited many of their fans to demolish the property as means of provoking the police before they left town.
Henry Rollins
Henry Rollins had been the lead singer of the Washington, D.C., based hardcore punk band State of Alert. He had befriended several members of the band and had invited them to crash at his house during their East Coast tour at one point. When Cadena moved to rhythm guitar from vocals, the band hired on Rollins to perform lead vocal duties. After Black Flag broke up in 1986, Rollins, who had already begun a spoken word solo career, founded his own band Rollins Band. Since 2006, Rollins has mostly left the music industry, and has focused his career on his spoken word performances, acting in films and on television, and as a television presenter.
Mike Vallely
Vallely was friends with Ginn during the years when Black Flag was not a performing band, and had sung with the band during a 2003 reunion show. When the band reformed in 2013, Ron Reyes was their vocalist for the first several months. Reyes was fired mid-performance during a November, 2013 show in Australia, and Vallely was invited on stage to finish the set. He has been with the band ever since. Besides singing with Black Flag, Vallely is a professional skateboarder and singer with a number of other punk bands.
Guitarists
Greg Ginn
Greg Ginn is Black Flag's lead guitarist, primary songwriter, sole constant member, and the only musician to play on all of the band's releases. He attended Mira Costa High School with Keith Morris, and started a mail-order company for amateur radio equipment called Solid State Tuners (SST). He became interested in blues and jazz while studying economics and business management at UCLA, and began playing guitar at age 19, becoming a fan of the Grateful Dead as well as various protopunk and punk rock groups He befriended Morris when Ginn's younger sister began dating Morris' record store co-worker. Morris started working for SST, and he and Ginn bonded over musical taste and decided to start a band. In the summer of 1976 they began rehearsing songs that Ginn had written, with Morris singing Ginn's lyrics and Ginn's younger brother Raymond accompanying on bass guitar. By early 1977 they had named the band Panic, with Morris' friends "Kansas" and Brian Migdol on bass guitar and drums, respectively.
Because Kansas and Migdol would often fail to show up for rehearsals, Ginn modified his guitar style to a percussive strum that doubled as a lead and rhythm section. During the band's early years he played a transparent lucite Ampeg Dan Armstrong guitar that he heavily customized, caulking it to prevent blood and sweat from seeping into the electronics and hard-wiring the cord into the instrument so that the socket would not be pulled out if someone tripped on the cord. He had rented storage and workspace for SST at an abandoned Baptist church, and this became Panic's new home when they were kicked out of their rehearsal space in late 1978. When Panic became Black Flag in early 1979, Ginn booked their first shows under the new name himself, and released their debut EP Nervous Breakdown through his own label, SST Records (which shared its name with his electronics company).
Dez Cadena
After the band hired Henry Rollins to be their lead vocalist, Dez Cadena moved to rhythm guitar. After leaving Black Flag in 1983, Cadena went on to front DC3 from 1983 to 1988. He spent the 1990s playing in various bands for relatively short stints before joining the Misfits in 2001. He left the Misfits in 2015 and currently appears with the Keith Morris-fronted Flag.
Bassists
Raymond Pettibon
When Greg Ginn and Keith Morris first began rehearsing together in the summer of 1976, Ginn's brother Raymond accompanied them on bass guitar. By early 1977 Raymond had bowed out of the group to focus on earning his degree in economics from UCLA, after which he became a high school mathematics teacher. "I kinda played bass and learned their songs, but I was never in the band", he later recalled, "There's nothing I could do that would deaden the mind more than play bass in a punk band. Especially that band." In early 1979 the band was looking to change their name from Panic, and it was Raymond—who had since quit his teaching job in favor of pursuing a career as a visual artist under the pseudonym Raymond Pettibon—who suggested the name Black Flag and designed their logo.
Over the next six years Pettibon's single-frame illustrations were used for the band's sleeve artwork, posters, and gig flyers, their unsettling and provocative imagery becoming synonymous with Black Flag's music while helping to build the group's notoriety and expand their fan base. His artwork appears on the covers of Nervous Breakdown, Jealous Again, Six Pack, Everything Went Black, My War, Family Man, Slip It In, Loose Nut, The Process of Weeding Out, and In My Head. He also did artwork for other SST releases including the compilation albums The Blasting Concept and Cracks in the Sidewalk, and released pamphlet books of his art through SST. However, he had a falling out with Black Flag and SST in 1985 over the Loose Nut artwork, which had been used for a flyer several years earlier. Greg Ginn resurrected it without telling his brother and turned it over to drummer Bill Stevenson to do the layout, who cut it into pieces and used them as elements for the cover and lyric sheet. Pettibon became irate and ended his relationship with the band and the label, and he and Ginn stopped speaking for some time: "As far as I'm concerned, SST is not even a part of my past. For one thing, it was dishonestly procured. I was never paid for any of that stuff. If you talk to [SST] it's like Stalinist Russia, rewriting history. Somebody is some big commissar and the next day he's purged and all traces of his existence are literally written out of the official history." Pettibon later worked with Keith Morris again, providing cover artwork for his band Off! in 2010.
Jim "Kansas" Dearman
After Pettibon's exit from the group, a friend of Morris' known as "Kansas", real name Jim Dearmen, became their new bassist. Described by Morris as "just this huge stoner", Kansas and drummer Bryan Migdol were not committed to the band and would often fail to show up for rehearsals. This caused Ginn to modify his guitar style to a percussive strum that doubled as a lead and rhythm section. Kansas left the band before the summer of 1977, and was replaced at rehearsals by Glenn "Spot" Lockett.
Spot
Glenn "Spot" Lockett was a friend of Greg Ginn and a staff engineer at Media Art recording studio, and Ginn invited him to play bass guitar with Panic in rehearsals after Kansas' departure. He later recalled his experience in the liner notes of Everything Went Black:
The band had a total of six songs, each of which lasted no longer than one minute. Greg showed me the simple repetitive chords..."OK, here we go, 1–2–3–4..." and BANG!! the drummer started smashing out a fast, trashy straight four-pattern beat, and the wiry little singer started bellowing and jumping around wildly, and Greg's body lurched forward as he underwent a remarkable transformation from Jekyll to Hyde...Within seconds it was over. Jekyll calmly stepped out of his Hyde as if stepping out of a routine nightmare...I was dumbfounded, shocked; my eyes wide in amazement, my mouth hanging open in disbelief. We played again. "1–2–3–4!!"...Ten minutes later we had played the entire six-song set twice.Chick, pp. 36–37.
Spot decided that he could not commit to playing with Panic, and was soon replaced by Würm bassist Gary McDaniel. Spot continued to work at Media Art and convinced Panic to record their first record there in January 1978, which produced the Nervous Breakdown EP. The studio's senior engineer, Dave Tarling, acted as producer for the session, with Spot's role limited to "setting up microphones and later running some rough mixes for the band."
Chuck Dukowski
Gary McDaniel was the bass guitarist of the band Würm, and met Greg Ginn when he sold the latter a speaker cabinet in early 1977. By that summer Würm were living and rehearsing at a space in the Hermosa Bathhouse, which they referred to as the Würmhole. Würm guitarist Ed Danky met Keith Morris and, learning that he was also in a band, invited him to hang out at their rehearsals. Morris and Greg Ginn came to observe Würm and ended up renting the vacant half of the Bathhouse for Panic, sharing practice space with Würm. When Spot decided that he could not commit to playing bass with Panic, McDaniel began jamming with them. He fit in well with the band musically, and impressed Ginn with his outspokenness and intellectual restlessness. By the end of the year Würm had broken up, and Ginn invited McDaniel to join Panic permanently. "I wanted to tour, I didn't just want to play in my living room", said McDaniel, "I thought Panic's music was easy to 'get'. It came across. Later, our music became more challenging to the audience; but back then, it hit heavy and hard, and people got it instantly."
McDaniel performed on Black Flag's debut EP, Nervous Breakdown, recorded in January 1978. Later that year the band was evicted from the Bathhouse, and McDaniel and Morris took up residence in their new rehearsal space "The Church", an abandoned Baptist church. By December 1979 McDaniel had quit his job working for a pool table company in order to commit himself to Black Flag and SST Records, and had taken the pseudonym Chuck Dukowski. "It was for fun, at first, just trying on personalities," he later said of the name change. "At first I didn't use Chuck all the time, but when I quit my straight job to work on the band full-time, I made a break. I found the new name to be convenient when I had to deal with the police. And I had to deal with them too fucking much. I liked the name Chuck Dukowski — it seemed like a regular guy name." Dukowski developed a prominent presence in Black Flag through both his playing—which was physically aggressive and produced powerful, thudding low-end notes—and through his intellect and passion for revolutionary thinking, which informed the band's ethos. An outspoken anarchist, he would often use interviews and between-song pauses during shows as opportunities to declare his ideas and beliefs.
Kira Roessler
Roessler (sister of Paul Roessler from L.A. gothic punk rock band 45 Grave) replaced Dukowski and played with the band through their mid-to-late period work (1983–85) appearing on the albums Family Man, Slip It In, Loose Nut, and In My Head.
C'el Revuelta
C'el joined the band in 1986 replacing Roesler on bass. He only played on the final tour of the band in 1986. He later came back in the 2003 Black Flag reunion. He did not appear in any of the releases. C'el died on May 3, 2017, after a long battle with stage 4 brain cancer.
Dave Klein
Klein is known for being a bass player in Screeching Weasel (2011–2013) and he went on tour with Black Flag in 2013. Klein left Black Flag in 2014.
Tyler Smith
Smith originally joined Black Flag in early 2013 but had to back out due to personal obligations back home. When he learned that the previous bass player left the band, he contacted Greg, auditioned again, and rejoined Black Flag.
Joseph Noval
Joseph Noval joined as the band's bassist in 2019.
Harley Duggan
Harley Duggan joined as the band's current bassist in 2022. He also plays in Darkhorse Rising.
Drummers
Bryan Migdol
Bryan Migdol (aka Brian Migdol) was recruited from amongst Morris' friends in early 1977 to serve as the drummer for Panic (the band that was the precursor to Black Flag). He performed at Panic's early shows and was developmental in the arrangement of many of the songs which would later be recorded by Black Flag. He played all the drum tracks on the band's debut EP, Nervous Breakdown, recorded in January 1978 at Media Art Studios, as well as some of the tracks appearing on the albums Everything Went Black, The First Four Years and Wasted…Again.
Disappointed with so much rehearsing and very little performing, he decided to leave the band in the summer of 1978. "Our mentality was, we were never popular, and playing music wasn't going to change that. We played because we needed to play — we played what we played because most of the time when we played, we were playing for ourselves. We did an awful lot of rehearsing, and that was because nobody wanted to hear what we were."
Robo
Colombian native Roberto Valverde replaced Migdol in Panic by the end of the summer of 1978. He had entered the United States on a student visa and was living in El Segundo, working in a plastics factory. He had begun playing drums in 1976 and responded to an advertisement that Panic had placed in a record store reading "Band from the South Bay looking for drummer. Into Ramones, Sex Pistols." Valverde impressed Panic with his audition, setting up his transparent perspex drum kit—which happened to match Ginn's transparent lucite guitar—so that all the drums and cymbals were level, and playing with a stiff, robotic style that relied on arm rather than wrist movement.
Emil Johnson
Emil Johnson was 15 when hired, although his place in the band was short lived. His only playing credit is the A-Side of the TV Party EP.
Chuck Biscuits
Chuck Biscuits played with Blag Flag for several months in 1982. He appeared in no official studio releases, but does appear on the live album Live at the On Broadway 1982 and several bootlegs and demo recordings. Prior to joining Black Flag he had been a member of the Canadian hardcore punk band D.O.A. After leaving Black Flag he had a few brief stints playing drums with the Circle Jerks and the Red Hot Chili Peppers, though he was mostly out of the music industry until he began to work extensively with Glenn Danzig, appearing with his bands Samhain and Danzig, and later worked with Social Distortion. He has also had short stints with a number of other punk acts.
Bill Stevenson
Black Flag's fifth drummer was South Bay native Bill Stevenson. A Mira Costa High School student and avid fisherman, he frequented Jerry Morris' bait shop and ended up working there alongside Keith Morris. Stevenson first auditioned to drum for Panic in summer 1978, at age 15, after Brian Migdol had left the band. His audition turned into a drunken jam session including members of Panic and The Last, and the position of drummer in Panic ultimately went to Robo. By late 1978 Stevenson had joined the Descendents, who made their onstage debut as an opening act at Black Flag's second performance, at a San Pedro community center in February 1979. He would later join Black Flag as their regular drummer, and served with them from 1983 to 1985, appearing on all of their studio albums from My War through In My Head. After leaving Black Flag in mid-1985, he reformed the Descendents, and would later found the band All, and play drums with The Lemonheads.
Anthony Martinez
Anthony Martinez replaced Bill Stevenson, and was their last drummer before their breakup. He played on the live album "Who's Got The 10 and a 1/2?" and the live EP "Annihilate This Week", which consists entirely of songs from Who's Got The 10 and a 1/2?
Gregory Moore
Gregory Moore is a drummer from Georgia who is sometimes credited as Gregory Amoore, or simply "Drummer". He has recorded and toured with Greg Ginn on several of his solo releases as well as Ginn's projects Gone, El Bad, and Get Me High. He performed with Black Flag at their 2003 reunion show, their tour in 2013, and on the "What the..." album. Gregory currently plays with the bands Are You A Cop, 2Ton Bridge, and Fer in Los Angeles.
Brandon Pertzborn
Brandon received an email from Greg in early 2014 to see if he would like to audition for Black Flag. He called Greg later that night and they set up an audition two days later. Brandon learned a good number of songs and then drove to Greg's studio to audition. Over the course of a few hours, Brandon played about 15 songs. After he drove back home, he recorded two songs a day and would send them to Greg every day for a week so Greg could get more of an idea what his playing style sounds like. A week after his audition, Brandon got the call that he made the band. Brandon did not know Mike or Greg personally before he started playing with Black Flag, but he had known who they were for years. As a Black Flag fan growing up, Pertzborn was familiar with Ginn's role with the band. Pertzborn used to skateboard in his spare time and knew of Mike Vallely's career as a professional streetskater and a musician.
Pertzborn currently dates Emily Vallely, who is the daughter of Black Flag lead singer Mike Vallely.
Isaias Gil
Isaias Gil joined as the band's drummer in 2019.
Charles Wiley
Charles Wiley joined as the band's current drummer in 2022.
Timeline
References
Black Flag |
24761399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Fuller%20Golden | George Fuller Golden | George Fuller Golden (1868 – February 17, 1912), was a popular vaudeville entertainer at the beginning of the 20th century. He is best known for his monologues about his fictional friend Casey. He was also a prizefighter. He was the founder of the White Rats, a labor union for vaudeville performers.
Performing career
Notable stage appearances
Broadway appearances
Nell-Go-In, Oct 31, 1900 – Nov 17, 1900
The Supper Club, Dec 23, 1901 – Jan 25, 1902, roles: Boss Thomas, Master of Ceremonies
Formation of White Rats
Golden was performing in London in 1899 when his wife became sick and he was unable to work. The Water Rats, a British entertainment charity, helped him with his expenses and with securing travel back to the United States.
When the Vaudeville Managers Association (VMA) formed in 1900, and began demanding a 5% kickback from all performers in exchange for steady bookings, Golden called on his experience with the Water Rats to form the White Rats as a labor union for performers. The White Rats attempted to negotiate with the VMA, led by E.F. Albee and B.F. Keith, to reduce or remove the kickback. After negotiations failed, the White Rats called a strike in February 1901. Vaudeville performers all over the United States refused to work. Many claimed they were sick.
The Western States branch of the VMA gave in to the union's demands, and the Eastern branch went without vaudeville for two weeks. Some theaters shut down completely, others booked replacement acts. Keith and Albee called a meeting with the White Rats in which they claimed they themselves had been against the 5% commission, and would ask the other members of the VMA to remove it. Albee and Keith also agreed to go on the record in the press as being against the 5% commission if the strike was called off, and they did so. As a result, the strike was called off, and performers began to sign contracts with the VMA again in order to secure valuable long-term performing contracts.
Golden wrote a book about the White Rats, My Lady Vaudeville and her White Rats, which was published in 1909 by the Broadway Publishing Company.
The White Rats received a charter from the American Federation of Labor in 1910. However, the union was unable to manage funds efficiently, and lost members because many performers did not want to pay dues to the union in addition to paying the vaudeville managers.
Personal life
Golden had three daughters.
Olive Fuller Golden was born in New York on January 31, 1896. She became a film actress and married fellow performer Harry Carey in 1916. She went on to star in movies and television shows under her married name, Olive Carey. She died on March 13, 1988, in California.
Ruth Fuller Golden was born May 19, 1901, in New York and was a film actress in 1919 and 1920. She died on August 15, 1931, in California.
Mignonne Golden was born on February 27, 1904, in London. She also became a film actress for a few years in the 1920s. She died in New York on September 22, 1997.
Death
Golden died of tuberculosis on February 17, 1912.
References
Vaudeville performers
1868 births
1912 deaths
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in the United States |
4167607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C5-Cyclooctadiene | 1,5-Cyclooctadiene | Cycloocta-1,5-diene is a cyclic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula , specifically .
There are three configurational isomers with this structure, that differ by the arrangement of the four C–C single bonds adjacent to the double bonds. Each pair of single bonds can be on the same side () or on opposite sides () of the double bond's plane; the three possibilities are denoted , , and {{chem name|cis,trans}}; or (), (), and (). (Because of overall symmetry, is the same configuration as .)
Generally abbreviated COD, the isomer of this diene is a useful precursor to other organic compounds and serves as a ligand in organometallic chemistry. It is a colorless liquid with a strong odor. 1,5-Cyclooctadiene can be prepared by dimerization of butadiene in the presence of a nickel catalyst, a coproduct being vinylcyclohexene. Approximately 10,000 tons were produced in 2005.
Organic reactions
COD reacts with borane to give 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, commonly known as 9-BBN, a reagent in organic chemistry used in hydroborations:
COD adds (or similar reagents) to give 2,6-dichloro-9-thiabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane:
The resulting dichloride can be further modified as the diazide or dicyano derivative in a nucleophilic substitution aided by anchimeric assistance.
Metal complexes
1,5-COD binds to low-valent metals via both alkene groups. Metal-COD complexes are attractive because they are sufficiently stable to be isolated, often being more robust than related ethylene complexes. The stability of COD complexes is attributable to the chelate effect. The COD ligands are easily displaced by other ligands, such as phosphines.
is prepared by reduction of anhydrous nickel acetylacetonate in the presence of the ligand, using triethylaluminium
The related is prepared by a more circuitous route involving the dilithium cyclooctatetraene:
Extensive work has been reported on complexes of COD, much of which has been described in volumes 25, 26, and 28 of Inorganic Syntheses. The platinum complex is a precursor to a 16-electron complex of ethylene:
COD complexes are useful as starting materials; one noteworthy example is the reaction:
The product is highly toxic, thus it is advantageous to generate it in the reaction vessel upon demand. Other low-valent metal complexes of COD include cyclooctadiene rhodium chloride dimer, cyclooctadiene iridium chloride dimer, and , and Crabtree's catalyst.
The complexes with nickel, palladium, and platinum have tetrahedral geometry, whereas complexes of rhodium and iridium are square planar.
(E,E)-COD
The highly strained trans,trans isomer of 1,5-cyclooctadiene is a known compound. (E,E)-COD was first synthesized by George M. Whitesides and Arthur C. Cope in 1969 by photoisomerization of the cis,cis compound. Another synthesis (double elimination reaction from a cyclooctane ring) was reported by Rolf Huisgen in 1987. The molecular conformation of (E,E'')-COD is twisted rather than chair-like. The compound has been investigated as a click chemistry mediator.
References
Cycloalkenes
Dienes
Ligands
Eight-membered rings
Foul-smelling chemicals |
24602946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.%20Kwaku%20Duren | B. Kwaku Duren | B. Kwaku Duren (born April 14, 1943; a.k.a., Robert Donaldson Duren and Bob D. Duren) is a controversial African American former lawyer, educator, writer, editor, Black Panther, long-time social, political and community activist; and a former convict who now lives and practices law in South Central Los Angeles. He has run for United States Congress three times and once for Vice President of the United States. As a young man, he spent nearly five years in California prisons for armed robbery. He began reading extensively and taking college classes while incarcerated and after his parole in the fall of 1970, he founded and chaired the National Poor People's Congress. A couple of years later, he and his younger sister, Betty Scott, along with Mary Blackburn and other community activists, founded an alternate school – the Intercommunal Youth Institute (1972–1975) – in Long Beach, California.
In the wake of the shooting death of his sister by a California Highway Patrol officer during a routine traffic stop, Duren helped found and was a co-chair of the Coalition Against Police Abuse (CAPA) from 1975 to 1977. From 1976 to 1981 he was the Coordinator of the Southern California Chapter of the Black Panther Party (SCC/BPP). From 1979 until 1991 he worked for the Los Angeles Legal Aid Foundation, beginning as a Community Outreach Worker; later, as a paralegal and attorney; he was one of the founding members and first president of the Union of Legal Services Workers of Los Angeles (AFL-CIO/UAW).
Duren attended law school at the Peoples College of Law in Los Angeles. He graduated in fall of 1989 and was admitted to the California State Bar on August 8, 1990. He has worked as a “people’s” lawyer and community activist in South Central Los Angeles ever since.
A founding member of Community Services Unlimited, Inc., he was its executive director from 1977 to 2008. As Chairman of the New Panther Vanguard Movement – since 1994 – Duren was co-editor-in-chief, with his ex-wife, Neelam Sharma, of The Black Panther International News Service, a quarterly newspaper published in Los Angeles from 1995 to 2001.
Early life
B. Kwaku Duren was born in Beckley, West Virginia, the hometown of his father, William Preston “Brack” Duren, and his mother, Willie Wade Bennett. Duren is the only son in a family of four children. His father worked as a miner, a prizefighter, and a steel mill worker.
During the Second World War, when Duren was an infant, his parents moved to Cleveland, Ohio. They lived in various places around Cleveland until settling into some new “housing projects." His mother was a housewife for many years but also worked as a housekeeper and seamstress. When “Brack” Duren had his hand severely mauled in an industrial accident at Midland Steel (he lost two-and-a-half fingers of his right hand), and the company dismissed him with a tiny settlement, Willie Duren was forced to seek work cleaning the houses of whites to help support her family.
In 1959, Duren's mother relocated from Cleveland to Long Beach, California. Her husband followed his family to Long Beach shortly thereafter. In 1960, Brack Duren was arrested in a house raid by the FBI and charged with committing armed robberies of illegal gambling joints in Cleveland, which he had done after being injured and unable to find work. He was extradited to Ohio where he served many years in Chillicothe Correctional Institution before becoming a jailhouse lawyer, doing research on his own case (with the help of his eldest daughter, Joyce), appealing, and ultimately winning his release on a technicality. He rejoined and remarried his wife after his release from prison and lived the remainder of his life in Long Beach.
At the age of 17 years, Kwaku Duren was arrested for breaking and entering into a television shop. He served six months in an L.A. county jail facility before being placed on probation. Following his release he worked in a pool hall in Long Beach, sold drugs, and, with a partner, committed a series of convenience-store holdups over several years. In spring of 1966, he was arrested for sticking up a cab driver, convicted, and sentenced to five years to life. He spent four-and-a-half years in Chino and Soledad prisons. (In a bit of irony, he worked as a cab driver while putting himself through law school.)
During his three-and-a-half years in Soledad, a black counselor introduced Duren to the writings of the African American historian and sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois – especially The World and Africa. Even before his slide into criminality, Duren had been a voracious reader. He thus began an intensive study of African–American history while in prison, reading books such as The Autobiography of Malcolm X. He also devoured works by writers such as J. A. Rogers, Erich Fromm, Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx, and Vladimir Lenin. He ordered these books through the California State Library and the U.N's UNESCO library. One particular area that he devoted himself to was the history of slavery and its effects on, and reverberations in, contemporary life. In addition to his autodidact pursuits, Duren enrolled in and completed classes in economics, sociology, and psychology, as well as astronomy, at San Francisco State University. He was paroled in September 1970 at the age of 27.
The Intercommunal Youth Institute
Duren, his younger sister, Betty Scott (aka Betty Scott-Smith), and other community activists founded the non-profit Intercommunal Youth Institute (IYI) in Long Beach during the summer of 1973. This alternative school, a project of the Experimental Educational Institute, Inc., was organized by Duren and was modeled after the highly successful Black Panther Party community school in Oakland, California. Duren was the Institute Director and taught world history. Betty Scott was the business manager. The IYI received a certification from the state board of education and also received Title I [federal] funds. The IYI's motto, “The World is a Classroom,” captured the school's methodology. As well as giving instruction in the “three Rs”, the IYI strove to teach its students self-awareness strategies to avoid gangs, drugs, and the criminal life.
In the summer of 1975, the Venceremos Brigade chose him to lead a delegation of youth to an international youth summer camp in Cuba to meet with and to discuss youth issues with other students, and to learn about the Cuban Revolution. Upon Duren's return to the U.S., the FBI and INS detained him. He was released after a lengthy interrogation about his purpose for visiting Cuba.
Death of Betty Scott
On September 20, 1975, while on her way to the Monterey Jazz Festival, Betty Scott and her partner, George Smith, were pulled over at 4 a.m. in Pleasanton, California, near Oakland, reportedly for a speeding violation. Ms. Scott was driving. During the stop, two California Highway Patrol officers, Curtis Engberson and Gordon Robbins, approached the car. Engberson was young, a recent recruit to the CHP. He approached Ms. Scott on the driver's side of the vehicle; Robbins took the passenger's side. There is a conflicted claim as to whether the officers had their guns drawn, which would not be routine in a traffic stop. Other details of the subsequent events are disputed as well. What is on record is that Scott was shot once in the neck by Engberson, fell into Smith's lap, and died almost instantly. The shooting was probably without malice – though Engberson and Robbins could still have been held responsible – and occurred as a reaction by the young, nervous officer to Robbins's shout, “She’s got a gun!” Smith did keep a gun in the glove compartment, and Ms. Scott had been reaching into the compartment to produce the car's registration in response to Engberson's order to do so. However, powder burns on the victim's neck, the trajectory of the bullet, other physical evidence, and Smith's account strongly suggested that the police testimony was, in crucial details, a fabrication after the fact in order to diminish culpability. An Alameda County grand jury did exonerate the officers (returning a verdict of justifiable homicide), thereby concurring with the police report that Ms. Scott had pointed the gun at the officer and yet this pistol had somehow managed to fall back into the glove compartment after the officer shot her.
Smith, who had been in the front seat beside Scott, was charged with attempted murder of a police officer, although he did not have a gun in his possession and was in shock due to Scott's shooting. Charges against him were later dropped after a series of demonstrations organized by the Scott-Smith Defense Committee. Off-the-record testimony by another CHP officer to a member of the Duren family stated that the officer who killed Scott subsequently suffered emotional trauma as a result of his action.
Duren and his family, including Duren's first wife, Virginia Harris, and Mary Blackburn formed the Scott-Smith Committee for Justice to investigate the incident and then sued the CHP for three million dollars in a wrongful death suit. The suit was unsuccessful. Following Scott's death, the IYI dissolved.
In February 1976, Duren helped create – along with former Black Panthers Michael Zinzun and Anthony Thigpenn – the Coalition Against Police Abuse (CAPA). Duren became its co-chair. The Coalition, notable for its broad-based alliance between the black and Mexican communities in L.A., had as its purpose to prevent, expose, and resist abuse and misconduct by police, and to seek legal redress for such abuse. Duren has been involved in police abuse and brutality issues ever since the formation of The Scott-Smith Committee for Justice and CAPA.
Citizens Against Police Abuse
In 1981, Kwaku was a founding member and co-chair of the Coalition Against Police Abuse (CAPA), a multi-racial community-based organization with activists in East and Southcentral Los Angeles. He later became a lead plaintiff in the ACLU's domestic spying lawsuit against Los Angeles Police Chief Daryl Gates which sought to eliminate the LAPD's Public Disorder and Intelligence Division (PDID). CAPA, et al. vs. Gates, et al., was settled for $1.3 million and the disbanding of the Public Disorder and Intelligence Division (PDID) and the establishing of the LAPD's Anti-Terrorist Division (ATD).
Black Panther
In the summer of 1976, Duren first enrolled in the Peoples College of Law in Los Angeles. Concurrently, he and some other black activists formed a political study group. He and these activists went to Oakland and met with Elaine Brown, Chairwoman of the Black Panther Party, to discuss reforming the Party in L.A.
In October, nearly a year after his sister's killing, and after meeting with members of the Central Committee of the Party, Duren officially joined the Black Panther Party. In January 1977, while LAPD helicopters circled overhead, Duren inaugurated the new office of the Southern California Chapter of the Black Panther Party (SCC/BPP) on Central Avenue in South Central. He believed that the Party had the potential for raising the consciousness of black youth and others in the continuing struggle for “people’s power.” In the summer of the same year, Huey Newton, who had co-founded the Party in 1966 with Bobby Seale, returned from political exile in Cuba. Late in 1977 Elaine Brown quit the BPP as the result of a conflict with Newton, whose behavior had become increasingly erratic, perhaps due to a power struggle exacerbated by Newton's cocaine use.
Nonetheless, Duren continued to work with the Party, reorganizing the Southern California Chapter, growing its membership, and carrying out its community involvement agenda. However, his strong stand against the use and trafficking of cocaine by Party members apparently put him in conflict with Newton and other members of the BPP leadership.
The re-established SCC under Duren's Coordinator status was always small in member numbers. Duren kept it this way because he felt that many prospective applicants were drawn to the Party more for its public and symbolic role rather than for the serious political agenda that the BPP promulgated. Still, the chapter thrived organizing its “survival programs.” These included martial arts training for youth and adults, a Tutorial/Liberation School Program for youth, and a Seniors Against a Fearful Environment (SAFE) escort program.
David Bryant, an African American, who was an LAPD officer under orders of the then Police Chief, Daryl Gates, illegally infiltrated the SCC. This “domestic spying case” became part of the larger civil rights lawsuit, entitled CAPA vs. Gatesagainst the LAPD, and was settled in 1983. In early 1982 the Oakland BBP leadership decided to disband the BPP, and the leadership of the re-organized SCC, collectively, decided to cease operations. CAPA vs Gates, et al. lawsuit. from
A People’s Lawyer
Duren began taking law classes at the Peoples College of Law (PCL) in August 1976. He dropped out about six months into the program and devoted himself to organizing around police abuse/misconduct issues, resulting in the formation of CAPA, as mentioned above, and the reopening of the SCC/BPP in 1977. In late 1979, he was hired as a Community Outreach Worker by Linda Ferguson, Director of the Watts Legal Aid Office (located at Manchester and Broadway in South Central). When a Legal Assistant opening became available about a year later, he was moved into that position; simultaneously, he took paralegal classes at the University of Southern California's Paralegal Program and received a Certificate of Completion.
Around 1981, Duren started an independent law study program with Linda Ferguson. However, his involvement with CAPA v. Gates split his focus, so he withdrew from the study program.
He returned to the formal study of law by re-enrolling in the PCL in 1985. He graduated in June 1989, received his JD degree, and took the bar for the first time in October 1989. He received confirmation that he had passed in November 1989. The California Committee of Bar Examiners delayed his admission to the state bar as the Subcommittee on Moral Fitness put his attorney application on hold. Duren wrote the State Bar's Governing Board and threatened to sue. He was then admitted and continued to work for legal aid, but as a staff attorney. Duren was sworn in by Judge Richard Paez – at the time a superior court judge who had been a former executive director of Legal Aid – in Paez’ courtroom in 1990. Paez was later appointed as a federal judge.
Duren left Legal Aid for private practice in 1991 due to political pressure from the National Legal Services Corporation in the form of heightened scrutiny of his several campaigns for political office (including running for Congress in 1982 and 1986). There was at the time, and still is, a Congressional prohibition of attorneys employed with Legal Aid running for political office (the legislation that proscribes Legal Aid attorneys running for political office was sponsored by the Republican senator from Utah, Orrin Hatch). In 1993, Duren was certified to practice law in Federal Court and in 1998 certified to practice in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. He was appointed to the Superior Court Arbitration/Mediation Panel in 1997 and to the Federal Court's Settlement Officer Panel and Pilot Prisoner Mediation Program in 2000.
New Panther Vanguard Movement
In 1994 Duran was a founding member and chairman of the New African American Vanguard Movement, which later became the New Panther Vanguard Movement. The organisation was mainly an attempted recreation of the original Black Panther Party but as a response to the heightened racial tensions of the early 1990s being felt in America.
Disbarment
At the age of 70, on May 10, 2013, Duren was given a two-year stayed suspension from the practice of law in the state of California and placed on two years of probation with an actual 30-day suspension. He was also ordered to take the MPRE and to pay restitution.
Duren stipulated that he failed to perform legal services with competence by not showing up at a hearing which led to his client's foreclosure case being dismissed. Duren also did not inform the client of significant developments in her case, failed to promptly refund $10,000 in unearned fees and failed to give her a proper accounting when she asked for a refund. He later, belatedly, returned $2,000 of the fees.
In mitigation, Duren had more than 20 years of discipline-free practice prior to the misconduct, has been involved in numerous pro bono activities and cooperated with the State Bar by entering into a stipulation before trial.
As part of the stipulation, Duren was ordered to pay $8,000, plus interest, to the former client.
On March 12, 2017, the Supreme Court of California disbarred Duren after he failed to participate in State Bar Court proceedings related to three counts of misconduct involving a single client matter, which led the State Bar Court to enter his default. The default meant that the court deemed admitted the factual allegations against Duren.
References
Bibliography
DeSantis, John. The New Untouchables. Chicago: The Noble Press, Inc. 1994.
Donner, Frank. Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990.
Duren, Joyce. My Bout with Lupus. Duren Enterprises, 1985.
Duren, Joyce. Profiles in Black. New York: CORE Publications, 1976.
Escobar, Edward. “The Dialectics of Repression,” in The Journal of American History, March 1993.
Hunt, Raymond G., and Magenau, John M. Power and the Police Chief. Newbury Park, California; SAGE Publications, 1993.
Jerger, Burr. “CHP Shoots Black Activist.” Los Angeles Free Press. October 3–9, 1975, p. 9.
Oakland Tribune. “Woman Shot: Pulled Gun on CHP.” September 21, 1975, p. 1.
Sharma, Neelam, and Duren, Kwaku, eds. The Black Panther International News Service. Vols. 4, 5, 6, and 7.
1943 births
Activists from West Virginia
21st-century African-American educators
21st-century American educators
21st-century African-American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
California lawyers
Disbarred California lawyers
Educators from West Virginia
Living people
Members of the Black Panther Party
People from Beckley, West Virginia
People's College of Law alumni
Activists from California
African-American candidates for Vice President of the United States
1988 United States vice-presidential candidates |
52710932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylicasta%20terminata | Cylicasta terminata | Cylicasta terminata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Buquet in 1859. It is known from Brazil and French Guiana.
References
Onciderini
Beetles described in 1859 |
59331575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozyorny%2C%20Smolensk%20Oblast | Ozyorny, Smolensk Oblast | Ozyorny () is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Dukhovshchinsky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia. Population:
References
Urban-type settlements in Smolensk Oblast |
21618064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Cullberg | Johan Cullberg | Johan Cullberg (6 January 1934 – 14 June 2022) was a Swedish professor in psychiatry and psychology, researcher, psychoanalyst, and author of a number of internationally recognised textbooks.
Career
He started his career at the department of gynecology at the Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, in Stockholm studying the effects of birth control. He became head of one of the outpatient clinics in the Nacka Project, doing groundbreaking work on psychiatric care outside the hospital in Sweden. He was recognised for advocacy of lower doses of antipsychotic medicine, reduction in compulsory treatment and more humane psychiatric care. He was awarded the Dobloug Prize (Swedish: Doblougska Priset), a literature prize awarded by the Swedish Academy in 2008.
Cullberg was the son of bishop John Cullberg and brother of painters Erland Cullberg and Carin Adler, and of Staffan Cullberg, who has been head of the Swedish National Arts Council.
Bibliography (partial)
Crisis and Development (1975) (revised 1992)
Creating Crisis (1992)
Dynamic Psychiatry in Theory and Practice (1993)
Mänskliga gränsområden - About extase, psykos and gale creation. Johan Cullberg, Karin Johannisson, and Owe Wikström (red). (1996)
Psychoses, a humanist and biological perspective (2000)
Evolving Psychosis (International Society for the Psychological Treatment of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses) (2006) Johan Cullberg with Jan Olav Johannessen, and Brian V. Martindale
My psychiatric life, Memoires (2007)
References
1934 births
2022 deaths
Swedish psychiatrists
Swedish psychologists
Swedish psychoanalysts
Swedish medical researchers
Swedish non-fiction writers
Dobloug Prize winners
People from Västerås |
4657541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji%20at%20the%201988%20Summer%20Olympics | Fiji at the 1988 Summer Olympics | Fiji competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. The Fiji Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee was formed in 1949 and recognized by the IOC in 1955.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Athletics
Men
Track events
Women
Track events
Boxing
Judo
Men
Sailing
Men
Swimming
Men
Women
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1988 Summer Olympics
1988
1988 in Fijian sport |
40161301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%20Zalu-ye%20Olya-ye%20Neqareh%20Khaneh | Ab Zalu-ye Olya-ye Neqareh Khaneh | Ab Zalu-ye Olya-ye Neqareh Khaneh (, also Romanized as Āb Zālū-ye ‘Olyā-ye Neqāreh Khāneh; also known as Āb Zālū-ye Bālā and Āb Zālū-ye ‘Olyā) is a village in Kabgian Rural District, Kabgian District, Dana County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 11 families.
References
Populated places in Dana County |
23518842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Fork | Russell Fork | The Russell Fork is a tributary of the Levisa Fork in southwestern Virginia and southeastern Kentucky in the United States. Known for its whitewater, it rises in the Appalachian Mountains of southwest Virginia, in southern Buchanan County at the base of Big A Mountain, and flows northwest into Dickenson County. The Russell Fork continues to flow through the town of Haysi, Virginia, the Breaks Interstate Park, and the town of Elkhorn City, Kentucky, in Pike County, to the community of Millard, Kentucky where it flows into the Levisa Fork which, together with the Tug Fork, form the Big Sandy River.
See also
List of rivers of Kentucky
List of rivers of Virginia
Breaks Interstate Park
References
USGS Hydrologic Unit Map - State of Virginia (1974)
External links
Russell Fork Info
Rivers of Virginia
Landforms of Dickenson County, Virginia
Rivers of Kentucky
Rivers of Pike County, Kentucky |
60749735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Jane%20Zhang%20live%20performances | List of Jane Zhang live performances | Chinese singer Jane Zhang has embarked on five concert tours during her solo career, two of which have been worldwide.
Concert tours
One-off concerts
Promotional concerts
Fan meeting concerts
Performances at national events
Performances at award shows
Performances on television shows and specials
References
Lists of concert tours |
55299148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal%20Kanti%20Chatterjee | Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee | Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee (born 1 March 1925) is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Dum Dum as a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Chatterjee was noted in March 2015 as being one of two surviving founders of the Jatiya Sangha prize.
References
External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
1925 births
Living people
People from West Bengal
India MPs 1989–1991
India MPs 1991–1996
India MPs 1996–1997
Lok Sabha members from West Bengal
People from North 24 Parganas district
Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal
Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians |
1753166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunton%20Green%20railway%20station | Dunton Green railway station | Dunton Green railway station is on the South Eastern Main Line in England, serving the village of Dunton Green, Kent. It is down the line from London Charing Cross and is situated between and stations. Trains calling at the station are operated by Southeastern.
History
Until 1961 this station served as the junction for the Westerham Valley Branch Line to Brasted and Westerham. When this line was constructed, a subway was built which passed under the branch platform and allowed access from the main station forecourt to a footpath leading west to Dunton Green. This subway remains in place today.
Accidents and incidents
On 23 April 2021, a tamper caught fire near the station and was severely damaged. Both lines were blocked. Services between and were diverted.
Facilities
The station is unstaffed, having had its ticket office closed in the early 1990s. Tickets must now be purchased from the self-service ticket machine at the station which is also fitted with passenger help points and information screens on both platforms.
The station has a small car park which holds a total of 26 cars. The car park was free until November 2008 when charges were introduced and the car park is now operated by Saba Parking. There is also a small cycle rack at the station entrance.
The station has step-free access available to the London bound platform only as the Sevenoaks bound platform is only reachable through the use of steps.
Services
All services at Dunton Green are operated by Southeastern using , , and EMUs.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
2 tph to London Charing Cross via and
2 tph to
Connections onto fast services to London, and can be made by changing at or .
References
External links
Railway stations in Kent
DfT Category F2 stations
Former South Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1868
Railway stations served by Southeastern |
2917157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%2C%20West%20Virginia | Ireland, West Virginia | Ireland is an unincorporated community in Lewis County, West Virginia, United States. The community was named after Ireland, the ancestral home of a first settler.
Ireland is also the American home of the sport of Irish Road Bowling.
Climate
The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Ireland has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.
References
Irish-American culture in West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Lewis County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia |
71876016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Dean%20Christensen | William Dean Christensen | William Dean Christensen (September 24, 1945 – October 31, 1990), known as The American Jack the Ripper, was a Canadian-American serial killer who killed and mutilated at least four people in Canada and the United States between 1982 and 1983. Suspected in 20 further killings across several countries, Christensen was convicted of two murders in Pennsylvania and sentenced to life in prison plus an additional 40 years in Maryland for rape, but he died three years into his sentence.
Early life
Born in Bethesda, Maryland on September 24, 1945, the upbringing of Christensen is not fully known. His criminal pastimes began in 1969 when he picked up a 19-year-old hitchhiker in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington D.C. He drove her to an isolated area where he raped and stabbed her 19 times in her arms, hands, and face. She survived the attack and Christensen was arrested. He was sentenced to five years in prison for this crime but instead of going to prison, he was transferred to a state facility for delinquents. He was released a year later in 1970. In 1974, Christensen and another man abducted a go-go dancer in Georgetown and drove her to a secluded area. The two took turns raping and beating the woman, with Christensen threatening her by saying "I will dismember you with an hacksaw". Eventually the two drove her to Christensen's parents' home, where they again raped her. The two were arrested and Christensen was sentenced to 16 years in prison. He was released early in 1980.
In July 1980 Christensen abducted a young woman at a bus stop in Washington D.C., drove her to one of his family members houses and raped her, but let her go afterwards. He was soon connected to the crime and arrest warrants were issued. In January 1981 Christensen attempted to move to Toronto but was arrested for falsifying information on his passport, due to which he spent 21 days in jail. Soon after his release, he created an alias called Richard Owen. On April 16, 1981, Owen kidnapped and raped a woman in Montreal. Arrested yet again, he pleaded guilty later that July and was sentenced to a year and six months in prison. Afterwards, it was discovered that Owen was actually Christensen, and since he was wanted in Washington D.C. for rape, US authorities contacted Canadian officials to transfer Christensen to a jail in Maryland. However, due to a clerical error, Christensen was mistakenly released.
Murders
In April 1982, Christensen abducted 27-year-old Sylvie Trudel in Montreal. He brought her to an empty apartment where he raped, beat, and strangled her to death. Afterwards he decapitated and dismembered her body with a hacksaw. That same month Christensen strangled 26-year-old Murielle Guay, again dismembering the body afterwards. Both of their remains were discovered on April 27. Trudel was determined to have been dead for about 20 to 30 hours and Guay was determined to have been dead for 10 days. Christensen was almost immediately identified as a suspect due to him owning the apartment Trudel was found in, and witnesses identifying him as the last person seen with Guay. Christensen soon fled to the United States, while Canadian arrest warrants were issued to locate him. The following month Canadian detectives interviewed Christensen's parents at the family home in Maryland. The two admitted that they had met with their son and smuggled him $5,000. Over the next few months Christensen was allegedly spotted in six different states; Florida, New York, New Jersey, Georgia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.
Christensen, who during that time was actually residing between Trenton, New Jersey and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was using the alias "John Robert Schrader". On September 23, 1982, Christensen picked up 23-year-old go-go dancer Michelle Angiers in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and drove her to Dickson City, where he raped and stabbed her 30 times, killing her. On June 29, 1983, Christensen shot two men at an Amtrak railroad station in Trenton. The men survived. Afterwards, he created another alias called Jeffrey Shrader. On December 4, 1983, Christensen shot and killed 51-year-old Joseph Connelly outside a bar after an argument. Witnesses to the shooting reported what they had seen, and Christensen was located a few hours later and arrested.
Trial and death
Although he had been arrested, Christensen was not yet immediately identified and continued to claim his name was Jeffrey Shrader. He was soon convicted of Connelly's murder. The FBI was brought in to identify Shrader, and collected his fingerprints and uploaded into a database, though the FBI erroneously said the fingerprints did not match anyone on their radar. However, a few days after his conviction, Shrader was positively identified as Christensen. Having been on the run for almost two years, US and Canadian authorities suspected Christensen had killed over a dozen people since then. Due to this, and the brutality of his known killings, Pennsylvania police constable Bill McAndrew labeled Christensen "a real American Jack the Ripper", (Jack the Ripper was a serial killer who murdered and mutilated five prostitutes in London in 1888 and was never caught) a name which stuck with media outlets who soon coined that as the official nickname for Christensen. In early 1985 Pennsylvania investigators linked Angiers' murder to Christensen after finding a bloody knife and hacksaw in his home. Christensen was convicted of Angiers murder in 1990, for which he was sentenced to serve 10 to 20 years in prison. He was also brought to Maryland as he had not been prosecuted for the 1981 rape of a woman there. He was convicted and sentenced to 40 years in prison. In 1990 a cellmate of Christensen revealed that he had allegedly confessed to killing 24 people; two in England, four in Canada, and sixteen in the United States. The claims were investigated but nothing was proven.
On October 31, 1990, Christensen died of natural causes while imprisoned at State Correctional Institution – Huntingdon. His death was not reported until July 1991.
See also
List of serial killers by country
List of serial killers in the United States
Notes
References
1945 births
1982 murders in the United States
1983 murders in the United States
1990 deaths
20th-century American criminals
20th-century Canadian criminals
American male criminals
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American rapists
American serial killers
Canadian male criminals
Canadian people convicted of murder
Canadian people imprisoned abroad
Canadian rapists
Canadian serial killers
Fugitives
People from Bethesda, Maryland
Serial killers who died in prison custody |
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