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9420598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Looby | Bill Looby | Bill Looby (November 20, 1931 in St. Louis, Missouri – December 9, 1998 in St. Louis) was an American soccer forward who spent his entire career in the St. Louis Leagues. He was a member of the U.S. Olympic soccer team at the 1956 Summer Olympics and earned nine caps, scoring six goals, with the United States men's national soccer team between 1954 and 1959. He was a member of the 1959 Bronze medal Pan American Team scoring 6 goals in those games as well. Looby is a member of the Saint Louis Soccer Hall of Fame and the National Soccer Hall of Fame.
Professional
Looby played forward both professionally and for the U.S. national team. In the fall of 1949, he played for Dohle's of the St. Louis Major League. In January 1950, the team was briefly renamed Selby's before becoming Lenneman's as the team's sponsorship changed. In April 1950, Looby signed with Zenthoefer Furs in the St. Louis Municipal League. In the fall of 1950, he joined the St. Louis Raiders which won the National Amateur Cup in 1952. After that victory, Tom Kutis, owner of the Kutis Funeral Home, began to sponsor the team. Looby played the next 2 seasons with the Grapette Soccer team, rejoining the team, now known as St. Louis Kutis in 1954 where he played until 1970. In 1954, he led the Municipal League in scoring. Looby played in Kutis’ six consecutive National Amateur Cup championships (1956–1961). He also scored goals in both games of the 1957 National Challenge Cup championship over New York Hakoah. In 1958, the U.S. Soccer Football Association used the Kutis team as the U.S. national team in two world cup qualifying games against Canada. Another memorable event for Looby as a Kutis team member took place on May 5, 1955, when Kutis defeated 1. FC Nürnberg, 3–2. Looby scored a goal in rhis game. The Nürnberg team in 1955 featured four players from the 1954 West German World Cup championship team. 7 years later, in 1962, Kutis defeated Nurenberg a second time by the same score of 3-2. Looby also scored a goal in this game.
National team
In 1954 Looby became a member of the US National Team. In 1956, he played for the U.S. Olympic team at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He also played in several games in the US team's tour of the Orient leading up to the Olympic games in Australia. Looby earned nine caps with the senior national team, scoring six goals. He earned his first cap and scored his first goal for the US in a 1954 World Cup qualifier against Mexico. He played his last game with the national team in 1959. In 1959, Looby was a member of the U.S. Pan American team which took the bronze medal. He scored six goals in that tournament. Looby was also a member of the 1960 US Olympic team, a finalist for the 1952 US Olympic team, and an alternate for the 1964 Olympic team.
Looby was inducted into the St. Louis Soccer Hall of Fame in 1984 and the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 2001.
References
External links
1931 births
1998 deaths
American men's soccer players
Men's association football forwards
Footballers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1959 Pan American Games
National Soccer Hall of Fame members
Olympic soccer players for the United States
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in football
Soccer players from St. Louis
St. Louis Kutis S.C. players
United States men's international soccer players
Zenthoefer Furs players
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games |
37906845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20In-wan | Kim In-wan | Kim In-Wan (; born 13 February 1971) is a South Korean retired footballer and football coach. He is currently manager of Daejeon Citizen. On 5 December 2012, he was appointed manager of Daejeon Citizen.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
South Korean men's footballers
South Korean football managers
Jeonnam Dragons players
Seongnam FC players
Daejeon Hana Citizen managers
K League 1 players |
2614732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshmukh | Deshmukh | Deshmukh (IAST:Dēśamukh), is a historical title conferred to the rulers of a . It is used as a surname in certain regions of India, specifically in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana Andhra Pradesh and northern parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Goa whose family received it as a title.
Etymology
In Sanskrit, Deśa means land, country and mukha means head or chief; thus, deshmukh means "the head" of a district.
Deshmukh as a title
Local office
Deshmukh was a historical title given to a person who was granted a territory of land, in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The granted territory was usually referred to as the Dēśamukhi. The Deshmukh was in effect the ruler of the territory, as he was entitled to a portion of the collected taxes. It was also his duty to maintain the basic services in the territory, such as police and judicial duties. It was typically a hereditary system. The title of Deshmukh provided the titled family with revenues from the area and the responsibilities to keep the orders.
The Deshmukh system was abolished after the independence of India in 1947, when the government confiscated most of the land of the Deshmukhs. Some families, however, maintain their status as real estate barons, most notably in Mumbai, with holdover properties that were not taken away.
It was similar in many respects to the Zamindar and Jagir systems in India, and can be considered as a feudal system. Typically taxes collected were to be distributed fairly, and occasionally Deshmukhs participated in Vedic rituals in which they redistributed all material possessions to the people. However, the title Deshmukh should not be associated to a particular religion or caste. Deshmukhis were granted by the Deccan sultanates, Mughal emperors, Nizams of Hyderabad and other Muslim rulers and by Maratha emperors (Chhatrapatis) to Deshastha Brahmins, Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus, Chitpavan Brahmins, Marathas, Hatkar-Dhangars , Lingayats, Reddys, Jains, Koli's and Muslims.
During the rule of Qutb-shahis of Golkonda majority of Deshmukhs and Sir-Deshmukhs were Deshastha Brahmins of Madhwa Section. But, later many of these Deshmukhs became Zamindars and Jagirdars during British rule.
In Andhra Pradesh, especially in the Guntur, Krishna, Nellore and Kurnool districts, the title "Deshmukh" was used by Deshastha Brahmin Zamindars.
In North Karnataka many parganas were granted to Deshastha Brahmins and were made Deshmukhs by Sultanate of Bijapur.
In Telangana many Jagirdars of Deshastha Brahmin, Velama and Reddy families were given the title "Deshmukh" by the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Inukonda Thirumali of Telangana describes the role of Deshmukhs:
They were primarily revenue collectors; and when (magisterial and judicial) responsibilities were added to their function they became Deshmukhs, chiefs of the parganas. Gradually, each of these assignments tended to become a watan i.e., hereditary lease. Despite changes in the political authority at the top, this institution survived, since no ruler from above wished to risk disturbing local administration, headed by village officials. This institution was deeply entrenched in the region with local support and structured in organized 'community' life. The Deshmukh presided over meetings of the pargana community known as ['got sabha'] which decided and confirmed claims over inheritance, purchase, and transfer of waters. The Deshmukh by virtue of local sanction and consensus could not be easily displaced from above.
Barry Pavier describes Deshmukhs:
These were, in the 1940s, the layer of the very large landowners in Telangana. They owned from 2,000-3,000 acres at the lower end to at the upper scale. The reforms abandoned the previous practice, of auctioning off the revenue collection in the government-administered areas to farmers, in favour of direct revenue collection by the State. The 'revenue farmers' were given land in compensation. Most of them availed of the opportunity to seize as much of the best land as they could. They also received a pension. The Deshmukhs were thus given a dominant position in the rural economy which they proceeded resolutely to strengthen during the succeeding decades.
Writing in the nineteenth century, Major W. H. Skyes, the statistical reporter to the Government of Bombay, described the Deshmukh:
The Desmukhs were, no doubt, originally appointed by Government, and they possessed all the above advantages, on the tenure of collecting and being responsible for the revenue, for superintending the cultivation and police of their districts, and carrying into effect all orders of Government. They were, in fact, to a district what a Patil is to a village; in short, were charged with its whole Government.
Notables
Nanaji Deshmukh, social activist, founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh Party, MP of BJP; Bharat Ratna.
Gopal Hari Deshmukh, writer and social reformer best known for his Lokhitwadinchi Shatapatre.
C.D. Deshmukh, economist, former governor of Reserve Bank of India and former Finance Minister in the Union Cabinet.
Durgabai Deshmukh, wife of C.D. Deshmukh and founder of Andhra Mahila Sabha.
Gopalrao Khedkar (Deshmukh). 1900- 1970 was the first President of the Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee.
Ramrao Madhavrao Deshmukh (Marathi: रामराव माधवराव देश्मुख) (1892–1981) was a prominent political and academic personality from Amravati, Maharashtra. He was one of the very few Barristers from the region at that time.
Panjabrao Deshmukh, social and political leader, founder of Shivaji education Society, Amravati, the agricultural minister in Jawaharlal Nehru cabinet.
B.G.Deshmukh (1929–2011), former cabinet secretary and principal secretary to three prime (Rajiv Gandhi, VP Singh, and Chandrashekhar), a 1951 batch IAS and the first person to get into the IAS through competitive examinations.
B. N. Deshmukh, Politician and Justice of Bombay High Court
Sheshrao Deshmukh Parbhani
Vilasrao Deshmukh, former Chief Minister of Maharashtra.
Shivajirao Shankarrao Deshmukh, politician and Member of Parliament of Parbhani
Diliprao Deshmukh (born 1950), is an Indian politician and former minister in state Government of Maharashtra
Vijay Deshmukh, Maharashtra state Minister From solapur.
Amit Deshmukh (born 1976), is an Indian politician based in Latur and Minister in Government of Maharashtra
Ritesh Deshmukh, Hindi film actor; son of Vilasrao Deshmukh.
Shivajirao Deshmukh, former Chairman of Maharashtra Legislative Council
Dhiraj Deshmukh (born 1980), an Indian politician from Marathwada region and member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
Anil Deshmukh, Home Minister of Maharashtra from NCP
Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh former Cabinet Minister of Maharashtra
Sandhya Shantaram (nee Vijaya Deshmukh), Actress
Ranjana Deshmukh, Marathi Actress
Sunil Deshmukh, politician and MLA.
References
Bibliography
Dora and Gadi: Manifestation of Landlord Domination in Telangana, I. Thirumali, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 27, No. 9 (Feb. 29, 1992), pp. 477–482
Telangana Movement Revisited, K. Balagopal, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 18, No. 18 (Apr. 30, 1983), pp. 709–712
The Imperial Crisis in the Deccan, J. F. Richards, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Feb., 1976), pp. 237–256
The Telangana Armed Struggle, Barry Pavier, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 9, No. 32/34, Special Number (Aug., 1974), pp. 1413+1417-1420
Anatomy of Rebellion, Claude Emerson Welch, SUNY Press, 1980 ,
Report of Land Tenures of the Dekkan, by Major W. H. Skyes, Statistical Reporter to the Government of Bombay, Chapter VII pg9, Parliamentary Papers, Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons, HMSO 1866
Indian Village, S. C. Dube, Morris Edward Opler, Routledge, 2003, pp. 45
The Landed Gentry of the Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Hugh Gray in Elites in South Asia, eds Edmund Leach and S.N. Mukherjee, Cambridge University Press, 1970
Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons, P. Sundarayya, Foundation Books, 2006
Indian feudalism
Titles of national or ethnic leadership
Indian words and phrases
Deshm
Marathi-language surnames
Koli titles
Surnames of Indian origin |
69100563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20Breeders%27%20Cup%20Challenge%20series | 2021 Breeders' Cup Challenge series | The 2021 Breeders' Cup Challenge series consisted of 84 horse races that provided the respective winners with an automatic "Win and You're In" Berth in the 2021 Breeders' Cup, held on November 5 and 6. Races were chosen by the Breeders' Cup organization and include key races in the various Breeders' Cup divisions from around the world. The Breeders' Cup organization pays the Breeders' Cup entry fee for the challenge race winners, provided they had been nominated as foals. They also provide travel allowances for out of state competitors
Summary
The 2021 Breeders' Cup Challenge series consisted of 84 races from across the United States and 9 other countries. The 2021 series marked a return to a more normal racing schedule after the 2020 racing calendar was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and more closely resembles the 2019 series. Two new races were added to the series: the Suburban Stakes, a qualifier for the Classic, and the Calumet Turf Cup, a qualifier for the Turf. In recognition of the Horseracing Integrity and Safety Act passed in December 2020, the challenge series races did not permit raceday medication.
On October 27, a total of 196 horses were pre-entered in the Breeders' Cup, of which 46 were automatic qualifiers through the challenge races.
Challenge Series races
The following table shows the Breeders' Cup Challenge races for 2021 and respective winners. The status column shows whether the horse was pre-entered.
See also
2021 British Champions Series
References
Breeders' Cup Challenge
Breeders' Cup Challenge series
Breeders' Cup
Breeders' Cup Challenge |
39610399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen%20Whitfield | Owen Whitfield | Owen Whitfield (October 14, 1891 - August 1965) was a preacher and leader of the 1939 Missouri Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration, where both black and white homeless sharecropping families camped out on the side of the road as a means of getting the government’s attention on the vast poverty and injustice of tenants. He was also a union organizer for the Southern Tenant Farmers Union which was “dedicated to the complete abolition of tenantry and wage slavery in all its forms”. Through his use of applied religion, Whitfield mobilized his audiences and exhorted them to stop thinking of the afterlife and instead focus on living and practicing their faith. He is noted for preaching to his audiences: “take your eyes out of the sky because someone is stealing your bread”.
Personal life
Owen Whitfield was born in 1892 in Jonestown, Mississippi to a sharecropping family. His parents were sharecroppers, so they moved often in order to find independence, better wages, and security. After the family purchased some land, his mother died and Whitfield moved in with his uncle in 1909. His uncle, Chuck Whitfield, who was also a sharecropper, funded Owen’s education at Okolona Industrial School. This school was a black institute dedicated to teaching and improving the lives of African Americans. Unlike the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, which specialized in agricultural and manual labor education, Okolona also taught grammar, nursing, chemistry, music, and English literature. After two years at the school, he met and married Zella Glass, who was then a thirteen-year-old cotton picker and daughter of a sharecropper. By 1941, Owen and his wife bore a total of fifteen children. He gained publicity for his participation in the 1939 Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration. He died in 1965.
Spiritual life
Owen Whitfield began preaching in 1924 in the Bootheel but his spirituality was affected by circumstances throughout his childhood. As a child, his mother, who was a devout Christian, would associate the discriminations of the white populations with the devil and would instill in him Christian values. In addition, the principles of the Okolona Industrial School, which emphasized the importance of civic service, also influenced his desire to preach. On November 5, 1936, after he had established himself as a preacher, Whitfield invited Claude Williams to preach at his church. Williams encouraged the congregation to unite and confront southern injustices to better their positions in society. Whitfield was so enthused about William’s message that soon after he joined the Southern Tenant Farmers Union.
Involvement with the Southern Tenant Farmers Union
Whitfield joined the Southern Tenant Farmers Union in 1937 after a spiritual encounter in the summer of 1936. During this summer day, his daughter ran to him and told him that the family had run out of food. Whitfield then fell to his knees in anger and prayed. Whitfield noted that the voice of the Lord came to him and explained that he was indeed blessed but that it was his fault for letting people, the planters, take away his bounty.
After he joined the union, Whitfield used his status as a preacher to reach his congregations. He used the pulpit to preach in favor of the STFU and also used the church as a safe house, for union activities, away from planters. His position as preacher gave him many connections and a respectable status in his community. He made ties with both blacks and whites, including Thad Snow who was a “radical” planter who often advocated for the rights of the tenants in the Bootheel. Under Snow’s guidance and help, Whitfield and his family were able to obtain lodging at the La Forge Project, which was aimed at helping homeless tenants. In addition, in 1937, Whitfield was elected Vice President of the STFU.
The 1939 Sharecroppers Roadside Demonstration
Throughout his involvement in the STFU, Whitfield opposed strikes and urged the sharecroppers to use the power of the government to obtain victories. This belief was used as a backdrop for the 1939 Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration.
As part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal agricultural program, the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was passed. This law was supposed to bring relief to farmers by increasing cotton prices. Although planting acreages were cut, the government issued checks to the farmers as compensation. The sharecroppers were not happy about this legislation however. They viewed it as an evil since the planters would keep the entire checks for themselves by explaining to their tenants that they were switching from employing sharecroppers to day laborers. As a result, the planters would evict the sharecroppers.
In January 1939, mass evictions of sharecroppers were to occur in the Bootheel. Because Whitfield preferred bringing change through the government, he organized the mass demonstration of evicted sharecroppers along the 60 and 61 U.S Highways in the Bootheel. But Whitfield did not plan to just leave the sharecroppers on the road; he wanted the event to be highly publicized. He invited reporters to the mass meetings before and during the demonstration. During the demonstration, Whitfield was not present because of death threats addressed to him. Instead, he was in the north advocating help from politicians. In February1939, Whitfield met with President Roosevelt who agreed to help the sharecroppers. Previous to this, however, the state forced the demonstrators to leave the roadsides because they were hurting the public health. After some time, Whitfield was able to compromise the construction of Delmo Security Homes where more than six hundred sharecropping families were housed. By this time, Owen Whitfield, the preacher and union organizer had gained nationwide recognition as the man who “woke up the cotton slaves” in the Bootheel, Missouri during the first half of the twentieth century.
References
1891 births
1965 deaths
American religious leaders
People from Jonestown, Mississippi
Southern Tenant Farmers Union people
Trade unionists from Mississippi |
1944470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedelino | Nedelino | Nedelino ( ) is a town and municipality in the Rhodope Mountains of the Smolyan Province, southern Bulgaria. The former name of Nedelino was Uzundere (until 1934), which means "Long Creek".
References
Towns in Bulgaria
Cities and towns in the Rhodopes
Populated places in Smolyan Province |
64091048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nner%20%28subculture%29 | Männer (subculture) | The Männer subculture is a subculture which can be found in the southern parts of the Netherlands and which has been influenced by Dutch, Limburgish, German and Belgium culture.
History and etymology
Meaning
The Männer subculture finds its origins in the Southern Netherlands, and is generally used to describe a person or group of people whose views support a serene, laid-back and usually liberally-orientated lifestyle. The word derives from the plural form of the German word "Mann", which translated to English means 'man'. The term gained popularity in the early 2000s and since has become a part of the basic vocabulary of teenagers in most parts of the Southern Netherlands, especially in the province of Limburg. Commonly used synonyms for Männer, when used to refer to a person, include, but are not limited to: "Chiller", "Pik", "Chef", "Jong", ”Joete”, "Chimi" and "Wiekser".
Characteristics and lifestyle
Even though the literal translation would suggest that Männer refers to a solely male-subculture, people from all genders can become part of and participate in the common activities that are associated with the Männer subculture. This is due to the fact that the liberal point of view usually associated with Männer subculture implies the individual freedom for one to choose and act like the gender he or she prefers, thus making it paradoxical to hypothetically exclude people based on their gender type. Furthermore, the word Männer can be used to describe both a single person who is part of the subculture, making it a singularis pro plurali style figure, and a group of people that are part of the subculture.
The Männer lifestyle commonly implies a calm, happy and down to earth approach to life, which for example affiliates attendance to alternative music-festivals as well as listening to alternative music, free artistic expression, responsible usage of drugs, watching so called 'Stoner Movies' and adult cartoons, chilling, and the general urge to avoid being in stressful situations. The Männer is especially intrigued by the main philosophical and ontological questions of mankind, and usually tries to find an enhanced answer to said questions when under the influence of marijuana.
Common phrases
Common phrases used by Männer include, but are not limited to: "Enne" (a greeting), "Auwhoer" or "Auwmuk" (to describe a feeling of excitement or shock), "Wat ga je biggie doen?" (to ask another Männer why he/or she is acting overly masculin), "Auwhoer pik auwhoer" (to describe an extreme feeling of excitement or shock), "Hee Chef" (a greeting), "Jow" (to confirm a question), "Iba! Iba!" (to announce that police officers are approaching), "Jonko" or "Pient(je)" or "sjarrelleke" (to describe a joint)(In the case "sjarrelleke","sjarel" is used when referring to a fat joint), "Tup", "Wiri" or "Assie" (to describe some form of marijuana), "Über" (to describe another Männer), "Djoenta" (to describe someone's profession), and "Kom ballie" (to ask (virtually) present Männer to play a game of football.
References
Subcultures
Limburg (region) |
20517978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorginho%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201978%29 | Jorginho (footballer, born 1978) | Jorge Manuel Amador Galufo (born 29 May 1978), known as Jorginho, is a Portuguese footballer who played as a left back.
Football career
Jorginho was born in Sines, Setúbal District. After several years with local Clube de Futebol Vasco da Gama he signed in January 2005 with Serie B side Modena FC, teaming up with compatriot Manú which had been loaned by S.L. Benfica.
For 2005–06, Jorginho returned to Portugal, going on to play two seasons in the second division with G.D. Estoril Praia. He moved to Vitória F.C. afterwards, making his Primeira Liga debut on 23 September 2007 and playing the entire 2–2 away draw against Sporting Clube de Portugal; still, he featured sparingly during the campaign.
Jorginho joined Asteras Tripoli FC (a team which also featured three other Portuguese players) in August 2008 but, unsettled, returned home after only a few months, signing for F.C. Paços de Ferreira during the January transfer window. On 9 February he played his first match for his new club, a 1–1 home draw to C.F. Os Belenenses.
Jorginho started 2011–12 with F.C. Arouca in the second level, managing to appear and start regularly during the first half of the season. In January 2012, however, the 33-year-old left and signed for União Sport Clube in the Setúbal second regional division.
Honours
Vitória de Setúbal
Taça da Liga: 2007–08
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
People from Sines
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Segunda Divisão players
G.D. Estoril Praia players
Vitória F.C. players
F.C. Paços de Ferreira players
F.C. Arouca players
Modena FC 2018 players
Super League Greece players
Asteras Tripolis F.C. players
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Footballers from Setúbal District |
31800753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%20Montreal%20municipal%20election | 1982 Montreal municipal election | The 1982 Montreal municipal election took place on November 14, 1982, to elect a mayor and city councillors in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Longtime mayor Jean Drapeau was re-elected for what turned out to be his final term in office, defeating challenger Jean Doré.
Elections were also held in Montreal's suburban communities in November 1982. Most suburban elections were held on November 7.
Results
Mayor
Council (incomplete)
Party colours do not indicate affiliation with or resemblance to a provincial or a federal party.
Information about the candidates
Municipal Action Group
Gino Gentile (Jean-Talon) was a first-time candidate.
Independents
Nicola L. Corbo (Jean-Talon) was a first-time candidate.
Results in suburban communities
Dorval
Source: Montreal Gazette, November 8, 1982, A6.
Montréal-Nord
Sources: Montreal Gazette, 6 November 1982, A6; Montreal Gazette, 8 November 1982, A6.
Saint-Leonard
subsequent by-elections
Information about the candidates in suburban communities
Saint-Leonard
Équipe du renouveau de la cité de Saint-Léonard
Pierre Paquet (Ward Ten) was a Montreal lawyer during the 1980s. He was elected to council in 1982 in his first bid for public office. When the Équipe du renouveau dissolved in 1984, he joined Raymond Renaud's Ralliement de Saint-Léonard, but was dropped from that party's list before 1986 election amid disputed circumstances. Renaud said that Paquet had been largely inactive on council, while Paquet said he had been blocked for asking too many serious questions.
Union municipale de Saint-Léonard
Eduardo di Bennardo (Ward Six) was elected to the Saint-Leonard city council in 1978 as a candidate of the Parti de l'alliance municipale. He was defeated in 1982, running for Union municipal.
Claude Beriault (Ward Ten) appears to have been a first-time candidate.
Results in other Montreal-area communities
Longueuil
Jacques Finet of the Parti municipal de Longueuil was elected to his first term as mayor, defeating incumbent Marcel Robidas from the Parti civique de Longueuil. The Parti municipal also won fifteen council seats, as against four for the Parti civique.
Winning candidates are listed in boldface.
Source: Le Parti municipal de Longueuil: Le premier mandat 1978 - 1982, Société historique et culturelle du Marigot, accessed January 22, 2014.
References
1982 Quebec municipal elections
Municipal elections in Montreal
1980s in Montreal
1982 in Quebec |
54864689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinorectispora%20indica | Actinorectispora indica | Actinorectispora indica is a Gram-positive and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Actinorectispora which has been isolated from soil from Kurnool in India.
References
Actinomycetales
Bacteria described in 2016 |
17716366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur%20Kacharava | Timur Kacharava | Timur Kacharava (, Timur Vladimirovich Kacharava; , T’emur Kach’arava; 21 August 1985 – 13 November 2005) was a Russian university student, punk musician and anti-fascist activist of Georgian origin. He was murdered at the age of 20 by members of a far right nationalist group in St. Petersburg.
Biography
Kacharava was born into the family of an army officer near Chernobyl. He studied at Saint Petersburg State University and was involved in a student anti-fascist and anarchist group that organized anti-fascist demonstrations and philanthropic actions. In 2003, he founded the hardcore punk band Sandinista!, for which he played guitar. In 2005, he also played for the crust punk band Distress, which toured Sweden.
On 13 November 2005, Kacharava was stabbed to death in St. Petersburg's Vosstaniya Square after sharing meals for Food Not Bombs, receiving five wounds in the neck. A companion was also stabbed and seriously wounded. Observers believed that the attack may have been motivated by his activism in the anti-fascist movement.
The response and the trial
Over 3,000 St. Petersburg State University students petitioned the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, to find and punish the murderers. In December 2005, police arrested seven suspects who eventually admitted to the crime. On 7 August 2007, Alexander Shabalin was sentenced to 12 years in prison on charges of a murder and incitement to ethnic or racial hatred. Six other members of the gang, who held Kacharava and prevented him from resisting, were charged with inciting social hatred, and were given suspended sentences.
The main defendant in the trial was 14 years old.
Russian human rights association Agora considered the trial as the most important achievement of human rights defenders in Russian courts in 2007.
Kacharava's family, friends and colleagues remained convinced that Kacharava was the victim of an organized and well-armed neo-Nazi group. His friends testified that he had been followed, received threats by telephone, and been targeted before. According to Galina Stolyarova citing the victim family's lawyer in Transitions Online, the court accepted the scenario in which the murderer claimed he had spontaneously suggested beating up an anti-fascist activist, and did not charge the other assaulters as accomplices in the murder. Kacharava's death led some of Russia's young anti-fascists to change tactics and use violence against neo-Nazis and racists.
See also
Racism in Russia
References
1985 births
2005 deaths
Anarcho-punk musicians
Deaths by stabbing in Russia
Assassinated anarchists
Murdered students
People murdered in Russia
Russian activists
Russian anarchists
Russian anti-fascists
Russian murder victims
Russian people of Georgian descent
Russian punk rock musicians
People from Kyiv Oblast |
56663105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araphoe%20and%20Lost%20Creek%20Site | Araphoe and Lost Creek Site | The Arapahoe and Lost Creek Site is an archeological site in Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Site includes evidence of settlement over a stretch along the terraces of Arapahoe Creek and Lost Creek. The site was used by Native Americans more or less continuously for 9000 years until about 1900. Site surveys indicate the presence of at least three dozen hearths, and buried features are believed to exist. The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 12, 1986.
References
External links
Arapahoe and Lost Creek Sites at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office
National Register of Historic Places in Sweetwater County, Wyoming
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming |
7580904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhal%20Desam | Kadhal Desam | Kadhal Desam ( ) is a 1996 Indian Tamil-language romance film written and directed by Kathir and produced by K. T. Kunjumon. The film stars Tabu with Vineeth and Abbas in the main leads. This film marked Abbas's feature debut film and Tabu's Tamil debut film. The film stars with S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vadivelu, Chinni Jayanth, Srividya and others are featured in other pivotal characters. K. V. Anand was the cinematographer for the project and A. R. Rahman composed the film's soundtrack and score. The film was released in August 1996 and became a box office success. The film was remade in Bangladeshi Bengali as Narir Mon.
Plot
In Chennai, a traditional rivalry has always existed between the students of Pachaiyappa's and Loyola colleges. Karthik is a poor orphan who studies in Pachaiyappa's, a hobo in a rented room, travels by the bus, hangs out with a number of friends, and is the captain of his football team. He is also a good poet and daydreams about his dream girl. Arun, by contrast, comes from a wealthy family, studies in Loyola, drives his own car, hangs out with numerous friends, and is also the captain of his football team. In a nasty intercollege riot, Arun saves Karthik's life. So in return, Karthik lets Arun win in a soccer game because he thinks Arun cannot take losses easily. Arun realises that the victory is because of Karthik's sacrifice.
They become good friends, setting a good example of friendship to others in their college. Things go smooth until a new girl Divya joins the college. Both Arun and Karthik fall in love with her, but neither of them realises that both are in love with the same girl. Following a sequence of events, when they realise that both are loving the same girl, their friendship is strained, and they fight with each other. At the end, Divya says that she likes them both but does not want to choose one, thereby losing the other and disrupting their friendship. Hence the film ends with Arun and Karthik regaining their friendship and remaining friends with Divya.
Cast
Tabu as Divya
Vineeth as Karthik
Abbas as Arun
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam as Divya's father
Srividya as Divya's mother
Vadivelu as Wilson
Chinni Jayanth as Shiva
Kevin Erik Gray as Kevin
Joseph as Kevin's friend
Adithya as Kevin's friend
Yasin as Kevin's friend
Dinesh as Kevin's friend
Jyothi as Divya's lecturer
Priyanka as Mary (uncredited role)
Chaplin Balu as Wilson's friend (uncredited role)
K. T. Kunjumon as Director general of police (cameo appearance)
Vasudevan Baskaran as himself (cameo appearance)
Production
Development
Kathir, while writing a script, "wanted some drama rather than plain love and so wrote a story of warring colleges and two boys in them". He narrated a five-minute plot summary to K. T. Kunjumon, who was impressed with it and insisted Kathir to change the film's title to Kadhal Desam from Kalloori Saalai (). The film also took inspiration from the real-life rivalry between Pachaiyappa's College and Loyola College.
Casting
Abbas, then a Mumbai-based model, was in Bangalore on vacation and hanging out at a cybercafé near Brigade Road, when he bumped into Kathir, who asked him to act in his Tamil film. Initially reluctant due to his limited knowledge of Tamil, he opted out and left for Mumbai. A year later, Abbas received a call from Kunjumon asking him to come over for a screen test as a result of Kathir's insistence. Vineeth was signed on to play another lead role in the film due to his association with Kunjumon, having previously worked in the 1993 Shankar-directed film, Gentleman. Tabu was signed on to make her debut in Tamil films and worked on the film alongside Mani Ratnam's Iruvar. Then struggling actor Vikram had dubbed his voice for Abbas, while Sekar dubbed the voice for Vineeth and Saritha for Tabu. A. Karunakaran, who became a successful director in Telugu cinema, started his career as a clap assistant with this film.
Filming
Kathir mentioned that he dreamt of a "beautiful place full of young people" and was inspired by College Road in Chennai, with a setting by the beach which formed as "opening visual idea" for the film. Since it did not exist, he ordered it to be created for the film, costing . Kadhal Desam is the first Tamil film for cinematographer K. V. Anand. Vineeth has stated that Anand, unlike other Indian cinematographers, was able to mold actors, and would offer suggestions to him and Abbas during filming. Significant portions of the song "O Vennila" were shot at a beach from 4:00 am till sunrise at 6:00 am, over the course of 10 days. Filming took place in and around the cities of Chennai, Bangalore, Ooty, Mudumalai, Bandipur, Mumbai and Vishakhapatnam.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film was composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Vaali. The soundtrack was also released in Telugu as Prema Desam and in Hindi with the title Duniya Dilwalon Ki, with lyrics written by P. K. Mishra and Mehboob Kotwal.
Kathir revealed that the first song to be recorded was "Kalloori Saalai", he wanted it to be a fast number, but wanted it to start the song "with a melodious line". Rahman asked for a dummy lyric for it which started with "Inbathai karuvakkinal penn", which Vaali liked and retained it for the final cut as well.
For the song "Musthafa Musthafa", Kathir wanted a song on the lines of an old song "Paravaigal Meethu", which was about friendship. Rahman gave him the tune during a flight journey which Kathir liked it.
Tamil version
Telugu version
Hindi version
Release and reception
Kadhal Desam was released on 23 August 1996. D. S. Ramanujam from The Hindu wrote "Grandiose trappings in the form of giant sets, never before erected on such a scale in an Indian movie, offer a fitting backdrop for a love story. R. P. R. of Kalki praised Rahman's music, Anand's cinematography and grand sets but panned Abbas's acting, unnecessary villain track and Kunjumon's acting attempt.
The film's initial response was average as audience found the second half to be boring which prompted Kunjumon to approach editor B. Lenin who managed to re-edit the film especially trimming the length of the climax fight, and the film became a large commercial success. Rahman won his fifth consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil, and Anand received the Screen Award South for Best Cinematography.
Other versions
Kadhal Desam was dubbed and released in Telugu as Prema Desam and became an equally big success. The Hindi dubbed version, Duniya Dilwalon Ki, however, did not perform as well. The film was remade in Bangladeshi Bengali as Narir Mon.
Legacy
The climax of Kadhal Desam broke a taboo in the Tamil film industry, where a love triangle would be decided with a happy ending. Post-success, Abbas revealed that he felt that "Mustafa Mustafa" song catapulted him to stardom and enjoyed a strong female base after Kadhal Desam. The success of the film prompted Rahman to collaborate with Kathir again in Kadhalar Dhinam (1999) and Kadhal Virus (2002). As a result of respect for his first director, Abbas made a guest appearance in the latter film. The film triggered off a string of youth-based stories in films with Minsara Kanavu and Ullaasam featuring similar story lines.
In popular culture
"Kalluri Saalai" and the instrumental theme of the song and flowers falling on the road was parodied in Tamizh Padam 2 (2018).
References
External links
1990s buddy films
1990s romantic action films
1990s Tamil-language films
1996 films
1996 romantic drama films
Films directed by Kathir
Films scored by A. R. Rahman
Films set in Chennai
Films shot in Chennai
Films shot in Mumbai
Films shot in Visakhapatnam
Indian buddy films
Indian romantic action films
Indian romantic drama films
Tamil films remade in other languages |
46203286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20J.%20McNaught | Kenneth J. McNaught | Kenneth John McNaught (22 April 1913 – 17 May 1999) was a New Zealand philatelist who was added to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1978.
In the 1995 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service.
McNaught was the Royal Philatelic Society London's special representative for New Zealand.
References
Signatories to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists
1913 births
1999 deaths
New Zealand philatelists
Fellows of the Royal Philatelic Society London
New Zealand chemists
Companions of the Queen's Service Order |
54439914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-Serbian%20Humanitarian%20Center | Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center | The Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center (; ; abbr. RSHC) is an intergovernmental nonprofit organization with the headquarters in Niš, Serbia. It is located near the Niš Constantine the Great Airport.
The Center is operating in Serbia and neighboring countries. It is an affiliated member of the International Civil Defence Organization (ICDO).
The Center is designed for fast regaining in case of fire, natural disasters and technological disasters. It is also in charge of the removal of residual explosive devices from the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Apart from these tasks, it also provides humanitarian aid to people affected by emergencies and training and skills development activities in the field of prevention and elimination of emergency situations.
History
Formation
The Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center was established on 25 April 2012, following the signing of the Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Serbia, on the initiative by Sergey Shoygu. The signatories of the Agreement are: Ivica Dačić, at the time Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia and the Minister of Internal Affairs of Serbia, Vladimir Puchkov, at the time Deputy Minister of Emergency Situations of Russia.
On 25 April 2013, Dačić and Puchkov signed further conclusions about the area of activities that Center provides, with the expectations that the Center should begin to work in full capacity until the end of 2013.
2016–17 Western pressure
In 2017, Russian officials launched an initiative that the Center gets a diplomatic status, and its employees, but it came to disapproval by the Western countries. Dačić, Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia, stated that the initiative is being politicized.
In June 2017, Maria Zakharova, Director of the Information and Press Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia called these "spying allegations" an absurd. Hoyt Brian Yee, U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs responded that Center in this form is not a threat, but what it may become would be a serious issue.
Director of the Center explained that with diplomatic status, the Center would have tax relief for payment of equipment and all other expenses.
The United States Ambassador to Serbia Kyle Randolph Scott strongly opposed this idea, saying that: "if diplomatic passports are given to the employees of the Center, inspection of their activities would not be possible". Thus way, he suggested that Russians would gain military presence in Serbia.
In August 2017, in his visit to Serbia, U.S. Senator Ron Johnson urged Serbian Government not to give diplomatic status to the Center, as it may "impact Serbian economy and Western direct investments" in the future.
References
External links
VK account
Telegram channel
Visual tour
2012 establishments in Serbia
Buildings and structures in Niš
Disaster preparedness
Humanitarian aid organizations
Russia–Serbia relations
Non-profit organizations based in Serbia |
31658017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20Roma%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Doubles | 2011 Roma Open – Doubles | Mario Ančić and Ivan Dodig were the defending champions, but decided not to participate.
Colombian players Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah defeated Santiago González and Travis Rettenmaier 2–6, 6–3, [11–9] in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Draw
References
Main Draw
Roma Open - Doubles
2011 Doubles |
16039313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslacq | Maslacq | Maslacq () is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
See also
Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department
References
Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques |
21324969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surasak%20BTS%20station | Surasak BTS station | Surasak station () is a BTS skytrain station, on the Silom Line in Bang Rak and Sathon districts, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is located on Sathon Road to the east of Sathon-Surasak intersection. The surrounding area along Sathon Road is primarily a business zone with many office towers and embassies. Holiday Inn Bangkok Silom is a 5-mins walk, Bangkok Christian College and Saint Louis Churchpatrick are within walking distance to the east of the station.
Station layout
Incident
On the evening of 20 August 2022, a person slipped and fell backwards on the ascending escalator at Exit 3 causing commuters behind to tumble on top of each other, resulting in 28 injuries. The event occurred as concert-goers were returning home under heavy rain, from a concert held at the nearby Bangkok Christian College in commemoration of the school's 170th year.
See also
Bangkok Skytrain
References
BTS Skytrain stations |
7062520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule%2013D | Schedule 13D | Schedule 13D is an SEC filing that must be submitted to the US Securities and Exchange Commission within 10 days by anyone who acquires beneficial ownership of more than 5% of any class of publicly traded securities in a public company. A filer must promptly update the Schedule 13D filing to reflect any material change in the facts disclosed, including, among other things, the acquisition or disposition of 1% or more of the class of securities that are the subject of the filing.
Form uses
13D filings allow the investing public to see who a public company's large shareholders are, and, perhaps more importantly, why they have an interest in the company. These filings may be a precursor to hostile takeovers, company breakups, and other "change of control" events.
Reading the form
Schedule 13D consists of seven different sections:
Security and Issuer - This section contains basic information regarding the type and class of the security and the contact information of the owner.
Identity and Background - This section contains even more background into the owner, including if they were involved in any criminal activity in the past.
Source and Amount of Funds or Other Considerations - This section lets investors know where the money is coming from. The most important use for this section is in determining if a buyout situation is overleveraged, when a majority of the purchase is leveraged or borrowed capital.
Purpose of Transaction - This is the most important portion of the 13D filing. It allows you to see why they are buying shares in the company, whether it be for acquisition, hostile takeover, proxy battle, or simply because they believe it is undervalued.
Interest in Securities of the Issuer - This section states the express purpose of the transaction, which should be explained better in section 4 (Purpose of Transaction).
Contracts, Arrangements, Understandings or Relationships with Respect to the Securities of the Issuer - This section contains any special relationships between the owner and the company. This is important to be sure that the buying is legitimate and not just a friend purchasing stock or the result of some other agreement.
Materials to Be Filed as Exhibits - This is the second most important section. It contains any exhibits that may be filed along with the form. This is famously used for the filing of letters to management in the event of a hostile takeover. Exhibits can also elaborate on the Purpose of Transaction (Section 4).
Services
An aggregate database of schedules 13D, 13G, 13F are provided by private service providers such as Edgar.
See also
Schedule 13G
Schedule TO
Form 13F
References
External links
SEC homepage
Edgar
Fillable Schedule 13D and short instructions
Short Interest API
SEC filings |
14421790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevi%C5%A1ovice | Jevišovice | Jevišovice () is a town in Znojmo District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.
Geography
Jevišovice is located about north of Znojmo and southwest of Brno. It lies in the Jevišovice Uplands. It is situated on the right bank of the Jevišovka River. The Jevišovice Reservoir is built on the river.
History
The first written mention of Jevišovice is from 1289. Until 1945, it was a town. In 2007, Jevišovice was restored the title of a town.
Sights
The most significant monument is the Old Castle. The original Gothic castle was baroque rebuilt by Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches in the first half of the 17th century. Today it is owned and administered by Moravské zemské muzeum in Brno and containts several expositions.
The New Castle was built by Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches in the early 1680s as a wooden Baroque hunting castle, and replaced in 1879 by the current structure. Today it houses a retirement house. It has a large castle park with 22 Baroque sculptures which is open to the public.
Notable people
Joann Venuto (1746–1833), painter
References
External links
Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Znojmo District |
41936764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkabad | Peshkabad | Peshkabad (, also Romanized as Peshkābād; also known as Jaʿfarābād, Beshekābād, Beskekābād, Pīshak Ābād, Pīshekābād, and Pīshokābād) is a village in Bampur-e Gharbi Rural District of Kalatan District, Bampur County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 2,588 in 495 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,760 people in 611 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 2,815 people in 686 households; it was the largest village in its rural district.
References
Bampur County
Populated places in Bampur County |
62331378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20constant | Markov constant | In number theory, specifically in Diophantine approximation theory, the Markov constant of an irrational number is the factor for which Dirichlet's approximation theorem can be improved for .
History and motivation
Certain numbers can be approximated well by certain rationals; specifically, the convergents of the continued fraction are the best approximations by rational numbers having denominators less than a certain bound. For example, the approximation is the best rational approximation among rational numbers with denominator up to 56. Also, some numbers can be approximated more readily than others. Dirichlet proved in 1840 that the least readily approximable numbers are the rational numbers, in the sense that for every irrational number there exists infinitely many rational numbers approximating it to a certain degree of accuracy that only finitely many such rational approximations exist for rational numbers . Specifically, he proved that for any number there are infinitely many pairs of relatively prime numbers such that if and only if is irrational.
51 years later, Hurwitz further improved Dirichlet's approximation theorem by a factor of , improving the right-hand side from to for irrational numbers:
The above result is best possible since the golden ratio is irrational but if we replace by any larger number in the above expression then we will only be able to find finitely many rational numbers that satisfy the inequality for .
Furthermore, he showed that among the irrational numbers, the least readily approximable numbers are those of the form where is the golden ratio, and . (These numbers are said to be equivalent to .) If we omit these numbers, just as we omitted the rational numbers in Dirichlet's theorem, then we can increase the number to 2. Again this new bound is best possible in the new setting, but this time the number , and numbers equivalent to it, limits the bound. If we don't allow those numbers then we can again increase the number on the right hand side of the inequality from 2 to /5, for which the numbers equivalent to limits the bound. The numbers generated show how well these numbers can be approximated, this can be seen as a property of the real numbers.
However, instead of considering Hurwitz's theorem (and the extensions mentioned above) as a property of the real numbers except certain special numbers, we can consider it as a property of each excluded number. Thus, the theorem can be interpreted as "numbers equivalent to , or are among the least readily approximable irrational numbers." This leads us to consider how accurately each number can be approximated by rationals - specifically, by how much can the factor in Dirichlet's approximation theorem be increased to from 1 for that specific number.
Definition
Mathematically, the Markov constant of irrational is defined as . If the set does not have an upper bound we define .
Alternatively, it can be defined as where is defined as the closest integer to .
Properties and results
Hurwitz's theorem implies that for all .
If is its continued fraction expansion then .
From the above, if then . This implies that if and only if is not bounded. In particular, if is a quadratic irrationality. In fact, the lower bound for can be strengthened to , the tightest possible.
The values of for which are families of quadratic irrationalities having the same period (but at different offsets), and the values of for these are limited to Lagrange numbers. There are uncountably many numbers for which , no two of which have the same ending; for instance, for each number where , .
If where then . In particular if them .
The set forms the Lagrange spectrum. It contains the interval where F is Freiman's constant. Hence, if then there exists irrational whose Markov constant is .
Numbers having a Markov constant less than 3
Burger et al. (2002) provides a formula for which the quadratic irrationality whose Markov constant is the nth Lagrange number:
where is the nth Markov number, and is the smallest positive integer such that .
Nicholls (1978) provides a geometric proof of this (based on circles tangent to each other), providing a method that these numbers can be systematically found.
Examples
Markov constant of two numbers
Since ,
As because the continued fraction representation of is unbounded.
Numbers having Markov constant less than 3
Consider ; Then . By trial and error it can be found that . Then
See also
Lagrange number
Continued fraction
Lagrange spectrum
References
Continued fractions
Diophantine approximation |
30105789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down%20Here%20on%20the%20Ground | Down Here on the Ground | Down Here on the Ground is an album by the jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery, released in 1968. It reached number one on the Billboard Jazz album chart and number 4 on the R&B chart. It also reached number 38 on the Billboard 200.
The song "Down Here on the Ground" is Montgomery's version of the theme song from the movie Cool Hand Luke, by Lalo Schifrin.
Reception
In his AllMusic review, Michael G. Nastos wrote: "The arrangements of Don Sebesky are for the most part pretty, unobtrusive, and pleasant but lack groove and soul in the main… In many real and important ways, this is the beginning of the end for Montgomery as a jazz artist, and the inception of bachelor pad lounge/mood music that only lasted for a brief time. This recording, with no extra material, alternate takes, or bonus tracks, cannot compare to Charlie Parker with strings. It does fall in that category of recordings where the musicians chose to produce, rather than create their personal brand of jazz, and is at the very least an historical footnote."
Track listing
"Wind Song" (Herb Alpert, Nick Ceroli, Neil Larsen, John Pisano, Paul Francis Webster) – 2:22
"Georgia on My Mind" (Hoagy Carmichael, Stuart Gorrell) – 2:46
"The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener" (Tony Hatch, Jackie Trent) – 2:36
"Down Here on the Ground" (Lalo Schifrin, Gale Garnett) – 3:42
"Up and at It" (Wes Montgomery) – 4:15
"Goin' on to Detroit" (Montgomery) – 3:38
"I Say a Little Prayer for You" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 3:18
"When I Look in Your Eyes" (Leslie Bricusse) – 3:11
"Know It All (Quem Diz Que Sabe)" (João Donato, Paulo Valle) – 2:59
"The Fox" (Lalo Schifrin) – 2:56
Personnel
Wes Montgomery – guitar
Herbie Hancock – piano
Ron Carter – bass
Grady Tate – drums
Ray Barretto – percussion
Hubert Laws – flute, oboe
George Marge – flute, oboe
Romeo Penque – flute, oboe
Bobby Rosengarden – percussion
Mike Mainieri – vibraphone
Gene Orloff – violin
Raoul Poliakin – violin
George Ricci – cello
Emanuel Vardi – viola
Production notes:
Creed Taylor – producer
Don Sebesky – arranger, conductor
Rudy Van Gelder – engineer
Kevin Reeves – mastering
John Synder – remastering
Pete Turner – cover photo, photography
Isabelle Wong – design
Sam Antupit – design
Hollis King – art direction
Andy Kman – production coordinator
Harry Weinger – reissue supervisor
Chart positions
References
1968 albums
Wes Montgomery albums
Albums produced by Creed Taylor
A&M Records albums
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio
Albums arranged by Don Sebesky
Albums conducted by Don Sebesky |
25805469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garra%20nigricollis | Garra nigricollis | Garra nigricollis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Garra.
References
Garra
Fish described in 2004 |
67530397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20scripts%20of%20the%20Indian%20subcontinent | Ancient scripts of the Indian subcontinent | Ancient Indian scripts have been used in the history of the Indian subcontinent as writing systems. The Indian subcontinent consists of various separate linguistic communities, each of which share a common language and culture. The people of the ancient India wrote in many scripts which largely have common roots.
Indus script
The Indus script (also known as the Harappan script) is a corpus of symbols produced by the Indus Valley civilization, in Harrapa and Kot Diji.
Most inscriptions containing these symbols are extremely short, making it difficult to judge whether or not these symbols constituted a script used to record a language, or even symbolise a writing system. In spite of many attempts, the 'script' has not yet been deciphered, but efforts are ongoing. It was used during time period of 2700–1900 BCE
Gupta script
The Gupta script (sometimes referred to as Gupta Brahmi script or Late Brahmi script) was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India, which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brāhmī and gave rise to the Nāgarī, Śāradā and Siddhaṃ scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important scripts of India, including Devanāgarī (the most common script used for writing Sanskrit since the 19th century), the Gurmukhī script for Punjabi, the Bengali-Assamese script and the Tibetan script.
Siddhaṃ script
(also ), also known in its later evolved form as Siddhamātṛkā, is a medieval Brahmic abugida, derived from the Gupta script and ancestral to the Nāgarī, Assamese, Bengali, Tirhuta, Odia and Nepalese scripts.
Tibetan script
The Tibetan script is a segmental writing system (abugida) of Indic origin used to write certain Tibetic languages, including Tibetan, Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Ladakhi, Jirel and sometimes Balti. It has also been used for some non-Tibetic languages in close cultural contact with Tibet, such as Thakali. The printed form is called uchen script while the hand-written cursive forms used in everyday writing are called umê script.
The script is closely linked to a broad ethnic Tibetan identity, spanning across areas in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet. The Tibetan script is of Brahmic origin from the Gupta script and is ancestral to scripts such as Meitei, Lepcha, Marchen and the multilingual ʼPhags-pa script.
Kharosthi script
The Kharosthi script, also spelled Kharoshthi or Kharoṣṭhī (Kharosthi: 𐨑𐨪𐨆𐨯𐨠𐨁) was an ancient script used in Gandhara to write Gandhari Prakrit and Sanskrit. It was used in Central Asia as well. An abugida, it was introduced at least by the middle of the 3rd century BCE, possibly during the 4th century BCE, and remained in use until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE.
It was also in use in Bactria, the Kushan Empire, Sogdia, and along the Silk Road. There is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century in Khotan and Niya, both cities in Xinjiang.
Sharada script
The Śāradā, Sarada or Sharada script is an abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts. The script was widespread between the 8th and 12th centuries in the northwestern parts of Indian Subcontinent (in Kashmir and northern KPK), for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri. Originally more widespread, its use became later restricted to Kashmir, and it is now rarely used except by the Kashmiri Pandit community for religious purposes.
Landa script
Laṇḍā script evolved from the Śāradā during the 10th century. It was widely used in Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir and some parts of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It was used to write Punjabi, Hindustani, Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, Kashmiri, Pashto, and various Punjabi dialects like Pahari-Pothwari.
Sub-scripts of landa script
Landa script gave rise to many important descendant writing systems like;
Multani script
Multani is a Brahmic script originating in the Multan region of Punjab. It was used to write Saraiki language, often considered a dialect of Western Punjabi language. The script was used for routine writing and commercial activities. Multani is one of four Landa scripts whose usage was extended beyond the mercantile domain and formalized for literary activity and printing; the others being Gurmukhi, Khojki, and Khudawadi.
Mahajani script
Mahajani is a Laṇḍā mercantile script that was historically for writing accounts and financial records in Marwari, Hindi and Punjabi.
It is a Brahmic script and is written left-to-right. Mahajani refers to the Hindi word for 'bankers', also known as 'sarrafi' or 'kothival' (merchant).
Khojki script
Khojki, or Khojiki (; (Arabic script) खोजकी (Devanagari)), is a script used formerly and almost exclusively by the Khoja community of parts Sindh. The name "Khojki" is derived from the Persian word khoje, which means "master", or "lord". It was employed primarily to record Isma'ili religious literature as well as literature for a few secret Twelver sects. It is one of the two Landa scripts used for liturgy, the other being the Gurmukhī alphabet
Khudabadi script
Khudabadi () is a script generally used by some Sindhis to write the Sindhi language. It is also known as Hathvanki (or Warangi) script. Khudabadi is one of the four scripts used for writing the Sindhi language, the others being Perso-Arabic, Khojki and Devanagari script.
Other scripts
Other important scripts that have been used for writing purposes include;
Bactrian script
Bactrian (Αριαο, Aryao, ) is an extinct language formerly spoken in the region of Bactria and was used as the official language of the Indo-Greek kingdom, Kushan, and the Hephthalite empires.
Brahmi script
Brahmi (; ISO 15919: Brāhmī ) is the modern name for a writing system of ancient South Asia. It latter gave rise of Sharada, Landa and other scripts.
Pahlavi script
During rule of Persian empires in parts of Balochistan, various Pahlavi scripts may have been used there as a writing system.
References
Sources
Further reading
Writing systems
History of Pakistan
Gandhara
History of India |
2089365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayfers | Gayfers | Gayfer's was a regional department store chain in the southern United States. Based in Mobile, Alabama, the chain of stores operated from 1879 until 1998 when it was taken over by Dillard's.
History
C.J. Gayfer migrated to Mobile, Alabama, from Southwold, England, sometime after the Civil War. He opened a retail department store, Gayfer's, in downtown Mobile in 1879. At the time of his death in 1915, Gayfer's employed 150 people and averaged over $500,000 (~$ in ) in annual sales. Gayfer became well known for his philanthropy and was one of the earliest proponents of employee health care benefits.
During the 1950s, the Mercantile Stores chain acquired Gayfer's, which then worked aggressively on the expansion of the chain. The first branch store was opened at Town & Country Plaza in Pensacola, Florida, in 1956. This successful move was followed four years later with the opening of the Springdale Plaza store in Mobile, Alabama, becoming the company's flagship store. The Downtown Mobile store closed in 1985.
Gayfer's expanded into the Western Gulf Coast in 1963, opening a store at Edgewater Plaza Shopping City (later Edgewater Mall) in Biloxi, Mississippi. This store was expanded in 1974 and again in 1987; it was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 (by this time it was Dillard's) and had to be rebuilt. In 1969 a store was opened in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
In 1970, the apostrophe in the company name was dropped. This was clearly a banner year for the company, as it opened stores in Montgomery, Alabama (through the purchase of Montgomery-based Montgomery Fair); Jackson Mall in Jackson, Mississippi, and started construction of a second store in Pensacola, Florida, at Cordova Mall.
For the next twenty years, new stores were opened or remodeled, and by 1981 there were 18 stores bearing the Gayfers name. In 1989, the Gayfers flagship store anchoring Springdale Plaza and Mall in Mobile expanded to . In February 1992, parent Mercantile acquired Maison Blanche by converting their Orlando (Altamonte, Florida, Fashion Square), Daytona Beach (Volusia), and Jacksonville (Roosevelt, Regency, Orange Park, Avenues) stores under the Gayfers banner. This led to their becoming one the largest department store chains in the Southern United States as well as the largest stretching from Miami to Atlanta to Houston.
In 1998, Mercantile Stores was purchased by Dillard's, Inc., and the stores that were not closed or sold to other retailers were converted to Dillard's, which ceased expanding through acquisitions after this happened.
References
Companies based in Mobile, Alabama
Defunct department stores based in Alabama
Retail companies established in 1879
Retail companies disestablished in 1998
Defunct companies based in Alabama
American companies established in 1879 |
26328324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajith%20Nivard%20Cabraal | Ajith Nivard Cabraal | Ajith Nivard Cabraal () (born 14 December 1954) is a Sri Lankan accountant and politician who was also the 16th Governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. He is also the former State Minister of Finance, Capital Markets and State Enterprise Reforms and a national list member of parliament since 12 August 2020. He served as the Governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, holding the post from 1 July 2006 until his resignation on 9 January 2015. He again became the Governor of Central Bank of Sri Lanka in September 2021, replacing W. D. Lakshman, and resigned again in April 2022.
On 7 April 2022, the Colombo Magistrate Court issued an order preventing Cabraal from leaving Sri Lanka until 18 April 2022. The court order was issued on the basis of a case filed by political activist Keerthi Tennakoon against Cabraal regarding misappropriation and misuse of public funds which led to a massive economic crisis in Sri Lanka.
Early life and education
Born in Tangalle to Dr Leslie Cabraal, a medical practitioner and Trixie Cabraal; he had four siblings. Cabraal was educated at St. Peter's College, Colombo, and was qualified as a Chartered accountant from the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka.
Private sector career
Cabraal started his career as an accountant in the private sector and established a management consulting firm called the Cabraal Consulting Group specialized on corporate governance (strategic planning, mediation) and turnarounds. In 2000, he gained an Eisenhower Fellowship.
Political career
Western provincial council
He started his political career as a member of the United National Party when he contested the provincial council elections in 1999 and was elected to the Provincial council of the Western Province, a position he held until 2004.
Chief economic advisor
Having first met Mahinda Rajapaksa, who was studying law at Sri Lanka Law College when Cabraal was an accountancy student, he quickly became a close confidant Rajapaksa after the latter's appointment as Prime Minister Rajapaksa in 2004, and became his chief economic advisor. In 2005, he left the private sector and was appointed Secretary to the Ministry of Plan Implementation. In February 2006, Cabraal was involved in talks with the Tamil Tigers in Geneva.
He was president of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka and also held the positions of President of the South Asian Federation of Accountants.
Governor of the Central Bank - first term
On 1 July 2006, Cabraal was appointed governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka by President Rajapaksa, for a period of four years. He was given an extension of six years from July 1, 2010, to June 30, 2016. During his period as the Governor he also functioned as an Alternate Governor of the International Monetary Fund, the Chairman of the South East Asian Central Banks (SEACEN) Board of Governors, and the Chairman of the SAARC Central Bank Governors Forum. Following the 2015 presidential election, he resigned on 9 January 2015 so that the new President of Sri Lanka can appoint a new Governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. He was accused of financial misappropriation following investment in Greek sovereign bonds which resulted in a major loss to the government during his first term.
From December 2019 to August 2020, Cabraal was a senior advisor to the prime minister on economic affairs and was appointed as a board member of the "Api Wenuwen Api" fund on 21 January 2020 under the Ministry of Defence.
State Minister of Money and Capital Markets and State Enterprise Reform
Cabraal was appointed to the Parliament of Sri Lanka from the national list of the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna after the 2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election. He was thereafter appointed State Minister of Finance, Capital Markets and State Enterprise Reforms by President Gotabaya Rajapaksa in August 2020 serving under the Minister of Finance Mahinda Rajapaksa. He also functions as a member of the Committee On Public Enterprises (Sri Lanka) and the Ministerial Consultative Committee on Finance. He resigned as state minister and member of parliament on 13 September 2020 to take the post of governor of the central bank.
Governor of the Central Bank - second term
Cabraal assumed his second term as governor of the central bank 15 September 2021 at a time Sri Lanka was facing a major debt crisis. He requested for and gained cabinet rank as the Governor of the Central Bank. During his tenure, Central Bank was engaged in printing in excess of trillions of money to finance the budget and economic crisis. During his tenure, CBSL allegedly printed Rs. 22.27 billion rupees overnight on 14 March 2022.
Cabraal opposed an IMF bailout in favor of a homegrown solution for the debt crisis. Having depleted foreign currency reserves and gold reserves to boost the Sri Lankan Rupee and repayment of sovereign bonds, the central bank free floated of the currency in early March which saw a 30% depreciation of the Rupee against the dollar in days following major shortages of fuel, food and medicine.
On 4 April 2022, he resigned from his position as CBSL governor amid the growing protests over economic crisis.
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
State ministers of Sri Lanka
Members of the 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the Western Provincial Council
Governors of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan accountants
Eisenhower Fellows
Alumni of St. Sebastian's College, Moratuwa
Alumni of St. Peter's College, Colombo |
27665428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochimica%20et%20Cosmochimica%20Acta | Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta | is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It was established in 1950 and is sponsored by the Geochemical Society and the Meteoritical Society. The editor-in-chief is Jeffrey Catalano (Washington University in St. Louis). The journal covers topics in Earth geochemistry, planetary geochemistry, cosmochemistry and meteoritics.
Publishing formats include original research articles and invited reviews and occasional editorials, book reviews, and announcements. In addition, the journal publishes short comments (4 pages) targeting specific articles and designed to improve understanding of the target article by advocating a different interpretation supported by the literature, followed by a response by the author.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 5.921.
References
External links
Geochemistry journals
Planetary science journals
Academic journals established in 1950
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Elsevier academic journals
Meteoritics publications
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies
Geochemical Society |
37272157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair%20tennis%20at%20the%201996%20Summer%20Paralympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20doubles | Wheelchair tennis at the 1996 Summer Paralympics – Women's doubles | The women's doubles wheelchair tennis competition at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta from 16 August until 25 August.
Draw
Key
INV = Bipartite invitation
IP = ITF place
ALT = Alternate
r = Retired
w/o = Walkover
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Women's doubles
Para |
147461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Chinese%20history | Timeline of Chinese history |
This is a timeline of Chinese history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in China and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of China. See also the list of Chinese monarchs, Chinese emperors family tree, dynasties in Chinese history and years in China.
Dates prior to 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe Regency, are provisional and subject to dispute.
Prehistory / Millennia: 3rd BC2nd BC–1st BC1st–2nd3rdSee alsoFurther readingExternal links
Prehistoric China
Antiquity
22nd century BC
21st century BC
Centuries: 20th BC19th BC18th BC17th BC16th BC15th BC14th BC13th BC12th BC11th BC10th BC9th BC8th BC7th BC6th BC5th BC4th BC3rd BC2nd BC1st BC
20th century BC
19th century BC
18th century BC
17th century BC
16th century BC
15th century BC
13th century BC
12th century BC
11th century BC
10th century BC
9th century BC
8th century BC
7th century BC
6th century BC
5th century BC
4th century BC
3rd century BC
2nd century BC
1st century BC
Centuries: 1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th
1st century
2nd century
3rd century
4th century
5th century
6th century
7th century
8th century
9th century
10th century
11th century
12th century
13th century
14th century
15th century
16th century
17th century
18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century
Timeline of Chinese dynasties
See also
History of China
Cities in China
Timeline of Fuzhou
Timeline of Guangzhou
Timeline of Hangzhou
Timeline of Nanjing
Timeline of Shanghai
Timeline of Hong Kong history
Related
Timeline of Taiwanese history
Timeline of Tibetan history
References
Further reading
Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
Published in the 21st century
External links
Chinese History and Dynasties
Years in China
Chinese |
21242431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsamo%20Province | Petsamo Province | The Province of Petsamo (, ) was a Finnish panhandle. It was a separate province from 1921 to 1922, when it was merged into the Province of Oulu. This panhandle used to give Finland access to the Arctic Ocean, until it was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944.
In 1921, following Finnish independence and military expansion into neighboring Russian territory (which resulted in the annexation of the formerly Russian districts of Pechenga, Repola and Porajärvi by Finland), Soviet Russia was forced to cede the area of Pechenga to Finland in exchange for the return of Repola and Porajärvi according to the Treaty of Tartu. In 1922, it was merged with the province of Oulu. In 1938, Lapland was separated from the province of Oulu and the area of Petsamo became part of the new province of Lapland. In the Winter War of 1939–1940 the Soviet Union occupied Petsamo, but returned the area to Finland after the Moscow peace agreement of 1940 (Viipuri was ceded to the Soviet Union). In 1944, the whole of the former province of Petsamo was ceded to the Soviet Union as part of the preliminary peace agreement between Finland and the allies.
Later in 1947, the USSR separately bought the small adjacent Jäniskoski-Niskakoski territory from Finland; it was home to a hydroelectric power plant which was destroyed during World War II and the Soviets wished to rebuild it in order to provide power for its Pechenga area.
Maps
Municipalities
Petsamo
Governors
Ilmari Helenius 1921
Provinces of Finland (1917–97)
1921 establishments in Finland
1922 disestablishments in Finland |
61932901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Solaiman%20Chowdhury | Abu Solaiman Chowdhury | Abu Solaiman Chowdhury was a Bangladeshi freedom fighter and former cabinet secretary of Bangladesh.
Biography
Abu Solaiman Chowdhury joined Bangladesh Administrative Service in 1973. He served as Deputy Commissioner of Dhaka and Pabna .
He also served as Divisional Commissioner of Dhaka Division, Director Prime Minister's Office and Secretary of Ministry of Youth and Sports, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Ministry of Liberation War Affairs, President's Office and Cabinet Division. When he was the Secretary of Ministry of Liberation War Affairs he played an important role in shifting the grave of Matiur Rahman from Pakistan to Bangladesh. Besides, he also served as Chairman of Bangladesh Privatization Commission and Bangladesh Table Tennis Federation. He also connected with Chattogram Samity in Dhaka. He died on 27 September 2019 in United Hospital, Dhaka.
References
Bangladeshi civil servants
1950 births
2019 deaths
People from Banshkhali Upazila
People of the Bangladesh Liberation War
Secretaries of the Cabinet (Bangladesh) |
50254852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeb | Smeb | Song Kyung-ho (; born June 30, 1995), better known as Smeb, is a South Korean former professional League of Legends player.
Career
Song began competing in League of Legends in 2012. He joined the Tigers in 2014, upon the team's formation. Smeb got his first penta kill recorder of top solo laner; on June 13, 2015, he achieved his penta kill by playing Riven against Jin Air Greenwings. KOO Tigers finished second at the 2015 League of Legends World Championship.
He was named MVP of the 2016 LCK season. Before the beginning of the 2016 League of Legends World Championship, he was ranked the No. 1 player in the world by the Worlds analysts and the No. 2 player in the world by ESPN. Despite, his performance, the ROX Tigers lost 3–2 to SKT T1 on the semifinals.
Smeb was the sixth player to achieve 1,000 kills of LCK overall after Faker, Pray, Bang, Score and Kuro. He achieved 1,000 kills in the second round against KONGDOO MONSTER on March 1, 2018, during League of Legends Champions Korea 2018 Spring Season. He was selected as a 2018 PyeongChang Olympic torch relay runner along with the kt Rolster members.
On December 17, 2020, he announced his retirement from professional League of Legends.
Tournament results
Individual awards
2016 — League of Legends Champions Korea Spring Regular Season MVP
2016 — League of Legends Champions Korea Summer Regular Season MVP
2016 — Korea e-Sports Association League of Legends Popularity Award
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
South Korean esports players
League of Legends top lane players
KT Rolster players
Place of birth missing (living people) |
27878340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulla%2C%20Bangladesh | Dulla, Bangladesh | Dulla () is a Union Parishad under Muktagachha Upazila in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh.
References
travelingluck.com
Populated places in Mymensingh Division
Mymensingh District |
5370597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mayors%20of%20Heerlen | List of mayors of Heerlen | This is a list of mayors of Heerlen.
1805–1818: Jan Gerard Kemmerling (4 February 1776 – 15 January 1818)
1818–1820: Albert Schultze
1820–1843: Johan Willem Lintjens (?? – ??)
1843–1853: Jan Joseph Jaegers (17 May 1810, Heerlen – 31 October 1872, Heerlen)
1853–1855: Leonard Leopold Stassen (Schaesberg, 26 November 1806 – Heerlen, 20 October 1855)
1856–1862: Jan Peter de Hessele (12 February 1788 – 30 August 1869)
1869–1894: Mathias Jozef Savelberg (28 May 1825 – 4 August 1894)
1894–1913: M.J. de Hesselle (1855–1935) he also was the town's Pharmacist
1913–1926: Marius Alphonse Marie Waszink (18 May 1881, Maastricht – 23 October 1943, Breda), later became Minister of Education
1926–1961: Marcel van Grunsven (4 December 1896 – 24 July 1969)
1962–1964: Charles van Rooy (23 January 1912, Rotterdam – 1 August 1996, Hilversum)
1964–1976: Frans Gijzels (24 November 1911, Geleen – 23 April 1977, Heerlen)
1976–1986: Jan Reijnen (born 3 February 1927, Kaatsheuvel)
1986–1992: Piet van Zeil (born 3 August 1927, Hillegom)
1992–2000: Jef Pleumeekers (born 3 December 1945, Eijsden)
2000–2004: Alexander Sakkers (born 28 May 1948, Delft)
2004–2010: Toine Gresel
2010–2015: Paul Depla
2015–2015: Frans Weekers (acting)
2015–2019: Ralf Krewinkel (sick leave since 27 February 2018)
2018–2020: Emile Roemer (acting)
2020-present: Roel Wever
References
Heerlen |
65574724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95un | Õun | Õun is an Estonian surname meaning "apple". As of 1 January 2020, 292 men and 338 women have the surname Õun in Estonia. Õun ranks 152nd for men and 143rd for women in the distribution of surnames in the country. The surname Õun is the most common in Saare County, where 27.73 per 10,000 inhabitants of the county bear the surname. Notable people bearing the surname Õun include:
Aivar Õun (born 1959), Estonian politician
Elmar Õun (1906–1977), Estonian writer
Jan Õun (born 1977), Estonian footballer
Mati Õun (born 1942), Estonian military historian and sportsman
Ülo Õun (1940–1988), Estonian sculptor
Voldemar Õun (1893–1986), Estonian civil servant and writer
References
Estonian-language surnames |
12933142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%201920%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20pole%20vault | Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault | The men's pole vault event was part of the track and field athletics programme at the 1920 Summer Olympics. The competition was held on Wednesday, August 18, 1920, and on Friday, August 20, 1920. 16 pole vaulters from seven nations competed. No nation had more than 4 jumpers, suggesting the limit had been reduced from the 12 maximum in force in 1908 and 1912. The event was won by Frank Foss of the United States, the nation's sixth consecutive victory in the men's pole vault. Henry Petersen's silver was Denmark's first medal in the event and the first time a non-American had done better than bronze in the pole vault. Edwin Myers's bronze continued the American streak of winning at least two medals in each pole vault, however.
Background
This was the sixth appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. None of the finalists from the pre-war 1908 Games returned. The Americans continued to be dominant coming into the Antwerp Games. Frank Foss had won the United States Olympic trials, making him the favorite; Edwin Myers had come in second.
Belgium, Estonia, and Finland each made their first appearance in the event. The United States made its sixth appearance, the only nation to have competed at every Olympic men's pole vault to that point.
Competition format
The competition continued to use the two-round format introduced in 1912, with results cleared between rounds. Vaulters received three attempts at each height.
In the qualifying round, all vaulters clearing 3.65 metres advanced to the final.
Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1920 Summer Olympics.
At first Frank Foss set a new Olympic record with 4.00 metres. Then he set a new world record with 4.09 metres.
Schedule
Results
Qualifying
The qualification was held on August 18, 1920. The qualification height was 3.60. Only three pole vaulters were eliminated.
Final
In the final held on August 20, 1920, only seven athletes were able to clear 3.60 metres again. Foss cleared 4.00 metres and also the new world record of 4.09 metres in his third try. Jump-offs were held to break ties, though details are unclear.
References
Sources
Pole vault
Pole vault at the Olympics |
66886816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Lewis%20%28basketball%29 | Matt Lewis (basketball) | Matt Lewis (born December 21, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for Le Mans of the French LNB Pro A and the Basketball Champions League (BCL). He played college basketball player for the James Madison Dukes.
College career
Lewis starred at Bishop O'Connell High School in Arlington, Virginia and chose James Madison University (JMU) for college. He entered the starting lineup for the Dukes, averaging 14.5 points and 3.5 rebounds per game in his freshman season, earning Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) All-Rookie Team honors. Lewis followed this up with a sophomore year where he averaged 16.4 points, 4.2 rebounds and 3.2 assists, garnering third-team All-CAA honors. In his junior year, Lewis again improved his scoring average to 19 points per game and earned second-team All-CAA honors, though the Dukes experienced little on-court success, finishing in last place. After head coach Louis Rowe was fired, Lewis chose to declare for the 2020 NBA draft, though he retained his college eligibility by not hiring an agent.
Ultimately Lewis decided to return to JMU for his senior season under new coach Mark Byington, who helped advise Lewis and his family through the testing process. In advance of his senior season, Lewis was chosen as the preseason CAA Player of the Year, although the Dukes were predicted to finish ninth in the 10-team league. While the Dukes' 2020–21 season were paused several times due to COVID-19 protocols, both Lewis and the Dukes team experienced success. Lewis was named the national player of the week by the United States Basketball Writers Association on January 17, 2021 after hitting a school record nine three-pointers in a 30 point effort against Towson. Lewis' 2020–21 season ended prematurely when he suffered a knee injury on February 14, 2021 and was later ruled out for the remainder of the year. On March 5, he was named the 2021 Colonial Athletic Association Player of the Year.
Professional career
Iowa Wolves (2021–2023)
After going undrafted in the 2021 NBA draft, Lewis signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on September 20, 2021. However, he was waived on October 15. On October 26, he signed with the Iowa Wolves as an affiliate player.
Le Mans (2023–present)
On July 18, 2023, Lewis signed with Le Mans of the French LNB Pro A.
References
External links
James Madison Dukes bio
College statistics at Sports-Reference.com
1998 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in France
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Virginia
Iowa Wolves players
James Madison Dukes men's basketball players
People from Woodbridge, Virginia
Sportspeople from Prince William County, Virginia
Shooting guards |
31674994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC%20Ma%C5%BEeikiai | BC Mažeikiai | M Basket Mažeikiai (), also known as M Basket-Delamode Mažeikiai for sponsorship reasons, is a professional basketball club based in Mažeikiai, Lithuania. The club finished as a runner-up in the 2022–23 National Basketball League season, which was enough for the promotion to the Lithuanian Basketball League for the 2023–24 season.
History
BC Mažeikiai was founded in 2005 by Mažeikiai government and various businessmen. In 2013, Mažeikiai finished as champions of the National Basketball League and consequently should have been promoted to LKL, the top basketball league in Lithuania. However Mažeikiai had to stay in NKL because they do not have LKL arena–passing requirements, winning a second NKL title. They debuted in the LKL in 2014. They were relegated back to the NKL next season after a disastrous season. They returned to the LKL for the 2023-2024 season.
Current roster
Depth chart
Season by season
Detailed information of former rosters and results.
References
External links
BC Mažeikiai NKLsmscredit.lt
Mazeikiai
Sport in Mažeikiai
Basketball teams established in 2005
2005 establishments in Lithuania
National Basketball League (Lithuania) teams
Organizations based in Mažeikiai |
34881594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual%20Art | Actual Art | Actual Art is a genre of art that was first named by critic Alfred Frankenstein of the San Francisco Chronicle in a review of Helene Aylon’s work. The name was chosen because the art was "real", but the term realism was already in use. Frankenstein described Aylon's work as a genre of art that involves “the self-conscious enlistment of the forces of nature, by artists, toward the completion of their art”. Collaboration with nature necessarily brings the dimension of time into as an integral component of the artworks, with some requiring many thousands of years for their completion. The artists consider the future of the work to be as important as its present, relinquishing control over the work to nature.
History
In 1982, the Actual Art Foundation formed in the Tribeca district of New York City to promote exclusively artists working in the Actual Art genre, and in 1985, obtained its 501-C3 not-for-profit tax-exempt status to fund exhibitions of Actual Art and projects proposed by Actual Artists. The most notable early exhibitions sponsored by the Actual Art Foundation were:
"It's About Time" at the New York City Gallery in 1983
"Time Will Tell" at Squibb International, Princeton, NJ in 1984
"Slow Kinetic Art" at the Wadsworth Athenium, Hartford, CT
"Time Waits..." co-sponsored with Johannes, 11th Prince of Thurn and Taxis and his wife Gloria at Schloss St. Emmeram in Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany.
The "Time Will Tell" exhibit was documented in articles appearing in the New York Times, the Bergen County Record, the Princeton Packet, and the Trentonian.
The headquarters of Actual Art Foundation was also used for an episode of Law & Order circa 1990, featuring Actual Art. Actual Art Foundation lost its Tribeca headquarters in the attacks of 9/11 and created an Art Center at Candlewood Lake in Connecticut
About
In Actual Art, what future generations will see is programmed into the work, making time an element of the work, as well as space, form or color. The artists introduce time as a tool in the making of art. Actual Art is about energy; specifically, about the energy and life in the materials. Words like “decay”, “deterioration” or “destruction” are replaced with “change”. Tery Fugate-Wilcox is quoted as saying, “The work will last forever, as long as you understand it changes.” Actual Art moves one to think about ways to work with nature instead of fighting it. In place of the constant attempts to inhibit materials’ natural tendency to change (to the detriment of the planet), man might be examining and exploiting the inherent qualities of the materials we work with. Actual Artists have a visionary sense of the natural order of the material world.
Artists
Helene Aylon, whose work employing the qualities of linseed oil to “bleed” into patterns or form a “skin”, prompted the naming of the genre by Alfred Frankenstein; "'Actualism' because 'Realism' is already taken."
Michelle Brody, who suspended living plants in long, hanging tubes of water;
Maria Ceppi, of Switzerland, grew grass in patterns on canvas & scented soap paintings;
Gregg Degn, using gunpowder, lead, explosives & fuses to make intricate & evolving paintings & sculpture;
Dan Dempster, of Bermuda, who took his drawings beneath the sea, to allow the salt water to etch his drawings into steel & whose work was reviewed in American Mensa
Robert DuGrenier, whose hand-blown glass pieces are permanently part of the trees, as they grow into and become one with the sculptures; hand-blown glass "sea" shells, that living hermit crabs move into and take as their homes; and a glass beehive, that is home to thousands of Italian honey bees who busy themselves making wax & honey sculptures, as programmed into the construction of the hive, by the artist.
James Horton, who used the materials of photography as a painting medium.
Nathan Slate Joseph, of Israel, making gigantic wall pieces of pigmented & galvanized steel that have weathered over many years; Joseph was commissioned to create all of the art, including major indoor & outdoor installations by the King David Dan Hotel in Elat, Israel.
Yutaka Kobayashi, of Japan, imbedding rust in handmade paper or concrete & stone sculptures;
Elaine Lorenze, with living plants in concrete;
David Myers, put lead shot in enclosed, tilting table, making endless patterns;
Alexia Nikov, of Russia, whose metallic paintings change over time from the effects of patinas & the environment;
Tony Reason, of England, who works with rust in encaustic on linen;
Richard Thatcher, encasing uranium, transmuting to lead, in exquisite metal boxes;
Merrill Wagner, using steel, allowed to rust in patterns, slate & rocks, weathered with pigments;
Terry Ward, declared an important new Actual Art-ist by key movement leader Tery Fugate-Wilcox during Ward's solo art exhibit in the World Trade Center / World Financial Center complex.
Tery Fugate-Wilcox, uses water-soluble paint & rain to make ever-changing painting on canvas;
Called the “Avatar of Actualism” He uses rain to make paintings of water-soluble paint; shotguns, explosives & lightning; dust in “dust drawings”; metals that oxidize, or diffuse together over thousands of years, the actuality of any material. His work is in the collections of the Guggenheim, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Wadsworth Athenium in Hartford, Connecticut, the National Gallery of Australia, and a sculpture purchased by the City of New York for J. Hood Wright Park.
Other galleries exhibiting Actual Art include:
John Gibson Gallery, (Donald Lipsky & Eve Andree Laramee);
Sandra Gehring Gallery, (William Anastasi & Dove Bradshaw Thomas McEvilley)
Other artists generally included in the genre of Actual Art or "Actualism", include:
Andy Goldsworthy
Forrest Myers
Allen Sonfist
Cheryl Safren
Perhaps the most ambitious work of art envisioned by an Actual artist is the San Andreas Fault Sculpture Project, proposed by Tery Fugate-Wilcox, which the Actual Art Foundation has committed to sponsoring. This proposed 1-acre slab of concrete, thick, is intended to span the San Andreas Fault, which (through tectonic action) will rip the artwork in half, sending the west half northward (towards Alaska) over the next few million years or so.
References
This article incorporates text from About Us, which has been released into the public domain.
References: Books
Six Years: The Dematerialization of the Art Object from 1966 to 1972 by Lucy Lippard, publ. University of California Press, 1973
Super Sculpture, New York: by Diana Chicure & Thelma Stevens, publ. Van Nostrand, 1974
Natural Phenomenon as Public Monuments by Alan Sonfist, publ. Neuberger Museum Press, 1978
Clockwork: Timepieces by Artists, Architects, & Industrial Designer by MIT List Visual Arts, 1989 (Specifically: "In New York City, an internal clock is physically inherent in the materials employed by Fugate-Wilcox in the construction of his many Diffusion Pieces.")
Andy Goldsworthy: a Collaboration with Nature, by Andy Goldsworthy, publ. H.N. Abrams, 1990
Studio International by Medical Tribune Group, publ. Univ.of Michigan, 1992
Mutiny and the Mainstream: Talk that Changed Art, by Judy Seigal, publ. Midmarch Art Press, 1992 (Specifically: "[Lawrence] Alloway included Helene Aylon here, showing two stages of her 'paintings that change in time'.")
Time and Materials by Merrill Wagner, publ. University Press, 1994
Dan Dempster: Waterworks, 1990–1997, by Peter Barton, publ. Peninsula Fine Arts, 1997
Originals: American Women Artists, by Eleanor C. Munro, publ. De Capa Press, 2000
The Art of Dove Bradshaw: Nature, Change & Indeterminancy, by Thomas McEvilly, publ. Mark Batty Publishing, 2003
Art's Prospect: the Challenge of Tradition in an Age of Celebrity, by Roger Kimball, publ. Ivan R. Dee, 2003
New Practices, New Pedagogies, by Malcolm Miles, publ. Routledge, 2005
The Art of Nathan Joseph: Building a Picture, by Michael J. Amy & Marius Kwint, publ. Antique Collectors' Club, 2007
Creative Time: 33 years of Public Art in New York, by Anne Pasternak, Michael Brenson, Ruth A. Peltason & Lucy Lippard, publ. Princeton Architectural Press, 2007
External links
Fvlcrvm Gallery
Shakespeare's Fvlcrvm Gallery
Actual Art Foundation
: Australian National Gallery archives
: Australian National Gallery archives
: Australian National Gallery archives
Video by Richard Currier on YouTube
Visual arts genres |
44709385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane%20City%20Council%20Tramways%20Substation%20No.%208 | Brisbane City Council Tramways Substation No. 8 | Brisbane City Council Tramways Substation No. 8 is a heritage-listed electrical substation at 134 Kedron Park Road, Wooloowin, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1934 to 1937. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 2003.
History
The former Brisbane City Council Tramway substation no 8 is a two-storey building of dark brick built to the design of Brisbane City Council Tramways architect R R Ogg between 1934 and 1937.
Horse-drawn trams operated in Brisbane from August 1885, operated by an English company, Metropolitan Tramway and Investment Co. Ltd. The first public supply of electricity in Brisbane was from a generator in Edison Lane, which supplied the General Post Office in 1888. Early development in the industry was in the hands of a number of private companies and the situation was complex because the metropolitan area comprised fourteen separate local authorities. After various liquidations and restructurings the City Electric Light Company Limited (CEL) was established in 1904. Parallel development took place in electric traction. The Brisbane Tramways Company, a private enterprise formed in 1895, introduced the first electric trams to Brisbane in 1897 after purchasing the early horse car system, converting it to electric operation and expanding and extending the routes. A power station to supply current to the electric trams was constructed in Countess Street in 1897.
As the tramway system extended out into the suburbs, the Countess Street power station was unable to supply all the energy requirements. Two engine sets from Countess Street were transferred to a building in Logan Road to provide for a feeding point for the system on the south side of the river. Supply was also fed from the tramway 550-volt DC mains to a number of establishments along the tramway routes, such as butcher shops, sawmills and factories. By 1918, the whole of the tramways public power supply equipment in South Brisbane was sold to the City Electric Light Company, which developed a supply for South Brisbane from its power station in William Street. At the conclusion of World War I there was general support for the notion that the tramway system should be owned and operated by a public authority rather than a private company. In 1922, an Act of Parliament inaugurated the Brisbane Tramway Trust.
The establishment in 1925 of the Brisbane City Council created a single public authority that could plan for the provision of electrical services throughout the entire city. Expansion of electricity supply and the development of better public transport networks were important issues for the Greater Brisbane City Council and were closely linked to the spread of suburban development. At a time when few working people owned their own transport, a reliable public transport system was essential to link people with their work and with schools, shops and services. However, the situation of energy generation and supply was chaotic. Three small obsolete power stations generated energy for trams and electricity for Ithaca and Toowong and the supply for all other suburbs was purchased in bulk from CEL under 10 year agreements.
The 1920s and 1930s was a period of tramways expansion following the BCC acquisition of the tramways system from the Brisbane Tramways Trust in 1925. In 1926 the Greater Brisbane Council, anxious to control the city's electricity supply, decided to build its own powerhouse at New Farm, under the supervision of the BCC Tramways Department. Opened on 28 June 1928, New Farm Power Station distributed 1100 kW AC power to a network of 11 suburban tramways substations erected in the 1920s and 1930s. The substations were located at strategic points throughout the system - substations No. 2 (Russell Street) and No. 6 (Windsor) came into service in 1927, No. 4 (Petrie Terrace) and No. 5 (Newstead) in 1928; Substation No. 9 (Norman Park) came on line in 1935.
Considerable attention was given to the design of the substations serving the tramway system. The architecture was marked by the stylistic preferences of individual architects particularly the Brisbane City Architects AH Foster and FG Costello and the BCC Tramways architect RR Ogg. Although they were robust utility buildings, generally small in scale, elegant proportions and such details as finely crafted brickwork distinguished them.
By 1933 an additional substation was urgently required at Kedron in order to relieve a serious overload being carried every afternoon by the substation at Windsor, where the 500 kW mercury arc rectifier plant was carrying 700 volts. Council minutes suggest that provision for this new substation should have been made two or three years prior to 1933, but that the expenditure was delayed for financial reasons until it became essential for safety.
On 29 May 1934 the council authorised purchase of an allotment facing Kedron Brook Road and adjoining the Kedron Park Hotel for the purpose of constructing a tramway substation. Tenders were received on 8 June 1934 and that of General Electric Industries Limited Brisbane was accepted using materials supplied by British Thomson Houston Ltd of Rugby. A further portion of land to be used as an easement was purchased in August 1934.
Prior to 1940, the design of substations was the responsibility of BCC Tramways Department architect and construction engineer, Roy Rusden Ogg. In conjunction with the tramway's chief engineers Nelson and Arundell, he designed at least 10 Brisbane substations between 1926 and 1936 and the first two stages of the New Farm powerhouse. Ogg also designed the Tramways Departments Head Office building on Coronation Drive in 1929.
The Kedron substation remained in service until the phasing out of Brisbane's trams in the late 1960s. In 1969 the line was closed and the substation's electrical equipment was removed, though the travelling crane remained. The building became a State Emergency Services Depot and changes were made to the interior to accommodate this use. The lower level of the original two level floor has been extended to park a rescue boat and a mezzanine level was inserted in the mid-1980s. A single storey brick garage has been added.
Description
The former substation is a two-storey building of austere appearance and is constructed of dark, glazed bricks laid in English bond.
It has a metal clad gabled roof concealed by a brick parapet at the front and sides. The parapet on the front and western sides is decorated with a moulded brickwork stringcourse and a decorative band comprising three-course corbelling, brick dentils and a cornice. The sheet metal rainwater heads and downpipes are also finely detailed. The window openings have flush concrete render heads and sills, although a projecting concrete sill spans the row of three windows high on the Kedron Park Road elevation. A large galvanised sheet steel roller shutter is fitted to the opening below these windows.
The lower part of the main building is spare in detail. Entry is by a concrete and steel stair supported on brick piers. The exterior reveals a series of changes to the building, with openings variously enlarged, added and filled in. The rear wall is clad in colour-finished corrugated iron. There is a single storey garage of stretcher bond brick at the southwest corner and a shipping container has been positioned immediately to the south of the main building.
The interior has a steel and timber mezzanine floor and the ceiling is lined with fibrous cement sheeting and timber cover strips. The travelling crane survives complete with ropes and pulleys. It runs north to south on steel rails supported on corbelled brickwork and intermittently by a series of engaged piers. The face brickwork is variously painted and unpainted and a number of remnant openings and brackets provide evidence of the building's previous function.
Adjoining the main space is a kitchen area, leading to a toilet and storage area. The external areas of the site are paved in bitumen and flow into the car park of the adjoining hotel.
Heritage listing
Brisbane City Council Tramways Substation No. 8 (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The former tramway substation is important in demonstrating an important aspect of Queensland's industrial development and is closely linked to Brisbane's suburban expansion in the 1920s and 30s and with the development of the electricity supply system.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
The former substation is now uncommon evidence for an important mode of transport, which was discontinued in Brisbane in 1969 and for which much of the infrastructure has since been removed.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
In design, scale and materials, the former substation is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the Brisbane tramways substations.
As a well-conceived utility structure, it is important as a fine example of the municipal work of tramways architect Roy Rusden Ogg.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The former substation contributes to the streetscape, its quality of design and materials enabling the prominently placed building to successfully combine function and a pleasing appearance.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
As a well-conceived utility structure, it is important as a fine example of the municipal work of tramways architect Roy Rusden Ogg.
See also
Trams in Brisbane
Brisbane tramways substations
Brisbane Tramways Substation No. 6 at Windsor
Brisbane City Council Tramways Substation No 9 at Norman Park
References
Attribution
External links
Queensland Heritage Register
Wooloowin, Queensland
Electric power infrastructure in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Trams in Brisbane
Public transport in Brisbane |
7122320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Route%20314%20%28New%20York%E2%80%93Vermont%29 | State Route 314 (New York–Vermont) | New York State Route 314 (NY 314) and Vermont Route 314 (VT 314) are a pair of like-numbered state highways in New York and Vermont in the United States, that are connected by way of the Grand Isle–Plattsburgh Ferry across Lake Champlain and the Thomas MacDonough Highway in Plattsburgh. NY 314 extends for through the Clinton County town of Plattsburgh from Interstate 87 (I-87) exit 39 to U.S. Route 9. NY 314 previously continued another to the ferry landing on Cumberland Head. Its Vermont counterpart is a loop route off of U.S. Route 2 (US 2) through the Grand Isle County towns of South Hero and Grand Isle that connects to the ferry near its midpoint.
VT 314 was originally designated as Vermont Route F-3 in the late 1920s. The roadway on the New York side was unnumbered until , when Cumberland Head Road was designated as NY 314. VT F-3 was redesignated as VT 314 in 1964 to match the designation present at the New York ferry approach. In 2005, a new highway connecting US 9 to the ferry landing by way of the interior of Cumberland Head was completed and opened to traffic as the Commodore Thomas MacDonough Highway. NY 314 was realigned to follow the new highway while ownership and maintenance of its old alignment was transferred to the town of Plattsburgh. The designation of NY 314 east of US 9 was removed by July 2014.
Route description
NY 314
NY 314 begins along Moffitt Road in the town of Plattsburgh. The route heads southeast as a four-lane divided highway still known as Moffitt Road. Almost immediately, the state route reaches Adirondack Northway's (I-87) exit 39, a half-cloverleaf interchange and half-diamond interchange. Just past the interchange, the road reaches an intersection with US 9 (the Lakes to Locks Passage), where NY 314 terminates. The total length of the state highway is .
VT 314
VT 314 begins at an intersection with US 2 just north of Keeler Bay, a village in the town of South Hero. The route heads northwestward as Ferry Road, passing by a small number of homes situated amongst open fields. At the western edge of Grand Isle, VT 314 intersects West Shore Road, a local highway that runs along the western shoreline of the island. The route turns north onto West Shore Road, following the roadway along Lake Champlain and into the town of Grand Isle. Here, the route's surroundings are mainly the same as it proceeds toward Gordon Landing.
In Gordon Landing, VT 314 connects to a ferry landing for the Grand Isle–Plattsburgh Ferry (which leads to Clinton CR 57) by way of an unnamed extension of Bell Hill Road. VT 314 continues northward along West Shore Road to Allen Road, where the route turns to follow Allen Road eastward across the island. While on Allen Road, the route passes through an area of open fields and forests that contains only a couple dozen homes. VT 314 continues eastward to another junction with US 2, where the route comes to an end.
History
Designations
All of modern VT 314 was originally designated as VT F-3 in the late 1920s. At Gordon Landing, VT F-3 connected to Cumberland Head in New York by way of the Grand Isle–Plattsburgh Ferry across Lake Champlain. The primary highway leading from the New York ferry landing to US 9 near Plattsburgh, then Cumberland Head Road, was initially unnumbered. VT F-3 was maintained by the towns of South Hero and Grand Isle until June 20, 1957, when the state of Vermont assumed ownership and maintenance of the highway.
The portion of the Adirondack Northway (I-87) between exits 36 and 39 was completed and opened to traffic . Moffitt Road was upgraded between the new freeway and US 9 as part of the Northway's construction. By the following year, the upgraded piece of Moffitt Road and the piece of Cumberland Head Road between US 9 and the ferry landing was designated as NY 314. From I-87 to US 9, NY 314 was maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation; the remainder of the route was maintained by Clinton County and co-designated as CR 42. VT F-3 was renumbered to VT 314 on May 1, 1964 to match the designation now present at the New York ferry approach.
Cumberland Head connector
The idea of a building a new highway that would lead directly from US 9 to the ferry landing at the southern tip of Cumberland Head was first proposed in 1964. At that time, a group of Cumberland Head residents stated that the existing narrow and winding perimeter road (NY 314) jeopardized the safety of residents and motorists alike. As time went on, the problem grew worse as the amount of traffic traveling to and from the ferry increased. The proposal finally gained traction in 2002 when New York State Senator Ronald B. Stafford was able to procure most of the $7.3 million required to build the highway. Construction on the new route began in March 2005 following three years of studies and planning.
The Cumberland Head connector began at the east end of the divided highway portion of NY 314 and would pass through the rural interior of the peninsula on its way to the ferry landing. Part of the road would utilize the preexisting Lighthouse Road. It was built as a super two highway with a speed limit, higher than that of the perimeter road. The project was initially expected to be completed around November 2006; however, it was completed nearly a year ahead of schedule. On December 1, 2005, the new highway was named the Commodore Thomas MacDonough Highway in honor of Thomas MacDonough, an American naval officer who defeated the British in the Battle of Plattsburgh during the War of 1812. The road opened to traffic about a week later, co-designated as NY 314 (which was realigned to follow the length of the highway) and CR 57. Following the completion of the project, ownership and maintenance of Cumberland Head Road (NY 314's former routing) was to be transferred from Clinton County to the town of Plattsburgh. The transfer was officially approved on September 13, 2006.
The new highway has only two intersections, both with Cumberland Head Road. This was by design as no access roads were built off of the route in an effort to improve safety along the highway. One part of the finished highway that drew controversy was a one-way ramp built between the eastbound MacDonough Highway and the west end of Cumberland Head Road. Some residents criticized the layout, stating that it made it difficult to travel to and from MacDonough Highway and Cumberland Head Road. Ironically, the ramp was added as a result of public input; the initial project designs did not call for a ramp. Instead, all traffic to and from Cumberland Head Road would have had to utilize the junction with MacDonough Highway to the east. The designation of NY 314 east of US 9 was removed by July 2014.
Major intersections
NY 314
VT 314
See also
List of county routes in Clinton County, New York
State Route 74 (New York–Vermont)
State Route 346 (New York–Vermont)
References
External links
Vermont State Highway Termini – Vermont Route 314
314
314
New York State Route 314
Vermont Route 314 |
21147277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annopole | Annopole | Annopole may refer to:
Annopole, Środa Wielkopolska County
Annopole, Złotów County
Annopole Stare
Annopole Nowe |
7986016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopepla%20conspicillaris | Cosmopepla conspicillaris | Cosmopepla conspicillaris is a species of insect in the family Pentatomidae first described by William Dallas in 1851. Due to its common preference for plants in the genus Stachys, it is often called the hedgenettle stink bug. It is also known as the conspicuous stink bug, two-spotted stink bug or happy bespectacled stink bug depending on locality. The name two-spotted stink bug is better applied to another species, Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius, 1775).
Appearance
C. conspicillaris is a showy stink bug with a black base colour and orange outer markings. This species differs from other genus members by the white chevron-shaped tip of the scutellum, and the orange "spectacles" on the dorsal thorax. While other species may show similar markings, they differ in number of spectacle spots, colouration and host plant.
References
Carpocorini
Hemiptera of North America
Insects described in 1851
Taxa named by William Dallas |
1317954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telaine | Châtelaine | Châtelaine is a French-language magazine of women's lifestyles, published in Quebec by St. Joseph Communications.
History and profile
The magazine was first published in 1960 by Maclean-Hunter Publishing. It covers issues and interests of real concern to women, including food, health, style, home and current affairs. The magazine's headquarters is located in Montreal.
Châtelaine was published monthly until January 2017 when its frequency switched to bimonthly. Its English language version, Chatelaine, is published in Toronto.
Rogers Media announced on 30 September 2016 plans to sell off their French print media, including Châtelaine. On 20 March 2019, Rogers announced a deal to sell the magazine to St. Joseph Communications.
References
External links
Châtelaine magazine (French)
1960 establishments in Quebec
Bi-monthly magazines published in Canada
Monthly magazines published in Canada
Women's magazines published in Canada
French-language magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1960
Magazines published in Montreal
St. Joseph Media magazines |
70012401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Doherty%20%28Irish%20footballer%29 | John Doherty (Irish footballer) | John Doherty (born 12 April 1908; date of death unknown), also known as Jack "Dot" Doherty, was an Irish footballer who played as an inside-left and made three appearances for the IFA national team.
Club career
Doherty played for Park End in the North of Ireland Combination, as well as for Belfast Celtic. He joined Woodburn in the Intermediate League for the 1925–26 and 1926–27 seasons, before moving to Portadown in 1927. In 1930 he joined Ards, and later played for Cliftonville in the 1932–33 season. In December 1932 he signed for Charlton Athletic in the Football League, where he played until the end of the 1933–34 season.
International career
Doherty earned seven caps for the Ireland Amateurs from 1927 to 1931. On 21 February 1928, he appeared for Ireland national team in a 4–0 loss against France, though whether the match was a "full international" is disputed. He earned two additional caps for Ireland in 1932 as part of the 1932–33 British Home Championship, appearing in a 1–0 loss against England on 17 October in Blackpool and a 4–1 loss against Wales on 7 December in Wrexham.
Career statistics
International
References
External links
1908 births
Year of death missing
Association footballers from Belfast
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's amateur international footballers
Pre-1950 IFA men's international footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
Belfast Celtic F.C. players
Portadown F.C. players
Ards F.C. players
Cliftonville F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
NIFL Premiership players
English Football League players |
51895763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yegor%20Solyankin | Yegor Solyankin | Yegor Nikolaevich Solyankin (; 21 April 190126 June 1941) was a Red Army major general. Solyankin led the 2nd Tank Division during the Battle of Raseiniai, a Soviet counterattack after the German invasion of the Soviet Union. He was killed in action during the defeat of his division.
Early life and Russian Civil War
Solyankin was born on 21 April 1901 in Moscow. He was orphaned at age four and was sent to be raised in a peasant family in a village in Gzhatsky Uyezd. Solyankin was a shepherd in the village. From the age of twelve he worked as a blacksmith in Moscow. On 17 June 1920, he was conscripted into the Red Army at Gzhatsk during the Russian Civil War. Sent to the 16th Reserve Rifle Regiment of the Moscow Military District at Dorogobuzh, Solyankin became a cadet at the 5th Petergof Infantry Course in September. His training was interrupted by being sent to fight on the Southern Front with the 1st Petrograd Cadet Brigade against the Army of Wrangel and the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine in Taurida Governorate between October 1920 and February 1921.
Interwar period
After the end of the Russian Civil War, Solyankin graduated from the 65th Yevpatoriya Commanders Course in 1921 and continued training at the supplemental department of the 63rd Simferopol Infantry Course. After completing training at the latter in September 1922 he was appointed to the 40th Rifle Regiment of the 14th Rifle Division of the Moscow Military District at Moscow. Solyankin spent the next seven years with the regiment, successively serving as a squad leader, assistant platoon commander, platoon commander, acting company commander, and company politruk. During this period he received further training at the Commanders Refresher Course in Moscow between October 1924 and August 1925 and entered the Moscow Military-Political Course in October 1928. Solyankin graduated from the latter in August 1929 and in November of that year transferred to the Ryazan Infantry School to serve as a course commander. He was sent to the Vystrel course in February 1931 and upon completion of the course returned to the 14th Rifle Division as an assistant battalion commander in its 42nd Rifle Regiment. He simultaneously served as military commandant of Shuya from October of that year.
Solyankin was seconded to the Leningrad Armored Commanders Improvement Course in December for training as an officer in the emerging Red Army tank forces, and upon graduation in May 1932 returned to the 14th Rifle Division to serve as chief of staff of the training battalion at Vladimir. A month later, he was transferred to the Separate Training Tank Regiment at Moscow, serving as assistant commander of a training tank battalion, acting assistant commander for training units of the regiment, and as a battalion commander. Solyankin commanded the tank battalion of the 1st Kazan Rifle Division from January 1934 and in June 1937 became commander of the 2nd Reserve Tank Brigade of the Leningrad Military District. After commanding the 9th Mechanized Brigade of the 7th Mechanized Corps from August 1938, then-Kombrig Solyankin was appointed commander of the 18th Light Tank Brigade in December 1939, when it was stationed in Estonia at Uuemõisa as a result of the Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty, and participated in the Soviet annexation of Estonia in June 1940. During the annexation, the brigade advanced into Tallinn. On 4 June 1940, he was promoted to Major General. He then served as deputy commander of the 1st Mechanized Corps from August 1940. Solyankin became commander of the 2nd Tank Division, part of the 3rd Mechanized Corps, on 9 December. The division was stationed in the area of Ukmergė, northeast of Kaunas. In the early summer of 1941 he arranged for the evacuation of the families of officers, although this was not officially permitted.
World War II
During the invasion of Russia, the 3rd Mechanized Corps mounted a counterattack against the advancing XXXXI Panzer Corps in what became known as the Battle of Raseiniai. The 2nd Tank Division had marched a hundred kilometers from Kėdainiai on 23 June to make its planned assault the following day. The division had six different types of tanks, including 32 KV-1s, 19 KV-2s, and 50 T-34s. Nearly half of the KVs broke down during the march. The KV tanks and T-34s of the division surprised the troops of the 6th Panzer Division, who were unaware of the existence of the Soviet tanks. The attack caused temporary panic, but the German forces counterattacked when the 2nd Tank Division ran out of fuel and ammunition after making six attacks. The 1st Panzer Division and the 36th Infantry Division flanked Solyankin's division and its rear area was captured after the 8th Panzer Division took Kėdainiai. On 25 June, Solyankin led a breakout attempt with the remaining heavy tanks leading. The division was destroyed and Solyankin was killed on 26 June. The location of his burial is unknown. He was survived by his wife, Varvara Vasilievna, a daughter, Raisa, and a son, Alexander.
Notes
References
1901 births
1941 deaths
Soviet major generals
Soviet military personnel killed in World War II
Military personnel from Moscow |
45333088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%27s%20Cafe | Bailey's Cafe | Bailey's Café is a 1992 novel by award-winning American author Gloria Naylor. The novel consists of a loosely intertwined group of stories, all told in first person, about the owners and patrons of Bailey's Cafe, an apparently supernatural establishment, set nominally in New York City, whose entrance can be found from different places and times.
Plot summary and settings
The unnamed owner of Bailey's Cafe (he is called "Bailey" as a nickname) acquires the cafe after his return from World War II and claims that it is magical and it saved him. Though the cafe is nominally set in New York City as per Naylor's earlier novel Mama Day, patrons wander into it from different times and places. The cafe also has a back door that apparently opens onto infinity (or death). The stories he tells include his own and his wife, Nadine's, as well as those of several of the patrons of the cafe who live in a nearby brownstone including Eve (who owns the brownstone down the street that harbors mostly fugitive women and serves as a bordello), Ester (the victim of sexual and emotional abuse), "Miss Maple" (a male cross-dresser), Jessie Bell (a bisexual drug-addict), Mary (a self-mutilated beauty), and Mariam (a mentally challenged, pregnant, virgin, teenager). Each person's back story is told by the owner as they come into the cafe.
Bailey frames the first-person narrative of each character but one: Nadine opens and closes the story of Mariam (Mary).
Characters
"Bailey" – the principal narrator. A World War II veteran and nominal owner of the cafe, Bailey (which is not his real name) is the cook.
Nadine – the owner's wife and cashier in the cafe. Nadine frames the story of Mariam.
Gabe – a Russian Jew and owner of the pawn shop that adjoins the cafe.
Sadie – a homeless prostitute and alcoholic, who is also, according to Bailey, "a lady". Sadie was forced into prostitution at the age of 13, then married a poor taciturn man 30 years her senior. After his death she returns to prostitution, is arrested, loses her house, and is eventually evicted from a women's shelter because she will not take public assistance funds. She wanders into Bailey's Cafe from the South Side of Chicago. When the verbose Iceman asks the mostly silent Sadie to marry him, she refuses, believing she will only bring him pain.
Iceman – works around Bailey's Cafe delivering ice. He proposes marriage to Sadie, but is rejected.
Eve – formerly homeless, Eve owns the brownstone down the street that harbors mostly fugitive women, and also serves as a brothel, where the principal characters (sans the narrator and his wife) live.
Ester – the victim of sexual abuse and emotional abuse.
Mary ("Peaches") – a self-mutilated beauty.
Jessie Bell – a bisexual drug-addict and "fallen woman".
"Mariam" (Mary) – a 14-year-old, mentally challenged, pregnant virgin, Ethiopian Jew, Mariam is also the victim of genital mutilation (clitorectomy). When she wanders into Gabe's pawn shop he takes her directly to Bailey's, even though the two men do not get along. Mariam lives at Eve's.
"Miss Maple" (Stanley Beckwourth Booker T. Washington Carver: no surname is given) – a male cross-dresser and former conscientious objector who served time in prison for refusing to fight, Miss Maple has a Ph.D. specializing in marketing analysis but works as housekeeper and bouncer for Eve. Born into a rowdy, rich, and powerful African American, Southern California family, Miss Maple came to Bailey's after many failed attempts to find employment in his field during which he began wearing women's clothes, supposedly due to the heat.
Note: none of the characters have surnames. All characters excepting Gabe (who is Jewish) and Mariam (who is an African) are presented as African American.
Themes
In an interview with The Seattle Times, Naylor explained that "the underlying theme [of Bailey's Cafe] is how people define femaleness and female sexuality, how women have been cast in sexual roles since Eve." Thus, the guests at Eve's boarding house do not fit the "easy sexual labels" used to control women's bodies. Another theme within Bailey's Cafe is the combination of collective and individuals traumas throughout World War II. Bailey's references of various key battle locations such as Guam, Pearl Harbor, Japan, and more allude to the fact that the violence was a collective experience from multiple characters and the general American population during wartime.
Bailey's Cafe is the first of Naylor's novels to spotlight male characters. "Bailey", the owner of the café, frames the patrons’ stories with his running commentary as well as narrates the story of his courtship of Nadine, his wife. In addition, Miss Maples, a cross-dressing male housekeeper and bouncer, tells the story of why he came to wearing dresses. This shift in Naylor’s exclusive interest in the stories of women has been interpreted as her desire “to portray a different kind of male identity as well as . . . to cultivate a different relationship with her male characters."
Critical reception
Bailey's Cafe, which is sometimes referred to as a collection of interrelated short stories, has been well received by critics.
Adaptation
Gloria Naylor worked with director Novella Nelson to adapt Bailey's Cafe for the stage. Bailey's Cafe the play was produced by the Hartford Stage in March and April 1994.
References
Further references
Buehler, Dorothea. "Below the Surface: Female Sexuality in Gloria Naylor's Bailey's Café. Amerikastudien / American Studies 56.3 (2011): 425–448.
Brown, Amy Benson. "Writing Home: The Bible and Gloria Naylor's Bailey's Cafe." Homemaking: Women Writers and the Politics and Poetics of Home. Ed. Catherine Wiley and Fiona Barnes. New York: Garland, 1996. 23–42.
Chavanelle, Sylvie. "Gloria Naylor's Bailey's Cafe: The Blues and Beyond." American Studies International 36.2 (1998): 58–73.
diPace, Angela. "Gloria Naylor's Bailey's Cafe: A Panic Reading of Bailey's Narrative." The Critical Response to Gloria Naylor. Ed. Sharon Felton and Michelle C. Loris. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1997.194-99.
Montgomery, Maxine L. "Authority, Multivocality, and the New World Order in Gloria Naylor's Bailey's Cafe." African American Review 29.1 (1995): 27–33. Reprinted in The Critical Response to Gloria Naylor. Ed. Sharon Felton and Michelle C. Loris. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1997. 187-94.
Nash, William R. "The Dream Defined: Bailey's Cafe and the Reconstruction of American Cultural Identities." The Critical Response to Gloria Naylor. Ed. Sharon Felton and Michelle C. Loris. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1997. 211–225.
Page, Philip. "Living with the Abyss in Gloria Naylor's Bailey's Cafe." CLA Journal 40.1 (September 1996): 21–45. Reprinted in The Critical Response to Gloria Naylor. Ed. Sharon Felton and Michelle C. Loris. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1997. 225-39.
Rummell, Kathryn. "From Stanley to Miss Maple: A Definition of Manhood in Gloria Naylor's Bailey's Cafe." Diversity: A Journal of Multicultural Issues 2 (1994): 90–96.
Schneider, Karen. "Gloria Naylor's Poetics of Emancipation: (E)merging (Im)possibilities in Bailey's Cafe." Kelley, Margot Anne, ed. Gloria Naylor's Early Novels. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. 1–20.
Thompson, Dorothy Perry. "Africana Womanist Revision in Gloria Naylor's Mama Day and Bailey's Cafe." Kelley, Margot Anne, ed. Gloria Naylor's Early Novels. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. 1–20. 89–111.
Whitt, Margaret. "Bailey's Café as Sports Bar, or, Why Baseball Needs a Way Station." Callaloo 23.4 (Autumn 2000):1464–1474.
Wood, Rebecca. "'Two Warring Ideals in One Dark Body': Universalism and Nationalism in Gloria Naylor's Bailey's Cafe."African American Review 30.3 (Fall 1996): 381–95. Reprinted in The Critical Response to Gloria Naylor. Ed. Sharon Felton and Michelle C. Loris. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1997. 240-52.
External links
Gloria Naylor on AALBC.com
Postmodern novels
African-American novels
1993 American novels
Novels by Gloria Naylor
American novels adapted into plays |
16796206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachlan%20Donald%20Ian%20Mackinnon | Lachlan Donald Ian Mackinnon | Vice-Admiral Lachlan Donald Ian Mackinnon, CB, CVO (2 December 1882 – 11 October 1948) was a Royal Navy officer, especially noted for his role as a convoy commodore during the Second World War.
Early career
His father was a clergyman and Lachlan entered the Royal Navy in 1898. He received the China Medal for service in the Boxer Rebellion, was promoted to acting sub-lieutenant on 15 November 1901, and subsequently confirmed in that rank from the same date. He was in early November 1902 mentioned for service on the torpedo gunboat HMS Alarm, but the appointment was cancelled and he was instead posted to the destroyer HMS Syren on 18 November, serving in Home waters.
He was seconded to the navy of the Ottoman Empire from 1910 to 1912.
During the First World War, Mackinnon served aboard the battlecruiser, HMS Indomitable, and the battleship, HMS Barham. He was present for the bombardment of the Dardanelles forts in 1914 and was present at the battles of Dogger Bank and Jutland, where he was gunnery officer of the Indomitable.
He became commanding officer of the repair ship HMS Assistance in 1924 and of the cruiser HMS Danae in 1926. He went on to be Captain of the Fleet for the Mediterranean Fleet in 1930, commanding officer of the battleship HMS Warspite in 1932 and Chief of Staff to the Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in 1933. After that, he was appointed in command of the 2nd Battle Squadron in 1937 with his flag aboard HMS Royal Oak before retiring as a vice admiral on 11 January 1939.
Return to service
From 16 September 1939 he joined the Royal Navy Reserve as a captain and served as a convoy commodore until 1941.
He was one of the first commodores to put to sea. He completed 11 ocean convoys before he was sent to take charge of Convoy SC 7.
Convoy SC 7 was out of Sydney, Nova Scotia. The slow convoy of 35 ships sailed on 5 October 1940 bound for the United Kingdom with a very inadequate escort. For most of their journey, SC 7 had only one escort, the , which was not fitted with ASDIC. Mackinnon was aboard , built in Hamburg in 1914 and was carrying a cargo of grain. Mackinnon brought with him his team of five sailors, a Yeoman of Signals, two telegraphists and two young bunting tossers (i.e. sailors in charge of hoisting signal flags). The signals crew was important as the convoys maintained radio silence to avoid detection by the German navy.
On the afternoon of 16 October the convoy was met by two Royal Navy ships, the sloop, , and the corvette, . That night all three escorts went off in various direction pursuing reports of U-boats or rescuing survivors of the two ships hit early the next morning. The convoy was left defenceless in the face of the gathering six submarines which included the ace Otto Kretschmer in , resulting in the convoy taking heavy losses.
On 19 October, as the convoy approached the British Isles, Mackinnon sighted a U-boat 100 yards ahead. Assyrian went full ahead to ram her, making 10 knots for the first time in recent memory and chasing the enemy ship for 40 minutes. However, Assyrians main gun was astern, she was unable to bring any of her small guns to bear, and slowly the U-boat drew away. Now ahead of the convoy, with no escorts around, the old ship was vulnerable. Two torpedoes missed her but a third caught her on the starboard side stopping the engines and putting out her lights. Both ship's boats were damaged in the explosion and most of the surviving crew took to the life-rafts. A sinking merchantman drifted down upon the Assyrian, her pit props rolling off and further damaging the ship and sinking one of the life-rafts which had been launched. A small group including the ship's Master, the Chief Officer and Mackinnon were stranded aboard the sinking ship. They set to building a raft out of whatever they could find and launched it as the ship went down. The raft fell to bits as it hit the water. Mackinnon, then 58, went into the cold North Atlantic. He swam to a plank and hung on. The found him at the very end of his strength, unable to swim or grasp a rope. They hoisted him aboard in a net.
Mackinnon developed pneumonia and barely survived. Though he recovered somewhat and tried to get back to sea, he was put on the retired list. His health was permanently impaired and he died in 1948 at age of 65.
It was only the second convoy to be attacked by the new "wolfpack" tactics of German submarines. Some 20 of the 35 ships were sunk, including the commodore's ship. There is no sense that the disaster was in any way due to Mackinnon's efforts.
Family
MacKinnon married Imogen Lorna Sayers Lee; they had two sons and two daughters. Both sons, Alan Hood Ian Mackinnon and Dan Stuart Mackinnon, were killed within months of each other, on active service, in 1947.
Character and reputation
Alan Burn in the Fighting Commodores describes Mackinnon as playing hard and working hard, and "... though a disciplinarian was popular at all levels."
References
Sources
The Fighting Commodores, Burn, Alan. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, USA, 1999. pp 76–90
Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945
1882 births
1948 deaths
Royal Navy officers of World War II
Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Convoy commodores |
242835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarine | Muscarine | Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly C. dealbata. Mushrooms in the genera Entoloma and Mycena have also been found to contain levels of muscarine which can be dangerous if ingested. Muscarine has been found in harmless trace amounts in Boletus, Hygrocybe, Lactarius and Russula. Trace concentrations of muscarine are also found in Amanita muscaria, though the pharmacologically more relevant compound from this mushroom is the Z-drug-like alkaloid muscimol. A. muscaria fruitbodies contain a variable dose of muscarine, usually around 0.0003% fresh weight. This is very low and toxicity symptoms occur very rarely. Inocybe and Clitocybe contain muscarine concentrations up to 1.6%.
Muscarine is a selective agonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
History
The name muscarine derives from that of Amanita muscaria, from which it was first isolated, by German chemists Oswald Schmiedeberg and Richard Koppe at the University of Tartu, who reported their findings in 1869. The mushroom's specific name in turn comes from the Latin for fly because the mushroom was often used to attract and catch flies, hence its common name, "fly agaric".
Muscarine was the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound activation of the peripheral parasympathetic nervous system that may end in circulatory collapse and death. Being a quaternary ammonium salt, muscarine is less completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract than tertiary amines, and it does not cross the blood–brain barrier.
Muscarinic agonists activate muscarinic receptors while nicotinic agonists activate nicotine receptors. Both are direct-acting cholinomimetics; they produce their effects by binding to and activating cholinergic receptors.
Final proof of the structure was given by Franz Jellinek and colleagues in 1957 with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis; Jellinek further described the three-dimensional structure of the molecule using muscarine chloride. These new findings set into motion research on the pharmacology of muscarine and muscarine-like substances that are structurally related to acetylcholine.
Structure and reactivity
Muscarine mimics the function of the natural neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the muscarinic part of the cholinergic nervous system, despite the less flexible structure due to the five-membered ring in the molecular skeleton. With the exception of the double bonded oxygen, all of the acetylcholine structure is present in the right bottom side of muscarine (see Figure 3 below for comparison of both structures).
There are two mirror forms of muscarine, named: 2S-muscarine and 2R-muscarine.
Efficient synthesis of (+)-muscarine
The scheme below represents a very efficient way of the synthesis of (+)-muscarine according to the scientists Chan and Li in the Canadian journal of Chemistry in 1992.
S-(−)-Ethyl lactate (2)(Figure 4) is converted into the 2,6-dichlorobenzyl ether (3). Diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL) reduction of the 2,6-dichlorobenzyl ether gives the aldehyde (4). Treatment of the crude aldehyde with allyl bromide and zinc powder in water with NH4Cl as catalyst resulted in an anti:syn mixture of 5a and 5b. Treatment of 5a with iodine in CH3CN at 0 °C gives the cyclized product 6a. Finally treatment of 6a with excess trimethylamine in ethanol gave (+)-muscarine (2S,4R,5S). A similar reaction sequence with 5b gave (+)-epimuscarine (7).
Other Syntheses
It can be synthesized in various ways from completely different substances, particularly from 2,5-dimethyl-3-carboxymethyl flurane.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Muscarine mimics the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by agonising muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. These receptors were named after muscarine, to differentiate them from the other acetylcholine receptors (nicotinic receptors), which are comparatively unresponsive to muscarine. There are five different types of muscarinic receptors: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5. Most tissues express a mixture of subtypes.
The M2 and M3 subtypes mediate muscarinic responses at peripheral autonomic tissues. M1 and M4 subtypes are more abundant in brain and autonomic ganglia.
The odd numbered receptors, M1, M3 and M5, interact with Gq proteins to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis and the release of intracellular calcium. Conversely, the even numbered receptors, M2 and M4, interact with Gi proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase, which results in a decrease of intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
Most agonists for muscarine receptors are not selective for subtypes.
Muscarinic receptors also signal via other pathways, for instance via G beta-gamma complex modulation of potassium channels. This allows muscarine to modulate cellular excitability via the membrane potential.
Metabolism
A paucity of research exists on the metabolism of muscarine in the human body, suggesting this compound is not metabolized by humans. Though there has been extensive research in the field of acetylcholine metabolism by acetylcholinesterase, muscarine is not metabolized by this enzyme, partly explaining the compound's potential toxicity. Muscarine is readily soluble in water. The most likely way for muscarine to leave the blood is via renal clearance; it will eventually leave the body in urine.
Medical uses
Muscarinic agonists are used as drugs in treating glaucoma, postoperative ileus, congenital megacolon, urinary retention and xerostomia. Muscarine is contraindicated in people with diseases that make them susceptible to parasympathetic stimulation, people who have asthma or COPD, or people who have peptic ulcer disease. Also people with an obstruction in the gastrointestinal or urinary tract are not prescribed muscarine because it will aggravate the obstruction, causing pressure to build up that may lead to perforation.
Efficacy
As muscarine works on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, the best comparison can be made with acetylcholine, which normally works on this receptor. Pure muscarine compared to pure acetylcholine is stated in most cases to be more potent, its action is always slower but longer lasting than acetylcholine. A possible explanation for this long-lasting behavior might be that muscarine does not get hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft.
Toxicology
Muscarine poisoning is characterized by miosis, blurred vision, increased salivation, excessive sweating, lacrimation, bronchial secretions, bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, abdominal cramping, increased gastric acid secretion, diarrhea and polyuria. If muscarine reaches the brain it can cause tremor, convulsions and hypothermia.
Cardiac ventricles contain muscarinic receptors that mediate a decrease in the force of contractions leading to a lower blood pressure. If muscarine is administered intravenously, muscarine can trigger acute circulatory failure with cardiac arrest.
The symptoms of intoxication with mushrooms rich in muscarine, especially Inocybe, are very typical:
The symptoms start early, after one-quarter to two hours, with headache, nausea, vomiting, and constriction of the pharynx. Then salivation, lacrimation, and diffuse perspiration set in, combined with miosis, disturbed accommodation, and reduced vision. Gastric and small bowel colic leads to diarrhea, and there is a painful urge for urination. Bronchoconstriction leads to asthmatic attacks and severe dyspnea, and bradycardia combined with marked hypotension and vasodilation results in circulatory shock. Death after 8 to 9 hours has been reported in about 5% of the cases, but can be avoided completely by prompt administration of IV or IM anticholinergic drugs.
Antidote
Antimuscarinics such as atropine can be used as an antidote to muscarine. Atropine is, like muscarine, an alkaloid but unlike muscarine is an antagonist of the muscarinic receptors. Hence, it inhibits the effects of acetylcholine.
Muscarinic antagonists dilate the pupil and relax the ciliary muscle, are used in treatment of inflammatory uveitis and is associated with glaucoma. They are also used to treat urinary incontinence and diseases characterized by bowel hypermotility such as irritable bowel syndrome.
Muscarinic antagonists are often called parasympatholytics because they have the same effect as agents that block postganglionic parasympathetic nerves.
References
External links
Treatment of muscarine poisoning
Psychoactive Amanitas on Erowid
Muscarinic agonists
Mycotoxins
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Alkaloids |
31761467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh%20University%20Music%20Society | Edinburgh University Music Society | The Edinburgh University Music Society (EUMS) is a student-run musical organisation based in Edinburgh. Since its founding in 1867, the EUMS has been based within the University of Edinburgh.
The society performs in three concert series throughout the year whilst also undertaking a programme of charity events and education projects.
History
The Edinburgh University Music Society is the oldest student’s musical society in Scotland and can be traced back to its origins in a concert in February 1867: the 27th Reid Memorial Concert. This concert was unusual in that, rather than exclusively relying on the professional players within Edinburgh at the time, as had been normal up until this point, the performance was cast as a "University Amateur Concert". It consisted of a selection of musicians from around the University of Edinburgh, most students, some academics, and others members of the St. Cecilia Instrumental Society.
They were led by the then professor Herbert Oakeley in George Street’s Music Hall (now the Assembly Rooms). That summer a draft constitution was set down and at the commencement of the next academic year the first students rehearsed under Oakeley for the first time in what became known as the Edinburgh University Musical Society.
The society first performed in what became an annual concert in March 1868. Oakeley soon called on his influence to enhance the standing of the society, and in 1872 the Edinburgh University Musical Society performed alongside the Hallé Orchestra from Manchester and a selection of well-known artists of the time. This performance began a three-day festival devoted to the continuation of General John Reid’s passion for music.
Carl Orff’s Carmina Burana was premiered in Scotland by the EUMS in 1963, and the BBC has made recordings of several EUMS concerts. In 2007, the society celebrated its 140th anniversary with a series of concerts in the impressive McEwan Hall, ending with a widely acclaimed rendition of Verdi’s Requiem to a thousand-strong audience.
Structure
The society in its current form consists of three ensembles: Chorus, Sinfonia and the Symphony Orchestra.
Chorus
The largest ensemble in the Edinburgh University Music Society is the Chorus, conducted by Neil Metcalfe. It consists of between 150 and 200 people and is non-auditioned. Recent performances have included Jenkins' Armed Man and Bruckner's Te Deum.
Sinfonia
Sinfonia, a full symphony orchestra conducted by Sam McLellan, consists of auditioned players apart from the string section which is non-auditioning. Alongside Chorus, they perform a large choral piece every other year.
Symphony Orchestra
The Symphony Orchestra, a large fully auditioning orchestra of high standard, is conducted by Russell Cowieson. They perform works from a wide range of composers including romantic and 20th century artists. Recent performances have included pieces by Mahler, Shostakovich, Sibelius, Dvořák, Tchaikovsky, Chausson and Rimsky-Korsakov, amongst others. As with Sinfonia, the Symphony Orchestra perform with Chorus once every two years. In 2011 this piece was Elgar's Dream of Gerontius.
Activities
Work with charity
An excerpt from the Society's minutes in 1957 indicates that the Edinburgh University Music Society has been involved with supporting charities since at least the 1950s.
More recently, EUMS has worked with Scottish charity the Bethany Christian Trust to host the Big Sing 2012. The Big Sing is a come and sing Handel's Messiah, raising money for the Bethany Christian Trust's Stop Homelessness campaign. The project ran for the first time in 2011 when it raised over £1300 for the charity. Following this, EUMS collaborated with Drake Music Scotland in 2013. Drake Music Scotland is a Scottish charity that enables children and adults with disabilities to learn, compose and perform music. Through carolling projects, EUMS raised £600 for them.
Work in education
In the early 2000s, the Edinburgh University Music Society piloted a project where a group of members went to Edinburgh schools for an afternoon presentation about classical music and the structure of the orchestra. For the next few years the project developed and greatly contributed to the society being awarded the Edinburgh University Students' Association Community Action Award in 2010. The project currently runs on an annual basis, and is a series of hour-long education projects. Members from the society show local primary school students the workings of an orchestra, and a choir, and the pupils are able to learn all about the different instruments and voices.
EUMS takes an active interest in music education; other projects run by the society have included free entry to EUMS concerts when a school booked a class to attend, collaborative performances between a school ensemble and members of the society, and group master-classes hosted by senior players. All concert and tour programmes run by EUMS welcome audiences of all ages, and the society as a whole looks to promote classical music within the University of Edinburgh and the wider community.
Tours
The EUMS regularly tours to locations across the United Kingdom and Europe. These usually consist of a touring orchestra and chorus. Recent tours have included destinations such as Ireland, Belgium, France, Holland and Norway.
Notable alumni
Patrons
1957–1983 Sir Adrian Boult
1963–1982 Carl Orff
Conductors
Other members
Sir Alexander Mackenzie
Donald Runnicles
James MacMillan
See also
The Edinburgh Society of Organists
References
External links
EUMS website
EUMS on Last.fm
1867 establishments in Scotland
Musical groups established in 1867
Music Society
Music organisations based in Scotland
Scottish choirs
Scottish orchestras
Music in Edinburgh
University musical groups in the United Kingdom |
4386179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dream%20of%20Akinosuke | The Dream of Akinosuke | is a Japanese folktale, made famous outside Japan by Lafcadio Hearn's translation of the story in Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things.
The story is said to bring together several strands of Japanese folklore, including the fact that even insects can manipulate the human soul. The Dream of Akinosuke also references Horai, another Japanese folktale recorded by Hearn in Kwaidan. It is evidently derived from a Japanese adaptation of the Tang dynasty tale, The Governor of Nanke, (南柯太守传) by Li Gongzuo (李公佐). However, there are some significant differences.
Legend summary
The Dream of Akinosuke tells of Akinosuke, a gōshi (yeoman or land-holding farmer) living in feudal Japan. Akinosuke often takes a nap under a great cedar tree in his garden. One day, Akinosuke is sitting under this tree, eating and chatting with friends, when he suddenly becomes very tired, and falls asleep.
Upon waking, he finds himself still under the tree, but his friends have gone. Coming toward him, Akinosuke sees a great royal procession, full of richly dressed attendants. The procession approaches him, and informs him that the King of Tokoyo (a dream world that Hearn compares to Horai) requests his presence at his court. Akinosuke agrees to accompany the procession, and when he arrives at the palace, he is invited before the King. To his astonishment, the King offers Akinosuke his daughter in marriage, and the two are wed immediately.
A few days later, the King tells Akinosuke that he is being sent to be the governor of an island province. Together with his beautiful wife, Akinosuke goes to the island, and rules it for many years. The island is idyllic, with bountiful crops and no crime, and Akinosuke's wife bears him seven children.
However, one day, without warning, Akinosuke's wife becomes ill and dies. The grieving Akinosuke goes to great trouble to hold a proper funeral, and he erects a large monument in his wife's memory. After some time, a message arrives from the King, saying that Akinosuke will be sent back to where he came from, and telling him not to worry about his children, as they will be well cared for. As Akinosuke sails away from the island, it suddenly disappears, and he is shocked to find himself sitting under the cedar tree, his friends still chatting as if nothing has happened.
Akinosuke recounts his dream. One of his friends tells him that he was only asleep for a few moments, but while he was asleep, something strange happened: a yellow butterfly seemed to come from Akinosuke's mouth. The butterfly was grabbed by an ant and taken under the cedar tree. Just before Akinosuke awoke, the butterfly reappeared from under the tree. His friends wonder if the butterfly could have been Akinosuke's soul, and the group decides to investigate. Under the cedar tree, they find a great kingdom of ants, which Akinosuke realizes was the kingdom he visited in his dream. Looking for his island home, he finds a separate nest, and investigating further, he finds a small stone that resembles a burial monument. Digging beneath it, he finds a small female ant buried in a clay coffin.
See also
Japanese mythology
Kwaidan
Rip van Winkle
References
Available online.
Japanese folklore
Japanese fairy tales |
8145049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Marriage%20During%20the%20Regency | A Marriage During the Regency | A Marriage During the Regency (, ) is a ballet in 2 acts, with libretto and choreography by Marius Petipa and music by Cesare Pugni.
The ballet was first presented by the Imperial Ballet on December 18/30 (Julian/Gregorian calendar dates), 1858, at the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. Principal dancers: Mariia Surovshchikova-Petipa (as the Countess Matilda) and Christian Johansson (as the Count), Timofei Stukolkin, Marfa Muravyova, Anna Prikhunova, and Lev Ivanov.
In 1870 Marius Petipa restaged this ballet at the Mariinsky Theatre.
References
Ballets by Marius Petipa
Ballets by Cesare Pugni
1858 ballet premieres
Ballets premiered at the Bolshoi Theatre, Saint Petersburg |
64189154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Ju-gong | Kim Ju-gong | Kim Ju-gong (; born 23 April 1996) is a South Korean football forward, who plays for Jeju United FC in the K League 1, South Korea's top-tier professional football league.
Club career
Born on 23 April 1996, Kim joined Gwangju FC in 2019. He made his debut for the club on 12 May 2019, playing as a substitute in a K League 2 match against Busan. He played his first match in the K League 1 on 17 May 2020, as a starter against FC Seoul.
In 2022, he moved to Jeju United FC.
Club career statistics
Honors and awards
Player
Gwangju FC
League Winners (1) : 2019 K League 2
Notes
External links
Player profile on Gwangju FC website (in Korean)
1996 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
South Korean men's footballers
Gwangju FC players
K League 1 players
K League 2 players |
40124374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%20Knob%20Station | Pilot Knob Station | Pilot Knob Station, a former stage station of the Butterfeild Overland Mail, located near Andrade, California. It was placed 10 miles west of the Fort Yuma stage station on the road along the Colorado River, in California, and 18 miles east of the Cooke's Wells Station in Baja California.
It was subsequently used by the Union Army as station for its troops and supply wagons during the American Civil War and was a stage station again after the Civil War until the Southern Pacific Railroad, arrived in Yuma, Arizona ending the need for the stage line from California.
References
Butterfield Overland Mail in California
American frontier
Stagecoach stations in California
Transportation buildings and structures in Imperial County, California |
38277966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20VCU%20Rams%20men%27s%20basketball%20team | 2008–09 VCU Rams men's basketball team | The 2008–09 VCU Rams men's basketball team represented Virginia Commonwealth University during the 2008–09 college basketball season. The Rams compete in the Colonial Athletic Association and played their home games at Stuart C. Siegel Center. They finished the season 24–10, 14–4 and won the 2009 CAA tournament against George Mason. The Rams lost in the first round of the 2009 NCAA tournament to UCLA by one point.
Schedule
|-
!colspan=8 style=| Exhibition
|-
!colspan=8 style=| Regular season
|-
!colspan=10 style=| CAA tournament
|-
!colspan=10 style=| NCAA tournament
References
VCU
VCU Rams men's basketball seasons
VCU
VCU Rams
VCU Rams |
20657449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Nakhchivan | Economy of Nakhchivan | Economy of Nakhchivan covers the issues related to the economy of the city of Nakhchivan, is the most important center of economic activity in Azerbaijan.
State programs
Over the past period, several state programs have been adopted for the development of the economy in Azerbaijan. The "State Program on Socio-Economic Development of the Regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan for the period of 2004-2008 and the "State Program on Socio-economic Development of the Regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 2009-2013". were adopted, providing both economic development in the capital and regions. The "Regional Development Program of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (2005-2008)" and "The Socio-Economic Development of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic for 2009-2013" approved by the Chairman of the Supreme Assembly of Nakhchivan ensured the use of investment opportunity in the autonomous republic, the creation of new industrial, agricultural enterprises, raising the level of employment, and further improvement of the education, health and other social security of the population.
Gross Domestic Product
The gross domestic product, which is considered as the main factor of economic development, was 2 billion 339 million manat in 2013, has increased by 8.4 times, compared to the same period of 2003. In 2013, the gross domestic product per capita increased by 6.9 times in comparison with 2003 and amounted to 5423 manat. Compared to 2003, the industrial output increased by 49 times in 2013, investments directed to fixed capital by 16.4 times, agricultural sector by 4.7 times, transport sector by 2.6 times, information and communication services by 10.3 times. retail trade turnover by 11.1 times, income per capita by 8.8 times, and the average monthly salary increased by 9.8 times. "Regulations on Industrial Parks" were approved by the Decree of the Chairman of the Supreme Assembly of Nakhchivan dated June 6, 2013. By the end of 2003, 66 industrial enterprises functioned in the Autonomous Republic, and by the end of 2013 this indicator increased 7 times, reached to 438.
Power station
The Nakhchivan Module Power Plant with a capacity of 87 megawatts, the Bilav Hydro Power Plant with a capacity of 22 megawatts, the Arpachay-1 Hydro Power Plant with a capacity of 20.5 megawatts, hydro power plant with the capacity of 4.5 megawatts on the Heydar Aliyev Water Reservoir were built, and Nakhchivan Gas Turbine Power Station with the capacity of 60 megawatts was reconstructed. On March 14, 2014, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan signed an Order on financing the construction of Arpachay-2 Hydro Power plant in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. In accordance with the decree, 4 million manat was allocated from the fund of the President of Azerbaijan to the Cabinet of Ministers of the Nakhchivan AR with the purpose of completing construction of the Arpachay-2 Hydroelectric Power Plant and the construction of the station was completed. During this period 9 electric substations were created in the autonomous republic and 4 electric substations were reconstructed.
Fuel supply
A protocol was signed in 1992 on the construction of the Khoy-Julfa gas pipeline in order to provide the population with natural gas in the Autonomous Republic. On August 5, 2004, an agreement on the natural gas exchange was signed between Azerigaz CJSC and National Gas Export Company of Iran in order to meet the natural gas supply of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. 14 years later, the autonomous republic was provided with the fuel on December 20, 2005.
Investment
In 2013, the volume of investments directed to fixed capital was 1 billion 37 million 748 thousand manats. During 2004-2013, 227 administrative buildings, 29 pumping station, 150 subartezian wells, 61 bridges, 119 educational institutions, as well as 83 general educational schools with the capacity of 26164 pupils, 159 cultural institutions, 146 healthcare institutions, 420 individual houses, 18 sports facilities have been put into operation. Over the past few years, 101 village centers, 3 settlements have been put into operation.
Industry
In 1924-1969, a canning factory and a new silk factory were built in Ordubad, a cotton plant was restored in Sharur district, a new cotton plant was built, and the wine-making enterprise was reconstructed in Nakhchivan. Restoration of technical base of industry was carried out in the autonomous republic at the time of implementation of the tasks of industrialization and the first five-year plan in Azerbaijan. The initial restoration of the industry in the Autonomous Republic were carried out in the fields of salt mining during the years 1924-1926, on silk production during the years 1924-1927, on canning production during the years 1925-1927, on wines during the years 1926-1927.
Oil and cheesemaking factories, marble and furniture factories were constructed and put into operation in Nakhchivan in 1933-1937. Construction of Badam mineral Water Bottling Plant started. For the first time, rural power plants were built in Garabaghlar and Khok villages in the autonomous republic. Compared to 1940, the industrial production in the autonomous republic increased by 44 percent in 1950.
New industrial enterprises were built in Sharur, Shahbuz and Julfa districts along with the cities of Nakhchivan and Ordubad. In 1951-1955, the electricity network in Sharur district, Paragachay in Ordubad, Gumushlu mining industrial enterprises in Sharur region, bakery factory in Nakhchivan, meat factory, and Badamli mineral water filling plant in Shahbuz region were built and put into operation. As a result, new industries including mineral water, meat, dairy, bakery and non-ferrous metal production industries were formed, and industrial production increased by 87 percent in 1951-1955.
Electro-technical plant, construction industry enterprises, tobacco fermentation and Sirab mineral water plant built in 1956-1965 played an important role in the development of economy of the autonomous republic. Along with these, the construction of the plant manufacturing precast concrete products in Nakhchivan and the re-construction of the Nakhchivan salt mine began. In 1965, Nakhchivan started to supply with power from the Mingachevir Hydropower Station. Production of Raw Silk was up to 40 tonnes in the same period. The volume of industrial production was gradually decreasing during 1956-1959, it was 91 per cent in 1958 and 99.2 per cent in 1959. Generally, the volume of industrial production increased by only 6% in 1956-1960 and by 8% in 1961-1965.
Nakhchivan Automobile Plant (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Avtomobil Zavodu), better known as NAZ, is an automobile manufacturer in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan.
See also
Economy of Azerbaijan
Nakhchivan Automobile Plant
References
Nakhchivan |
1230632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20O.%20Anderson | Alexander O. Anderson | Alexander Outlaw Anderson (November 10, 1794May 23, 1869) was an American slave owner and attorney who represented Tennessee in the United States Senate, and later served in the California State Senate, and on the California Supreme Court.
Early life
The son of Only Patience Outlaw and longtime U.S. Senator Joseph Anderson, he was born at his father's home, "Soldier's Rest," in Jefferson County (now Hamblen County), Tennessee. He was named for his maternal grandfather, frontiersman Alexander Outlaw (1738–1826).
As a youth he graduated from Washington College near Greeneville, Tennessee. He volunteered for service in the War of 1812 and fought under Andrew Jackson in the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. Later that year he was admitted to the bar and began a practice in Dandridge, Tennessee. In 1821, Jackson was appointed Territorial Governor of Florida, and Anderson the United States district attorney of West Florida. Afterwards he moved to Knoxville, and then served as the superintendent of the United States General Land Office in Alabama in 1836. He was an agent in the Indian removals of 1838 for Alabama and Florida, and held a contract through 1848.
Senate and legal career
In February 1840, Anderson was elected to the United States Senate by the Tennessee General Assembly to the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Hugh Lawson White. He was a member of the Whig party whose resignation was orchestrated by Governor James K. Polk so that a Democratic senator could be appointed. Anderson served in that body from February 26, 1840, to March 3, 1841, when the term expired. In May 1840, he was a delegate to the national Democratic Party convention in Baltimore, Maryland. Anderson did not stand for reelection to the seat; it was to remain vacant for a period when a group of Tennessee Democratic legislators called the "Immortal Thirteen" refused to meet and give a quorum sufficient to allow the election of a successor, apparently preferring no representation to that by a member of the other party, the Whigs.
After leaving the Senate, Anderson remained active in politics. In September 1844, he published a series of letters on the admission of Texas as a new state, which were published as a book. In July 1847, he announced his support for Zachary Taylor of Louisiana as a candidate for President of the United States.
Anderson was a leader of an overland company of leaving from Independence, Missouri, and going to California in 1849. He served in the California State Senate in 1852 as a Democrat. In February 1852, his name was put forward for U.S. Senator, but he lost the Democratic Party nomination. He then was appointed by Governor John Bigler as an associate justice of the California Supreme Court, serving from April 6, 1852, to January 2, 1853, before returning to Tennessee in 1853 or 1854. While in the California Supreme Court, he co-authored a ruling supporting the Fugitive Slave Act, writing, "Slaves are not parties to the Constitution, and although ‘persons,’ they are property."
Anderson later practiced law in Washington, D.C., appearing before both the Court of Claims and the Supreme Court of the United States. During the American Civil War he returned to Alabama, practicing law in Mobile and Camden. Again returning to Tennessee, he died in Knoxville on May 23, 1869, and is buried in the Old Gray Cemetery.
Personal life
In 1821, he married Maria Hamilton in Washington, D.C., who died in 1825 in Jonesboro, Tennessee. On June 7, 1825, he remarried married to Eliza Rosa Deaderick, his cousin, and they had 11 children. She died October 15, 1866, in Knoxville, Tennessee.
See also
List of justices of the Supreme Court of California
Hugh Murray
Solomon Heydenfeldt
Footnotes
References
Retrieved on 2008-04-02
External links
Alexander Anderson. California Supreme Court Historical Society.
Past & Present Justices. California State Courts. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
1794 births
1869 deaths
People from Hamblen County, Tennessee
American people of Dutch descent
Democratic Party United States senators from Tennessee
Democratic Party California state senators
People of the California Gold Rush
Justices of the Supreme Court of California
U.S. state supreme court judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
United States Attorneys
Tennessee lawyers
Alabama lawyers
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Politicians from Knoxville, Tennessee
Politicians from Mobile, Alabama
People from Dandridge, Tennessee
Lawyers from Mobile, Alabama
Military personnel from Mobile, Alabama
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
Burials in Tennessee
United States senators who owned slaves |
21097999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Kupfer | David Kupfer | David Jerome Kupfer (born February 14, 1941) is head of the psychiatry department at the University of Pittsburgh and head of the DSM-5 planning committee. He was awarded the Joseph Zubin Award in 1999.
References
1941 births
Living people
University of Pittsburgh faculty
American psychiatrists
Members of the National Academy of Medicine |
44545764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyneta%20mediocris | Agyneta mediocris | Agyneta mediocris is a species of sheet weaver found in Colombia. It was described by Millidge in 1991.
References
mediocris
Arthropods of Colombia
Spiders of South America
Spiders described in 1991 |
1157176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane%20Picq | Stéphane Picq | Stéphane Picq (born 16 August 1965) is a French composer of video game music, primarily for ERE Informatique/Exxos and Cryo Interactive.
History
Picq first began composing in 1987. He retired from the industry in 1998 and moved to Madagascar. In February 2006, he announced that he was building a new studio in Madagascar and may release a compilation of old songs.
On 13 November 2015 ZOOM Platform and the Jordan Freeman Group revealed that Stéphane Picq, original musical composer for MegaRace 1, had joined the MegaRace Reboot Team and would be composing the soundtrack with other team members, including Jordan Freeman and Max Petrosky, along with some special guests. The news had actually broken on the previous day, 12 November 2015, via the MegaRace Reboot's official Facebook page.
On 22 August 2016 ZOOM Platform and the Jordan Freeman Group released Stéphane Picq's complete MegaRace 1 soundtrack re-mastered in stereo for the first time ever on various digital download services including Amazon MP3, CDBaby, Google Play, and iTunes.
In an interview in July 2020, he looks back on his career and in particular on the reasons that led him to leave the video game industry. The composer explains that the lack of artistic freedom made him tired.
In 2023, Stéphane Picq announced on Eklecty-City the reissue of Dune Spice Opera, the original soundtrack to the video game Dune, released in 1992.
Musical style
Picq claims to own dozens of instruments from all over the world and the ability to play all of them. His musical style incorporates "organic sonority", as he features many "organic sounds" such as breaths, water, sighs. The most representative examples are found in "Dune: Spice Opera", but this technique is also used on other Cryo soundtracks (for example, "Thaa's Secret" in Lost Eden).
Selected works
Extase
KULT: The Temple of Flying Saucers
KGB
"Dune: Spice Opera" (the soundtrack to the game Dune)
MegaRace
Commander Blood
Dragon Lore
Lost Eden
Atlantis: The Lost Tales
Riverworld
References
External links
Artist profile at OverClocked ReMix
1965 births
French composers
French electronic musicians
French emigrants to Madagascar
French male composers
French techno musicians
Living people
Video game composers |
29172575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNAPL%20transmissivity | LNAPL transmissivity | LNAPL transmissivity is the discharge of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) through a unit width of aquifer for a unit gradient.
Scholars Alex Mayer and S. Majid Hassanizadeh define LNAPL transmissivity as the "product of the porous medium permeability and the LNAPL relative permeability, which in turn is a function of saturation, and the thickness of the LNAPL". They wrote that once LNAPL is taken away, a lower recovery rate occurs because the "saturation and thickness of the mobile LNAPL fraction decreases".
LNAPL transmissivity is a summary parameter that takes into account soil type and physical properties (e.g., porosity and permeability), LNAPL physical fluid properties(e.g., density and viscosity) and LNAPL saturation (i.e., amount of LNAPL present within the pore network). Consequently, LNAPL transmissivity is comparable across soil types, LNAPL types and
recoverable LNAPL volumes. More importantly, for LNAPL recovery from a given well, the soil and LNAPL physical properties do not change significantly through time. What changes, is the LNAPL saturation (amount of LNAPL present). As a result, LNAPL transmissivity decreases in direct proportion to the decrease in LNAPL saturation achievable through liquid recovery technology. LNAPL Transmissivity is not the only piece of data required when evaluating a site overall, because it requires a good LNAPL conceptual model in order to calculate. However, it is a superior summary metric to gauged LNAPL thickness to represent LNAPL recoverability and migration risk (e.g., on site maps) and direct remediation efforts.
References
Chemical properties
Hydrology |
75174839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin%20Huan-chang | Lin Huan-chang | Lin Huan-chang (Chinese: 林煥彰; born August 16, 1939), a native of Jiaoxi, Yilan, Taiwan, is a children's literature writer and poet with pen names Mu-yun (牧雲), To-fo (多佛), and Fang ke-pai (方克白). He has written poetry, essays, historical materials, reviews, and children's literature, and his works have been translated into multiple languages. In 1970, he won the Chinese Writers & Artists Association's (中國文藝協會) Culture and Art Award Award, which established Lin's firm position in the field of new poetry.
In his youth, Lin Huan-chang was exposed to the monthly magazine New New Literature (新新文藝), where he became acquainted with genres such as new poetry, essays, and short stories. This had a profound impact on him and eventually led to his decision to start writing. During his military service, Lin participated in the China Literary Correspondence School Military Literary Class (中國文藝函授學校軍中文藝班) poetry group, where he began to learn how to write new poetry. After his discharge, he attended the Chinese Writers & Artists Association's Literary Research Class poetry group, where he met people like Chi Hsien (紀弦), Cheng Chou-yu (鄭愁予), and Ya Hsien (瘂弦).
Activities
In 1964, Lin made his first submission, with the short poem "Cloud" (雲) appearing in the fourth issue of The Vineyard Poetry Quarterly (葡萄園詩刊). From then on, Lin Huan-chang's works could be seen in every issue of The Vineyard Poetry Quarterly, and he became close friends with people like Guan Guan and Chou Meng-tieh. In 1965, Lin was introduced to the Li Poetry Society (笠詩社) by Li Kuei-hsien. In 1971, he co-founded the Dragon Poetry Society (龍族詩社) with Hsin Mu (辛牧), Chen Fang-ming (陳芳明), Syau-syau (蕭蕭), and Su Shao-lien, and published the Dragon Monthly (龍族月刊).
In 1978, Lin Huan-chang won the Chung-shan Art and Literature Award in the Children's Literature category for his works A Child's Dream (童年的夢) and My Sister's Red Shoes (妹妹的紅舞鞋), making him the first winner in this category. After that, Lin became more actively involved in children's literature. In 1991, he founded the Children's Literature Quarterly (兒童文學家季刊) on his own. He has also organized The Society of Children's Literature, The R.O.C. (中華民國兒童文學學會), and the Mainland China Children's Literature Research Association (大陸兒童文學研究會). He has served as the first chairman of the China Straits-Rim Children's Literature Research Association (中國海峽兩岸兒童文學研究會) and the first director of the World Chinese Children's Literature Documentation Center (世界華文兒童文學資料館).
Reference
People from Yilan County, Taiwan
Taiwanese male writers |
8014431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oita%20Broadcasting%20System | Oita Broadcasting System | or OBS is a television company based in Ōita Prefecture, Japan.
Famous radio announcer and personality Toshio Nishimura used to appear on OBS. He is well known throughout the prefecture and is often referred to by his radio nickname "Bin Bin". He is also known for his English pronunciation. His most famous is quote is "I don't say Makudonarudo, I say McDarro!"
History
October 1, 1953 – Radio broadcasting started
July 7, 1958 – Television Broadcasting was started.
August 2004 – Current head office Digital Media Center completed
December 1, 2006 – Oita Main Station starts network's Digital terrestrial television broadcasting service.
March 31, 2008 – On a large scale operation, OBS moves to the new main building.
June 2008 – Toshio Nishimura died of cancer.
July 24, 2011 – Analog transmission ended.
April 2, 2012 – OBS gets involved in the "radiko" project.
Stations
Radio
Oita (Main Station) JOGF 1098 kHz 500 kW; 93.3 MHz FM
Nakatsu 1557 kHz 100w
Hita 1557 kHz 100w
Saiki 1269 kHz 100w
Taketa 1557 kHz 100w
Yufuin 1098 kHz 100w
Analog Television
Oita (Main Station) JOGF-TV 5ch 3 kW
Digital Television (ID:3)
Oita (Main Station) JOGF-DTV 22ch 1 kW
Other links
OBS Official Site
Japan News Network
Television stations in Japan
Ōita Prefecture
Radio stations established in 1953
Television channels and stations established in 1958
Mass media in Ōita (city)
1953 establishments in Japan |
31336624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20secondary%20metabolism | Plant secondary metabolism | Secondary metabolism produces a large number of specialized compounds (estimated 200,000) that do not aid in the growth and development of plants but are required for the plant to survive in its environment. Secondary metabolism is connected to primary metabolism by using building blocks and biosynthetic enzymes derived from primary metabolism. Primary metabolism governs all basic physiological processes that allow a plant to grow and set seeds, by translating the genetic code into proteins, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Specialized compounds from secondary metabolism are essential for communicating with other organisms in mutualistic (e.g. attraction of beneficial organisms such as pollinators) or antagonistic interactions (e.g. deterrent against herbivores and pathogens). They further assist in coping with abiotic stress such as increased UV-radiation. The broad functional spectrum of specialized metabolism is still not fully understood. In any case, a good balance between products of primary and secondary metabolism is best for a plant’s optimal growth and development as well as for its effective coping with often changing environmental conditions. Well known specialized compounds include alkaloids, polyphenols including flavonoids, and terpenoids. Humans use many of these compounds for culinary, medicinal and nutraceutical purposes.
History
Research into secondary plant metabolism primarily took off in the later half of the 19th century, however, there was still much confusion over what the exact function and usefulness of these compounds were. All that was known was that secondary plant metabolites were "by-products" of the primary metabolism and were not crucial to the plant's survival. Early research only succeeded as far as categorizing the secondary plant metabolites but did not give real insight into the actual function of the secondary plant metabolites. The study of plant metabolites is thought to have started in the early 1800s when Friedrich Willhelm Serturner isolated morphine from opium poppy, and after that new discoveries were made rapidly. In the early half of the 1900s, the main research around secondary plant metabolism was dedicated to the formation of secondary metabolites in plants, and this research was compounded by the use of tracer techniques which made deducing metabolic pathways much easier. However, there was still not much research being conducted into the functions of secondary plant metabolites until around the 1980s. Before then, secondary plant metabolites were thought of as simply waste products. In the 1970s, however, new research showed that secondary plant metabolites play an indispensable role in the survival of the plant in its environment. One of the most ground breaking ideas of this time argued that plant secondary metabolites evolved in relation to environmental conditions, and this indicated the high gene plasticity of secondary metabolites, but this theory was ignored for about half a century before gaining acceptance. Recently, the research around secondary plant metabolites is focused around the gene level and the genetic diversity of plant metabolites. Biologists are now trying to trace back genes to their origin and re-construct evolutionary pathways.
Primary vs. secondary plant metabolism
Primary metabolism in a plant comprises all metabolic pathways that are essential to the plant's survival. Primary metabolites are compounds that are directly involved in the growth and development of a plant whereas secondary metabolites are compounds produced in other metabolic pathways that, although important, are not essential to the functioning of the plant. However, secondary plant metabolites are useful in the long term, often for defense purposes, and give plants characteristics such as color. Secondary plant metabolites are also used in signalling and regulation of primary metabolic pathways. Plant hormones, which are secondary metabolites, are often used to regulate the metabolic activity within cells and oversee the overall development of the plant. As mentioned above in the History tab, secondary plant metabolites help the plant maintain an intricate balance with the environment, often adapting to match the environmental needs. Plant metabolites that color the plant are a good example of this, as the coloring of a plant can attract pollinators and also defend against attack by animals.
Types of secondary metabolites in plants
There is no fixed, commonly agreed upon system for classifying secondary metabolites. Based on their biosynthetic origins, plant secondary metabolites can be divided into three major groups:
Flavonoids and allied phenolic and polyphenolic compounds,
Terpenoids, and
Nitrogen-containing alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds.
Other researchers have classified secondary metabolites into following, more specific types
Some of the secondary metabolites are discussed below:
Atropine
Atropine is a type of secondary metabolite called a tropane alkaloid. Alkaloids contain nitrogens, frequently in a ring structure, and are derived from amino acids. Tropane is an organic compound containing nitrogen and it is from tropane that atropine is derived. Atropine is synthesized by a reaction between tropine and tropate, catalyzed by atropinase. Both of the substrates involved in this reaction are derived from amino acids, tropine from pyridine (through several steps) and tropate directly from phenylalanine. Within Atropa belladonna atropine synthesis has been found to take place primarily in the root of the plant. The concentration of synthetic sites within the plant is indicative of the nature of secondary metabolites. Typically, secondary metabolites are not necessary for normal functioning of cells within the organism meaning the synthetic sites are not required throughout the organism. As atropine is not a primary metabolite, it does not interact specifically with any part of the organism, allowing it to travel throughout the plant.
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are one class of secondary plant metabolites that are also known as Vitamin P or citrin. These metabolites are mostly used in plants to produce yellow and other pigments which play a big role in coloring the plants. In addition, Flavonoids are readily ingested by humans and they seem to display important anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-cancer activities. Flavonoids are also found to be powerful anti-oxidants and researchers are looking into their ability to prevent cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Flavonoids help prevent cancer by inducing certain mechanisms that may help to kill cancer cells, and researches believe that when the body processes extra flavonoid compounds, it triggers specific enzymes that fight carcinogens. Good dietary sources of Flavonoids are all citrus fruits, which contain the specific flavanoids hesperidins, quercitrin, and rutin, berries, tea, dark chocolate and red wine and many of the health benefits attributed to these foods come from the Flavonoids they contain. Flavonoids are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway where the amino acid phenylalanine is used to produce 4-coumaryol-CoA, and this is then combined with malonyl-CoA to produce chalcones which are backbones of Flavonoids Chalcones are aromatic ketones with two phenyl rings that are important in many biological compounds. The closure of chalcones causes the formation of the flavonoid structure. Flavonoids are also closely related to flavones which are actually a sub class of flavonoids, and are the yellow pigments in plants. In addition to flavones, 11 other subclasses of Flavonoids including, isoflavones, flavans, flavanones, flavanols, flavanolols, anthocyanidins, catechins (including proanthocyanidins), leukoanthocyanidins, dihydrochalcones, and aurones.
Cyanogenic glycoside
Many plants have adapted to iodine-deficient terrestrial environment by removing iodine from their metabolism, in fact iodine is essential only for animal cells.
An important antiparasitic action is caused by the block of the transport of iodide of animal cells inhibiting sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Many plant pesticides are cyanogenic glycoside which liberate cyanide, which, blocking cytochrome c oxidase and NIS, is poisonous only for a large part of parasites and herbivores and not for the plant cells in which it seems useful in seed dormancy phase. To get a better understanding of how secondary metabolites play a big role in plant defense mechanisms we can focus on the recognizable defense-related secondary metabolites, cyanogenic glycosides. The compounds of these secondary metabolites (As seen in Figure 1) are found in over 2000 plant species. Its structure allows the release of cyanide, a poison produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and algae that is found in numerous plants. Animals and humans possess the ability to detoxify cyanide from their systems naturally. Therefore, cyanogenic glycosides can be used for positive benefits in animal systems always. For example, the larvae of the southern armyworm consumes plants that contain this certain metabolite and have shown a better growth rate with this metabolite in their diet, as opposed to other secondary metabolite-containing plants. Although this example shows cyanogenic glycosides being beneficial to the larvae many still argue that this metabolite can do harm. To help in determining whether cyanogenic glycosides are harmful or helpful researchers look closer at its biosynthetic pathway (Figure 2). Past research suggests that cyanogenic glucosides stored in the seed of the plant are metabolized during germination to release nitrogen for seedling to grow. With this, it can be inferred that cyanogenic glycosides play various roles in plant metabolism. Though subject to change with future research, there is no evidence showing that cyanogenic glycosides are responsible for infections in plants.
Phytic acid
Phytic acid is the main method of phosphorus storage in plant seeds, but is not readily absorbed by many animals (only absorbed by ruminant animals). Not only is phytic acid a phosphorus storage unit, but it also is a source of energy and cations, a natural antioxidant for plants, and can be a source of myoinositol which is one of the preliminary pieces for cell walls.
Phytic acid is also known to bond with many different minerals, and by doing so prevents those minerals from being absorbed; making phytic acid an anti-nutrient. There is a lot of concern with phytic acids in nuts and seeds because of its anti-nutrient characteristics. In preparing foods with high phytic acid concentrations, it is recommended they be soaked in after being ground to increase the surface area. Soaking allows the seed to undergo germination which increases the availability of vitamins and nutrient, while reducing phytic acid and protease inhibitors, ultimately increasing the nutritional value. Cooking can also reduce the amount of phytic acid in food but soaking is much more effective.
Phytic acid is an antioxidant found in plant cells that most likely serves the purpose of preservation. This preservation is removed when soaked, reducing the phytic acid and allowing the germination and growth of the seed. When added to foods it can help prevent discoloration by inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
There is also some belief that the chelating of phytic acid may have potential use in the treatment of cancer.
Gossypol
Gossypol has a yellow pigment and is found in cotton plants. It occurs mainly in the root and/or seeds of different species of cotton plants. Gossypol can have various chemical structures. It can exist in three forms: gossypol, gossypol acetic acid, and gossypol formic acid. All of these forms have very similar biological properties. Gossypol is a type of aldehyde, meaning that it has a formyl group. The formation of gossypol occurs through an isoprenoid pathway. Isoprenoid pathways are common among secondary metabolites. Gossypol's main function in the cotton plant is to act as an enzyme inhibitor. An example of gossypol's enzyme inhibition is its ability to inhibit nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked enzymes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Trypanosoma cruzi is a parasite which causes Chaga's disease.
For some time it was believed that gossypol was merely a waste product produced during the processing of cottonseed products. Extensive studies have shown that gossypol has other functions. Many of the more popular studies on gossypol discuss how it can act as a male contraceptive. Gossypol has also been linked to causing hypokalemic paralysis. Hypokalemic paralysis is a disease characterized by muscle weakness or paralysis with a matching fall in potassium levels in the blood. Hypokalemic paralysis associated with gossypol in-take usually occurs in March, when vegetables are in short supply, and in September, when people are sweating a lot. This side effect of gossypol in-take is very rare however. Gossypol induced hypokalemic paralysis is easily treatable with potassium repletion.
Phytoestrogens
Plants synthesize certain compounds called secondary metabolites which are not naturally produced by humans but can play vital roles in protection or destruction of human health. One such group of metabolites is phytoestrogens, found in nuts, oilseeds, soy, and other foods. Phytoestrogens are chemicals which act like the hormone estrogen. Estrogen is important for women's bone and heart health, but high amounts of it has been linked to breast cancer. In the plant, the phytoestrogens are involved in the defense system against fungi. Phytoestrogens can do two different things in a human body. At low doses it mimics estrogen, but at high doses it actually blocks the body's natural estrogen. The estrogen receptors in the body which are stimulated by estrogen will acknowledge the phytoestrogen, thus the body may reduce its own production of the hormone. This has a negative result, because there are various abilities of the phytoestrogen which estrogen does not do. Its effects the communication pathways between cells and has effects on other parts of the body where estrogen normally does not play a role.
Carotenoids
Carotenoids are organic pigments found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants. They are also found in some organisms such as algae, fungi, some bacteria, and certain species of aphids. There are over 600 known carotenoids. They are split into two classes, xanthophylls and carotenes. Xanthophylls are carotenoids with molecules containing oxygen, such as lutein and zeaxanthin. Carotenes are carotenoids with molecules that are unoxygenated, such as α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene. In plants, carotenoids can occur in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Carotenoids have two important functions in plants. First, they can contribute to photosynthesis. They do this by transferring some of the light energy they absorb to chlorophylls, which then uses this energy for photosynthesis. Second, they can protect plants which are over-exposed to sunlight. They do this by harmlessly dissipating excess light energy which they absorb as heat. In the absence of carotenoids, this excess light energy could destroy proteins, membranes, and other molecules. Some plant physiologists believe that carotenoids may have an additional function as regulators of certain developmental responses in plants. Tetraterpenes are synthesized from DOXP precursors in plants and some bacteria. Carotenoids involved in photosynthesis are formed in chloroplasts; Others are formed in plastids. Carotenoids formed in fungi are presumably formed from mevalonic acid precursors. Carotenoids are formed by a head-to-head condensation of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate or diphosphate (GGPP) and there is no NADPH requirement.
References
Plant physiology |
73724976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Flen%2C%20Pazarc%C4%B1k | Eğlen, Pazarcık | Eğlen is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. The village is inhabited by Alevi Kurds of the Kılıçlı tribe and had a population of 114 in 2022.
References
Neighbourhoods in Pazarcık District
Kurdish settlements in Kahramanmaraş Province |
25639982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Boys%20%28band%29 | Golden Boys (band) | Golden Boys is a Brazilian band formed in 1958, originally a doo-wop band, having influences also of rock and roll and Brazilian rock. They are composed of brothers Roberto, Ronaldo, and Renato Corrêa José Maria (members of Trio Esperança) and a cousin, Valdir Anunciação. Their first hit was "Meu Romance com Laura", followed in the next decades by "Michelle", "Se Eu Fosse Você", "Andança", "Mágoa", "Pensando Nela", and "O Cabeção". In 1971, Renato became a producer and left the group.
Discography
References
Doo-wop groups
Brazilian rock music groups
Jovem Guarda
Musical groups established in 1958
Polydor Records artists
1958 establishments in Brazil |
7437427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EudraVigilance | EudraVigilance | EudraVigilance (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Pharmacovigilance) is the European data processing network and management system for reporting and evaluation of suspected adverse reactions to medicines which have been authorised or being studied in clinical trials in the European Economic Area (EEA). The European Medicines Agency (EMA) operates the system on behalf of the European Union (EU) medicines regulatory network.
The European EudraVigilance system deals with the:
Electronic exchange of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSR, based on the ICH E2B specifications):
EudraVigilance Clinical Trial Module (EVCTM) for reporting Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reactions (SUSARs).
EudraVigilance Post-Authorisation Module (EVPM) for post-authorisation ICSRs.
Early detection of possible safety signals from marketed drugs for human use.
Continuous monitoring and evaluation of potential safety issues in relation to reported adverse reactions.
Decision-making process, based on a broader knowledge of the adverse reaction profile of drugs.
EMA publishes data from EudraVigilance in the European database for suspected adverse drug reaction reports.
The EudraVigilance access policy governs the level of access different stakeholder groups have to adverse drug reactions reports.
See also
Clinical trial
Drug development
EudraCT
EudraGMP
EudraLex
EUDRANET
EudraPharm
European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network
European Medicines Agency
International Society of Pharmacovigilance
Medication
Pharmacovigilance
Serious adverse event
Uppsala Monitoring Centre
Yellow Card Scheme
References
External links
EudraVigilance
European clinical research
Pharmaceuticals policy
Pharmacovigilance databases
Health and the European Union
Drug safety
National agencies for drug regulation |
385604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Workers%27%20Unity%20%E2%80%93%20Fourth%20International | International Workers' Unity – Fourth International | International Workers' Unity – Fourth International () is a Trotskyist international organisation. It has members in Latin America, Western Europe and the CIS, including Izquierda Socialista in Argentina, Unidad Socialista de Izquierda in Venezuela, Corrente Socialista dos Trabalhadores in Brazil and Movimiento pelo Socialismo in Portugal.
It was formed in 1995 by the merger of the Revolutionary International Current, consisting of a breakaway faction of the International Workers League (Fourth International) (LIT-CI); and the International League for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International. Both the LIT and UIT claim to stand in the political tradition of Nahuel Moreno.
Fusion talks with the Committee for a Workers' International were held in 1997, but quickly failed, some German CWI members joined the UIT in the process, creating a short-lived German section called Sozialistische Initiative/Sozialistische Liga (SI/SL).
See also
List of Trotskyist internationals
References
External links
UIT-CI (in Spanish) |
9541901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Skelton | Aaron Skelton | Aaron Skelton (born 22 November 1974 in Welwyn Garden City) is a former professional footballer who played at right-back, right-wing, center-midfield and center-back during his time at Luton Town and Colchester. His More recent achievement, on 15 July 2022, Aaron joined a team of 4 military veterans on the rowing boat Ellida to cross the English Channel from Cherbourg to Poole. This 66 nautical mile trip ended on 16 July after 38.5 hours at sea, with strong winds and tides resulting in a 109-mile row and a Successful crossing. This is a world record having never been completed before. The challenge was created by Adam Elcock MBE and in aid of Injured serviceman in support of the Pilgrim Bandits Charity.
Prior to this, injured serviceman rowed across the channel to also be the first to go from Poole to Cherbourg in a rowing boat, with a team of 5 and only 3 working legs between them.
Career
He joined Luton as an apprentice and became a squad member over his five years at the club. He only made eight appearances in the league before he was given a free transfer to Colchester. He became a vital member of their side, and after running his contract down in 2000/01, he re-joined relegated Luton to become captain. Injuries stopped Aaron from becoming a key player at Luton and he was released again in 2003. Upon his release he signed for Havant & Waterlooville where after only one season he was forced to quit due to injures. However, he made a comeback in 2006, when he signed for Poole Town. As of 2011 he has made over 150 appearances for the club.
Honours
Club
Colchester United
Football League Division Three Playoff Winner (1): 1997–98
Luton Town
Football League Division Three Runner-up (1): 2001–02
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Luton Town F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players
Sportspeople from Welwyn Garden City
Poole Town F.C. players
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Hertfordshire |
40728065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grypocoris%20sexguttatus | Grypocoris sexguttatus | Grypocoris sexguttatus is a species of true bugs belonging to the family Miridae or plant bugs, subfamily Mirinae.
Description
Grypocoris sexguttatus can reach a length of in males, of in females.
Distribution and habitat
This species is present in most of Europe. The preferred habitat are spruce forest edges.
Biology
Nymphs can be found in May – June, while adults are present from June to August. These polyphagous bugs mainly feed on Heracleum sphondylium (nectar), Melampyrum pratense, Galeopsis tetrahit and Urtica dioica, but also on other insects, especially of the family Aphididae.
References
External links
Biolib
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
Insects described in 1777
Mirini
Hemiptera of Europe |
3594774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Barnett | Ben Barnett | Benjamin Arthur Barnett (23 March 1908 – 29 June 1979) was an Australian cricketer who played in four Tests in 1938.
Life and career
Barnett was educated at Scotch College in Melbourne. One of six siblings, he played cricket for Hawthorn-East Melbourne and Victoria during the 1920s and 1930s. He toured England as reserve wicket-keeper for the 1934 Australian Test team and his subsequent selection as principal wicket-keeper for the 1938 team attracted some controversy, other contenders being the aging Bert Oldfield and the younger Don Tallon. Barnett played in all four Tests in the series.
Barnett's cricket career was interrupted by World War II, when he volunteered for the army and served with 8th Divisional Signals in Singapore. When Singapore fell to the Japanese in 1942, Barnett was incarcerated first in Changi Prison and subsequently in Thailand on the railway. Acting as adjutant for 8th Div Sigs, Barnett maintained records which are now held in the Australian War Memorial (Canberra) and also the Signals Museum in Wantirna, Melbourne.
After the war, Barnett settled in England with his wife Mollie and sons Ian and Ross. Working at the time for the Australian pharmaceutical firm Aspro-Nicholas, he played Minor Counties cricket for Buckinghamshire. At the age of 45, he captained the Commonwealth XI team that toured India in 1953-54. He played in 16 of the 21 first-class matches spread over four months, and played in all five of the matches against India. He played numerous matches for Commonwealth XI teams in England between 1950 and his last first-class match in 1961, when he was 53.
As an administrator he represented Australia in the UK for both cricket and tennis and was voted President of the International Lawn Tennis Federation in 1964, a position he held for a number of years. He retired in 1974, and returned to Australia. He was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 1977 for service to sport.
See also
List of Victoria first-class cricketers
References
External links
Cricinfo profile
CricketArchive profile
1908 births
1979 deaths
Australian cricketers
Australia Test cricketers
Victoria cricketers
Commonwealth XI cricketers
Buckinghamshire cricketers
Minor Counties cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Free Foresters cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Buckinghamshire cricket captains
Cricketers from Melbourne
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
Australian Army personnel of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Australian prisoners of war
Members of the Order of Australia
Wicket-keepers
D. G. Bradman's XI cricketers
Presidents of the International Tennis Federation |
33535144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20flag%20bearers%20for%20Niger%20at%20the%20Olympics | List of flag bearers for Niger at the Olympics | This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Niger at the Olympics.
Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.
See also
Niger at the Olympics
References
Niger at the Olympics
Niger
Olympic flagbearers |
40593053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgate%20shopping%20mall%20attack | Westgate shopping mall attack | On 21 September 2013, four masked gunmen attacked the Westgate shopping mall, an upmarket mall in Nairobi, Kenya. There are conflicting reports about the number killed in the attack, since part of the mall collapsed due to a fire that started during the siege. The attack resulted in 71 total deaths, including 62 civilians, five Kenyan soldiers, and all four gunmen. Approximately 200 people were wounded in the massacre.
The extremist Islamic group al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the incident, which it characterised as retribution for the Kenyan military's deployment in the group's home country of Somalia. Many media outlets also suspected the insurgent group's involvement in the attack based on earlier reprisal warnings it had issued in the wake of Operation Linda Nchi from 2011 to 2012.
Kenyan authorities arrested dozens of people in the aftermath of the attack, but had not announced any suspects directly related to the siege. On 4 November 2013, a Kenyan court charged four Somali nationals with harbouring the gunmen in their homes, with each pleading not guilty.
On 20 September 2015, Foreign Policy magazine reported the Westgate attack on 21 September lasted several hours, with the last victim killed before special Kenyan security forces entered the mall. The mall was officially declared secured on 24 September.
Background
The incident followed threats from Al-Shabaab in late 2011 of attacks in Kenya in retaliation for Operation Linda Nchi, a coordinated military operation in southern Somalia that was launched against the group by the Somali Armed Forces and Kenya Defence Forces. One week before the incident and a month after United Nations warnings of possible attacks, Kenyan police claimed to have disrupted a major attack in its final stages of planning after arresting two people with grenades, AK-47 assault rifles, and suicide vests packed with ball bearings. The two suspects were from a Nairobi neighbourhood where Somali immigrants live. A manhunt was also launched for eight more suspects. The Sunday Telegraph claimed that it had seen United Nations documents that warned that in the previous month the threat of an "attempted large-scale attack" in Kenya was "elevated." After the incident, Nairobi senator Mike Sonko claimed that he had warned the security services of a possible attack three months previously. The country was celebrating the International Day of Peace when the incident took place.
Shootings and initial siege
On Saturday 21 September 2013, at about noon, at least four masked assailants (initially claimed by the government to be between 10 and 15) attacked the Westgate shopping mall, the most upscale mall in Nairobi, in its Westlands district. Fighting with armed police continued over 48 hours later. Cameras in the mall revealed the gunmen carried assault rifles and wore civilian clothing. There were additional reports of grenade explosions. Police surrounded the area and urged residents to stay away. A report indicated that about 80 people were trapped in the basement, but police said that they had escorted some shoppers to safety and were trying to capture the gunmen. The Secretary-General of the Kenya Red Cross Society, Abbas Gullet, said that rescue workers could not reach some of the patrons in the mall. Inspector General of Police David Kimaiyo wrote that there were "police at the scene and the area [was] surrounded."
Rob Van Dijk, an employee of the Dutch embassy, said that while he was eating at a restaurant the attack started with grenades and was followed by gunfire as patrons screamed and dropped to the ground. Other witnesses said the attack began at the outdoor seating area of Artcaffe at the front of the mall. An Artcaffe employee, Patrick Kuria, said: "We started by hearing gunshots downstairs and outside. Later we heard them come inside. We took cover. Then we saw two gunmen wearing black turbans. I saw them shoot." Some of the casualties were at the entrance to the mall after the assailants moved outside and a stand-off then commenced with police. Ambulances were present at the mall as rescuers started moving emerging victims. Reports indicated children were among the victims, and patrons that were carrying small children were among those trapped. Mall security guards used shopping carts to ferry out wounded children.
Nation TV footage showed dozens of people escaping from a back entrance. Bloomberg correspondent Marco Lui was on the second floor of the mall when the attack started; he said that two explosions happened within about five minutes of each other. "We heard a noise from the ground floor and people started running to the parking area on the rooftop. They were panicking and then the second blast went off and people were even more panicked." Other eyewitnesses said that in addition to grenades, the attackers used AK-47s. Twenty people were rescued from a toy shop on the upper floor. As the Kenyan army troops arrived, they used tear gas to try to smoke out the attackers from the cinema complex. Vehicles riddled with bullet holes were left abandoned in front of the mall. Kimaiyo said: "Our officers are on the ground carrying out an evacuation of those inside as they search for the attackers who are said to be inside." A police officer said that the gunmen were barricaded inside the Nakumatt supermarket. He indicated that there were three bodies there while he pointed to a pool of blood by a children's shoe shop. He then pointed to a hamburger bar where music still played and indicated more bodies were found there.
Rescue efforts
Goran Tomasevic, Reuters chief photographer for East Africa, recorded the first few hours of the attacks in which he described extremely distressed people including children, women and men bleeding from the impact of shrapnel and gunshots. Abdul Yusuf Haji, son of former Defence Minister of Kenya Mohamed Yusuf Haji, on receiving text messages from his brother Noordin Yusuf Haji, an undercover anti-terrorism agent who was stuck inside the shopping center, travelled to the mall with his handgun and entered with other civilian rescuers. He helped rescue a mother and her three daughters, providing cover with other armed rescuers. Tomasevic's photos of the rescue efforts by civilians were beamed all around the world.
Several other armed and unarmed civilians also participated in various rescues. An ex-SAS man, a former member of (ARW) Irish Army Ranger Wing (L.B.) and an off duty member of Diplomatic Protective Services Tactical Response Unit (DPS-TRU) and former British Armed Forces Major Dominic Troulan helped to save lives. They were working as security consultants and they raced to the Westgate mall when al-Shabaab gunmen went on the rampage. Under fire, they organised the rescue of terrified shoppers. There are several similarities between this rescue by civilians and members of elite forces and the rescue at Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack. Troulan was subsequently awarded the George Cross, Britain's highest award for civilian gallantry.
By nightfall, the mall remained sealed off to the public while security services searched floor by floor for the gunmen, believed to still be inside with the hostages. People continued to trickle out from hiding places. Internal Security Minister Mutea Iringo then said that the government was in control of the situation. Kimaiyo also wrote that several of the other assailants had been pinned down after security forces moved into the mall. President Uhuru Kenyatta said the security operation was "delicate" and that a top priority was to safeguard hostages. At about 2:30 – an hour after reporting five "visibly shaken" hostages' release – the National Disaster Operation Centre (NDOC) wrote: "major operations underway."
The next evening, after nightfall, over 24 hours after the beginning of the attack, gunfire was still heard at the mall. The military spokesman, Colonel Cyrus Oguna, said that most of the hostages had been released, saying that they were "dehydrated and suffering from shock;" he added that four Kenyan soldiers were injured in the rescue operation. Scores of by-standers gathered by the mall as the operations continued. The NDOC forecast that the operation would end that night. Kenyatta said to the nation that "the criminals are now all located in one place within the building...We have as good a chance to successfully neutralise the terrorists as we can hope for". He also called for patience and said that he had received "numerous offers of assistance from friendly countries." On 23 September, Lenku assured that "we are doing anything reasonably possible, cautiously though, to bring this process to an end", and said that at least three al-Shabaab fighters were killed and ten Kenyan soldiers wounded. Eleven other soldiers were also injured that day, and three Kenyan commandos were shot at close range. It was also reported that three floors of the mall collapsed during the attack, trapping some bodies inside.
On the night of 23/24 September, there was a lull in firing, but it resumed in the early morning hours. As the day progressed, police said that they were conducting a final sweep of the complex as the interior ministry released a statement that said the four-day-long assault was "very near the end." The gunmen were still inside. He vowed "full accountability for the mindless destruction, deaths, pain, loss and suffering we have all undergone." The Kenyan Red Cross said that 63 people were still missing. In Nairobi, daily business returned to normal; appeals replenished blood banks, and over US$650,000 was raised to support the affected families.
Israeli involvement
At the time of the attacks, the mall was owned by Israelis, and at least four restaurants in the mall were owned/operated by Israelis, according to Israeli sources. The International Business Times stated that Kenya and Israel had a secret security pact. Israeli military advisers were reported to have participated in the counter-offensive against the hostage takers and to have joined in the fighting, although the Israeli Foreign Ministry refused to confirm or deny the presence of its forces.
Looting
In the days following the initial attack, Kenyan soldiers arrived at the scene to rescue people inside, and find the gunmen. Shortly after entering, however, soldiers were seen on camera looting almost every store in the mall while still under besiegement. Two soldiers were arrested and jailed for looting mobile phones and several others were questioned.
Victims
During the siege and for days afterwards, the toll of casualties remained unclear. Eyewitnesses were reported to have seen 50 bodies in the mall. In addition, at first there were reported hostages taken by attackers, but later it became apparent no hostages were ever held, other eyewitnesses also said that they had seen dozens wounded. An unnamed local hospital reported that it was overwhelmed with the number of wounded being brought in and that it had consequently diverted victims to a second facility. At least 71 people were killed, including four terrorists. In addition to numerous Kenyans who were killed, at least 19 foreigners of different nationalities also died. The National Disaster Operation Centre said that the wounded ranged in age from 2 to 78. Sources said 175 people were wounded, including 11 soldiers. There are also claims of torture carried out by the terrorists. Notable victims included Kenyan journalist Ruhila Adatia-Sood, President Uhuru Kenyatta's nephew Mbugua Mwangi and his fiancée Rosemary Wahito, Ghanaian poet and diplomat Kofi Awoonor and Canadian diplomat Annemarie Desloges. Kenyan interior minister Joseph Ole Lenku said Israelis were not targeted. "This time, the story is not about Israel. The minister is saying that this is an internal Kenyan issue. His security forces tell him that this terror organisation was not targeting Israelis."
Most of the victims were from Kenya’s business and political elite, as well as expatriates and the diplomatic community.
Investigation
British police officers based in Kenya arrived on the scene to help Kenyan counter-terrorism officials, and Kenyan officials began an investigation. Security was also tightened in public places across Kenya. Ten arrests were reported on 24 September. In announcing the end of operations, Kenyatta said "forensic investigations are underway to establish the nationalities of all those involved" and suggested that a British woman and two or three Americans "may have been involved in the attack" but that could not be confirmed at the time. Kenyan Defence Chief, General Julius Karangi, said the attackers were from "different countries."
The National Intelligence Service (NIS) was strongly criticised for failing to warn of the attack after The Star reported that two unnamed NIS officers had told it that the NIS had passed warnings about an attack to the police, and that a pregnant woman had been warned by her brother, an NIS officer, not to visit the Westgate mall that Saturday "because she would not be able to run with her bulging tummy". The Observer reported that Kenya had prior intelligence of an attack in Nairobi, and that there were reports of NIS agents being at Westgate a few hours before the attack. From its start, the investigation was hampered by a wide range of conflicting eyewitness testimony about the number of attackers, the gunmen's true identities, and even their ultimate fates. Over sixty persons were listed by the Red Cross as missing, though police asserted that they were all among the dead; in news reports, some have been described as additional terrorists who escaped alive, though the Kenyan government firmly denies this.
It was reported on 10 October that the police, army, and intelligence services had been engaging in "blame games" after the attack. Some international forensic teams had reportedly returned home, frustrated that they were not allowed full access to the mall.
Perpetrators
Initially, the Ministry of Interior said: "It is a possibility that it is an attack by terrorists, so we are treating the matter very seriously." Nairobi police chief Benson Kibue called the incident a "terrorist" attack and added that there were likely no more than 10 perpetrators involved. Senator Billow Kerow from Mandera County, Nairobi said: "It's too early to know what kind of people these are, but from what we are getting, these are people who speak in the Swahili language. They are people who seem to know what they are doing, are pretty much organised. It's really quite a shocking thing because from what we're getting, they aren't ordinary thugs."
An eyewitness said that the attackers had told Muslims to leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. Others were asked to name the mother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad to distinguish Muslims from non-Muslims. They also distinguished Muslims from non-Muslims by asking others to recite the shahadah. To Associated Press, the al-Shabaab called it "a meticulous vetting process ... to separate the Muslims from the Kuffar". Gunmen were seen on CCTV talking on mobile phones and bowing down in Islamic prayer between their attacks.
Interior Cabinet Secretary Joseph Lenku said that between 10 and 15 gunmen were involved in the attack and that Kenyan forces had control of security cameras installed inside the shopping complex. Witnesses who managed to escape also asserted that they heard some of the gunmen speaking either Arabic or Somali. After several hours, Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack. According to Kenya's Capital FM, one attacker is reported to have escaped after a witness spotted him mingling with the victims as they were being rescued. Foreign Minister Amina Mohamed said that Al-Shabaab was not acting alone and the assault was part of an international campaign of terror; and that "two or three" US citizens and a Briton were among the attackers. "Al-Shabab [sic] are looking for relevance on an international scale – especially after a change of leadership – and is looking to send the message that they are still a force to be reckoned with." The suggestion that there had been a British perpetrator in their ranks was strongly rejected by Al-Shabaab. Kenyan officials later lowered the estimated number of gunmen to four to six militants. Among the shooters, a military spokesman named Abu Baara al Sudani (a Sudanese national), Omar Nabhan (a Kenyan Arab), Khattab al Kene (a Somali from Mogadishu), and Umayr (of unidentified background). Norway's intelligence agency, the PST, later announced in early October that it had sent officers to Kenya to investigate reports alleging that a Norwegian citizen of Somali origin, named as Hassan Abdi Dhuhulow, was also involved in the planning and execution of the attack. The 23-year-old Dhuhulow was in 2015 confirmed to have been a perpetrator and to have died during the attack. Having migrated to Norway in 1999, Dhuhulow had previously been under surveillance by PST. On 18 October it was reported that two bodies found in the ruins of part of the centre, with AK-47 rifles beside them, were likely to be those of two of the attackers.
Before it was banned, a Twitter account claiming to represent al-Shabaab posted a series of messages alleging that the attacks were "just retribution" for crimes committed by Kenya's military. "For long we have waged war against the Kenyans in our land, now it's time to shift the battleground and take the war to their land", said one post. "The attack at #WestgateMall is just a very tiny fraction of what Muslims in Somalia experience at the hands of Kenyan invaders," said another. They warned the Kenyan government that any attempt by Kenyan forces to attempt a roof landing would jeopardise the lives of hostages. Twitter suspended the account before the attack had ended.
A group spokesman, Sheikh Ali Mohamud Rage, said: "If you want Kenya in peace, it will not happen as long as your boys are in [Somalia]." Another Al-Shabaab spokesman, Sheikh Abdul-Aziz Abu Muscab, told Al Jazeera that the attack was in retaliation for Kenyan troops entering Somalia and that the timing was deliberately chosen to be a surprise attack. al-Shabaab repeated their demands for Kenya's withdrawal from Somalia. On the day the operation ended, Rage threatened further "black days" unless Kenya withdrew its troops from Somalia and said that the siege was just "a taste of what we will do."
Kenyan authorities arrested dozens of people in the aftermath of the attack, but had not announced any suspects directly related to the siege. On 4 November 2013, four individuals reported to be Somali nationals were charged by a Kenyan court in relation to the attack. Identified as Mohammed Ahmed Abdi, Liban Abdullah, Adnan Ibrahim and Hussein Hassan, they were accused of supporting terrorist elements in Kenya, harboring the gunmen in their homes, illicitly registering as a Kenyan citizen, and obtaining false identification documents. However, none of the men were accused of being the shooters involved in the siege, the latter of whom Kenyan military officials asserted had all died. All four of the accused men pleaded not guilty to the allegations, with no attorney representing them. The court ordered the men to be detained until a hearing in a week's time.
A separate investigation of the attack was conducted by the New York Police Department (NYPD). The report's findings, released in December, 2013, suggested that the attack had been carried out by only four Al-Shabaab terrorists, all of whom most likely escaped the mall alive. However, an investigation conducted between Kenyan and US State Department officials suggested that while there were only four gunmen who carried out the attack, they were all likely killed during the standoff. Lt. Kevin Yorke of the NYPD's Intelligence Division also acknowledged that the NYPD investigation, which did not have representatives among the group of western investigators assisting Kenya with the probe, was "based solely on open-source information we gathered and is unclassified."
The Al-Shabaab member believed to have been the 'mastermind' behind the mall attack, Adan Garar, was reported as being killed after a drone strike on 12 March 2015. Garar was in a vehicle hit by a missile near the town of Dinsoor in southern Somalia.
On October 7, 2020, a Kenyan court sentenced three defendants accused of helping Islamic militants in 2013 in preparation for an attack on Nairobi’s shopping mall. More than 140 witnesses were heard in the case before the verdict was handed down. In the verdict, Nairobi Chief Magistrate Francis Andayi ruled that Hussein Hassan Mustafa and Mohammed Ahmed Abdi found guilty of conspiracy to commit a terrorist act. In the case of the third defendant, there was not enough evidence to prove the conspiracy charge, so he was acquitted. Earlier, in January 2019, an accused had also been acquitted in the same case for lack of evidence. However, after proving the prosecution's charge, Otsieno Namwaya, a senior Africa researcher at Human Rights Watch, claimed that neither the attackers nor the masterminds had been brought to justice now, the convicts were only bystanders in the case.
Reactions
Domestic
The attack has been described as one of the worst acts of terrorism in Kenya since the bombing of the U.S. embassy in 1998. President Uhuru Kenyatta said on national television that Kenya had "overcome terrorist attacks before" and vowed to "hunt down the perpetrators wherever they run".
On 10 October 2013, it was reported that President Kenyatta had admitted that the Westgate operation was "bungled", and undertook to carry out a complete investigation. The Kenyan Cabinet was expected to establish a formal commission of inquiry.
International bodies
The African Union's Chairperson of the African Union Commission Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma condemned the attacks and reiterated that the AU would continue in its fight against al-Shabaab. She also expressed the AU's solidarity with the government and people of Kenya. The European Union offered its support. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon expressed "alarm" and offered Kenyatta solidarity. The United Nations Security Council condemned the attack and called on Kenya to note that any response must comply with international human rights law.
Interpol Secretary-General Ronald Noble condemned the assault and pledged full support to Kenyan authorities in their investigation, offering to deploy an Incident Response Team consisting of specialised forensic officers, counter-terrorism experts, operational assistants and analysts. Noble, in an interview with ABC, indicated that in the face of large 'soft' targets, governments have a choice: security clearances at entrances or allow the citizenry to carry guns for self-defence.
States
Many countries expressed their condemnation of the attacks and sympathy for those affected, including Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Eritrea, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Serbia, Somalia, Tanzania, the United States, Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago. Some restated their condemnation during the General debate of the sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly.
Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud condemned the "heartless acts against defenceless civilians" and pledged to "stand shoulder to shoulder with Kenya." He also cautioned against prejudgement, saying that "we don't have any proof that the people who did this are Somali."
King Mohammed VI of Morocco expressed "profound emotion and indignation"; Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete and South African President Jacob Zuma also expressed condolences and reiterated support for Kenyan and international efforts "aimed at peacekeeping, stability, democracy and nation-building in Somalia." Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic President and Secretary-General of the Polisario Front, Mohamed Abdelaziz expressed "sadness and dismay about the shocking and cowardly massacre" and offered his country's "deepest condolences" and "heartfelt sympathy".
See also
1998 United States embassy bombings
2002 Mombasa attacks
2011–14 terrorist attacks in Kenya
2013 Nairobi bus attack
2019 Nairobi hotel attack
Robert Alai
Garissa University College attack
List of Islamist terrorist attacks
Terrorism in Kenya
References
External links
2013 mass shootings in Africa
2010s in Nairobi
Attacks on supermarkets
Attacks on tourists
Al-Shabaab (militant group) attacks
Filmed killings
Hate crimes
Hostage taking
Islamic terrorism in Kenya
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2013
Mass murder in 2013
Mass murder in Nairobi
Mass shootings in Africa
September 2013 crimes in Africa
Attacks on shopping malls
Terrorist incidents in Kenya in 2013
2013 Westgate shopping mall attack
2013 murders in Kenya
21st-century mass murder in Kenya
Israel–Kenya relations |
7823437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLAT | KLAT | KLAT (1010 AM "TUDN Radio Houston") is a commercial radio station in Houston, Texas. It is owned by Latino Media Network; under a local marketing agreement, it is programmed by former owner TelevisaUnivision's Uforia Audio Network, and airs a Spanish-language sports radio format from the TUDN Radio Network. The station serves as the Spanish language flagship radio station of the Houston Astros baseball team and the Houston Rockets basketball team and also airs Houston Dynamo FC soccer games.
KLAT has studios and offices located at 5100 Southwest Freeway in Uptown Houston. The transmitter site is on West Little York Road in northwest Houston. By day, KLAT broadcasts at 5,000 watts. But to protect other stations on 1010 AM, a Canadian clear-channel frequency, KLAT must reduce power at night to 3,600 watts.
History
Early years as KODA
On July 31, 1961, the station signed on as KODA. It was put on the air by Paul Taft of the Taft Broadcasting Company (no relation to Taft Broadcasting of Cincinnati, Ohio). Taft already owned an FM station, 99.1 KODA-FM, airing a beautiful music format. But few people had FM radios in those days, so an AM station was added to make the format available to more Houston residents. KODA was a daytimer during its early years, so it was required to go off the air between sunset and sunrise, while KODA-FM broadcast around the clock.
At first, KODA and KODA-FM simulcast the same beautiful music, competing with ABC-owned 1320 KXYZ, which also played easy listening music. But beginning in 1967, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) banned AM-FM combos in most cities from simulcasting around the clock, so most of the day, KODA began airing a slightly different format, adding middle of the road vocals to the mostly instrumental playlist.
Even though 1320 KXYZ was owned by ABC, that station stopped carrying ABC newscasts; they could only be heard on 1360 KWBA (now KWWJ), based in nearby Baytown, Texas. So the AM version of KODA began airing ABC News each hour.
"La Tremenda"
In 1978, Group W Westinghouse Broadcasting purchased KODA-AM-FM from Taft and, the following year, re-sold the AM station. The call sign changed to KLAT in 1979, as the format flipped to popular Spanish-language Regional Mexican music, branded as "La Tremenda." The name La Tremenda 1010 (which translates to "The Tremendous 1010") was a slogan created by the station's new owners, Marcos Rodriguez, Sr. and his son, Marcos A. Rodriguez, operating as the Spanish Broadcasting Corporation.
In 1984, KLAT obtained FCC authorization for round-the-clock operation, giving KLAT Class B status. Unfortunately in late 1979, a fire caused the Harris MW-5 transmitter to melt down. The MW-5 used a step up transformer to raise the three phase input power (at 240 volts) to 17,000 volts. The primary wiring had been bundled closely to the secondary wiring and tightly lashed together. When an insulation breakdown allowed the input wiring to arc, the high temperatures allowed the secondary wires to short to the inputs. This caused extremely high circulating currents and a meltdown of the transformer frame, made of metal castings and laminations.
To add nighttime broadcasts, a seventh tower was added to the array. This was used with five of the existing day towers to make a new parallelogram shaped system. KLAT began night operation at 1,000 watts. This properly protected other stations on AM 1010 as required by FCC rules, but the nighttime signal did not cover all of Houston. This particular authorization was allowed under a waiver for minority-owned stations. Later on, the station received special authority from the FCC to mitigate interference at night from foreign stations (as many south Florida stations get a break from Cuban interference such as WAXY in South Miami). This special temporary authority (STA) allowed the station to operate at 5,000 watts at night using all seven towers. This improved coverage but did not give KLAT 100% nighttime coverage of Houston.
In 1995 the station built a second tower site in Northwest Houston, using six towers and 3,600 watts for nighttime operation. The lowered power did not cover quite as large an area as the former setup. But because of the transmitter's better location, it covered more of the Houston radio market. The project used several consultants, ending with duTreil, Lundin and Rackley.
Expanded Band assignment
On March 17, 1997, the FCC announced that eighty-eight stations had been given permission to move to newly available "Expanded Band" transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz, with KLAT authorized to move from 1010 to 1690 kHz. However, the station never procured the Construction Permit needed to implement the authorization, so the expanded band station was never built.
Spanish-language talk and sports
In 2003, KLAT was bought by Univision, primarily a Spanish-language TV network that was also getting into radio ownership. It became the flagship station of the Major League Baseball's Houston Astros. In 2012, KLAT became part of the Univision America talk radio network. That continued until July 17, 2015, when the talk format was dropped and replaced by a Spanish Christian contemporary format known as "Amor Celestial" which translates to "Heavenly Love".
In March 2016, KLAT began to air Houston Dynamo soccer games, as a first step into sports radio. On December 20, 2016, Univision announced that KLAT would be one of the charter affiliates of Univision Deportes Radio, a Spanish-language sports network launched in April 2017. Astros baseball broadcasts refurned for the 2021 season.
Latino Media Network sale
On June 3, 2022, Univision announced it would sell a package of 18 radio stations across 10 of its markets, primarily AM outlets in large cities (including KLAT) and entire clusters in smaller markets such as McAllen, Texas, and Fresno, California, for $60 million to a new company known as Latino Media Network (LMN); Univision proposed to handle operations for a year under agreement before turning over operational control to LMN in the fourth quarter of 2023. The sale was consummated on December 30, 2022.
References
External links
FCC History Cards for KLAT
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Houston
LAT
Sports radio stations in the United States
LAT
Radio stations established in 1961
1961 establishments in Texas |
46899954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walayar%20railway%20station | Walayar railway station | Walayar railway station (Code: WAL) is a railway station in Palakkad District, Kerala and falls under the Palakkad railway division of the Southern Railway zone, Indian Railways.
References
Railway stations in India opened in 1904
Railway stations in Palakkad district
Palakkad railway division |
21997873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo%C5%82czkowo | Wołczkowo | Wołczkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobra, within Police County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately east of Dobra, south-west of Police, and north-west of the regional capital Szczecin.
References
Villages in Police County |
22900631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinaklini%20Canyon | Klinaklini Canyon | Klinaklini Canyon is a canyon on the Klinaklini River in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia, Canada, located to the north of the head of Knight Inlet in the river's lowermost reaches, upstream from the confluence of the West Klinaklini River.
References
Canyons and gorges of British Columbia
Pacific Ranges
Central Coast of British Columbia |
56351431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldalkalibacillus%20thermarum | Caldalkalibacillus thermarum | Caldalkalibacillus thermarum is a Gram-positive, thermophilic and alkaliphilic bacterium from the genus of Caldalkalibacillus which has been isolated from a hot spring from Tengchong in China.
References
External links
Type strain of Caldalkalibacillus thermarum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Bacillaceae
Bacteria described in 2006 |
8802766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne%20Labin | Suzanne Labin | Suzanne Labin (6 May 1913 – 22 January 2001) was a French Socialist writer and political scientist, known particularly for her anti-communism, anti-totalitarianism and pro-democracy writings.
Writings and reviews
In reviewing of her book The secret of democracy, Time magazine wrote:
Dale Pontius wrote in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science:
Selected bibliography
Stalin's Russia, London, Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1949. 492 pages. Translated by Edward Fitzgerald. With a Foreword by Arthur Koestler
The secret of democracy, New York, The Vanguard Press, 1955. 258 pages
The technique of Soviet propaganda, 1959. 31 pages
The technique of Soviet propaganda. A study presented by the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-sixth Congress, second session, Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1960. v-38 pages
The anthill: The human condition in Communist China, London, Stevens & Sons Limited - New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1960. 443 pages. Translated by Edward Fitzgerald
The unrelenting war: a study of the strategy and techniques of communist propaganda and infiltration, New York, American-Asian Educational Exchange, 1960. 47 pages. Edited by Moshe Decter. With an introduction by Charles Edison
Counter attack;: A plan to win the political warfare of the Soviets, New York, American-Asian Educational Exchange, 1962. 52 pages
Vietnam : an eye-witness account, Springfield, Crestwood Books, 1964. viii-98 pages. Introduction by Bryton Barron
The techniques of Soviet propaganda: A study presented by the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Congress, Eighty-ninth Congress, first session, Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965. vi-64 pages
Embassies of subversion, New York, American Afro-Asian Educational Exchange, 1965. 47 pages. Introduction by Thomas J. Dodd, U.S.S.
Sellout in Vietnam?, Arlington, Crestwood Books, 1966. 98 pages. Introduction by Bryton Barron
Red foxes in the chicken coop: How to Win against Communism, Arlington, Crestwood Books, 1966. 267 pages. Introduction by Eugene Lyons
The techniques of Soviet propaganda: A study presented by the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Congress, Ninetieth Congress, first session, Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1967. vi-63 pages
Promise and reality: fifty years of Soviet-Russian 'achievements''', London, European Freedom Council (British Section), 1967. 32 pages. Edited by John Graham with a foreword by Dowager Lady Birdwood
Fifty years: The USSR versus the USA, New York, Twin Circle Publishing Company, 1968. 236 pages
Vietnam assessment, Saigon, The Vietnam Council on Foreign Relations, 1972. 25 pages
Hippies, drugs, and promiscuity, New Rochelle, Arlington House, 1972. 264 pages. Translated by Stephanie Winston
Chile, the crime of resistance, Richmond, Foreign Affairs Pub. Co., 1982. xiii-282 pages
Cultivating Thinking in English and the Language Arts'', Crestwood Books, 1991
References
French political writers
French anti-communists
2001 deaths
1913 births
Far-right politics in France |
69616218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%20Bremler-Barr | Anat Bremler-Barr | Anat Bremler-Barr (Hebrew: ענת ברמלר-בר), is an Israeli computer scientist. She is a professor at Tel Aviv University who is known for her contributions in network security, specifically in Denial of Service attacks and scalable protection of Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
Education and career
Bremler-Barr holds B.Sc. degrees in mathematics and computer science (1994), an LL.B degree in law (1999), and M.Sc (1997), and Ph.D degree in computer science (2002), all from Tel Aviv University.
In 2001, Bremler-Barr co-founded Riverhead Networks, a company that developed an innovative system for the mitigation of Denial of Service attacks, where she served as a chief scientist. Riverhead was acquired by Cisco Systems in 2004. She joined Reichman University in 2003, and was promoted to professor in 2020 and, from 2019 until 2021 she served as the deputy dean of the Efi Arazi School of Computer Science. In 2023 she moved to Tel Aviv University where she is a full professor.
Research
Bremler-Barr is known for her work on network security and improving the reliability of the internet. She has worked on preventing cyberattacks. In 2020, Bremler-Barr worked with Yehuda Afek and Lior Shafir to block the NXNSAttack that exploited a vulnerability in Domain Name Systems.
Select publications
References
External links
Living people
Tel Aviv University alumni
Academic staff of Reichman University
Israeli women computer scientists
Tel Aviv University people
1972 births |
11598252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Slopes%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | The Slopes, New South Wales | The Slopes is a town near Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located in the City of Hawkesbury. It is situated east of Tennyson and north of Kurmond.
In the , it recorded a population of 326 people. Their median age was 49 years, compared to the national median of 37 years.
References
Suburbs of Sydney
City of Hawkesbury |
31601347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Paris%20Hilton%27s%20Dubai%20BFF%20episodes | List of Paris Hilton's Dubai BFF episodes | Paris Hilton's Dubai BFF (2011) is a reality television series as well as the second and last spin-off of Paris Hilton's My New BFF (2008–2009) following Paris Hilton's British Best Friend (2009). The series chronicles 12 contestants living in Dubai competing for a chance to become Paris Hilton's best friend through a series of challenges. A total of 9 episodes were filmed, with Reem Al Alnezi being revealed as the winner in the finale.
Episodes
References
External links
Paris Hilton's My New BFF: Dubai (2009–2011) IMDb
Paris Hilton
Paris Hilton |
22810066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Clive%20%28disambiguation%29 | Robert Clive (disambiguation) | Robert Clive (1725–1774), also known as Clive of India, was the first British Governor of the Bengal Presidency.
Robert Clive may also refer to:
People
Robert Clive (1769–1833), MP for Ludlow, son of Clive of India
Robert Clive (1789–1854) (Robert Henry Clive), British politician, grandson of Clive of India
Robert Clive (diplomat) (Robert Henry Clive, 1877–1948), British diplomat
Other uses
Robert Clive, launched as , a patrol boat
See also
Robert Windsor-Clive (disambiguation) |
4534891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenopalatine%20foramen | Sphenopalatine foramen | The sphenopalatine foramen is a fissure of the skull that connects the nasal cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa. It gives passage to the sphenopalatine artery, nasopalatine nerve, and the superior nasal nerve (all passing from the pterygopalatine fossa into the nasal cavity).
Structure
The processes of the superior border of the palatine bone are separated by the sphenopalatine notch, which is converted into the sphenopalatine foramen by the under surface of the body of the sphenoid.
The sphenopalatine foramen is situated posterior to the middle nasal meatus orbital process of palatine bone, anterior to the sphenoidal process of palatine bone, inferior to the body and of the sphenoid bone, and superior to the superior margin of the perpendicular plate of palatine bone.
Relations
The ethmoid crest (a reliable surgical landmark) is situated anterior to the sphenopalatine foramen.
Additional images
References
Sources
External links
() (#10)
Foramina of the skull |
52708523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%20Black%20Friday%20Storm | 1916 Black Friday Storm | Black Friday (1916) was October 20, the day a "perfect storm" hit Lake Erie, sinking four large ships, killing forty-nine people.
The ships that were dispatched to the depths by the violent weather were the James B. Colgate, Marshall F. Butters, D.L. Filer and the Mérida.
In the western part of the lake, "the convergence of two high pressure systems and a minor hurricane" created the devastating force that day.
Individual ships
The whaleback freighter James B. Colgate was sailing to Thunder Bay when it sank around 10 P.P. near Blenheim, Ontario. The ship's captain was the only survivor. The wreck has been located on the lake bed.
The wooden-hulled lumber-carrier Marshall F. Butters out of Midland, Ontario sank near the Detroit River. The crew of thirteen was rescued by two nearby ships. In the years since, the wreck has been located.
One of the survivors, the second engineer, Herman Schmock, left a detailed account of the sinking and the rescue.
The 45 year old schooner D.L. Filer also sank near the mouth of the Detroit River, with only the captain being rescued, and then not until the next day. The wreck has yet to be located.
The Merida was a Canadian steamer. None of the twenty-three crew members survived, though their bodies were recovered, floating in their life vests. The wreck has been located.
References
1916 meteorology
1916 in Ontario
Lake Erie
1916 natural disasters
1916 disasters in Canada |
36842646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin%20Chaudhary | Sachin Chaudhary | Sachin Chaudhary (born 30 September 1983) is an Indian powerlifter. Chaudhary represented India at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom, and finished 9th in the men's -82.50 kg event. He took the silver medal at the 2017 Powerlifting World Cup in Dubai with a career-best lift of 200 kg. He competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games where he won a bronze medal in the heavyweight event.
References
Living people
Indian powerlifters
Paralympic powerlifters for India
Powerlifters at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
1983 births
Commonwealth Games medallists in powerlifting
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India
Powerlifters at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games |
1462410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnicott | Winnicott | Winnicott is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Clare Winnicott (1906–1984), an English social worker, civil servant, psychoanalyst, and teacher
Donald Winnicott (1896–1971), an English pediatrician and psychoanalyst
Russell Winnicott (1898–1917), an English aviator |
5557633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Holder | Christopher Holder | Christopher Holder (1631–1688), was an early Quaker evangelist who was imprisoned and whipped, had an ear cut off, and was threatened with death for his religious activism in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and in England. A native of Gloucestershire, near Bristol in western England, Holder became an early convert to the Society of Friends, and in 1656, at the age of 25, made his first voyage to New England aboard the Speedwell to spread his Quaker message. All of the Quakers in his group were imprisoned, and then sent back to England on the same ship. Undeterred, Holder returned to New England aboard the small barque Woodhouse, landing in New Amsterdam in August 1657 despite few predictions of success. Though young, he was a leader among the eleven Quaker missionaries that fanned out among the American colonies. Holder, with his frequent companion John Copeland, went north to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to begin their evangelistic efforts in the face of increasingly threatening anti-Quaker laws. With little success on Martha's Vineyard, they moved to Cape Cod where they were warmly received in Sandwich, establishing the earliest Quaker meeting in America.
From Sandwich, Holder and Copeland moved on to Plymouth, in the Plymouth Colony and then several towns in the Massachusetts colony before being apprehended by Puritan authorities in Salem, and taken to Boston for imprisonment. Despite being cruelly flogged, and held for nearly three months, Holder, Copeland and another companion were able to write the first Quaker Declaration of Faith while in jail. After being released late in 1657 he returned to England and visited the Barbados, but was back in New England to continue his missionary work in early 1658. Returning to Sandwich with Copeland in April, the men were arrested and scourged, but not detained for long. Following time to recover in Rhode Island, a haven for Quakers, the men returned to Boston in June, being quickly apprehended. This time, in addition to a lengthy imprisonment and frequent whippings, the men faced the escalating Puritan laws, having their right ears cut off. Stalwart in the face of their mutilations, the men were eventually released. Holder went south to continue his missionary work during the winter, but returned to Massachusetts in 1659. The Puritans had by now enacted capital punishment for defying an order of banishment, and though Holder was arrested again that summer, it may have been his social position and education that compelled the authorities to allow him to sail back to England. Five days after his release, however, two men, William Robinson and Marmaduke Stephenson, became the first to hang as Quaker martyrs in Massachusetts.
In England Holder was able to confer with Quaker founder George Fox, and was likely involved in the excitement of new religious freedoms emanating from the Declaration of Breda and from the influence of Quaker Edward Burrough with the king. Holder was back in New England by 1663, but continued to travel extensively between New England, England, and the West Indies. He became a resident of Newport, Rhode Island, and twice married to Quaker activists. He was so highly respected in Rhode Island, that during the colony's devastation during King Philip's War, he was one of 16 colonial leaders whose counsel was sought in April 1676 during the very difficult times. Holder had returned to England by the early 1680s, where, following continuing persecution of Quakers, he was arrested on several occasions and imprisoned for more than a year. Following his release in 1685, he lived just a few more years, dying in Gloucestershire in 1688. He is best remembered for his leadership, evangelism, and sufferings in confronting the cruel anti-Quaker laws in the Massachusetts colony.
Early life
Almost nothing is currently known about the early life of Christopher Holder. He was born in Gloucestershire, near Bristol in western England, in about 1631 based on his age of 25 on a ship passenger list in 1656. As a very young man he became an avid member of the Society of Friends, a religious group commonly called Quakers, founded by George Fox about 1647.
The Quakers did not believe in baptism, formal prayer or the Lord's Supper, nor did they believe in an ordained ministry. Each member was a minister in his or her own right, women were treated essentially as men in matters of spirituality, and they relied on an "Inner Light of Christ" as their source of spiritual inspiration above the scriptures as found in the Bible. In addition to denouncing the clergy and refusing to support it with their tithes, they claimed liberty of conscience as an inalienable right and demanded the separation of church and state. Their worship consisted of silent meditation, though those moved by the Spirit would at times make public exhortations. They abstained from the customs of bowing or men removing their hats, would not take an oath, and would not fight in wars. The Puritans in Massachusetts viewed Quakers as being among the most reprehensible of heretics.
Holder would spend much of his life in jail for his religious activism, being jailed as early as 1655 in Ilchester, Somerset for refusing to remove his hat. By the early 1650s Fox had been sending Quaker missionaries into Wales and Ireland, and by 1656 he deemed it time to send evangelists to the American colonies, an undertaking readily embraced by Holder. The first Quakers to arrive in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were Mary Fisher and Ann Austin, who landed in Boston in the early summer of 1656 aboard the Swallow. Although there was no law barring their presence, they were jailed for three weeks and sent back to England.
Visit to New England aboard the Speedwell
The second group of Quaker missionaries to leave England for New England sailed on the small ship Speedwell. Robert Locke was the master, and the passenger list, dated at Gravesend on 30 May 1656, included 40 names. The names of eight passengers were marked with a 'Q', indicating that they were Quakers and signifying that officials in England were already concerned about the religious fervor of these people. Holder, aged 25, was one of the eight, whose home was given as Winterbourne and others included his companion, John Copeland, aged 28, from Holderness, a 21 year old convert named Sarah Gibbons and Dorothy Waugh.
The ship landed in Boston on 27 July 1656, (calendar differences may make this September) and the four men and four women who were Quakers were taken in for questioning by the authorities. They were questioned primarily on their religious doctrines, and both Holder and Copeland, as leaders of this group, likely surprised the authorities with their thorough command of the Bible; Holder was also well versed in the law. The group of eight was jailed, though Holder let it be known that there was no law for detaining them. When Holder asked Governor Endicott why they had been deprived of their liberty, the governor threatened them with hanging by replying "Take heed ye break not our ecclesiastical laws, for then ye are sure to stretch by a halter."
The Quakers had their books and pamphlets publicly burned, and while they were imprisoned the order given to the jail keeper on 18 August 1656 was to keep the "abominable tenets of the Quakers" from being spread and to keep the Quakers "close prisoners, not suffering them to speak or confer with any person, nor permitting them to have paper or ink." While the group was still in jail, a law was passed on 14 October 1656 assessing a 100-pound fine to the commander of any vessel bringing Quakers into the colony. After nearly three months of confinement, the group of eight Quakers was put back on the Speedwell, and sent back to England.
Return to New England aboard the Woodhouse
As soon as Holder arrived back in England, he was ready to turn around and go back to New England to fulfill his mission. He was of sufficient means to finance an expedition, but a ship was needed. Holder asked the master of the Speedwell to return his group to Boston, but Locke would not do it in the face of a 100-pound fine. However, Holder found a Quaker ship builder named Robert Fowler who had just finished a small barque and given it the name Woodhouse. Fowler was willing to offer the small craft for the trans-Atlantic trip, feeling he had been "divinely commissioned". Without any knowledge of navigation, he offered to captain the vessel to America "on the Lord's service". When the ship sailed, Fowler was one of 17 people aboard, of whom he and five others were crew members, consisting of three men and three boys. Among the eleven passengers were several who had been on the earlier Speedwell mission, including Holder and Copeland, but also including William Robinson, who would later be hanged as the first of the four Boston martyrs.
The vessel departed on 1 April 1657 "entirely inadequate for the purpose", wrote historian Charles Holder, and an observer added, "they did go on in the name and power of the Lord." Weather required the ship to put in at Portsmouth, then again at Southampton, until on 11 April it finally cleared the English coastline for the open sea. The group sailed without a compass, or any knowledge of navigation, with Fowler writing, "We saw the Lord leading our vessel as if it were a man leading a horse by the head; we regarding [n]either latitude or longitude." The original manuscript of the ship's log, endorsed by George Fox, was later kept at the Society of Friends in London. Its lengthy title is telling: "A true relation of the voyage undertaken by me, Robert Fowler, with my small vessel the Woodhouse, but performed by the Lord like as he did Noah's ark wherein he shut up a few righteous persons and landed them safe even at the hill Ararat."
Following its journey, the ship arrived along the coastline of Long Island in late May, and landed at New Amsterdam on 1 June 1657 after seven weeks at sea. Once ashore, a majority of the passengers headed south to Maryland and Virginia for their mission. Holder and Copeland then took the ship, and headed back to New England, sailing up the Narraganset Bay to Providence. Holder attempted to give a message from George Fox to the town's founder, Roger Williams, but Williams was not interested. Williams had some serious theological differences with the Quakers, writing that "they admit no interpreter but themselves, for the spirit within they say, gave forth the Scripture, and is above the Scripture ... and that all they do and say is scripture--Papists and Quakers most horribly and hypocritically trample it under their proud feet."
Holder and Copeland stayed at the home of Richard Scott, said to be the first Quaker in Providence. Richard's wife, Katherine Marbury Scott, was a daughter of the Reverend Francis Marbury of London, and a much younger sister of the famed Antinomian heretic Anne Hutchinson, who had been banished from the Massachusetts colony for her religious opinions. Katherine was described as a "grave, sober, ancient woman, of blameless conversation and of good education and circumstances." The Scotts had two daughters, Mary being the older and Patience a pre-teen. In a few years Holder would marry Mary Scott.
Mission work in Massachusetts
On 12 Jun 1657, Copeland wrote a letter to his parents from Providence, saying, "I and Christopher Holder are going to Martha's Vineyard, in obedience to the will of God, which is our joy." From Providence Holder and Copeland sailed on the Woodhouse to Newport, where they stayed with Mary Dyer and her husband William. There they were able to find a fishing boat that would deliver them to Martha's Vineyard. They landed on the island on 16 June and attended the sermon at the local Congregational church presented by Reverend Mayhew. It was customary for parishioners, at the end of a service, to rise and ask questions about the sermon or offer testimony. Accordingly, following Mayhew's sermon, Holder addressed the congregation saying that he "brought the Word as understood by Friends, and were messengers bearing God's love to their brethren in America."
Holder and Copeland persisted with their message following the afternoon and evening meetings, and being offensive to some of the congregation, were ordered to leave, being taken to the beach and left. They were able to hide on the island for a few days until they found some natives willing to paddle them to Cape Cod. Once Holder and Copeland were dropped ashore, they proceeded overland to Sandwich. The town had just lost its minister, and many of the people were receptive to the Quaker message presented by Holder and Copeland. Here the two Quaker ministers orchestrated the first Friends' meeting in America. Although they may have met at the house of a receptive member, they also found a place to meet outside. They gathered by a stream in the woods at a place that was subsequently named "Christopher's Hollow", and the location was still known by that name two and a half centuries later.The two ministers moved on to Plymouth where they met with much more adverse circumstances than in Sandwich. Following several confrontations, including a meeting with the governor, they were served with a warrant directing them to depart the jurisdiction of the Plymouth Colony. They were marched five miles towards Rhode Island and left.
Imprisonment
During July and August Holder and Copeland visited other communities, including Duxbury, Mansfield, Dedham, Charlestown, Cambridge and Lynn, managing to avoid confrontation with any Massachusetts colonial authorities. When they ultimately arrived at Salem, they were invited to stay at the home of Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick. On 29 August 1657, they did as they had done elsewhere, and attended a service at the Congregational church. Following the sermon, Copeland stood at the back of the church and challenged the message with the Quaker alternatives. Unlike in the other towns, this prompted a much more violent reaction, and the action of a local commissioner was recorded as follows, "after the priest had done, [Holder] was hauled back by the hair of his head and his mouth violently stopped with a glove and handkerchief thrust thereunto with much fury by one of your church members." Holder was unable to breathe, but a man named Samuel Shattuck pushed the perpetrator aside and removed the obstructions from Holder's throat.
Holder, Copeland and Shattuck were then transported to Boston where Shattuck was released with a fine, but the other two men were imprisoned, and held for more than ten weeks. On 23 September 1657 Holder was whipped with thirty stripes "as near as the hangman could in one place, measuring his ground and fetching his strokes with great strength and advantage." A third Quaker, Richard Doudney, had been arrested in Dedham and joined the other two men in jail. While imprisoned, the three men wrote the first Quaker Declaration of Faith. Following their lengthy imprisonment, Holder and the others were banished from the colony, but would return.
Quaker persecution continued in many forms, and the Southwicks that were so supportive of Holder were imprisoned and eventually driven out of the Massachusetts colony. That was not enough for Governor Endicott, however. Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick had a son named Daniel and a daughter named Provided, and Endicott attempted to have these two children put into slavery. No ship master or other person in the colony would be a party to this atrocity, however. The noted Quaker poet, John Greenleaf Whittier wrote the poem The Ballad of Cassandra Southwick about this incident, but the poem was actually about the daughter, Provided, rather than the mother, Cassandra.
Puritan reactions to the Quakers
Very alarmed by the inroads that the Quaker missionaries were making in New England, a group of commissioners from the United Colonies (Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Haven and Connecticut) addressed a letter to the governor of Rhode Island on 12 September 1657. The document announced the recent arrival of the Quakers, calling them notorious heretics and calling for their speedy removal from the colonies. The United Colonies wanted the Quakers removed from one of their safe havens in Newport, and used the threat of withholding trade as leverage for their position. The Rhode Island colony had just elected Benedict Arnold as its new President in May, and although Arnold was no friend of the Quakers, his reply, endorsed by the four Rhode Island Assistants (one from each town), demonstrated a firm adherence to the Rhode Island doctrine of religious tolerance. He wrote, "Concerning these Quakers (so-called), which are now among us, we have no law among us, whereby to punish any for only declaring by words, &c., theire mindes and understandings concerning the things and days of God, as to salvation and an eternal condition." President Arnold promised Massachusetts Governor Simon Bradstreet that at the next session of the General Assembly the Quakers' "extravagent outgoinges" would be considered, and he hoped some action would be taken to prevent the "bad effects of their doctrines and endeavors." At the March 1658 session of the Assembly, the Rhode Island doctrine of "freedom of different consciences" was reaffirmed, and a letter was sent to the commissioners of the United Colonies stating that if troubles arose from harboring Quakers, the matter would be presented to the supreme authority of England. Following this, no further complaints came from the other colonies.
Nevertheless, the Massachusetts leaders saw the Quakers as being very threatening to the "purity" of their theological doctrines, and seeing that their existing laws did not solve the "Quaker problem", they adopted a plan to enact increasingly brutal laws against them. When the Massachusetts General Court met in October 1657, they assessed increased fines for those who entertained Quakers. As for those who returned to Massachusetts following a banishment order, the new law read: Every such male Quaker shall for the first offense have one of his ears cut off and be kept at work in the House of Correction until he can be sent away at his own charge; and for the second offense he shall have his other ear cut off. Every woman Quaker...shall be severely whipped...and sent to the House of Correction [and also for a second offense; for a third offense:] Every Quaker, he or she, ...shall have their tongues bored through with a hot iron ... and kept at the House of Correction.
Events of 1658
Following his release from jail in late 1657, Holder returned to England, and from there went to the West Indies. In February 1658 he sailed from the Barbados to Rhode Island. John Copeland rejoined Holder in Rhode Island, and they decided to return to Cape Cod. There were now 15 active Quaker missionaries in the American colonies: the original 11 who sailed on the Woodhouse, Mary Dyer from Rhode Island, and three more from the Barbados, one of whom was the future martyr, William Leddra.
On 15 April 1658 Holder and Copeland left Rhode Island, and on 23 April they attended a Friends' meeting in Sandwich. During the meeting they were once again apprehended, and marched to Barnstable where they were tied to a post and each given 33 lashes, with many of their brethren watching on as "ear and eye witnesses to the cruelty". They were not thereafter detained for long, and returned to Rhode Island. Seriously injured from the repeated beatings, Holder returned to the home of the Scotts in Providence where he was nursed to health. This may have been when he became engaged to Mary Scott.
The jail time and the scourging had not deterred the determined missionaries, and on 3 June Holder and Copeland returned to Boston. Governor Endicott advised them that they would each have an ear cut off, a punishment that had been used by England's Star Chamber against some Puritans in 1634. The two prisoners were joined in the House of Correction by another Quaker, John Rous from the Barbados. On 17 July 1658 all three men were taken to a private cell where the amputations took place. The authorities would not allow it to be done publicly, certain of a negative public reaction. Mary Dyer biographer Ruth Plimpton wrote that the men "were so stalwart while their ears were removed, that the persecutors began to feel that this was insufficient punishment."
Word of the cruelty brought increased numbers of sympathizers to Boston to encourage the prisoners. Katherine Scott and her daughters Mary and Patience were accompanied by Mary Dyer and Hope Clifton in visiting the men. William Robinson, who had come on the Woodhouse, and Marmaduke Stephenson also arrived, and all of these people were imprisoned. The aging Katherine Scott met Endicott face to face, calling this a barbarous act, and was given ten stripes of the whip. Following their mutilation, the three men were re-imprisoned and given lashings twice a week until released nine weeks later.
The authorities were becoming increasingly paranoid. Imprisonment, whippings and mutilation did not rid them of their Quaker problem. At the 19 October 1658 meeting of the Massachusetts General Court, a law was passed that any Quaker caught in their jurisdiction would be banished upon pain of death. Such Quaker activism had now become a capital offense.
Events of 1659
After leaving Boston in late 1658, Holder went south and joined fellow missionaries Robert Hodgson and William Robinson in Maryland and Virginia. Holder returned to Rhode Island the following spring, and accompanied by 11-year-old Patience Scott and others, returned to Massachusetts. They managed to avoid the authorities for several weeks, and in May Holder wrote a letter to William Robinson to let him know they were in Salem. Marmaduke Stephenson and William Robinson were soon arrested, and then Holder and Patience Scott were likewise arrested. Afraid of public opinion, the authorities were not ready to test their law instituting capital punishment, and the girl was released, while the others were banished. None of them, however, was deterred, with Stephenson and Robinson going up to Salem and Holder going elsewhere in northern Massachusetts.
When Holder returned to Boston in August 1659 he was arrested and once again imprisoned. When Robinson and Stephenson were arrested in Salem, they were brought back to Boston with a large following of friends, and likewise imprisoned. As the word got out, friends came to support the prisoners, and on 8 October 1659 they were visited in prison by Mary Scott, Hope Clifton, and Mary Dyer. Perhaps because of Holder's status and connections, the governor would not have him executed. On 22 November 1659 he was again sentenced to banishment upon pain of death. This time he left for England, hoping to personally appeal for justice there. It was only five days following his release from jail that his friends William Robinson and Matthew Stephenson were hanged in Boston, to become the first two of the four Boston martyrs. Mary Dyer was slated to hang as well, but was reprieved while the rope was around her neck.
Return to England
Traveling with Holder to England were several other friends, including Samuel Shattuck and his fiancée, Mary Scott. On 12 August 1660, in Olveston, Gloucestershire, Holder and Mary Scott were married. There was tremendous excitement in England, following the restoration of King Charles II to the monarchy. The king was reinstated to the throne under the Declaration of Breda in May 1660, and the proclamation not only outlined amnesty for most subjects who were involved in the English Civil Wars and interregnum, but also offered religious freedoms not previously seen in England. A part of the proclamation having a direct effect on the Quakers read, "we do declare a liberty to tender consciences, and that no man shall be disquieted, or called in question, for differences of opinion in matter of religion, which do not disturb the peace of the Kingdom..." About 700 Quakers were released from jails throughout England under the terms of the declaration. The Massachusetts Puritans had drafted a vindication, justifying their capital punishment of the Quakers in Boston, and sent it to the king. This document was quickly countered, however, by a mandamus by the king, issued to Endicott and the other New England governors. This document directed that all Quakers be released from New England jails and that they be sent to England.
Holder, Shattuck and others conferred with George Fox on how to proceed. They determined that Samuel Shattuck would be the one to deliver the mandamus to Endicott personally. A ship with Ralph Goldsmith as the master took Shattuck and others back to New England, and Shattuck, who had been maltreated by Endicott, presented him with the document to which was affixed the royal seal. Endicott was forced to comply, but he refused to send any Quakers back to England in fear that they would testify against him. Whittier wrote of this incident in his poem "The King's Messenger".
Endicott felt compelled to send a delegation to London to clear the Massachusetts authorities of any wrongdoing and to ensure the solvency of the Massachusetts charter. He sent two men, one Simon Bradstreet and the other the minister who was the primary instigator of Quaker persecution, Reverend John Norton. Hearing of the arrival of these men in London, Holder, Copeland, Fox and the father of the Boston martyr William Robinson all charged the two men with murder. The two-man delegation left England assured of the continuance of the charter, but was also given stipulations that were unpopular back in Massachusetts. The men were shunned and greeted with anger upon their return to New England, and while Bradstreet was able to weather the storm, Norton could not, and died the year after returning.
Later life
Following a few years in England, Holder returned to New England, settling in Newport, Rhode Island. He had purchased Patience Island from Roger Williams, and given it to his wife as a wedding gift. He traveled extensively, particularly in 1663, but was likely back in England in 1666 when his son was born in Gloucestershire. In 1672 Holder was with George Fox in New York, during the visit Fox made to New England. In 1673 his name appeared on a list of freeman in Newport.
That Christopher Holder was very highly regarded in Rhode Island is evident from events in the mid 1670s. From 1675 to 1676, King Philip's War, "the most disastrous conflict to ever devastate New England," left the mainland towns of Rhode Island in ruins. This confrontation between many indigenous people and the English settlers was named for Metacomet, sachem of the Wampanoags, who was also known as King Philip. Though much more at peace with the Indians than the other colonies, because of geography, the Rhode Island colony took the brunt of damage from this conflict, and the settlements of Warwick and Pawtuxet were totally destroyed, with much of Providence destroyed as well. In April 1676 it was voted by the Rhode Island General Assembly "that in these troublesome times and straits in this Colony, this Assembly desiring to have the advice and concurrence of the most judicious inhabitants, if it may be had for the good of the whole, do desire at their next sitting the company and counsel of Mr. Christopher Holder..." and 15 others.
The last record of Christopher Holder in Rhode Island is when he was taxed in 1680. He was back in England shortly thereafter and in May 1682 was arrested for refusing to take the oath of allegiance. The leniency shown the Quakers in 1660 had regressed, and persecutions had resumed. He was arrested again the following year, and incarcerated in Cornwall until 1685 when King James II once again released all of the Quakers being jailed throughout the kingdom.
Death and legacy
Holder retired from his missionary work following his release, being very tired from his strenuous existence and abuse. His death was recorded as follows: "Christopher Holder of Puddimore, in the county of Somerset, died at Ircott, in the parish of Almondsbury 13, 4 mo. 1688 [13 June 1688], and was buried at Hazewell."
In 1909 philanthropist Olivia Slocum Sage, the widow of Russell Sage, donated a dormitory at Princeton University, which was named in honor of her ancestor, Christopher Holder. The building is a Gothic-style quadrangle located on Nassau Street at the extreme northwest corner of the campus. A tablet embedded in the building's facade provides a memorial to Holder.
Family
Holder was married twice, both of his wives being Quaker activists who were friends of each other and frequently supported their imprisoned Quaker friends. His first wife, Mary Scott, died on 17 October 1665, and on 30 December of the same year he married Hope Clifton, the daughter of Thomas and Mary Clifton. The Cliftons had also come from Gloucestershire, immigrating to Concord in 1641 and then settling in Providence two years later, and becoming Quaker converts.
Holder had two children with his first wife and seven more with his second. Only the oldest child from each marriage is known to have survived. His older child of his first marriage, Mary (1661-1737) was married to Peleg Slocum (1654-1733), the son of Giles and Joan Slocum; they had ten children. Slocum was a Quaker minister, and the family moved to Dartmouth, Massachusetts where Slocum built the first Quaker meeting house in 1699. The oldest child of Holder's second marriage, Christopher, Jr., was born in Winterbourne, Gloucestershire in 1666. He was married in 1691 to Elizabeth Daniell of Winterbourne, his residence at the time being given as Hallatrow in neighboring Somerset. Christopher Jr. owned land in Newport, Rhode Island, and in 1692 sold 50 acres there to Roger Goulding.
See also
Mary Dyer
Boston martyrs
List of early settlers of Rhode Island
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
References
Bibliography
Online sources
External links
Fowler's account of the Woodhouse sailing
Persecutions of early Quakers in America A detailed accounting, with transcriptions of many letters and documents
Mary Dyer bio
James Savage's account of Christopher Holder (1892)
Article on Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick
Fox’s journal Chapter 18, that mentions Holder
Bowden's History of the Society of Friends in America (1850)
1631 births
1688 deaths
17th-century Quakers
English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
American Quakers
Converts to Quakerism
English Quakers
People from Alveston
People from Newport, Rhode Island
People from Winterbourne, Gloucestershire |
51880189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockport%2C%20Mississippi | Rockport, Mississippi | Rockport is an unincorporated community in Copiah County, Mississippi.
Located a short distance west of the Pearl River, Rockport was once a thriving railway town, though little remains of the original settlement.
History
Indigenous people first occupied the area. Archeological remnants located near Rockport include pottery, copper beads, a sharpened point of a stake, skeletons, and mounds.
The Galilee Baptist Church established west of the settlement in 1825, and is still located there.
Rockport established in 1849.
From 1856 to 1956, Rockport had a post Office.
A battalion of the Confederate States Army was organized in Rockport in July 1861. Known as the "Rockport Steel Blades", they were part of the 6th Mississippi Infantry.
In 1870, a bill was introduced in the Mississippi State Senate to establish a ferry across the Pearl River at Rockport.
The early settlement had a drug store, barber shop, stores, Masonic lodge, and hotel called the Rockport Hotel.
The New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad was built through the settlement in 1909, and Rockport was a flag stop. Trains like The Rebel once passed through Rockport. The line is now abandoned.
By 1937, Rockport contained only a small store, gas station, post office and church.
References
Unincorporated communities in Copiah County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi |
47544882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Do | We Do | We Do may refer to:
We Do (documentary), a 2015 American film about marriage equality
We Do, a 2019 album by Ikimono-gakari
"We Do", a 2020 song by Kenny Chesney from Here and Now
"We Do", a song from the 1995 Simpsons episode "Homer the Great"
See also
Wedo (disambiguation) |
20989447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%BEef%20%C5%A0kol%C4%8D | Jožef Školč | Jožef Školč (born 19 August 1960) is a Slovenian left liberal politician.
He was born in the village of Breginj in western Slovenia, in what was then the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He graduated from political science at the University of Ljubljana. In 1988 he was elected president of the Alliance of Socialist Youth of Slovenia, the youth organization of the Communist Party of Slovenia. By that time, the organization was already fairly independent from the party and played an important role in the process of democratization of Slovenia. In 1990, the Alliance of Socialist Youth was renamed to Liberal Democratic Party and Školč became its first president. In the first free elections in Slovenia in April 1990, the party gained around 14% of the popular vote and remained in opposition against the government led by the DEMOS coalition.
In 1992, Školč resigned as president of the Liberal Democratic Party to give way to Janez Drnovšek. The same year, he was elected MP in the Slovenian National Assembly and between 1994 and 1996, he served as its speaker. Between 1997 and 2000, he served as Minister of Culture of Slovenia.
Between 2007 and 2008, he was head of the parliament group of the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia. Since 2008, he has been serving as a State Secretary in the Cabinet of the Prime Minister Borut Pahor.
References
Biography
1960 births
Living people
People from the Municipality of Kobarid
Liberal Democracy of Slovenia politicians
Presidents of the National Assembly (Slovenia)
University of Ljubljana alumni |
60205501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldFest-Houston%20International%20Film%20Festival | WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival | The WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival, founded in 1968, is an annual film festival held annually in April in Houston, Texas. Notable festival alumni include John Lee Hancock, who wrote and directed the Oscar-winning film The Blind Side, as well as Steven Spielberg, Randal Kleiser, Ang Lee and David Winning.
Competition categories
WorldFest bestows awards in 10 major film and video categories as well as 200+ sub-categories.
Independent Shorts
Independent Experimental Films & Videos
Independent Theatrical Features
Independent Study Films & Videos
Television and Cable Production
TV Commercials / Public Service Announcements
Film & Video Production
Screenplays
Music Videos
New Media (including websites and 3D productions)
Awards
The award given at the Worldfest-Houston is called the Remi. The Remi Award is named after painter/illustrator Frederic Remington.
One Grand Remi is awarded to the top winner in each of the major competition categories.
Grand Remi
Within each competition category, there are multiple sub-categories. The following are awarded in each sub-categories:
Special Jury Award
Platinum Remi
Gold Remi
Silver Remi
Bronze Remi
References
External links
Official website
Film festivals in Houston
Film festivals established in 1968
1968 establishments in Texas
April events |
27222534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVL | SVL | SVL may refer to:
SVL, IATA code for Savonlinna Airport
Scientific Vector Language
Lobaev Sniper Rifle, (Snaj'perskaj'a Vintovka Lobaj'eva in Russian)
SVL, an experimental turbojet train
Union of Clothing Workers, a former trade union in Finland
Snout–vent length, a measurement in herpetology.
Saginaw Valley League, a high school athletics conference in Michigan
Sport Vereniging Langbroek, a multi-sports club in Langbroek, Netherlands. |
67777543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine%20Action | Palestine Action | Palestine Action is a pro-Palestinian protest network that uses civil disobedience tactics to shut down and disrupt multinational arms dealers. In particular, the group targets UK-based operations that provide weapons used in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Protests
Palestine Action was founded on 30 July 2020 when activists broke into and spray-painted the interior of Elbit Systems' UK headquarters in London.
On 19 May 2021, during the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, four members of the group dressed in red boiler suits climbed onto the roof of an Elbit Systems-owned drone factory in Meridian Business Park, Leicester. The occupation lasted six days, and a total of 10 arrests were made for conspiracy to commit criminal damage and aggravated trespass.
The group have staged similar occupations of Elbit Systems sites in Bristol, Oldham in collaboration with Extinction Rebellion and Tamworth in collaboration with Animal Rebellion.
On 10 June 2021, three protestors from the group "stormed, scaled and occupied" an APPH drone factory in Runcorn. Activists daubed red paint on the exterior, dismantled drone and aircraft machinery and destroyed windows. The next day all three were arrested on suspicion of criminal damage and aggravated trespass.
On 14 June, the fourth anniversary of the Grenfell fire, a similar occupation protest was staged at an Arconic factory in Kitts Green, Birmingham by three protestors. Arconic provided the cladding that allowed the rapid transmission of fire across Grenfell tower, and according to Palestine Action provide "materials for Israel's fighter jets". The occupation ended when two activists were arrested from the roof of the building two days later. One activist was remanded in prison and immediately went on hunger strike. The activist said they would end their strike if any one of four conditions were met: release of Palestine Action protestors; the eviction of Elbit from its London headquarters by property firm LaSalle Investment Management; the closure of all Elbit Systems’ British operations or; release by the government of all correspondence and documents relating to its dealings with Elbit and its subsidiaries.
In April 2022, two Palestine Action protestors chained themselves to the gates of a drone factory of UAV Tactical Systems at Meridian Business Park in Braunstone. Other activists gathered nearby with signs stating "Free Palestine". Three protestors were arrested. A spokesperson for the group said that "Direct action will not cease until all Elbit sites are closed."
References
Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Palestinian solidarity movement
Direct action |
56776742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Bunyan | Walter Bunyan | Walter Frederick Bunyan was a 20th-century Anglican priest.
Bunyan was born in 1917 and educated at King's College, London. He was ordained deacon in 1941, and priest in 1942. After Curacies in Gillingham and Felixstowe he was Rector of Komga from 1946 to 1949. and then of Uitenhage until 1954. Returning to England he was Vicar of Woodside from 1954 to 1958. Back in South Africa he served in Port Elizabeth and was its Archdeacon from 1964 to 1968. He was the Vicar of Kingsbury from 1969 to 1974; Archdeacon of Kroonstad from 1974 to 1980; and Vicar of Carbis Bay from 1981.
References
Archdeacons of Kroonstad
Archdeacons of Port Elizabeth
Alumni of King's College London |
22847476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montepila | Montepila | Montepila is a white Spanish wine grape. It is one of the authorized varieties in the Montilla-Moriles Denominación de Origen (DO), in Andalusia, Spain.
Montepila is not known under any other synonyms.
References
White wine grape varieties |
39418584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemia%20%28typeface%29 | Euphemia (typeface) | Euphemia (syllabics: ) is a sans-serif typeface for Unified Canadian Syllabics. However, it does not display the Eastern Cree syllables sha and shu properly.
Usage
Various versions of "Euphemia" have been supplied in Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8. OS X also supplies a version called "Euphemia UCAS".
Unicode Ranges
Euphemia has support for the following Unicode ranges:
Basic Latin
Latin-1 Supplement
Latin Extended-A
Latin Extended-B
Spacing Modifier Letters
Combining Diacritical Marks
General Punctuation
Currency Symbols
Letterlike Symbols
Mathematical Operators
Supplemental Mathematical Operators
Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A
Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B
Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
References
Humanist sans-serif typefaces |
18426682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Chorens | Manuel Chorens | Manuel Chorens García (born 22 January 1916, date of death unknown) was a Cuban footballer.
International career
He represented Cuba at the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France. In his three matches, Chorens did not score a goal.
References
External links
1916 births
Year of death missing
Men's association football defenders
Cuban men's footballers
Cuba men's international footballers
1938 FIFA World Cup players
Place of birth missing |
64395994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michi%20Kobi | Michi Kobi | Michi Kobi (2 November 1924 – 1 March 2016), born Machiko Kobinata Okamoto, was an American actress.
Life
Kobi was born 2 November 1924 in Sacramento, California as Machiko Kobinata Okamoto. Her father, Rikikazu Okamoto, came to America at age 17 in 1902 and became a doctor. In 1923 her father went to Japan, married Ito Kobinata, and brought her to Sacramento. During World War II, following the signing of Executive Order 9066, Kobi and her mother were sent to Tanforan Assembly Center and then Topaz War Relocation Center.
After the war she went to New York City, seeking to become an actor, and lived there the rest of her life. She studied acting at New York University. In addition to acting on stage, screen, and television, she worked as a model, secretary, and translator. As a translator she worked for the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). She was very outspoken about the sanitized depictions of the conditions in the World War II internment camps and also campaigned for an apology and reparations. She left acting due to the few quality roles for Asian women. She died in Manhattan, New York City on 1 March 2016.
Filmography
1954: "The New Adventures of China Smith" (TV)
1959: Tokyo After Dark playing Sumi Fukita
1960: 12 to the Moon playing Dr. Hideko Murata
1960: Hell to Eternity playing Sono
1961: Cry for Happy playing Hanakichi
1991: American Rickshaw playing Old Madame Luna
2004: Law & Order (TV) episode "Gaijin", playing Mrs. Ito
Theater
1963–1964: original Broadway production of "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" playing 'Nurse Nakamura'
See also
Hiroaki Sato, who knew Kobi for 30 years and wrote an article upon her death
References
External links
Michi Kobi Papers, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University Special Collections
1924 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actors from Sacramento, California
American actresses of Japanese descent
American film actors of Japanese descent
American film actresses
American television actresses
Japanese-American internees
21st-century American women |
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