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62640161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nincut%20language | Nincut language | Nincut (Aboro) is a Plateau language of Kaduna State, Nigeria belonging to the Beromic branch. Blench estimates 5,000 speakers in 2003. It is spoken 7 km north of Fadan Karshe in Kaduna State. Nincut is not recorded in Ethnologue or Glottolog.
References
Beromic languages
Languages of Nigeria |
3179567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist%20Party%20of%20Canada%20%28Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist%29%20candidates%20in%20the%201997%20Canadian%20federal%20election | Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election | The Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist) ran 65 candidates in the 1997 federal election, none of whom were elected. Information about these candidates may be found on this page.
Manitoba
Rubin Kantorovich (St. Boniface)
Kantorovich is an electronics technician and a musician , and has campaigned for the Canadian House of Commons in the elections of 1988, 1993 and 1997. His was listed as a non-affiliated candidate in 1988, as the Marxist-Leninist Party was not registered with Elections Canada.
Glenn Michalchuk (Winnipeg Centre)
Michalchuk is an industrial worker. He was listed as Prairie regional vice-president of the Canadian Auto Workers in 1995 (Winnipeg Free Press, 21–22 March 1995), and as vice-president of CAW Local 101 in 2000 (WFP, 18 November 2000). He is currently the first vice-president of the Winnipeg Labour Council. Michalchuk criticized the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees for conducting a strike in March 1995, accusing them of promoting labour disunity during a period of negotiations on the future of the rail industry.
He was a prominent member of Peace Alliance Winnipeg in 1999, and protested against the bombing of Kosovo by North Atlantic Treaty Organization forced (WFP, 17 June 1999). As of 2006, he is listed as a member of the No War Coalition of Manitoba (WFP, 19 March 2006), and has called for the immediate withdrawal of Canadian troops from Afghanistan ("Protesters for Peace", Winnipeg Sun, 19 March 2006).
Michalchuk has campaigned in three elections for the CPC-ML. He is likely related to Douglas Michalchuk, an industrial worker who campaigned for the CPC-ML in Winnipeg in 1979 and 1980. In fact, it is possible that they are the same person.
Diane Zack (Winnipeg South)
Zack was a teacher in Winnipeg at the time of the election. She worked at Greenway School, and in 1996 led a delegation of twenty-six students to watch the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. She received 94 votes (0.25%), finishing seventh against Liberal incumbent Reg Alcock.
Zack later served as president of the Manitoba-Cuba Solidarity Committee, and spoke in defense of a Canadian businessman who was convicted of a criminal offense in the United States for trading with Cuba (Winnipeg Free Press, 20 June 2002). In 2003, she led a celebration of the anniversary of the Cuban Revolution at the Ukrainian Labour Temple in Winnipeg (Winnipeg Free Press, 23 July 2003). She helped to organize a meeting of Cuban and Canadian organic farmers in 2004 (Winnipeg Free Press, 30 June 2004), and organized a Cuban Film Festival in Winnipeg in 2005 (Winnipeg Free Press, 20 April 2005). She was 55 years old in 2004.
Karen Naylor (Winnipeg South Centre)
Naylor is a fifth-generation railway worker, and a prominent figure in the Winnipeg labour movement. She has been a union representative in the Canadian Brotherhood of Railway, Transport and General Workers, and has subsequently been active with the Canadian Auto Workers. Naylor was appointed to Manitoba's Workers Compensation Board in 1996, but resigned in April 2005 to protest what she described as the inappropriate treatment of former chair Wally Fox-Decent by the provincial government. As of 2007, she is the Canadian Auto Workers's national representative for Saskatchewan.
Naylor has campaigned for the CPC-ML on four occasions, and is a member of its Manitoba Regional Committee. She also campaigned for the Canadian Party of Renewal, an affiliate of the CPC-ML, in 1993. She delivered the eulogy at the funeral of Hardial Bains, founder of the CPC-ML, in 1997. The following year, she was selected as chair of a National Commission to Transform CPC(M-L) into a Mass Communist Party.
Naylor is a member of Winnipeg's Structured Movement Against Capitalism. In 2002, she wrote an essay about Canada's anti-globalization movement for the journal Canadian Dimension. After addressing the divisions in communist and socialist movements after World War II, she argues that the greatest challenge now facing the revolutionary Left today is to build "a broad, anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist movement, with the aim of creating a united front against war and militarism, for peace, democracy, national sovereignty and social progress".
Ken Kalturnyk (Winnipeg—Transcona)
Kenneth (Ken) Kalturnyk is an activist based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He has been a candidate of the Communist Party of Canada - Marxist-Leninist on five occasions, and is a member of its Manitoba Regional Committee. He is the editor of Modern Communism, the MRC's journal. Kalturnyk is also a member of the Canadian Dimension editorial collective, and has written occasional articles for the paper. He is active in labour issues, and was a founding member of Winnipeg's Workers Organizing and Resource Centre.
Kalturnyk helped to organize Winnipeg's "Structured Movement Against Capitalism" in 2000-01. The organization included members from several activist movements, and placed an emphasis on "reforms which are achievable under capitalism, but which weaken the system, while developing people's organizational capacities".
He wrote an essay entitled "Reflections on Violence" for Canadian Dimension in 2001, examining the questions of "whether violence is a necessary and effective tactic in the conditions prevailing in Canada in the beginning of the 21st century" and "whether violence should be employed as part of a protest". He argued that armed resistance is justifiable in some circumstances, such as the defense of burial grounds by the Mohawk people of Oka in 1990, but concluded that it was not a justified tactic for Canadian activists at the present time:
The use of violence is a tactical issue and not a matter of principle, and while the use of violence by the movement as a response to the violence of the state may ultimately prove necessary, we are not yet at that stage of the struggle. Furthermore, the tactics of violence should be used with extreme caution, as the people are invariably the main victims.
In 2003, Kalturnyk published an essay in Modern Communism arguing that the Holodomor was a hoax perpetrated by right-wing American newspapers and sustained by anti-Soviet propaganda during the Cold War. The article posited that Ukraine was caught up in a "virtual civil war" between Kulaks (rich peasants) and the Soviet system in 1933-34, and argued that food shortages only occurred in the limited areas where peasants took up the Kulak call for an "agricultural strike". This article has been the source of some controversy.
Kalturynk has also written in defense of James Bay Cree land rights, and against the Quebec government's plans for hydro-development in the region. He wrote a piece on the Left and Canadian nationalism in 2002, and a work on the future of Stelco in 2006.
References |
33301799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Red%20Jacket | SS Red Jacket | A number of steamships were named Red Jacket.
, laid down as Red Jacket, launched as Quistconck
, laid down as Red Jacket, launched as Inspector
See also
Ship names |
5861926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mountain%20%28Washington%29 | Crystal Mountain (Washington) | Crystal Mountain is a mountain and alpine ski area in eastern Pierce County, Washington, United States, located in the Cascade Range southeast of Seattle. It is the largest ski resort in the state of Washington and lies within the Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest. The resort is accessible from the Seattle–Tacoma metropolitan area via State Route 410.
Primarily a day-use area, Crystal has nine chairlifts, various dining locations, and multiple hotels. It is also home to the Mt. Rainier Gondola, which provides year-round access to the resort's summit and is the state's only high-speed gondola. The gondola was installed in 2010.
Crystal Mountain was acquired by the Alterra Mountain Company in 2018.
Location
Crystal Mountain is accessible from Enumclaw, by driving to the Sunrise entrance of Mount Rainier National Park, past the small town of Greenwater.
The ski resort is located in the valley of the Silver Creek, a tributary of the White River, and on the east and north east slopes of Crystal Mountain. The main summit of Crystal, also called Silver King, is (NAVD88 elevation) and is the highest land in a radius. Subsidiary peaks on the north ridge of Silver King are The Throne (), Silver Queen (ca. ), Grubstake Point (ca. ) and North Way Peak (). The latter three can be reached by ski lifts, and the resort has a Summit House on a shoulder just south of Grubstake. The summits offer an unobstructed view of Mount Rainier, which is less than west-south-west.
History
1960s
Crystal Mountain Resort opened in December 1962 with two double chairlifts. The first of these lifts, Miner's Basin, was decommissioned in the summer of 2011. Its route was close to that of the Gondola and ended by the top of the Exterminator and Deerfly runs. The other original lift (Iceberg Ridge) was removed when the Rainier Express was built. The site, just northeast of Mount Rainier National Park, was chosen after some Tacoma skiers were unable to start a resort within the boundaries of the park. The Green Valley double chairlift was built the following summer, and the Quicksilver lift followed in 1964.
In 1965, Crystal hosted the collegiate ski championships in late March and the following week the U.S. Alpine Ski Championships, which included famous racers such as Karl Schranz of Austria, Olympic medalists Jimmie Heuga and Billy Kidd of the U.S., future triple gold medalist Jean-Claude Killy of France, and future gold medalist Nancy Greene of Canada.
Crystal hosted the national championships again in 1968, a few weeks after the Winter Olympics. Kidd, Heuga, and Greene were again in the field, as well as Spider Sabich. Back from the Olympics and the World Cup tour, local Judy Nagel won the women's slalom and combined titles at age sixteen. Five years earlier, her father Jack Nagel (1926–2004) and the racing school at Crystal were featured in Sports Illustrated, with her older sister Cathy, then fourteen, on the cover.
1970s
The Campbell Basin chairlift opened in 1970, which opened Campbell Basin to skiing for the first time and traveled from the base area all the way to the site of the current Campbell Basin Lodge.
Two weeks after the 1972 Olympics, Crystal hosted the World Cup tour in late February 1972 with two downhills for both men and women, with the start above Campbell Basin. Weather forced a low start; the winning men's times were under 90 seconds. Newly-crowned Olympic downhill champion Bernhard Russi of Switzerland won the Saturday race and took second on Sunday. American Mike Lafferty of Eugene, Oregon, took second and fourth in the two downhills. A women's slalom scheduled for Sunday was cancelled due to weather.
In 1974, Crystal added its first triple chairlift, Bullion Basin. High Campbell, the highest lift at Crystal, was added in 1976. It was pre-owned, purchased from the defunct Yodelin Ski Area near Stevens Pass. High Campbell serves the summit of Silver Queen and provides access to The Throne, Silver King, Campbell Basin, Avalanche Basin, and Silver Basin.
1980s
In 1984, Bullion Basin was moved to its current location as the Gold Hills lift. That same year, the Rendezvous and Discovery triple chairlifts were installed.
Washington's first high-speed detachable quad chairlift, the Rainier Express was installed in the summer of 1988, replacing the original chair 2. A fixed grip quad, Midway Shuttle, was added to connect the base area with Rainier Express. The Campbell Basin double was shortened because the lower half was no longer necessary. These upgrades were funded with money from investors, who in return would get future discounts on lift tickets and season passes. Today this group of investors is the Crystal Mountain Founder's Club.
1990s
In the mid-1990s, Crystal Mountain became deeply in debt and was unable to pay for further important improvements such as new lifts and lodges. The original investors sold the area to Boyne Resorts in March 1997. The deal directed Boyne to spend at least $15 million in capital improvements during the first ten years. In the first two years, Doppelmayr constructed two high speed six passenger chairlifts, the Chinook and Forest Queen Express lifts to replace Midway Shuttle and Rendezvous, respectively (Midway Shuttle being relocated to Loup Loup Ski Bowl). Boyne also made other improvements such as a new rental facility, paved parking lots, and five new Bombardier snowcat grooming machines.
2000s
The Green Valley double chairlift was replaced with a high-speed quad in the summer of 2000, constructed by Doppelmayr. In the summer of 2007, Crystal underwent a major expansion, building the Northway chairlift in the former North Backcountry. This increased developed terrain by 70% to . In addition, the Summit House restaurant was remodeled.
2010s
During the summer of 2010, a terrain park was constructed and the Mt. Rainier Gondola was installed by Doppelmayr, which travels directly from the base area to the summit house, and its first day of operation was New Year's Day 2011. During an extremely severe avalanche period on March 10, 2014, the ski patrol triggered an avalanche as part of normal control work, which destroyed the High Campbell chairlift. During the summer of 2014 work to replace the High Campbell and Quicksilver chairs was initiated. A Skytrac double chairlift was built quickly to replace High Campbell, renamed Chair 6,. The Quicksilver chair was replaced with a fixed grip quad that had originally operated at Deer Valley Resort as Deer Crest. The top station was lowered to cut off the steep top part of the Quicksilver Run, now rated a green, over a blue. The ribbon-cutting ceremony for both chairs was held on January 8, 2015, at 9AM for Quicksilver and 10AM for Chair 6.
Crystal Mountain was acquired by John Kircher on March 31, 2017. This lasted one full season until Alterra Mountain Company agreed to purchase Crystal Mountain on September 6, 2018.
2020s
In March 2022, Crystal Mountain Resort and Alterra Mountain Company announced a $100 million redevelopment program that would include a new food and retail building, a 100-room hotel, and additional parking lots. The announcement also brought a $700 increase in season pass costs for the 2022–23 season in addition to increased parking costs.
World Cup alpine racers
Alan Lauba (b.1961)
Libby Ludlow (b.1981)
Scott Macartney (b.1978)
Paul McDonald (b.1984)
Cathy Nagel (b.1949)
Judy Nagel (b.1951)
Tatum Skoglund (b.1978)
Master Development Plan
Following the acquisition by Boyne Resorts, Crystal Mountain submitted a Master Development Plan (MDP) to the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), which included six alternatives for redevelopment of the mountain. A draft environmental impact study was issued in 2001 and finalized in August 2004. John Phipps, Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Supervisor, selected Alternative Six with modifications from the Final Environmental Impact Statement. It approves new facilities including an aerial tram to the summit, a new chairlift in Northback, a surface lift, existing chairlift upgrades, base facility renovations, employee housing and wastewater facilities. The plan is the largest in Washington's history, costing Boyne an estimated $40 million.
Completed projects
Northway (C-12) provided direct lift access to the area north of the original ski area. Previously, this area was known as North Backcountry and required a long traverse or shuttle ride back to the base area. The new lift is a fixed-grip double chairlift from Doppelmayr CTEC, installed in the summer of 2007 with a top terminal on Northway Peak.
Mt. Rainier Gondola provides direct access from the base area plaza to the summit, allowing for year-round access. Sightseers, skiers, hikers, and diners can all ride the gondola. This Doppelmayr CTEC 8-passenger lift was completed in 2010 and opened on January 1, 2011.
High Campbell "Chair 6" Replacement (C-2) provided direct lift access to the area around Silver Queen and the Southback area. Previously, this area was served by a fixed-grip double known as High Campbell. The old chair was destroyed by an avalanche in March 2014 and was inoperable. The new lift is a fixed-grip double chairlift from Skytrac, installed in the summer of 2014 with a top terminal on Silver Queen at 7002', still providing access to Powder Bowl, Southback and Campbell Basin. The new chair can withstand higher winds than the original.
Quicksilver Replacement (C-4) provides access to the green circle Quicksilver and black diamond Boondoggle runs and is accessed by the Discovery triple. Previously, this chair was served by a fixed-grip double installed and left untouched since 1964. Crystal Mountain wanted to make the terrain more beginner-friendly and lowered the top station by 250 feet to avoid the steep slope at the top. The Quicksilver run was previously a blue square but was changed to a green circle. The base station is equipped with a loading carpet to ease the loading process. The new lift is a fixed-grip quad chairlift from Garaventa CTEC, which originally had operated at Deer Valley Resort in Utah as the Deer Crest lift before being replaced with a high speed quad in 2012. Quicksilver was built with a top terminal altitude of around 5200'. The new chair has double the uphill capacity, and the Quicksilver trail was regraded over the summer to make it more beginner-friendly.
Proposed and approved
Kelly's Gap Express (C-13) will rise westwards from the new Bullion Base and terminating above and to the north of Green Valley Express.
Bullion Basin (C15) would rise eastwards on the other side of valley from the Bullion Base to an area that previously had a lift abandoned in 1983 (the footprint of a lift and trails can be viewed from the top of Rainier Express). This lift will also allow access to East Peak backcountry area for expert skiers. Rumors suggest that although this lift was included in the Record of Decision, the lift may not actually be built.
Park N' Ride (C12) will provide access between the new Bullion Base and the current base area.
Two new surface tows at the old base area (Ptarmigan, S1) and new Bullion Base (Pika, S2)
High speed replacements for the Quicksilver and Discovery chairs with no additional trail development.
Rejected by Forest Service
Silver King lift, this lift would have started on Queen's Run and serviced the summit of Silver King.
References
External links
Ski Lifts.org - photos of lifts at Crystal Mountain
Ski Map.org – trail maps – Crystal Mountain
Buildings and structures in Pierce County, Washington
Ski areas and resorts in Washington (state)
Tourist attractions in Pierce County, Washington |
6708855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya%20Coconut%20%28song%29 | Papaya Coconut (song) | "Papaya Coconut" is a song, written by Ingela Forsman and Lasse Holm. It was recorded with lyrics in Swedish by Kikki Danielsson on her 1986 album Papaya Coconut, and is one of her most famous recordings. The lyrics are about travelling from the Earth's colder places to its hotter places. The song was a Svensktoppen #1 hit, being at the chart for 12 weeks from January 11-March 29, 1987.
Kikki Danielsson's original recording of the song also appears in the 2014 film The Anderssons Rock the Mountains.
Papaya Coconut (Come Along)
In 1998 Kikki Danielsson recorded the song together with Dr. Alban, with lyrics in English written by Dr. Alban, and released it on the single Dr. Alban vs. Kikki Danielsson - Papaya Coconut (Come Along), which was released on September 21, 1998. The music was re-arranged from classical Svensktoppen pop to Eurodance, and for that reason more like a Dr. Alban song than a Kikki Danielsson song. The single peaked at #22 at the Swedish singles chart. This version was also included as the last track on the 1999 Kikki Danielssons orkester album Dagar som kommer och går.
Track listing: Papaya Coconut (Come Along)
Papaya Coconut (Radio Edit)
Papaya Coconut (Extended Mix)
Papaya Coconut (PN's Dub Doctor Mix)
Come Along
Charts
Papaya Coconut (Come Along) chart performance
Other recordings
Swedish music- and entertainer group Lars Vegas trio covered the song on their 1993 CD EP Kikki Resque - fem helt vanliga killar tolkar Kikki Danielsson.
Swedish Bitpop artist Goto80 covered the song on his 2001 EP "Papaya EP".
The song was performed by Larz-Kristerz at Dansbandskampen in 2008. The band also covered the song on the 2009 album Hem till dig.
Danish singer Birthe Kjær recorded a Danish version "I en stribet liggestol".
References
1986 songs
1998 singles
Kikki Danielsson songs
Songs written by Lasse Holm
Songs with lyrics by Ingela Forsman
Songs about plants |
59390960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Conference%20USA%20women%27s%20basketball%20tournament | 2019 Conference USA women's basketball tournament | The 2019 Conference USA women's basketball tournament was a postseason women's basketball tournament for Conference USA that was held at The Ford Center at The Star in Frisco, Texas, from March 13 through March 16, 2019. In the first round and quarterfinals, two games were played simultaneously within the same arena, with the courts separated by a curtain. Rice won the conference tournament championship game over Middle Tennessee, 69–54. Nancy Mulkey was named the tournament's Most Valuable Player.
Seeds
The top twelve teams will qualify for the tournament. Teams will be seeded by record within the conference, with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records.
Schedule
Bracket
All times listed are Central
See also
2019 Conference USA men's basketball tournament
References
Conference USA women's basketball tournament
Conference USA women's basketball
2018–19 Conference USA women's basketball season |
69720009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhigozum%20trichotomum | Rhigozum trichotomum | Rhigozum trichotomum is a shrub that is native to Namibia and South Africa. It is found mainly in the Nama Karoo and is listed on the SANBI red list as 'safe' (LC). It is a woody perennial shrub that grows 1–2 m tall with thorny twigs that often branch in threes. It bears small leaves that it loses in the dry season, and produces small white flowers with yellow centers. Overgrazed areas can become covered with this plant. This indicates poor land management, and can maks the soil prone to erosion. The plant is not palatable, but acts as a nurse plant for other young plants. It occurs in areas with rainfall of 50–350 mm per year.
References
Bignoniaceae
Flora of Southern Africa
Plants described in 1822
Taxa named by William John Burchell |
19197172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa%20Goh | Theresa Goh | Theresa Goh Rui Si BBM (; born 16 February 1987) is a Singaporean swimmer and Paralympic medalist, with a bronze at the SB4 100m breaststroke at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. She holds the world records for the SB4 50 metres and 200 metres breaststroke events.
Due to congenital spina bifida, she does not have use of her legs. Nonetheless, she started swimming at the age of five years, and began taking part in competitions at age 12. She soon established herself as a top competitor, winning medals at, among others, the ASEAN ParaGames (2001, 2003, 2005 and 2008), Far East and South Pacific Games Federation for the Disabled (FESPIC) Games (now known as the Asian Para Games) (2002), International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF) World Wheelchair Games (2003), National Swimming Championships (2004), and International Paralympic Committee (IPC) World Swimming Championships (2006).
In March 2007, at the Danish Open in Esbjerg, Denmark, Goh took top honours in the 100 metres breaststroke, 100 metres butterfly, 100 freestyle and 200 metres individual medley. At the 4th ASEAN ParaGames held in Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat), Thailand, in January 2008, Goh broke the record she set in May 2007 at the German International Disability Swimming Championships to win the gold in the 50 metres breaststroke in a world and FESPIC record time of 52.62 seconds. She achieved another gold in the 200 metres freestyle. Goh took part at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing in the 50 metres, 100 metres and 200 metres freestyle, and in the 100 metres breaststroke.
Goh competes in sport class S5 for the freestyle, SB4 for the breaststroke and SM5 for the individual medley. As of 22 August 2008, she was ranked second in the world for the 100 metres breaststroke and third for the 200 metres individual medley. Goh received the 2001 Sportsgirl Merit Award from the Singapore Disability Sports Council (SDSC) and was named Sportsgirl of the Year in 2002 and 2003. From 2004 to 2006, she was the SDSC's Sportswoman of the Year. On 27 February 2008 Goh received a special award at the SDSC's Sports Superstar Awards 2007 for outstanding achievements in swimming, and in August that year she was conferred the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Medal) in the National Day Awards.
Her latest sports achievement was in the 2016 Rio Paralympics where she snagged a Bronze medal in the SB4 50 metres breaststroke. In the same year, she was presented the Bintang Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Star) in the National Day Awards.
She announced her retirement from sports in 2019.
Early and personal life
Theresa Goh was born on 16 February 1987 in Singapore, the eldest of three children of Bernard Goh, the general manager of an engineering company, and Rose, a housewife. Because she was born prematurely at seven months, her parents were worried she might not survive. They were also shocked to discover that she had congenital spina bifida, which results in an incompletely formed spinal cord, as the condition had not been detected during her mother's pregnancy. Goh had surgery at four months to close the opening at the base of her spine where her spinal cord was protruding. Due to her condition, she does not have use of her legs and relies on a wheelchair for mobility. She is also partially hearing-impaired due to an undeveloped left ear. Regarding her disabilities, she has said: "I'm fine with it. I [wouldn't] be swimming or where I am today if I weren't disabled."
Goh, who was introduced to swimming at the age of five years, attended Tampines North Primary School and Dunman Secondary School. She embarked on a Diploma in Moving Images at Temasek Polytechnic in 2005. As of January 2008, she was studying applied psychology at Raffles College, a private educational institute in Singapore. She identifies as queer.
Sporting career
Goh competes in sport class S5 for the freestyle, SB4 for the breaststroke and SM5 for the individual medley. She began swimming at 12 years, winning two gold medals at the National Swimming Championships in 1999. She soon established herself as a top competitor, achieving a run of four gold medals at the 10th Malaysian Paralympic Games and ASEAN Invitation Championships in 2000. At the inaugural ASEAN Para Games in Kuala Lumpur in 2001, she garnered six gold and two silver medals, and broke the world record in the 50 metres breaststroke. She was named Sportswoman of the Games, and also picked up the 2001 Sportsgirl Merit Award from the Singapore Disability Sports Council (SDSC). In the same year at the Australian National Junior Disabled Games, she won five gold and two silver medals, and broke four games records. She achieved three gold and one silver medal at the Far East and South Pacific Games Federation for the Disabled (FESPIC) Games (now known as the Asian Para Games) held between 26 October and 1 November 2002 in Busan, South Korea. At the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, although she did not pick up any medals she achieved games records of 51.05 seconds in the 50 metres freestyle and 1 minute 48.00 seconds in the 100 metres freestyle. In 2003, at the 2nd ASEAN ParaGames in Hanoi, Goh gained three golds, breaking three games records at the same time. She also swept the golds in the 50 metres backstroke, 100 metres breaststroke, 50 metres butterfly, and the 50, 100 and 200 metres freestyle in Christchurch at the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF) World Wheelchair Games in 2003. She was named Sportsgirl of the Year in 2002 and 2003.
At the 2004 British Paralympic Trials, she was first in the 200 metres individual medley and broke her personal best in six events. That year she also took home a stunning ten gold medals at the National Swimming Championships. In her Paralympics début at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, she finished fifth in the 100 metres freestyle. She went on to complete three record-breaking swims at the 3rd ASEAN ParaGames in Manila in December 2005, breaking her own games records set at the 2003 ParaGames in the 50 metres butterfly and 100 metres freestyle events, and setting a new FESPIC record in the 100 metres butterfly. In March 2006, Her World magazine named her Young Woman Achiever 2005. She competed at the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) World Swimming Championships in South Africa in December 2006, winning a gold medal in the 200 metres individual medley and being pipped to first place in the 100 metres breaststroke by Israel's Inbal Pezaro by just 0.04 seconds. She also achieved a personal best time of 3 minutes 22.66 seconds in the 200 metres freestyle.
Goh broke the SB4 50 metres breaststroke world record and took the top honours in the 100 metres breaststroke, 100 metres butterfly, 100 freestyle and 200 metres individual medley at the Danish Open in Esbjerg, Denmark, between 9 and 11 March 2007. In August, at the Paralympic Swimming Championships in Osaka, she broke competition records in the 50 metres butterfly, 100 metres backstroke and 200 metres individual medley, and took a silver in the 200 metres freestyle.
At the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS) World Wheelchair and Amputee Games 2007 in Taipei the following month, she gained three gold, three silver and one bronze medal and attained two personal bests.
Despite not training intensively for the 4th ASEAN ParaGames held in Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat), Thailand, between 20 and 26 January 2008, and regarding the competition as part of her training for the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing in September, Goh broke the record she set in May 2007 at the German International Disability Swimming Championships to win the gold in the 50 metres breaststroke in a world and FESPIC record time of 52.62 seconds. She also achieved golds in the 100 metres breaststroke and 200 metres freestyle. In April, she participated in the US Paralympics Trials in Minneapolis. She took gold medals in the 100 metres breaststroke and the 50 metres and 200 metres freestyle, and achieved a FESPIC record time of 55.09 seconds in the heats of the 50 metres butterfly.
Goh's personal best times as of September 2008 were 43.55 seconds for the 50 metres freestyle, 54.99 seconds for the 50 metres butterfly, 1 minute 32.92 seconds for the 100 metres freestyle, 1 minute 58.14 seconds for the 100 metres breaststroke, and 3 minutes 14.22 seconds for the 200 metres freestyle. As of 22 August 2008, Goh held the world record for the 50 metres and 200 metres breaststroke. She was ranked second in the world for the 100 metres breaststroke, third for the 200 metres individual medley, sixth for the 100 and 200 metres freestyle, seventh for the 50 metres butterfly and eighth for the 50 metres freestyle. Her current training schedule involves two-hour sessions at the Farrer Park Swimming Complex twice a day, except on Wednesday mornings and Sundays, which works out to about a week. She also works out in the gym three times a week.
2008 Summer Paralympics
Goh was the flagbearer for Team Singapore at the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, and competed in the 50 metres, 100 metres and 200 metres freestyle, and in the 100 metres breaststroke. On the first day of competition, 7 September, she finished sixth in the 100 metres freestyle but achieved two personal bests in the heats (1 minute 33.20 seconds) and finals (1 minute 32.92 seconds). Two days later she narrowly missed a bronze in the 200 metres freestyle, finishing fourth with a new personal best time and national record of 3 minutes 14.22 seconds. Her split time of 1 minute 32.54 seconds was also a new national record for the 100 metres freestyle. According to her coach, former Olympian Ang Peng Siong, her best chance of a medal lay in the 100 metres breaststroke. Her personal best time for this event is 1 minute 58.14 seconds, which she achieved in May 2007 at the International German Championships in Berlin. However, on 12 September, despite leading in the first 50 m with a split time of 53.26 seconds, she eventually finished fourth in a time of 2 minutes 1.99 seconds. Nonetheless, she looked forward to the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, saying "In another four years, another round. In Athens, I was fifth and, now, I'm fourth. The next time, hopefully, I won't be third but higher up." Unusually, in her final event, the 50 metres freestyle, she chose to use the breaststroke rather than the faster front crawl, finishing in 53.67 seconds and thus failing to qualify for the final. She said she did so to gain "mental closure" after having missed the bronze in the 100 metres breaststroke.
2016 Summer Paralympics
In the 2016 Summer Paralympics, Goh won a bronze medal in the SB4 100m breaststroke final, with a time of 1 minute and 55.55 seconds. It was her first medal since her Paralympic debut in 2004. While qualifying for the finals, she set a new Asian record in the heats at 1 minute and 54.50 seconds.
Career
As of January 2008, Goh was employed by Standard Chartered Bank as a marketing services officer while on their Programme for Elite Athletes. She hopes to continue swimming full-time and to become a swimming coach.
Medals
Honours
Goh was the SDSC's Sportswoman of the Year from 2004 to 2006.
Goh was one of three people given the Youth Inspiration Award at the Stars of SHINE Award 2008 organized by the National Youth Council and the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports to recognize outstanding young people who have overcome personal difficulties and contributed to the community, and on 27 February 2008 received a special award at the SDSC's Sports Superstar Awards 2007 for outstanding achievements in swimming.
In August 2008, Goh was conferred the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Medal) in the National Day Awards.
Notes
References
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.
.
.
.
.
Further reading
.
.
External links
Official website of the International Paralympic Committee
Official website of the Singapore National Olympic Council
Official website of the Singapore Disability Sports Council
Official website of Team Singapore, managed by the Singapore Sports Council
1987 births
Living people
Paralympic swimmers for Singapore
World record holders in paralympic swimming
Temasek Polytechnic alumni
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
People with spina bifida
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic bronze medalists for Singapore
Recipients of the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat
Recipients of the Bintang Bakti Masyarakat
Singaporean LGBT sportspeople
LGBT swimmers
Paralympic medalists in swimming
FESPIC Games competitors
Singaporean female freestyle swimmers
Singaporean female backstroke swimmers
Singaporean female breaststroke swimmers
Singaporean female butterfly swimmers
Singaporean female medley swimmers
S5-classified para swimmers |
41229553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Eresto | Jimmy Eresto | Jimmy Eresto is a South Sudanese footballer who plays as a defender. He made his senior debut for South Sudan national football team in the 2013 CECAFA Cup and won the man of the match award.
References
Living people
1992 births
South Sudanese men's footballers
South Sudan men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders |
3293804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippet | Tippet | A tippet is a piece of clothing worn over the shoulders in the shape of a scarf or cape. Tippets evolved in the fourteenth century from long sleeves and typically had one end hanging down to the knees. A tippet (or tappit) could also be the long, narrow, streamer-like strips of fabric worn as an armband just above the elbow, that hung gracefully to the knee or even the ground. In later fashion, a tippet is often any scarf-like wrap, usually made of fur, such as the sixteenth-century zibellino or the fur-lined capelets worn in the mid-18th century.
Ecclesiastical use
Anglican
The ceremonial scarf often worn by Anglican priests, deacons, and lay readers is called a tippet, also known as a "preaching scarf." It is worn with choir dress and hangs straight down at the front. Ordained clergy (bishops, priests and deacons) wear a black tippet. In the last century or so variations have arisen to accommodate forms of lay leadership. Authorized readers (known in some dioceses as licensed lay ministers) sometimes wear a blue one. A red tippet is also worn in some Anglican dioceses by commissioned lay workers. Commissioned evangelists of the Church Army are presented with a cherry red type tippet of the capelet or collar shape rather than a scarf, although some replace this with a scarf form of the tippet, retaining the distinctive red colour.
Tippets are often worn as part of choir dress for the Daily Offices of Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer, as required in Canon B8 of the Church of England (in the Canon, the word "scarf" is used). Stricter low church clergy may wear the tippet, and not a coloured stole, as part of choir dress during any church service, including for the Holy Communion. This follows practice that was normalized from the Reformation until the late 19th century. By contrast, some Anglo-Catholics tend not to wear the tippet, preferring the choir habit of Roman Catholic clergy.
Clergy who are entitled to wear medals, orders, or awards sometimes fix them to the upper left side of the tippet on suitable occasions (such as Remembrance Sunday in the Church of England). Sometimes the end of the tippet is embroidered with the coat of arms of an ecclesiastical institution with which the cleric is affiliated. It is common for the Canons of Cathedral churches to have the coat of arms of their cathedral embroidered on one or both sides of the tippet, commonly on the breast rather than the end, as a sign of office.
The tippet is not the stole, which although often worn like a scarf, is a Eucharistic vestment, usually made of richer material, and varying according to the liturgical colour of the day.
Other denominations
In the British Army, all serving chaplains are issued with a tippet to be worn directly over battledress when ministering in conflict zones. Anglican chaplains wear the standard black tippet, whilst Roman Catholic chaplains are distinguished by a violet coloured tippet.
Some Lutherans also use the tippet. Members of the Lutheran Society of the Holy Trinity wear a black tippet embroidered with the Society's seal when presiding at the daily office.
The black preaching scarf (or rarely blue, grey, or green) is also worn by some Scottish Presbyterian ministers and other non-conformist clergy.
British military nurses
A different and non-religious sort of tippet, a shoulder-length cape, has been part of the uniform of British military nurses or of nursing uniforms in Commonwealth countries. These are often decorated with piping and may have badges or insignia indicating the wearer's rank.
Evolution of the tippet
Notes
References
Arnold, Janet: Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd, W S Maney and Son Ltd, Leeds 1988.
Netherton, Robin, "The Tippet: Accessory after Fact?", in Robin Netherton and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, editors, Medieval Clothing and Textiles, Volume 1, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK, and Rochester, NY, the Boydell Press, 2005,
Payne, Blanche: History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century, Harper & Row, 1965. No ISBN for this edition; ASIN B0006BMNFS
Dickinson, Emily, "My Tippet - only Tulle -", in Because I could not stop for Death, Poems, Robert Brothers of Boston, 1890
Scarves
Shawls and wraps
Anglican vestments
History of clothing
Fur |
41595981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuyeh | Karuyeh | Karuyeh (, also Romanized as Kārūyeh; also known as Kāravīeh and Karveh) is a village in Golestan Rural District, in the Central District of Falavarjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,096 and 281 families.
References
Populated places in Falavarjan County |
45397532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballaarat%20New%20Cemetery | Ballaarat New Cemetery | Ballaarat New Cemetery is a cemetery located in the rural city of Ballarat, Victoria in Australia. The cemetery dates back to 1867.
Notable Interments
James Esmond, gold miner
Brother Paul Nunan, educationalist
F. W. Commons, monumental mason, and sculptor of many of the headstones in the cemetery
War graves
The cemetery contains the war graves of 56 Commonwealth service personnel. There are 24 from World War I and 32 from World War II.
Note
The archaic spelling of Ballaarat has been used as on the official Ballaarat General Cemeteries website.
See also
Ballaarat Old Cemetery
References
External links
Ballarat New Cemetery – Billion Graves
Ballarat New General Cemetery Australian cemeteries
1867 establishments in Australia
Cemeteries in Victoria (state)
Ballarat |
13415683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Nicholas%20Windsor | Lady Nicholas Windsor | Lady Nicholas Windsor (born Paola Louise Marica Doimi de Lupis, 7 August 1969) is the wife of Lord Nicholas Windsor, son of the Duke and Duchess of Kent.
Early life
Lady Nicholas Windsor was born as Paola Louise Marica Doimi de Lupis. She used this name as an undergraduate at Cambridge in 1989; by 1993 her entry includes the added 'Frankopan Šubić', while parenthetically including her original name for clarification. By the time of her marriage she was known as Princess Paola Doimi de Lupis Frankopan Šubić Zrinski. Her father is Louis Doimi de Lupis, who claimed to be a member of the Frankopan family. Her mother is Ingrid Detter, a barrister and professor of law at Stockholm University. The announcement of Lady Nicholas's marriage refers to her parents as 'Don' and 'Donna'.
She has one sister, Christina, and three brothers, Peter, Nicholas, and Lawrence.
Education and career
Paola Windsor was educated at St Paul's Girls' School and at Wycombe Abbey, where she was a William Johnston Yapp Scholar. She read Classics at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where she was a Choral Scholar and took a Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies (M.Phil. equivalent) at Paris IV, La Sorbonne in Philosophy, submitting a thesis in French entitled L'autorité de l'État (English: "The authority of the state").
As Paola de Frankopan, she has written for Tatler, where she is a contributing editor, and for Vogue USA. She has published an introduction to the history of the Sanctuary of Trsat (Trsatska Sveta Kuća in Croatian).
Marriage and family
She met her husband, Lord Nicholas Windsor, at a millennium party in New York in 1999, and their engagement was announced on 26 September 2006. They married on 4 November 2006 in the Church of Santo Stefano degli Abissini in the Vatican City, following a civil ceremony on 19 October 2006 in a London register office, and she became Lady Nicholas Windsor. The bride wore a Valentino wedding gown. This was the first time a member of the British Royal Family married at the Vatican. A House of Commons Early Day Motion welcomed "the first overt marriage within the rites of the Catholic Church of a member of the Royal Family since the reign of Queen Mary I, and the first marriage of a member of the Royal Family to take place within the Vatican City State".
Lord and Lady Nicholas Windsor's first child, a son, Albert Louis Philip Edward, was born on 22 September 2007, at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London. At birth Albert was 26th in the line of succession. An Early Day Motion in the House of Commons welcomed the baptism of Albert as the first royal child to be baptised a Catholic since 1688. Albert was baptised with Catholic rites in the Queen's Chapel at St James's Palace in London.
Lady Nicholas gave birth to their second child, Leopold Ernest Augustus Guelph, on 8 September 2009 at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. He was baptised by Angelo Cardinal Comastri in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.
A third son, Louis Arthur Nicholas Felix Windsor, was born on 27 May 2014 at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital and like his brother Albert was baptised with Catholic rites in the Queen's Chapel at St James's Palace in London.
References
External links
The family website La Casata dei Lupi, (Italian language), contains photos of Lord and Lady Nicholas, their first son Albert, and members of the Lupis family. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
Doimi de Lupis genealogy (Italian language) hosted by Società Genealogica Italiana – SGI (President- Marchese Marco Lupis) Retrieved 26 September 2009.
1969 births
Living people
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
English people of Croatian descent
English people of Italian descent
English people of Swedish descent
English Roman Catholics
Frankopan family
Nicholas Windsor, Lady
People educated at St Paul's Girls' School
People educated at Wycombe Abbey
University of Paris alumni
Wives of younger sons of peers |
55717458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory%20Nwokorie | Ivory Nwokorie | Ivory Nwokorie MON is a Nigerian powerlifter who won the gold medal in the women's 44 kg weight class at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, England. She was banned for two years in 2013, after testing positive for Furosemide.
Career
Ivory Nwokorie competed for Nigeria at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, England. After lifting , she won the gold medal. This was the second gold medal for Nigeria at the Games, which was more successful than at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Upon her return to Nigeria, she was named a Member of the Order of the Niger, alongside each of the other Nigerian gold medallists from the 2012 Paralympics. They were also each awarded five million Nigerian naira by the government, due to their success.
Nwokorie received a two-year ban and a fine of €1,500, after submitting a positive sample on 23 February 2013 at the 5th Fazaa International Powerlifting Competition. The sample tested positive for Furosemide, and the ban meant she was unable to compete between 19 April 2013 and 18 April 2015.
References
Living people
Female powerlifters
Powerlifters at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic athletes for Nigeria
Paralympic gold medalists for Nigeria
Nigerian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in weightlifting
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in powerlifting |
7756768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtocell | Femtocell | In telecommunications, a femtocell is a small, low-power cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. A broader term which is more widespread in the industry is small cell, with femtocell as a subset. It connects to the service provider's network via broadband (such as DSL or cable); current designs typically support four to eight simultaneously active mobile phones in a residential setting depending on version number and femtocell hardware, and eight to sixteen mobile phones in enterprise settings. A femtocell allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors or at the cell edge, especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable. Although much attention is focused on WCDMA, the concept is applicable to all standards, including GSM, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX and LTE solutions.
The use of femtocells allows network coverage in places where the signal to the main network cells might be too weak. Furthermore, femtocells lower contention on the main network cells, by forming a connection from the end user, through an internet connection, to the operator's private network infrastructure elsewhere. The lowering of contention to the main cells plays a part in breathing, where connections are offloaded based on physical distance to cell towers.
Consumers and small businesses benefit from greatly improved coverage and signal strength since they have a de facto base station inside their premises. As a result of being relatively close to the femtocell, the mobile phone (user equipment) expends significantly less power for communication with it, thus increasing battery life. They may also get better voice quality (via HD voice) depending on a number of factors such as operator/network support, customer contract/price plan, phone and operating system support. Some carriers may also offer more attractive tariffs, for example discounted calls from home.
Femtocells are an alternative way to deliver the benefits of fixed–mobile convergence (FMC). The distinction is that most FMC architectures require a new dual-mode handset which works with existing unlicensed spectrum home/enterprise wireless access points, while a femtocell-based deployment will work with existing handsets but requires the installation of a new access point that uses licensed spectrum.
Many operators worldwide offer a femtocell service, mainly targeted at businesses but also offered to individual customers (often for a one-off fee) when they complain to the operator regarding a poor or non-existent signal at their location. Operators who have launched a femtocell service include SFR, AT&T, C Spire, Sprint Nextel, Verizon, Zain, Mobile TeleSystems, T-Mobile US, Orange, Vodafone, EE, O2, Three, and others.
In 3GPP terminology, a Home NodeB (HNB) is a 3G femtocell. A Home eNodeB (HeNB) is an LTE 4G femtocell.
Theoretically the range of a standard base station may be up to 35 kilometres (22 mi), and in practice could be 5–10 km (3–6 mi), a microcell is less than two kilometers (1 mile) wide, a picocell is 200 meters (yards) or less, and a femtocell is in the order of 10 meters (yards), although AT&T calls its product, with a range of , a "microcell". AT&T uses "AT&T 3G MicroCell" as a trademark and not necessarily the "microcell" technology, however.
Overview and benefits
Operating mode
Femtocells are sold or loaned by a mobile network operator (MNO) to its residential or enterprise customers. A femtocell is typically the size of a residential gateway or smaller, and connects to the user's broadband line. Integrated femtocells (which include both a DSL router and femtocell) also exist. Once plugged in, the femtocell connects to the MNO's mobile network, and provides extra coverage. From a user's perspective, it is plug and play, there is no specific installation or technical knowledge required—anyone can install a femtocell at home.
In most cases, the user must then declare which mobile phone numbers are allowed to connect to their femtocell, usually via a web interface provided by the MNO. This needs to be done only once. When these mobile phones arrive under coverage of the femtocell, they switch over from the macrocell (outdoor) to the femtocell automatically. Most MNOs provide a way for the user to know this has happened, for example by having a different network name appear on the mobile phone. All communications will then automatically go through the femtocell. When the user leaves the femtocell coverage (whether in a call or not) area, their phone hands over seamlessly to the macro network. Femtocells require specific hardware, so existing WiFi or DSL routers cannot be upgraded to a femtocell.
Once installed in a specific location, most femtocells have protection mechanisms so that a location change will be reported to the MNO. Whether the MNO allows femtocells to operate in a different location depends on the MNO's policy. International location change of a femtocell is not permitted because the femtocell transmits licensed frequencies which belong to different network operators in different countries.
Benefits for users
The main benefits for an end user are the following:
"5 bar" coverage when there is no existing signal or poor coverage
Higher mobile data capacity, which is important if the end-user makes use of mobile data on their mobile phone (may not be relevant to a large number of subscribers who instead use WiFi where femtocell is located)
Depending on the pricing policy of the MNO, special tariffs at home can be applied for calls placed under femtocell coverage
For enterprise users, having femtos instead of DECT ("cordless" home) phones enables them to have a single phone, so a single contact list, etc.
Improved battery life for mobile devices due to reduced transmitter–receiver distance
The battery draining issue of mobile operators can be eliminated by means of energy efficiency of the networks resulting in prolongation of the battery life of handsets
New applications and services can be created to enhance user experience or provide additional features:
In Connected car case the use of Femtocells has been proposed as a safety feature (c.f. patent application EP2647257B1 by Valentin A. Alexeev)
Femtocells can be used to give coverage in rural areas.
Standardised architectures
The standards bodies have published formal specifications for femtocells for the most popular technologies, namely WCDMA, CDMA2000, LTE and WiMAX. These all broadly conform to an architecture with three major elements:
The femtocell access points themselves, which embody greater network functionality than found in macrocell basestations, such as the radio resource control functions. This allows much greater autonomy within the femtocell, enabling self-configuration and self-optimisation. Femtocells are connected using broadband IP, such as DSL or cable modems, to the network operator's core switching centres.
The femtocell gateway, comprising a security gateway that terminates large numbers of encrypted IP data connections from hundreds of thousands of femtocells, and a signalling gateway which aggregates and validates the signalling traffic, authenticates each femtocell and interfaces with the mobile network core switches using standard protocols, such as Iuh.
The management and operational system which allows software updates and diagnostic checks to be administered. These typically use the same TR-069 management protocol published by the Broadband Forum and also used for administration of residential modems.
The key interface in these architectures is that between the femtocell access points and the femtocell gateway. Standardisation enables a wider choice of femtocell products to be used with any gateway, increasing competitive pressure and driving costs down. For the common WCDMA femtocells, this is defined as the Iuh interface. In the Iuh architecture, the femtocell gateway sits between the femtocell and the core network and performs the necessary translations to ensure the femtocells appear as a radio network controller to existing mobile switching centres (MSCs). Each femtocell talks to the femtocell gateway and femtocell gateways talk to the Core Network Elements (CNE) (MSC for circuit-switched calls, SGSN for packet-switched calls). This model was proposed by 3GPP and the Femto Forum. New protocols (HNBAP and RUA [RANAP User Adaptation]) have been derived; HNBAP is used for the control signaling between the HNB and HNB-GW while RUA is a lightweight mechanism to replace the Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) and M3UA protocols in the Radio Network Controller (RNC); its primary function is transparent transfer of RANAP messages.
In March 2010, the Femto Forum and ETSI conducted the first Plugfest to promote interoperability of the Iuh standard.
The CDMA2000 standard released in March 2010 differs slightly by adopting the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to set up a connection between the femtocell and a femtocell convergence server (FCS). Voice calls are routed through the FCS which emulates an MSC. SIP is not required or used by the mobile device itself. In the SIP architecture, the femtocell connects to a core network of the mobile operator that is based on the SIP/IMS architecture. This is achieved by having the femtocells behave toward the SIP/IMS network like a SIP/IMS client by converting the circuit-switched 3G signaling to SIP/IMS signaling, and by transporting the voice traffic over RTP as defined in the IETF standards.
Air interfaces
Although much of the commercial focus seems to have been on the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), the concept is equally applicable to all air-interfaces. Indeed, the first commercial deployment was the CDMA2000 Airave in 2007 by Sprint.
Femtocells are also under development or commercially available for GSM, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX and LTE.
The H(e)NB functionality and interfaces are basically the same as for regular High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) or LTE base stations except few additional functions. The differences are mostly to support differences in access control to support closed access for residential deployment or open access for enterprise deployment, as well as handover functionality for active subscribers and cell selection procedures for idle subscribers. For LTE additional functionality was added in 3GPP Release 9 which is summarized in.
Issues
Interference
The placement of a femtocell has a critical effect on the performance of the wider network, and this is the key issue to be addressed for successful deployment. Because femtocells can use the same frequency bands as the conventional cellular network, there has been the worry that rather than improving the situation they could potentially cause problems.
Femtocells incorporate interference mitigation techniques—detecting macrocells, adjusting power<ref>X. Kang et al. ``Price-based resource allocation for spectrum-sharing femtocell networks: a Stackelberg game approach, in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 538-549, Apr. 2012.</ref> and scrambling codes accordingly. Ralph de la Vega, AT&T President, reported in June 2011 they recommended against using femtocells where signal strength was middle or strong because of interference problems they discovered after widescale deployment. This differs from previous opinions expressed by AT&T and others.
A good example is the comments made by Gordon Mansfield, executive director of RAN Delivery, AT&T, speaking at the Femtozone at CTIA March 2010:
We have deployed femtocells co-carrier with both the hopping channels for GSM macrocells and with UMTS macrocells. Interference isn't a problem. We have tested femtocells extensively in real customer deployments of many thousands of femtocells, and we find that the mitigation techniques implemented successfully minimise and avoid interference. The more femtocells you deploy, the more uplink interference is reduced.
The Femto Forum has some extensive reports on this subject, which have been produced together with 3GPP and 3GPP2.Interference management in UMTS femtocells — summary paper , February 2010
To quote from the Summary Paper — Summary of Findings'':
The simulations performed in the Femto Forum WG2 and 3GPP RAN4 encompass a wide spectrum of
possible deployment scenarios including shared channel and dedicated channel deployments. In addition, the
studies looked at the impact in different morphologies, as well as in closed versus open access. The following
are broad conclusions from the studies:
1. When femtocells are used in areas of poor or no coverage, macro/femto interference is unlikely to be a problem.
2. If the femto network is sharing the channel (co-channel) with the macro network, interference can occur. However, if the interference management techniques advocated by the Femto Forum are adopted, the resulting interference can be mitigated in most cases.
3. A femtocell network deployed on an adjacent dedicated channel is unlikely to create interference to a macro network. Additionally, the impact of a macro network on the performance of a femtocell on an adjacent channel is limited to isolated cases. If the interference mitigation techniques advocated by the Femto Forum are used, the impact is further marginalised.
4. Closed access represents the worst-case scenario for creation of interference. Open access reduces the chances of User Equipment (mobile phone handsets, 3G data dongles, etc.) on the macro network interfering with a proximate femtocell.
5. The same conclusions were reached for both the 850 MHz (3GPP Band 17) and 2100 MHz (3GPP Band 1) deployments that were studied.
The conclusions are common to the 850 MHz and 2100 MHz bands that were simulated in the studies, and can be
extrapolated to other mobile bands. With interference mitigation techniques successfully implemented, simulations show
that femtocell deployments can enable very high capacity networks by providing between a 10 and 100 times
increase in capacity with minimal deadzone impact and acceptable noise rise.
Femtocells can also create a much better user experience by enabling substantially higher data rates than can be obtained with a macro network and net throughputs that will be ultimately limited by backhaul in most cases (over 20 Mbps in 5 MHz).
Lawful interception
Access point base stations, in common with all other public communications systems, are required to comply with lawful interception requirements in most countries.
Equipment location
Other regulatory issues relate to the requirement in most countries for the operator of a network to be able to show exactly where each base-station is located, and for E911 requirements to provide the registered location of the equipment to the emergency services. There are issues in this regard for access point base stations sold to consumers for home installation, for example. Further, a consumer might try to carry their base station with them to a country where it is not licensed. Some manufacturers are using GPS within the equipment to lock the femtocell when it is moved to a different country; this approach is disputed , as GPS is often unable to obtain position indoors because of weak signal.
Emergency calls
Access Point Base Stations are also required, since carrying voice calls, to provide a 911 (or 999, 112, etc.) emergency service, as is the case for VoIP phone providers in some jurisdictions. This service must meet the same requirements for availability as current wired telephone systems, such as functioning during a power failure. There are several ways to achieve this, such as alternative power sources or fallback to existing telephone infrastructure.
Quality of service
When using an Ethernet or ADSL home backhaul connection, an Access Point Base Station must either share the backhaul bandwidth with other services, such as Internet browsing, gaming consoles, set-top boxes and triple-play equipment in general, or alternatively directly replace these functions within an integrated unit. In shared-bandwidth approaches, which are the majority of designs currently being developed, the effect on quality of service may be an issue.
The uptake of femtocell services will depend on the reliability and quality of both the cellular operator's network and the third-party broadband connection, and the broadband connection's subscriber understanding the concept of bandwidth utilization by different applications a subscriber may use. When things go wrong, subscribers will turn to cellular operators for support even if the root cause of the problem lies with the broadband connection to the home or workplace. Hence, the effects of any third-party ISP broadband network issues or traffic management policies need to be very closely monitored and the ramifications quickly communicated to subscribers.
A key issue recently identified is active traffic shaping by many ISPs on the underlying transport protocol IPSec.
Spectrum accuracy
To meet Federal Communications Commission (FCC) / Ofcom spectrum mask requirements, femtocells must generate the radio frequency signal with a high degree of precision. To do this over a long period of time is a major technical challenge. The solution to this problem is to use an external, accurate signal to constantly calibrate the oscillator to ensure it maintains its accuracy. This is not simple (broadband backhaul introduces issues of network jitter/wander and recovered clock accuracy), but technologies such as the IEEE 1588 time synchronisation standard may address the issue. Also, Network Time Protocol (NTP) is being pursued by some developers as a possible solution to provide frequency stability. Conventional (macrocell) base stations often use GPS timing for synchronization and this could be used, although there are concerns on cost and the difficulty of ensuring good GPS coverage.
Standards bodies have recognized the challenge of this and the implications on device cost. For example, 3GPP has relaxed the 50ppb parts per billion precision to 100ppb for indoor base stations in Release 6 and a further loosening to 250ppb for Home Node B in Release 8.
Security
At the 2013 Black Hat hacker conference in Las Vegas, NV, a trio of security researchers detailed their ability to use a Verizon femtocell to secretly intercept the voice calls, data, and SMS text messages of any handset that connects to the device.
During a demonstration of their exploit, they showed how they could begin recording audio from a cell phone even before the call began. The recording included both sides of the conversation. They also demonstrated how it could trick Apple's iMessage–which encrypts texts sent over its network using SSL to render them unreadable to snoopers, to SMS—allowing the femtocell to intercept the messages.
They also demonstrated it was possible to "clone" a cell phone that runs on a CDMA network by remotely collecting its device ID number through the femtocell, in spite of added security measures to prevent against cloning of CDMA phones.
Controversy on consumer proposition
The impact of a femtocell is most often to improve cellular coverage, without the cellular carrier needing to improve their infrastructure (cell towers, etc.). This is net gain for the cellular carrier. However, the user must provide and pay for an internet connection to route the femtocell traffic, and then (usually) pay an additional one-off or monthly fee to the cellular carrier. Some have objected to the idea that consumers are being asked to pay to help relieve network shortcomings. On the other hand, residential femtocells normally provide a ‘personal cell’ which provides benefits only to the owner's family and friends.
The difference is also that while mobile coverage is provided through subscriptions from an operator with one business model, a fixed fibre or cable may work with a completely different business model. For example, mobile operators may imply restrictions on services which an operator on a fixed may not. Also, WiFi connects to a local network such as home servers and media players. This network should possibly not be within reach of the mobile operator.
Deployment
According to market research firm Informa and the Femto Forum, as of December 2010 18 operators have launched commercial femtocell services, with a total of 30 committed to deployment.
At the end of 2011, femtocell shipments had reached roughly 2 million units deployed annually, and the market is expected to grow rapidly with distinct segments for consumer, enterprise, and carrier-grade femtocell deployments. Femtocell shipments are estimated to have reached almost 2 million at the end of 2010. Research firm Berg Insight estimates that the shipments will grow to 12 million units worldwide in 2014.
Within the United States, Cellcom (Wisconsin), was the first CDMA carrier in the U.S. to be a member of the non-profit organization founded in 2007 to promote worldwide femtocell deployment. In 2009, Cellcom received the first Femtocell Industry Award for significant progress or commercial launch by a small carrier at the Femtocells World Summit in London. Additional significant deployments within the United States were by Sprint Nextel, Verizon Wireless and AT&T Wireless. Sprint started in the third quarter of 2007 as a limited rollout (Denver and Indianapolis) of a home-based femtocell built by Samsung Electronics called the Sprint Airave that works with any Sprint handset. From 17 August 2008, the Airave was rolled out on a nationwide basis. Other operators in the United States have followed suit. In January 2009, Verizon rolled out its Wireless Network Extender, based on the same design as the Sprint/Samsung system. In late March 2010, AT&T announced nationwide roll-out of its 3G MicroCell, which commenced in April. The equipment is made by Cisco Systems and ip.access, and was the first 3G femtocell in US, supporting both voice and data HSPA. Both Sprint and Verizon upgraded to 3G CDMA femtocells during 2010, with capacity for more concurrent calls and much higher data rates. In November 2015, T-Mobile US began deployment of 4G LTE femtocells manufactured by Alcatel Lucent.
In Asia, several service providers have rolled out femtocell networks. In Japan, SoftBank launched its residential 3G femtocell service in January 2009 with devices provided by Ubiquisys. In the same year, the operator launched a project to deploy femtocells to deliver outdoor services in rural environments where existing coverage is limited. In May 2010, SoftBank Mobile launched the first free femtocell offer, providing open access femtocells free of charge to its residential and business customers. In Singapore, Starhub rolled out its first nationwide commercial 3G femtocell services with devices provided by Huawei Technologies, though the uptake is low, while Singtel's offering is targeted at small medium enterprises. In 2009, China Unicom announced its own femtocell network. NTT DoCoMo in Japan launched their own femtocell service on 10 November 2009.
In July 2009, Vodafone released the first femtocell network in Europe, the Vodafone Access Gateway provided by Alcatel-Lucent. This was rebranded as SureSignal in January 2010, after which Vodafone also launched service in Spain, Greece, New Zealand, Italy, Ireland, Hungary and The Netherlands. Other operators in Europe have followed since then.
Retirement
From 2019 onwards, all 3 French carriers still proposing Femtocell retired their offering, focusing instead on using the Voice Over Wifi technology when a better 3G/4G covering is impractical to deploy.
See also
5G
Cellular repeater
T-Mobile 4G LTE CellSpot
References
Ref. 8 can be found at : https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/125400_125499/125467/08.02.00_60/ts_125467v080200p.pdf a new release exists : https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/125400_125499/125467/10.06.00_60/ts_125467v100600p.pdf
Mobile telecommunications
Telecommunications infrastructure |
44944713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendes%2C%20Georgia | Mendes, Georgia | Mendes is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Tattnall County, Georgia, United States. Its population was 124 as of the 2020 census. Georgia State Route 169 passes through the community.
Demographics
References
Populated places in Tattnall County, Georgia
Census-designated places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Unincorporated communities in Georgia (U.S. state) |
39246977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox%20Harbour%20Air%20Station | Fox Harbour Air Station | Fox Harbour Air Station (ADC ID: N-27C) was a General Surveillance Gap Filler Radar station in St. Lewis in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, It was located southeast of CFB Goose Bay. It was closed in 1961.
History
The site was established in 1957 as a manned Gap Filler radar station, built by the United States Air Force, under operational control of Cartwright Air Station and part of the Pinetree Line of Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) radar sites.
The station was assigned to Aerospace Defense Command in 1957, and was given designation "N-27C". Aerospace Defense Command stationed the 922d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron at the station in 1957. It operated an AN/FPS-14 manned Gap Filler search radar.
USAF units and assignments
Units:
922d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Activated at Grenier AFB, New Hampshire 26 May 1953
Moved to Cartwright Air Station, 1 October 1953
Discontinued 1961
Assignments:
4732d Air Defense Group (ADC), 1 April 1957
Goose Air Defense Sector, 1 April 1960
See also
List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations
References
A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 - 1980, by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
Winkler, David F. (1997) Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.
Radar stations of the United States Air Force
Installations of the United States Air Force in Canada
Military installations closed in 1961
Military installations in Newfoundland and Labrador
1957 establishments in Newfoundland and Labrador
1961 disestablishments in Newfoundland and Labrador
Military installations established in 1957 |
9199923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20Elliott%20Sommer | Luke Elliott Sommer | Luke Elliott Sommer (born June 26, 1986, in Peachland, British Columbia) is a former US Army Ranger and bank robber. After almost two years under house arrest in Canada, he pleaded guilty on May 27, 2008 to the August 7, 2006 robbery of a branch of the Bank of America in Tacoma, Washington. Sommer is currently serving his sentence at Coleman II United States Penitentiary.
The heist and subsequent criminal charges
On August 7, 2006, four men brandishing weapons robbed the Bank of America branch in South Tacoma of $54,011. While two robbers with automatic rifles covered the bank's entrances, the other two, with handguns, moved swiftly to confront the tellers. The gang's leader wielded a 9 mm Glock 19 with a red laser sight, which he pointed threateningly at the employees. While one of the door guards called out the elapsed time, Luke Elliott Sommer, the gang leader, vaulted over the teller counter and barged behind the bandit barrier into the cages, shouting threats and commands. He ordered the tellers to give him only stacks of banded $20, $50 and $100 bills and not to include any bait money, with prerecorded serial numbers, or dye packs. His assistant collected the money from the teller stations and took $20,000 from a money cart inside the vault. At the two-minute mark, the timekeeper shouted "Let's go!" The gang exited the bank with $54,011 stuffed into duffel bags, ran down a side street into an alley, jumped into a waiting automobile, and sped away. According to the bank surveillance camera, the robbery, executed with military precision, took place in just two minutes and 21 seconds.
The gang were tracked down because they failed to remove the front license plate from their getaway vehicle. A bystander noted the number, and passed it to the police. Within three days of the robbery, FBI agents arrested Alex Blum at his parents' home in Greenwood Village, Colorado. Blum confessed to driving the getaway car, and named the other members of the gang, including Luke Elliott Sommer.
On December 15, 2008 Sommer was sentenced to 24 years in prison and 5 years of supervised release for conspiracy to commit armed bank robbery, armed bank robbery, brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, and possession of an unregistered destructive device (a hand grenade).
Sommer was sentenced to an additional 20 years in prison on March 8, 2010 for assaulting a co-defendant and plotting to kill a federal prosecutor.
Background
Luke Elliott Sommer was born on June 26, 1986, in Peachland, British Columbia, Canada. He is the son of Luke and Christel Sommer (who have since divorced). He is the oldest of six children and has one son. Sommer was raised as a Christian and was home-schooled for a majority of his life. He travelled extensively with his grandmother, Denise Fichtner, who died on August 8, one day after the robbery in Tacoma.
Sommer joined the Army on June 26, 2003, and was assigned to a basic training class at Sand Hill, Fort Benning Georgia on November 4, 2003, graduating on January 27, 2004. After completing OSUT (One Station Unit Training) he attended and completed Airborne School on Fort Benning prior to attending the Ranger Indoctrination Program (RIP) in the green fence at Ranger Training Detachment. After completing RIP Sommer was sent to Fort Lewis Washington to the 1st Platoon (Madslashers), Charlie Company, 2nd battalion of the 75th Ranger Regiment. Sommer was at the unit for less than three weeks before he left his girlfriend and newborn son and was shipped to Baghdad, Iraq, where he remained until September 2004.
After returning from Iraq, Sommer conducted Ranger consolidated skill training, which includes hot-wiring vehicles, operating heavy machines and basic EMT courses. After spending six months in the United States, Sommer was again deployed with 1st Platoon, Charlie Company, overseas, this time to Bagram, Afghanistan.
After Sommer returned from Afghanistan in September 2005, he was sent to the United States Army Ranger School. Sommer spent nearly seven months completing the prestigious military leadership school, and although he had to restart the school twice, Sommer managed to complete the school on April 7, 2006.
After attending Ranger School, court documents assert that Sommer began recruiting and training several members of his unit and two civilians for what was called a robbery with "military style precision and planning." After the robbery, Sommer was arrested and detained in the North Fraser Pretrial Centre where other prisoners such as Rakesh Saxena and Robert William Pickton were also held. Sommer was released on bail in September 2006 and was then placed under house arrest.
House arrest in Canada
Sommer was under house arrest at his home in Peachland, British Columbia, while waiting for an extradition hearing. Sommer was released on bail September 17, 2006 after a short hearing. During the hearing Sommer's lawyer argued successfully that Sommer was a resident of Canada (even in light of his three-year assignment to the United States military) and that his involvement with the United States military was "like being a professional athlete, traveling and operating abroad." With the success of this argument, Chief Justice Dohm placed the onus on the Crown, which failed to prove a valid reason for his incarceration pending his extradition hearing. Sommer eventually agreed to return to the United States and plead guilty.
Media attention
Sommer received significant media attention in 2006 after revealing his robbery role in an interview with Seattle Weekly. He was interviewed by a variety of television, radio and print outlets, including National Public Radio, National Post, Rolling Stone, Seattle Times, and New York Times. This attention stemmed from his Ranger background, his assertion that the AK-47 assault rifles used in the robbery were smuggled back from Iraq, and his charge that his alleged involvement, if proven, was actually an effort to draw public attention to his allegations that Task Force 6-26, a unit he was assigned to during his time overseas, was involved in war crimes. These accounts confirmed that United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM) has been interacting with him, and a portion of a recorded call was played on National Public Radio in which a SOCOM officer admits that officers of the rank of brigadier general and above had been briefed and were concerned. However, in December 2006, the Seattle Times reported that the United States Army Criminal Investigation Division (CID) released a statement alleging that Sommer's war crimes allegations were investigated and found to be unsubstantiated. The calls between Sommer and SOCOM, in which the officer states the command’s interest, occur after the CID statement was released.
Political defense
The strategy behind Sommer's extradition fight asserts that if he was involved in the robbery, the robbery was a form of political protest to draw attention to the Task Force 6-26 war crimes allegations. The belief was that Canadian authorities would not extradite Sommer for what his defense claimed is a "political" crime. U.S. attorneys arguing for Sommer's extradition claimed there was no political motive for the robbery. Rather, the money stolen in the robbery was intended to create a motorcycle gang that would rival the motorcycle gangs controlling crime in the American Pacific Northwest and Canadian British Columbia, primarily the Hells Angels. Sommer contended however that the US had an ulterior motive in promoting the organized crime element of their story, claiming that the accusations may be an attempt to elicit interest in him by the Hells Angels.
Accomplices
All of the other defendants in the case entered guilty pleas in 2006. Twenty-two-year-old Chad Palmer was sentenced to 11 years in prison on December 16, 2008. Tigra Robertson was sentenced to 12 and a half years in prison on February 20, 2009. Alex Blum was sentenced on March 6, 2009 to time served (16 months). Nathan Dunmall was sentenced to 10 years in prison on March 20, 2009. Scott Byrne, who assisted in planning the heist, was sentenced to eight months.
References
External links
Sommer's blog
KIRO 710 interview of Sommer
NPR Radio interview
seattlepi.com interview
1986 births
Living people
United States Army Rangers
Canadian bank robbers
Canadian people imprisoned abroad
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) |
27238906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druck%C5%ABnai | Druckūnai | Druckūnai is a village in Varėna district municipality, in Alytus County, in southeastern Lithuania. According to the 2001 census, the village has a population of 136 people.
References
Villages in Alytus County
Varėna District Municipality |
16626554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20harpsichord%20pieces%20by%20Christoph%20Graupner | List of harpsichord pieces by Christoph Graupner | The following is a complete list of harpsichord works by Christoph Graupner (1683-1760), the German harpsichordist and composer of high Baroque music. The works appear as given in Christoph Graupner : Thematisches Verzeichnis der musikalischen Werke (thematic catalogue of Graupner's instrumental works).
List of harpsichord pieces
GWV 101 — Partita in C major
GWV 102 — Partita in C minor
GWV 103 — Partita in D major
GWV 104 — Partita in D minor
GWV 105 — Partita in E flat major
GWV 106 — Partita in E major
GWV 107 — Partita in E minor
GWV 108 — Partita in F major
GWV 109 — Partita in C major "Januarius"
GWV 110 — Partita in G major "Februarius"
GWV 111 — Partita in G minor "Martius"
GWV 112 — Partita in C minor "Aprilis"
GWV 113 — Partita in F major "Maius"
GWV 114 — Partita in F minor "Junius"
GWV 115 — Partita in D major "Julius"
GWV 116 — Partita in D minor "Augustus"
GWV 117 — Partita in A major "September"
GWV 118 — Partita in A minor "October"
GWV 119 — Partita in E major "November"
GWV 120 — Partita in E minor "December"
GWV 121 — Partita in F minor "Vom Winter"
GWV 122 — Partita for harpsichord "Vom Frühling" (lost)
GWV 123 — Partita for harpsichord "Vom Sommer" (lost)
GWV 124 — Partita for harpsichord "Vom Herbst" (lost)
GWV 125 — Gigue in C major
GWV 126 — Partita in C major
GWV 127 — Partita in C major
GWV 128 — Partita in C major
GWV 129 — Partita in C major
GWV 130 — Partita in C major
GWV 131 — Partita in C minor
GWV 132 — Partita in C minor
GWV 133 — Partita in C minor
GWV 134 — Partita in D major
GWV 135 — Sonatina in D major
GWV 136 — Aria in E flat major
GWV 137 — Partita in E minor
GWV 138 — Gigue in F major
GWV 139 — Murky in F major
GWV 140 — Partita in F major
GWV 141 — Partita in G major
GWV 142 — Partita in G major
GWV 143 — Partita in G major
GWV 144 — Partita in G major
GWV 145 — Partita in G major
GWV 146 — Partita in G major
GWV 147 — Partita in A major
GWV 148 — Partita in A major
GWV 149 — Partita in A major
GWV 150 — Partita in A minor
GWV 701 — Partita in D major
GWV 702 — Partita in D minor
GWV 703 — Menuet in F minor
GWV 704 — Partita in G major (fragment)
GWV 705 — Partita in A minor (fragment)
GWV 706 — Harpsichord Sonata in B flat major
GWV 801 — Air in C major
GWV 802 — Marche du Régiment de Saxe Gotha in C major
GWV 803 — Menuet in C major
GWV 804 — Partita in C major
GWV 805 — Partita in C major
GWV 806 — Gigue in C minor
GWV 807 — Menuet in C minor
GWV 808 — Sarabande in C minor
GWV 809 — Sonatina in C minor
GWV 810 — Aria in D major
GWV 811 — Menuet in D major
GWV 812 — Menuet in D major
GWV 813 — Menuet in D major
GWV 814 — Menuet in D major
GWV 815 — Menuet in D major
GWV 816 — Menuet in D major
GWV 817 — Menuet in D major
GWV 818 — Menuet in D major
GWV 819 — Partita in D major
GWV 820 — Aria in D minor
GWV 821 — Aria in D minor
GWV 822 — Aria in D minor
GWV 823 — Menuet in D minor
GWV 824 — Partita in D minor
GWV 825 — Passepied in D minor
GWV 826 — Prelude & Fugue in D minor
GWV 827 — Bourrée in E minor
GWV 828 — Menuet in E minor
GWV 829 — Partita in E minor
GWV 830 — Badinage in F major
GWV 831 — Bourrée in F major
GWV 832 — Entrée in F major
GWV 833 — Menuet in F major
GWV 834 — Menuet in F major
GWV 835 — Partita in F major
GWV 836 — Polonoise in F major
GWV 837 — Polonoise in F major
GWV 838 — Marche in G major
GWV 839 — Menuet in G major
GWV 840 — Menuet in G major
GWV 841 — Menuet in G major
GWV 842 — Reveille in G major
GWV 843 — Piece in G major
GWV 844 — Piece in G major
GWV 845 — Piece in G major
GWV 846 — Menuet in A major
GWV 847 — Menuet in A major
GWV 848 — Murky in A major
GWV 849 — Partita in A major
GWV 850 — Partita in A major
GWV 851 — Partita in A major
GWV 852 — Gigue in A minor
GWV 853 — Menuet in A minor
GWV 854 — Menuet in A minor
GWV 855 — Prelude & Fugue in A minor
GWV 856 — Bourrée in B flat major
GWV 857 — Partita in B flat major
See also
List of cantatas by Christoph Graupner
List of symphonies by Christoph Graupner
List of orchestral suites by Christoph Graupner
List of concertos by Christoph Graupner
List of chamber pieces by Christoph Graupner
Selected discography
Graupner: Partitas for harpsichord Vol. 1. Geneviève Soly. (Analekta 3109)
Graupner: Partitas for harpsichord Vol. 2. Geneviève Soly. (Analekta 3164)
Graupner: Partitas for harpsichord Vol. 3. Geneviève Soly. (Analekta 3181)
Graupner: Partitas for harpsichord Vol. 4. Geneviève Soly. (Analekta 9116)
Graupner: Partitas for harpsichord Vol. 5. Geneviève Soly. (Analekta 9118)
Graupner: Partitas for harpsichord Vol. 6. Geneviève Soly. (Analekta 9119)
Graupner: Partitas for harpsichord Vol. 7. Geneviève Soly. (Analekta 9120)
Graupner: Complete Harpsichord Music. Fernando de Luca. (Brilliant 96131 - 14 CDs)
References
External links
Graupner GWV-online a digital Graupner Werkverzeichnis with integrated search function
The Christoph Graupner Society Homepage
Extensive online bibliography for research on Christoph Graupner
ULB Library Graupner's music manuscripts and archives in Darmstadt, Germany
Kim Patrick Clow's webpage dedicated to promoting Graupner's work.
Christoph Graupner's works at La Sinfonie d'Orphée
Harpsichord pieces
Graupner, Christoph |
36161533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20Moulac | Vincent Moulac | Vincent-Marie Moulac (Lorient, 22 March 1778 – Callao, 5 April 1836) was a French naval officer and privateer.
Career
Moulac volunteered as a boy in 1790, aged 12, and sailed with merchantmen to Ile de France. He then served on the 74-gun Thémistocle. In 1793, promoted to helmsman, he served on Orion.
In 1794, he was promoted to midshipman and appointed to the frigate Bellone. In May 1796, he served on the privateer Morgant, which was captured by the British in June. Moulac was detained for two years before being released. By the Peace of Lunéville in 1801, he was serving on the frigate Uranie, but as he was only an auxiliary officer, he could not maintain his appointment and had to sail to commerce.
He later served as a first lieutenant on the privateer Frères Unis, only to be captured again on 27 April 1804.
A few months later, he was recruited by Robert Surcouf to serve as first officer on his privateer Caroline, under Nicolas Surcouf.
In 1805, Moulac was promoted to Ensign in the Navy. He served as first officer on Surcouf's privateer Revenant, under Captain Joseph Potier, and took part in the capture of the Portuguese Conceçáo-de-Santo-Antonio. and appointed to the Iéna. On 8 October 1808, Iéna as captured off the Sandheads of Bengal river, by the 44-gun HMS Modeste, under Captain George Elliot,<ref>James, William, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PSUOAAAAQAAJ Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV.], Richard Bentley, London (1837). Vol V, p.73</ref> after a 9-hour chase and a 2hour and a half fight.
Released, he was appointed second officer on Minerve, under Pierre Bouvet. He took part in the Battle of Grand Port, where he captained the Indiaman Ceylon, previously captured by the French and was twice wounded. He was again taken prisoner at the Invasion of Île de France in December 1810.
Release in November 1811 and promoted to Lieutenant, he was appointed to Clorinde, under Commander René Joseph Marie Denis-Lagarde, and was once again captured when Clorinde, after fighting a bitter but indecisive battle against HMS Eurotas, was captured in a disabled state by HMS Dryad and Achates.
In January 1817, Moulac was given command of the 22-gun corvette Bayardère for a hydrography mission off Africa. In January 1817, he took part in slave trading repression, commanding the brig Écureuil off Senegal.
In 1822, he was promoted to Commander, and appointed as first officer on the Flore.
In 1825, he took command of the fluyt Durance, transporting Egyptian antiques, and the corvette Diligente in 1828.
Promoted to Captain, he was given command of the hospital frigate Armide. He was then appointed to captain the 80-gun Algésiras, taking part in the Battle of the Tagus where he was the one to advise attempting to force the forts and sail upstream to Lisbon.
In 1833, he was appointed to the frigate Melpomène, and the next year, to Flore''.
He died of unknown causes on 5 April 1836 in Callao harbour.
Sources and references
Notes
References
Bibliography
Fonds Marine. Campagnes (opérations ; divisions et stations navales ; missions diverses). Inventaire de la sous-série Marine BB4. Tome deuxième : BB4 1 à 482 (1790-1826)
French Navy officers
1778 births
French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
1836 deaths
French privateers |
58895114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Ginsburg | Jason Ginsburg | Jason Ginsburg is an American actor, author and producer. A former tour guide at Universal Studios Hollywood, he is best known as the creator of @FakeThemePark, a comedy Twitter and Facebook account that satirizes the theme park industry. Ginsburg used tweets from @FakeThemePark as the basis for his 2018 book, If The Princess Rolls Her Eyes, Your Wish Will Come True.
In September 2023, Ginsburg released "Children of the Night", the first song about the Universal Monsters since "Monster Mash." The song was co-written with video game composer Eduardo Garcia Rascon and sung by vocalist Brette Alana.
Ginsburg studied film and theatre at the University of Southern California. He co-produced and co-starred in Padmé, which won the 2008 George Lucas Selects Award at The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards. He produced Ask the Astronaut, a Science Channel original web series in which Mike Massimino shared his experiences of space travel. He co-wrote, co-produced, and performed in Tales of Tinder, a comedy/reality web series for Playboy. Ginsburg also co-wrote Age of Stone and Sky: The Sorcerer Beast, a low-budget fantasy film starring Corey Feldman and Jeffrey Combs.
References
External links
Living people
University of Southern California alumni |
26966843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masts%20of%20Manhatta | Masts of Manhatta | Masts of Manhatta is the fourth album by American singer-songwriter Tracy Bonham. It was released on July 13, 2010 by Engine Room Recordings in the United States and Lojinx in the UK.
Track listing
All songs by Tracy Bonham
"Devil's Got Your Boyfriend"
"Your Night Is Wide Open"
"Big Red Heart"
"Josephine"
"When You Laugh The World Laughs With You"
"We Moved Our City To The Country"
"Reciprocal Feelings"
"In The Moonlight"
"You're My Isness"
"Angel, Won't You Come Down?"
"I Love You Today"
Personnel
Tracy Bonham – Vocals, Violins, Fender Rhodes, Guitar, Piano, Claves, Spaghetti Pot, Cardboard Box
Smokey Hormel – Guitar
Tim Lunztel – Upright Bass, Electric upright bass
Andy Borger – Drums and Percussion
Dan Cho – Cello on 2, 7, 11
Matt Glaser – Fiddle on 10
Ken Rich – Tuba on 4
Andrew Sherman – Wurlitzer on 2
Josh Lattanzi – Slide Guitar on 9
Konrad Meissner – Percussion on 5
Production
Producer: Tracy Bonham
Mastered by Adam Ayan at Gateway Mastering, Portland, ME
Artwork by Donnie Molls
Design layout and revisions by Megan Volz
References
Tracy Bonham albums
2010 albums
Engine Room Recordings albums |
179859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la%20Kun | Béla Kun | Béla Kun (born Béla Kohn; 20 February 1886 – 29 August 1938) was a Hungarian communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. After attending Franz Joseph University at Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca, Romania), Kun worked as a journalist before the First World War. He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army and was captured by the Imperial Russian Army in 1916, after which he was sent to a prisoner-of-war camp in the Urals. Kun embraced communist ideas during his time in Russia, and in 1918 he co-founded a Hungarian arm of the Russian Communist Party in Moscow. He befriended Vladimir Lenin and fought for the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War.
In November 1918, Kun returned to Hungary with Soviet support and set up the Party of Communists in Hungary. Adopting Lenin's tactics, he agitated against the government of Mihály Károlyi and achieved great popularity despite being imprisoned. After his release in March 1919, Kun led a successful coup d'état, formed a Communist-Social Democratic coalition government and proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Though the de jure leader of the republic was prime minister Sándor Garbai, the de facto power was in the hands of foreign minister Kun, who maintained direct contact with Lenin via radiotelegraph and received direct orders and advice from the Kremlin.
The new regime collapsed four months later in the face of Romanian advance and great dissatisfaction among the Hungarian populace. Kun fled to Soviet Russia, where he worked as a functionary in the Communist International bureaucracy as the head of the Crimean Revolutionary Committee from 1920. He organised and actively participated in the Red Terror in Crimea (1920–1921), following which he participated in the 1921 March Action, a failed Communist uprising in Germany.
During the Great Purge of the late 1930s, Kun was accused of Trotskyism, arrested, interrogated, tried, and executed in quick succession. He was posthumously rehabilitated by Soviet leadership in 1956, following the death of Joseph Stalin and the De-Stalinization period under Nikita Khrushchev.
Biography
Early life
Béla Kohn, later known as Béla Kun, was born on 20 February 1886 in the village of Lele, located near Szilágycseh, Szilágy County, Kingdom of Hungary (today part of Hodod, Satu Mare County, Romania). His father, Samu Kohn was a lapsed Jewish village notary, while his mother, Róza Goldberger, was Jewish. Despite his parents' secular outlook, he was educated at the Silvania Főgimnázium in Zilah (present-day Silvania National College, Zalău) and a famous Reformed kollegium (grammar school) in the city of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania).
At the kollegium Kun won the prize for best essay on Hungarian literature that allowed him to attend a gymnasium. His essay was on the poet Sándor Petőfi and the concluding paragraphs were:
The storming rage of Petőfi's soul… turned against the privileged classes, against the people's oppressor… and confronted them with revolutionary abandon. Petőfi felt that the country would not be saved through moderation, but through the use of the most extreme means available. He detested even the thought of cowardice… Petőfi's vision was correct. There is no room for prudence in revolutions whose fate and eventual success is always decided by boldness and raw courage… this is why Petőfi condemned his compatriots for the sin of opportunism and hesitation when faced with the great problems of their age… Petőfi's works must be regarded as the law of the Hungarian soul… and of the… love of the country".
In 1904 he began to study law at Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár. Béla magyarized his birth surname, Kohn, to Kun in 1904, although the almanac of the University still referred to him in print by his former name as late as 1909. There is no archival evidence that he took any formal action to change the spelling of his name, although it is clear that from 1904 all those around him referred to him as Béla Kun rather than Kohn, and he likewise used the Magyar variant in his signature.
Before World War I, he was a muck-raking journalist with sympathies for the Hungarian Social Democratic Party in Kolozsvár. In addition, Kun served on the Kolozsvár Social Insurance Board, from which he was later to be accused of embezzling. He had a fiery reputation and was involved in duels several times. In May 1913 he married Irén Gál, a music teacher of middle-class background from Nagyenyed (today Aiud, Alba County); they had two children, Ágnes, born in 1915, and Miklós, born in 1920.
Early political career
During his early education at Kolozsvár, Kun became friends with the poet Endre Ady, who introduced him to many members of Budapest's left-wing intelligentsia.
Kun fought with the Austro-Hungarian Army in World War I, and was captured and made a prisoner of war in 1916 by the Imperial Russian Army. He was sent to a prisoner of war camp in the Ural Mountains, where he was exposed to Communism. The Russian Revolution in March 1917 and the subsequent Bolshevik coup the following November not only set him free, but provided him with unforeseen opportunities.
In March 1918, in Moscow, Kun co-founded the Hungarian Group of the Russian Communist Party (the predecessor to the Party of Communists in Hungary) with other former Hungarian POWs. He travelled widely, including to Petrograd and Moscow. He came to know Vladimir Lenin there, but inside the party he promoted ultra-radical left-wing political opposition to Lenin and the mainstream Bolsheviks. Kun and his friends, such as the Italian Umberto Terracini and the Hungarian Mátyás Rákosi, aggregated around Grigory Zinoviev or Karl Radek. Whereas Lenin advocated making peace with the Central Powers, despite the harsh conditions they imposed, in order to "save the revolution", Kun and his group took the side of Nikolai Bukharin, who wanted to continue and expand the war to transform it into an international revolutionary struggle to impose Communism on the rest of Europe. Lenin often called them "kunerists", and said of Kun, “We can see that this man comes from a country of poets and dreamers.”
In the Russian Civil War in 1918, Kun fought for the Bolsheviks. During this time, he first started to make detailed plans for a Communist revolution in Hungary. In November 1918, with at least several hundred other Hungarian Communists and with a large sum of money provided by the Soviets, he returned to Hungary.
Hungarian People's Republic
In Hungary, the resources of a shattered government were further strained by refugees from lands lost to the Allies during the war, and which were due to be lost permanently under the Treaty of Trianon. Rampant inflation, housing shortages, mass unemployment, food shortages and coal shortages further weakened the economy and stimulated widespread protests. In October 1918, the Aster Revolution saw the inauguration the Hungarian People's Republic, under an unstable coalition government of Socialists and other radicals. Led by Béla Kun, the inner circle of the freshly established party returned to Budapest from Moscow on 16 November 1918. On 24 November they created the Party of Communists from Hungary (Hungarian: Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja).
He immediately began a highly energetic propaganda campaign against the government of President Mihály Károlyi, and his Social Democratic allies, accusing them of betraying the working class, of lack of class consciousness, of not wanting to continue the expropriation of large domains and the big capital. His aim was to copy the tactics Lenin had used so successfully, which included pandering to the demands of all the discontented in society: unemployed, pensioners, veterans, employees; relentlessly denouncing the Government and the parties that supported it; as well as infiltrating the trade unions, discrediting their executives, and undermining the Socialist Party by dividing the more moderate leaders from the more extreme ones.
His speeches had a considerable impact on his audiences. One who heard such a speech wrote in his diary:
Yesterday I heard Kun speak… it was an audacious, hateful, enthusiastic oratory. [...] He knows his audience and rules over them… Factory workers long at odds with the Social Democratic Party leaders, young intellectuals, teachers, doctors, lawyers, clerks who came to his room… meet Kun and Marxism.
In addition, the Communists held frequent marches and rallies and organised strikes. Desiring to achieve a revolution in Hungary, he communicated by telegraph with Vladimir Lenin to garner support from the Bolsheviks, which would ultimately not materialise.
Despite Kun's efforts, by February 1919 the Communists had fewer than 30,000 members, compared with the 700,000 of the Social Democrats. Kun knew that if the upcoming elections went ahead, they would be a disaster for the Communists. Therefore, the Communist press launched a campaign against a fictitious "reactionary conspiracy" which they claimed the Károlyi government was either unaware of, or unwilling to crush. On 20 February 1919 the Communists invaded and pillaged the headquarters of the Socialist daily newspaper. The attack left a few dead and many injured, primarily policemen who had tried to stop the Communist aggression. Kun and 67 other Communist leaders were arrested.
However, despite the apparent failure of this adventure, there were two factors that worked to Kun's advantage. First, the press, even the non-socialist press, claimed that the imprisoned Communists had been mistreated by some members of the police force that supposedly wanted to avenge the death of their colleagues, and also publicised the supposedly courageous attitude of prisoner Béla Kun, a man previously little known outside his circle of followers. This greatly increased the popularity of Kun and sympathy toward the Communists among the general public. Concerned by this unintended shift in public opinion, the government gave orders that while in prison Kun be allowed to carry out any political activity he wished, which meant he was able to continue directing the Hungarian Communist Party from his cell. There were days in which Kun received up to four hundred visitors, mainly far-left Social Democrats who now considered Kun, whose stature was already increased by the prestige of participating in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, a martyr.
The second was that on 19 March 1919, French Lt-Col Fernand Vix presented the "Vix Note", ordering Hungarian forces to be pulled back further from where they were stationed, clearing the areas of Debrecen and Makó. It was assumed that the military lines would be the new frontiers that would be established by the peace conference between Hungary and the Allies. Károlyi resigned, perhaps in order not to link his name to the acceptance of that imposition, and soon after a proclamation was made public in his name stating that he had voluntarily given up his powers to a “new government of the proletariat”, i.e., the Socialists. Later in his life Károlyi denied that he had made such a statement, though he did not disavow it at the time or in the following years during which he remained quietly in Hungary. The Vix Note created a massive upsurge of nationalist outrage, and the Hungarians resolved to fight the Allies rather than accept the new demarcation lines.
The Social Democrats approached Kun on the subject of a coalition government, hoping he would be able to use his Bolshevik connections to bring the Red Army to Hungary's aid. So desperate were they for support from Moscow that it was Kun, a captive, who dictated the terms to his captors. This was despite the Red Army's full involvement in the Russian Civil War and the unlikelihood that it could be of any direct military assistance. Kun proposed the merger of the Social Democrat and Communist parties, the establishment of a Soviet Republic and several other radical measures, which the Social Democrats agreed to.
Hungarian Soviet Republic
On 21 March 1919, the Hungarian Soviet Republic, the second Communist regime in Europe after Russia itself, was proclaimed; the Social Democrats and the Communists merged under the interim name Hungarian Socialist Party, and Béla Kun was released from prison and sworn into office.
The nominal head of the Soviet Republic was a Socialist leader, Sándor Garbai, but in practice power rested with Kun, although officially he was only People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs, and from April 1919 also People’s Commissar for Defence. As he told Lenin, "My personal influence in the Revolutionary Governing Council is such that the dictatorship of the proletariat is firmly established, since the masses are backing me."
The Social Democrats continued to hold the majority of seats in government. Of the thirty-three People's Commissars of the Revolutionary Governing Council that ruled the Soviet Republic, fourteen were former Communists, seventeen were former Social Democrats and two had no party affiliation. With the exception of Kun, every Commissar was a former Social Democrat and every Deputy Commissar a former Communist. Despite the fact that the Socialists were by far more numerous, they passively accepted the leadership and the programme of the smaller but far more active and determined Communist Party, which claimed to represent the “dictatorship of the proletariat”.
In the hope of placating the new Hungarian regime, the victorious Entente expressed willingness to bring the military demarcation to the line specified by the armistice of Belgrade the previous November, stating however that it would have no relevance to the final clauses of the peace treaty. This gesture was an undeniable success for the Socialist-Communist government which was thus offered some badly needed breathing space. However Kun rejected the proposal, declaring during a rally on 19 April: Comrades, we do not profess the doctrine of territorial integrity, but we want to live, and this is why we did not accept that our freed proletarian brothers living in the neutralised zone be rejected under the yoke of capitalism. To do so would deprive the Hungarian proletariat of the physical means necessary to live. [...] It is a matter, therefore, which concerns the struggle between the international revolution and the international counter-revolution.However he stated in a letter to Lenin a few days later, on 22 April, possibly to exculpate himself from the suspicion of harbouring nationalist sentiment: Whatever happens, all our actions will be dictated by the interests of the world revolution. We do not think even for a moment to sacrifice the interests of the world revolution to those of one of its components. Even if we were obliged to sign a peace 'à la Brest-Litovsk', we would do it with the clear conscience which inspired you when you made the Brest-Litovsk peace, concluded against my will and against the will of the Left Communists.
Given the disparity in power between Hungary and the Allies, Hungarian chances for victory were slim at best. To buy time, Kun tried to negotiate with the Allies, meeting the South African General Jan Smuts at a summit in Budapest in April. Agreement proved impossible, and Hungary was soon at war later in April with the Kingdom of Romania (as part of the Hungarian–Romanian War) and Czechoslovakia (as part of the Hungarian–Czechoslovak War), both aided by France.
The “dictatorship of the proletariat” was characterised from almost the beginning by harsh measures not only against the old ruling classes, but also against the peasants. The first action of the new government was the nationalization of the large majority of private property in Hungary. Despite their promises, Béla Kun's government chose not to redistribute land to the peasantry. Instead, all land was to be converted into collective farms and former estate owners, managers, and bailiffs were to be retained as the new collective farm managers. The Communists remained highly unpopular in the Hungarian countryside, where they had little to no actual authority, and from which the communist paramilitary group the Lenin Boys confiscated food for the cities.
Furthermore, the initial measures of the government in the military field included the elimination of "non-proletarians" from the new Hungarian Red Army, the abolition of conscription and the introduction of voluntary recruitment. The result was catastrophic: in three weeks only 5,000 “workers” had asked to enlist. Equally ineffective were the social measures, beginning with the reduction of the rental fees and wage increases immediately negated by inflation. The failures of the Communists in economic issues meant that in three weeks they were excluded from economic affairs by the ex-Socialists. The Communists, however, retained control of the political police. They unleashed terror gangs of thugs called the Lenin Boys who went hunting for “bourgeois” and “counter-revolutionaries”, and committed armed robberies, kidnappings, shootings, and hangings.
This indiscriminate terror, in which Kun’s friends, Tibor Szamuely and Ottó Korvin, proved especially bloodthirsty, attracted protests from the sole representative of the Allied governments in Budapest, Italian lieutenant colonel Guido Romanelli, which Kun rejected. It also had the effect of splitting the government and dividing the Communists themselves, some of whom doubted the usefulness of the atrocities committed. Kun proved unable to control his more extreme followers, particularly Ferenc Jancsik, Ferenc Münnich, Szamuely, and Mátyás Rákosi. Members of the government demanded Kun either stop the atrocities committed by his men, or face the hostility of organised workers and unions. In response Kun sent his friends as political commissars to the front where, however, the situation was not much better.
The Romanian Army had launched an offensive on 17 April 1919 and by the end of the month they were only from Budapest. On 26 April Kun was forced to admit publicly that he had made a mistake in rejecting the proposals of the Allies, and spoke of resignation. The leaders of the trade unions still controlled by ex-Socialists recruited an army of 50,000 men who managed to halt the Romanian troops and to reoccupy the most important cities which had been lost in Upper Hungary. However, this victory was attributed to the People’ Commissar for Defence, Vilmos Böhm, and his soldiers, all from the Socialist Party, and not to the Communist political commissars Rákosi and Münnich.
In the second half of June, Georges Clemenceau proposed a memorandum that promised a cessation of hostilities by the Entente in return for an immediate evacuation of Upper Hungary by the Hungarian Army, which Kun accepted, though he stated in a speech that “The imperialist peace that we are forced to conclude will not last longer than that of Brest-Litovsk, because of the revolution that will inevitably burst out in other European countries.” One of these "inevitable" revolutions was to be the insurrection Hungarian Communist agents were planning in neighbouring Austria. However, Austrian police discovered the plot and arrested the organisers the day before the coup was to be carried out.
The domestic situation was rapidly worsening as a result of the regime's actions, with not only former army officers and Catholic and Protestant clergy but urban workers, the Communist's primary base of support, becoming increasingly disaffected. On 24 June, an uprising against the regime in Budapest was suppressed after twenty hours of fighting in the streets. At the same time an anarchist conspiracy was uncovered and suppressed (its members shot) in Budapest and other cities. The government retaliated with secret police, revolutionary tribunals and semiregular detachments such as Tibor Szamuely's bodyguards, the Lenin Boys; this renewed campaign of repression became known as the Red Terror. Of those arrested, an estimated 370 to about 600 were killed; others place the number at 590.
At the front, the Hungarians had suffered repeated defeats at the hands of the Romanians. In the middle of July 1919, Hungary launched a major counter-offensive against the Romanian invasion. The Allied Commander in the Balkans, the French Marshal Louis Franchet d'Esperey, wrote to Marshal Ferdinand Foch on 21 July 1919:We are convinced that the Hungarian offensive will collapse of its own accord... When the Hungarian offensive is launched, we shall retreat to the line of demarcation and launch the counteroffensive from that line. Two Romanian brigades will march from Romania to the front in the coming days, according to General Fertianu's promise. You see, Marshal, we have nothing to fear from the Hungarian army. I can assure you that the Hungarian Soviets will last no more than two or three weeks. And should our offensive not bring the Kun regime down, its untenable internal situation surely will.
The Bolsheviks promised to invade Romania and link up with Kun and were on the verge of doing so, but military reversals suffered by the Red Army in Ukraine halted the invasion of Romania before it began. When the Romanian Army crossed the river Tisza at the end of July they met virtually no opposition. However by this point the regime was facing, in Kun's own words, a “crisis of power, economy and morale” and most fatally, of popular support. The former Social Democrats had withdrawn completely from government; the rural peasantry were disillusioned by the unfulfilled promises of land redistribution and by the decision of the regime to pay for agricultural products in a new paper currency they did not trust. Most fatally, the “industrial proletariat” in whose name the dictatorship had been established refused to fight for a cause they no longer considered their own.
The only hope for saving the Hungarian Soviet Republic had been "the military intervention of the Red Army or a revolution in one or more other European countries." Both these hopes had now failed. On 1 August, Kun gave his last speech in Hungary, stating:
The Hungarian proletariat betrayed not their leaders but itself. [...] If there had been in Hungary a proletariat with the consciousness of the dictatorship of the proletariat it would not collapse in this way [...] I would have liked to see the proletariat fighting on the barricades declaring that it would rather die than give up power. [...] The proletariat which continued to shout in factories, ‘Down with the dictatorship of the proletariat’, will be even less satisfied with any future government.”
He fled to Austria a few hours after, and the Romanian forces took Budapest three days later. Historian and former Italian diplomat to Hungary Alberto Indelicato attributed the downfall of the regime not to external military intervention by the allies, but to the regime's own internal flaws, stating
Whereas the “dictatorship of the proletariat” could be proclaimed as a result of international political events which weighed heavily on the whole affair, the fall of “the Republic of Councils” did not occur because of the intervention of the reactionary circles of the Entente or of the “White” Hungarian counter-revolution (as a Communist legend maintains and is still affirmed by some partisan historians), but because of its inherent weaknesses, the consequence of its internal, social and economic policies.
Activity in Crimea
Béla Kun went into exile in Vienna, then controlled by the Social Democratic Party of Austria. He was captured and interned in Austria, but was released in exchange for Austrian prisoners in Russia in July 1920. He never returned to Hungary. Once in Russia, he rejoined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Kun was put in charge of the regional Revolutionary Committee in Crimea, which during the Russian Civil War changed hands numerous times and was for a time a stronghold for the anti-Bolshevik White Army. It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by General Wrangel fell to the Red Army in 1920. About 50,000 prisoners of war and anti-Bolshevik civilians who had surrendered after they had been promised amnesty, were subsequently executed, on Kun's and Rosalia Zemlyachka's order, with Lenin's approval. Mass arrests and executions were carried out under Kun's administration. Between 60,000 and 70,000 inhabitants of the Crimea were murdered in the process.
The "March Action" in Germany
Kun became a leading figure in the Comintern as an ally of Grigory Zinoviev. In March 1921, he was sent to Germany to advise the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and encouraged the KPD to follow the "Theory of the Offensive" as supported by Zinoviev, August Thalheimer, Paul Frölich, and others which in the words of Ruth Fischer meant ""the working class could be moved only when set in motion by a series of offensive acts."
On 27 March, leaders of the Communist Party of Germany decided to launch a "revolutionary offensive" in support of miners in central Germany. Kun along with Thallheimer were among the driving force behind the attempted revolutionary campaign known as "Märzaktion" ("March Action"), which ultimately ended in failure.
In the end, Lenin blamed himself for appointing Kun and charged him with responsibility for the failure of the German revolution. He was considerably angered by Kun's actions and his failure to secure a general uprising in Germany. In a closed Congress of the Operative Committee — as Victor Serge writes — Lenin called his actions idiotic ("les bêtises de Béla Kun"). But Kun did not lose his membership in the Operative Committee, and the closing document accepted at the end of the sitting formally acknowledged the "battle spirit" of the German Communists.
Kun was not stripped of his Party offices, but the March Action was the end of the radical opposition and of the theory of "Permanent Offensive". Lenin wrote "The final analysis of things shows that Levi was politically right in many ways. The thesis of Thallheimer and Béla Kun is politically totally false. Phrases and bare attending, playing the radical leftist.".
Throughout the 1920s Kun was a prominent Comintern operative, serving mostly in Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia, but his notoriety ultimately stopped him from being useful for undercover work.
Later career
Kun's final undercover assignment ended in 1928 when he was arrested in Vienna by the local police for travelling on a forged passport. Back in Moscow, he spent much of his time feuding with other Hungarian Communist émigrés, several of whom he denounced to the Soviet secret police, the OGPU, which arrested and imprisoned them in the late 1920s and early 1930s. During the Comintern's "Third Period" from 1928 to 1935, Kun was a prominent supporter of the Social Fascism line that revealed the Social-Democrats' role as "social fascism" because they sought the preservation of capitalism precisely when it was in crisis, an animosity in large part owing to Kun's strained relations with the Hungarian Social Democrats, whom he believed had betrayed him sixteen years earlier. In 1934, Kun was charged with preparing the agenda for the 7th Congress of the Comintern, in which the Social Fascism line was to be abandoned and the Popular Front was to be the new line for Communists all over the world, a policy change that Kun opposed. Instead of submitting to party discipline, Kun did his best to sabotage the adoption of the Popular Front policy, which led to his formal sanction for insubordination. In 1935-36, the leadership of the émigré Hungarian Communist Party was thrown into crisis as Kun sought to prevent the adoption of the Popular Front policy, which occasioned a vigorous round of party in-fighting. Beyond policy, there was also a clash of personalities as Kun's abrasive and autocratic leadership style had left him with many enemies. These individuals saw the dispute over whether the Hungarian Communist Party was to adopt the Popular Front strategy as a chance to bring down Kun, whom many Hungarian émigrés deeply hated. His embattled position led Kun to denounce one of his leading enemies in the Comintern, Dmitry Manuilsky, to the NKVD as a "Trotskyite"; in turn, Manuilsky, who was sympathetic to the anti-Kun faction, had also denounced Kun to the NKVD as a "Trotskyite".
Death and legacy
During the Great Purge of the late 1930s, Kun was accused of Trotskyism and brutally beaten and arrested by the NKVD on 28 June 1937. Little was known about his subsequent fate beyond the fact that he never returned. Even an official Hungarian Communist biographer with official access to the Communist International's archives in Moscow was denied information during the mid-1970s.
Only some time after the fall of the Soviet Union and the opening of certain archives in the aftermath did Kun's fate become public: after a brief incarceration and interrogation, he was hauled before a judicial troika on charges of having acted as the leader of a "counter-revolutionary terrorist organisation." Kun was found guilty and sentenced to death at the end of this brief secret trial. The sentence was carried out later that day at the Kommunarka shooting ground.
When Kun was politically rehabilitated in 1956, as part of the de-Stalinization process, the Soviet Communist Party told its Hungarian counterpart that Kun had died in prison on 30 November 1939. In 1989, the Soviet government announced that Kun had actually been executed in the Gulag more than a year earlier than that, on 29 August 1938.
After World War II the Soviets set up the Marxist–Leninist Hungarian People's Republic under the leadership of Mátyás Rákosi, one of Kun's few surviving colleagues from the 1919 coup.
Notes
Further reading
Hungary (The Virtual Jewish World) - Jewish Virtual Library
György Borsányi, The Life of a Communist Revolutionary, Béla Kun translated by Mario Fenyo, Boulder, Colorado: Social Science Monographs; New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press, 1993.
Andrew C. Janos and William Slottman (eds.), Revolution in perspective: essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919: Published for the University of California, Berkeley, Center for Slavic and East European Studies, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1971.
Béla Menczer, Béla Kun and the Hungarian Revolution of 1919 pages 299–309 from History Today, Volume XIX, Issue #5, London: History Today Inc., May 1969.
Rudolf Tőkés, Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic: the origins and role of the Communist Party of Hungary in the revolutions of 1918–1919 New York: published for the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford, California, by F. A. Praeger, 1967.
Iván Völgyes, (ed.), Hungary in Revolution, 1918–19: nine essays Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.
Louis Birinyi, The Tragedy of Hungary, An Appeal for World Peace Cleveland, 1924.
External links
Béla Kun Internet Archive at Marxists Internet Archive.
Wireless Message to Béla Kun, 23 March 1919.
Crimean government on the ethnic cleansing among Crimean Turks.
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People from the Kingdom of Hungary
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80981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20of%20Monkey%20Island | The Secret of Monkey Island | The Secret of Monkey Island is a 1990 point-and-click graphic adventure game developed and published by Lucasfilm Games. It takes place in a fictional version of the Caribbean during the age of piracy. The player assumes the role of Guybrush Threepwood, a young man who dreams of becoming a pirate, and explores fictional islands while solving puzzles.
The game was conceived in 1988 by Lucasfilm employee Ron Gilbert, who designed it with Tim Schafer and Dave Grossman. Gilbert's frustrations with contemporary adventure titles led him to make the player character's death almost impossible, which meant that gameplay focused on exploration. The atmosphere was based on that of the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park ride. The Secret of Monkey Island was the fifth game built with the SCUMM engine, which was heavily modified to include a more user-friendly interface.
Critics praised The Secret of Monkey Island for its humor, audiovisuals, and gameplay. Several publications list it among the greatest video games of all time. The game spawned a number of sequels, collectively known as the Monkey Island series. Gilbert, Schafer and Grossman also led the development of the sequel Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge. LucasArts released a remake of the original in 2009, which was also well received by the gaming press.
Gameplay
The Secret of Monkey Island is a 2D adventure game played from a third-person perspective. Via a point-and-click interface, the player guides protagonist Guybrush Threepwood through the game's world and interacts with the environment by selecting from twelve verb commands (nine in newer versions) such as "talk to" for communicating with characters and "pick up" for collecting items between commands and the world's objects in order to successfully solve puzzles and thus progress in the game. While conversing with other characters, the player may choose between topics for discussion that are listed in a dialog tree; the game is one of the first to incorporate such a system. The in-game action is frequently interrupted by cutscenes. Like other LucasArts adventure games, The Secret of Monkey Island features a design philosophy that makes the player character's death nearly impossible (Guybrush does drown if he stays underwater for more than ten minutes).
Plot
A youth named Guybrush Threepwood arrives on Mêlée Island, hoping to become a pirate. He seeks out the island's pirate leaders, who set him three trials: winning a sword duel against Carla, the island's resident swordmaster; finding a buried treasure; and stealing a valuable idol from the governor's mansion. These quests take Guybrush throughout the island, where he hears of stories of the ghost pirate LeChuck, who apparently died in an expedition to the mysterious Monkey Island, an act that was meant to win the love of the governor, Elaine Marley. Guybrush meets several characters of interest, including a local voodoo priestess, Stan the Used Boat Salesman, Carla the Sword Master, a prisoner named Otis, and Meathook, whose hands have been replaced by hooks.
Guybrush encounters Elaine and is smitten, and she soon reciprocates. However, as he completes the tasks set for him, the island is raided by LeChuck and his undead crew, who abduct Elaine and retreat to their secret hideout on Monkey Island. Guybrush buys a ship and hires Carla, Otis, and Meathook as crew before setting sail. On Monkey Island, Guybrush discovers a village of cannibals in a dispute with Herman Toothrot, a castaway marooned there. He settles their quarrel, then recovers a magical "voodoo root" from LeChuck's ship for the cannibals, who provide him with a seltzer bottle of "voodoo root elixir" that can destroy ghosts.
When Guybrush returns to LeChuck's ship with the elixir, he learns that LeChuck has returned to Mêlée Island to marry Elaine at the church. He promptly returns to Mêlée Island and gatecrashes the wedding, only to ruin Elaine's own plan for escape; in the process he loses the elixir. Now confronted with a furious LeChuck, Guybrush is savagely beaten by the ghost pirate in a fight ranging across the island. At the ship emporium, Guybrush finds a bottle of root beer. Substituting it for the lost elixir, he sprays LeChuck, destroying him. Guybrush and Elaine enjoy a romantic moment, watching fireworks caused by LeChuck exploding.
Development
Origin and writing
Ron Gilbert conceived the idea of a pirate adventure game in 1988, after completing Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders. He first wrote story ideas about pirates while spending the weekend at a friend's house. Gilbert experimented with introductory paragraphs to find a satisfactory idea. His initial story featured unnamed villains that would eventually become LeChuck and Elaine; Guybrush was absent at this point. He pitched it to Lucasfilm Games's staff as a series of short stories. Gilbert's idea was warmly received, but production was postponed because Lucasfilm Games assigned its designers, including Gilbert, to Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure. Development of The Last Crusade was finished in 1989, which allowed Gilbert to begin production of The Secret of Monkey Island, then known internally under the working title Mutiny on Monkey Island.
Gilbert soon realised that it would be difficult to design the game by himself; he decided to join forces with Tim Schafer and Dave Grossman, both of whom he hired for Lucasfilm. The game's insult sword fighting mechanics were influenced by swashbuckling movies starring Errol Flynn, which Gilbert, Schafer and Grossman often watched for inspiration. They noticed that pirates in those films often taunted their opponents instead of attacking them, which gave the designers the idea to base the game's duels on insults rather than combat. Writer Orson Scott Card helped them write the insults during a visit to Lucasfilm's headquarters at Skywalker Ranch. Many of Gilbert's original gameplay ideas were abandoned during the production process, although he stated that "most of that stuff was left out for a reason".
The game's plot, as described by Dave Grossman: "It's a story about this young man who comes to an island in search of his life's dream. He's pursuing his career goals and he discovers love in the process and winds up thinking that was actually more important than what he was doing to begin with. You're laughing, but there's actually something deeper going on as well". When work on the plot began, Gilbert discovered that Schafer's and Grossman's writing styles were too different to form a cohesive whole: Grossman's was "very kind of a dry, sarcastic humor" and Schafer's was "just a little more in your face". In reaction, Gilbert assigned them to different characters and story moments depending on what type of comedy was required. Grossman believed that this benefited the game's writing, as he and Schafer "were all funny in slightly different ways, and it worked well together". Schafer and Grossman wrote most of the dialogue while they were programming the game; as a result, much of it was improvised. Some of the dialogue was based on the designers' personal experiences, such as Guybrush's line "I had a feeling in hell there would be mushrooms", which came from Schafer's own hatred of fungi.
The game's world and characters were designed primarily by Gilbert. After having read Tim Powers' historical fantasy novel On Stranger Tides, he decided to add paranormal themes to the game's plot. He also cited Powers' book as an influence on the characters, particularly those of Guybrush and LeChuck. Inspiration for the game's ambiance came from Gilbert's favorite childhood amusement park ride, Pirates of the Caribbean. Grossman said that Gilbert always wanted "to step off the ride" and "talk to the people who lived in that world". Near the final stages of the design work, Gilbert introduced several characters who were not directly related to the game's story. He considered this to be an important decision, as the player would need those seemingly minor characters in later parts of the game and would receive a chance to "really interact with them".
Creative and technical design
Gilbert, Schafer and Grossman's primary goal was to create a simpler and more accessible gameplay model than those presented in previous Lucasfilm titles. Gilbert had conceived the main designs and puzzles before production began, which resulted in the bulk of the designers' work to flesh out his ideas. He was frustrated by the adventure games that Sierra On-Line was releasing at the time, and later said that "you died any time you did anything wrong". Gilbert considered such gameplay as "a cheap way out for the designer". He had previously applied his design ideas to the 1987 graphic adventure title Maniac Mansion, but considered he committed a number of mistakes during development, such as dead-end situations that prevented the player from completing the game and poorly implemented triggers for cutscenes. Gilbert aimed to avoid such errors in The Secret of Monkey Island. The team decided to make it impossible for the player character to die, with one notable exception, which focused gameplay primarily on world exploration. The Sierra game-over screen was parodied, when Guybrush falls off a cliff only to be bounced back up by a "rubber tree". Guybrush can also be killed by drowning, though it is an Easter Egg unlikely to be found without conscientious effort.
The Secret of Monkey Island was the fifth Lucasfilm Games project powered by the SCUMM engine, originally developed for Maniac Mansion. The company had gradually modified the engine since its creation. For Maniac Mansion, the developers hard coded verb commands in the SCUMM scripting language. These commands become more abstract in subsequent versions of the engine. The developers carried over the practice of referring to individual segments of the gameworld as "rooms", even though the areas in Monkey Island were outdoors. The game uses the same version of the engine used in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, with minor changes. A dialogue tree was added, which facilitated conversation options and the sword-fighting puzzles. The developers removed the "What is" option (an input command that describes an on-screen object to the player) in favor of allowing the player to simply highlight the object with the mouse cursor. The game's improved interface became the standard for the company's later titles. The game also introduced logical verb shortcuts, which could be performed with the mouse; for example, clicking on a character defaults to the "talk" action, the most obvious action in the situation. SCUMM's visuals were updated for the game—the original EGA version had a 320x200 pixel resolution rendered in 16 colors. According to artist Steve Purcell, that became a major limitation for the art team; due to a low number of "ghastly" colors, they often chose bizarre tones for backgrounds. They chose black and white for Guybrush's outfit for the same reason. The VGA version of the game later corrected these issues by implementing 256-color support, which allowed for more advanced background and character art. Other platform releases removed the infamous "stump joke" from the game, which was a joke in the EGA version in which the player would examine a tree stump in the forest. Guybrush would exclaim that there is an opening to a system of catacombs and attempt to enter, but this would result in a message stating the player needed to insert disc 22, then 36, then 114 in order to continue. The joke resulted in numerous calls to the LucasArts hotline asking about missing discs. As a result, the joke was removed from later editions and is mentioned as a conversation option for the LucasArts Hint Hotline in the sequel.
The game's "pirate reggae" music was composed by Lucasfilm Games' in-house musician Michael Land in MIDI format. It was his first project at the company. The game was originally released for floppy disk in 1990, but a CD-ROM version with a high-quality CD soundtrack followed in 1992. The music has remained popular, and has been remixed by the musicians of OverClocked ReMix and by the game's fans.
The Secret of Monkey Island ultimately cost $200,000 to produce, and was developed over nine months.
Special edition
LucasArts released a remake with updated audiovisuals titled The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition in July 2009 for iPhone, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox 360 exclusively via digital distribution. LucasArts confirmed the game's development one month earlier on June 1; rumors appeared several days earlier when the Xbox 360 version of the game received an USK rating. The game was first displayed to the public at the E3 expo in June. The remake features hand-drawn visuals with more detail, a remastered musical score, voice work for characters, and a hint system. The developers included the function to switch between new and original audiovisuals at will. The voice actors included Dominic Armato as Guybrush Threepwood and Earl Boen as LeChuck; most had provided voice work in sequels to The Secret of Monkey Island.
LucasArts's game producer Craig Derrick and his team conceived the idea of the remake in 2008. After researching the Monkey Island series' history, they decided to make "something fresh and new while staying true to the original", which resulted in the idea of The Secret of Monkey Island remake. The developers tried to leave much of the original design unchanged. Any changes were intended to achieve the level of immersion desired for the original. To that end, they added details like a pirate ship or pirates talking in the background of scenes. While the team considered the SCUMM interface revolutionary at the time, LucasArts community manager Brooks Brown noted that it is incompatible with an analog stick, which most consoles use. The designers made the cursor contextual to the game objects as the primary interface. Brown had considered updating the reference to advertise Star Wars: The Force Unleashed because Loom was not on the market at the time, but concluded that the game would not be the same if such changes were implemented. Prior to the Special Edition release, however, LucasArts announced that Loom, along with other games from its back catalog, would be made available on Steam. Brown stated that the decision to distribute the game online was because "digital downloads have finally gotten going".
The Special Editions of The Secret of Monkey Island and its sequel were later released physically for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and PC (exclusively in Europe) as Monkey Island Special Edition Collection.
Reception
The Secret of Monkey Island received positive reviews from critics. According to Gilbert, it "sold well" but was "never a big hit". Grossman later summarized that the game's sales were "north of 100,000, far south of 1 million. Back in those days, a few hundred thousand was a giant smash hit". According to Next Generation, The Secret of Monkey Island was a "relatively minor hit" in the United States, but the game and its sequel became "blockbusters on the PC and the Amiga throughout Europe".
Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser of Dragon praised the designers' attention to detail, and cited the game's humor as a high point. Although they believed that the game was too expensive, they summarized it as "a highly enjoyable graphic adventure replete with interesting puzzles, a fantastic Roland soundtrack, superb VGA graphics, smooth-scrolling animation, and some of the funniest lines ever seen on your computer screen". Duncan MacDonald of Zero praised the graphics and found the game "quite amusing". His favorite aspect was the fine-tuned difficulty level, which he believed was "just right", ending his review with "at last an adventure game that's enjoyable rather than frustrating". Paul Glancey of Computer and Video Games consider the game superior to Lucasfilm's earlier adventure titles, and wrote that "usually the entertainment you get from an adventure is derived solely from solving puzzles, but the hilarious characters and situations, and the movie-like presentation ... make playing this more like taking part in a comedy film, so it's much more enjoyable". He considered the puzzles to be "brilliantly conceived" and found the game's controls accessible. He summarized it as "utterly enthralling".
ACEs Steve Cooke also found the controls convenient, and he praised the game's atmosphere. He wrote that, "in graphics and sound terms ... Monkey Island, along with King's Quest V, is currently at the head of the pack". However, he disliked the designers' running joke of placing "TM" after character and place names, which he thought detracted from the atmosphere. He singled out the game's writing, characters and plot structure as its best elements. Amiga Powers Mark Ramshaw wrote "with The Secret of Monkey Island, the mouse-controlled, graphic-adventure comes of age". He lauded its comedic elements, which he believed were the highlight of the game. The reviewer also praised the control scheme, noting that it allows the player to "more or less forget about the specifics of what [they are] physically doing ... and lose [themselves] in the adventure instead". He noted that the game's plot and visual and aural presentation fit together to create a thick atmosphere, and finished: "Forget all those other milestone adventures (Zork, The Hobbit, Lord of the Rings et al) — for sheer enjoyment and general all-round perfection, The Secret of Monkey Island creams 'em all in style". The game, along with its sequel, was ranked the 19th best game of all time by Amiga Power.
Writing for The One, Paul Presley stated that "Lucasfilm appears to have taken all of the elements that worked in its previous releases and, not only incorporated them into this tale of scurvy swashbuckling, but even improved on them in the process!" Like the other reviewers, he praised its controls. He also lauded its "hilarious storyline, strong characters and ... intriguing setting", but complained about graphical slowdowns. Nick Clarkson of Amiga Computing cited the game's graphics as "flawless", noting that "the characters are superbly animated and the backdrops simply ooze atmosphere". He highly praised its sound effects and music, and believed that its controls "couldn't be simpler". The staff of Amiga Action wrote that the "attention to detail and the finely tuned gameplay cannot be faulted". They called the graphics "stunning throughout", and believed that, when they were combined with the "excellent Caribbean tunes", the result is a game filled with character and atmosphere. They ended by stating that "there is absolutely no excuse for not owning this game". Computer Gaming World said that "Monkey Island offers up LucasArt's famous humor at its best ... For an adventure you'll long remember, raise your cup of grog".
The Secret of Monkey Island has featured regularly in lists of "top" games, such as Computer Gaming World's Hall of Fame and IGN's Video Game Hall of Fame. In 1991, PC Format placed The Secret of Monkey Island on its list of the 50 best computer games of all time, calling it "genuinely funny". In 1996, Computer Gaming World ranked it as the 19th best game of all time, writing: "Who could ever forget the insult-driven duel system or the identity of the mysterious Swordmaster?". In 2004, readers of Retro Gamer voted it as the 33rd top retro game. IGN named The Secret of Monkey Island one of the ten best LucasArts adventure games in 2009, and ranked the Xbox Live Arcade version as the 20th best title of all time for that platform in 2010. In 2017, The Secret of Monkey Island ranked 78th in the "Scientifically Proven Best Video Games of All Time", a statistical meta-analysis compiled by Warp Zoned of 44 "top games" lists published between 1995 and 2016.
Special edition
Like the original release, The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition received positive reviews from critics. Sean Ely of GamePro praised its updated audio, and said that the new graphics "blow the old clunker visuals ... out of the water". He cited its script, humor, plot, puzzles and balanced difficulty level as high points, and finished, "The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition is impressive, hilarious and downright worth your money". Daemon Hatfield of IGN wrote: "Almost 20 years after its release, [The Secret of Monkey Island] remains a blast to play". He called the new graphics "slick, if a little generic", and noted that the "original graphics have a certain charm to them that the fancy pants new visuals just don't", but he enjoyed the redone music, the new hint function, and the added sound effects and voice acting. He summarized it as "one of the best times you'll ever have pointing and clicking", and noted that "few games are this funny". Justin Calvert of GameSpot noted that "the Special Edition looks much better and is the only way to play if you want to hear ... what characters are saying, whereas the original game's interface is less clunky". However, he wrote that "the voice work is such a great addition to the game that it's difficult to go back to the original edition". He praised its humor, writing, puzzles and characters, and he believed that it had aged well. Eurogamer's Dan Whitehead wrote: "Purists like me will almost certainly find something to grumble about over the span of the game, but the overall impact of the redesign is undeniably for the better". He preferred the original game's Guybrush design, and believed that the new control system was "rather less intuitive" than the old one. He finished by stating that "few games can stand the test of time with such confidence".
Legacy
The Secret of Monkey Island spawned five sequels. The first, Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge, was released in 1991 and focuses on LeChuck's return. Six years later, LucasArts released The Curse of Monkey Island, which features a new visual design. In 2000, the company released Escape from Monkey Island, which uses the GrimE engine of Grim Fandango to produce 3D graphics. The next title, Tales of Monkey Island released in 2009, is a series of five episodic chapters. The most recent title, Return to Monkey Island, was released in 2022 and revisits several locations and characters from the first game.
Elements of the game have appeared elsewhere in popular culture. The original version was selected as one of five for the exhibition The Art of Video Games in the Smithsonian American Art Museum in 2011. A fictive drink recipe in the game for grog was mistakenly reported as real in 2009 by Argentinian news channel C5N, which urged teenagers against consuming the dangerous "Grog XD" drink. In Tales of Monkey Island, Guybrush refers to this news story while pushing the Grog XD button on a Grog machine.
In a celebration of the game's 30th anniversary, Ron Gilbert shared secrets from its original source code during a video conversation with the Video Games History Foundation. These included early character prototypes, unused animations and alternative game environments.
On July 20, 2023 game studio Rare LTD released an update for their game Sea of Thieves where players could visit Melee Island and interact with characters of the Monkey Island game series in a new adventure bridging the stories of both worlds.
References
External links
RetroAhoy: The Secret of Monkey Island: A 73-minute documentary with two parts: the history of text and graphic adventures leading to The Secret of Monkey Island, and on The Secret of Monkey Island itself.
The Secrets Of Monkey Island’s Source Code from the Video Game History Foundation
Review in PC World
1990 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Classic Mac OS games
DOS games
FM Towns games
Golden Joystick Award winners
IOS games
LucasArts games
Monkey Island games
MacOS games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Network games
Point-and-click adventure games
ScummVM-supported games
Sega CD games
SCUMM games
The Software Toolworks games
U.S. Gold games
Video games about pirates
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Chris Huelsbeck
Video games scored by Michael Land
Video games set in the 17th century
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games |
20693346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipari | Pipari | Pipari is a village development committee in Kapilvastu District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1872 people living in 303 individual households.
References
Populated places in Kapilvastu District |
67305039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Alpine%20Skiing%20World%20Cup%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20giant%20slalom | 2020 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's giant slalom | The women's giant slalom in the 2020 FIS Alpine Skiing World Cup involved 6 events. The season had been scheduled for nine events, but all of the last three giant slaloms were canceled.
Defending champion Mikaela Shiffrin from the United States was second in the very tight discipline standings after 5 events when her father Jeff suffered what proved to be a fatal head injury at the start of February, and Shiffrin missed the remainder of the season. Italian skier Federica Brignone held the discipline lead with three events remaining, but (as described below) none of those events took place.
First, the GS scheduled for Ofterschwang, Germany was canceled due to lack of snow and a bad forecast. Then the finals, scheduled for Sunday, 22 March in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. And finally, the one remaining giant slalom, scheduled in Åre, Sweden, for which Shiffrin had planned to return, was canceled due to COVID infections being detected among the skiers. Thus, the current leader in each discipline automatically became the season winner of the crystal globe for that discipline.
Standings
DNF1 = Did not finish run 1
DNQ = Did not qualify for run 2
DNF2 = Did not finish run 2
DNS = Did not start
See also
2020 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's summary rankings
2020 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's overall
2020 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's downhill
2020 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's super-G
2020 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's slalom
2020 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's combined
2020 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's parallel
World Cup scoring system
References
External links
Alpine Skiing at FIS website
Women's giant slalom
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup women's giant slalom discipline titles |
9390995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Dance%20Week | National Dance Week | National Dance Week (NDW) is an annual event in the United States sponsored by the United Dance Merchants of America to increase public awareness and appreciation of various forms of dance. The event is coordinated by an organization under the same name headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which operates under the sponsorship of the UDMA and currently seeks for the 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization status
The Coalition for National Dance Week was formed in 1981 by a group of dance related organizations to bring greater recognition to dance as an art form. Since 1991 the NDW is sponsored by the UDMA.
NDW volunteers host more than a thousand events nationwide during the observation.
National Dance Week 2009
Dance Week 2009 was from April 24-May 3, 2009.
National Dance Week 2007
National Dance Week 2007 was from April 20 through the 29th. Activities scheduled for 2007 included community dance performances, free classes, an essay contest, and an attempt to break the Guinness World Record for the "Largest Ballet Class a la barre" sponsored by the Oregon Ballet Foundation.
See also
International Dance Day – April 29
National Dance Day – last Saturday in July
References
External links
National Dance Week - Official Website
A week worth dancing about: dancers celebrate coast to coast - National Dance Week, Dance Magazine
Presidential Commendation
Bay Area National Dance Week
Dance organizations
Dance education in the United States
Dance festivals in the United States |
10879169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Hall | Matthew Hall | Matthew Hall may refer to:
Matthew Hall (actor) (born 1991), English television actor
Matthew Hall (boxer) (born 1984), English professional boxer
Matthew Hall (curler) (born 1997), Canadian curler
Matthew Hall (figure skater) (born 1970), Canadian figure-skater
Matthew Hall (swimmer), Australian swimmer, see 2000 Oceania Swimming Championships
Matthew Hall (writer) (born 1967), English screenwriter and novelist
Matthew Hall, the real name of the British comedian Harry Hill
Matthew Hall (cricketer) (born 1981), former English cricketer
Matthew Hall (footballer) (1884–?), Scottish footballer for Sunderland
Matthew Hall (sport shooter), represented Northern Ireland at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
See also
Matheau Hall (born 1987), American association football player
Matt Hall (disambiguation)
Matthews Hall (disambiguation) |
67232025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libcom.org | Libcom.org | libcom.org is an online platform featuring a variety of libertarian communist essays, blog posts, and archives, primarily in English. It was founded in 2005 by editors in the United States and the United Kingdom. Libcom.org also has a forum and social media features including the ability to comment on post and upload original articles. In contrast with traditional archives, anarchistic archival practices embrace "use as preservation", making use of digital technology to host niche political material in online repositories like Libcom.org.
The site was launched in 2003 originally as enrager.net, named for the enragés of the French Revolution, but changed its name in 2005 to the present name libcom.org, short for libertarian communism. The enrager.net web collective was a splinter of the London group inside the Anarchist Youth Network, an organization founded in 2002 by two members of the Anarchist Federation.
See also
Spunk Library, a defunct anarchist web archive (1992–2002)
Anarchy Archives, an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism founded in 1995
References
External links
Official website
Anarchist websites
Discipline-oriented digital libraries
Internet properties established in 2003
Online archives
Political Internet forums |
66481076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%20Guti%C3%A9rrez%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201994%29 | Cristian Gutiérrez (footballer, born 1994) | Cristian Mauriel Gutiérrez Peralta (born 6 January 1993) is a Nicaraguan professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Liga Primera club Real Estelí and the Nicaragua national team.
References
1993 births
Living people
People from Nueva Segovia Department
Nicaraguan men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Real Estelí FC players
C.D. Walter Ferretti players
Nicaraguan Primera División players
Nicaragua men's international footballers |
52965044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco%20da%20Gama%20Garden | Vasco da Gama Garden | The Vasco da Gama Garden (; ) is a garden in São Lázaro, Macau, China. It is located between Rua de Ferreira do Amaral, Calçada do Gaio and Estrada da Vitória.
History
The garden was created in the 19th century in Portuguese Macau. Along with Victory Garden, the Vasco da Gama Garden was part of the Vasco da Gama avenue built in 1898. In 1911, the bust of Vasco da Gama was erected. In 1997, the garden underwent renovation where fountains and barrier-free access were built on the lower-level of the garden and a small pond on the upper-level. In 2004, the garden underwent another renovation where an underground car park was constructed beneath it.
Geology
The park is situated between Rua de Ferreira do Amaral, Calçada do Gaio and Estrada da Vitória. The garden spans over an area of . It features a wave-shaped lake on the lower level of the garden and a fountain with waterspouts. It has a length of 500 meters and a width of 65 meters which consists of two plots of land.
See also
List of tourist attractions in Macau
References
Gardens in Macau |
6050994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoxuridine | Idoxuridine | Idoxuridine is an anti-herpesvirus antiviral drug.
It is a nucleoside analogue, a modified form of deoxyuridine, similar enough to be incorporated into viral DNA replication, but the iodine atom added to the uracil component blocks base pairing. It is used only topically due to cardiotoxicity. It was synthesized by William Prusoff in the late 1950s. Initially developed as an anticancer drug, idoxuridine became the first antiviral agent in 1962.
Clinical use
Idoxuridine is mainly used topically to treat herpes simplex keratitis. Epithelial lesions, especially initial attacks presenting with a dendritic ulcer, are most responsive to therapy, while infection with stromal involvement are less responsive. Idoxuridine is ineffective against herpes simplex virus type 2 and varicella-zoster.
Side effects
Common side effects of the eye drops include irritation, blurred vision and photophobia. Corneal clouding and damage of the corneal epithelium may also occur.
Formulations and dosage
Idoxuridine is available as either a 0.5% ophthalmic ointment or as a 0.1% ophthalmic solution. The dosage of the ointment is every 4 hours during day and once before bedtime. The dosage of the solution is 1 drop in the conjunctival sac hourly during the day and every 2 hours during the night until definitive improvement, then 1 drop every 2 hours during the day and every 4 hours during the night. Therapy is continued for 3–4 days after healing is complete, as demonstrated by fluorescein staining.
Synthesis
See also
Trifluridine
Acyclovir
Foscarnet
References
Further reading
Nucleosides
Pyrimidinediones
Organoiodides
Anti-herpes virus drugs
Hydroxymethyl compounds |
38858303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupithecia%20nonanticaria | Eupithecia nonanticaria | Eupithecia nonanticaria is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by Clifford D. Ferris in 2007. It is found in New Mexico (the Pinos Altos Range and the Black Range), Arizona (the Chiricahua Mountains) and Chihuahua in Mexico. The habitat consists of mixed coniferous forests at elevations above 1,760 meters.
The length of the forewings is 9.5–11 mm for males and 9–11 mm for females. The forewings are pale grayish white, with overlying darker scales. The basal and median areas of the hindwings are pale, but darker toward the margin. Adults are on wing from late July to mid August.
Etymology
The adjectival prefix non is added to the name Eupithecia anticaria to denote the similarity of the two species.
References
Moths described in 2007
nonanticaria
Moths of North America |
49928131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raith%2C%20Fife | Raith, Fife | Raith (, "fort" or "fortified residence"), as an area of Fife, once stretched from the lands of Little Raith (earlier Wester Raith), south of Loch Gelly, as far as Kirkcaldy and the Battle of Raith was once theorised to have been fought here in 596 AD. Raith Hill, west of Auchtertool and immediately to the east of the Mossmorran fractionation plant, may also be in reference to this wider area or may refer to an actual fort on this hill, distinct to the one naming the area.
The name is found in Kirkcaldy's professional football team, Raith Rovers. This name was earlier borne by an entirely distinct team, probably named for the Little Raith colliery, east of Cowdenbeath, which merged with Cowdenbeath Rangers to form Cowdenbeath F. C.
Raith House and the 19th-century folly Raith Tower sit on Cormie Hill to the west of Kirkcaldy. The former was designed by James Smith in the Palladian style in the 1690s, remodelled and extended by James Playfair in the 1780s and the library and garden remodelled in 1899 by Robert Lorimer. To the southeast, the artificial Raith Lake was formed by the damming of the Dronachy Burn in 1811 and 1812. From the late nineteenth century onwards, tracts of land of the Raith Estate were sold off and developed for housing and to form the town's Beveridge Park, expanding Kirkcaldy westwards. The modern housing estate bearing the Raith name dates from the latter part of the 20th century, long after the origins of the football team.
See also
Robert Ferguson of Raith
Ronald Craufurd Ferguson
John Melville of Raith
Lord Raith, Monymaill and Balwearie
References
External links
History of the county of Fife: from the earliest period to the present time, pp 150–155
A Descriptive and Historical Gazetteer of the Counties of Fife, Kinross, and Clackmannan, p62-63
The Raitt Stuff, self-published website containing quotes from various publications and historical documents, in regard to Raith House and its estate
Geography of Fife
Kirkcaldy
Areas of Kirkcaldy
Cowdenbeath |
12958905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select%20Committee%20on%20Intelligence | Select Committee on Intelligence | Select Committee on Intelligence can refer to:
The Pike Committee (established 1975, mandate expired 1976, no report)
The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (permanent, established 1976)
The United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (established 1977, replacing Pike Committee) |
69258238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenicichla%20santosi | Crenicichla santosi | Crenicichla santosi is a species of cichlid native to South America. It is found in the Amazon River basin and in the Machado River of Rondônia, Brazil. This species reaches a length of .
The fish is named in honor of Ploeg’s friend Geraldo Mendes dos Santos of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, who collected this cichlid during a survey of Rondônian rivers that took place between 1984 and 1988.
References
Ploeg, A., 1991. Revision of the South American cichlid genus Crenicichla Heckel, 1840, with description of fifteen new species and consideration on species groups, phylogeny and biogeography (Pisces, Perciformes, Cichlidae). Univ. Amsterdam, Netherlands,153 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
santosi
Freshwater fish of Brazil
Fish of the Amazon basin
Taxa named by Alex Ploeg
Fish described in 1991 |
35739547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair%20v%20Gillman | Hair v Gillman | Hair v Gillman (2000) 80 P&CR 108 is an English land law case, concerning creation of easements.
Facts
Ms Gillman had taken a seven-year lease of a school built in the back yard of a three-storey building that had a forecourt by the street. It was leased by a third party. The school's lease (and underlying freehold) had a right of way by the building in front of it, but no express right of way over the forecourt in front of that. The building was leased to accountants for 21 years from 1977, and the freehold was bought by Mr Hair in 1985. Gillman claimed that she had been given permission to park her car in the forecourt, and this crystallised into an easement under Law of Property Act 1925, section 62(1) when acting for the school she entered into the lease. Hair before the action denied Gillman the parking space he had earlier allowed on unstated terms. He sought a declaration Gillman would have no such continuing right related to her school.
Judgment
Judge LJ sitting alone in the High Court held the permission was capable of being an easement, but Law of Property Act 1925, section 62(1) did not apply because here the use was "never intended to be on a permanent basis". Gillman appealed.
Held: that the right, even though precarious, was capable of falling under Law of Property Act 1925, section 62(1): Wright v Macadam [1949] 2 KB 744. The forecourt use was not temporary as it was not to end at a certain date. It was not secure either, and could have been withdrawn at any time, but it was nevertheless protected now.
See also
English trusts law
English property law
References
English land case law
2000 in United Kingdom case law
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases |
1323652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simla%20Accord | Simla Accord | Simla Accord may refer to
Simla Accord (1914), signed in 1914, to purported to settle a dispute over the boundary line between inner and outer Tibet.
Simla Agreement, signed between India and Pakistan in July 1972. It followed from the war between the two nations in the previous year that had led to the independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh. |
9114548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayatri%20Iyer | Gayatri Iyer | Gayatri Ganjawala () is an Indian playback singer, primarily in Bollywood. She landed up with the part of Princess Anjuli in the West End of London musical production of M. M. Kaye's The Far Pavilions, which opened in the summer of 2007.
Iyer is married to Kunal Ganjawala, an Indian playback singer. She graduated from the Indian Institute of Management Lucknow (IIML) in 2001. One of her well-known songs is "My Dil goes Mmmm" from Salaam Namaste. Famous music directors Anand–Milind used her voice in many of their songs in the mid 90s, the most popular one being the romantic ballad Meri Jaane Jana from the film Insaaf. They recently recorded an English song with her for the cross-over film Don't Tie the Knot.
Discography
Gulabi (May 1995)
Loafer (9 June 1996)
Muqaddar (12 July 1996)
Daanveer (20 September 1996)
Insaaf (30 May 1997)
Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai? (11 October 2002)
Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne (21 March 2003)
Ek Aur Ek Gyarah (28 March 2003)
Bhoot (30 May 2003)
Chupke Se (12 September 2003)
Raghu Romeo (2004)
Rudraksh (13 February 2004)
Kismat (20 February 2004)
Silence Please - The Dressing Room (9 April 2004)
Masti (9 April 2004)
Dhoom (27 August 2004)
Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (10 September 2004)
Bride and Prejudice (8 October 2004)
Naach (12 November 2004)
"Lut Gayee" from Hulchul (26 November 2004)
Elaan (14 January 2005)
Jurm (18 February 2005)
Kyaa Kool Hai Hum (6 May 2005)
Black (2005 film) (2005)
Salaam Namaste (9 September 2005)
Dil Jo Bhi Kahey... (23 September 2005)
Kasak (30 September 2005)
Ladies Tailor (7 July 2006)
Alag (16 June 2006)
Anthony Kaun Hai? (4 August 2006)
Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni (TV Serial {Same Name} Title Track 2007)
Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd. (23 February 2007)
Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule (2007)
Raqeeb (2007)
Roadside Romeo (2008)
Tum Hi To Ho (2011)
Ammaa Ki Boli (2012)
Gandhi the Hero (2016)
Nach Baliye Title Song
India Calling Title Song
Jodi Kamaal Ki Title song
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210534/http://www.indiafm.com/celebrities/filmography/6447/
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050410/society.htm#2
External links
1985 births
Living people
Actresses from Lucknow
Indian women playback singers
Bollywood playback singers
Indian Institute of Management Lucknow alumni
Actresses in Hindi cinema
21st-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian singers
Singers from Lucknow
21st-century Indian women singers
Women musicians from Uttar Pradesh |
22464752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runemo | Runemo | Runemo is a locality situated in Ovanåker Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 263 inhabitants in 2010.
References
Populated places in Ovanåker Municipality
Hälsingland |
3048653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Oaks%20College | Pacific Oaks College | Pacific Oaks College is a private college with its main campus in Pasadena, California. The college draws on Quaker principles and focuses on social justice. It offers full and part-time undergraduate and graduate courses at Pacific Oaks' California campuses as well as online. Pacific Oaks also operates a children's school that has been in operation since 1945.
History
In 1945 the Pacific Oaks Friends School opened with 10 teachers and 65 children aged two to four. Pacific Oaks College was founded in 1958 following five years of offering upper-division courses through the UCLA Extension.
Academics
The college offers Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in addition to post-graduate teaching certification. The programs are organized into two schools:
School of Cultural and Family Psychology
School of Human Development & Education
Campuses
Pasadena campus
The main campus is located in Pasadena, California at the north end of Old Pasadena. The school can be accessed via the nearby Memorial Park Station of the Metro L Line light rail and sits north of the Ventura Freeway (SR 134) and Foothill Freeway (I-210) junction.
Off-campus sites
In addition to its main campus in Pasadena, Pacific Oaks offers classes at sites throughout the state of California.
Andrew Norman Library
The Andrew Norman Library on the Eureka (Pasadena) Campus supports the degree programs of Pacific Oaks College and Pacific Oaks Children's School, as well as independent faculty research. The collection, which has more than 17,000 titles centers on early childhood education and curriculum development, human development, family systems and therapy, and child care.
Accreditation and affiliations
Pacific Oaks College is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission. Pacific Oaks has been accredited by WASC or its successor organization since 1959. Its M.A. in MFT program satisfies all of the requirements of the Board of Behavioral Sciences (BBS), (Business & Professions Code Sections 4980.41 (a) (d) (e)) for licensing in Marriage and Family Therapy. Its Teacher Education Program is certified by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CCTC) for certification in Education Specialist Credential, Mild to Moderate Disabilities Level I & Level II and Preliminary Multiple Subject English Learner Teaching Credential.
The college is also affiliated with the TCS Education System., the Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (California), and the Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities.
Notable alumni
Antonia Darder, scholar, poet, activist, public intellectual
Leah Ayres, actor
Bre Pettis - entrepreneur, artist, co-founder of MakerBot Industries
References
External links
Official website
Universities and colleges in Los Angeles County, California
Universities and colleges established in 1945
Schools of education in California
Early childhood education in the United States
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
1945 establishments in California
Education in Pasadena, California
Private universities and colleges in California |
54631975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pringle%20Creek | Pringle Creek | Pringle Creek is a small watercourse that drains into Lake Ontario in Whitby, Ontario.
It drains .
Groundwater discharge from the bluffs left from glacial Lake Iroquois feed the headwaters of Pringle Creek.
On June 19, 2017, police and animal control officials were able to contain, tranquilize and safely relocate a black bear who had wandered into residential areas on Pringle Creek.
References
Tributaries of Lake Ontario
Rivers of the Regional Municipality of Durham |
29015601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyptilia%20ainonis | Platyptilia ainonis | Platyptilia ainonis is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
Description
The length of the forewings is 10–12 mm.
The larvae probably feed on Anaphalis margaritacea.
References
ainonis
Moths of Japan
Moths described in 1931
Taxa named by Shōnen Matsumura |
47014654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleorhabdovirus | Nucleorhabdovirus | Nucleorhabdovirus was a genus of viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae. In 2019, the genus was split into the following three genera, all of which still contain the name nucleorhabdovirus and which are assigned to the same family:
Alphanucleorhabdovirus
Betanucleorhabdovirus
Gammanucleorhabdovirus
In 2020, the three genera were organized into subfamily Betarhabdovirinae.
References
Obsolete virus taxa |
55696678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A8re%20Billen | Valère Billen | Valère Billen (born 23 November 1952) is a Belgian football coach. He has coached in Ivory Coast where he managed Satellite FC Abidjan.
Coaching career
Swaziland national team
Appointed Swaziland head coach in 2012 on a one-year contract, Billen was bought a new car by the National Football Association of Swaziland as a mode of conveyance was one of the rules his contract embodied. With a monthly salary of 100000 Swaziland lilangenis, and the Swaziland Football Association spending 40000 on his rent, the Belgian's first match was a friendly against Lesotho in October, losing 2–1. Two days later, he helped them achieve a 1–0 victory over Lesotho again. Praising his players for their efforts that game, his charges held Lesotho to a 0–0 stalemate in their third and final friendly in preparation for the 2014 African Nations Championship qualifying two-legged round opposing Angola, losing 1–0 both legs. That same month, the former footballer stated that his desire was to work with local coaches and predicted a rise in the FIFA World Rankings, claiming that they would improve dramatically over time. In 2013, he went with the national selection to participate in the 2013 COSAFA Cup, not having a presentiment of failure and predicting that they would overcome all seemingly insuperable obstacles and deliver a good showing in the tournament; however, despite a draw with Botswana in their opener, the Sihlangu never progressed past the group stage, losing 2–0 twice to Kenya and Lesotho with Billen reconsidering his job as coach. Being thrashed 10–0 by Egypt in a friendly worsened the trainer's position, with fans requesting for his immediate dismissal as they were not expecting such a scoreline; but, despite fan pressure, the National Football Association of Swaziland still did not sack Billen until November 2013, with local Harris Bulunga taking up the interim post. The reason they gave for his firing was that he was in Belgium too often and spent more time there rather than helping the Swaziland Football Association.
The coach temporarily returned to Belgium to care for his mother, who was ill.
One year succeeding his appointment, Billen criticized his Swazi coaching colleagues, saying that they never allowed him to share his ideas.
References
External links
Full CV with clubs as a player
Living people
1952 births
Belgian football managers
Újpest FC managers
K.V. Mechelen managers
Sint-Truidense V.V. managers
Beerschot A.C. managers
Eswatini national football team managers
Belgian expatriate football managers
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Ivory Coast
Expatriate football managers in Ivory Coast
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Eswatini
Expatriate football managers in Eswatini
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Expatriate football managers in Hungary |
58466331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville%20%28Senate%20constituency%29 | Seville (Senate constituency) | Seville is one of the 59 constituencies () represented in the Senate of Spain, the upper chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency elects four senators. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Seville. The electoral system uses an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. Electors can vote for up to three candidates.
Senators
Elections
2023 general election
November 2019 general election
April 2019 general election
2016 general election
2015 general election
2011 general election
2008 general election
2004 general election
2000 general election
1996 general election
1993 general election
1989 general election
1986 general election
1982 general election
1980 by-election
1979 general election
1977 general election
References
Senate constituencies in Spain
1977 establishments in Spain
Constituencies established in 1977
Province of Seville
Politics of Andalusia |
71878924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Wick | Carol Wick | Carol Wick is an activist and advisor on ending violence against women to politicians, business leaders, non-profits, and philanthropists. She serves on the UN Women Ending Violence Against Women roster.
Education
Wick is a licensed trauma therapist, and Florida approved supervisor. She obtained a Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Florida State in (1988) and MS from Auburn University in (1990).
Wick is a graduate of the Advanced Entrepreneurship program at the Crummer School of Business at Rollins College. She was inducted into the National Entrepreneurship Honor Society in (2019). She also holds a Certificate in Board Governance from the Harvard Kennedy School of Business.
Career
Wick founded and runs Sharity Global, an international consulting firm that supports non-profits world over. She has served as a therapist for abused children. She developed an evidence-based community response to intimate partner violence and created the R3App, which is “the first app to have information that will aid medical professionals in hospitals, doctors’ offices and clinics make appropriate assessments of domestic violence victims and refer them to resources that can help.”
Wick's work engagement with Project Courage, which amplified on outreach and education on responding to domestic violence led to a significant decrease in homicides related to domestic violence and millions of dollars in tax savings in Central Florida. Project Courage became an evidenced based method of addressing local domestic violence by engaging the community.
Wick facilitated the construction of one of the first onsite standalone kennels at a shelter for domestic violence in the US and a trauma-informed, survivor designed shelter for families. She now serves on the board of the international non-profit Saf-T that focuses on building pet friendly solutions at shelters globally.
Wick has a history of successfully passing legislation including two bills to protect survivors' information and criminalisation of abusers contacting victims from jail. In 2019, she started a group on Facebook for survivors and allies to assist in the passage of legislation in Florida, called “Survivors for System Change” in Florida. With this group Wick led the fight to pass Florida HB199, also known as Donna's Law. This legislation eliminated the statute of limitations for sex crimes against children.
Wick also led the movement to pass HB673, known as Gail's Law, which created the first Rape Kit tracking system, in partnership with RAINN and the Joyful Heart Foundation.
Wick spearheaded the public uncovering of the misappropriation of nearly $8M in funds by the Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence. She was the only person asked to give public testimony by the Florida House Public Integrity and Ethics committee in 2019.
In 2020, Wick partnered with Children's Home Society to develop a pilot program to reduce children removed from homes for domestic violence. The successful pilot has been funded to be developed as a national best practice and has been presented at several national and international conferences.
Following concerns around the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Wick funded an international study of 250 domestic violence shelters in North America and the Caribbean and their fundraising effectiveness. The results were used to develop the Violence Against Women and Children Center for Capacity Building.
She served as the chief executive officer at Harbor House of Central Florida from 2006 to 2016, before which she was the executive director at the PACE Center for Girls, Inc. from 1994 to 2006.
Research & writing
Wick has authored and co-authored several research publications centred on intimate partner violence, children's home safety, fundraising for domestic violence organizations, the role of physicians in preventing and addressing intimate partner violence, empowering employers and employees to recognize, respond to, and refer for intimate partner abuse and recommendations on housing for survivors of domestic violence.
Awards
Wick was one of Orlando Business Journal's classes of CEOs of the Year honorees in 2014 and 2015. She was one of Orlando's 2014 Women Who Mean Business honorees. She was also the Juneteenth Hometown Hero and three-time runner up for Central Floridian of the Year. Her other awards include:
20 People Making a Difference in 2020, Orlando Magazine, October 2020.
R3App Global Award Winner - Ending Violence @ Home Global App Challenge co-sponsored by the Institute of Medicine – 3rd Place
50 Most Powerful People, Orlando Magazine 2013 (OTW), 2014 (37) & 2015 (28), 2016 (OTW), 2018, 2019
Entrepreneur Member of the Rollins chapter of Sigma Nu Tau, the National Entrepreneurship Honor Society, 2019
Woman of the Year 2015, Orange Appeal Magazine
Central Floridian of the Year 2011 & 2015, 2016 runner up
Businesswoman of the Year 2012 & 2015, Orlando Business Journal, nominated
Female Executive of the Year, Orlando Business Journal, 2014
Girl Scout Leader of the Year - Liberty Service Unit, 2012
Bank of America, Neighborhood Excellence Award, 2011
Feminist Leadership Award presented by Gloria Steinem at the Veteran Feminists of America 45th Anniversary Gala, 2011
Juneteenth Hometown Hero, 2005
2000 & 2005 Executive of the Year – Executive Women's Council, Daytona Beach Chamber of Commerce
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Auburn University alumni
Rollins College alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
American feminists
Florida State University alumni |
271048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua%20Institution | Chautauqua Institution | The Chautauqua Institution ( ) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit education center and summer resort for adults and youth located on in Chautauqua, New York, northwest of Jamestown in the Western Southern Tier of New York State. Established in 1874, the institution was the home of, and provided the impetus for, the Chautauqua movement that became popular in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Chautauqua Institution Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was further designated a National Historic Landmark.
History
Chautauqua was founded in 1874 by inventor Lewis Miller and Methodist Bishop John Heyl Vincent as a teaching camp for Sunday-school teachers. The teachers would arrive by steamboat on Chautauqua Lake, disembark at Palestine Park and begin a course of Bible study that used the Park to teach the geography of the Holy Land.
The institution has operated each summer since then, gradually expanding its season length and program offerings in the arts, education, religion, and music. It offers educational activities to the public during the season, with public events including popular entertainment, theater, symphony, ballet, opera, and visual arts exhibitions. The institution also offers a variety of recreational activities, plus a community education program called Special Studies along with residential programs of intensive study provided for students aiming for professional careers who audition for admittance into Chautauqua's Schools of Performing and Visual Arts.
The physical setting of the institution defined its development as an assembly. The grounds are on the west shoreline of upper Chautauqua Lake. The early tent-camp assembly gave way to cottages and rooming houses, and then hotels, inns and eventually condominiums.
Founder Lewis Miller's daughter, Mina Miller Edison (wife of inventor Thomas Edison) offered literary classes in Fort Myers, Florida, through the Valinda Society. After completing courses, students were given Chautauqua diplomas.
In 1973, the National Park Service added the Institution to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1989, the Department of the Interior designated it a National Historic Landmark District consisting of most of the Institution property between NY 394, formerly NY 17J, the lake and (roughly) Lowell and North Avenues.
Institution programs
Every summer during its nine-week season, Chautauqua Institution provides an array of programs including fine and performing arts, lectures, worship services, and religious programs, as well as recreational activities. Nearly 100,000 visitors come to Chautauqua to participate in these programs and events annually. Summer admission to Chautauqua is by "gate ticket," which allows entrance into the grounds, use of Smith Memorial Library, use of public beaches and parks, and attendance at lectures and concerts. There is an additional charge for some courses, for films shown at the Chautauqua Cinema, for opera and theater tickets, and use of the tennis courts and golf courses. Cottages and rooms are available for long or short term rental.
Weekly programs
Programs offered during the week at Chautauqua include devotional services and a lecture on a social, political, or academic issue in the morning, a religious or political topic in the afternoon, and a night of entertainment as the evening program. This evening Amphitheater event may be a symphony concert by the Chautauqua Symphony Orchestra, a dance program by the Chautauqua Ballet Company, or a show by an individual guest artist. During most weeks, there is at least one opportunity to catch an opera and a play put on by Chautauqua's resident summer companies. Operas are performed in English at Norton Hall, a 1930s-era, art-deco structure. There are also regularly scheduled organ recitals on the Massey Memorial Organ, student recitals, masterclasses, forums, and seminars for the sophisticated.
A broad range of special courses in music, art, dance, drama, and general topics are available. The Chautauqua Schools of Music offers extremely competitive programs with scholarships. George Gershwin visited Chautauqua as a summer refuge to compose parts of his Concerto in F in a small, wooden piano studio.
Sundays at Chautauqua feature worship services, both denominational and ecumenical. There is an afternoon Amphitheater program, such as a military band or student dance program. On Sundays, entrance to the Institution grounds is free.
Special events
There is an annual program held on the first Tuesday of each August called "Old First Night." The event is the "birthday party" for the institution, marking the anniversary of the opening of the first season in 1874. Several of the Chautauqua facilities will host fundraisers, including the Old First Night Run, a fun run around the grounds, hosted by the Chautauqua Sports Club, a lip-sync contest called Air Band hosted by the Chautauqua Boys' and Girls' Club, and a bake sale hosted by the Chautauqua Children's Club. All money raised goes to the Chautauqua Fund.
Another Chautauqua favorite is the Fourth of July show at the Amphitheater specializing in patriotic-themed music followed by area fireworks viewed from the Chautauqua Lake. Occasional town barbecues at the town square (called Bestor Plaza) and weekly sailboat races are part of the overall unique Chautauqua experience.
Children's programs
The Children's School, established in 1921, is a developmental preschool for youth ages 3–5 and was a pioneering program in the field of nursery-school education. The program consists of social, recreational, and educational activities that often incorporate other Chautauqua programs in the areas of music, drama, art, and recreation.
The Chautauqua Boys and Girls Club is one of the oldest day camps in the United States, founded in 1893. While parents are engaging in various activities around the grounds, their children meet in a special area by the lake and participate in sports, art, and recreational games, such as volleyball, sailing, swimming, field games, and pottery.
Institution facilities
The institution's grounds, located between New York State Route 394 and Chautauqua Lake, include public buildings, administrative offices, a library, movie theater, bookstore, hotel, condominiums, inns, rooming houses, and many private cottages available for rent during the season. There are about 400 year-round residents, but the population can increase up to 7,500 guests per day during the summer season. The Institution is mostly a pedestrian community with bikes and scooters widely used along with a 12-mph speed limit for cars when authorized to be on the grounds. There are several parking lots located on the periphery that visitors utilize and then walk or bike into the institution:
The 4,000-seat Amphitheater was demolished in September 2016 to make way for a new theater-style structure, paying homage to the old structure. The new 4,500-seat Amphitheater, completed during the 2016–17 off-season, in time for the institution's 2017 season, features modern amenities and facilities and improved accessibility. This project caused some controversy due to historic nature of the old facility.
The Athenaeum Hotel located on the grounds is the only hotel owned and operated by the institution. The 156-room hotel, said to be the largest wooden building in the eastern United States, was built in the Second Empire style in 1881. It has a two-story porch supported by narrow columns, with a central, mansard-covered tower. Although the number of hotel rooms has steadily declined on the grounds in the past thirty years, there has been a corresponding growth in condominiums.
Palestine Park is a walk-around, landscaped, geographically scaled map of Palestine showing the general contour of the area, including mountains, valleys, bodies of water and the cities in their correct geographical locations, that existed in the first century CE. Throughout the week, there are multiple tours to discuss the historical and religious significance of this world-famous area.
The Elizabeth S. Lenna Hall is 8,000 square foot recital and rehearsal hall, dedicated in 1993. This facility was the first significant program facility to be built at the Chautauqua Institution in 65 years. The building serves as the rehearsal facility for the Chautauqua Symphony Orchestra and Music School Festival Orchestra and as a recital hall for chamber music, voice and piano.
The Lewis Miller Cottage was built in 1874 as the residence of Lewis Miller, founder and leader of the Chautauqua movement. It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1965 for its association with Miller.
The Chautauqua Prize
The Chautauqua Prize is an annual American literary award established by the Chautauqua Institution in 2012. The winner receives and all travel and expenses for a one-week summer residency at Chautauqua. It is a "national prize that celebrates a book of fiction or literary/narrative nonfiction that provides a richly rewarding reading experience and honors the author for a significant contribution to the literary arts."
Chautauqua Declaration
The Chautauqua Declaration is an annual declaration made at the Chautauqua Institution supporting international efforts to bring human rights violators to justice. The first declaration occurred following a meeting of current and former international chief prosecutors of international criminal tribunals and special courts in 2007. The declaration marked the 100th anniversary of the Hague Convention of 1907 and included prosecutors from the Nuremberg trials through to the International Criminal Court. In August 2017, the Tenth Chautauqua Declaration was made, signed by prosecutors from the International Criminal Court, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Khmer Rouge Tribunal.
The Chautauqua movement
In the late 19th century, following the model of the Chautauqua Institution, the Chautauqua movement spread throughout the United States and was highly popular until the start of World War II. By the mid-1920s, when circuit Chautauquas were at their peak, they appeared in over 10,000 communities to audiences of more than 45 million. The movement combined several concepts prevalent in the post-civil war US, including:
The Lyceum movement which attempted to raise the level of public education with lectures, readings, and entertainment with goals of lifelong learning and self-improvement.
Camp meetings and revivals which used outdoor gatherings
Sunday School for the purpose of religious education.
The ideals of the Chautauqua Institution spread throughout the United States through many Independent Chautauqua assemblies. Popping up were a series of traveling Chautauqua meetings, which incorporated many of the program's components, including lectures, music, nondenominational religious studies, and a focus on current issues. Several Independent Chautauquas have survived into the 21st century.
The Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle (CLSC), founded in 1878 by Vincent, is one of America's oldest continuously operating book clubs. It was founded to promote self-learning and study, particularly among those unable to attend institutions of higher learning. Six to nine books are added to the reading list each year, with authors generally coming to Chautauqua to discuss their writing and to talk with readers.
Famous visitors
The Chautauqua Institution has been visited by political figures, celebrities, artists, musicians, scientists, and writers.
Since its founding in 1874, the Institution has been visited by four sitting United States presidents including Ulysses S. Grant (1875), Theodore Roosevelt (1905), Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1936), and Bill Clinton (1996). It was at the Chautauqua Institution Amphitheater that Franklin Delano Roosevelt addressed a crowd of more than 12,000 with his historic “I hate war” speech in 1936. Future President Garfield visited in 1880 and future President McKinley visited Chautauqua Institution when he was the governor of Ohio in 1895.
The Institution has been visited by other historically notable figures including William James, Booker T. Washington, Susan B. Anthony, Robert H. Jackson, Amelia Earhart, Thurgood Marshall and Eric Foner. Celebrities from the performing arts who performed at Chautauqua include John Philip Sousa, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, Lucille Ball, and Johnny Mathis; and contemporary artists such as Rhiannon Giddens, Leann Rimes, Jimmie Johnson, Toby Keith, Harry Connick Jr., Ben Folds, Clay Aiken, and Salman Rushdie, who was infamously attacked and stabbed several times by an Islamic extremist at the Institution during a lecture.
Security at the Chautauqua Institution
Questions were raised about Chautauqua Institution after the stabbing of Salman Rushdie, although a state trooper and a sheriff's officer were present at the event. Michael Hill, president of the Chautauqua Institution, stated that the Institution had ensured that law enforcement officers were present for the event. He described the assault on Rushdie as "unlike anything in [the institution's] nearly 150-year history". However, one eyewitness claimed that there was no security onstage. One attendee noted that while food and drinks was prevented from being brought into the event, there was no screening for weapons.
It was alleged that the leadership of the Chautauqua Institution disregarded recommendations for security precautions because they felt it would alienate the audience from the speakers. Following the attack, the Chautauqua Institution announced it would require guests to furnish photo IDs to get a Sunday gate pass, which previously could be secured anonymously on Sundays, when there is no fee for entry. Carried bags larger than a wristlet will also be banned in the amphitheater.
See also
Chapel of the Good Shepherd (Chautauqua, New York)
List of contemporary amphitheatres
Revington Arthur
References
External links
Chautauqua: An American Narrative, 2011 PBS documentary on the institution
Chautauqua Institute Collection Finding Aid at the St. Louis Public Library
National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
21st-century Chautauquas
1874 establishments in New York (state)
Resorts in New York (state)
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Tourist attractions in Chautauqua County, New York
Historic districts in Chautauqua County, New York
Performing arts centers in New York (state)
Organizations established in 1874
National Register of Historic Places in Chautauqua County, New York
501(c)(3) organizations
National Historic Landmark Districts |
21212181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktapodi | Oktapodi | Oktapodi is a 2007 French computer-animated short film that originated as a Graduate Student Project from Gobelins L'Ecole de L'Image. The film is about a pair of love struck octopuses who through a series of comical events are separated and must find each other. Oktapodi was directed by Julien Bocabeille, François-Xavier Chanioux, Olivier Delabarre, Thierry Marchand, Quentin Marmier, and Emud Mokhberi. Music was composed by Kenny Wood.
Oktapodi was well received, winning a number of awards, as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Short Film (Animated) for the 81st Academy Awards. It was also included in the Animation Show of Shows.
Plot
Two octopuses fight for their lives with a stubborn restaurant cook in a comical escape through the streets of a seaside town in Greece.
Awards and nominations
Legacy
The Academy Film Archive preserved the film under the ACME Filmworks collection.
See also
Le Building - a 2005 animated short film, also directed by students at Gobelins
References
External links
Official Homepage
2007 comedy films
2007 films
Computer-animated short films
French animated short films
2000s French-language films
Student films
2007 computer-animated films
2007 short films
French comedy short films
Films about cephalopods
2000s French films |
46524236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psorosticha%20melanocrepida | Psorosticha melanocrepida | Psorosticha melanocrepida is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Clarke in 1962. It is found in Japan (Kyushu).
The wingspan is 16–18 mm. The forewings are clay colour, with the base, a spot at the mid-costa and an oblique bar from the costa slightly before the apex all blackish-fuscous. There is an ill-defined oblique, blackish-fuscous streak in the cell, at about the middle of the wing with a spot of raised scales at the outer end. There is a series of minute blackish-fuscous spots arranged in an outwardly curved arc at the basal third and a series of four or five small blackish-fuscous spots around the termen. The remainder of the forewings is marked with scattered blackish-fuscous scales. The hindwings are greyish, basally shading to fuscous at the margins.
The larvae feed on Citrus unshiu.
References
Moths described in 1962
Psorosticha |
57548739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Prene | John Prene | John Prene was an Irish Archbishop.
He was Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin from 1401 until 1428; Archdeacon of Armagh from 1431 to 1439 and Archbishop of Armagh from 1439 until his death on 13 June 1443. His appointment as Dean of St Patrick's by the Pope was in breach of his agreement with the English Crown that only the Cathedral Chapter would elect the Dean, but King Henry IV of England, after reasserting the Chapter's right of election, subsequently confirmed Prene's appointment and granted a pardon to those who had been involved in the unlawful appointment.
He may have been a nephew of John Prene, Archdeacon of Meath. He studied at the University of Oxford, and graduated with degrees in civil and canon law. He was attached to the court of the Archbishop of Armagh from 1425, and Archbishop Swayne sent him to Rome in 1428 to answer certain complaints against the Archbishop. He was Swayne's obvious successor: as Archbishop he is said to have been conscientious, but not very effective, in performing his duties.
References
Deans of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Ireland
Archdeacons of Armagh
1443 deaths
Archbishops of Armagh |
74949799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Axe%20Murders%20of%20Villisca | The Axe Murders of Villisca | The Axe Murders of Villisca is a 2016 American horror film directed by Tony E. Valenzuela, starring Robert Adamson, Jarrett Sleeper, Alex Frnka, Sean Whalen, Conchata Ferrell, Riley Bodenstab, Kellan Rhude and Jon Gries.
Cast
Robert Adamson as Caleb Hirsche
Jarrett Sleeper as Denny Shea
Alex Frnka as Jesse
Sean Whalen as Reverend Kelly
Conchata Ferrell as Mrs. Flanks
Riley Bodenstab as Connor
Kellan Rhude as Rob
Jon Gries as Greg
Madison Lawlor as Lena
Ava Kolker as Ina
Brett Rickaby as Caleb's father
Urs Inauen as Matt
Savannah Stehlin as Elsie Holloway
Sophia Linkletter as Priscilla Conolly
Joey Graceffa as Most Haunted Host
Rachel Winfree as Margaret
Bree Essrig as Paranormal Investigator
Elsie Fisher as Ina (voice)
Release
The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on 7 June 2016.
Reception
Noel Murray of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "never really comes to much, perhaps because its focus is too diffuse. The scares are low, and the plot under-baked."
Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Disjointed and confusing, the film fails to live up to the promise of its spooky setting."
Damond Fudge of KCCI called the film "jumbled mess that leaves a lot of unanswered questions".
References
External links
American horror films
2016 horror films |
381864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Gordon%20University | Robert Gordon University | Robert Gordon University, commonly called RGU (), is a public university in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. It became a university in 1992, and originated from an educational institution founded in the 18th century by Robert Gordon, a prosperous Aberdeen merchant, and various institutions which provided adult and technical education in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is one of two universities in the city, the other being the University of Aberdeen. RGU is a campus university and its single campus in Aberdeen is at Garthdee, in the south-west of the city.
The university awards degrees in a wide range of disciplines from BA/BSc to PhD, primarily in professional, technical, health and artistic disciplines and those most applicable to business and industry. A number of traditional academic degree programmes are also offered, such as in the social sciences. In addition, the university's academic and research staff produce research in a number of areas.
History
The university derives from Robert Gordon's Hospital, an institution set up in the mid-18th century to provide the poor with a basic education and reasonable start in life, and the various educational institutions which developed in Aberdeen to provide adults with technical, vocational and artistic training, mostly in the evenings and part-time. Following numerous mergers between these establishments, it became Robert Gordon's Technical College in 1910, then following further developments became Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology in 1965 and began to conduct increasing amounts of research and provide degree-level education. It became a university in 1992, and now mostly offering day classes to full-time students. Unlike some modern universities in the UK which were created following the government reforms of 1992, it has never been a polytechnic, which were never part of the Scottish education system.
Founding institutions
Robert Gordon was a Scottish merchant, who had grown up in Aberdeen and graduated from Marischal College. Following a successful career, mostly in Danzig where he amassed a fortune, he retired to Aberdeen around 1720. In the last decade of his life, he prepared plans for a Hospital similar to that founded in Edinburgh by George Heriot. The purpose of Robert Gordon's Hospital was "the Maintenance, Aliment, Entertainment and Education of young boys whose parents are poor and indigent... and to put them to Trades and Employment". Gordon died in 1731, and left his entire fortune to the project. However, it took nearly two decades for buildings to be completed, with the first boys admitted in 1750. The aim was not a sophisticated education, but to provide the poor with a reasonable start in life. Boys were taken in between 8 and 11 years old and received food, accommodation and a basic education including English, Latin, writing and arithmetic. They left the Hospital between 14 and 16 years old as an apprentice in a trade or to a merchant. The Hospital expanded through the 18th and 19th centuries.
Meanwhile, in the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution led to a greater need for scientific and technical education for working-class adults, with "Mechanic's Institutes" spreading through Scotland, patterned on that founded by George Birkbeck at Glasgow (he would later found Birkbeck College, the University of London's night school). The Aberdeen Mechanic's Institution opened in 1824 providing evening classes in subjects such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, book-keeping, maritime navigation and art. By 1855 it was receiving government funding as the School of Science and Art, with a Technical School founded two years later.
Child and adult education combined: Robert Gordon's College (1881)
Government education reforms in the 1870s saw the "Hospital" system fall out of favour and encouraged mergers with other educational establishments. As part of these reforms, the Aberdeen Mechanic's Institute and Technical School merged with Robert Gordon's Hospital in 1881. The resulting institution was known as Robert Gordon's College. It provided an education for boys but as a day school only, and evening (and later day) classes for adults (male and female) in science, technology, commerce and general subjects. Art classes offered by the Mechanic's Institution were transferred to a new, independent School of Art close by, paid for by local businessman John Gray and opened in 1885.
Splitting child from adult: Robert Gordon's Technical College (1910 on)
By the end of the 19th century, Robert Gordon's College was a major provider of technical education, receiving large government grants. Following further reforms, in 1903 the adult education part of the college was designated a Central Institution along with Gray's School of Art (which had become a Central Institution two years earlier), allowing the adult education activities to develop independently rather than under the control of the local School Board. However, even this was not sufficient to meet demand for technical education, and dedicated Technical Colleges were being set up in other Scottish cities. As a result, in 1910 adult education activities were split from the school and became Robert Gordon's Technical College. Also merged into the new Technical College was the city's School of Domestic Economy which provided classes in domestic science. The day school for boys continued as Robert Gordon's College, and the two institutions shared a campus, buildings and until 1981, a Board of Governors and administrative staff.
During the 1920s, the first Ordinary and Higher Certificates and Diplomas were awarded, and by the 1930s Robert Gordon's Technical College was made up of Schools of Engineering, Chemistry, Maths & Physics, Pharmacy, Art (including architecture), Domestic Science, and Navigation. Around this time the first students began to be prepared for external degree examinations – for the University of Aberdeen's BSc in engineering. A system of student governance also developed, with a Student Representative Council formed in 1931. In the closing years of World War II, candidates started to be prepared to sit exams for external degrees of the University of London, in subjects such as Chemistry and Engineering, but only via part-time and/or evening classes. After 1945, to aid with settling large numbers of returning soldiers into a career, the Government backed a Business Training Scheme which allowed the Technical College to introduce courses in Business Administration.
Technical College to Institute (1965) to University (1992)
In 1955, the Technical College received a large gift of land. Local Architect, property developer and entrepreneur Tom Scott Sutherland, purchased the Victorian manor and estate of Garthdee House in 1953 on the outskirts of the city. Finding himself and his wife living out of only four rooms in the enormous mansion, he donated it and the estate in 1955 for a new school of architecture. These classes had taken place at Gray's School of Art, but had been expanding in the 1940s and 1950s and much more space was needed. Following completion of a modern extension to the house, the new Scott Sutherland School of Architecture opened in 1957. In 1966, Gray's School of Art also moved to a large new building on this estate, freeing its Schoolhill building for administrative use. By 2013, all activities had transferred to Garthdee, with the addition of land immediately adjacent purchased from Aberdeen City Council in the 1990s.
The 1963 Robbins Report on the future of UK higher education recommended major expansion, which led to the renaming of the institution to Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology to suggest its increasing role in higher education rather than further education. As well as new "plate-glass" universities, reforms following the report created the polytechnics in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It also created the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA) to allow non-university institutions (like the polytechnics and Scottish central institutions) to run programmes that graduated students with CNAA degrees. The institute's first CNAA degree programmes began in pharmacy in 1967, then in engineering, chemistry and physics in 1969, and expanded at undergraduate and postgraduate level to all disciplines. Around this time, the government also began to transfer non-degree teaching (e.g. certificate courses in navigation) to local-authority colleges.
During the 1960s, an academic committee structure was set up, headed from 1969 by an Academic Council. During the 1970s, these committees underwent expansion and reform to improve participation by academic staff in decision-making. For the first time, a faculty structure was introduced, with Faculties of Art & Architecture, Engineering, Arts, and Sciences, led by deans. A department dedicated to providing computer services to the institute was also established in 1974, and the first professorships were introduced in 1975. In 1981, the separation of the Board of Governors and administration staff from Robert Gordon's College was completed, although the school and Institute continued to share some buildings. Beginning in the 1970s, the institute also began to provide extensive consultancy and training for the North Sea oil industry, particularly in engineering and offshore safety and survival.
The Robert Gordon University (1992 to present)
Following the reforms of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, the institute was awarded university status as The Robert Gordon University on 12 June 1992. The new university inherited numerous small campuses, and during the late 1990s and 2000s embarked on large building projects to consolidate teaching at its City Centre and Garthdee campuses, assisted by a large purchase of land at Garthdee from Aberdeen City Council in the mid-1990s. As new Garthee facilities were completed, the majority of these previous campuses were sold as land for housing development (such as at Kepplestone and King Street), while City Centre facilities that were no longer required were often sold to Robert Gordon's College, with the sale proceeds paying for the expansion and new construction at Garthdee. In the 1990s and 2000s student numbers also increased considerably, requiring new and larger facilities. A merger with the University of Aberdeen was discussed in 2002, but was rejected in favour of remaining separate but working in closer collaboration.
By 2000, the university had consolidated to two campuses, at Garthdee and a city centre campus at Schoolhill and St. Andrew Street in central Aberdeen. However, it had been planned since the early 1990s to eventually move all facilities to a single campus at Garthdee and additional land was purchased to enable buildings to be constructed to house academic departments which had been at the city centre campus. The first phase was completed in summer 2013 with the opening of the Sir Ian Wood building (formally opened in July 2015). The only remaining building at the City-Centre campus is the Administration Building on Schoolhill.
Controversies
Donald Trump honorary degree
In 2010, RGU gained international attention for awarding an honorary degree to controversial American businessman Donald Trump. This was featured in the 2012 documentary film You've Been Trumped which documented the progress of the construction of Trump's golf course near Aberdeen from the point of view of local residents. In the film Dr David Kennedy, former Principal of the university, is shown handing back his own honorary degree in protest at the university's action in awarding the degree to Trump.
In December 2015 the university's then Principal, Professor Ferdinand von Prondzynski, announced he was reviewing the honorary degree and expressed his alarm at statements made by Donald Trump. Then on 9 December 2015 the honorary degree was revoked. RGU publicly stated: "In the course of the current US election campaign (2016), Mr Trump has made a number of statements that are wholly incompatible with the ethos and values of the university. The university has therefore decided to revoke its award of the honorary degree". The revoking of Donald Trump's honorary doctorate came in excess of 4 years after the businessman accused the then-incumbent US President Barack Obama of illegitimacy on the basis of unsubstantiated accusations that Obama was born in Kenya and therefore not a US citizen.
Vice Principal appointment
In May 2018 an internal probe was launched after an anonymous whistleblower noted that RGU's newly appointed Vice-Principal for Commercial and Regional Innovation, Gordon McConnell, was co-director with Principal Ferdinand von Prondzynski in Knockdrin Estates Limited, a non-trading micro-company holding von Prondzynski's family castle and estate. Published on 4 July 2018, the investigation found that McConnell "did not declare in his declaration of interest form (completed in September 2017, following his appointment) that he was a director of Knockdrin Estates Limited" as well as revealing that this form was co-signed by von Prondzynski as his line manager. The inquiry found that whilst the Principal failed to declare this link at the time of Gordon McConnell's appointment, it also expressed the view of the board that he did not deliberately conceal any information.
The finding led to a letter of resignation from another of the three Vice-Principals, Paul Hagan, who condemned RGU for failing to punish the pair, stating that this damaged the institution. Hagan later withdrew his resignation in response to Prondzynski's departure.
On 9 August 2018, von Prondzynski announced that he would voluntarily step down from his post on 31 August. In the same press release, RGU announced that Deputy Principal John Harper had already been appointed to succeed Prondzynski.
Campus
RGU operates a single campus in Aberdeen, in the south-western suburbs at Garthdee. As of August 2017 all academic and administrative departments are located at Garthdee.
Garthdee campus
The Garthdee campus is the university's main campus, where all academic departments are located and teaching and research takes place.
The Garthdee campus is situated in the south-west of the city. For much of its history it was a greenfield site, with parts used as the gardens and estate of the Victorian manor of Garthdee House, farmland, and open meadows. The first university buildings were in use from the 1950s.
The Garthdee campus has seen major investment in recent years, with numerous new buildings constructed since the late 1990s which include a "University Street", part of Norman Foster's design concept for the modern campus.
The campus extends to , although some of this is currently landscaped parkland, undeveloped, or under construction. In addition, the university owns a further of land to the west (primarily woodland) and at Waterside Farm on the opposite bank of the River Dee.
The main buildings of the campus are:
Sir Ian Wood building (formerly Riverside East) - Houses the University Library and departments of pharmacy, life sciences, computing, architecture and engineering. The building was renamed at its official opening in July 2015 by the Princess Royal.
Aberdeen Business School building, which houses the departments of Accounting & Finance, Communication & Media, Information Management, Law, and Management, and a large Study Centre which occupies the former library space.
Faculty of Health and Social Care building houses the Schools of Applied Social Studies, Nursing & Midwifery, and Health Sciences. The building also acts as a hub for student services, with the university's student helpdesk, careers service, disability and dyslexia service, accommodation office and counselling service located in facilities off the main atrium
The RGU SPORT building is a campus sports and fitness centre, designed by architectural firm Thomson Craig & Donald and opened in 2005 at a cost of £10.7 million, including support from organisations such as sportscotland. It provides extensive facilities for sport, exercise and physical training, including several gyms with facilities for cardiovascular and resistance training, a 25-metre swimming pool, climbing wall, studios for group exercise classes, and a large sports hall for a wide range of indoor sports. The RGU SPORT Building also includes Union Way, the home of the RGU:Union offices, Deeview Student Store and social area.
The International College (ICRGU) building is a modular pre-fabricated two-storey building situated at the rear of RGU SPORT. It was constructed in 2011 to provide additional teaching space for the "International College at RGU" (ICRGU).
The Gray's School of Art building opened in 1966 to allow the art school to expand from its Victorian building next to the Aberdeen Art Gallery in the city centre used as the university's Administration Building before moving to Garthdee, and also considered as an extension to The Art Gallery until its eventual use as part of Robert Gordon's College.
Garthdee House is the location of the Principal's Office. It is a Victorian manor house which formed the core of the Garthdee estate, which with later purchases of adjacent land became today's campus. The Scott Sutherland School of Architecture was the sole user of Garthdee House until 2013, when the Principal's Office also moved into the building.
City centre facilities
Until recently the university continued to operate one non-academic facility in the city-centre. The building at Schoolhill is situated next to the Aberdeen Art Gallery and Robert Gordon's College, a private school which is no longer affiliated to the university but shares a common heritage and motto. The Administration Building is listed as an architecturally significant building, constructed in the Victorian period of carved and ornamented granite, typical of Aberdeen's famous Granite City architecture. In August 2017 all non-academic staff completed the move to the main campus at Garthdee.
Also located there was the old city centre campus. Many of these buildings were sold over the years to Robert Gordon's College for school use, while others have been sold for redevelopment. In July 2014, the St. Andrew Street building (which had been replaced by the Sir Ian Wood building at the Garthdee campus) was sold to the Canadian hotel Sandman Hotels group to be converted to a four-star hotel. The 12,000 square metre building was constructed around 1908 and had served as the Aberdeen College of Education until purchased in 1968; the university claimed it to be the third-largest granite building in Europe, after the Spanish Escorial palace near Madrid, and Marischal College. The university plans to retain the historic Administration Building for the foreseeable future.
Administration building
The former Administration Building has a frontage directly onto the public street of Schoolhill and was completed in 1885. It is a significantly larger building than the street frontage suggests. On completion, it housed Gray's School of Art and was designed by the prominent Aberdeen architect Alexander Marshall Mackenzie, who designed many of the city's grand granite buildings in the 19th century. The building is constructed of grey and pink Corrennie granite ashlar with Corinthian columns and was designed to match the Aberdeen Art Gallery adjacent to it, and like these buildings, it is Category A listed by Historic Scotland.
As the School of Art grew in size, the building was extended in 1896 and again between 1928 and 1931. However, it eventually became too small and when Gray's School of Art moved to a new modernist building at Garthdee in the 1960s (see above), the building was converted for administrative use. From then until 2013 it housed the Principal's office, which moved to Garthdee House at the Garthdee campus, followed by the administrative staff in 2017.
In 2019, the Administration building was redeveloped in partnership with Opportunity North East and Codebase, to become a "digital entrepreneurship hub" in the city centre. Robert Gordon University will retain an area of the building to host events and activities offering staff, students and alumni training and funding to develop business ideas. The facility includes co-working space, offices, and event areas for university start-up teams and businesses working with ONE Codebase.
Organisation and governance
Academic faculties
Academic activities at the university are divided into 11 schools. Each school is led by a head of school and is sub-divided into departments. There are also numerous administrative departments which support the university's activities. All academic Schools and Departments are based at the main Garthdee campus.
Aberdeen Business School
School of Applied Social Studies
School of Computing
School of Creative and Cultural Business
School of Engineering
Gray's School of Art
School of Health Sciences
The Law School
School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedic Practice
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
The Scott Sutherland School of Architecture & Built Environment
Governance
Under the terms of the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992 and The Robert Gordon University (Scotland) Order of Council 1993, the university's governing body comprises a Board of Governors, consisting of 23 governors appointed to exercise the functions of management and control. The official head of the university is the Chancellor, although in practice he or she acts mainly in a ceremonial or symbolic role. At an operational level, most of the day-to-day management and control of the institution is delegated to the Principal and Vice Chancellor (commonly known simply as the Principal). The Board of Governors also delegates functions relating to the overall planning, co-ordination, development and supervision of academic affairs to the university's Academic Council. Both the Board of Governors and the Academic Council are supported by a wide range of committees.
Chancellors
Sir Bob Reid (1992–2005)
Sir Ian Wood KT (2005–2021)
Dame Evelyn Glennie CH (2021–present)
At Scottish universities, the Principal of the university is its general chief executive and is the administrative head of the institution, second in precedence only to the Chancellor. This means that the day-to-day running and leadership of the university is the responsibility of the Principal.
Principal and Vice-Chancellors
David A. Kennedy (1992–1997)
William Stevely CBE (1997–2005)
R. Michael Pittilo MBE (2005–2010)
John Harper (acting) (2010–2011)
Ferdinand von Prondzynski (2011–2018)
John Harper (2018–2020)
Steve Olivier (2020–present)
Academic profile
Reputation and rankings
In the subject league tables from The Guardian, it was first in Scotland for four subjects in 2017 (Health Professions; Journalism; Architecture; and Pharmacy), while securing three subjects in the UK top 10.
The Sunday Times awarded RGU the title of Best Modern University in the UK for 2012 in its University Guide 2012. The title had previously been won by Oxford Brookes University for each of the preceding ten years. RGU received the 2012 award partly due to ratings of the quality of teaching and research, but also due to its employment record which was judged the best of any UK university. RGU was also named as Best Modern University in the UK in The Times Good University Guide 2013.
In 2017, RGU received the TEF Gold Framework of Excellence in teaching.
Graduate employment
At one time, the Robert Gordon University had the highest rate among the UK universities of graduates in employment or postgraduate study six months after graduation. In 2015, HESA announced that 97.2% of RGU graduates were in work or further education within six months of graduating. Specialised institutions such as Royal College of Music, Institute of Education and Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance scored higher than Robert Gordon University.
Symbols and identity
The university's logo and corporate identity make frequent use of the colour purple and the "Gordon" font, all of which appear extensively on campus signage, printed material and online. The current logo was unveiled in February 2013. From 2009 to 2013, the logo consisted of a roundel derived from the university's coat of arms.
Most universities in the UK are designated by order of the Privy Council; unusually for a university named after an individual, according to Robert Gordon University (Scotland) Order of Council 1993 the official name of the university includes the prefix "The" (as with The George Washington University, The Ohio State University and The College of William & Mary). However, current university branding typically leaves it out although it is still used for graduation.
Coat of Arms
The coat of arms derives from the one issued by the Lord Lyon King of Arms (the state official responsible for heraldry in Scotland) to Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology in 1982, which in turn derives from that first used in 1881 by the governors of Robert Gordon's Hospital when it became Robert Gordon's College. The arms consist of a shield only and are used infrequently, usually at formal occasions such as graduation, and can also be seen over the main entrance to the university's Administration Building at Schoolhill and various academic buildings at the main campus at Garthdee. The shield also formed the previous logo which still features on some older signage.
On the left side of the arms, the three boars on a blue background edged in gold are taken from the arms of the Gordon family, while on the right the castle on a red background is taken from the arms of the City of Aberdeen. This symbol of the city is shared with the arms of the University of Aberdeen. A black wavy band divides the two sides, and features heraldic symbols in gold representing technology (a mechanical cog), learning (a flaming torch) and commerce (a gold coin).
Motto
The university's motto is Omni Nunc Arte Magistra, which translates literally from Latin as "Now by all your mastered arts...", as if to suggest making use in everyday life of knowledge and skills gained. It is sometimes translated as "Make the best of all your abilities", although this is a somewhat more liberal rendering of the Latin. It comes from Virgil's Aeneid, Book VIII, line 441, as the god Vulcan encourages his workers at the forge. It shares this motto with Robert Gordon's College, who use it more frequently. Unlike some universities, the motto is not seen frequently, although it has appeared in graduation materials and is engraved on the shaft of the university's ceremonial mace.
Ceremonial mace
A ceremonial mace is used at many universities as a symbol of authority and independence. The RGU mace appears mainly at graduation ceremonies, where it is placed prominently on the stage in front of the Chancellor and Principal and in full view of the audience. It may also be seen occasionally at other important university events. The mace is a modern design in silver and black, designed and crafted in 1993 by Gordon Burnett (a member of staff at the university's Gray's School of Art), and paid for by Aberdeen City Council as a gift to the new university. It was presented to the university at a ceremony on 26 June that year during which the first chancellor of the university, Bob Reid, was installed. The mace is primarily jet-black, with wavy fins edged in silver that run vertically down the full length of the mace's head (reflecting the wavy black band in the university's coat of arms). The coat of arms of the university is inset into the head of the mace, along with golden symbols taken from it - the castle representing the city of Aberdeen, flaming torch, coin, and mechanical cog. The shaft of the mace is inlaid in gold with the university's motto, Omni Nunc Arte Magistra.
Tartan
Like most Scottish universities, RGU has its own tartan; it mirrors the university's official colours of Royal Blue, Red and Gold which appear on the coat of arms (although the purple brand is now the recognised face of the university). The tartan was designed by Michael King in 1997. Some students on their graduation day choose to wear a tartan kilt.
Student life
In 2015/16 there were 16,878 students enrolled of whom 63% were undergraduates and 35% were postgraduates with 2% in postgraduate research.
As well as full-time and part-time on-campus study, the university provides a range of distance learning facilities over the internet via its virtual learning environment, CampusMoodle.
Student Association
The first Student Representative Council was organised at Robert Gordon's Technical College in 1931, with activities such as sports clubs and societies following in the 1940s. A Student Union building opening in 1952 at Rubislaw Terrace in the city's West End. In 1969, the shop and bakery next to Gray's School of Art (now the Administration Building) on Schoolhill came on the market and were purchased by Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology. The Student Union building opened there in 1974 and remained until its closure in July 2014 as the campus relocated to Garthdee. RGU:Union is now located on Union Way inside the RGU SPORT building.
The students' union represents the views of the student community, and works to improve the student experience at the university. RGU:Union is run by an executive board of students who are elected in March each year. The Union has a team of full-time sabbatical Presidents, and part-time Vice Presidents. RGU:Union also operates a system of student representatives, student school officers, equality champions and more who work in partnership with the university to ensure quality teaching and learning.
RGU:Union also provides a range of extra-curricular opportunities. As of 2018, the union has over 41 affiliated societies, ranging from course based academic societies to hobby and interest based groups. The Union also runs a number of volunteering projects and activities. RGU's Raising and Giving group host various fundraising events to donate money and time to charity.
RGU:Union seeks to provide support and advice to students. Along with running an advice service, the Union also launched a student Nightline in February 2014 to provide a confidential student helpline from 8pm to 8am. Students run a number of campaigns to support student welfare including liberation weeks, sexual health campaigns and in September 2015, a Safe Taxi Scheme as an emergency provision to help students get home safely.
Student media
RGU:Union operates a student media program with RGU:Radio, RGU:TV and Radar Magazine. The student radio station, called RGU:Radio broadcasts live from a studio on campus, running a number of shows from music to current affairs. Broadcasts are streamed and regular podcasts are posted online.
RGU:TV produces regular videos about campus events, topical issues and student life and distributed them online through a YouTube channel.
Radar Magazine is a full-colour printed publication which is published three or four times each year. It features articles written by students covering campus events, student life, music, news, reviews, entertainment, fashion, sport and more. The magazine also has an online website where articles are posted regularly by students.
Accommodation
The university's Accommodation Services department arranges for students to be placed in one of nine halls of residence across the city.
By far the largest of the halls of residence are the Woolmanhill Flats at St. Andrew Street. The Woolmanhill flats have over 700 one-person bedrooms, arranged in self-catering flats of up to eight. The Woolmanhill Flats development was constructed in stages in the late 1980s and early 1990s by the university working in collaboration with a private developer. The newest hall of residence is the Crathie Student Village on Holburn Street, and houses approximately 100 students.
Other halls of residence include two buildings on the Garthdee Campus; the Square Tower and the Round Tower. These distinctive pink buildings were constructed in the early 1990s and inspired by traditional Scottish tower houses. They have received architectural acclaim by critics and are included in Prospect magazine's list of the 100 best Scottish modern buildings. When the list was published in 2005, the Round and Square Towers were the only buildings in Aberdeen to be included. A number of other halls of residence across the city are used, some operated in-house by RGU and others by private companies. These include Rosemount Halls, St. Peter's Halls and Linksfield Halls which were constructed by the University of Aberdeen and then privatised in the early 2000s. Students also have access to the private halls of residence in Aberdeen which are operated on a commercial basis by specialist companies, such as those owned and operated by the Unite Group.
Sports
RGU SPORT at the Garthdee campus provides a wide range of sport and fitness facilities to the university community as well as to the general public. Facilities include a 25m pool, various gyms with extensive facilities for cardiovascular training and resistance training (including free weights), a large sports hall (also used for exams), climbing wall, numerous fitness classes, physiotherapy, podiatry and sports massage. Students, staff and graduates of the university receive a discount on use of these facilities.
There are over 32 campus sports clubs run by RGU:Union, and the university competes in Scottish Student Sport (SSS) and British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) competitions.
Swimmer Hannah Miley studied at RGU until 2013 and appeared in publicity for the university. A sport scholar program provides support for the athletic and academic careers of developing and elite athletes, including coaching, access to training facilities and financial assistance, as well as flexibility in fitting training around the academic timetable.
The Robert Gordon University Boat Club contests the annual Aberdeen Universities Boat Race each Spring against the University of Aberdeen. RGU were victorious in 2012 2013, 2014, 2015. and 2016.
The two universities also compete annually in the Granite City Challenge which sees teams across a range of sports compete to be the best in the city.
Notable alumni
Gordon Duthie (born 1987), musician, singer/songwriter
Ola Gorie, jewellery designer
Maxwell Hutchinson, architect and broadcaster, guitarist with Lene Lovich
Eilidh Middleton, equestrian competitor
Hannah Miley, swimmer and Olympian
Callum Innes, Turner Prize-nominated artist
Titi Horsfall, author
Alan J. Jamieson, marine biologist
International partners
The Robert Gordon University has 2 partner schools in Switzerland:
Business and Hotel Management School – Switzerland (BA Degree is a joint program between BHMS Switzerland and the Robert Gordon University)
BVS Business School (Bachelor of Business Administration Degree is a joint program between BVS Switzerland and the Robert Gordon University)
Notable honorary graduates
Leslie Benzies, Video Game Producer (Doctor of Design 2015)
Frank Chapman, Businessman (Doctor of Technology 2013)
Julie Fowlis, Scottish folk singer (Doctor of Music 2013)
Tony Hayward, Businessman in oil industry (Doctor of Technology 2013)
Sir Bill Gammell, Businessman (Doctor of Business Administration 2011)
Michael Clark, Dancer (Doctor of Art 2011)
Kevin Warwick, Scientist (Doctor of Technology 2011)
Sir Ranulph Fiennes, Adventurer (Doctor of Science 2010)
Barbara Dickson, Singer (Doctor of Music 2010)
Lord Alderdice, Politician (Doctor of Laws 2009)
Ben de Lisi, Fashion Designer (Doctor of Arts 2009)
Sir Andrew Motion, Poet (Doctor of Letters 2009)
Pamela Stephenson-Connolly, Clinical Psychologist (Doctor of Science 2009)
Nicky Campbell, Journalist and Broadcaster (Doctor of Letters 2008)
Lord Trimble, Politician (Doctor of Laws 2008)
Alan Johnston, Journalist (Doctor of Letters 2007)
Terry Waite, Humanitarian and Author (Doctor of Law 2007)
Gordon Brown, Politician (Doctor of Laws 2003)
Lord Norman Foster, Architect (Doctor of Design 2002)
Baroness Helena Kennedy, Barrister (Doctor of Laws 2002)
Baron Kinnock, Politician (Doctor of Laws 2002)
Stewart Milne, Businessman (Doctor of Business Administration 2000)
Paul Lawrie, Golfer (Doctor of Laws 1999)
Martin Bell, Journalist and Politician (Doctor of Letters 1998)
Sir Alex Ferguson, Football Manager (Doctor of Laws 1997)
Kate Adie, Journalist (Doctor of Letters 1996)
See also
Armorial of UK universities
List of universities in the United Kingdom
Universities in Scotland
References
External links
Robert Gordon University website
RGU Student Association
Educational institutions established in 1992
1992 establishments in Scotland
Universities UK |
68726221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoushavan%20Ter-Ghevondyan | Anoushavan Ter-Ghevondyan | Anoushavan Ter-Ghevondyan (Armenian: Անուշավան Գրիգորի Տեր-Ղևոնդյան; 8 March 1887 – 6 June 1961) was an Armenian composer, pedagogue, and sociocultural activist. His father was the photographer Grigor Ter-Ghevondyan; and his daughter, pianist Heghine Ter-Ghevondyan.
Early life
Anoushavan Ter-Ghevondyan received his general education and musical training in Tiflis (now Tbilisi). In 1915 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University, as well as the St. Petersburg Conservatory, where he studied with Anatoly Lyadov (harmony), Alexander Glazunov (composition), Vasily Kalafati (counterpoint), Jāzeps Vītols (analysis of form) and Maximilian Steinberg (orchestration).
In 1914, in partnership with Armenian composer and conductor Spiridon Melikyan, he undertook a scientific expedition to the Shirak Province, one of the musically most fertile regions. This trip resulted in the compilation of 252 folk melodies that were of great value and have been widely used by Armenian composers and musicologists ever since. Anoushavan Ter-Ghevondyan himself arranged some of them into a symphonic work named ″Շիրակի էտյուդները″ (Shirak Etudes) (1916).
Music
Among his works there are two operas, «Սեդա» (Seda) (1922) and «Արեգակի ցոլքերում» (In the Rays of the Sun) (1949); two ballets, «Հրո հարսը» (Bride of Fire) (1923) and «Անահիտ» (Anahit) (1940); a vocal-symphonic poem, «Վահագնի ծնունդը» (The Birth of Vahagn) (1923); a symphonic poem, «Ախթամար» (Akhtamar) (1923); choral works, romances, songs, and instrumental compositions. In his creations Ter-Ghevondyan displays an epic, as well as a lyrical strain. His scores display melodic originality, rhythmic ingenuity, and a colorful orchestration. He absorbs the Armenian folk flavor and the Russian classicism, combining them into a unique voice.
He has authored a booklet on Richard Wagner published in 1933 and two volumes on music theory in 1934.
Anoushavan Ter-Ghevondyan had a long-lasting pedagogical career. In 1917-1925 he taught at the Tiflis Conservatory; he was on the faculty and later was appointed rector of the Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan, 1926–1934; director of Baku Academy of Music, 1934–1938; head of the composition department of the Yerevan Conservatory, 1938–1959.
There is a school named after him in the Kanaker-Zeytun District of Yerevan.
Awards
People's Artist of the Armenian SSR in 1953
Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1956
References
Bibliography
Գիլինա, Եվգենյա. Անուշավան Տեր-Ղևոնդյան, Երևան, 1962.
Тигранов, Тигра́н. Армянский музыкальный театр.- т. 2, гл. 1.- Ереван, 1960, с. 7-28.
1887 births
1961 deaths
Armenian composers
Armenian musicologists
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
Academic staff of the Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan
Academic staff of the Baku Academy of Music
20th-century musicologists |
63052194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Kid%20Laroi%20discography | The Kid Laroi discography | The discography of Australian rapper and singer the Kid Laroi consists of one mixtape, one extended play (EP), 25 singles (including two as a featured artist), one promotional single, and 29 music videos. In 2018, Laroi independently released his first EP, 14 with a Dream, through SoundCloud and YouTube. He signed a joint deal with Grade A Productions and Columbia Records the next year before making his major label debut with the single "Let Her Go". Laroi built on the success of the song with other singles in early 2020, such as the US platinum-certified "Diva", which features Lil Tecca, and viral TikTok hit, "Addison Rae".
In June 2020, Laroi released a collaboration with Juice Wrld, "Go", which entered the top 40 in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. His debut mixtape, F*ck Love, dropped a month later. The project reached number one on the ARIA Albums Chart, making him the youngest Australian solo artist to reach the chart's summit. It also eventually peaked atop the Billboard 200 following multiple reissues of the mixtape. Six singles supported the project across its three instalments, including the chart-topping songs "Without You" and "Stay", the latter being a collaboration with Justin Bieber. "Without You" became Laroi's first number-one single in Australia after releasing a remix with Miley Cyrus, while "Stay" was his first chart leader on the Billboard Hot 100. He later released the singles "Thousand Miles" and "Love Again", which were also commercially successful in Australia, Canada, and the United States, among other countries.
Studio albums
Mixtapes
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted and certified songs
Guest appearances
Music videos
Notes
References
External links
The Kid Laroi at AllMusic
Discography
Discographies of Australian artists
Pop music discographies
Hip hop discographies |
65666966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20B.%20Shekatkar | D. B. Shekatkar | Lieutenant General D. B. Shekatkar PVSM, AVSM, VSM is a retired Indian army officer. He was commissioned on 30 June 1963 into the Maratha Light Infantry. He is currently the chancellor of Sikkim Central University.
Role in Kashmir
General Shekatkar was instrumental in the surrender of 1267 terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir who had been trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Post surrender the militants returned to normal life.
The largest number of surrenders in a day also took place under Shekatkar's command in 1995 when he was a major general — 95 militants surrendered in Aragam and Malanam in Baramulla district on 1 October which was the largest surrender of militants in the valley till then. Majority of the militants were from Hizbul Mujaheddin.
Served as Commandant of Infantry School.
Shekatkar Committee was formed by centre under ministry of defence to suggest steps for enhancing combat capability of the armed forces.some of the recommendations are
1.closure of military farms and army postal establishments in peace locations
2.more recruitment of clerical staff and drivers in the army
3.to improve efficiency of the National cadet corps
References
Living people
Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Year of birth missing (living people)
National Defence Academy (India) alumni
Indian Military Academy alumni
Sikkim University |
29995625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Frankfort | Lewis Frankfort | Lewis "Lew" Frankfort is the chairman and former CEO of Coach, Inc.
Early life and career
Frankfort was born in The Bronx, and holds a B.A. from Hunter College and an M.B.A. from Columbia Business School. Frankfort joined Coach in 1979 as the Vice President of New Business Development. In this capacity, he spearheaded the development of Coach stores and its introduction into international markets. When Coach was acquired in 1985 by Sara Lee Corporation, Frankfort was appointed president of Coach. In 1995, he was appointed chairman and CEO. In 2014, Lewis Frankfort was succeeded by Victor Luis as CEO of Coach.
References
Columbia Business School alumni
Hunter College alumni
Living people
Businesspeople from the Bronx
American chief executives of fashion industry companies
Year of birth missing (living people) |
6114944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism%20in%20Syria | Terrorism in Syria | Terrorism in Syria has a long history dating from the state-terrorism deployed by the Ba'athist government since its seizure of power through a violent coup in 1963. The Ba'athist government have since deployed various types of state terrorism; such as ethnic cleansing, forced deportations, massacres, summary executions, mass rapes and other forms of violence to maintain its totalitarian rule in Syria. The most extensive use of state terrorism in the 20th century was during 1970s and 1980s, when Islamic uprisings across Syria where crushed through bloody campaigns of intense repression, culminating in the Hama massacre which killed around 40,000 civilians.
At the turn of twentieth century, the state deployed extensive violence against civilians, such as the case of 2004 Qamishli massacre. When Arab Spring spread to Syria in 2011, the Ba'athist security apparatus launched a brutal crackdown against peaceful protestors calling for freedom and dignity, which killed thousands of civilians and deteriorated the crisis into a full-scale civil war. Taking advantage of the situation, transnational Jihadist groups like Islamic State and al-Nusra began to emerge in Syria as the war escalated, some of which emulated the deadly terrorist tactics of the Assad regime.
After over a decade of war, the country has been devastated, with over 600,000 deaths and millions have been displaced, sparking the largest refugee crisis in the world. Syrian military and Ba'athist security forces have systematically unleashed scorched earth tactics on populations it deemed hostile; receiving international condemnation. These include hundreds of chemical attacks, massacres, torture, mass rapes, ethnic cleansing, forced disappearances and various other acts of state terror under orders from the highest echelons of the Ba'athist regime.
History
Under Hafez al-Assad
Islamist uprising
From 1976 to 1982, Sunni Islamists fought the secular Ba'ath Party-controlled government of Syria in what has been labelled by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath party as a "long campaign of terror".
The Muslim Brotherhood was blamed for the terror by the government, although the insurgents used names such as Kata'ib Muhammad (Phalanges of Muhammad, begun in Hama in 1965 Marwan Hadid) to refer to their organization.
Following Syrian occupation of Lebanon in 1976 a number of prominent Syrian officers and government servants, as well as "professional men, doctors, teachers," were assassinated. Most of the victims were Alawis, "which suggested that the assassins had targeted the community" but "no one could be sure who was behind" the killings.
Among the better-known victims were:
the commander of the Hama garrison, Colonel Ali Haydar, killed in October 1976
the rector of Damascus University, Dr. Muhammad al-Fadl, killed in February 1977
the commander of the missile corps, Brigadier 'Abd al Hamid Ruzzug, killed in June 1977
the doyen of Syrian dentists, Dr Ibrahim Na'ama, killed in March 1978
the director of police affairs at the Ministry of the Interior, Colonel Ahmad Khalil, killed in August 1978
Public Prosecutor 'Adil Mini of the Supreme State Security Court, killed in April 1979.
President Hafez Assad's own doctor, the neurologist Dr. Muhammad Shahada Khalil, who was killed in August 1979.
These assassinations led up to the 17 June 1979 slaughter of cadets at the Aleppo Artillery School. On that day a member of school staff, Captain Ibrahim Yusuf, assembled the cadets in the dining-hall and then let in the gunmen who opened fire on the cadets. According to the official report 32 young men were killed. Unofficial sources say the "death toll was as high as 83." This attack was the work of Tali'a muqatila, or Fighting Vanguard, a Sunni Islamist guerrilla group and spinoff of the Muslim Brotherhood. `Adnan `Uqla, who later became the group's leader, helped plan the massacre.
On 26 June 1980, the president of Syria, Hafez al-Assad, "narrowly escaped death" when attackers threw two grenades and fired machine gun bursts at him as he waited at a diplomatic function in Damascus.
While the involvement of the Syrian government "was not proved" in these killings, it "was widely suspected."
The insurgency is generally considered to have been crushed by the bloody Hama massacre of 1982, in which thousands were killed, "the vast majority innocent civilians".
Perpetrators
According to some sources, such as Syrian president Hafez al-Assad and journalist Robert Dreyfuss, the Muslim Brotherhood insurgents in Syria were aided by the Jordanian government in cooperation with Lebanese Phalangists, South Lebanon Army, and the right-wing Israeli government of Menachem Begin, who allegedly supported, funded and armed the Muslim Brotherhood in an effort to overthrow the government of President Assad.
We are not just dealing with killers inside Syria, but with those who masterminded their plans. The plot thickened after Sadat's visit to Jerusalem and many foreign intelligence services became involved. Those who took part in Camp David used the Muslim Brothers against us.
The South Lebanese Army allegedly set up camps to help train the Muslim Brotherhood insurgents. Both Israel and Syria had troops in Lebanon and clashed over domination of that country. Syria's Arab nationalist government has supported the overthrow of the Royalist, pro-Western Jordanian government.
1986 bombings
In 1986 a series of bombings, mainly around the capital of Damascus, caused hundreds of casualties. Iraqi Ba'athis agents were blamed for the acts.
Under Bashar al-Assad
2000s
On 28 September 2008, at least 17 people been killed and 14 hurt by a car bomb on the outskirts of Syria's capital Damascus. The target of the blast was unclear, but it struck close to an important Shia shrine and a security post.
A little more than year later (on 3 December 2009) another explosion killed at least three people when a bus blew up in a Damascus suburb. Syrian officials denied terrorism was involved.
During the Syrian Civil War
The Syrian government repeatedly claimed that the actions of security forces against the Syrian Civil War were a response to armed attacks by "terrorist gangs", a claim rejected by western humans rights groups, Western governments, and other observers.
At least 80 suicide bombings had been recorded in the conflict by the end of November 2012. Both the government and the opposition have accused each other of perpetrating the bombings. Only "shadowy Islamist groups" (one being Al-Nusra Front), possibly affiliated with Al-Qaeda, have claimed responsibility; Al-Nusra took responsibility for 57 of them. At least one such bombing claimed to be in retaliation for Syrian government attacks on residential areas, but also struck a sectarian tone: "We tell this regime: Stop your massacres against the Sunni people. If not, you will bear the sin of the Alawites. What is coming will be more calamitous, God willing." Observers believe such groups have made inroads in Syria, capitalizing on the instability resulting from the uprising.
The Syrian government itself has been accused of terror or state terrorism. September 5, 2012 Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated, "The regime has become one of state terrorism. Syria is going through a huge humanitarian saga. Unfortunately, as usual, the international community is merely watching the slaughter, massacre and the elimination of Muslims."
The tactic of shelling, invading, and killing, but then retreating from civilian areas has reportedly been used in several areas ringing Damascus in July and August 2012, such as Kafr Sousa, where tanks backed by infantry left at least 24 people dead before leaving according to pro-opposition Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. According to Salem, "terror is the basic approach" of the government. "From the beginning of the uprising the logic was hit and hit hard, punish and scare," the opposite of the "winning hearts and minds" model. The New York Times journalist Damien Cave describes the government's approach as following the saying "rule is based on awe."
On September 15 2019, eight civilians died and seven others injured in a car-bomb explosion near a hospital in the northern province of Aleppo. No side claimed responsibility for the attack.
Cooperation with Iraq
Syrian President Bashar Assad met with Iraqi President Jalal Talabani in Syria on 21 January 2007 and discussed terrorism in the Middle East and the situation in Iraq. They issued a joint statement condemning "all forms of terrorism plaguing the Iraqi people and their institutions, infrastructure and security service." Assad and Talabani expressed "readiness to work together and do everything possible to eradicate terrorism."
Syrian state-sponsored terrorism
The Syrian government itself has been accused of engaging in state sponsored terrorism by President George W. Bush and by the U.S. State Department from 1979 to today. The European Community met on 10 November 1986 to discuss the Hindawi affair, an attempt to bomb an El Al flight out of London, and the subsequent arrest and trial in the UK of Nizar Hindawi, who allegedly received Syrian government support after the bombing, and possibly beforehand. The European response was to impose sanctions against Syria and state that these measures were intended "to send Syria the clearest possible message that what has happened is absolutely unacceptable."
However, Syria has assisted the United States and other governments in their opposition to al-Qaeda. This include Syria's efforts in stemming the flow of al-Qaeda backed fighters from crossing into Iraq along its border. (Country Reports on Terrorism, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, 27 April 2005).
Before the Syrian Civil War, Hamas members received military style training in Iran and in Syria.
In 2012, Lebanon charged former Lebanese Minister Michel Samaha and a high-ranking Syrian military official, Syria's National Security Bureau chief Ali Mamlouk, with being involved in a terror plot aimed at destabilizing Lebanon. Samaha is a longtime ally, and friend, of Syrian President Bashar Assad and Ali Mamlouk. Samaha reportedly confessed to his involvement in the terror plot, and some Lebanese politicians have called to break ties with the Assad government.
During the probe, it was alleged that Syrian President Bashar Assad gave direct orders to execute terrorist attacks in Lebanon, and Michel Samaha admitted that he was working for Assad's government in trying to execute a plan to detonate explosives in Akkar, Lebanon. Samaha admitted to collaborating with General Ali Mamlouk, who heads the Syrian national security bureau.
Numerous assassinations of opponents of Syria and the Syrian government have been alleged to involve the Syrian government. Syria and its supporters claim that no substantial evidence has been produced to prove these allegations.
(December 2005) Gebran Tueni, an anti-Syrian journalist and lawmaker was assassinated.
(September 2005) May Chidiac an anti-Syrian journalist and political commentator was severely injured in an assassination attempt against her life.
(June 2005) Samir Kassir, an anti-Syrian journalist was assassinated.
(February 2005) Rafic Hariri was killed by a car bomb which killed ten others. Hariri was a known opponent of the pro-Syrian policies of Émile Lahoud. The opposition parties in Lebanon accuse Syria of orchestrating the assassination.
(July 1980) Assassination of Riad Taha, a prominent journalist.
(March 1977) Assassination of Kamal Jumblatt, a prominent politician.
See also
United States and state-sponsored terrorism
References
External links
"Terrorism: The Syrian Connection", by Daniel Pipes
Syrian terrorist incidents
Syria
Human rights abuses in Syria |
32969937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiana%20autumnalis | Gentiana autumnalis | Gentiana autumnalis, the pine barren gentian, is a tall flowering plant in the Gentianaceae family. It is native to eastern North America coastal pinebarrens from New Jersey to South Carolina. Fire suppression, invasive weeds, and the altering of natural water flows all pose threats to rare native populations of G. autumnalis.
References
autumnalis
Endemic flora of the United States
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Plants described in 1776
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
28702609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monozercon | Monozercon | Monozercon is a genus of mites in the family Zerconidae.
References
Zerconidae
Articles created by Qbugbot |
25499146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacurituba | Bacurituba | Bacurituba is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.
The municipality contains a small part of the Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area, a sustainable use conservation unit created in 1991 that has been a Ramsar Site since 2000.
See also
List of municipalities in Maranhão
References
Municipalities in Maranhão |
35494127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shining%20Night%3A%20A%20Portrait%20of%20Composer%20Morten%20Lauridsen | Shining Night: A Portrait of Composer Morten Lauridsen | Shining Night: A Portrait of Composer Morten Lauridsen is a 2012 documentary film about the American choral composer Morten Lauridsen, (b. February 27, 1943), National Medal of Arts recipient (2007) and most-performed living American choral composer.
Summary
The 74-minute Song Without Borders film directed by Michael Stillwater, co-produced with Doris Laesser Stillwater, interweaves footage of the composer's remote island residency in the Pacific Northwest with interviews and performances in America and Scotland. Included in the documentary are perspectives from poet and former National Endowment for the Arts chairman Dana Gioia, conductor Robert Geary, composer/conductor Paul Mealor, conductor Paul Salamunovich, and composer Alex Shapiro, along with commentaries from other conductors, composers and singers.
Performances by San Francisco Choral Society, University of Aberdeen Choral Society and Orchestra, Con Anima Chamber Choir and Volti, are featured in the film. Works include O Magnum Mysterium, Lux Aeterna, Madrigali, Dirait-on, and Nocturnes, with soundtracks by Polyphony (choir) and Britten Sinfonia (conducted by Stephen Layton), The Singers - Minnesota Choral Artists (conducted by Matthew Culloton), and the Dale Warland Singers (conducted by Dale Warland).
Screening
Premiered on February 7, 2012 in Palm Springs, California as a prelude event to the 1st American Documentary Film Festival, the screening was followed by a choral performance by the USC Chamber Singers conducted by Jo-Michael Scheibe and accompanied by the composer on piano.
The New York premiere was hosted by Distinguished Concerts International New York on March 30, 2012, introduced by composer/conductor Eric Whitacre and attended by Lauridsen, followed by a Lincoln Center performance of Lux Aeterna and Carnegie Hall performances of Sure On This Shining Night and Dirait-on, conducted by Whitacre and accompanied on piano by Lauridsen.
The San Francisco premiere was hosted by vocal group Volti on June 12, 2012, at the Brava Theater, and the Los Angeles Premiere was hosted by the Visions & Voices Series on November 2, 2012 at USC's Bovard Auditorium The film was also screened at the 2012 Chorus America conference in Minneapolis and the 2012 World Choir Games in Cincinnati, Ohio, the American Choral Directors Association (ACDA) national and regional conferences in Dallas, TX, (March 2013) and Santa Barbara, CA, (February 2014), the 50th Anniversary of the Los Angeles Master Chorale (March 2014), and the World Choir Games in Riga, Latvia (July, 2014).
Beginning in 2012, the film has premiered in theater, festival and concert hall screenings across America and internationally, including Scotland, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, England, Wales, Denmark, South Africa, Poland, and Canada, often hosted by choral societies. Public television broadcasts via KCET Southern California are scheduled for 2013-2014. A 56-minute version of the film was produced for public television broadcast and conference/university use, included on the DVD beginning in the 2nd edition.
Awards and nominations
2012 – Won, Best Documentary, Grand Jury Award, DC Independent Film Festival
2012 – Won, Best Documentary/International Subject, Eugene International Film Festival
2012 – Won, Honorable Mention, Los Angeles Movie Awards
2012 – Won, Bronze, Oregon Film Awards
2012 – Nominated, Best Documentary, Cincinnati Film Festival
2013 - Won, Audience Choice Award, Friday Harbor Film Festival, San Juan Island, WA
2014 - Won, Best Documentary Award, Asheville Cinema Festival, Asheville, NC
Responses
Terry Teachout, Wall Street Journal: '"a heartening rarity- a thoroughly intelligent classical-music program that strikes an appropriate balance between words and music."
Kay Pollak, director of Oscar-nominated film, As It Is In Heaven: "a masterpiece about a music master".
Kevin Starr, National Humanities Medalist 2006, "Magnificent music, cinematography, and commentary! Thanks to Shining Night, America's premier composer of choral music receives a tribute that underscores the power of his music to elevate the spirit and create community."
Grant Gershon, Music Director, Los Angeles Master Chorale: "Shining Night provides enormous insight into Lauridsen's work capturing much of the essence of both the sound and structure of his art, and why it touches listeners and performers so deeply."
Eric Whitacre, composer/conductor, "Conveys the musical legend and the gentle, introspective genius."
Stephen Levine (author) and Ondrea Levine, 'A Year To Live,' "Shining Night documents the sounds in the atmosphere when the earth was being formed. It is the melody of the spheres discovered in depth consciousness. In the fine net of his art, Stillwater has captured the unnamable. We loved the film and recommend it highly."
Therese Schroeder-Sheker, founder, Chalice of Repose, "One of the most beautiful and uplifting pieces... moved me to tears of gratitude, joy, and more."
Jim Tusty, co-director of the film The Singing Revolution: "Stillwater's filmic style is sympatico with Lauridsen's delivery-a fascinating film to watch."
Tim Sharp, Executive Director, American Choral Directors Association: "Illuminates the person behind the music, giving us a rare glimpse into its creative source."
Jim Garrison (theologian), founder, State of the World Forum, "a masterpiece..the film distills the etheric purity of Lauridsen's music"
Don Schwartz, CineSource Magazine, May 2012: "a multi-level treat"
Diane Krieger, USC Arts & Culture Oct. 31, 2012: "layers misty vistas...over soul-stirring passages of (Lauridsen's) choral works."
Steve Weiss, Executive Director, No Festival Required, Phoenix Chorale Website "Gorgeous filmmaking and beautiful music from a contemporary genius, Shining Night is a must-see for those who love the performing arts!" (Arizona premiere with Phoenix Chorale, January, 2013)
Jason Becker, composer/guitarist, "An absolutely beautiful movie about a composer whose music is truly the voice of God. I am so inspired, musically, personally and spiritually."
Constance Demby, composer/recording artist, "a gem, a masterpiece; deeply moving, absorbing...a fantastic experience."
DVD Distribution
June, 2012: Hal Leonard Corporation, publisher of sheet music (and largest distributor of Morten Lauridsen's music), began distribution of the DVD with a promotion to choral directors throughout US and Canada.
June, 2012: Faber Music, UK distributor of Morten Lauridsen's music, began UK distribution of the DVD.
June, 2014: Hänssler (hänssler CLASSIC), a German music publishing house, began distribution to Europe and internationally.
Book Publication
GIA Publications, Chicago, released a companion giftbook to the film (2013), entitled Morten Lauridsen's Waldron Island Reflections, containing images and text from the film. Photographed and edited by film director Michael Stillwater.
Background
Originally developed from an interview with the composer at a Volti rehearsal of Nocturnes in San Francisco in May, 2010, Shining Night is a Song Without Borders film co-produced by Michael Stillwater and Doris Laesser Stillwater, the first episode in the documentary series, In Search of The Great Song, exploring and celebrating the transformative dimension of song.
The director, Michael Stillwater, is a songwriter and music educator, developer of the SongSourcing method for spontaneous songmaking, recording artist of a dozen CDs of contemplative songs and inspirational music, co-author of Graceful Passages: A Companion for Living and Dying, published by New World Library, 2002, applying music and spoken word as a palliative care approach, and co-authored Music at the End of Life. In 2005 he received, together with Gary Malkin, Roshi Joan Halifax, and Frank Ostaseski, the Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Award for End of Life Service from the Chaplaincy Institute for Arts and Interfaith Ministries in Berkeley, California.
Articles and Reviews
Wall Street Journal, article by Terry Teachout "The Best Composer You've Never Heard Of" Retrieved 4-15-2012
Film Website Retrieved 4-15-2012
Film FaceBook Page Retrieved 4-15-2012
Film Trailer Retrieved 4-15-2012
Deep Cinema, Review by Mary Trainor-Brigham, Retrieved 6-21-2012
The Oregonian, Review by David Stabler, Retrieved 6-21-2012
Oregon Arts Watch, Review by Brett Campbell Retrieved 6-21-2012
Crisis Magazine, Review by Robert Reilly Retrieved 10-13-2012
The Salt Lake Tribune, Article by Rebecca Howard Retrieved 1-28-2013
Oregon Public Broadcasting, Article by Geoff Norcross Retrieved 11-16-13
References
External links
Documentary films about classical music and musicians
2010s English-language films |
11709850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadmur%20District | Tadmur District | Tadmur District () is a district of the Homs Governorate in central Syria. Administrative centre is the city of Tadmur, near ancient Palmyra/Tadmor. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 76,942.
Sub-districts
The district of Tadmur is divided into two sub-districts or nawāḥī (population as of 2004):
Tadmur Subdistrict (ناحية تدمر): population 55,062.
Al-Sukhnah Subdistrct (ناحية السخنة): population 21,880.
References
Districts of Homs Governorate |
74330307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324%20United%20Rugby%20Championship | 2023–24 United Rugby Championship | The 2023–24 United Rugby Championship will be the 23rd season of the professional rugby union competition known as the United Rugby Championship, and the third season under that name. It will begin on 21 October 2023 and end on 22 June 2024.
Format
The tournament consists of 21 rounds; 18 rounds of regular season play, followed by three rounds of play-offs.
There are four regional pools: The Irish Shield pool (featuring the four Irish teams), the Welsh Shield pool (featuring the four Welsh teams), the South African Shield pool (featuring the four South African teams) and the Scottish/Italian 'Azzurri/Blue' Shield pool (featuring the two Italian and two Scottish sides). The pools serve two functions; they guarantee a full slate of derby matches for each team, and they award a minor Regional Shield trophy to the top team in each pool, which thereby functions as a national championship in three of the four pools, and a cross-border regional championship in the Scottish-Italian pool. They will no longer be used to determine qualification for the European Rugby Champions Cup. Instead, the top eight teams will qualify.
Teams play six matches against their regional pool rivals home and away. The remaining twelve matches are made up by a single round robin, consisting of an even number of six home and six away matches against all the sides from the other pools.
For the Championship itself, there is one main league table. The top eight sides in the table will qualify for the quarter finals, followed by semi-finals and a grand final, with teams seeded 1 to 4 with home advantage for the lowest seeded side. The Regional Shield pools have no direct link to the play-offs and by extension the Championship itself, and it is technically possible to win a Regional Shield but not contest the play-offs, as the Welsh sides showed in 2023.
Teams
United Rugby Championship
Locations
Regional Pools and European qualification
URC league standings
Regular season
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Round 5
Round 6
Round 7
Round 8
Round 9
Round 10
Round 11
Round 12
Round 13
Round 14
Round 15
Round 16
Round 17
Round 18
Knockout stage
Bracket
The play-off draw is seeded based on final positions in the regular season league table.
The higher-ranked teams will have home advantage in the quarter-finals, semi-finals and final.
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
References
External links
Official website
2023-24
2023–24 in Irish rugby union
2023–24 in Italian rugby union
2023–24 in Scottish rugby union
2023–24 in Welsh rugby union
2023 in South African rugby union
2024 in South African rugby union |
28605205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toninho%20Cec%C3%ADlio | Toninho Cecílio | Antônio Jorge Cecílio Sobrinho, better known as Toninho Cecílio (born 27 May 1967), is a Brazilian professional football coach and former player who played as a central defender. He is the current director of football of Portuguesa.
Toninho Cecílio is one of the best known former players and current coaches in Brazil, having played for the Brazil national team in 1990 and captaining Palmeiras for many years. Toninho Cecilio was head of the Brazilian players union and played and won awards and titles in the Japanese A-League. Between 2007 and 2010 Toninho Cecilio returned to Palmeiras as the general manager.
Club statistics
Honours
Player
Cerezo Osaka
Japan Football League: 1994
Manager
Santo André
Campeonato Paulista Série A2: 2016
References
External links
Profile at Vitória's website (Portuguese)
Toninho moves to Vitória from Prduente (Portuguese)
Toninho is introduced as manager of Vitória (Portuguese)
1967 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from São Paulo (state)
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian football managers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
J1 League players
Japan Football League (1992–1998) players
São Paulo state football team players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B managers
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
Cerezo Osaka players
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
São José Esporte Clube players
União São João Esporte Clube players
Associação Atlética Portuguesa (Santos) players
Paulista Futebol Clube players
Esporte Clube Santo André players
Guaratinguetá Futebol managers
Grêmio Barueri Futebol managers
Esporte Clube Vitória managers
Associação Desportiva São Caetano managers
Avaí FC managers
Paraná Clube managers
Comercial Futebol Clube (Ribeirão Preto) managers
Criciúma Esporte Clube managers
Esporte Clube XV de Novembro (Piracicaba) managers
ABC Futebol Clube managers
Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube managers
Esporte Clube Santo André managers
Clube Atlético Bragantino managers
Associação Atlética Anapolina managers
Anápolis Futebol Clube managers
Esporte Clube Água Santa managers
Esporte Clube Taubaté managers
SE Palmeiras non-playing staff
People from Avaré |
6588064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge-Building%20Brotherhood | Bridge-Building Brotherhood | The Bridge-Building Brotherhood (; ) is said to have been a religious association active during the 12th and 13th centuries and whose purpose was building bridges.
Legend
Building bridges greatly helped travelers and in particular pilgrims. It was customary for a bishop to grant indulgences to those who, by money or labor, contributed to the construction of a bridge, even when no brotherhood or religious organization was involved. The register of the Archbishop of York, Walter de Gray, shows examples of indulgences granted in the 13th century for the building of bridges.
The brotherhood Fratres Pontifices ("Bridgebuilding Brotherhood" in English), or Frères Pontifes, is said to have been founded in the latter part of the 12th century by St. Bénézet (a Provençal variant of the name Benedict). Bénézet was a youth who, according to legend, was divinely inspired to build the Pont Saint-Bénézet across the Rhône at Avignon. The old bridge at Avignon, some arches of which still remain, dates from the end of the 12th century. Up to the present days, St. Bénézet is venerated in Avignon as the builder of the bridge and founder of the Frères Pontifes. The Fratres Pontifices are believed to have been very active, and to have built other bridges at Pont de Bonpas, Lourmarin, Mallemort and Mirabeau. They also are said to have maintained hospices at the chief fords of the principal rivers, besides building bridges and looking after ferries. The bridge over the Rhône at Pont-Saint-Esprit has been attributed to the Frères Pontifes, too.
The Brotherhood is supposed to have consisted of three branches-- knights, clergy and artisans, where the knights usually had contributed most of the funds and were sometimes called donati, the clergy were usually monks who represented the church, and the artisans were the workers who actually built the bridges. Sisters are sometimes mentioned as belonging to the same association. In addition to the construction of bridges, the brotherhood allegedly often attended to the lodging and entertainment of travelers and the collection of alms or quête.
There are conflicting reports regarding the recognizance of the Fratres Pontifices by Pope Clement III. One source states that the brotherhood was recognized by Clement III in 1189, and other sources report that Clement III addressed a Papal Bull to the Fratres Pontifices in 1191, but the authenticity of that Papal Bull is questioned.
History
Historical research, however, led to the conclusion that no brotherhood of the kind described by the legend ever existed. There are no historical sources relating to the existence of any such order and there is no evidence of any of the numerous bridges allegedly built by the Order.
It is inconceivable that a youth accompanied by some followers without any construction experience should have built a 900 m long stone arch bridge in an era when all experience and tradition of building large bridges had been lost and when all skilled trades were strictly controlled by the respective guilds.
In that era, when neither banks nor banknotes nor demand deposits existed, the financial means for such a large project could be put up only by collecting coins or later on, indulgences. This kind of financing required the sustained initiative of persons interested in the project, typically the heads of the local trading houses, who got together in a confrèrie (corresponding to a present-day syndicate or citizens' initiative) in order to collect the funds over the prolonged period of time required for the execution of the project. Such a confrèrie had nothing to do with a religious order or even less with a monastery, save that often monasteries were asked to audit the use of the funds since they were one of the very few institutions capable of rendering such services. The construction works were executed by professional builders not related to any religious order.
The title "Pontifex Avenione / Pontife d'Avigon" (bridge builder of Avignon) appears not to have been mentioned prior to 1665. The legend was developed into a vivid history by François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848) and also by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879). During the Romantic era, other writers have had the brotherhood executing bridges throughout Europe and even in countries as far away as Britain and Sweden (although there was never any historical report of such extensive activities).
The "Frères Pontifes" are a legend without any historical background.
The most surprising aspect is their success in making it into the most serious reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica or the German Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
References
External links
Bridges
Middle Ages articles needing attention |
51224426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin%20House | Collin House | The Collin House (Danish: ) is a listed Neoclassical property at Amaliegade No. 9 in the Frederiksstaden district of central Copenhagen, Denmark. It takes its name after Jonas Collin, a prominent civil servant and leading patrons of the arts during the Danish Golden Age, who owned the building from 1838 to 1861. He was a close friend and loyal supporter of Hans Christian Andersen who often visited the house.
History
Early history
The house was built for chair maker Peder Svendsen in 1752. In the new cadastre of 1756, it was listed as No. 71 V. It was owned at that time by a brewer named Lauritz Jørgensen. On Christian Gedde's map of St. Ann's East Quarter from 1757, it was marked as No. 311.
In the new cadastre of 1806, the property was listed as No. 155 in St. Ann's East Quarter. It had been acquired by the physician and surgeon by that time. He has been described as the "father of surgery" in Denmark.
The property had been acquired by 1787 by the surgeon Henrich Callesen in the Royal Danish Navy. He lived there with his wife Maria Amalia née Walker, their four children (aged four to nine), a daughter from his first marriage (aged 14), his first wife's sister Juliane Marie Braun, two maids, a female cook, a coachman and two lodgers.
Collin family
In 1838, it was acquired by Jonas Collin. He had resided until then in an old and somewhat ramshackle house on Store Strandstræde. Allegedly, Jonas Collin decided to move when it rained through the ceiling and onto the table in the presence of Bertel Thorvaldsen. On 3 October, Collin arranged a housewarming which was attended by some of the leading Danish artists of the time, including Bertel Thorvaldsen and Hermann Ernst Freund, Johan Ludvig, Hans Christian Andersen and Johanne Luise Heiberg. Jonas Collin and his wife lived on the two lower floors. Their son Theodor Collin was also part of the household at the time of the 1845 census. Their daughter Ingeborg and her husband Adolph Drewsen resided on the second floor.
The building was later home to the company M.J. Grønbech & Sønner whose old headquarters at Bag Børsen 76 was demolished in connection with an expansion of Slotsholmen. The company relocated to Kristianiagade 9 in 1947.
Architecture
The house consists of three floors and is seven bays wide. It is pulled back from the street and thus breaks fundamentally with Nicolai Eigtved's strict guidelines for the architecture of Amaliegade and Frederiksstaden. The authorities long hoped to see a new building at the site that filled out the hole in the row of houses and therefore rejected an application from the owner to build a fence on the street in 1768. The fence seen today was built in connection with a renovation of the house where the three-bay wall dormer seen today replaced a triangular pediment dating from when the house was built.
An arched gateway opens to a narrow, cobbled yard. A small building at the far end of the courtyard is also listed.
Today
The building fronting the street contains an apartment on each floor. NoriDane Foods, a Nortura-owned meat trading company, is based in the rear wing (No. 9B).
See also
Grandjean House
Jan von Osten House
References
External links
Den Collinske Gård at indenforvoldene.dk
Drawing of the fence
Houses in Copenhagen
Listed residential buildings in Copenhagen
Houses completed in 1752
Neoclassical architecture in Copenhagen
Buildings in Copenhagen associated with Hans Christian Andersen
Collin family |
24184273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Panneerselvam%20%28Sirkazhi%20MLA%29 | M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi MLA) | M. Panneerselvam is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Sirkazhi constituency as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) candidate in the 1989, 1996, and 2006 elections. He is the present MLA of Sirkazhi.He is an advocate.
Elections contested
References
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Living people
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001
Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011
Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026
Year of birth missing (living people) |
24243130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Dominican%20Republic%20records%20in%20athletics | List of Dominican Republic records in athletics | The following are the national records in athletics in the Dominican Republic maintained by Federación Dominicana de Asociaciones de Atletismo (FDAA). So far FDAA maintains an official list only in outdoor events.
Outdoor
Key to tables:
h = hand timing
A = affected by altitude
y = denotes one mile
Men
Women
Mixed
Indoor
Men
Women
Notes
References
Generalap
FEDOMATLE: Dominican Records – Men Outdoor 1 April 2023 updated
FEDOMATLE: Dominican Records – Women Outdoor 1 April 2023 updated
World Athletics Statistic Handbook 2022: National Indoor Records
Specific
External links
FEDOMATLE web site
Dominican Republic
Records
Athletics records
Athletics |
2452873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Devon%20and%20Cornwall%20Junction%20Light%20Railway | North Devon and Cornwall Junction Light Railway | The North Devon and Cornwall Junction Light Railway was a railway built to serve numerous ball clay pits that lay in the space between the London and South Western Railway's Torrington branch, an extension of the North Devon Railway group, and Halwill, an important rural junction on the North Cornwall Railway and its Okehampton to Bude Line.
Ball clay was an important mineral but its weight and bulk required efficient transportation; the material had been brought to main line railways by a gauge tramway. Expanding volumes prompted conversion to a light railway—requiring less complex engineering and operational procedures than a full railway—and it was opened on 27 July 1925.
Passengers were carried in addition to the mineral traffic, but the business largely consisted of workers at the ball clay pits themselves. (Thomas says, "The largest place on the railway is Hatherleigh ... a market town in the centre of a barren countryside, it is badly decayed".)
The conversion from a tramway was overseen by Colonel Stephens, the famous owner and operator of marginal English and Welsh railways. Although in construction details typically Stephens this was visually a Southern Railway branch line. It survived in independent status until nationalisation of the railways in 1948, and continued in operation until 1 March 1965. The Exmoor Ranger railtour was exceptionally worked through the entire line on 27 March 1965. The northern part from Meeth and Marland, which was reconstructed from the narrow gauge railway, continued to carry ball clay, but not passengers, until August 1982 (Thomas calls the siding "Marsland" on page 77 but this is an error).
Route
Built as cheaply as possible, and partly following the alignment of the former tramway, the railway had continuous sharp curves and ruling gradients in the range of 1 in 45 to 1 in 50 (2.22 % to 2%)
The stations on the line were:
Torrington (L&SWR station)
Watergate Halt (opened 1926)
Yarde Halt (opened 1926)
Dunsbear Halt
(Marland Clay Co Siding)
Petrockstow
(Meeth Clay Co Siding)
Meeth Halt
Hatherleigh
Hole (for Black Torrington)
Halwill Junction
The line was single throughout, worked by Electric Train Tablet (using Tyer's No 6 instruments), and with a maximum speed of from Torrington to Dunsbear Halt, and from there to Halwill.
The 1964/65 working timetable shows two throughout trains each way daily, taking about 80 minutes by diesel multiple unit for the journey. There were three freight trains Mondays to Fridays serving the clay sidings from the Torrington end. There were no trains on Sundays.
See also
Southern Railway routes west of Salisbury
References
Further reading
External links
North Devon & Cornwall Jct Light Railway, via Colonel Stephens Society
The railway, via The Colonel Stephens Railway Museum
Railway records, via National Archives
The railway, via John Speller
The railway, via Rail Scot
The railway, via Derelict Places
The railway, via Videoscene
Rail transport in Devon
Railway lines opened in 1925
Railway companies disestablished in 1948
Railway lines closed in 1965
Light railways
HF Stephens
British companies disestablished in 1948
British companies established in 1925
Railway companies established in 1925 |
71238922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Karaszewska | Anna Karaszewska | Anna Katarzyna Karaszewska (born March 10, 1970) is a Polish sociologist, economic and social activist and president of the board of the Congress of Women (2019–Present).
Early life and education
Karaszewska graduated in sociology from the Faculty of Applied Social Sciences at the University of Warsaw, she continued her education in doctoral studies in the field of public and political promotion of women and graduated to gain both her MA and Ph.D. from Warsaw School of Economics. Furthermore, she gained an MA from the College of Europe, Bruges.
Career
Karaszewska became faculty at the Warsaw School of Economics while lecturing at MA and postgraduate courses from 1999 to 2011. During 2009, she became one of the founding members of Poland's Women's Congress and later became its president.
Following this, Karaszewska co-created Poland's first national network of female entrepreneurs and a support system for further development among Polish women in 2012.
Additionally, during 2013-2014 Karaszewska went on to become the deputy general director at the confederation "Lewiatan”, an organisation working to create favourable conditions for the development of the economy and entrepreneurship in Poland, for which Karaszewska organised their activities in Brussels.
During 2019, Karaszewska went on to be nominated to join the Warsaw Council for Women by the major of Warsaw. The council focuses on building an equality and women's rights in addition to safety and support programs for women, vaccinations against HPV, and access to healthcare without the conscience clause.
Awards and recognition
In 2005, Karaszewska was awarded the Silver Cross of Merit by the president of the Republic of Poland Aleksander Kwaśniewski. Additionally, she was a participant in the international mentoring program for women leaders, held by the US Department of state and Fortune magazine.
Personal life
Karaszewska is Polish and speaks English and French fluently.
References
External links
Living people
1970 births
Polish women
Feminists
Recipients of the Silver Cross of Merit (Poland) |
11773100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%20Kai | Ma Kai | Ma Kai (; pinyin: Mǎ Kǎi; born June 1946 in Shanghai) was one of the four Vice Premiers of China (Fourth-ranked). He was formerly a State Councilor and Secretary General of the State Council of China.
Biography
Ma Kai was born in Jinshan, Shanghai in 1946. He received his Master's degree from Renmin University of China in 1982.
His portfolio also includes putting forth Chinese policies with regard to global warming. He was a member of the 16th and the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, and then a member of the 18th. He was elected to 18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012.
In 2003 he was given responsibility for the National Development and Reform Commission, an organisation which has broad administrative and planning control over the Economy of China.
In November 2017, Ma Kai was appointed to lead the Financial Stability and Development Commission (FSDC).
Personal life
Ma Kai is also known as an accomplished poet.
References
External links
Official biography of Ma Kai
1946 births
People's Republic of China politicians from Shanghai
Renmin University of China alumni
Living people
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shanghai
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Members of the 18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Beijing No. 4 High School alumni
State councillors of China |
8218402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20D.%20Connor | William D. Connor | William Duncan Connor (March 24, 1864 – November 20, 1944) was a Canadian-born American politician and the 20th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from 1907–1909.
Early life
Born near Stratford, Canada West, Connor moved with his parents from Canada to a farm in Auburndale, Wisconsin in 1872. He attended the State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh) in Oshkosh, Wisconsin for two years.
Career
William D. “W.D.” Connor moved to Marshfield, Wisconsin in 1895, and became a successful lumberman and real estate investor in the Pacific Northwest. He established the towns of Laona, Wisconsin, Stratford, Wisconsin, and Connorville, Michigan (originally company towns) in the course of growing his lumber business. Connor is credited with establishing the practice of sustainable forestry. He also tirelessly pursued modern lumber technologies.
Very involved in politics and public service, he served for twenty years as a member of the Wood County Board of Supervisors, and was twice elected chairman. In 1892, 1894, 1896, 1902 and 1904 he was elected a delegate to the Republican State Convention and in 1904 he was also elected one of the four (progressive) delegates-at-large to the National Republican Convention, by the regular Republican State Convention. This was the controversial 'gymnasium convention' that looms large in the history of the progressive movement in Wisconsin.
According to the Dictionary of Wisconsin Biography:
He was at first identified with the Robert M. La Follette wing of the party. In the 1904 progressive-stalwart split, Connor was chosen by the "gymnasium convention" as one of the progressive delegates to the Republican national convention. Although the national convention refused to accept the credentials of the Progressive delegation, the La Follette forces were recognized as the legal Republican ticket by the state supreme court (1904) and Connor became chairman of the Republican state central committee. (1904-1908).
Connor was elected as a Republican to the office of Lieutenant Governor in 1906; receiving 174,750 votes against 104,398 for Michael F. Blenski (Democratic), 25,036 for William Kaufmann (Social Democrats), 8,724 for August F. Fehlandt (Progressive) and 510 for John Veirthaler (Socialist Labor). He served as twentieth Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from January 7, 1907 - January 4, 1909, but had a significant falling-out with the Governor Robert La Follette.
William Duncan Connor was a prolific legislator during his time in the Wisconsin State Assembly, sponsoring or co-sponsoring a wide variety of bills aimed at advancing the interests of his constituents and the state as a whole. Some of his most notable pieces of legislation include: Women's Suffrage: Connor was a strong supporter of women's right to vote. Education: Connor was a strong advocate for public education and sponsored several bills aimed at improving the state's school system. In particular, he pushed for increased funding for rural schools and advocated for the creation of a state board of education.
Another key piece of legislation William Duncan Connor played an important role in the passage of the Wisconsin Forestry Act which later was ratified to become Forest Crop Law and later still the Wisconsin Managed Forest Law, which was aimed at promoting sustainable timber management in the state. The act, which was passed in 1903, established a system of state forests and provided for the long-term management of timber resources. Connor, who was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly at the time, was a strong advocate for the Forestry Act and played a key role in its development. He was a member of the legislative committee that drafted the act, and he worked closely with other legislators and stakeholders to ensure its passage. One of the key provisions of the Forestry Act was the establishment of a state forestry board, which was responsible for overseeing the management of state forests and developing plans for their long-term use. Connor played a key role in the formation of this board and was a vocal advocate for its continued support and funding. In addition to the forestry board, the Forestry Act also provided for the creation of a state forest reserve, which was set aside for the long-term management of timber resources. This reserve was designed to promote sustainable forestry practices, and it provided incentives for private landowners to adopt similar practices on their own lands. Overall, William Duncan Connor's advocacy for the Wisconsin Forestry Act helped to establish a framework for sustainable timber management in the state, which has had lasting benefits for both the environment and the economy. Thanks in part to his efforts, Wisconsin remains a leader in sustainable forestry practices to this day.
Connor, along with Marinette lumberman Isaac Stephenson, were La Follette's main political backers from the business community. "Fighting Bob" La Follette's strong stand against the railroads, which then had monopolies on industrial transportation, appealed to the two men; and each of these lumbermen expected help to become United States Senator when La Follette became governor. Instead, and to their chagrin, at the first opportunity (January 1905) La Follette famously nominated himself to the U.S. Senate and arranged State Senate confirmation.
La Follette kept serving as governor and left Wisconsin's U.S. Senate seat unfilled until January 1, 1906, when he resigned to join the U.S. Senate. He publicly proclaimed this unusual action was done to ensure that his 1904 platform was enacted in Wisconsin.
After serving as lieutenant governor, Connor withdrew from statewide elective politics, although he remained active at the local and county level. He was to serve for twenty years on the Wood County Board, was president of the Marshfield library board from its organization in 1901 until his death, and was also a trustee of Carroll College (Wisconsin).
Death
Connor died in Phoenix, Arizona and his place of interment is in Marshfield, Wisconsin.
Family life
W.D. Connor's father, Robert Connor, was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. W.D. married Huldah Marybelle Witter (Mary or Mame) on August 12, 1888, and they had eight children: Mabel Frances Connor (1887-1887), Helen Melissa Connor (1888-1982), Donald Witter Connor (1890-1913), Marian Elizabeth Connor (1894-1933), William Duncan Connor II (1897-1993), Richard Malcolm Connor (1899-1974), Gordon R. Connor (1905-1986) and Constance Connor (1908-1998). He was the grandfather of Melvin R. Laird and the great-grandfather of Jessica Laird Doyle, wife of Governor Jim Doyle of Wisconsin.
References
External links
Wisconsin Blue Book, 1907, biographical sketch of Lieutenant Governor William D. Connor.
Laird, Helen L, A Mind of Her Own Helen Connor Laird and Family 1888 - 1982, The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.
A History of Wood County, George O. Jones, etc., Minneapolis: 1923 Information about William D. Connor and the lumber industry in Wood County, Wisconsin.
"State of Wisconsin: Office of the Lt. Governor"
"Dictionary of Wisconsin Biography (at the Wisconsin Historical Society)"
"The Wisconsin Forestry Act of 1903." Wisconsin Historical Society, WisconsinForestry.org, 2023, https://www.wisconsinforestry.org/history/wisconsin-forestry-act-1903/.
"Wisconsin's Managed Forest Law: An Overview." Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2019, https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/ForestLandowners/mfl.html.
"Wisconsin Managed Forest Law." Wisconsin Legislative Documents, Wisconsin State Legislature, 2013, https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/77/IV/03.
"William Duncan Connor Papers." Wisconsin Historical Society, 1987, https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS3774.:
Wisconsin Historical Society. "The Suffrage Movement in Wisconsin." https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1588
Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. "Women's Suffrage in Wisconsin." https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/lrb_reports/lrb_reports_2_07.pdf
Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. "William Duncan Connor." https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/related/acts/
Wisconsin Blue Book 1913. "William D. Connor." https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036666085&view=1up&seq=291
Wisconsin State AFL-CIO. "Connor's Legacy: The Fight for Workers' Rights." https://wisaflcio.org/news/connors-legacy-fight-workers-rights
Wisconsin Historical Society. "Connor, William Duncan." https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2301
Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. "Connor, William Duncan." https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/related/acts/16
Wisconsin Blue Book 1913. "William D. Connor." https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036666085&view=1up&seq=291
Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. "Connor, William Duncan." https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/related/acts/16
Wisconsin Blue Book 1913. "William D. Connor." https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036666085&view=1up&seq=291
Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. "William Duncan Connor." https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/related/acts/16
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. "Wisconsin's Managed Forest Law." https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/ManagedForestLaw/History.html
1864 births
1944 deaths
Canadian emigrants to the United States
County supervisors in Wisconsin
Lieutenant Governors of Wisconsin
American businesspeople in timber
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh alumni
People from Stratford, Ontario
People from Marshfield, Wisconsin
People from Auburndale, Wisconsin
Wisconsin Republicans
Canadian businesspeople in timber |
26821712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamis%20in%20lakes | Tsunamis in lakes | A tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume within a body of water, often caused by earthquakes, or similar events. This may occur in lakes as well as oceans, presenting threats to both fishermen and shoreside inhabitants. Because they are generated by a near field source region, tsunamis generated in lakes and reservoirs result in a decreased amount of warning time.
Causes
Inland tsunami hazards can be generated by many different types of earth movement. Some of these include earthquakes in or around lake systems, landslides, debris flow, rock avalanches, and glacier calving. Volcanogenic processes such as gas and mass flow characteristics are discussed in more detail below. Tsunamis in lakes are very uncommon.
Earthquakes
Tsunamis in lakes can be generated by fault displacement beneath or around lake systems. Faulting shifts the ground in a vertical motion through reverse, normal or oblique strike slip faulting processes, this displaces the water above causing a tsunami (Figure 1). The reason strike-slip faulting does not cause tsunamis is because there is no vertical displacement within the fault movement, only lateral movement resulting in no displacement of the water. In an enclosed basin such as a lake, tsunamis are referred to as the initial wave produced by coseismic displacement from an earthquake, and the seiche as the harmonic resonance within the lake.
In order for a tsunami to be generated certain criteria are required:
Needs to occur just below the lake bottom.
Earthquake is of high or moderate magnitude typically over magnitude four.
Displaces a large enough volume of water to generate a tsunami.
These tsunamis are of high damage potential because they are contained within a relatively small body of water, and are near a field source. Warning time, after the event, is reduced, and organised emergency evacuations after the generation of the tsunami is difficult. On low lying shores even small waves may lead to substantial flooding. Residents should be made aware of emergency evacuation routes, in the event of an earthquake.
Lake Tahoe
Lake Tahoe may be endangered by a tsunami, due to faulting processes. Located in California and Nevada, it lies within an intermountain basin bounded by faults. Most of these faults are at the lake bottom or hidden in glaciofluvial deposits. Lake Tahoe has been effected by prehistoric eruptions, and in studies of the lake bottom sediments, a 10m high scarp has displaced the lake bottom sediments, indicating that the water was once displaced, generating a tsunami. A tsunami and seiche in Lake Tahoe can be treated as shallow-water long waves as the maximum water depth is much smaller than the wavelength. This demonstrates the impact that lakes have on tsunami wave characteristics, which is different from ocean tsunami wave characteristics because the ocean is deeper, and lakes are relatively shallow in comparison. With ocean tsunami, waves amplitudes only increase when the tsunami gets close to shore, however in lake tsunami, waves are generated and contained in a shallow environment.
This would have a major impact on the 34,000 permanent residences along the lake, and on tourism in the area. Tsunami run-ups would leave areas near the lake inundated due to permanent ground subsidence attributed to the earthquake, with the highest run-ups and amplitudes being attributed to the seiches rather than the actual tsunami. Seiches cause damage because of resonance within the bays, reflecting the waves, where they combine to make larger standing waves. Lake Tahoe also experienced a massive collapse of the western edge of the basin that formed McKinney Bay around 50,000 years ago. This was thought to have generated a tsunami/seiche wave with a height approaching .
Sub-aerial mass flows
Sub-aerial mass flows (landslides or rapid mass wasting) result when a large amount of sediment becomes unstable, as the result of shaking from an earthquake, or saturation of the sediment which initiates a sliding layer. The volume of sediment then flows into the lake, causing a sudden large displacement of water. Tsunamis generated by sub-aerial mass flows are defined in terms of the first initial wave being the tsunami wave, and any tsunamis in terms of sub-aerial mass flows, are characterised into three zones. A splash zone or wave generation zone, is the region where landslides and water motion are coupled and it extends as far as the landslide travels. Next, the near field area, which is based on the characteristics of the tsunami wave, such as amplitude and wavelength which are crucial for predictive purposes. Then the far field area, where the process is mainly influenced by dispersion characteristics and is not often used when investigating tsunamis in lakes. Most lake tsunamis are related only to near field processes.
A modern example of a landslide into a reservoir lake, overtopping a dam, occurred in Italy with the Vajont Dam disaster in 1963. Evidence exists in paleoseismological observations and other sedimentary core sample proxies of catastrophic rock failures of landslide-triggered lake tsunamis worldwide, including in Lake Geneva during AD 563.
New Zealand example
In the event of the Alpine fault in New Zealand rupturing in the South Island, it is predicted that there would be shaking of approximately magnitude eight in the lake-side towns of Queenstown (Lake Wakatipu) and Wānaka (Lake Wānaka). These could possibly cause sub-aerial mass flows that could generate tsunamis within the lakes. This would have a devastating impact on the 28,224 residents (2013 New Zealand census) who occupy these lake towns, not only in the potential losses of life and property, but the damage to the booming tourism industry, which would require years to rebuild.
The Otago Regional Council, responsible for the area, has recognised that in such an event, tsunamis could occur in both lakes.
Volcanogenic processes
Tsunamis may be generated in lakes by volcanogenic processes, in terms of gas build-up causing violent lake overturns, and other processes such as pyroclastic flows, which require more complex modeling. Lake overturns can be incredibly dangerous and occur when gas, trapped at the bottom of the lake, is heated by rising magma, causing an explosion and release of gas; an example of this is Lake Kivu.
Lake Kivu
Lake Kivu, one of the African Great Lakes, lies on the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, and is part of the East Africa Rift. As part of the rift, it is affected by volcanic activity beneath the lake. This has led to a buildup of methane and carbon dioxide at the bottom of the lake, which can lead to violent limnic eruptions.
Limnic eruptions (also called "lake overturns") are due to volcanic interaction with the water at the bottom of the lake that has high gas concentrations, this leads to heating of the lake and this rapid rise in temperature would spark a methane explosion displacing a large amount of water, followed nearly simultaneously by a release of carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide would suffocate large numbers of people, with a possible tsunami generated from water displaced by the gas explosion affecting all of the 2 million people who occupy the shores of Lake Kivu. This is incredibly important as the warning times for an event such as a lake overturn is incredibly short in the order of minutes and the event itself may not even be noticed. Education of locals and preparation is crucial in this case and much research in this area has been done in order to try to understand what is happening within the lake, in order to try to reduce the effects when this phenomenon does happen.
A lake turn-over in Lake Kivu may occur from one of two scenarios. Either (1) up to another hundred years of gas accumulation leads to gas saturation in the lake, resulting in a spontaneous outburst of gas originating at the depth at which gas saturation has exceeded 100%, or (2) a volcanic or even seismic event triggers a turn-over. In either case a strong vertical lift of a large body of water results in a plume of gas bubbles and water rising up to and through the water surface. As the bubbling water column draws in fresh gas-laden water, the bubbling water column widens and becomes more energetic as a virtual "chain reaction" occurs which would look like a watery volcano. Very large volumes of water are displaced, vertically at first, then horizontally away from the centre at surface and horizontally inwards to the bottom of the bubbling water column, feeding in fresh gas-laden water. The speed of the rising column of water increases until it has the potential to rise 25m or more in the centre above lake level. The water column has the potential to widen to well in excess of a kilometre, in a violent disturbance of the whole lake. The watery volcano may take as much as a day to fully develop while it releases upwards of 400 billion cubic metres of gas (~12tcf). Some of these parameters are uncertain, particularly the time taken to release the gas and the height to which the water column can rise. As a secondary effect, particularly if the water column behaves irregularly with a series of surges, the lake surface will both rise by up to several metres and create a series of tsunamis or waves radiating away from the epicentre of the eruption. Surface waters may simultaneously race away from the epicentre at speeds as high as 20-40m/second, slowing as distances from the centre increase. The size of the waves created is unpredictable. Wave heights will be highest if the water column surges periodically, resulting in wave heights is great as 10-20m. This is caused by the ever-shifting pathway that the vertical column takes to the surface. No reliable model exists to predict this overall turnover behaviour. For tsunami precautions it will be necessary for people to move to high ground, at least 20m above lake level. A worse situation may pertain in the Ruzizi River where a surge in lake level would cause flash-flooding of the steeply sloping river valley dropping 700m to Lake Tanganyika, where it is possible that a wall of water from 20-50m high may race down the gorge. Water is not the only problem for residents of the Kivu basin; the more than 400 billion cubic metres of gas released creates a denser-than-air cloud which may blanket the whole valley to a depth of 300m or more. The presence of this opaque gas cloud, which would suffocate any living creatures with its mixture of carbon dioxide and methane laced with hydrogen sulphide, would cause the majority of casualties. Residents would be advised to climb to at least 400m above the lake level to ensure their safety. Strangely the risk of a gas explosion is not great as the gas cloud is only about 20% methane in carbon dioxide, a mixture that is difficult to ignite.
Modern example
Askja
At 11:24 PM on 21 July 2014, in a period experiencing an earthquake swarm related to the upcoming eruption of Bárðarbunga, an 800m-wide section gave way on the slopes of the Icelandic volcano Askja. Beginning at 350m over water height, it caused a tsunami 20–30 meters high across the caldera, and potentially larger at localized points of impact. Thanks to the late hour, no tourists were present; however, search and rescue observed a steam cloud rising from the volcano, apparently geothermal steam released by the landslide. Whether geothermal activity played a role in the landslide is uncertain. A total of 30–50 million cubic meters was involved in the landslide, raising the caldera's water level by 1–2 meters.
Spirit Lake
On March 27, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted and Spirit Lake received the full impact of the lateral blast from the volcano. The blast and the debris avalanche associated with this eruption temporarily displaced much of the lake from its bed and forced lake waters as a wave as high as above lake level on the mountain slopes along the north shoreline of the lake. The debris avalanche deposited about of pyrolized trees, other plant material, volcanic ash, and volcanic debris of various origins into Spirit Lake. The deposition of this volcanic material decreased the lake volume by approximately . Lahar and pyroclastic-flow deposits from the eruption blocked its natural pre-eruption outlet to the North Fork Toutle River valley at its outlet, raising the surface elevation of the lake by between and . The surface area of the lake was increased from 1,300 acres to about 2,200 acres and its maximum depth decreased from to .
Hazard mitigation
Hazard mitigation for tsunamis in lakes is immensely important in the preservation of life, infrastructure and property. In order for hazard management of tsunamis in lakes to function at full capacity there are four aspects that need to be balanced and interacted with each other, these are:
Readiness (preparedness for a tsunami in the lake)
Evacuation plans
Making sure equipment and supplies are on standby in case of a tsunami
Education of locals on what hazard is posed to them and what they need to do in the event of a tsunami in the lake
Response to the tsunami event in the lake
Rescue operations
Getting aid into the area such as food and medical equipment
Providing temporary housing for people who have been displaced.
Recovery from the tsunami
Re-establishing damaged road networks and infrastructure
Re-building and/or relocation for damaged buildings
Cleanup of debris and flooded areas of land.
Reduction (plans to reduce the effects of the next tsunami)
Putting in place land use zoning to provide a buffer for tsunami run ups, meaning that buildings cannot be built right on the lake shore.
When all these aspects are taken into consideration and continually managed and maintained, the vulnerability of an area to a tsunami within the lake decreases. This is not because the hazard itself has decreased but the awareness of the people who would be affected makes them more prepared to deal with the situation when it does occur. This reduces recovery and response times for an area, decreasing the amount of disruption and in turn the effect the disaster has on the community.
Future research
Investigation into the phenomena of tsunamis in lakes for this article was restricted by certain limitations. Internationally there has been a fair amount of research into certain lakes but not all lakes that can be affected by the phenomenon have been covered. This is especially true for New Zealand with the possible occurrence of tsunamis in the major lakes recognised as a hazard, but with no further research completed.
See also
Disaster preparedness
Historic tsunami
Ice jam
Megatsunami (lists several lake incidents)
Mount Breakenridge
Quick clay
Seiche
Tsunami Society
Footnotes
References
Walder J. S., et al.; 2003; Tsunamis generated by subaerial mass flows; JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. B5, 2236,
Ichinose G. A., et al.; 2000; The potential hazard from tsunami and seiche waves generated by large earthquakes within Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada; GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL XX, NO. X, PAGES XXXX-XXXX
Freundt, Armin, et al. 2007; Volcanogenic tsunamis in lakes : Examples from Nicaragua and general implications; Pure and Applied Geophysics; ,CODEN PAGYAV, Springer, Basel, SUISSE (1964) (Revue)
Heller, V., Hager, W. H., Minor, H.-E. (2009). Landslide generated impulse waves in reservoirs – Basics and computation. VAW Mitteilung 211, Boes, R. ed. ETH Zurich, Zurich
Limnology
Lake
Water waves
Natural hazards |
71308586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumbisi%20Senior%20High%20School | Fumbisi Senior High School | Fumbisi Senior High/Agric School is a second cycle institution in Fumbisi in the Builsa South District in the Upper East Region of Ghana.
History
The school was established in 1991. In the 2018/19 academic year, the number of third-year students, second-year students, and first-year students were 529, 544, and 450 respectively. In 2018, the headmaster of the school was Francis Adajagsa. In 2019, the headmaster of the school was Cletus Aruk.
References
High schools in Ghana
1991 establishments in Ghana |
45526082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllepte%20guilboti | Syllepte guilboti | Syllepte guilboti is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Christian Guillermet in 2008. It is found on Réunion in the Indian Ocean.
References
Moths described in 2008
guilboti
Moths of Africa |
64804402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice%20a%20Woman%20%282010%20film%29 | Twice a Woman (2010 film) | Twice a Woman () is a Canadian drama film, directed by François Delisle and released in 2010. The film stars Évelyne Rompré as Catherine, a woman fleeing an abusive marriage to start a new life.
The cast also includes Marc Béland, Marie Brassard, Brigitte Pogonat, Catherine De Léan, Michelle Rossignol and Martin Dubreuil.
The film received two Jutra Award nominations at the 13th Jutra Awards in 2011, for Best Actress (Rompré) and Best Makeup (Mélanie Turcotte, Mario Soucy).
References
External links
2010 films
2010 drama films
Canadian drama films
Films directed by François Delisle
Films shot in Quebec
French-language Canadian films
2010s Canadian films |
25462359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Troillet | Jean Troillet | Jean Troillet (born 10 March 1948) is a professional mountain climber.
Of Swiss and Canadian nationality, he obtained his mountain guide qualifications in 1969. Also in 1969, and at the age of 21, he set a speed record for an ascent of the Matterhorn of four hours and ten minutes. He has climbed 10 peaks of more than 8000 metres, all in alpine style and without oxygen.
Troillet climbed Everest in 1986. In 1997 he was the first man to descend from the roof of the world on a snowboard, although he did not ride down from the top.
Mountain guide, and seafarer, he was the shipmate of Laurent Bourgnon on board Primagaz.
Photographer for Animan and heli-skiing guide.
Together with Erhard Loretan, Troillet holds the speed record for the ascent of Everest by the North Face, that is, 43 hours to the summit and back.
The 8000-metre peaks of Jean Troillet
K2, 8611 m
Dhaulagiri, 8167 m
Everest, 8848 m
Cho Oyu, 8201 m
Shisha Pangma, 8013 m
Makalu, 8463 m
Lhotse, 8516 m
Kangchenjunga, 8586 m
Gasherbrum I, 8068 m
Gasherbrum II, 8035 m
See also
List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest
References
External links
Official web site
1948 births
Living people
Swiss mountain climbers
Swiss summiters of Mount Everest
People from Entremont district
Sportspeople from Valais |
8384880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienlyst%20Stadion | Marienlyst Stadion | The Marienlyst Stadion has been the home ground of Strømsgodset Toppfotball since 1967. It's located on Marienlyst in Drammen, Norway.
History
The pitch was opened in 1924, and was the home ground of Drafn, Skiold and Drammens BK. The final of the 1932 Norwegian Football Cup, between Fredrikstad and Ørn was played at Marienlyst. During the 1952 Winter Olympics in neighboring Oslo, the venue hosted two ice hockey matches. The venue hosted the Norwegian Athletics Championships in 1962 and 2001. The Norway national under-21 football team has played eighteen games Marienlyst, making it their most-used venue. The first under-21 match was played in 1981.
After a rebuild of the south end in 2014, and installation of safe standing seats, the stadium has a capacity of 8,935. When using the seats, the capacity is 8,060.
The rebuild was done to ensure that the stadium would fulfill UEFA's regulations for a Category 4 stadium, which can be used for all Champions League or Europa League matches except the final.
The grass was removed in November 2007 to make way for artificial ice surface for winter sports, and artificial grass for summer sports. A new stadium was planned, but the project was abandoned due to financial difficulties. There are new plans to expand and rebuild the main stand. In a 2012 survey carried out by the Norwegian Players' Association among away-team captains, Marienlyst was ranked third-worst amongst league stadiums, with a score of 2.13 on a scale from one to five. This was mainly due to the worn-out artificial turf, which was replaced in the summer of 2013.
The Gamle Gress (old Turf) is part of a sport complex, with the adjacent bandy field (artificial ice) and the athletics stadium next door as well as the sports hall for indoor athletics and handball.
Attendance
The record attendance is 17,300 when Mjøndalen met Viking in the semifinal of the 1947 Norwegian Football Cup. Strømsgodset's record attendance is from 22 May 1969, when 16,687 people attended the home match against Rosenborg.
Strømsgodset's league attendances
This lists Strømsgodsets's most recent average league home attendances at Marienlyst. It also lists minimum and maximum league homeattendances from each season.
References
1952 Winter Olympics official report. pp. 31–2.
External links
Marienlyst Stadion - Nordic Stadiums
StadiumDB.com profile
Venues of the 1952 Winter Olympics
Football venues in Norway
Eliteserien venues
Norwegian Cup Final venues
Athletics (track and field) venues in Norway
Event venues established in 1924
1924 establishments in Norway
Strømsgodset Toppfotball
Olympic ice hockey venues
Sports venues in Viken
Ice hockey venues in Norway |
23131038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie%20Glen | Archie Glen | Archibald Glen (16 April 1929 – 30 August 1998) was a Scottish footballer who played as a left half for Aberdeen, where he spent his whole professional career. He made 270 appearances for the club in the three major domestic competitions, and helped Aberdeen win the 1954–55 league championship and the 1955 Scottish League Cup Final.
Glen also represented the Scotland national football team twice in the 1956 British Home Championship, and represented the Scottish League XI seven times between 1954 and 1958.
Career statistics
Club
International
See also
List of one-club men in association football
References
External links
1929 births
1998 deaths
Footballers from South Lanarkshire
People educated at Cumnock Academy
Men's association football wing halves
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Annbank United F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Scottish Football League representative players
Scotland men's B international footballers |
17073446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Forcola | Monte Forcola | Monte Forcola (2,906 m) is a peak in Graubünden, Switzerland, close to the Italian border. Approximately 200 metres south of the summit (at the Italian border) is located the triple watershed of the Adige, Po and Danube basins (2,896 m).
References
External links
Monte Forcola on Hikr
Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Graubünden
Ortler Alps
Mountains partially in Italy
Mountains of Switzerland
Two-thousanders of Switzerland
Val Müstair |
283863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bati | Bati | Bati or Baati may refer to:
Bati (Fiji), traditional Fijian warriors
The Fiji national rugby league team
The town of Baati, Ethiopia
Baati (woreda)
Bati District, a district of Takeo Province, Cambodia
The wattle-eye, or puffback flycatcher, a small, stout passerine bird of the African tropics
One of the Bamileke ethnic groups of Cameroon
Baati, a type of bread popular in western India
Luca Bati, an Italian Baroque composer and music teacher |
14873357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADH1A | ADH1A | Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADH1A gene.
This gene encodes class I alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha subunit, which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this enzyme family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. Class I alcohol dehydrogenase, consisting of several homo- and heterodimers of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, exhibits high activity for ethanol oxidation and plays a major role in ethanol catabolism. Three genes encoding alpha, beta and gamma subunits are tandemly organized in a genomic segment as a gene cluster. This gene is monomorphic and predominant in fetal and infant livers, whereas the genes encoding beta and gamma subunits are polymorphic and strongly expressed in adult livers.
References
Further reading
External links |
71975599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Palma | Fernando Palma | Fernando Miguel Palma Suazo (born 10 February 1993) is a Honduran diplomat, model and film and television actor. He is known as the cultural ambassador of Honduras to Taiwan.
Biography
Palma was born in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, on 10 February 1993. Although he was born and raised in Honduras, Palma is also of mixed race: his father is from Italy and his mother is from Honduras. In his youth, he attended the bilingual Elvel school in Honduras. Palma studied Industrial Engineering at the Catholic University of Honduras. In 2015, he moved from Honduras to Taiwan. Two years later, he completed his master's studies in Industrial Engineering and Management at the Yuan Ze University. The Taiwanese government recognized Fernando Palma as the first Latin American to enter the country's entertainment industry. He has become a Latin American media personality in the film and entertainment industry in Taiwan. He is fluent in Spanish, English, Mandarin and Taiwanese.
Film and television
He acted for sports brands in Taiwan. He has been recognized as a cultural Ambassador for his impact as a young Latino in Taiwanese society.
Filmography
Films
Variety Show
Published works
Awards and nominations
References
Notes
Citations
External links
Al Banquillo – Mr. Fernando Palma (in Spanish) at Televicentro (Honduras)
1993 births
Honduran male actors
Honduran models
Living people |
52399626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujjon | Sujjon | Sujjon is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located away from sub post office Mahil Gailan, from Nawanshahr, from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Demography
As of 2011, Sujjon has a total number of 387 houses and population of 1661 of which 805 include are males while 856 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Sujjon is 81.47% higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 150 which is 9.03% of total population of Sujjon, and child sex ratio is approximately 807 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.
Most of the people are from saini or Shoorsaini caste which is 80% of population. Schedule Caste which constitutes 19.63% of total population in Sujjon. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 484 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Sujjon which includes 400 males and 84 females. According to census survey report 2011, 84.30% workers describe their work as main work and 15.70% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.
Education
The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed upper primary school established in 1995. The school provide mid-day meal per Indian Midday Meal Scheme. As per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, the school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14.
Amardeep Singh Shergill Memorial college Mukandpur, KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is . The village is away from Chandigarh University, from Indian Institute of Technology and away from Lovely Professional University.
Transport
Nawanshahr train station is the nearest train station however, Garhshankar Junction railway station is away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is away in Amritsar.
See also
List of villages in India
References
External links
Tourism of Punjab
Census of Punjab
Locality Based PINCode
Villages in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district |
59531101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931%20BYU%20Cougars%20football%20team | 1931 BYU Cougars football team | The 1931 BYU Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Brigham Young University (BYU) as a member of the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1931 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach G. Ott Romney, the Cougars compiled an overall record of 4–4 with a mark of 2–3 against conference opponents, finished seventh in the RMC, and were outscored by a total of 104 to 69.
Schedule
References
BYU
BYU Cougars football seasons
BYU Cougars football |
50550167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies%20to%20Live%20By | Lies to Live By | Lies to Live By is the sole studio album by American band The Del-Byzanteens, released in 1982 by record label Don't Fall Off the Mountain.
Music
"Draft Riot" features a "hyper-disco" beat and quirky guitar sounds that have been compared to the B-52's.
"War" is a protest song in a funk punk style with "lyrics from Caribbean calypso records."
"Sally Go Round the Roses" is in a "tray soul of the old Jaynettes' shuffle."
Track listing
Lies To Live By - 3:57
Draft Riot - 3:25
War - 2:58
Sally Go Round The Roses - 4:30
Girls Imagination - 6:03
Welcome Machines - 4:29
Apartment 13 - 5:47
Reception
Hot Press called the album "a debut equal to anything out of New York these past six years", and Melody Maker described it as "mighty stuff... You are strongly urged to investigate this record... outstanding." Tiny Mix Tapes called it a "great one-time album".
References
External links
Chicago Reader article mentioning the album
1982 debut albums
The Del-Byzanteens albums |
12871442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex%20tessellata | Carex tessellata | Carex tessellata is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family, Cyperaceae. It is known from a single herbarium specimen collected by Richard Spruce from an uncertain location in Ecuador in the nineteenth century.
References
tessellata
Flora of Ecuador
Plants described in 1908
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
21726176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano%20de%20Bergerac%20%28musical%29 | Cyrano de Bergerac (musical) | Cyrano de Bergerac is a musical with a book and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse and music by Frank Wildhorn. It is based on the 1897 play of the same title by Edmond Rostand.
Production history
Wildhorn has said he composed the musical's title role specifically for Tony Award-nominated actor Douglas Sills, who previously appeared in Wildhorn's The Scarlet Pimpernel. Plans were made for the musical to debut in the United Kingdom in early 2006 and to open in the West End in the spring, but the project was cancelled.
Spanish singing star Raphael, who appeared in the Spanish production of Wildhorn's Jekyll & Hyde, was set to star in a Spring 2009 world premiere of Cyrano in Madrid, but the project was postponed until Fall 2009. A concept album in Spanish, with Raphael in the title role, is in the planning stages.
The world premiere of Cyrano de Bergerac took place on May 5, 2009 at the Nissay Theatre in Tokyo, in Japanese, closing on May 28, 2009. It stars Takeshi Kaga, who originated the roles of Jekyll and Hyde in the original Japanese production. The production then transferred to Osaka, running from June 3–7.
Concept album
There were strong considerations to release the concept album for the musical in 2006, which was to star Sills in the title role and Linda Eder as Roxanne, with Rob Evan as Christian. Global Vision Records, which is managed and operated by Jekyll creative team member Jeremy Roberts, released Jekyll & Hyde: Resurrection Cast Recording, but cancelled plans to release the concept albums for both Cyrano and Dracula, the Musical. No plans have been announced for a potential release.
Songs
Let The Play Begin
My Nose
My Better Qualities
Roxanne
Bring Me Giants
Pastry & Poetry
Summer In Bergerac
Someone
Gascons
Alone
The Perfect Lover
Love Is Here At Last
My Words Upon His Lips
I Fell From The Moon
Take Care Of Him
De Guiche's Scarf
Every Single Day
I Can Never Tell Her
So Young, So Beautiful
Days Of Autumn
Cyrano's Gazette
Alone (Reprise)
References
External links
Cyrano de Bergerac at the official Wildhorn site
2009 musicals
Musicals based on plays
Musicals by Frank Wildhorn |
13181658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloch%2C%20New%20Hampshire | Balloch, New Hampshire | Balloch is an unincorporated community in the southwest corner of the town of Cornish, New Hampshire, in the United States. The name is derived from the Balloch Farm, originally owned by James Balloch (1761-1840) and, later, by his son William Balloch (1820-1893). It was the site of a small Boston & Maine Railroad station, built in the 1890s and destroyed in a freight train derailment on February 12, 1928.
History
The Balloch Farm was settled by James Balloch soon after his arrival in the US in 1790. He married Sarah Chase, of the long-standing Cornish Chase family in 1796. Under his son, William, the farm prospered, producing milk for area creameries. The Sullivan County Railroad was constructed through the farm in 1849, with William Balloch serving as a contractor to the railroad. Starting in the 1890s, the Balloch station was built to ship this milk directly to processors, such as the Bellows Falls Cooperative Creamery.
Balloch today
Balloch at one time was marked by the "Balloch's Crossing Farm & Forge" sign at the historic Balloch Farm (formerly the home of North Star Canoe Rentals). The railroad, now operated by the New England Central Railroad, continues to feature daily trains through Balloch, including its own freight trains, as well as freight trains of Pan Am Railways and the daily Vermonter passenger train of Amtrak.
See also
New Hampshire
List of cities and towns in New Hampshire
Cornish, New Hampshire
References
Unincorporated communities in New Hampshire
New Hampshire populated places on the Connecticut River
Unincorporated communities in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Cornish, New Hampshire |
63612526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrien | Andrien | Andrien is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Jean-Jacques Andrien (born 1944), Belgian film director
Martin-Joseph Andrien (1766–1822), French operatic bass
See also
Adrien
Andrian (name)
Andries
Andraux |
56368170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanyuan%20Yang | Yuanyuan Yang | Yuanyuan Yang is a Chinese-American computer scientist whose interests include parallel and distributed computing, and wireless sensor networks. She is SUNY Distinguished Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Computer Science at Stony Brook University, Associate Dean for Diversity and Academic Affairs in the Stony Brook College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and program director for software and hardware foundations and principles and practice of scalable systems at the National Science Foundation.
Education and career
Yang earned bachelor's and master's degrees in computer science and engineering at Tsinghua University in 1982 and 1984, respectively. She completed a Ph.D. in computer science at Johns Hopkins University in 1992. She moved to Stony Brook in 1999, from a previous faculty position at the University of Vermont.
Recognition
Yang was named an IEEE Fellow in 2009 "for contributions to parallel and distributed computing systems". She was named SUNY Distinguished Professor in 2016. In 2022 she won the Outstanding Service Award of the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Distributed Processing.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Chinese computer scientists
Chinese women computer scientists
Tsinghua University alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
University of Vermont faculty
Stony Brook University faculty
Fellow Members of the IEEE
American women academics
21st-century American women |
62749842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Johannsen | Albert Johannsen | Albert Johannsen (1871–1962), was a geologist and geology professor at the University of Chicago who wrote several books on rocks. He also authored The House of Beadle and Adams and Its Dime and Nickel Novels (1950). He collected dime novels. His academic focus was petrology. He also wrote a book about Charles Dickens book illustrator Phiz.
Lee Wilson Dodd wrote to him enclosing an in progress text and explanation of his writing process in 1923.
Northern Illinois University has a collection of his and Edward T. LeBlanc's dime novels.
His brother Oskar Johannsen was a professor of entomology at Cornell University.
Bibliography
A Descriptive Petrography of the Igneous Rocks (1931)
The House of Beadle and Adams and Its Dime and Nickel Novels: The Story of a Vanished Literature (1950)
Manual of Petrographic Methods (1914)
A Key for the Determination of Rock-Forming Minerals in Thin Sections (1908)
Essentials for the Microscopical Determination of Rock-forming Minerals and Rocks: In Thin Sections (1922)
The Fundamental Principles of Petrology (1916)
The serpentines of Harford County, Maryland
PHIZ: Illustrations from the Novels of Charles Dickens, University of Chicago Press (1956)
References
1871 births
1962 deaths
19th-century American geologists
20th-century American geologists
University of Chicago faculty
20th-century American male writers
American male biographers
American biographers
Petrologists
20th-century American writers |
62276813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentasalia | Pentasalia | Pentasalia may be
misspelling of Pentacalia, genus of Asteraceae plants in the Americas
misspelling of Pentasilia, Amazon queen in Greek myth |
41463068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Caboolture%2C%20Queensland | Upper Caboolture, Queensland | Upper Caboolture is a rural locality in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. In the , Upper Caboolture had a population of 4214 people. Formerly a rural area on the fringe of the town of Caboolture, since the 1990s the suburb has become increasingly urbanised.
In April 2023, the Queensland Government decided to reflect the growing population of the region by creating five new localities named Corymbia, Greenstone, Lilywood, Wagtail Grove, and Waraba by excising parts of the existing localities of Bellmere, Rocksberg, Upper Caboolture, and Wamuran. Prior to land redistribution, parts of Lilywood and Wagtail Grove were part of Upper Caboolture.
Geography
Part of the northern boundary of the suburb is marked by the Caboolture River.
The proposed Bruce Highway Western Alternative will pass through Upper Caboolture from south to north.
History
Camp Flat Provisional School opened on 28 January 1878 with 22 girls and 29 boys enrolled. The school was on Caboolture River Road, approx ). On 19 January 1880 it became Camp Flat State School. It was renamed Caboolture Upper State School in 1916 and closed in 1918.
Formerly a rural area on the fringe of the town of Caboolture, since the 1990s the suburb has become increasingly urbanised.
In the , Upper Caboolture recorded a population of 3,752 people, 51.7% female and 48.3% male. The median age of the Upper Caboolture population was 34 years, 3 years below the national median of 37. 80.1% of people living in Upper Caboolture were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 4.3%, New Zealand 4.1%, Philippines 0.7%, Scotland 0.6%, Papua New Guinea 0.5%. 92.3% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.5% Tagalog, 0.3% Hindi, 0.2% Dutch, 0.2% Spanish, 0.2% Tok Pisin (Neomelanesian).
In the , Upper Caboolture had a population of 4214 people.
In April 2023, the Queensland Government decided to reflect the growing population of the region by creating five new localities named Corymbia, Greenstone, Lilywood, Wagtail Grove, and Waraba by excising parts of the existing localities of Bellmere, Rocksberg, Upper Caboolture, and Wamuran. Upper Caboolture lost land to Lilywood and Wagtail Grove.
References
External links
Suburbs of the City of Moreton Bay
Localities in Queensland |
34528157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taean%20Line | Taean Line | The Taean Line is an electrified standard-gauge secondary line of the Korean State Railway in Namp'o-t'ŭkpyŏlsi, North Korea, running from Kangsŏ in Kangsŏ-guyŏk on the P'yŏngnam Line to Taean Freight Station in Taean-guyŏk.
History
The Taean Line was originally built during the Japanese occupation of Korea by the Chosen Government Railway. After the defeat of Japan in the Pacific War and the subsequent partition of Korea, the entirety of the line, being north of the 38th parallel, was located in the Soviet zone of occupation; on 10 August 1946, the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea nationalised all railways within its jurisdiction, including the Taean Line, and it has since been operated by the Korean State Railway.
Services
All freight heading to and from the Taean Machine Complex located in Taean moves via this line. Steel arrives there from the Kimch'aek Iron & Steel Complex, the Hwanghae Iron & Steel Complex and the Ch'ŏllima Steel Complex, nonferrous metals from the Munp'yŏng Smelter, and imported materials and parts unloaded from ships at Namp'o Port. Also served by rail here are the Taean Electric Factory, and the Taean Friendship Glass Factory.
Route
A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.
References
Railway lines in North Korea
Standard gauge railways in North Korea |
70106812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Marek | Franz Marek | Franz Marek (1913–1979) was an Austrian communist politician who edited Weg und Ziel, a monthly journal of the Communist Party of Austria. British historian Eric Hobsbawm described Franz Marek as the hero of the 20th century.
Early life
He was born Ephraim Feuerlicht in Przemyśl, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, on 18 April 1913 into a Jewish family. They moved to Vienna, and he was raised there in the St. Leopold district. He was one of the founders of a youth organization targeting Zionist junior high school students. Next he became a member of the Hashomer Hatzair, a socialist and Zionist youth movement.
Career and views
In 1934 Marek joined the Communist Party. He exiled to France in 1938 when Austria became part of the Nazi Germany. He was one of the leaders of the French resistance movement and coedited a publication entitled Nouvelles d’Autriche–Österreichische Nachrichten. When France was occupied by the Nazis Marek was arrested and sentenced to death and was freed only after the liberation of Paris in 1944. He could return to Austria in 1946. He assumed several posts in the Communist Party and was appointed editor-in-chief of Weg und Ziel, party's theoretical journal, in 1946. He also edited Wiener Tagebuch. In 1948 Marek was made a member of the political bureau of the Communist Party.
Marek first adhered to the Stalinist approach. In 1960s he became a critic of it and proposed to develop a European version of communism termed as Eurocommunism. He and another party member Ernst Fischer produced many writings on Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin in 1968 and 1969 to show that the genuine Marxism–Leninism was very different from the Stalinism-based Communism. Marek also published German version of the book Testament of Vargas in 1969 which contained criticisms of the Hungarian economist Eugen Varga.
Due to these views and his stance against the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union he was removed from the Communist Party led by Franz Muhri in 1970.
Personal life and death
Marek was married to Tilly Spiegel who was also a resistance member. They divorced in 1974. He later married journalist Barbara Coudenhove. Marek died of a heart attack on 28 June 1979.
Legacy
In 2017 Marek's memoirs were edited by Maximilian Graf und Sarah Knoll and published under the title Franz Marek. Beruf und Berufung Kommunist by the Mandelbaum Verlag.
References
20th-century Austrian journalists
20th-century Austrian politicians
1913 births
1979 deaths
Austrian expatriates in France
Austrian Jews
Communist Party of Austria politicians
Jewish socialists
Jewish journalists
Jews in the French resistance
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
People from Przemyśl
Politicians from Vienna |
54530874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20Auckland%20Darts%20Masters | 2017 Auckland Darts Masters | The 2017 Auckland Darts Masters, presented by Burger King & TAB was the third staging of the tournament by the Professional Darts Corporation, as the fourth entry in the 2017 World Series of Darts. The tournament featured 16 players (eight PDC players facing eight regional qualifiers) and was held at The Trusts Arena in Auckland, New Zealand between 11 and 13 August 2017.
Gary Anderson was the defending champion after winning the second edition of the tournament, defeating Adrian Lewis 11–7 in the final, but lost in the first round to Australia's Kyle Anderson 6–4.
Kyle Anderson went on to win his first televised title after defeating compatriot Corey Cadby 11–10 in the final. He became only the 5th player to win a World Series of Darts event after Michael van Gerwen, Phil Taylor, Gary Anderson and Adrian Lewis, as well as being the first regional qualifier to win an event. The final was also the first World Series of Darts final without an invited player.
Prize money
The total prize fund was £60,000.
Qualifiers
The eight invited PDC representatives, sorted according to the World Series Order of Merit, were:
Gary Anderson (first round)
Peter Wright (first round)
Raymond van Barneveld (quarter-finals)
James Wade (semi-finals)
Daryl Gurney (quarter-finals)
Phil Taylor (semi-finals)
Michael Smith (quarter-finals)
Simon Whitlock (quarter-finals)
The regional qualifiers were:
Draw
References
Auckland Darts Masters
Auckland Darts Masters
World Series of Darts
Sport in Auckland
Darts in New Zealand |
62604787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaura | Achaura | Achaura is a village in Ujhani Tehsil and Budaun district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is 2 km away from Ujhani railway station. The village is administrated by Gram Panchayat. Its village code is 128518.
Connectivity
Ujhani railway station
Public Bus Stand
Private Bus Stand
References
Villages in Budaun district |
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