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74110297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinean%20Workers%27%20Party | Guinean Workers' Party | The Guinean Workers' Party (PTG ; ) is a Guinea-Bissau political party, founded in 2021 by then-time Minister of the Interior Botche Candé.
History
The Guinean Workers' Party was formed in December 2021 by Botche Candé, a former member of the Party for Social Renewal (PRS) and Minister of the Interior in the government of Nuno Gomes Nabiam. It is made up of leaders and executives from different political formations such as Mama Saliu Lambá, former first vice-president of the Assembly of the People United (APU-PDGB), as well as members of the Madem G15 party.
The party held its founding congress in the Bissau on 16–17 December 2021, after which Botche Candé was elected President of the PTG.
In 2023, the party participated in the 2023 parliamentary elections for the first time, and won 6 seats out of 102 in the National People's Assembly.
Electoral history
National People's Assembly
References
Political parties established in 2021
Political parties in Guinea-Bissau
Socialism in Guinea-Bissau |
11496786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose%20goes | Nose goes | Nose goes or the nose game, also uncommonly called the "rule of nose goes", is a popular selection method most commonly used when deciding which of several persons is assigned an unwanted task. Whoever touches their nose last does the task.
Rules
The game may have different rules depending on area, but commonly:
At any time, anyone can put their finger on their own nose
There has to be a total of two or more persons for game to qualify.
This signals everyone paying attention to do the same
The last person to put their finger on their nose gets assigned the task
If none of the other people play the game, the person who started nose goes is assigned the task
Example of play
One member of a group notices that something (usually a small or simple errand or task) needs to be done. They mention it and then call the name of the game, placing their index finger on the tip of their nose. As the other members of the group acknowledge the task, they also place their index fingers on the tips of their noses. The last person to do this is the person who has to perform the task. Toes may count if one's hands are unavailable at time of "nose goes". In some versions of the game, the starting player must shout "No nose goes", "Not it", or "Nose goes!" to begin the game, however, in other versions no announcement is necessary, and simply the last person to notice the game has to perform the task.
Variations
Nose goes does not have to be initiated by an individual of an unwanted task or bill. The last person to realize nose goes has begun and places their finger on their nose is stuck with the task or bill.
A slightly different version of this game is frequently played in the Netherlands, mostly in student circles. The basics are the same, except instead of touching their nose, participants must make a "dakje" (Dutch; "roof") above their head by placing the tips of their fingers together and making an upside-down V ("Λ"). The game is usually started out by one person who acknowledges a task that needs to be done, and calls out "zonder" ("without") followed by the task. People who make the "roof" are exempt from having to do the task, and so the last person to make the roof is the one who has to do it.
See also
Human nose
I've got your nose
References
Children's games |
47210222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Blay | John Blay | John Charles Blay, born on 5 October 1944, is an Australian writer and naturalist who has written extensively about the Australian bush and its people in drama, prose and poetry. His work unveiling local landscape has had many consequences including, in 1982, discovering a new species of wattle, Acacia blayana, named in his honour.
Personal life
Blay was born in Parramatta, NSW, Australia and lived in the inner city of Sydney until 1970 when he moved to a spotted gum forest at Bermagui, on the far south coast of NSW, a move detailed in his memoir, Part of the Scenery. In following years his immersion in the wild forests and understanding of their wildlife led to him receiving the inaugural Parks Writer Award to spend 12 months alone in wilderness areas of the region. This has period extended over the years along with his understanding of the south-eastern region. He is also interested in using native plants in sustainable gardening, as in The Australian Native Plant Gardener's Almanac.
Since 2001, he has researched the Bundian Way, an ancient Aboriginal pathway, in association with local Aboriginal communities and as the Bundian Way Project Officer for Eden Local Aboriginal Land Council. His researches and bushwalks while investigating this traditional route resulted in its official recognition and NSW Heritage listing in 2012. He is an acknowledged authority on the landscapes and history of south-eastern Australia. His understanding "of the varying country" of the shared history Heritage pathway between the highest part of the Australian continent and the coast is demonstrated in his book, On Track: Searching out the Bundian Way.
Style
Blay's prose focuses on place, bringing together human and physical landscape with historical influences.
Blay's work reflects not only his expertise across literary forms but also his understanding of the human experience. His writings about his bushwalking experience include a spiritual odyssey, and uncover significant history associated with the track, as well as describing the difficulties of long-distance walking.
The third part of the trilogy, Wild Nature, was published in August 2020 by NewSouth. It is at once a natural history of the region and an examination of the values of its national parks and their role in sustaining nature.
His work has also extended to sound sculpture. The sculptural installation, Les St Hill and the Tin Canoe that included his oral history of a WW1 veteran recorded at Bermagui in 1975, won the $10,000 major prize at the Lake Light Sculpture Jindabyne in Easter 2018. The judges said: "It was a unanimous decision by the judges, as it extended the definition of what sculpture can be and might be. We loved its animation of space, the way it captured interest and invited pause, and loved the way it connected with the Snowy Mountains and the whole idea of storytelling and oral histories.
"It is a piece that could sit anywhere in the world, very professional and well resolved work, and a fabulous piece of public art – with a beautiful use of sound, and a beautiful use of the solar energy around to push that forward. We did not expect to see this here." The sculpture is on exhibition by the river in Delegate, NSW.
Selected works
Prose
Part of the Scenery, McPhee Gribble/Penguin Books Australia, Fitzroy Victoria, 1984,
Trek Through the Back Country, Methuen Australia, North Ryde NSW, 1987,
On Track Searching out the Bundian Way, New South, Sydney, August 2015,
Back Country Trek through the Deua and Wadbilliga, Canopy Press, Eden, NSW, 2016,
Wild Nature: walking Australia's south east forests, NewSouth, Sydney, August 2020,
Drama
1972 Vinegar Hill, (verse play) Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) Radio
1972 Mayakovsky ABC Radio
1974 The Journeys of Audrey D ABC Radio
1974 Harpur ABC Radio,
1975 Doin' our Best to Deny It ABC Radio
1976 The Great Village Dream ABC Radio
1981 Bedbug Celebration, The Pram Factory, Melbourne, Victoria
1987 Variations on a Theme of the Lyrebird ABC Radio
1987 The Jazz Singer ABC Radio
1988 The Fleet ABC Radio
Poetry
Blay’s poetry has been published in a variety of anthologies, newspapers and magazines, including:
Australian Poetry Now Ed. Thomas W Shapcott, Sun Books, Melbourne, 1970, pp. 156–163
Australians Aware, Poems and paintings of today elected by Rodney Hall, Ure Smith, Sydney, 1975, p. 54
The Gift of the Forest, Ed. Jutta Hosel, Rosemary and Robert Brissenden, Australian Conservation Foundation,1982, Currey O'Neill, South Yarra, Victoria,
The Night of the Gardens, printed in The Sydney Morning Herald, 1994-07-02, Spectrum p. 9A
The Australian Wildlife Diary, John Blay, Wildlife Presentations, Sydney, 1995
Essays
Seeing the Forest and the Trees, The Australian Literary Review, February 2008 (vol.3 no.1)
Truth and Terror in Fire's Ancient Kingdom, The Australian Literary Review, April 2009 (vol.4 no.3)
Ours is a Land Shaped by Licking Flames, The Canberra Times, 2012-03-24,
The Bundian Way: mapping with stories Science and Stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values: Tenth World Wilderness Congress symposium, Salamanca, Spain, 2013
Moving Forwards, ICOMOS Conference 2013, Historic Environment 2014 (Vol26 No.1-2014)
AWAY on the Bundian Way (with Blackburn and Dorrough) in Marshall A.J. (ed.) Land of Sweeping Plains, CSIRO Publishing, 2014
Other
The Australian Native Plant Gardener's Almanac Wildlife Presentations, Sydney, 1994
The Australian Native Plant Gardener's Almanac (2nd Edition), Wildlife Presentations, Sydney, 1995 & 0 646 26461 1
Articles and reviews published in a range of newspapers and magazines including Australian Geographic, The Canberra Times and The Sydney Morning Herald
Awards
Farmers Poetry Prize, 1969
Young Writers Fellowship, 1972
Literature Board of Australia Grant, 1974
Parks Writers Award, NSW National Wildlife Service and Literature Board of Australia,1981*
Major Prize, Lake Light Sculpture, Jindabyne, 2018,
External links
South East Forests, John Blay Website,http://southeastforests.com.au/
Bundian Way website, http://www.bundianway.com.au/bundian_way.htm
References
1944 births
Living people
Australian writers |
8119928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corringham%20Light%20Railway | Corringham Light Railway | The Corringham Light Railway (CLR) in Corringham, Essex, England was incorporated on 10 July 1899 and opened to freight on 1 January 1901, to passengers on 22 June 1901. It closed to passengers on 1 March 1952 and was absorbed into the Mobil Oil Company on 20 September 1971. The railway itself went from an end on junction with the London Tilbury and Southend Railway at Thames Haven to both Corringham and Kynochtown (later Coryton).
Overview
The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LTSR) had a branch from Thames Haven Junction, near Stanford-le-Hope, to Thames Haven on the Thames Estuary. It was some long. There was a passenger station at Thames Haven but it closed before the CLR opened.
The CLR ran from a junction with the LTSR near Thames Haven to the Kynoch explosives works at Shell Haven, with branches east to Kynochtown (later Coryton) and west to Corringham.
Corringham Station on the Fobbing Road was a substantial brick-built structure providing both male and female toilets, a bicycle shed and a small loading platform. Although the Light Railway order included a siding this was never laid. From the station the line headed down hill past two sidings, The first branched off towards a small brickworks and the second to a sewage works. Both were closed and removed before 1923. At the bottom of the incline the line crossed a bridge before heading across the marshes towards the works/LTSR it crossed the A1014 Manorway for the first time at Ironlatch crossing before heading straight for around a mile. At this point the line divided into a triangular junction with the LTSR and to Kynochtown/Coryton. The station at Kynochtown/Coryton was built in a similar style to Corringham but was built from wood. Originally the station was on a dead-end siding meaning that a train, once loaded, would have to reverse out to allow the locomotive pass to the front of the train.
On 20 September 1971 the CLR company became part of the Mobil Oil Company, serving its Coryton Refinery.
Closure and remains
After the refinery transferred to Vacuum Oil Company, later Mobil, improvements were made to the branch that entered the refinery. The last passenger train ran from Corringham station on Saturday 1 March 1952 at 12.20pm. By 12 April of that year, Corringham station and branch were noted as having been demolished.
The site of the station on Fobbing Road is apparent from the satellite view of postcode SS17 9DB. The trees that lined the track as it ran north and curved westward into the station are still present. The top end of the trackbed up to public footpath 22 including the platform and loop was sold to a housing developer in 1986 The rear of the station site (Behind the platform) became The Hawthorns estate: the rear of the brick platform is visible from The Hawthorns, behind "Station House" on the right. A series of fishponds now lie on the trackbed through the station site. The gate post on Fobbing Road at the entrance to the station is still there, just across the road from Kynoch Villas and Digby Road.
Along the track bed there are various earth works and remaining structures, the first of which is the sewage works that once served the works colony (originally served by its own siding), The second of which are the large ponds in the grounds of the Pegasus club, these are the remains of the once rail served brick works. Finally there are the remains of Brickfield Bridge over Fobbing Creek.
At the site of Coryton Station the 1919 brick platform extension survives within the refinery and was restored cosmetically by BP in 1985 however the wooden waiting shelter/toilets have long since disappeared . Coryton station is an anomaly as usually a station is demolished when its railway closes, however the whole village of Coryton was demolished in the 1970s while leaving the station as intact as it was when the last trains ran.
Various items have survived in private hands, mainly tickets and photographs. A brick from Corringham station was rescued by an enthusiast and was subsequently incorporated into the wall of his home office. A fishplate was discovered in June 2013 after recent ploughing had uncovered it . One piece of rolling stock was also almost preserved: the final LTSR carriage was donated in the 1970s to Railway Vehicle Preservations, who are now based on the Great Central Railway. Unfortunately it was later destroyed by fire, though one door survived in a private collection. The door was restored as far as was practical and in 2012 was donated to the East Anglian Railway Museum (www.earm.co.uk) where it now features in the Carriage and Wagon display.
Locomotives
0-4-0WT Cordite is referred to in some literature as Major or Cordite Major. It had been built for the West Lancashire Railway, and was re-plated in 1893, leading some older sources to give this as the build-date.
0-4-2T Kynite, after being withdrawn during or just after World War I, was last steamed to provide steam in conjunction with building works at Cory's in C1922/23. 'Kynite' was the name of an explosive devised by Kynochs inn the 1890s.
0-4-0ST Cordite, after leaving the CLR, was transferred to another of Kynochs' properties at Witton, which was later the property of Imperial Chemicals (ICI). A photograph dating from its time at Witton shows it with the number 2, leading some sources to speculate that it may have been so numbered on the CLR.
0-6-0ST 1, was formerly from the War Department at Shoeburyness. Some sources refer to it as being numbered 1, though there are no photographs showing this loco numbered. It had already been out of service prior to scrapping, with a condemned firebox.
After the steam locomotives were scrapped the line was worked with diesel locomotives owned by Mobil Oil. However, there is no evidence that internal combustion locomotives ever ventured on to the Corringham branch before it was taken up in the 1950s.
Kynite was scrapped by T Ward and sons of Grays and the two Avonside locomotives were scrapped by Ray of Southend.
Although no steam locomotive that ran on the Corringham Light railway was preserved, the National Railway Museum has the works plate from Kynite on display in the works display and also owns a fine example of the Avonside B4 class (same as locomotives 2 and 1) in "Woolmer" Works No 1572 of 1910, currently on display at the Milestones Museum in Basingstoke. This, as CLR No 1, has a military origin, having run on the Longmoor Military Railway in Hampshire.
Rolling stock
For the opening two "toastrack" carriages were supplied by Kerr Stuart, a 1st/3rd composite with the 1st class area enclosed and a 3rd class all open, described as very modern and akin to the trams on Southend pier at the time. Initially only one carriage was used at a time as the Kitson locomotive was unable to draw two loaded carriages up the incline to Corringham. Later the composite carriage was fully enclosed and curtains were added to the 3rd class carriage because of the harsh weather on the marshes. By 1905 by a four-wheel 3rd class carriage of LTSR origin was added.
They were modified by the removal of the compartment partitions and the addition of a handbrake at one end acting on one wheel set. During the First World War three bogie carriages of Midland Railway origin were acquired due to a further influx in staff to Thames works, In addition several more four wheel carriages where acquired from the LTSR.
From the 1920s the passenger stock was reduced with the scrapping of many of the carriages acquired during the World War I, It was noted that at least one of the bogie carriages continued to be used past this time. Towards the end of the passenger service on the railway one or two ex-LTSR four-wheel carriages continued to be used, as noted on a Stephenson Locomotive Society visit in 1948.
Freight stock varied between two and 14 wagons. Little is known about them, but there is photographic evidence of two four-wheel wagons, one regularly at Corringham and an ex LBSCR open wagon. There are many photographs from the later years of the CLR that show wagons belonging to Cory Brothers in use or dumped in derelict condition. However these do not appear to have ever been owned by the railway itself.
Staff
Although the CLR had directors and several secretaries over the years, it listed very few staff on its books. Kynochs (and later Cory's) kept costs down to a minimum by counting only the locomotive crews (ie the drivers and firemen) as actual employees of the CLR. Like many aspects of the CLR, not much has been recorded of them.
Later staff were direct employees of Mobil.
Corringham Light Railway Society
The Corringham Light Railway Project was founded in 2013 by a group of local people attempting to save the remaining trackbed of the Corringham Light Railway. Unfortunately time has not been kind to what remains of the Corringham Light Railway. In December 2014 the Corringham Light Railway Society was formed by former members of the project it now aims to research and discover as much as possible about the old line and if possible assist in the preservation of any remaining artifacts.
The Society's secondary aims are to preserve the general railway History of the Thurrock Area in conjunction with other groups.
References
The Corringham Light Railway (Locomotion Paper No. 155) by Ivor Gotheridge, published by Oakwood, 1985?
Minor Railways of England and their Locomotives by George Woodcock, published by Goose and Son, Norwich, England, 1970
The Corringham Light Railway: A New History by Peter Kay, published 2008,
National Railway Museum Search Engine Records
The National Archives Kew
External links
Facebook Group
Facebook page
Brief details
Closure date
Rail transport in Essex
Transport in Thurrock
Former ExxonMobil subsidiaries
Light railways |
17132089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Hospital | Central Hospital | Central Hospital may refer to:
Ayrshire Central Hospital, also known as Irvine Central Hospital, an NHS hospital in Irvine, North Ayrshire, Scotland
Central Hospital, Hatton, was a psychiatric hospital (closed 1995) located in Hatton, Warwickshire
Central Mental Hospital, mental health facility housing forensic patients in Dublin, Ireland
Central Middlesex Hospital, a teaching hospital of Imperial College London
Helsinki University Central Hospital, the largest university hospital in Finland
Hong Kong Central Hospital, closed in 2012
Hospital Central (or Central Hospital), a Spanish television series
Tampere University Hospital, the central hospital of Pirkanmaa region and one of the main hospitals in Finland
York Central Hospital, a major hospital in Richmond Hill, Ontario
See also
Central State Hospital (disambiguation) |
69100314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha%20Rotich | Elisha Rotich | Elisha Rotich is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specializes in the marathon. Rotich has a personal best in the marathon of 2:04:21, which he set when he won and set the course record at the Paris Marathon in 2021. Rotich also won the 2016 Cannes Marathon des Alpes-Maritimes, the 2017 Chuncheon Chosunilbo Marathon, and the 2018 Eindhoven Marathon.
Career
Early career 2010 - 2015
Rotich began his career racing mainly road races from 10k to marathon. Rotich's marathon debut was at the 2011 Kassel Marathon, where he placed 3rd in 2:15:18. In 2014 Rotich won the Strasbourg Half Marathon and the Altötting Half Marathon in Germany. In 2015 he secured his first marathon victory at the San Sebastián Marathon in Spain clocking 2:13:56.
2016 - 2018
In 2016 Rotich placed 3rd in the Kraków Marathon, before winning the Cannes Marathon des Alpes-Maritimes in 2:10:45. In 2017 Elisha won the Gunsan Marathon and the Chuncheon Chosunilbo Marathon, both in South Korea, and clocking 2:08:58 in the latter. In 2018 Rotich placed 4th in the Daegu Marathon in 2:07:50. Later in the year Rotich secured another marathon victory on 14 October winning the Eindhoven Marathon in 2:07:32.
2019 - present
On 17 March, 2019 Rotich ran the Seoul Marathon, where he placed 2nd in 2:06:12, while the race was won by Thomas Kiplagat in 2:06:00. On 31 August he placed 5th at the Semi Marathon in Lille, France in 1:00:42. Rotich then placed 3rd in the Amsterdam Marathon on 20 October in 2:05:18, while his compatriot Vincent Kipchumba won the race in 2:05:09. In 2020 Rotich raced one marathon. On 20 December he placed second at the Taipei Marathon in 2:13:07. The race was won by his compatriot Paul Lonyangata, who set a new course record of 2:09:18. In 2021 Elisha placed 10th in the Milan Marathon on 16 May in a time of 2:06:44. Next Rotich raced the Paris Marathon on 17 October where he won the race in a new course record of 2:04:21, breaking Kenenisa Bekele's previous course record of 2:05:04 from 2014. On New Year's Eve 2021 in São Paulo Rotich placed 4th at the 96° Corrida Internacional de São Silvestre in 46:26 a personal best.
Personal bests
Outdoor
References
Kenyan male long-distance runners
Paris Marathon male winners
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people) |
35865388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20listed%20buildings%20in%20Temple%2C%20Midlothian | List of listed buildings in Temple, Midlothian | This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Temple in Midlothian, Scotland.
List
|}
Key
See also
List of listed buildings in Midlothian
Notes
References
All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence
Temple |
2525388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Bond | Larry Bond | Lawrence L. Bond (born June 11, 1951) is an American author and wargame designer. He is the designer of the Harpoon and Command at Sea gaming systems, and several supplements for the games. Examples of his numerous novels include Dangerous Ground, Day of Wrath, The Enemy Within, Cauldron, Vortex and Red Phoenix. He also co-authored Red Storm Rising with Tom Clancy.
Early life and education
Bond was born on June 11, 1951, and grew up outside St. Paul, Minnesota. When he was eight years old, an uncle gave him a copy of Afrika Korps, spurring his lifelong interest in wargames. In 1973, Bond graduated from St. Thomas College with a degree in quantitative methods, and worked as a computer programmer for two years before joining the U.S. Navy.
Career
U.S. Navy
Bond graduated from the United States Navy Officer Candidate School in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1976. He spent six years on active naval duty, including four years on destroyers, followed by two years in the Naval Reserve Intelligence Program. After leaving the navy, he worked as a naval analyst for defense consulting firms in the Washington, D.C., area.
Harpoon gaming system
Bond's Harpoon gaming system was first published in 1980. Designed as a general-purpose air, surface, and submarine naval simulation, it combines playability with a wealth of information on modern naval weapons systems. Designed for the entry-level player, it has found acceptance in both the commercial market and the professional naval community. It is used at the Naval Academy, several ROTC installations, and on several surface ships as a training aid.
Now in its fourth edition, Harpoon won the H.G. Wells Award, a trade association honor, in both 1981 and 1987 as the best miniatures game of the year. The computer version of the game first appeared in 1989 and won the 1990 Wargame of the Year award from Computer Gaming World, an industry journal.
Literary career
Bond's began his writing career by collaborating with Tom Clancy on Red Storm Rising (1986), a New York Times bestseller that was one of the best-selling books of the 1980s. It depicted a hypothetical conflict between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, drawing heavily on current analysis of what such a conflict would be like. It has been used as a text at the Naval War College.
Since then, Bond's books have depicted military and political crises, emphasizing accuracy and fast-paced action. Red Phoenix, Vortex, and Cauldron were all New York Times bestsellers. Red Phoenix is set in South Korea and depicts an invasion of the south instigated by the North Korean government. Vortex tells the story of a reactionary Afrikaner government trying to roll back the clock in South Africa. Cauldron shows a financial crisis in Europe that grew out of control, leading to a military confrontation between France, Germany and countries of the Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary) supported by the United States.
Personal life
Bond makes his home in Springfield, Virginia. He and his wife Jeanne are the parents of two daughters.
Bibliography
Sources:
With Tom Clancy
Red Storm Rising, 1986
With Patrick Larkin Red Phoenix, 1989Vortex, 1991Cauldron, 1993The Enemy Within, 1996Day of Wrath, 1998
With Chris Carlson Lash-Up, 2015Red Phoenix Burning, 2016
Jerry Mitchell Series Dangerous Ground, 2005Cold Choices, 2009Exit Plan, 2012Shattered Trident, 2013Burial at Sea, 2013Fatal Thunder, 2016Arctic Gambit, 2018
With Jim DeFelice
First Team Series Larry Bond's First Team, 2004Larry Bond's First Team: Angels of Wrath, 2006Larry Bond's First Team: Fires of War, 2006Larry Bond's First Team: Soul of the Assassin, 2008
Red Dragon Rising Series Larry Bond's Red Dragon Rising: Shadows of War, 2009Larry Bond's Red Dragon Rising: Edge of War, 2010Larry Bond's Red Dragon Rising: Shock of War, 2012Larry Bond's Red Dragon Rising: Blood of War, 2013
Edited by Larry Bond Crash Dive: True Stories of Submarine Combat'', 2010
References
1952 births
Techno-thriller writers
Board game designers
Living people
University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) alumni
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
United States Navy officers
People from Springfield, Virginia
21st-century American male writers |
72175694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice%20Hardenburger | Janice Hardenburger | Janice Congleton Hardenburger (February 26, 1932–August 31, 2000) was an American politician who spent eight years in the Kansas State Senate.
Hardenburger was born in Haddam, Kansas, and lived there throughout her service in the State Senate. She married William Joseph Hardenburger in 1952 and the couple jointly operated a farm. Hardenburger successfully ran for State Senate in 1992, and was re-elected in 1996. She chaired the Senate Committee on Elections and Local Government. In the summer of 2000, she dropped out of her re-election race following a diagnosis of lung cancer; she died of the disease in late August.
References
1932 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer in Kansas
20th-century American politicians
People from Washington County, Kansas
Republican Party Kansas state senators
Farmers from Kansas |
8459049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricio%20Pouchulu | Patricio Pouchulu | Patricio Pouchulu (born April 13, 1965) is a contemporary organic architect.
Born in Buenos Aires, he graduated as an architect at Universidad de Buenos Aires before moving to London to study with Peter Cook at The Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, where he got a M.Arch. He was awarded by the British Council and Fondo Nacional de las Artes. He taught at the University of Buenos Aires (1989–1996), Fachhochschule-Munich, Germany (1999–2004). He is invited as external critic at the Bartlett and other schools since 2000. He is investigating on Habitat.
Architecture and influence
Pouchulu is a faraway disciple of Frank Lloyd Wright. His architecture has various exploratory lines, in the lineage of Hugo Häring, John Lautner and Paul Rudolph. His approach to Futurism, Expressionism, Japanese architecture and African art gives his projects atemporal, refreshing atmospheres, already present in his early architectural drawings and paintings. His work is devoted to the exploration of unknown architectural territories and contemporary Utopias.
In Buenos Aires he experienced the Modern Movement through the early work of Clorindo Testa; after visiting his office in the late eighties they eventually became friends. He co-organized events with Jorge Glusberg (CAYC) for the BA/Bienal Internacional de Arquitectura de Buenos Aires, where he exhibited experimental projects. Hosted by Peter Cook, in 2000 Pouchulu lectured in London on his Architectural Fictions. He attended the Venice Biennale, and Documenta in Kassel, where he met Yona Friedman.
Understanding
Pouchulu's predicate shows a subtle oscillation between historical principles and contemporary programmes, in pursuit of synthesis and symbolic unity. He is detached from conceptual fragmentation, parametric resources or digital imaginary as a source of inspiration. Furthermore, he has been an outsider of architectural movements like Deconstructivism. Though his spaces are often composed with methods from Structuralism, they show a high degree of freedom, probably inspired by Oscar Niemeyer. His work exudes spirituality, like his Grand Egyptian Museum or House in a Cliff.
Practice
Pouchulu is partnering with engineers Patrick Teuffel (Stuttgart), developing a sustainable project in the Netherlands, and since 2005 with Nick MacLean (working on conversions in protected areas in central London). Previously he worked with Susanne Biek on international competitions (Munich 1999-04). He has been applying working parameters produced from his researches, particularly ESP (Essential Spatial Project) and LEA (Light Easy Architecture), where structural and function configurations are co-determined by lightweight components and green energy.
Habitat
He is researching on Earth's Sciences, particularly Climate Change and Habitat, warning about the imminent catastrophe produced by Overpopulation, Overexploitation and Global Warming. His recent projects analyze modular design methods and passive cooling.
Projects
Below is a selection of projects:
MNBA/Moderno, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires) (proposed extension), Argentina, 2000–16
Cyclotel, The Netherlands and Europe, 2012–20
Stockholm Library, Stockholm, Sweden, 2007
Olive House, near the Walhalla temple, Bavaria, Deutschland, 2006
Valhall House, Hardanger, Hardangerfjord, Norway, 2003
Kalevala, Åland, Finland, 2002
Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza, Egypt, 2002
Bauer House, Scotland, United Kingdom, 2001
Meran thermal baths, Meran, Italy, 1999
London Bridge Project, London, United Kingdom, 1998
Project for a city in the desert, Patagonia, Argentina, 1996
House in a Cliff, California, 1994
Gaboto Building, 1st. version, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1986
References
Articles
http://chroniquesdebuenosaires.hautetfort.com/tag/patricio%20pouchulu
http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2012/02/13/comment-despite-falklands-argentina-and-britain-can-still-be
https://getinfo.de/app/Dreams-and-Visions-Patricio-Pouchulu/id/BLSE%3ARN151253347
http://www.arqchile.cl/pouchulu_arquitecto.htm
http://archive-cl.com/page/1346807/2013-02-07/http://www.arqchile.cl/critica.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20071024045453/http://www.elcorreogallego.es/canalInmobiliario/index.php?idMenu=3
External links
Architects from Buenos Aires
Living people
1965 births
Alumni of The Bartlett |
23684810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siletz%20Valley%20Early%20College%20Academy | Siletz Valley Early College Academy | Siletz Valley Early College Academy, also known as Siletz Valley School, is a public charter high school in Siletz, Oregon, United States. The school opened in 2006 with funding from the Chinook Winds Casino and from a grant provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Academics
In 2008, 67% of the school's seniors received a high school diploma. Of 21 students, 14 graduated, five dropped out, and two were still in high school the following year.
References
High schools in Lincoln County, Oregon
Educational institutions established in 2006
Public high schools in Oregon
Charter schools in Oregon
2006 establishments in Oregon |
4961817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Clark%20Rogers | Jonathan Clark Rogers | Jonathan Clark Rogers (September 7, 1885 – October 24, 1967) was President of the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens from 1949 until 1950.
Early life
Born in 1885 in Richmond, Indiana, Rogers earned his B.S. at Piedmont College in 1906 and his civil engineering degree (B.S.C.E) from Earlham College the following year. He also earned an M.A. from Columbia University in 1927. In 1934 he received an honorary EdD degree from Piedmont College.
Service in education
Rogers taught at Oakwood Seminary in Union Springs, New York until 1911 when he joined Piedmont College . There he taught and served as Dean until 1934 when he became President of North Georgia College in Dahlonega. Rogers assumed the presidency at NGC shortly after it was reduced to a junior college in 1933. During his presidency, enrollment at North Georgia rose from 160 to 702, thus making it the largest junior college in Georgia at the time. In January 1949 he was selected as the President of UGA.
Rogers' tenure at UGA was very brief due to a power struggle with some members of the Georgia Board of Regents over whether the College of Agriculture should remain a part of the University or become its own institution. UGA kept the school; however, the clash cost Rogers his job. After leaving the University in 1950, Rogers directed Tallulah Falls School (1951–1953) and worked at Reinhardt College as a math professor and counselor from 1957 to 1962.
On October 24, 1967, Rogers died in Gainesville, Georgia and was buried in Demorest, Georgia.
References
Sources
From Ahmedunggar to Lavonia Presidents at the University of Georgia 1785-1997, University of Georgia Libraries, Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library
'Brief yet Important' era of UGA president honored, Sarah Lee, Athens Banner Herald, 10/03/2001
1885 births
1967 deaths
Presidents of the University of Georgia
People from Richmond, Indiana
Earlham College alumni
Piedmont University alumni
20th-century American academics |
38389842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakiya%20Bywaters | Zakiya Bywaters | Zakiya Abeni Bywaters (born July 24, 1991) is an American soccer player who last played as a forward and midfielder for Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League.
Bywaters is a United States U-23 international. A former star player for the UCLA Bruins, Bywaters was the number one pick of the 2013 NWSL College Draft by the Chicago Red Stars in January 2013.
Early life
Born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada to Thomas and Beverly Bywaters, Zakiya attended Rancho High School and played club soccer for the Southern California Blues and Slammers FC. In 2007 and 2008, she was named a NSCAA/adidas Girls Youth All-American. During her senior year in 2009, she was listed as a four-star recruit (21st overall) by Top Drawer Soccer as well as an ESPN RISE Top 50 Recruit (17th overall). She was also named Parade All-American in 2009.
As a youth, Bywaters won four state championships with club team Neusport and helped the team to a regional final at the U-14 level.
UCLA Bruins, 2009–2012
Bywaters attended UCLA where she played for the Bruins for four years. In 2009, she was the only freshman
to play in all 25 matches. She made 23 starts and ended the season with 11 points on three goals and seven assists. She was named to the Pac-10 All-Freshman Team. During her second year, she was the only field player to start all 23 matches and ended the season with 10 points on three goals and four assists. She was named an Honorable Mention All-Pac-10 selection. During her junior year in 2011, she was one of five players to start all 21 matches and finished with 12 points on three goals and six assists (her assists ranked second on the team). She was named a First-Team All-Pac-12 selection and to the All-Pacific Region First-Team.
During her senior year, Bywaters led the Pac-12 Conference in goals (15), points (34) and game-winning goals (6). She was added to UCLA's Top 10 list for career assists (tied for 7th, 21), career multiple-goal games (tied for 7th, 5) and single-season game-winning goals (tied for 10th, 6). She tallied five multiple-goal games, scoring twice against Princeton, Pepperdine, Arizona, Oregon State and San Diego State and recorded game-winners against Illinois, Pepperdine, Arizona, Arizona State, California and San Diego State. She was named first-team NSCAA All-American, All-Pacific Region and was a MAC Hermann Trophy semi-finalist. Bywaters was named the Pac-12 Player of the Week twice and was the Soccer America National Player of the Week for September 10–16 after recording four goals and one assist in games against Princeton and Pepperdine. She was named to the Top Drawer Soccer Team of the Season first team, was a First-Team All-Pac-12 selection, and earned Pac-12 Player of the Year honors.
Club career
Chicago Red Stars, 2013–2015
Bywaters was the number one pick in the 2013 NWSL College Draft (the league's inaugural draft) by the Chicago Red Stars. Of her selection, Red Stars head coach Rory Dames said, "Zakiya possesses a great combination of technique and pace. She has the ability to play multiple positions and we believe she will push hard for future national team call-ups."" During the 2013 season, Bywaters scored two goals in her six appearances for the club after being sidelined for part of the season due to injuries. Chicago finished sixth in the regular season with a record.
During the 2014 season, Bywaters made 19 appearances for the club. She scored her first goal of the season in the 85th minute against the Boston Breakers on May 19 helping the Red Stars win 4–1. In June, she scored her second goal of the season against Sky Blue FC. Chicago finished in fifth place during the regular season with a record.
After missing the 2015 season recovering from hip surgery, Bywaters was waived by the Red Stars prior to the 2016 season.
International career
Bywaters has represented the United States at various levels including the U-16, U-17, U-20, and U-23 national teams. She played for the United States women's national under-17 soccer team in 2008. She played in five matches for the team and scored one goal. In 2010, she competed with the United States under-20 women's national soccer team at the 2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Germany and won gold at the 2010 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship in Guatemala.
In January 2013, following her draft to Chicago Red Stars at the 2013 NWSL College Draft, she was called into training camp for the U.S. senior national team by head coach Tom Sermanni.
See also
List of University of California, Los Angeles people
2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup squads
Athlete Ally
References
External links
US Soccer player profile (via archive.org)
Chicago Red Stars player profile
UCLA player profile (via archive.org)
American women's soccer players
National Women's Soccer League players
UCLA Bruins women's soccer players
Chicago Red Stars players
1991 births
Living people
Parade High School All-Americans (girls' soccer)
Soccer players from Las Vegas
Women's association football forwards
Women's association football midfielders
Chicago Red Stars draft picks
United States women's under-20 international soccer players
African-American women's soccer players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women |
36272898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20French%20%28Canadian%20politician%29 | Richard French (Canadian politician) | Richard D. French (born February 25, 1947) is a Canadian businessman, academic, and a former politician.
Born in Montreal, Quebec, French received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of British Columbia in 1968 and a D. Phil. from the University of Oxford in 1973. From 1971 to 1972, he was an assistant professor of history at Princeton University. From 1972 to 1973, he was an assistant adviser to the Ministry of State for Science and Technology. From 1973 to 1974, he was an advisor to the Science Council of Canada. From 1974 to 1977, he worked in the Privy Council Office. From 1977 to 1981, he was an associate professor at the Faculty of Management at McGill University. From 1978 to 1981, he was a partner at SECOR.
He was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Westmount in 1981. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1985. He held various ministerial positions in the cabinet of Robert Bourassa. He did not run in 1989.
After leaving politics, he held various vice presidential positions at Bell Canada from 1989 to 1996. From 1996 to 1999, he was president and CEO of Tata Communications in Hyderabad, India. He was vice-chairman (telecommunications) of the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission from 2005 to 2007. In 2007, he became a professor at the University of Ottawa. He is currently the inaugural chairholder of the CN Paul M. Tellier Chair on Business and Public Policy.
He is the author of How Ottawa Decides: Planning and Industrial Policy-making 1968-1980 published in 1984. He is also the author of several scholarly articles including an analysis of the concept of political capital, and a provocative account of the ways in which academics misunderstand the nature of political office.
In December 2016, French was named a Member of the Order of Canada.
References
1947 births
Academics from Montreal
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Anglophone Quebec people
Businesspeople from Montreal
Living people
Academic staff of McGill University
Politicians from Montreal
Princeton University faculty
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
University of British Columbia alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
Members of the Order of Canada |
1300703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%205q%20deletion%20syndrome | Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome | Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome is an acquired, hematological disorder characterized by loss of part of the long arm (q arm, band 5q33.1) of human chromosome 5 in bone marrow myelocyte cells. This chromosome abnormality is most commonly associated with the myelodysplastic syndrome.
It should not be confused with "partial trisomy 5q", though both conditions have been observed in the same family.
This should not be confused with the germ line cri du chat (5p deletion) syndrome which is a deletion of the short arm of the 5th chromosome.
Presentation
The 5q-syndrome is characterized by macrocytic anemia, often a moderate thrombocytosis, erythroblastopenia, megakaryocyte hyperplasia with nuclear hypolobation, and an isolated interstitial deletion of chromosome 5. The 5q- syndrome is found predominantly in females of advanced age.
Causes
Several genes in the deleted region appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of 5q-syndrome. Haploinsufficiency of RPS14 plays a central role, and contributes to the anemia via both p53-dependent and p53-independent tumor suppressor effects. Other genes at this region include miR-145 and miR-146a, whose deletion is associated with the megakaryocytic dysplasia and thrombocytosis seen in 5q- syndrome; SPARC, which has antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects; and the candidate tumor suppressors EGR1, CTNNA1, and CDC25C.
Histology
This syndrome affects bone marrow cells causing treatment-resistant anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes that may lead to acute myelogenous leukemia. Examination of the bone marrow shows characteristic changes in the megakaryocytes. They are more numerous than usual, small and mononuclear. There may be accompanying erythroid hypoplasia in the bone marrow.
Diagnosis
Bone marrow biopsy
Treatment
Lenalidomide has activity in 5q- syndrome and is FDA approved for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion-dependent anemia due to low or intermediate-1 (int-1) risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) associated with chromosome 5q deletion with or without additional cytogenetic abnormalities. There are several possible mechanisms that link the haploinsufficiency molecular lesions with lenalidomide sensitivity.
Prognosis
Most affected people have a stable clinical course but are often transfusion dependent.
References
External links
Myeloid neoplasia
Rare genetic syndromes
Autosomal monosomies and deletions
Syndromes affecting blood |
23995339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbophyllum%20cubicum | Bulbophyllum cubicum | Bulbophyllum cubicum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
References
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia
cubicum
Orchids of the Philippines |
9227375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Tebeau | George Tebeau | George E. Tebeau (December 26, 1861 – February 4, 1923) was an American professional baseball player who played as an outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played in the big leagues between and for the Cincinnati Red Stockings (1887–1889) and Toledo Maumees (1890) of the American Association, and with the Washington Senators (1894) and Cleveland Spiders (1894–1895) of the National League. Tebeau batted and threw right-handed.
Career
In a six-season career, Tebeau was a .269 lifetime hitter with 15 home runs and 311 runs batted in in 628 games played. Nicknamed "White Wings" for his speed, he also totaled 228 stolen bases, 623 hits, 96 doubles, 54 triples, and 441 runs scored.
The older brother of infielder Patsy Tebeau, who was his teammate while in Cleveland, George played over 50 games at all three outfield positions and first base. One of his most productive seasons came in 1889 with Cincinnati, when he hit .252 and posted career-highs in stolen bases (61), RBI (70), runs (110), hits (110) and walks (69). He later became the owner of the Kansas City Blues franchise of the American Association.
In addition, Tebeau is recognized as the joint-first Major League Baseball player ever to hit a home run in the first at-bat of his career. He shares this "first ever" distinction with Mike Griffin; both Tebeau and Griffin hit their debut at-bat home runs on the same day, and as it is unclear which player hit his home run at a chronologically earlier time of the day, both have historically been considered the "first."
Tebeau died in Denver at the age of 61.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players with a home run in their first major league at bat
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
External links
Retrosheet
19th-century baseball players
Cincinnati Red Stockings (AA) players
Cleveland Spiders players
Toledo Maumees players
Portland Webfeet players
Washington Senators (1891–1899) players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Baseball players from St. Louis
Denver (minor league baseball) players
Denver Mountain Lions players
Fort Wayne Farmers players
Columbus Senators players
Columbus Buckeyes (minor league) players
Grand Rapids Furnituremakers players
Denver Grizzlies (baseball) players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) managers
1861 births
1923 deaths
Kansas City Blues (baseball) managers |
23541686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similkameen%20News%20Leader | Similkameen News Leader | The Similkameen News Leader was a local and independently owned weekly newspaper serving the Princeton and Keremeos areas of the Similkameen Valley in Southern British Columbia since 1997. The paper's focus was on local stories. It closed in July 2016.
The News Leader
The Similkameen News Leader was established in 1997 by long-time Princeton residents Dawn Johnson and Sharon Johnson (her daughter). The first weekly issue of the News Leader, Volume 1 Number 1, was dated January 6, 1998.
W. George Elliott, another long-time Princeton resident, purchased the News Leader from the Johnsons in 2004, taking over the day-to-day operation on February 1, 2004. He had previously been employed by the Johnsons as the Advertising Sales Manager for the News Leader, beginning in July 2000. Elliott formed his company, Bengel Publishing Inc., in December 2003 in order to purchase the paper from the Johnsons. Dawn Johnson remained on the staff as a part-time reporter for her former employee. Page text.
The News Leader began as an upstart newspaper. The first year was hard. Dawn Johnson recalls, "We got two big breaks at the start. The first was the result of the hill above Ken Thomas' property on Tulameen Road. A 50-million-year-old fish fossil was discovered. It was a big fish and all of it was fossilized. It made news. The next big break came a couple of months later when a grapple loader stole the night deposit vault. Out of all of the time I owned the newspaper, the photo of the grapple loader on Bridge Street ranks up there as number one."
Owner/Publisher W. George Elliott describes the focus of his weekly newspaper:
"We believe in the importance of keeping our small-town paper focused on the local happenings in our small town, which continues to be our focus."
Elliott announced in June 2016 that his paper would soon cease publication. The June 7, 2016 issue carried full coverage of this as well and news that the last issue would be dated July 26, 2016. The 'final eight' issues were branded as Collector's Editions with historic features in each from the past almost twenty years of the Similkameen News Leader.
Elliott was named a Paul Harris Fellow by the Princeton (British Columbia) Rotary Club on November 16, 2016 in honour of the contributions he had made to the community with the Similkameen News Leader.
After 50 weeks had passed following the closure of the printed version of the News Leader, Elliott brought the brand back to life in social media providing frequent daily updates related to a wildfire in the area. The blaze, known as "10 Km NE of Princeton (K60643)," was discovered July 7, 2017 and grew to 3,300 HA. Local road closures, evacuation alerts and orders followed. The Similkameen News Leader gained a following from the coverage it provided along with The Similkameen Gazette, another online source servicing the region.
Elliott was elected to Princeton Town Council as a Councillor on October 20, 2018. He was re-elected to his second four-year term on October 15, 2022.
In June 2023, the Princeton Museum & Archives Society started to digitize the entire catalogue of Similkameen News Leader issues under agreement with former newspaper owner/publisher W. George Elliott. The intent of the project is to provide complete online access to all of the issues currently stored in the archives of the museum. All 948 editions of the Similkameen News Leader were scanned with the final issue completed on August 16, 2023.
See also
List of newspapers in Canada
References
External links
Similkameen News Leader Facebook Page
Similkameen News Leader website
George Elliott website
Weekly newspapers published in British Columbia
Newspapers established in 1997
1997 establishments in British Columbia
2016 disestablishments in British Columbia
Publications disestablished in 2016 |
23764643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20S%C3%A1nchez%20%28Peruvian%20footballer%29 | Joel Sánchez (Peruvian footballer) | Joel Melchor Sánchez Alegría (born 11 June 1989) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for UTC.
Club career
Sánchez made his professional debut with Atlético Universidad on 4 February 2007 in the First Round of the 2007 Torneo Descentralizado season at home against Universitario de Deportes. Manager Roberto Arrelucea allowed him to enter the match in the 65th minute for Luis Collantes, but the match finished in a 2–1 loss for his side.
Joel made his league debut for Total Chalaco on 2 February 2009 in a 0–0 home draw against
Juan Aurich.
International career
He played for the Peru national football team in 2009.
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
People from Arequipa Province
Men's association football midfielders
Peruvian men's footballers
Peru men's international footballers
Atlético Universidad footballers
Total Chalaco footballers
Club Alianza Lima footballers
Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres players
FBC Melgar footballers
Peruvian Primera División players
Peruvian Segunda División players
2015 Copa América players |
4588934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Piccone | Paul Piccone | Paul Piccone (January 17, 1940 – July 12, 2004) was an Italian-American philosopher, critical theorist, intellectual historian, and most notably the founder and long-time editor of the journal Telos.
He was born in L'Aquila in Italy to a family that emigrated to Rochester, New York in the mid-1950s. In 1968, he and others started the journal Telos, which he edited until his death in 2004.
He completed a doctorate in philosophy at University at Buffalo in 1970. He then taught at Washington University in St. Louis until 1977.
Life
Piccone was born in L'Aquila, Italy on January 17, 1940. He immigrated to the United States with his family at age 14, and they settled in Rochester, New York. After undergraduate studies at Indiana University, he did his doctoral work in philosophy at SUNY-Buffalo where he received his Ph.D. in 1970. He was appointed to a position in the Department of Sociology at Washington University in St. Louis, and published Telos from his office there until he was denied promotion and tenure in 1977. Following a tumultuous administrative and legal struggle to reverse that decision, he left the Midwest to set up shop in New York's East Village in the 1980s.
Telos
For over three decades, Telos survived as an independent "quarterly journal of critical thought" under his editorship. However during the 1980’s the journal gave up its left political orientation.
Death
Not long after turning 60, Piccone contracted a rare form of cancer during 2000. He battled it successfully for many long months, but on July 12, 2004, he died at age 64.
Bibliography
Books
TELOS: A Journal of Critical Theory, Paul Piccone, ed., nos. 1-127.
Towards a New Marxism, Paul Piccone and Bart Grahl, eds. (St. Louis, MO: Telos Press, 1973).
Italian Marxism, Paul Piccone (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).
Confronting the Crisis: Writings of Paul Piccone, Paul Piccone, ed. and intro. by Gary Ulmen (New York: Telos Press, 2008).
See also
Telos Institute
References
External links
www.telospress.com - Official website of Telos Press, publishers of TELOS
Timothy W. Luke, "The Trek with Telos: A Rememberance (sic) of Paul Piccone", Fast Capitalism 1.2 (2005).
"Paul Piccone," Manhattan, Inc., July 1990.
Russell Jacoby, "Paul Piccone: Outside Academe," Chronicle of Higher Education, June 13, 2008.
Collin May, C2C: Canada's Journal of Ideas, vol. 2, no. 1 (2008): 49-54.
1940 births
2004 deaths
Italian emigrants to the United States
American Marxists
American political philosophers
Critical theorists
Intellectual historians
University at Buffalo alumni
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Indiana University alumni |
32150148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Battersby | Robert Battersby | Robert Christopher Battersby (14 December 1924 – 30 September 2002) was British soldier, linguist, diplomat and politician, who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the constituency of Humberside between 1979 and 1989. He was a prominent member of the Conservative Party.
References
1924 births
2002 deaths
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British Army personnel of World War II
Conservative Party (UK) MEPs
Intelligence Corps officers
MEPs for England 1979–1984
MEPs for England 1984–1989
People educated at Firth Park Academy
Politicians from Sheffield
Knights of St. Gregory the Great
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire |
39481661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons%20%28The%20National%20song%29 | Demons (The National song) | "Demons" is a song by American indie rock band The National. Written by band members Matt Berninger and Aaron Dessner, it appears as the second track on the band's sixth studio album Trouble Will Find Me and was released as the album's first single on April 15, 2013.
Charts
Personnel
Credits adapted from Trouble Will Find Me liner notes.
Matt Berninger – lead vocals
Aaron Dessner – guitar, keyboards, vibraphone, harmonica
Bryce Dessner – guitar, keyboards, e-bow, orchestration
Bryan Devendorf – drums, percussion
Scott Devendorf – bass guitar
Release history
References
2013 singles
2013 songs
The National (band) songs
4AD singles
Songs written by Matt Berninger
Songs written by Aaron Dessner
Song recordings produced by Aaron Dessner |
18621233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole%20Crist | Carole Crist | Carole Lynn Crist (née Oumano, formerly Rome) is an American businesswoman and former First Lady of Florida. Crist is the former wife of U.S. Representative and one-term Florida Governor Charlie Crist, having served as First Lady of Florida from December 12, 2008, to January 4, 2011.
Personal life
Crist was born and raised in Roslyn, New York, a New York City suburb on Long Island. She is the daughter of Margaret and Robert Oumano. Mr. Oumano was the former president of the Franco-American Novelty Company, a family-owned Halloween and costume business. The company was founded in 1910 and was based in Glendale, Queens. Crist graduated magna cum laude from Georgetown University with a degree in accounting.
Crist has two daughters from her first marriage to Todd Rome.
She married then-Florida governor Charlie Crist on December 12, 2008, at the First Methodist Church of St. Petersburg.
After nine years of marriage, in February 2017, Mr. Crist filed for divorce, stating, "I think the world of Carole. She's an amazing person. It just didn't work out for us, I wish all the best for her."
Crist currently resides in Fisher Island, Florida.
Career
After her father's death in 2000, Crist ran Franco-American Novelty for the next six years. She coined the slogan "Where Fashion Meets Halloween" and changed the focus of the company to more figure-flattering, high-fashion costumes. In 2006, she handed over control of Franco-American to her sister, Michele Oumano Powell, and in January, 2013 resigned from her management position. In 2012, Crist started a new Halloween Costume business in St. Petersburg, Florida called Goddessey, L.L.C., which she sold in early 2017.
During her husband's 2016 campaign for Congress, Crist served as acting campaign director, and played a significant role in fundraising.
Crist is currently founder and CEO of CLC Global Advisors, a philanthropic and entrepreneurial venture focused on impact investing.
References
External links
First Lady webpage
1969 births
First ladies and gentlemen of Florida
McDonough School of Business alumni
Living people
People from Roslyn, New York
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesswomen
21st-century American women |
71202739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrica%20Rinaldi | Enrica Rinaldi | Enrica Rinaldi (born 11 August 1998) is an Italian freestyle wrestler. She won one of the bronze medals in the women's 76kg event at the 2022 European Wrestling Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. A few months later, she won the silver medal in the 76kg event at the 2022 Mediterranean Games held in Oran, Algeria.
Career
Freestyle wrestling
Rinaldi won one of the bronze medals in her event at the 2018 European U23 Wrestling Championship held in Istanbul, Turkey. She won the silver medal in her event at the 2018 European Juniors Wrestling Championships held in Rome, Italy. She was eliminated in her first match in the 76kg event at the 2019 European Wrestling Championships held in Bucharest, Romania. She lost her bronze medal match in the 72kg event at the 2020 European Wrestling Championships held in Rome, Italy.
In 2021, Rinaldi won one of the bronze medals in the 76kg event at the Matteo Pellicone Ranking Series 2021 held in Rome, Italy. She was eliminated in her first match in the 76kg event at the 2021 European Wrestling Championships held in Warsaw, Poland. At the 2021 U23 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia, she won one of the bronze medals in the 76kg event.
In 2022, Rinaldi was eliminated in her first match in the 76kg event at the World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia. She was also eliminated in her first match in the 76kg event at the 2023 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia.
Beach wrestling
Rinaldi also competes in beach wrestling. She won the silver medal in the women's +70kg event at the 2019 Mediterranean Beach Games held in Patras, Greece. In 2021, she won the gold medal in her event at the Beach Wrestling World Series event held in Rome, Italy.
Achievements
Women's freestyle wrestling
Women's beach wrestling
References
External links
Living people
1998 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Italian female sport wrestlers
European Wrestling Championships medalists
Competitors at the 2022 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in wrestling
21st-century Italian women |
11774855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Mars-Vieux-Maisons | Saint-Mars-Vieux-Maisons | Saint-Mars-Vieux-Maisons is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
See also
Gilles de Vieux-Maisons
Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department
References
External links
1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région)
Communes of Seine-et-Marne |
37666314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%20Virginia%20National%20Bank%20500 | 1982 Virginia National Bank 500 | The 1982 Virginia National Bank 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that was set on April 25, 1982, at Martinsville Speedway in Martinsville, Virginia. During the early 1980s, the NASCAR Winston Cup Series was plagued with top teams running big engines and finishing in third place to avoid inspection.
By 1980, NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore. Only manual transmission vehicles were allowed to participate in this race; a policy that NASCAR has retained to the present day.
Background
Martinsville Speedway is one of five short tracks to hold NASCAR races. The standard track at Martinsville Speedway is a four-turn short track oval that is long. The track's turns are banked at eleven degrees, while the front stretch, the location of the finish line, is banked at zero degrees. The back stretch also has a zero degree banking.
Race report
A total starting grid of 31 drivers competed for three and a half hours in this 500-lap racing competition. D.K. Ulrich was involved in a crash on lap 14; leading to his last-place finish. An audience consisting of 36,500 live spectators eventually got to see Harry Gant defeat Butch Lindley by a distance of slightly more than a lap.
The majority of the field was driving Buick vehicles while participating in the event. Terry Labonte and Ricky Rudd would dominate the first one hundred laps of this race while Harry Gant would monopolize the closing laps of this race with a 1-lap lead over everyone else. Joe Ruttman would be the lowest finishing driver to complete the race; albeit more than 50 laps behind the only driver on the lead lap, who was Harry Gant. This would be his first victory ever in the NASCAR Cup Series.
The pole position earned was Terry Labonte with his amazing solo qualifying speed of ; actual racing speeds for this event averaged around . Brad Teague's 11th place finish in this race was also the highest finishing position in the Cup series for team owner, Charlie Henderson. Winnings for this event ranged from the winner's share of $26,795 ($ when adjusted for inflation) to the last-place finisher's share of $1,300 ($ when adjusted for inflation). The overall prize purse for this racing event added up to $170,500 ($ when adjusted for inflation).
Qualifying
Top 10 finishers
Standings after the race
References
Virginia National Bank 500
Virginia National Bank 500
NASCAR races at Martinsville Speedway |
22050510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%27s%20Woods%20Historic%20District | Scott's Woods Historic District | The Scott's Woods Historic District is a historic district on Hillside Street between Randolph Avenue and the Blue Hills Reservation in Milton, Massachusetts. This rural-residential area has a long history, and is named for the Scott family, who were early settlers of the area. The oldest house in the district, the First Period Bernard Capen House, was moved here in 1909. Two houses built in the district in the mid-18th century survive. The district is otherwise reflective of Milton's growth from a rural community to a mainly residential suburb of adjacent Boston.
The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Milton, Massachusetts
References
Historic districts in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Georgian architecture in Massachusetts
Milton, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Milton, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts |
40699303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-rich | Electron-rich | Electron-rich is jargon that is used in multiple related meanings with either or both kinetic and thermodynamic implications:
with regards to electron-transfer, electron-rich species have low ionization energy and/or are reducing agents. Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene is an electron-rich alkene because, unlike ethylene, it forms isolable radical cation. In contrast, electron-poor alkene tetracyanoethylene is an electron acceptor, forming isolable anions.
with regards to acid-base reactions, electron-rich species have high pKa's and react with weak Lewis acids.
with regards to nucleophilic substitution reactions, electron-rich species are relatively strong nucleophiles, as judged by rates of attack by electrophiles. For example, compared to benzene, pyrrole is more rapidly attacked by electrophiles. Pyrrole is therefore considered to be an electron-rich aromatic ring. Similarly, benzene derivatives with electron-donating groups (EDGs) are attacked by electrophiles faster than in benzene. The electron-donating vs electron-withdrawing influence of various functional groups have been extensively parameterized in linear free energy relationships.
with regards to Lewis acidity, electron-rich species are strong Lewis bases.
See also
Electron-withdrawing group
References
Physical organic chemistry
Chemical bonding |
64375680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amol%20Mitkari | Amol Mitkari | Amol Ramkrushna Mitkari (born 1982) is an Indian social activist, orator and politician belonging to the Nationalist Congress Party. He is member of Maharashtra Legislative Council and also served as member of Zilla Parishad. He got elected to the Legislative Council by MLA's unopposed on 24 May 2020, along with 9 others.
Personal life
Amol Mitkari belongs to the Kutasa village, which falls in the middle of Amravati and Akola District. His father is a farmer and ran a grocery shop. He is married to Kavita Mitkari having one daughter named Apurva Mitkari. He has completed his graduation from Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University.
Political career
Amol Mitkari started his career as a member of Sambhaji Brigade and was its spokesperson. He is now associated with the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), as one of their top public speakers. He is state general secretary of NCP and was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Council on 14 May 2020.
Positions held
Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council, 2020
References
Living people
1980 births
Marathi people
Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council
Indian social workers
Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University |
62030726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Carter%20%28defensive%20end%29 | Alex Carter (defensive end) | Alexander Carter (born September 6, 1963) is a former American football defensive end who played for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Tennessee State University.
References
1963 births
Living people
South Miami Senior High School alumni
Players of American football from Miami
American football defensive ends
Tennessee State Tigers football players
Miami Dolphins players
Cleveland Browns players
National Football League replacement players |
17324835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenes%2C%20Vestland | Langenes, Vestland | Langenes or Langeneset is a village in Kinn Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located on the northeastern side of the island of Vågsøy on the shore of the Sildegapet bay. It is about east of the villages of Vedvika and Refvika. The larger village of Raudeberg is located about to the south. The small island of Silda is located about east of Langeneset. Norwegian county road 622 runs through the village. The Skongenes Lighthouse is located about north of Langeneset.
References
Villages in Vestland
Kinn |
3271413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20computer%20science | History of computer science | The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science, usually appearing in forms like mathematics or physics. Developments in previous centuries alluded to the discipline that we now know as computer science. This progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards modern computer concepts and machines, led to the development of a major academic field, massive technological advancement across the Western world, and the basis of a massive worldwide trade and culture.
Prehistory
The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, developed in the period between 2700 and 2300 BCE in Sumer. The Sumerians' abacus consisted of a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. Its original style of usage was by lines drawn in sand with pebbles. Abaci of a more modern design are still used as calculation tools today, such as the Chinese abacus.
In the 5th century BC in ancient India, the grammarian Pāṇini formulated the grammar of Sanskrit in 3959 rules known as the Ashtadhyayi which was highly systematized and technical. Panini used metarules, transformations and recursions.
The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be an early mechanical analog computer. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC.
Mechanical analog computer devices appeared again a thousand years later in the medieval Islamic world and were developed by Muslim astronomers, such as the mechanical geared astrolabe by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, and the torquetum by Jabir ibn Aflah. According to Simon Singh, Muslim mathematicians also made important advances in cryptography, such as the development of cryptanalysis and frequency analysis by Alkindus. Programmable machines were also invented by Muslim engineers, such as the automatic flute player by the Banū Mūsā brothers,
Technological artifacts of similar complexity appeared in 14th century Europe, with mechanical astronomical clocks.
When John Napier discovered logarithms for computational purposes in the early 17th century, there followed a period of considerable progress by inventors and scientists in making calculating tools. In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard designed a calculating machine, but abandoned the project, when the prototype he had started building was destroyed by a fire in 1624. Around 1640, Blaise Pascal, a leading French mathematician, constructed a mechanical adding device based on a design described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria. Then in 1672 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the Stepped Reckoner which he completed in 1694.
In 1837 Charles Babbage first described his Analytical Engine which is accepted as the first design for a modern computer. The analytical engine had expandable memory, an arithmetic unit, and logic processing capabilities able to interpret a programming language with loops and conditional branching. Although never built, the design has been studied extensively and is understood to be Turing equivalent. The analytical engine would have had a memory capacity of less than 1 kilobyte of memory and a clock speed of less than 10 Hertz.
Considerable advancement in mathematics and electronics theory was required before the first modern computers could be designed.
Binary logic
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
In 1702, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz developed logic in a formal, mathematical sense with his writings on the binary numeral system. Leibniz simplified the binary system and articulated logical properties such as conjunction, disjunction, negation, identity, inclusion, and the empty set. He anticipated Lagrangian interpolation and algorithmic information theory. His calculus ratiocinator anticipated aspects of the universal Turing machine. In 1961, Norbert Wiener suggested that Leibniz should be considered the patron saint of cybernetics. Wiener is quoted with "Indeed, the general idea of a computing machine is nothing but a mechanization of Leibniz's Calculus Ratiocinator." But it took more than a century before George Boole published his Boolean algebra in 1854 with a complete system that allowed computational processes to be mathematically modeled.
By this time, the first mechanical devices driven by a binary pattern had been invented. The industrial revolution had driven forward the mechanization of many tasks, and this included weaving. Punched cards controlled Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom in 1801, where a hole punched in the card indicated a binary one and an unpunched spot indicated a binary zero. Jacquard's loom was far from being a computer, but it did illustrate that machines could be driven by binary systems.
Emergence of a discipline
Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace
Charles Babbage is often regarded as one of the first pioneers of computing. Beginning in the 1810s, Babbage had a vision of mechanically computing numbers and tables. Putting this into reality, Babbage designed a calculator to compute numbers up to 8 decimal points long. Continuing with the success of this idea, Babbage worked to develop a machine that could compute numbers with up to 20 decimal places. By the 1830s, Babbage had devised a plan to develop a machine that could use punched cards to perform arithmetical operations. The machine would store numbers in memory units, and there would be a form of sequential control. This means that one operation would be carried out before another in such a way that the machine would produce an answer and not fail. This machine was to be known as the “Analytical Engine”, which was the first true representation of what is the modern computer.
Ada Lovelace (Augusta Ada Byron) is credited as the pioneer of computer programming and is regarded as a mathematical genius. Lovelace began working with Charles Babbage as an assistant while Babbage was working on his "Analytical Engine", the first mechanical computer. During her work with Babbage, Ada Lovelace became the designer of the first computer algorithm, which had the ability to compute Bernoulli numbers, although this is arguable as Charles was the first to design the difference engine and consequently its corresponding difference based algorithms, making him the first computer algorithm designer. Moreover, Lovelace's work with Babbage resulted in her prediction of future computers to not only perform mathematical calculations, but also manipulate symbols, mathematical or not. While she was never able to see the results of her work, as the "Analytical Engine" was not created in her lifetime, her efforts in later years, beginning in the 1840s, did not go unnoticed.
Early post-Analytical Engine designs
Following Babbage, although at first unaware of his earlier work, was Percy Ludgate, a clerk to a corn merchant in Dublin, Ireland. He independently designed a programmable mechanical computer, which he described in a work that was published in 1909.
Two other inventors, Leonardo Torres Quevedo and Vannevar Bush, also did follow on research based on Babbage's work. In his Essays on Automatics (1914), Torres designed an analytical electromechanical machine that was controlled by a read-only program and introduced the idea of floating-point arithmetic. In 1920, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the invention of the arithmometer, he presented in Paris the Electromechanical Arithmometer, which consisted of an arithmetic unit connected to a (possibly remote) typewriter, on which commands could be typed and the results printed automatically. Bush's paper Instrumental Analysis (1936) discussed using existing IBM punch card machines to implement Babbage's design. In the same year he started the Rapid Arithmetical Machine project to investigate the problems of constructing an electronic digital computer.
Charles Sanders Peirce and electrical switching circuits
In an 1886 letter, Charles Sanders Peirce described how logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits. During 1880–81 he showed that NOR gates alone (or alternatively NAND gates alone) can be used to reproduce the functions of all the other logic gates, but this work on it was unpublished until 1933. The first published proof was by Henry M. Sheffer in 1913, so the NAND logical operation is sometimes called Sheffer stroke; the logical NOR is sometimes called Peirce's arrow. Consequently, these gates are sometimes called universal logic gates.
Eventually, vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations. Lee De Forest's modification, in 1907, of the Fleming valve can be used as a logic gate. Ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version of the 16-row truth table as proposition 5.101 of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). Walther Bothe, inventor of the coincidence circuit, got part of the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics, for the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924. Konrad Zuse designed and built electromechanical logic gates for his computer Z1 (from 1935 to 1938).
Up to and during the 1930s, electrical engineers were able to build electronic circuits to solve mathematical and logic problems, but most did so in an ad hoc manner, lacking any theoretical rigor. This changed with switching circuit theory in the 1930s. From 1934 to 1936, Akira Nakashima, Claude Shannon, and Viktor Shetakov published a series of papers showing that the two-valued Boolean algebra, can describe the operation of switching circuits. This concept, of utilizing the properties of electrical switches to do logic, is the basic concept that underlies all electronic digital computers. Switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology.
While taking an undergraduate philosophy class, Shannon had been exposed to Boole's work, and recognized that it could be used to arrange electromechanical relays (then used in telephone routing switches) to solve logic problems. His thesis became the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it became widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II.
Alan Turing and the Turing machine
Before the 1920s, computers (sometimes computors) were human clerks that performed computations. They were usually under the lead of a physicist. Many thousands of computers were employed in commerce, government, and research establishments. Many of these clerks who served as human computers were women. Some performed astronomical calculations for calendars, others ballistic tables for the military.
After the 1920s, the expression computing machine referred to any machine that performed the work of a human computer, especially those in accordance with effective methods of the Church-Turing thesis. The thesis states that a mathematical method is effective if it could be set out as a list of instructions able to be followed by a human clerk with paper and pencil, for as long as necessary, and without ingenuity or insight.
Machines that computed with continuous values became known as the analog kind. They used machinery that represented continuous numeric quantities, like the angle of a shaft rotation or difference in electrical potential.
Digital machinery, in contrast to analog, were able to render a state of a numeric value and store each individual digit. Digital machinery used difference engines or relays before the invention of faster memory devices.
The phrase computing machine gradually gave way, after the late 1940s, to just computer as the onset of electronic digital machinery became common. These computers were able to perform the calculations that were performed by the previous human clerks.
Since the values stored by digital machines were not bound to physical properties like analog devices, a logical computer, based on digital equipment, was able to do anything that could be described "purely mechanical." The theoretical Turing Machine, created by Alan Turing, is a hypothetical device theorized in order to study the properties of such hardware.
The mathematical foundations of modern computer science began to be laid by Kurt Gödel with his incompleteness theorem (1931). In this theorem, he showed that there were limits to what could be proved and disproved within a formal system. This led to work by Gödel and others to define and describe these formal systems, including concepts such as mu-recursive functions and lambda-definable functions.
In 1936 Alan Turing and Alonzo Church independently, and also together, introduced the formalization of an algorithm, with limits on what can be computed, and a "purely mechanical" model for computing. This became the Church–Turing thesis, a hypothesis about the nature of mechanical calculation devices, such as electronic computers. The thesis states that any calculation that is possible can be performed by an algorithm running on a computer, provided that sufficient time and storage space are available.
In 1936, Alan Turing also published his seminal work on the Turing machines, an abstract digital computing machine which is now simply referred to as the Universal Turing machine. This machine invented the principle of the modern computer and was the birthplace of the stored program concept that almost all modern day computers use. These hypothetical machines were designed to formally determine, mathematically, what can be computed, taking into account limitations on computing ability. If a Turing machine can complete the task, it is considered Turing computable.
The Los Alamos physicist Stanley Frankel, has described John von Neumann's view of the fundamental importance of Turing's 1936 paper, in a letter:
Early computer hardware
The world's first electronic digital computer, the Atanasoff–Berry computer, was built on the Iowa State campus from 1939 through 1942 by John V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics, and Clifford Berry, an engineering graduate student.
In 1941, Konrad Zuse developed the world's first functional program-controlled computer, the Z3. In 1998, it was shown to be Turing-complete in principle. Zuse also developed the S2 computing machine, considered the first process control computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer. In 1946, he designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül.
In 1948, the Manchester Baby was completed; it was the world's first electronic digital computer that ran programs stored in its memory, like almost all modern computers. The influence on Max Newman of Turing's seminal 1936 paper on the Turing Machines and of his logico-mathematical contributions to the project, were both crucial to the successful development of the Baby.
In 1950, Britain's National Physical Laboratory completed Pilot ACE, a small scale programmable computer, based on Turing's philosophy. With an operating speed of 1 MHz, the Pilot Model ACE was for some time the fastest computer in the world. Turing's design for ACE had much in common with today's RISC architectures and it called for a high-speed memory of roughly the same capacity as an early Macintosh computer, which was enormous by the standards of his day. Had Turing's ACE been built as planned and in full, it would have been in a different league from the other early computers.
The first actual computer bug was a moth. It was stuck in between the relays on the Harvard Mark II.
While the invention of the term 'bug' is often but erroneously attributed to Grace Hopper, a future rear admiral in the U.S. Navy, who supposedly logged the "bug" on September 9, 1945, most other accounts conflict at least with these details. According to these accounts, the actual date was September 9, 1947 when operators filed this 'incident' — along with the insect and the notation "First actual case of bug being found" (see software bug for details).
Shannon and information theory
Claude Shannon went on to found the field of information theory with his 1948 paper titled A Mathematical Theory of Communication, which applied probability theory to the problem of how to best encode the information a sender wants to transmit. This work is one of the theoretical foundations for many areas of study, including data compression and cryptography.
Wiener and cybernetics
From experiments with anti-aircraft systems that interpreted radar images to detect enemy planes, Norbert Wiener coined the term cybernetics from the Greek word for "steersman." He published "Cybernetics" in 1948, which influenced artificial intelligence. Wiener also compared computation, computing machinery, memory devices, and other cognitive similarities with his analysis of brain waves.
John von Neumann and the von Neumann architecture
In 1946, a model for computer architecture was introduced and became known as Von Neumann architecture. Since 1950, the von Neumann model provided uniformity in subsequent computer designs. The von Neumann architecture was considered innovative as it introduced an idea of allowing machine instructions and data to share memory space. The von Neumann model is composed of three major parts, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the memory, and the instruction processing unit (IPU). In von Neumann machine design, the IPU passes addresses to memory, and memory, in turn, is routed either back to the IPU if an instruction is being fetched or to the ALU if data is being fetched.
Von Neumann's machine design uses a RISC (Reduced instruction set computing) architecture, which means the instruction set uses a total of 21 instructions to perform all tasks. (This is in contrast to CISC, complex instruction set computing, instruction sets which have more instructions from which to choose.) With von Neumann architecture, main memory along with the accumulator (the register that holds the result of logical operations) are the two memories that are addressed. Operations can be carried out as simple arithmetic (these are performed by the ALU and include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division), conditional branches (these are more commonly seen now as if statements or while loops. The branches serve as go to statements), and logical moves between the different components of the machine, i.e., a move from the accumulator to memory or vice versa. Von Neumann architecture accepts fractions and instructions as data types. Finally, as the von Neumann architecture is a simple one, its register management is also simple. The architecture uses a set of seven registers to manipulate and interpret fetched data and instructions. These registers include the "IR" (instruction register), "IBR" (instruction buffer register), "MQ" (multiplier quotient register), "MAR" (memory address register), and "MDR" (memory data register)." The architecture also uses a program counter ("PC") to keep track of where in the program the machine is.
John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky and artificial intelligence
The term artificial intelligence was credited by John McCarthy to explain the research that they were doing for a proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research. The naming of artificial intelligence also led to the birth of a new field in computer science. On August 31, 1955, a research project was proposed consisting of John McCarthy, Marvin L. Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude E. Shannon. The official project began in 1956 that consisted of several significant parts they felt would help them better understand artificial intelligence's makeup.
McCarthy and his colleagues' ideas behind automatic computers was while a machine is capable of completing a task, then the same should be confirmed with a computer by compiling a program to perform the desired results. They also discovered that the human brain was too complex to replicate, not by the machine itself but by the program. The knowledge to produce a program that sophisticated was not there yet.
The concept behind this was looking at how humans understand our own language and structure of how we form sentences, giving different meaning and rule sets and comparing them to a machine process. The way computers can understand is at a hardware level. This language is written in binary (1s and 0's). This has to be written in a specific format that gives the computer the ruleset to run a particular hardware piece.
Minsky's process determined how these artificial neural networks could be arranged to have similar qualities to the human brain. However, he could only produce partial results and needed to further the research into this idea.
McCarthy and Shannon's idea behind this theory was to develop a way to use complex problems to determine and measure the machine's efficiency through mathematical theory and computations. However, they were only to receive partial test results.
The idea behind self-improvement is how a machine would use self-modifying code to make itself smarter. This would allow for a machine to grow in intelligence and increase calculation speeds. The group believed they could study this if a machine could improve upon the process of completing a task in the abstractions part of their research.
The group thought that research in this category could be broken down into smaller groups. This would consist of sensory and other forms of information about artificial intelligence. Abstractions in computer science can refer to mathematics and programming language.
Their idea of computational creativity is how the program or a machine can be seen in having similar ways of human thinking. They wanted to see if a machine could take a piece of incomplete information and improve upon it to fill in the missing details as the human mind can do. If this machine could do this; they needed to think of how did the machine determine the outcome.
See also
Computer museum
List of computer term etymologies, the origins of computer science words
List of pioneers in computer science
History of computing
History of computing hardware
History of software
History of personal computers
Timeline of algorithms
Timeline of women in computing
Timeline of computing 2020–present
References
Sources
Further reading
Kak, Subhash : Computing Science in Ancient India; Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd (2001)
The Development of Computer Science: A Sociocultural Perspective Matti Tedre's Ph.D. Thesis, University of Joensuu (2006)
External links
Computer History Museum
Computers: From the Past to the Present
The First "Computer Bug" at the Naval History and Heritage Command Photo Archives.
Bitsavers, an effort to capture, salvage, and archive historical computer software and manuals from minicomputers and mainframes of the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s
Oral history interviews
Computer science
History of computing |
1610950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax%20%28programming%29 | Ajax (programming) | Ajax (also AJAX ; short for "asynchronous JavaScript and XML") is a set of web development techniques that uses various web technologies on the client-side to create asynchronous web applications. With Ajax, web applications can send and retrieve data from a server asynchronously (in the background) without interfering with the display and behaviour of the existing page. By decoupling the data interchange layer from the presentation layer, Ajax allows web pages and, by extension, web applications, to change content dynamically without the need to reload the entire page. In practice, modern implementations commonly utilize JSON instead of XML.
Ajax is not a technology, but rather a programming concept. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style information. The webpage can be modified by JavaScript to dynamically display—and allow the user to interact with the new information. The built-in XMLHttpRequest object is used to execute Ajax on webpages, allowing websites to load content onto the screen without refreshing the page. Ajax is not a new technology, nor is it a new language. Instead, it is existing technologies used in a new way.
History
In the early-to-mid 1990s, most Websites were based on complete HTML pages. Each user action required a complete new page to be loaded from the server. This process was inefficient, as reflected by the user experience: all page content disappeared, then the new page appeared. Each time the browser reloaded a page because of a partial change, all the content had to be re-sent, even though only some of the information had changed. This placed additional load on the server and made bandwidth a limiting factor in performance.
In 1996, the iframe tag was introduced by Internet Explorer; like the object element, it can load or fetch content asynchronously. In 1998, the Microsoft Outlook Web Access team developed the concept behind the XMLHttpRequest scripting object. It appeared as XMLHTTP in the second version of the MSXML library, which shipped with Internet Explorer 5.0 in March 1999.
The functionality of the Windows XMLHTTP ActiveX control in IE 5 was later implemented by Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, Google Chrome, and other browsers as the XMLHttpRequest JavaScript object. Microsoft adopted the native XMLHttpRequest model as of Internet Explorer 7. The ActiveX version is still supported in Internet Explorer, but not in Microsoft Edge. The utility of these background HTTP requests and asynchronous Web technologies remained fairly obscure until it started appearing in large scale online applications such as Outlook Web Access (2000) and Oddpost (2002).
Google made a wide deployment of standards-compliant, cross browser Ajax with Gmail (2004) and Google Maps (2005). In October 2004 Kayak.com's public beta release was among the first large-scale e-commerce uses of what their developers at that time called "the xml http thing". This increased interest in Ajax among web program developers.
The term AJAX was publicly used on 18 February 2005 by Jesse James Garrett in an article titled Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications, based on techniques used on Google pages.
On 5 April 2006, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) released the first draft specification for the XMLHttpRequest object in an attempt to create an official Web standard.
The latest draft of the XMLHttpRequest object was published on 6 October 2016, and the XMLHttpRequest specification is now a living standard.
Technologies
The term Ajax has come to represent a broad group of Web technologies that can be used to implement a Web application that communicates with a server in the background, without interfering with the current state of the page. In the article that coined the term Ajax, Jesse James Garrett explained that the following technologies are incorporated:
HTML (or XHTML) and CSS for presentation
The Document Object Model (DOM) for dynamic display of and interaction with data
JSON or XML for the interchange of data, and XSLT for XML manipulation
The XMLHttpRequest object for asynchronous communication
JavaScript to bring these technologies together
Since then, however, there have been a number of developments in the technologies used in an Ajax application, and in the definition of the term Ajax itself. XML is no longer required for data interchange and, therefore, XSLT is no longer required for the manipulation of data. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is often used as an alternative format for data interchange, although other formats such as preformatted HTML or plain text can also be used. A variety of popular JavaScript libraries, including JQuery, include abstractions to assist in executing Ajax requests.
Examples
JavaScript example
An example of a simple Ajax request using the GET method, written in JavaScript.
get-ajax-data.js:
// This is the client-side script.
// Initialize the HTTP request.
let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
// define the request
xhr.open('GET', 'send-ajax-data.php');
// Track the state changes of the request.
xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
const DONE = 4; // readyState 4 means the request is done.
const OK = 200; // status 200 is a successful return.
if (xhr.readyState === DONE) {
if (xhr.status === OK) {
console.log(xhr.responseText); // 'This is the output.'
} else {
console.log('Error: ' + xhr.status); // An error occurred during the request.
}
}
};
// Send the request to send-ajax-data.php
xhr.send(null);
send-ajax-data.php:
<?php
// This is the server-side script.
// Set the content type.
header('Content-Type: text/plain');
// Send the data back.
echo "This is the output.";
?>
Fetch example
Fetch is a native JavaScript API. According to Google Developers Documentation, "Fetch makes it easier to make web requests and handle responses than with the older XMLHttpRequest."
fetch('send-ajax-data.php')
.then(data => console.log(data))
.catch (error => console.log('Error:' + error));
ES7 async/await example
async function doAjax1() {
try {
const res = await fetch('send-ajax-data.php');
const data = await res.text();
console.log(data);
} catch (error) {
console.log('Error:' + error);
}
}
doAjax1();
Fetch relies on JavaScript promises.
The fetch specification differs from Ajax in the following significant ways:
The Promise returned from fetch() won't reject on HTTP error status even if the response is an HTTP 404 or 500. Instead, as soon as the server responds with headers, the Promise will resolve normally (with the ok property of the response set to false if the response isn't in the range 200–299), and it will only reject on network failure or if anything prevented the request from completing.
fetch() won't send cross-origin cookies unless you set the credentials init option. (Since April 2018. The spec changed the default credentials policy to same-origin. Firefox changed since 61.0b13.)
Benefits
Ajax offers several benefits that can significantly enhance web application performance and user experience. By reducing server traffic and improving speed, Ajax plays a crucial role in modern web development. One key advantage of Ajax is its capacity to render web applications without requiring data retrieval, resulting in reduced server traffic. This optimization minimizes response times on both the server and client sides, eliminating the need for users to endure loading screens.
Furthermore, Ajax facilitates asynchronous processing by simplifying the utilization of XmlHttpRequest, which enables efficient handling of requests for asynchronous data retrieval. Additionally, the dynamic loading of content enhances the application's performance significantly.
Besides, Ajax enjoys broad support across all major web browsers. You can access these documents using various browsers, including Microsoft Internet Explorer versions 5 and above, Mozilla Firefox versions 1.0 and beyond, Opera versions 7.6 and above, and Apple Safari versions 1.2 and higher. Its ability to work seamlessly with numerous browsers enhances web page performance across different platforms.
See also
ActionScript
Comet (programming) (also known as Reverse Ajax)
Google Instant
HTTP/2
List of Ajax frameworks
Node.js
Remote scripting
Rich web application
WebSocket
HTML5
Web framework
JavaScript library
References
External links
Ajax: A New Approach to Web applications - Article that coined the Ajax term and Q&A
Ajax Tutorial with GET, POST, text and XML examples.
Cloud standards
Inter-process communication
Web 2.0 neologisms
Web development
Articles with example JavaScript code
Articles with example PHP code |
13713946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%20Township%2C%20Greene%20County%2C%20Indiana | Jackson Township, Greene County, Indiana | Jackson Township is one of fifteen townships in Greene County, Indiana, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,947.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 99.90%) is land and (or 0.10%) is water. The streams of Cole Branch, Dry Branch, Little Indian Creek, Miller Creek, Mitchell Branch and Town Branch run through this township.
Unincorporated towns
Koleen
Owensburg
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)
Adjacent townships
Center Township (north)
Indian Creek Township, Monroe County (northeast)
Perry Township, Lawrence County (east)
Indian Creek Township, Lawrence County (southeast)
Mitcheltree Township, Martin County (south)
Perry Township, Martin County (southwest)
Taylor Township (west)
Richland Township (northwest)
Cemeteries
The township contains eleven cemeteries: Cooper, Dishman, Duke, Freeman, Holder, Howell, Miller, Robison, Rush, Wagoner and Walker.
Major highways
References
United States Census Bureau cartographic boundary files
External links
Indiana Township Association
United Township Association of Indiana
Townships in Greene County, Indiana
Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana
Townships in Indiana |
55282730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe%20Turich | Felipe Turich | Felipe Turich (December 5, 1898 – March 9, 1992) was a Mexican film and television actor. He appeared in numerous films and TV series from the 1930s to the 1980s.
Biography
Turich was born in Hidalgo, Mexico, in 1898. He started his acting career in the 1920s, making his first appearance as an actor in the film, Mademoiselle Midnight in 1924. During the 1950s and 1960s, he acted in films like The Capture, Branded, Three Hours to Kill, Giant, The Magnificent Seven and Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter.
He also appeared in several TV series like Stories of the Century, The Star and the Story, Cavalcade of America, The Restless Gun, and Playhouse 90.
Turich also worked as a comedian in Los Angeles theaters during the 1920s.
Personal life
Turich was married to Rosa Turich and had three children with her.
Death
Turich died on March 9, 1992, in Los Angeles of pneumonia, aged 93. He was buried at San Fernando Mission Cemetery and was survived by his wife and three children.
Selected filmography
Film
Kid Courageous (1935) - Cantina Announcer (uncredited)
The Kid Ranger (1936) - Cantina Owner (uncredited)
Danger Patrol (1937) - Mexican officer (uncredited)
La Inmaculada (1939)
Outlaws of the Rio Grande (1941) - Pancho
The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio (1941) - Lieutenant Mendoza
Masquerade in Mexico (1945) - Desk Clerk (uncredited)
South of Monterey (1946) - Land Owner (uncredited)
Don Ricardo Returns (1946) - Peon (uncredited)
Beauty and the Bandit (1946) - Sick Farmer
Bells of San Fernando (1947) - Pablo, the traitor
Honeymoon (1947) - Waiter (uncredited)
Robin Hood of Monterey (1947) - Jose - Sentry / Servant (uncredited)
To the Victor (1948) - Victor (uncredited)
Mexican Hayride (1948) - Taxco Silver Dealer (uncredited)
The Bribe (1949) - First Hotel Clerk (uncredited)
Son of Billy the Kid (1949) - José Gonzáles
We Were Strangers (1949) - Spy (uncredited)
The Big Steal (1949) - Guitar Vendor (uncredited)
Dakota Lil (1950) - Mexican escort (uncredited)
The Capture (1950) - Valdez
The Lawless (1950) - Mr. Rodriguez
Bright Leaf (1950) - Accountant at Tobacco auction (uncredited)
Crisis (1950) - Man with Valise / Voice on Loudspeaker (uncredited)
A Lady Without Passport (1950) - Slinky Man (uncredited)
Wyoming Mail (1950) - Pete
Branded (1950) - (uncredited)
The Bandit Queen (1950) - Ortiz (uncredited)
Short Grass (1950) - Manuel
Sirocco (1951) - Soldier (uncredited)
The Mark of the Renegade (1951) - Servant (uncredited)
Havana Rose (1951) - General Cucarotsky (uncredited)
My Favorite Spy (1951) - Porter (uncredited)
The Fighter (1952) - Pedro Dimas (uncredited)
Rancho Notorious (1952) - Sanchez (uncredited)
The Hitch-Hiker (1953) - Bit Part (uncredited)
Jeopardy (1953) - Mexican Border Official (uncredited)
Wings of the Hawk (1953) - Guard (uncredited)
Tumbleweed (1953) - Mexican (uncredited)
Border River (1954) - Pablo
Jubilee Trail (1954) - Pedro (uncredited)
Dawn at Socorro (1954) - Casino Waiter (uncredited)
Three Hours to Kill (1954) - Esteban
Strange Lady in Town (1955) - Esteban (uncredited)
The Broken Star (1956) - Carlos Alvarado (uncredited)
Back from Eternity (1956) - Shrunken Head Peddler
Giant (1956) - Gómez (uncredited)
The Iron Sheriff (1957) - Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
The Persuader (1957) - Pete
Tip on a Dead Jockey (1957) - Doctor (uncredited)
Teenage Doll (1957) - Squirrel's Father (uncredited)
Gun Battle at Monterey (1957) - Martinez (uncredited)
Holiday for Lovers (1959) - Cafe Patron (uncredited)
The Miracle (1959) - Proprietor (uncredited)
One-Eyed Jacks (1961) - Cardsharp (uncredited)
The Second Time Around (1961) - The Cantina Bartender (uncredited)
The Chase (1966) - Worker (uncredited)
Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter (1966) - Manuel López
Firecreek (1968) - Carlos (uncredited)
I Love You, Alice B. Toklas (1968) - Rodríguez Family Member (uncredited)
Hook, Line & Sinker (1969) - Foreign Mortician
Fuzz (1972) - Puerto Rican Prisoner
The All-American Boy (1973) - Elderly Trainer (uncredited)
Walk Proud (1979) - Prayer Maker
Television
Rebound (1952) - Sebastian
Boston Blackie (1953)
Stories of the Century (1955) - Méndez
The Star and the Story (1955) - Gypsy
Cavalcade of America (1956)
Broken Arrow (1956)
Cheyenne (1957) - Ortiz
The Lineup (1957) - Gonzales
Death Valley Days (1957) - Leiva
26 Men (1958) - Greco
The Restless Gun (1958) - Tío Paco
Playhouse 90 (1957-1959)
Black Saddle (1959) - El Mudo
General Electric Theater (1959)
Wagon Train (1959) - Mr. Canellis
Peter Gunn (1959) - Inspector Guevera
Tales of Wells Fargo (1957-1959) - Barkeep
The Man and the Challenge (1960) - Grantina
Checkmate (1960) - Policeman
Bonanza (1961) - Jail Guard
Target: The Corruptors! (1962)
Temple Houston (1965)
Convoy (1965) - Waiter
Rawhide (1965) - Barber
I Spy (1966) - Jorge
The Immortal (1970) - Juan
The High Chaparral (1970) - Stableman
Search (1972) - Krishna Singh
Adam-12 (1973) - Antonio
Kung Fu (1973) - Tadeo
The Cowboys (1974) - Adolfo
Cannon (1975) - Dr. Xomiti
Police Story (1975) - Mr. Segura
The Quest (1976) - Peasant
Barney Miller (1978) - Jorge Rodríguez
How the West Was Won (1978) - Manuel's Grandfather
Lou Grant (1977-1979) - Old Man / Grandfather
Matt Houston (1983) - Santos
References
External links
1898 births
1992 deaths
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Mexican actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Burials at San Fernando Mission Cemetery
Mexican people of Croatian descent
20th-century American male actors |
17380789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Fones | Elizabeth Fones | Elizabeth Fones Winthrop Feake Hallett (21 January 1610 – c. 1673) was an early settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1640 Fones, with her then-husband Robert Feake, were founders of Greenwich, Connecticut.
She married her third husband while her mentally ill second husband, from whom she was separated and whom she could not divorce, was still living; this was considered adultery and it scandalized the Puritan colony.
Early life
Elizabeth Fones was born at Groton Manor, Suffolk, England on 21 January 1610 to Thomas Fones, a London apothecary, and his wife, Anne Winthrop, sister of John Winthrop, a staunch Puritan and the eventual Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
As a young girl, Fones worked at her father's shop in London. To the dismay of her family, she entered a whirlwind courtship with her first cousin Henry Winthrop, a son of Governor John Winthrop; they were married on 25 April 1629, at the Church of St. Sepulchre at New Gate, London. A year later, her husband sailed alone for the Massachusetts Bay Colony on the ship Talbot, leaving his young bride behind in England on account of her pregnancy. The baby, a daughter named Martha Johanna Winthrop, was born on 9 May 1630 at Groton Manor. Shortly after his arrival in Massachusetts, Henry was killed in a drowning accident on 2 July 1630 when he went swimming in the North River after visiting an Indian village near Salem.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Fones sailed to the Massachusetts Bay Colony with her infant daughter Martha aboard the Lyon, arriving on 2 November 1631. Her father-in-law, uncle and guardian, John Winthrop, served as Governor of the Colony.
In 1632 Fones married her second husband, a wealthy landowner named Lt. Robert Feake (born 1602 in London, England) He owned land in both Massachusetts and Connecticut. The marriage was arranged by her uncle (and former father-in-law), Gov. John Winthrop. In 1640, the Feakes acquired more land in what is now Greenwich, Connecticut. Indeed, she is considered one of the founders of Greenwich; what is now called 'Greenwich Point' was known for much of its early history as 'Elizabeth's Neck' in recognition of Elizabeth Fones and their 1640 purchase of the Point and much of what is today called Old Greenwich. The fact that she, as a woman, had property in her own name was viewed with dismay in the more rigid society of the day. They had five children: Elizabeth (born 1633), Hannah (born 1637), John (born 1639), Robert (born 1642) and Sarah (born before 1647). In 1647, due to financial, domestic, and personal problems, Lt. Feake went insane and abandoned his wife and children. Fones and Feake were separated or divorced by Dutch law in 1647.
Scandal
Following her husband's desertion, Fones deeply scandalized the rigid Puritan society in which she lived by marrying William Hallett (born 1616) without evidence that she and Lt. Feake were divorced. Hallett may have been her husband's business manager, but modern evaluation finds no support for this. Fones had two sons with Hallett: William (born c. 1648) and Samuel (born c. 1650). Their marriage took place in August 1649, and was officiated by her former brother-in-law John Winthrop, Jr. Only her close blood relationship to the Governor saved her from prosecution for adultery, for which she could have been hanged. Nevertheless, Fones and her new husband and family were forced to leave Connecticut and Massachusetts for the more tolerant Dutch colony of New Netherlands / New York, where they were eventually recognized as husband and wife, possibly due to the friendship Fones formed with Judith Stuyvesant, wife of Director-General Peter Stuyvesant. The Halletts settled in an area which was later called Hallett's Cove and is now known as Astoria, Queens, near Hell Gate.
In September 1655, Fones and her family survived an attack by the Hackensack tribe of Indians; however, the Indians set fire to their house and farm, burning both to the ground. She purchased land in Flushing and Newtown, Queens County on 1 October from Edward Griffin. The following year, William Hallett was made "Schout" or chief-official of Flushing.
Upon the marriage of her daughter Hannah Feake to John Bowne, Fones and William Hallet became Quakers.
Fones' date of death is uncertain and is disputed among historians. Her death likely occurred in Newtown, Queens County, New York. She was alive in 1668 and her widower remarried in 1674, so it is likely that her death took place in the early 1670s.
Descendants
Fones has numerous descendants in the United States, including those descending from the marriage of her only child by Henry Winthrop, Martha Johanna, to Thomas Lyon of Byram Neck, Greenwich, Connecticut, whose home, the Thomas Lyon House, is on the National Register of Historic Places.
Fones' daughter Hannah Feake married John Bowne who was a North American pioneer for religious freedom with the Flushing Remonstrance. One of her grandchildren was the painter Robert Feke. Through Hannah Feake, Fones' descendant Robert Bowne founded publisher Bowne & Co. in 1775.
Feake-Ferris house
The house that Fones and her husband Robert built in Greenwich in 1645, the Feake-Ferris House, ca. 1645-1689, still stands and is the oldest house in Greenwich. The house was restored in 2018 by the Greenwich Point Conservancy.
In the media
Seton, Anya. The Winthrop Woman. Historical fiction.
Elizabeth Winthrop: All the Days of Her Life. 2000. Third Wave Television and Joni Steele Kimberlin. Narrated by Jackie Judd. Documentary.
References
Sources
External links
Anya Seton's papers at the Historical Society of the Town of Greenwich
People of colonial Connecticut
People of colonial Massachusetts
People of the Province of New York
People from New Netherland
1610 births
1673 deaths
English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
Converts to Quakerism
Colonial American women
17th-century Quakers
People from Greenwich, Connecticut
Winthrop family |
2554011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official%20Charts%20Company | Official Charts Company | The Official Charts Company (OCC or Official Charts; previously known as the Chart Information Network, CIN, and the Official UK Charts Company; legally known as the Official UK Charts Company Limited) is a British inter-professional organisation that compiles various official record charts in the United Kingdom, Ireland and France.
In the United Kingdom, its charts include ones for singles, albums and films, with the data compiled from a mixture of downloads, purchases (of physical media) and streaming. The OCC produces its charts by gathering and combining sales data from retailers through market researchers Kantar, and claims to cover 99% of the singles market and 95% of the album market, and aims to collect data from any retailer who sells more than 100 chart items per week.
The OCC is operated jointly by the British Phonographic Industry and the Entertainment Retailers Association (ERA) (formerly the British Association of Record Dealers (BARD)) and is incorporated as a private company limited by shares jointly owned by BPI and ERA. CIN took over as compilers of the official UK charts in 1990, and the company has continued in that role, as the OCC, since 1994. Before then, the charts were produced by a succession of market research companies, beginning with the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) in 1969 and Gallup in 1983. Before the production of the "official" charts, various less comprehensive charts were produced, most notably by newspaper/magazine New Musical Express (NME) which began its chart in 1952. Some of these older charts (including NMEs earliest singles charts) are now part of the official OCC canon.
European charts
In 2017, the OCC made a five-year deal with the Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA) to compile the Irish Singles Chart, Irish Albums Chart and other Irish charts on behalf of IRMA.
In December 2020, the OCC announced it was taking over the contract from German company GfK, in compiling the French music charts for Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP)/National Union of Phonographic Producers (SCPP) with the OCC taking over on 1 January 2021.
Chart synopsis
All of the OCC's charts are published weekly on Friday nights, and cover sales for the preceding week, Friday to Thursday. From 3 August 1969 until 5 July 2015, the chart week ran from Sunday to Saturday. In the United Kingdom, genre-specific charts include Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40, Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40, Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40, Official Progressive Albums Chart Top 30 and the Asian Music Chart Top 40. It also produces charts such as the Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50, which tracks the progress of records (singles and albums) released on independent record labels or distributed by independent companies (not WMG/Sony/UMG) regardless of the genre/music released.
The Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 appears in listings on the Official Charts Company's site alongside its charts for the Republic of Ireland and Billboard'''s Top 20 singles and albums (with a link to the full Hot 100/albums 200 via billboard.com).
The Scottish chart is a listing reflecting how sales towards the UK Albums Chart are faring in Scotland. Until December 2020, the OCC published a Scottish singles chart on its website as well, though this chart may only be available via the UKChartsPlus newsletter. This subscription newsletter also includes the Official UK Top 100 Welsh Singles and Albums Charts, which serves the same purpose in Wales as the ones in Scotland, and the full UK Top 200 Albums chart.
The Official UK Top 200 Albums is just one of a number of 'industry only' charts not published for the general public, with others including UK Budget Album Chart (with any album including a low dealer price is excluded from the main album chart). Until the OCC changed its chart rules, and brought in criteria like the three-track rule (a maximum of three singles within the Top 100 by the same artist will be chart eligible), a Top 200 Singles chart was also published for people within the music industry.
The OCC also charts sales of DVDs and Blu-rays within the United Kingdom. While its music charts are now Friday to Thursday, its video charts remain Sunday to Saturday.
On 5 September 2008, the Official UK Charts Company rebranded itself as the Official Charts Company and introduced a new company logo. It later dropped the word 'Company' and became just "Official Charts".
From May 2012, a new chart was launched – the Official Streaming Chart. This counts audio streams from streaming services Spotify, Deezer, Blinkbox Music, Napster, amongst others. The chart is the first of its kind to rank streams from ad-funded and subscription services and the Official Streaming Chart Top 100 is now published weekly on the Official Charts website, and in music industry trade magazine Music Week.
In April 2015, the UK's first vinyl record chart of the modern era was launched by the Official Charts Company due to 'the huge surge of interest' in the sector. The chart was launched following the growth of the sector in the UK for the seventh year in a row.
In July 2015, Official Charts changed its chart methodology from traditional Sunday slot to the new Friday slot, effective on 10 July 2015 to coincide with the 'New Music Friday - Global Release Day' campaign set by IFPI which effective on 10 July 2015 as well.
Beginning in 2017, the Official Charts Company changed its methodology for calculating the Top 40, intending to more accurately reflect the rise in music streaming. Prior to January 2017, 100 streams counted as one 'sale' of a song. From January onward, the ratio became 150:1. Additionally, in June 2017, it was decided that after a record has spent at least 10 weeks on the chart, any track which has declined for three consecutive weeks will see its streams:sales ratio change from 150:1 to 300:1, in an attempt to accelerate their disappearance from the chart.
In mid-2019, the company also compiled the Asian Music Chart Top 40, alongside BritAsia TV. The chart highlights UK's biggest Asian songs of the week, based on sales and streams across a seven-day period.
In 2022, the success of Kate Bush's "Running Up That Hill" after its use in the fourth season of the Netflix series Stranger Things'' brought a challenge against the rules introduced in 2017. The rules were intended to prevent streaming of older songs potentially keeping them on the chart for years. This meant that Bush's song, which had been a Top 3 hit 37 years before, would have to obtain twice the streamings of Harry Styles' song "As It Was" to earn the same 'sales', despite easily being the most streamed and most downloaded song. The OCC granted a 'manual reset' in order to reflect the success of the revival of Bush's hit.
As well as genre-specific and music video charts, the OCC tracks purchases (DVDs/blu-rays) and downloads of television programmes, films and sports/fitness videos from a range of retailers and online sites.
The Chart Supervisory Committee
As the OCC is jointly operated by the BPI and the ERA, a Chart Supervisory Committee is in place with panel of representatives from both the record industry and from retailers. Five representatives from each sector are selected, with record companies represented by the major label corporations WMG, Sony Music and UMG alongside a couple of large independents, BMG Rights Management and PIAS Group. The Chart Supervisory Committee is the body which discusses and decides on any chart rule changes, whether it be changes to physical/digital formats or with the chart ratios ACR and SCR (Accelerated Chart Ratio and Standard Chart Ratio), with representatives meeting approximately four times a year.
See also
UK Albums Chart
UK Singles Chart
UK Video Charts
UK Singles Downloads Chart
UK Album Downloads Chart
British Phonographic Industry (BPI)
References
External links
Official Charts website
Music organisations based in the United Kingdom
1969 establishments in the United Kingdom |
4226259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Wardrobe | Royal Wardrobe | The Royal Wardrobe (also known as the King's Wardrobe) was a building located between Carter Lane and St Andrew's Church, just to the north of what is now Queen Victoria Street in the City of London, near Blackfriars. It was used as a storehouse for royal accoutrements, housing arms and clothing among other personal items of the Crown.
History
The Royal Wardrobe was not, first and foremost, a building, but a department of the Royal Household (and later a Department of State) in medieval and early modern England.
The building in Blackfriars was a 14th-century house sold to King Edward III shortly after the death of its owner in 1359. It served primarily as a storehouse for the king's state and ceremonial robes, as well as those pertaining to members of the Royal Family and Household, to ambassadors, ministers, Knights of the Garter and various other office-holders. Cloths and hangings, as used at coronations, funerals and other occasions of state, were also kept here; as were items such as beds and other furnishings for royal and official use. These items had previously been kept in the Tower of London, but space there was increasingly in demand for storage of arms, armour and ammunition (all of which was also in the keeping of the Wardrobe). The Wardrobe was also responsible for keeping the accounts of the Royal Household; this work too was undertaken at Blackfriars, and it was there that the books were kept.
The Wardrobe was used to house orphans during the Commonwealth of England. Samuel Pepys records that a party of children sang to Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich when he was appointed as Master of the Royal Wardrobe during the Restoration but he was unmoved, the orphans were evicted, and the Wardrobe resumed its usual function.
The Royal Wardrobe was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and was not rebuilt on the same site, but relocated, first to Buckingham Street in the Savoy, and later, again, to Great Queen Street.
The building's legacy survives in the street names Wardrobe Terrace and Wardrobe Place, built on the site of the Wardrobe, and in the curious designation of the nearby church, St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe (also destroyed in the fire, but built anew by Sir Christopher Wren).
References
Former buildings and structures in the City of London |
39238498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313%20GNK%20Dinamo%20Zagreb%20season | 2012–13 GNK Dinamo Zagreb season | This article shows statistics of individual players for the football club Dinamo Zagreb. It also lists all matches that Dinamo Zagreb played in the 2012–13 season.
First-team squad
First team squad
Competitions
Overall
Prva HNL
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Champions league
Group A
Matches
Prva HNL
Champions League
Croatian Cup
Sources: Prva-HNL.hr
Player seasonal records
Competitive matches only. Updated to games played 27 April 2013.
Top scorers
Source: Competitive matches
References
External links
GNK Dinamo Zagreb official website
2012-13
Croatian football clubs 2012–13 season
2012–13 UEFA Champions League participants seasons
2012-13 |
46950457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie%20des%20Guides%20de%20Chamonix | Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix | The Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix was founded in 1821 and is the oldest and largest association of guides in the world. The association is based in Chamonix, France, and also has offices in Argentière and Les Houches which are only open during the high winter and summer seasons.
In the summer of 2021, the Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix will celebrate its 200th anniversary.
References
External links
http://www.chamonix-guides.eu/
Professional associations based in France
Alpine clubs
Chamonix |
129457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam%2C%20Ohio | Amsterdam, Ohio | Amsterdam is a village in northwestern Jefferson County, Ohio, United States. The population was 436 at the 2020 census. The community was founded by Dutch immigrant David Johnson and named after the city of Amsterdam, Netherlands. It is part of the Weirton–Steubenville metropolitan area.
History
Amsterdam was laid out in 1828. A post office called Amsterdam has been in operation since 1832. Amsterdam was designed a Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation in 1997.
Geography
Amsterdam is located at (40.471814, -80.921194).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 511 people, 204 households, and 133 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 235 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 99.0% White, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.
There were 204 households, of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.8% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.12.
The median age in the village was 39.6 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64; and 16.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.4% male and 53.6% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 568 people, 231 households, and 155 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 251 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.59% White, 0.18% African American and 1.23% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.35% of the population.
There were 231 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $24,583, and the median income for a family was $29,107. Males had a median income of $28,125 versus $14,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,225. About 18.5% of families and 23.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.6% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Public education in the village of Amsterdam is provided by the Edison Local School District. Campuses serving the village include John Gregg Elementary School (Preschool-Grade 4), Springfield Middle School (Grades 5–8), and Edison High School
(Grades 9-12).
References
Villages in Jefferson County, Ohio
Villages in Ohio
Dutch-American culture in Ohio |
57495710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20Hurtt | Justin Hurtt | Justin Edward Hurtt (born 3 October 1988) is an American professional basketball player for Slávia Žilina of the Slovak Basketball League (SBL). He played college basketball for the University of Tulsa before playing professionally in Italy, Belgium, the NBA G League, Greece, Latvia, Israel, Canada and Argentina.
College career
Hurtt had shoulder surgery midway through his freshman year at Tulsa. As a junior at Tulsa, Hurtt averaged 14.5 points and 3.4 rebounds per game. He recorded his first career double-double, scoring 25 points and pulling down 10 rebounds in the opening round of the NIT. Early in his senior season, Hurtt had a six-game streak of scoring 20 points or more, the first time a Tulsa player did so in 23 years. As a senior, Hurtt was named to the First Team All-Conference USA. He averaged 20 points and 3.8 rebounds per game.
Professional career
In August 2011, Hurtt signed his first professional contract with Pallacanestro Varese of the Italian Serie A. He was averaging 7.3 points per game in Serie A after 17 games before being released. In February 2012, Hurtt signed with Belfius Mons-Hainaut of the Belgian league.
Hurtt has played professionally in Latvia, Greece, and the NBA G-League. He competed in the Italian second division, Serie A2, for Pallacanestro Mantovana in 2015–16 and averaged 14 points and 3.6 rebounds per game in 28 games. In January 2018, Hurtt signed with the KW Titans of the National Basketball League of Canada (NBL). In 20 games, he averaged 19.2 points, 4.7 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game for the Titans.
On August 2, 2019, Hurtt signed with Hapoel Haifa of the Israeli National League for the 2019–20 season. On November 8, 2019, he parted ways with Haifa after appearing in two games.
On March 1, 2020, he has signed with Slávia Žilina of the Slovak Basketball League (SBL).
References
External links
NBADraft.com profile
Tulsa Golden Hurricane bio
RealGM profile
1988 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Kansas City, Missouri
Belfius Mons-Hainaut players
BK Valmiera players
Hapoel Haifa B.C. players
Iowa Energy players
KW Titans players
Pallacanestro Mantovana players
Pallacanestro Treviso players
Pallacanestro Varese players
Rethymno B.C. players
Shooting guards
Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball players |
51293731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea%20Baru | Morea Baru | Morea Baru (born April 15 1990) is a Papua New Guinean Olympic weightlifter. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He finished in 6th place. He competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in Men's −61 kg.
Career
He competed at the 2016 Oceania Weightlifting Championship in Suva, Fiji and won with a total lift of 283 kg. Baru also participated at the Australian International Open in March 2016 and also took top honours with a total of 291 kg. He competed at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and finished fourth.
Major results
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Papua New Guinean male weightlifters
Weightlifters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Weightlifters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Weightlifters at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Weightlifters at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Papua New Guinea
Commonwealth Games medallists in weightlifting
Weightlifters at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic weightlifters for Papua New Guinea
Weightlifters at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Place of birth missing (living people) |
31819328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Brenda%20Sue%20Brown | Killing of Brenda Sue Brown | Brenda Sue Brown (May 15, 1955 – July 27, 1966) was an 11-year-old girl who was abducted and murdered. Her body was found by rescue workers in a wooded area near downtown Shelby, North Carolina. With no leads and insufficient evidence to make an arrest, the murder became a cold case.
The case remained cold until a series of newspaper articles 40 years later brought forth new evidence in the spring of 2006.
Events of July 27, 1966
After a morning of arguing over a powder-puff compact with her younger sisters, Brenda Sue was asked to walk her 6-year-old sister, Patricia, two blocks to a Head Start class. This was the last time Brenda Sue was seen alive.
At 10:15 a.m. Brenda Sue's mother, Gladys Brown, began a door-to-door search. Brown drove through her neighborhood, asking neighbors and passing motorists if they had seen the girl. An hour later, a search team was formed by members of the Shelby Rescue Squad.
At 6:45 p.m. Brenda Sue's nude body was found in a wooded area 150 feet from South Lafayette Street and not far from her home. Her body was covered with freshly cut tree limbs, leaves, and brush. The red and white dress she had been wearing was folded neatly and placed atop the brush. A bloody rock was found nearby.
Investigation
Authorities determined that Brenda Sue had been beaten to death with the rock found nearby. Her skull had been fractured in twelve places. Police reported that, although the body was nude, she had not been raped.
Police believed the killer was on foot because, due to heavy traffic on South Lafayette Street, he would not have been able to get out of a car and force the girl into the woods without being seen.
At the time, police had several suspects. These included an unidentified bald white man who had exposed himself to Brenda Sue's sister a few days earlier, and a 13-year-old, mentally disabled, black boy named Robert Roseboro.
The unidentified white man who exposed himself could not be found.
Robert Roseboro was briefly questioned by police. When officer Harold Smith questioned him, Roseboro remained silent. "He wouldn't answer. He just sat there. Roseboro´s silence made him more suspicious," Smith said. According to Smith, the fact that Roseboro lived a few hundred yards from where Brenda Sue's body was found and refused to answer questions made him a suspect.
The public was baffled as to why Roseboro, who was seen in the area on the morning of Brenda Sue's murder, was not interrogated further by police.
People theorized that Roseboro may have been protected by a local crime syndicate which dominated the town of Shelby in the 1960s.
"We just didn't have enough evidence on him. We had to let him go," Smith said. He said that he and other investigators believed Roseboro had killed Brenda Sue.
Murder of Mary Helen Williams
At 11:30 a.m. on June 22, 1968, a woman and her daughter arrived at Mary's Cannon Towel Outlet. This was Mary Helen Williams's business, located on Dixon Boulevard in Shelby. There they saw a "CLOSED" sign hanging in a window.
The daughter looked in the window and saw a woman lying on the floor covered in blood. Shelby police were called to the business, where Robert Roseboro walked out with his hands in the air. Mary Helen Williams was found nude, with her body beaten and stabbed by a pair of scissors. The county coroner later said that, though Mrs. Williams was found nude, she had not been raped. In the store's restroom, police found Mrs. Williams's dress and underwear.
At the time of Williams's murder, racial segregation was intense in Shelby. Rumors of the Ku Klux Klan threatening to harm Roseboro were taken so seriously that he was secretly transferred to a jail in a nearby county until his trial in 1969.
During the two-day murder trial, a pathologist testified that blood found on Roseboro's clothes was type "A," which matched Mrs. Williams's blood type. Roseboro denied killing Mrs. Williams, saying that police lied about the investigation and that he would have had no motive for the murder because there had been no rape or robbery. He drew maps of where he was in the building when police arrived and explained how Mrs. Williams's blood had gotten onto his clothes.
Roseboro was found guilty in May 1969 of murdering Mary Helen Williams and sentenced to death. However, his sentence was reduced to life in prison. Because of the similarities between this case and the Brenda Sue Brown murder, it became a common local belief that Roseboro had killed both of them.
When the case of Brenda Sue Brown was reopened in 2005, detectives visited Roseboro in prison, but he refused to talk about the case.
In February 2010, Roseboro was subpoenaed to a Cleveland County hearing to determine if enough evidence existed in the Brenda Sue Brown murder case to bring a new suspect, Thurman Price, to trial.
During his testimony, which lasted less than ten minutes, Roseboro denied killing Brenda Sue. He said he did not know who did it, and had no memory of the day she was murdered. He said, "You're talking about something forty years ago. How would I recall something that long ago?"
Reopening of Brenda Sue's case
In 2005, Brenda Sue Brown's sisters, Patricia Buff and Mary McSwain, spent months asking the Shelby Police Department to reopen her case. Officers told them that the case files were missing.
After four days of searching through files in storage, the files were found in an unmarked box along with the files of the Mary Helen Williams murder case. However, much evidence was missing, including Brenda Sue's dress, underwear, shoes, her powder-puff compact, the rock that was used to kill her, two vials of blood, fingernail scrapings, branches, and a hair sample.
According to police records, Sheriff Allen was the last person in possession of this evidence after he had retrieved it from the State Bureau of Investigation in Raleigh, North Carolina, in August 1966. The only physical evidence still available was a bloody palm print that was taken from Brenda Sue's shoe in 1966.
On May 15, 2006, Brenda Sue's body was exhumed from the Spring Hill Church Road Cemetery in Lillington, North Carolina, and examined for any available evidence. The wooden casket in which she was buried had disintegrated, and only a few bones remained. On May 21, 2006, a public memorial service was held, and Brenda Sue's remains were laid to rest in Sunset Cemetery in Shelby, North Carolina.
Arrest of Thurman Price in 2007
In the spring of 2006, the Shelby, North Carolina, newspaper, The Shelby Star, ran a 13-part 40th anniversary series about the Brenda Sue Brown murder.
Shortly thereafter, Lori Lail came forward to police and claimed that her grandfather, Earl Mickey Parker, had told her shortly before his death (on June 26, 2002) that he and a man named Thurman Price had killed Brenda Sue.
On February 12, 2007, the Shelby police arrested Thurman Price, 79, on a first-degree murder charge. Price's home is located close to where Brenda Sue's body was found. It is unclear whether Price lived there in July 1966. According to county records, Price did not purchase the house until 1973. He was released from jail on February 16, 2007, on $50,000 bond and denies any involvement in the murder of Brenda Sue.
The indictment indicated that Earl Mickey Parker had described in detail how Brenda Sue was killed and, according to authorities, his confession to his granddaughter is consistent with evidence found at the crime scene in July 1966. According to court records, Lori Lail called the family of Brenda Sue Brown on April 3, 2006, and told Brenda Sue's sister that the killer was Thurman Price but did not mention her grandfather's involvement.
On May 10, 2007, Earl Mickey Parker's body was exhumed from Sunset Cemetery in Shelby to see if his palm print matched the bloody palm print found on Brenda Sue's shoe. The results of this test were inconclusive because the hands of the body were too deteriorated to get a print.
Criminal records of Parker and Price
In 1954, Parker, 26, and Price, 25, had been indicted together for the rape of Shirley Morrison, a 12-year-old girl, in Patterson Springs, North Carolina. In January 1955, the men pleaded guilty to assault to commit rape. According to court records, Parker and Price were each given a 3-5 year suspended prison sentence, ordered to keep a job, not to drink alcohol, and to pay court costs of $240.
The Deathbed Confession
On February 9, 2010, a Cleveland County judge ruled that Earl Mickey Parker's deathbed confession and Lail's testimony would be admitted evidence at trial. Lori Lail testified at the hearing that in June 2002 her grandfather, Earl Mickey Parker, told her on his deathbed that he and Thurman Price killed Brenda Sue Brown in 1966.
Thurman Price maintained his innocence until his death on August 4, 2012, while still awaiting trial.
According to Lail, she was alone with her grandfather in his hospital room at Cleveland Regional Medical Center in Shelby when he told her, "I've done some bad things with my life and before I can move on I need to get them off my chest". Lail recalled the story her grandfather told her:
In the media
The Brenda Sue Brown murder mystery has been profiled on several crime shows, including the Oxygen Channel's "Captured" on November 11, 2007.
See also
Cold case
Crime in North Carolina
List of murdered American children
List of solved missing person cases
References
External links
2010 WBTV news article pertaining to the murder of Brenda Sue Brown
1955 births
1966 deaths
1960s missing person cases
1966 in North Carolina
1966 murders in the United States
Deaths by beating in the United States
Deaths by person in North Carolina
Female murder victims
Formerly missing people
Incidents of violence against girls
July 1966 events in the United States
Kidnapped American children
Killings in North Carolina
Missing person cases in North Carolina
Child murder in the United States
People from Shelby, North Carolina
People murdered in North Carolina |
73854469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plachkov | Plachkov | Plachkov (, feminine: Plachkova) is a Bulgarian surname. People with the surname include:
Ivan Plachkov (born 1957), Ukrainian politician
Tetiana Plachkova (born 1983), Ukrainian politician
Slavic-language surnames |
32601295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajwal%20Devaraj | Prajwal Devaraj | Prajwal Devaraj (born 4 July 1987) is an Indian actor who mainly works in Kannada cinema. He made his debut with the Kannada film Sixer (2007) for which he won the Best Debut actor award at the Suvarna Film Awards. This was followed by the gangster drama Geleya (2007) which was a box-office success. Prajwal has been appreciated for his recent films like Chowka (2017), Gentleman (2020) and Inspector Vikram (2021 film).
His films include Meravanige (2008), Gulama (2009), Murali Meets Meera (2011), Super Shastri (2013) and Galaate (2013).
Early life
Prajwal is the son of Kannada actor Devaraj. He has a younger brother, Pranam.
Education
Prajwal completed his bachelor's degree course at Jain University's Center for Management Studies in Bangalore.
Filmography
Cameo Appearances
Awards
Television
References
External links
Prajwal Biography
1987 births
Male actors in Kannada cinema
Living people
Kannada people
Indian male film actors
Male actors from Bangalore
21st-century Indian male actors |
1192374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzuela | Valenzuela | Valenzuela may refer to:
Places
Valenzuela, Paraguay
Valenzuela, Metro Manila, Philippines
Valenzuela, Spain
Valenzuela de Calatrava, Spain
Valenzuela, Louisiana
Other uses
Valenzuela (surname), including a list of people with the name
Valenzuela (insect), a genus of barklice in the family Caeciliusidae
See also
Venezuela (disambiguation) |
19637747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Nielsen | Anna Nielsen | Anna Nielsen may refer to:
Anna Nielsen (sport shooter)
Anna Henriques-Nielsen (1881–1962), Danish stage and film actress
Anna Nielsen (1803–1856), Danish stage actress and opera singer |
12480054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic%20Osborn | Frederic Osborn | Sir Frederic James Osborn (1885–1978) was a leading member of the UK Garden city movement and was chairman of the Town and Country Planning Association. He lived in Welwyn Garden City with his wife and fellow campaigner Lady Margaret Paterson Osborn, the garden city he helped create, and a local school (Sir Frederic Osborn School) was named after him in 1968.
Life
Born in 1885 in London, he left school at 15 for a job as an office boy. He attended night-school. He joined the Fabian Society, where he edited Fabian Nursling, as the magazine of the youth cohort was called.
In 1912, he took a job as secretary-manager of the Howard Cottage Society in Letchworth Garden City, founded by Ebenezer Howard. It was here that he formed the view that Government intervention was essential if new settlements were to be developed, setting this out as early as 1918 in an article on "The public control of the location of towns". This was a case he also made elsewhere under the pseudonym Edward Ormiston.
In 1916 Osborn married Margaret Paterson Robb, whom he had met at a summer school of the Fabian Society. Margaret had a major beneficial influence on his subsequent life and the Garden City Movement.
In 1919 Howard purchased land for a second garden city at Welwyn, and Osborn moved with him to become Company Secretary and Estate Manager. The Frederic and Margaret Osborn became pioneer residents in Welwyn Garden City, where, alongside Frederic, Margaret dedicated herself to the town's social welfare and educational and cultural interests. This included establishing the Welwyn Garden City Branch of the United Nations Association, of which she became President.
Frederic left the company in 1936, and devoted the rest of his life to promoting the garden city movement. He objected to the expansion of towns on the basis this imposed a burden of commuting which would be carry implications for cost, time and leisure. From 1938 onwards he advocated for the establishment of a London Regional Planning Commission with powers to establish boards to build new towns or expand existing ones. He was 61 when the New Towns Act he had been lobbying for received Royal Assent in 1946.
Osborn was a socialist and member of the Labour Party.
Publications
Frederic J. Osborn, Green-Belt Cities (first published 1946)
Frederic J. Osborn & Arnold Whittick, New Towns (1978)
The letters of Lewis Mumford and Frederic J. Osborn: A transatlantic dialogue, 1938-70
References
Whittick, A. (1987) FJO, practical idealist: a biography of Sir Frederic Osborn, Town and Country Planning Association, London.
Denis Hardy, History of the TCPA 1899-1999
Urban theorists
1885 births
People from Welwyn Garden City
1978 deaths
Labour Party (UK) people
British socialists |
108891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrington%2C%20Delaware | Harrington, Delaware | Harrington is a city in Kent County, Delaware, United States. It is part of the Dover metropolitan statistical area. Harrington hosts the annual Delaware State Fair each July. The population was 3,774 in 2020.
History
Harrington was named for Hon. Samuel Maxwell Harrington, a former chancellor of the state. The town developed at a railroad junction along the Delaware Railroad and served as a rural trading center.
Geography
Harrington is located at (38.9237244, –75.5777033).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (1.48%) is water.
Government
Harrington has a mayor-council system of government. As of 2017, the mayor of Harrington is Duane Bivans. The mayor of Harrington has a term limit of eight consecutive years while city council members have term limits of nine consecutive years. Term limits were implemented in 2017 and Harrington is one of only a few municipalities in Delaware with term limits for municipal officials.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Highway and bus
U.S. Route 13 (Dupont Highway) serves as the main north–south road in Harrington, heading north toward Dover and south toward Salisbury, Maryland. Delaware Route 14 serves as the main east–west road in Harrington, heading west toward Denton, Maryland and east toward Milford. DART First State provides bus service to Harrington along Route 117, which heads north toward Camden and connects to the local bus routes serving the Dover area.
Railroad
Harrington is a railroad junction of the north–south running Delmarva Central Railroad that runs between Porter, near Wilmington to Pocomoke City, Maryland. The Indian River Subdivision branches at Harrington from the Delmarva Subdivision toward the coast then turns south and runs through Georgetown to Frankford, Delaware. The Delmarva Central Railroad, which is based in Oakmont, Pennsylvania, is locally managed from offices in Harrington and some of its freight operations are based out of the town.
As of 2019, the former Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) tower adjacent to the Harrington depot that at one time manually controlled the junction's switches and signals is now a preserved heritage item along with an adjacent PRR caboose in its original Tuscan Red color. Into the 1950s, the PRR's Del-Mar-Va Express steam powered passenger train that ran between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Cape Charles, Virginia stopped at Harrington.
Utilities
Delmarva Power, a subsidiary of Exelon, provides electricity to Harrington. Chesapeake Utilities provides natural gas to the city. The City of Harrington Public Works Department provides water and sewer service to Harrington. The city formerly had its own wastewater treatment plant but now transports its sewage to the Kent County wastewater treatment plant in Frederica. Charlie's Waste Services provides trash and recycling collection in Harrington.
Education
Harrington is within the Lake Forest School District. The zoned high school is Lake Forest High School.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,174 people, 1,223 households, and 825 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,328 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 75.2% White, 21.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.
There were 1,223 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 18.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.13.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 31.3% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $30,945, and the median income for a family was $36,815. Males had a median income of $32,064 versus $20,801 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,049. About 12.1% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.7% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over.
Places of attraction and notable residents
South of Harrington is the Harrington Raceway & Casino, which is located on the Delaware State Fairgrounds. The Delaware State Fair holds a 10-day event in July annually and celebrated its centennial in 2019. The fair has been a venue for top national entertainment in recent years with acts such as Reba McEntire, Carrie Underwood, Little Big Town, Gladys Knight and Brad Paisley among many more artists who have performed on the M&T Bank Grandstand stage. The Delaware State Fair is a diverse, volunteer supported non-profit community based organization that is committed to educating and promoting agricultural heritage and values. The fairgrounds also feature Centre Ice Rink, which is the home of the Delaware Thunder, a Federal Prospects Hockey League team. The Thunder began play in the 2019–2020 season.
Harrington has been a hotbed of sorts for harness racing, where Harrington Raceway has been the home of a harness racing meet for over 70 years. Despite the town's diminutive size, some of Harrington's most famous residents have been the horses, including three recent Dan Patch Award honorees. In 2004, Rainbow Blue and 2015 Wiggle It Jiggleit both received that distinguished title and in 2019, Shartin N accomplished the impressive feat. Many other horses from the 19952 ZIP code have received divisional honors and throughout 2019, the aforementioned Shartin N was ranked the #1 horse in the country, prior to winning top honors. Amidst Shartin's ascent, yet another Harrington horse, Lather Up, was making headlines as he equaled harness racing's all-time fastest time of 1:46 in July 2019 at the Meadowlands Racetrack in New Jersey. Coincidentally, Lather Up was stabled 4 miles to the east of Harrington Raceway at George Teague Jr's farm, while Shartin N's training base was 4 miles west of the racetrack at the farm of Jo Ann Looney and Jim King Jr. The town's rich harness racing history dates back to the 1950s when Adios Harry was named aged pacer of the year and was one of the town's first nationally recognized horses. He was even on the cover of the July 23, 1956 Sports Illustrated, with the headline, Adios Harry: World's Fastest Pacer! In 2021, yet another horse hailing from Harrington was making headlines - as Lyons Sentinel is ranked the #1 in the country as of October 5.
The town post office contains a wax tempera mural, Men Hoeing, painted in 1941 by Eve Salisbury. Federally commissioned murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the Treasury Department.
References
External links
Cities in Kent County, Delaware
Cities in Delaware |
44854154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK%20Bled | NK Bled | Nogometni klub Bled (), commonly referred to as NK Bled or simply Bled, is a Slovenian football club from Bled. The club was established in 1938.
Honours
Slovenian Third League
Winners: 2017–18, 2018–19
Slovenian Fourth Division
Winners: 1996–97
Slovenian Fifth Division
Winners: 2010–11, 2012–13
MNZG-Kranj Cup
Winners: 2018–19
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in Slovenia
Sport in Bled
Association football clubs established in 1938
1938 establishments in Slovenia |
33780219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Brainard | Fred Brainard | Frederick F. Brainard (February 17, 1892 – April 17, 1959) was an infielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the New York Giants between 1914–1916. He then played for various minor league teams, including a stint as player-manager of the International League Newark Bears in 1923 and 1924.
References
External links
1892 births
1959 deaths
Major League Baseball infielders
New York Giants (NL) players
Minor league baseball managers
Baseball players from Illinois
Sportspeople from Champaign, Illinois
Illinois Fighting Illini baseball players
Austin Senators players
Beaumont Oilers players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Columbus Senators players
Newark Bears (International League) players
Wichita Falls Spudders players
Dallas Steers players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players |
9931545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crown%20Snatchers | The Crown Snatchers | The Crown Snatchers is a self-described "superstorybook" written by German authors F. K. Waechter and Bernd Eilert. It is the English translation of Die Kronenklauer, which was first published in 1972, by Rowohlt Verlag in Germany. Two years later, Pantheon Books and Random House of Canada, Ltd. published the English translation in the United States and Canada, respectively.
The book follows the adventures of three young children – Robert, Joanna, and Moritz – who run afoul of the local tyrant, King Fatback. He imprisons them and subjects them to a strict regimen of brainwashing. However, the children soon learn that all is not as it seems in the castle. They and a like-minded friend devise a plan to bring just rule to the land.
Plot synopsis
The story begins by introducing itself as a made-up story. It introduces the three children as the principal characters and considers a number of settings before deciding on a meadow. It turns out that the meadow lies within a small kingdom inhabited by the three children and a variety of anthropomorphic animals. We find Robert, Joanna, and Moritz hard at work trying to reach hazelnuts in three tall trees. They make the acquaintance of a dignified owl, Dr. Loy, who is suddenly scared off by the sound of an approaching motor. The children watch bemused as King Fatback's royal limousine approaches. The King himself, a pig, accuses them of stealing his nuts. They are taken to the castle and introduced to the caretaker, a matronly cat named Miss Bellmouse, who places them in separate rooms. Life at the castle is a regimented series of rings, gongs, bells, and buzzers that announce one dismal activity after another: sleep; lessons taught by the unpleasant teacher-dog, Mr. Prouch; brainwashing lectures given by the king's overbearing cousin Clemens; flavorless meals; and a weekly trip to the playroom.
The children rebel at every possible turn despite being held against their will. They talk back to Mr. Prouch and, when he loses his spectacles in a rage, make their first escape attempt. However, it fails when they find themselves caught climbing over the castle's surrounding wall. They also start a food fight at dinner one night.
One day, while alone in the playroom, Robert discovers a hole in the wall behind a large wardrobe. The hole leads to a dusty store room that contains what they first think is a gray hose but which turns out to be the trunk of Holger, the elephant, who is locked in the next room and is sticking his trunk through a hole in the door. Holger tells the children about Crown Day, an impending holiday in which he will be forced cart the king around in the Royal Litter (a box-like seat which straps to Holger's back) so that all the animals may see and honor the king. The children suggest the idea of stealing the king's crown, though no one ventures a specific plan.
The next week, the children meet Holger in the storeroom and tell stories about whimsical dreams they have had. Holger presents them with a daring plan, to which the children agree. The three fake an escape, pretending to have broken out of the play room window, but in fact they return to the storeroom and hide inside the Royal Litter. The castle is in an uproar searching for them, but the children pass the time with Holger telling stories, and eventually fall asleep.
That night Robert dreams that the snatched crown falls onto the head of Dr. Loy.
The next day is August 21, Crown Day, and the children wake to find themselves inside the litter being strapped to Holger's back. They are not discovered, and the Crown Day parade commences. The party reaches a bridge and springs the plan into action: Holger uses his trunk to blow a smoke screen, grabs the crown, and passes it to the concealed children. He pretends that the crown rolled off the bridge. The king's party desperately searches the water, which allows the children to escape with the crown. Disgraced, Fatback and Clemens skip town that night.
The children reach Dr. Loy, present him with the crown, and ask him to be the new king. He accepts, and the next day he holds a meeting with all the townspeople. King Loy changes the kingdom's motto from Let the People Serve the King to Let the King Serve the People, and announces that each citizen may choose his or her occupation. Thus, the kingdom shifts from totalitarianism to a constitutional monarchy.
The next part begins much like the first scene: The three children lie in the meadow. They visit with their friends, who are all hard at work at their new jobs. At first they beg for their food, but then realize they need occupations if they are going to survive. They get a job at the bakery under the tutelage of the lion, Hubert Knapsack. He gives them the job of baking a "dignified" cake for one of King Loy's official functions. They bake a cake in the form of King Loy himself, but the king dismisses the cake as inappropriate for the occasion and unbefitting his stature. When Hubert finds out, he is enraged and sues them. The children are tried in court, found guilty, and lose their jobs. When they ask how they are to eat, the king replies, "To decide that is not the function of a court of arbitration."
Soon after, the king awakes to discover the crown is once again missing. He calls a meeting of all the people under the assumption that the thief or thieves will not appear. Sure enough, the children are among the absent. After much speculation, the children appear with Holger and friends. They carry a bag that makes odd clinking sounds. They have changed the monarchy into a democracy by melting the crown down into many small crowns, one for each person.
The book ends as it began, with the acknowledgement that the story was made up.
Illustrations
The Crown Snatchers has many illustrations by F. K. Waechter. They range from quickly sketched cartoons to comic strips to detailed pen and ink renderings and paintings (which, apart from the cover illustration, are printed in black and white). There is hardly a page in the book that does not have an illustration.
Activities
The story is frequently interrupted by the characters discussing puzzles, recounting dreams, unrelated stories (usually unfinished with the suggestion that the reader think of an ending), or mere asides. The puzzles include simple fill-in-the-blanks and connect-the-dots games, visual puns, a Caesar cipher, a folding puzzle, a tessellation, and drawings which must be completed. There is silly poetry, illustrations from the characters' imaginations, several maps, a cut-out model of King Fatback, a story told phonetically using single letters and digits, and other features that defy simple description.
It is notable that many of the puns, puzzles, and jokes depend on word play, which must have resulted in substantial re-writing during translation. Besides names, the only German words that appear in The Crown Snatchers are "Baden Verboten" ("No Swimming"), which appear on the main map on a sign next to the river.
Cast
Except for the three children, all of the characters in the main story are anthropomorphic animals.
Robert, Joanna, and Moritz: The child protagonists
Dr. Johannes Loy: The owl doctor
King Fatback: The pig king
The King's guards: various dogs
Miss Bellmouse: The king's cat caretaker
Mr. Prouch: The dog teacher
Charley Coffer: The badger poet
Littleboom: The rooster doctor
Clemens: The king's cousin, also a pig
Holger: The elephant gardener
Helmut Helmutson: The fox farmer
Bostock: The seal innkeeper
Captain Hubble: The crocodile swimming pool manager
Hubert Knapsack: The lion baker
Eberhard Luck: The bear forester
Rushbank: The beaver fix-it man
Phineas: the fish storekeeper
Carlo Spannagel: the donkey carpenter
1972 German novels
1972 fantasy novels
German fantasy novels
German children's novels
Children's fantasy novels
Children's novels about animals
Metafictional novels
Pantheon Books books
Rowohlt Verlag books
1972 children's books |
10027118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani%20Australians | Pakistani Australians | Pakistani Australians are Australians who are of Pakistani descent or heritage. Most Pakistani Australians are Muslims by religion, although there are also sizeable Christian, Hindu and other minorities.
History in Australia
An anthropological study by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology found a genetic pattern (SNP) among Aboriginal Australians which is also present among some Dravidian speakers native to the Indian subcontinent. According to the study, the migration of these genes from the subcontinent to Australia may have occurred well over 4,200 years ago at around 2217 BC, roughly the same period when the Indus Valley civilisation (IVC) was emerging. Although the IVC did not extend to the southern part of the Indian subcontinent where this SNP is predominantly found, it is a commonly held view that the Dravidians were "once more widespread than they are today." The Indus Valley states extensively used seafaring ships to trade with their West Asian neighbours, and it is believed that these may have facilitated the means to get to Australia. These early settlers were assimilated into the local population.
Early Muslim migrants (known as "Ghans") entered Outback Australia as camel drivers in the late 1800s from Colonial India and some of those areas are now part of present-day Pakistan. Many of these men were unmarried, and intermarried with local Aboriginal women, resulting in a mixed Aboriginal Australian population with ancestry in Pakistan.
Immigration from lands that make up the historical territory of Pakistan to Australia has been occurring since the late 19 century. In the modern sense, Pakistan came into existence in 1947 as a result of the dissolution of the British Raj via the Partition of India. In the modern post-independence sense, Pakistani migrants can be dated back to the early 1950s, Immigration to Australia from Pakistan started to pick up in the 1970s. Since then the number of Pakistani immigrants increased dramatically, with thousands of Pakistanis entering Australia each year since that time.
Demographics
Figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics for 2011 indicated that there were about 33,049 Pakistani Australians, of whom 30,221 were born in Pakistan. By mid-2014, the number of Pakistani-born individuals stood at 49,770. At the time of the 2016 census, the total population reached 61,913 individuals. The Pakistani community is the second fastest-growing in terms of population growth. Pakistanis are also the largest contributor of overseas-born Muslims in Australia, at 14.7 percent. Urdu is one of the most common languages in Pakistani households, and Sydney has the largest Pakistani community in Oceania. In June 2017, 76,590 Pakistani-born individuals were living in Australia. As of June 2018, the population was recorded at 84,340 by the ABS. In 2019, the population grew by eight percent to 91,000.
According to the 2006 Census in Victoria, there were an estimated 4,703 Pakistani born persons, with the majority living in Melbourne. The number has since tripled from the previous census which was in 1996. Those living in Victoria that are Pakistani-born are highly educated with more than a third working in professional positions and about half working in 'clerical, production, service, transport and sales positions'.
In 2012, 7,400 Pakistani international students were studying in Australia, an increase from close to 5,000 in 2007. Under the Australia-Pakistan Scholarship Program, 500 scholarships were available to Pakistani students from 2005 to 2010 to facilitate postgraduate studies in Australia. Australia has become one of the largest markets for Pakistani students outside the United States and United Kingdom.
Around 1,000 Pakistanis live in the federal capital, Canberra.
Education and qualifications
Pakistani Australians tend to be urban, well-educated, and professional. Most of them migrate from large cities like Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Multan and Peshawar, and tend to be familiar with Western culture and ways of living. According to the Department of Immigration and Border Protection, around 50 percent of Pakistani-born Australians hold an undergraduate degree or higher qualification, compared to the national average of 20 percent. Similarly, 52 percent of Pakistanis fall within the age bracket of 22 to 44 years. Occupationally, 29 percent of Pakistanis are employed as professionals, 10 percent are in managerial roles, 12 percent are involved in clerical and administration roles, another 12 percent are involved in community work and personal services, nine percent are sales workers, while 13 percent are drivers/machine operators, 8 percent are labourers and 7 percent are tradespeople.
Religion
In 2016, 88.4% from Pakistani Australians (61,915 people in 2016) identified as Muslim, 2.5% as Catholic, 2.1% as Atheist, 0.8% as Hindus and 0.5% as Protestant.
In 2021, 92.2% from Pakistani Australians (89,633 people in 2021) identified as Muslim, 1.9% as Catholic, 3.3% as Atheist, 0.9% as Hindus and 1.8% as Other religion.
Notable people
See also
Australia–Pakistan relations
Australians in Pakistan
Indian Australian
Bangladeshi Australian
Punjabi Australians
Hazara Australians
References
External links
High Commission For Pakistan
Pakistan Cultural Association
Pakistan Australia Friendship Association
Immigration to Australia |
62079059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re%20in%20My%20Heart%3A%20Rod%20Stewart%20with%20the%20Royal%20Philharmonic%20Orchestra | You're in My Heart: Rod Stewart with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra | You're in My Heart: Rod Stewart with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra is an album by British singer-songwriter Rod Stewart. It was released on 22 November 2019 by Warner Records. The album features Rod Stewart's "classic vocal tracks" accompanied by new arrangements by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Also features 1971 chart toppers in both the UK and US "Maggie May" and "Reason to Believe". The release of You're In My Heart coincided with Stewart's biggest ever UK stadium tour throughout November and December 2019, a continuation of his hugely successful summer stadium tour. You're In My Heart also features "Stop Loving Her Today", a brand-new song, as well as a new recording of "It Takes Two" featuring Robbie Williams.
You're in My Heart topped the UK Albums Chart, staying in the #1 position for three weeks and making it his tenth Number 1 album, and becoming Stewart's 38th top 10 album in the UK (including albums with Faces) and became the first UK number album one of the decade.
Track listing
Standard version
Deluxe version
Notes
signifies a co-producer
signifies an additional vocal producer
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2019 compilation albums
Rod Stewart albums
Albums produced by Trevor Horn
Warner Music Group compilation albums |
47547487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mola%20Adebisi | Mola Adebisi | Ademola Oluwatosin Adetumbo Adebisi (born 15 February 1973) is a German television personality and presenter. He has also ventured into acting, singing, dancing and amateur car racing.
Mola Adebis was born in Uelzen to parents from Nigeria and grew up in Solingen. From 1993 to 2004, he was a presenter of a number of shows on the music television channel VIVA Germany. He now lives in Solingen.
Filmography
As actor
1995: Jede Menge Leben
1996: Der Trip – Die nackte Gitarre 0,5
1996–1997: Marienhof
1997: Einsatz Hamburg Süd
1999: alphateam – Die Lebensretter im OP
1999: Sieben Tage bis zum Glück
2008: Falco: Damn It, We're Still Alive!
2011: Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei
As dubbing actor
2002: Ali G in da House
2004: Große Haie – Kleine Fische
Discography
1996: Shake that Body
1997: Get It Right (mit Sqeezer & Bed & Breakfast)
1997: Don't Give Up
External links
1973 births
Living people
German male film actors
German male television actors
German male voice actors
German people of Nigerian descent
People from Solingen
20th-century German male actors
21st-century German male actors
People from Uelzen |
69063540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Jewish%20Studies | Polish-Jewish Studies | Polish-Jewish Studies is an annual, peer-reviewed journal which is published by the Institute of National Remembrance since 2020, focused on Polish-Jewish history.
History
The journal's Editor-in-Chief is Grzegorz Berendt. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, a right-wing Polish-American historian who has been widely accused of anti-semitism, is among its consulting editors.
Reception
Kornelia Kończal, a historian at Bielefeld University, found the total absence of scholars from the Polish Center for Holocaust Research or the many centers for Jewish studies across Polish universities in the editorial board conspicuous; she held the journal as part of a statist repertoire to whitewash the Polish complicity with the Nazi regime. Joanna Tokarska-Bakir, chair of the Institute of Slavic Studies at the Polish Academy of Sciences, notes Berendt, Chodakiewicz, and others associated with the journal to have engaged in controversial speech on Jews; she exclaimed that even to enquire whether the journal had any meaningful peer-review process was a rhetorical exercise.
References
European history journals
Polish-language journals
Magazines published in Warsaw
Academic journals established in 2020
2020 establishments in Poland
Jews and Judaism in Warsaw
Academic journals published in Poland |
64674649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Evans%20%28colonial%20businessman%29 | Charles Evans (colonial businessman) | Charles James Evans (1827 – 3 April 1881) was an English businessman and entrepreneur present in the colony of Victoria, Australia from the early days of the Victorian Gold Rush. His personal diary is notable as being one of the few contemporary eyewitness accounts of the Eureka Rebellion.
Charles Evans was born in Ironbridge, in the county of Shropshire, England, in 1827. In 1852, along with his brother, George, he emigrated to Victoria on the ship, Mobile.
After selling their confectionery business in Brunswick and working as timber cutters, they decided to set out for the goldfields of Ballarat where they established the Criterion Auction Mart, followed by the Criterion Printing Office. It was during this time that Evans recorded his experiences in his personal diary, including the scenes at Ballarat in the time leading up to the Eureka Rebellion, as well as its chaotic aftermath.
In 1864 the brothers relocated to St Kilda, and, while still maintaining the printing business in Ballarat (now trading as Evans Brothers), expanded to open a second printing business in Collins st, Melbourne, which in 1874 merged with the firm of Arnall and Jackson. Charles died at age 54 on 3 April 1881 leaving behind his wife, Catherine, who only two months earlier had given birth to their eleventh child.
Charles Evans’ diary was acquired by the State Library Victoria in 2006. The diary’s contents had long been attributed to another Victorian colonist, Samuel Lazarus, until the true authorship of the diary was discovered in 2012.
References
External links
Digitised copy of the Diary of Charles Evans, 1853 September 24 -1855 January 21 at State Library of Victoria
1827 births
1881 deaths
Australian diarists
People from Ironbridge
19th-century diarists |
43213110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetoxotus | Capetoxotus | Capetoxotus is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus is Capetoxotus rugosus. It was described by Tippmann in 1959.
References
Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1959
Monotypic Cerambycidae genera |
47637533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe%2C%20Dulverton | Combe, Dulverton | Combe is a historic estate in Somerset, England, situated between the town of Dulverton and the village of Brushford.
Descent
Taunton Priory
Until the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the estate was one of the possessions of Taunton Priory, which also held the manor of Dulverton.
Combe family
In the medieval period the Combe estate was probably held by the Combe family, although in 1254 the lord of Dulverton, Richard de Turberville, held land there. Alfred of Combe, the Bailiff of Dulverton in 1225, may have come from the estate – doubt arises because Combe, meaning steep-sided valley, is a common name in west Somerset. In 1425 John Combe was a free tenant of Taunton Priory, and Joan Combe, who has been assumed to be an heiress to the estate, married Edward Sydenham at some time before 1506, to whose Sydenham descendants Combe was home until 1874.
Sydenham
It was the seat of a junior branch of the de Sydenham (later Sydenham) family, which took its surname from the manor of Sydenham, near Bridgwater in Somerset. The family split into many prominent branches, the senior branch seated at Sydenham and Kittisford died out in the male line in the 15th century when Sydenham passed via the heiress to the Cave family, then to the Percival family, later Earl of Egmont. The next senior line was seated in the early 15th century at Combe Sydenham in the parish of Stogumber, Somerset, of which family was Simon Sydenham (died 1438), Bishop of Chichester, and which later inherited the Somerset manors of Orchard Sydenham (later called Orchard Wyndham) and Brympton d'Evercy, which latter remained the seat of the Sydenham baronets, which title was created in 1641. In 1871 Rev. Charles St. Barbe Sydenham (1823–1904), whose son was born at Combe in 1861, was declared bankrupt, which may have necessitated the sale of Combe. The descent of Combe in the Sydenham family was as follows:
Edward Sydenham (fl.1506)
Edward Sydenham, who at some time before 1506 married Joan de Combe, daughter and heiress of Walter de Combe of Combe. He was descended from John de Sydenham (eldest son of Roger de Sydenham (fl.1331) of Sydenham and Kittisford) who married Mary de Pixton, daughter and heiress of John de Pixton (alias Peekstone) of Pixton in the parish of Dulverton, situated across the River Barle from Combe. In 1506, together with John Doune of Exebridge, he obtained a lease of the manors of Brushford, Dulverton, Milverton, Halse and Stoke Pero and the advowson of Brushford with the next vacancy for £16 10s rent, from William Byrte, son and heir of William Byrte of Brushford.
John Sydenham (died 1561)
John Sydenham (died 1561), son, who married Elizabeth Frank, daughter and co-heiress of John Frank of Aller Butler, Somerset. The Victoria County History (Somerset, Volume 3) states that in 1549 he purchased Pixton from Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk.
John Sydenham (died 1580)
John Sydenham (died 1580), son, who married twice, firstly to Elizabeth Pollard, daughter of Sir Hugh Pollard of King's Nympton in Devon, and secondly to Mary Ayshford, daughter of Nicholas Ayshford of Ayshford in the parish of Burlescombe in Devon. In 1566 William Babington sold the manor of Dulverton, "with its appertenances, and divers lands, tenements, and hereditaments, in Dulverton and other places", to John Sydenham.
Humphrey Sydenham (died 1625)
Humphrey Sydenham (died 1625) (son by his father's second wife) of Combe, was assessed at £40 in the 1581 subsidy, the highest level of any person in the locality and twice as much as Robert Courtenay of Molland. In 1582 he made a settlement:
"To make provision for his brother, sisters and any future wife, involving the manors of Dulverton, Brushford Sydenham, Chubworthie, Bathealton and Polleshill, all in Somerset, and of Heale, Nycolashayne and a moiety of East Anstey, all in Devon, and properties in Dulverton, Brushford, Brompton Regis, Bathealton, Milverton, Thorne St Margaret, Stawley, Raddington, Chipstable, Huish Champflower, Kittisford and Langford, all in Somerset, and Culmstock, East Anstey and Exeter, all in Devon".
He married firstly Jane Champneys, eldest daughter of John Champneys (1518–1569) of Uffculme, Devon, and widow of Martin Sandford of Harberton, Devon, whom she had married in 1569. Her brother William Champneys (1554–1629) of Yarnscombe, Devon, married as his first wife Margaret Sydenham, Humphry Sydenham's sister. He had at least three sons by his first wife: John Sydenham, his eldest son and heir, Roger Sydenham and Rev. Humphry Sydenham, "Silver-Tongue Sydenham", Rector of Puckington and Oldcombe, Somerset, heir to his elder brother John.
John Sydenham
John Sydenham (born 1590), eldest son and heir, who married Margery Poulet, daughter of Sir Anthony Poulett (1562–1600) (alias Paulet), of Hinton St George, Somerset, Governor of Jersey, and Captain of the Guard to Queen Elizabeth. Her brother was John Poulett, 1st Baron Poulett (1585–1649). In 1627 he paid feudal relief to George Luttrell (died 1629), feudal baron of Dunster for the manor of Bathealton held from the Barony of Dunster for a sixth of a knight's fee. In 1638 John Sydenham of Combe raised £2,000 for his son and daughters by way of mortgage on his manors including Combe and nearby Brushford and East Anstey. He died without male children, leaving only four daughters, whilst Combe passed to his younger brother Humphry, apparently under tail-male.
Rev. Humphrey Sydenham (1591–1650)
Rev. Humphry Sydenham (1591–1650), "Silver-Tongue Sydenham", Rector of Puckington and Oldcombe, Somerset, heir to his elder brother John Sydenham, who died without male children. In 1613 he became a Fellow of the newly founded Wadham College, Oxford, founded posthumously by his fellow Somerset resident Nicholas Wadham (1531–1609) and his wife. He was the first to graduate as Master of Arts from that foundation on 3 December 1613. He married Mary Cox, daughter of William Cox of Crookhern, Somerset.
Humphrey Sydenham
Humphrey Sydenham (son), of Combe, who married Jane Pole, second daughter and eventual co-heiress of Sir William Pole, Knight (1614–1649), eldest son and heir apparent of Sir John Pole, 1st Baronet (died 1658) of Shute, Devon, by his second wife Katherine St Barbe, only daughter of Henry St Barbe of Broadlands, Hampshire. His sister-in-law Mary Pole married William Floyer of Berne, Dorset, descended from the ancient family of Floyer of Floyer Hayes near Exeter, whose daughter Katherine Floyer (fl.1695) married her first cousin Humphry Sydenham of Combe. He had three sons:
William Sydenham, eldest son and heir apparent, who predeceased his father and was unmarried.
Humphrey Sydenham (1672–1710), of Combe, eldest surviving son and heir.
John Sydenham "of Dulverton", younger son, who appears to have been the father of Rev. John Sydenham (1720–1788), who matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford in 1743 and later became vicar of Kidlington, Oxfordshire, in which office he died in 1788. Rev. John Sydenham (1720–1788) married Anne Pudsey, daughter and heiress of William Pudsey (died 1729) of Hampden, Kidlington, Oxfordshire and lived at Hampden House. His son Rev. John Pudsey Sydenham (1748–1810) matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford in 1766 and was vicar of Kidlington in 1788 and later rector of Ratley, Warwickshire, and was succeeded by his son John Pudsey Welchman Sydenham who was succeeded in 1854 by his sister Amy Sydenham, wife of Richard Burgoyne. Several Sydenhams of Hampden are buried in the Sydenham aisle of Kidlington Church.
Humphrey Sydenham (1672–1710)
Humphrey Sydenham (1672–1710) of Combe, son, married firstly Eliza Peppin, daughter of George Peppin of Old Shute, Dulverton, (which family after 1858 developed the Peppin Merino breed of sheep in Australia), by whom he had an eldest son and heir Humphrey Sydenham (1694–1757) of Combe. He married secondly his first cousin Katherine Floyer, daughter of William Floyer of Berne in Dorset, by whom he had a third son Floyer Sydenham (1710–1787), the noted scholar of Ancient Greek, whose descendants appear to have been inherited Combe on the failure of male children in the senior line. His monumental brass survives on the north wall of All saints' Church, Dulverton (repositioned after the 19th century rebuilding), inscribed in Latin as follows:
Humphrydus Sydenham de Comba in comit(atu) Som(er)set, Armiger, mortuus est vicesscimo et sexto die Junii Anno Dom(ini) 1710 magno amicorum detrimento aeta(tus) suae 38. (Humphry Sydenham of Combe in the county of Somerset, Esquire, died on the twenty-sixth day of June in the year of our Lord 1710, to the great detriment of his friends, of his age 38)
Above are shown the arms of Sydenham: Argent, three rams passant sable with crest above: A ram's head erased.
Humphrey Sydenham (1694–1757)
Humphrey Sydenham (1694–1757), "The Learned", of Combe and Nutcombe, Devon, eldest son and heir of Humphrey Sydenham (1672–1710), was MP for Exeter 1741-1754. His mural monument survives in All Saints' Church, Dulverton. He was a lawyer trained at the Inner Temple. He married Grace Hill, 2nd daughter and co-heiress of Richard Hill (1655-1737) of Kerswell Priory in the parish of Broadhembury (who is mentioned on her father's mural monument in Broadhembury Church) (a junior branch of Hill of Hill's Court in Shropshire), by whom he had children 1 son and 3 daughters. He was ruined by the South Sea Bubble of 1720, in which he lost £20,000. His financial situation was restored by a large inheritance from his great-great-uncle Sir John St Barbe, 1st Baronet (died 1723), MP, of Broadlands in Hampshire. In the chancel of Ashington Church, Somerset, is a monument of grey and white marble, inscribed:
"Here lies Sir John St. Barbe, Bart. possessed of those amiable qualities, which birth, education, travel, greatness of spirit, and goodness of heart, produce. Interred in the fame vault lies his second wife Alice Fiennes, aunt to the prefent Lord Say and Sele. His first was Honour, daughter of Colonel Norton. He died at his seat of Broadlands in Hampshire Sept. 7, 1723, leaving for his only heir and executor Humphrey Sydenham, esq., of Combe in Somersetshire, who ordered this marble to his memory."
In 1736 Humphrey Sydenham sold Broadlands to Henry Temple, 1st Viscount Palmerston. His own mural monument in Dulverton church is inscribed as follows:
"Near this lies interred Humphry Sydenham Esqr., whose least honour was his descent from an ancient & worthy family, whose true glory was his uniform character in publick & private life. He was the most obedient son of the Church of England, the disinterested lover of his country, the lover of Mankind; of integrity unshaken, in devotion constant, in good works abundant; the stict observer of himself, the candid judge of others. Just, humane, beneficent in all relations, the steady patriot, the faithful husband, the affectionate father, the kind master, the generous friend; zealous without faction, pious without moroseness, chearful with innocence, possessed of the esteem of good men who knew him, and careless of the applause or censure of bad ones. The rest of his history will be displayed in the presence of God and angels and men. He gently fell asleep after having served his generation sixty-three years, at his seat at Combe in Somersetshire, Aug. 12 1757. This monument was raised by his widow in testemony of his & her own conjugal affection".
Underneath are displayed on an escutcheon quarterly of four: 1st: Argent, three rams passant guardant sable (Sydenham); 2nd: Argent, a bend of fusils sable (Kittisford); 3rd: Chequy argent and sable (St Barbe); 4th: Gules, a bend between six cross crosslets or (?). Overall is an inescutcheon of pretence: Ermine, on a fesse sable a castle with three towers argent (Hill). These are the arms of the Hill family (later Hill baronets, and Viscount Hill) seated at Hawkstone Hall in the parish of Hodnet, Shropshire, since its purchase in 1556 by Sir Rowland Hill, MP.
St. Barbe Sydenham (died 1799)
St. Barbe Sydenham (died 1799), the only son of Humphrey Sydenham (died 1757), was the possessor of Combe in 1791. He married Ellery Williams, daughter of Sydenham Williams of Herrinston, Dorset. He died without male children, when Combe appears to have passed to his Sydenham cousin and heir male, apparently a descendant of his first cousin Floyer Sydenham (1710–1787), and left an only daughter Catherine Sydenham (died 1794), who in 1781 married Lewis-Dimoke Grosvenor Tregonwell of Anderson in Dorset, by whom she had a son St Barbe Tregonwell of Anderson. Combe passed to a cousin:
John Sydenham (1759–1834)
John Sydenham (1759–1834), "of Combe House", as is recorded on his mural monument in Dulverton Church. He married a certain Catherine (1756–1822).
Rev. John Sydenham (1795–1858)
Rev. John Sydenham (1795–1858), of Combe House, only son. He matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford in 1814, and gained BA in 1817; and was appointed by his family as Rector of Brushford in 1835. and was prominent in establishing Brushford school in 1836. The Sydenham family of Combe had been patrons of Brushford Church from the 16th century. A dispute arose between the Sydenham and Tregonwell families as is evidenced by the lawsuit of "St Barbe Tregonwell v. John Sydenham the Elder and John Sydenham the Younger" heard on appeal by the House of Lords in 1814/15, concerning the disputed will of Humphrey Sydenham (died 1757). He had two sons:
Rev. John William Sydenham (1822–1859), eldest son, who matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford in 1839 and gained BA in 1844. He died at Combe on 18 January 1859.
Charles St Barbe Sydenham (1823–1904), second son, who matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford in 1841 and gained BA in 1845. He was appointed by his family curate of Brushford (1847–58) and rector of Brushford in 1858.
Rev. Charles St. Barbe Sydenham (1823–1904)
Rev. Charles St. Barbe Sydenham (1823–1904) (son of Rev. John Sydenham (1795–1858)), who succeeded his father as Rector of Brushford, lived at Brushford Rectory and was buried at Brushford Church 10 March 1904 aged 81. He presented three ancient illuminated manuscripts to the Library of Wells Cathedral. On 8 November 1871 he was declared bankrupt. In December 1885 he petitioned the County Court in Exeter, Devon, in connection with his bankruptcy. This had presumably necessitated the sale of Combe. He married Emily Lane, daughter of Major Henry Bowyer Lane, Royal Artillery. The fourth son of Rev. Charles St. Barbe Sydenham (died 1904) was Dr George Francis Sydenham (1861–1924), born at Combe as his monument in Dulverton Church states, who spent most of his life working as a surgeon and family doctor in Dulverton, living at Battleton House, formerly part of the Combe estate. He studied medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, gained a diploma LSA in 1884 and MRCS.Eng. in 1885. Between 1885 and 1887 he worked as assistant to Dr Samuel Evans at Harwich. In 1887 he returned to Dulverton to start his career as a family doctor. He was the local secretary of the Somerset Archaeological Society, and served as a Justice of the Peace for Somerset, and was a churchwarden of All Saints' Church, Dulverton, in which survives his mural monument. In 1907 he married Rose Hempson, second daughter of Amis Hempson of Ramsey, Harwich. He was a keen fisherman, cricketer, archaeologist and local historian, and was the author of the "massive family history" The History of the Sydenham Family, published privately in 1928 after his death.
In the north aisle of All Saints Church in Dulverton are five memorials to the Sydenham family of Combe. The Sydenham family of Combe commenced the building of the hamlet of Battleton, situated between Combe House and the River Barle, and members of the family lived at Battleton House.
Marriott-Dodington
In 1872 Combe was purchased from the Sydenham family by Thomas Marriott-Dodington (1839–1890) of Horsington House near Templecombe in Somerset, a barrister, High Sheriff of Somerset in 1887 and Lt.-Col. of the Somerset Light Infantry. The "ancient and distinguished" family of Dodington originated at the Somerset manor of Dodington. He married Lucy Elizabeth Downe, daughter of Rev. G.E. Downe of Rushden, Northamptonshire. He appears to have continued to reside at Horsington (later sold by his son Roger in 1923) and to have let Combe to a series of tenants, including:
Couper
In 1895 Combe was the residence of General James Kempt Couper (1827–1901), Indian Staff Corps, second son of Sir George Couper, 1st Baronet (1788–1861), KH, CB, and whose youngest daughter Mary Emiline Bertha Couper in 1895 married her father's landlord Roger Marriott-Dodington (1866–1925) of Orchard Portman House and Horsington House, Somerset, High Sheriff of Somerset in 1922. Roger Marriott-Dodington was the owner of Combe, being the eldest son and heir of Thomas Marriott-Dodington (died 1890) who had purchased the estate in 1872. A photograph c. 1856-57 of "James Kempt Couper 2nd Native Indian Regiment", by Ahmad Ali exists in the records of the India Office, National Archives. The Marriott-Dodington family succeeded the Wills family (Baron Dulverton) at nearby Northmoor House, Dulverton, and in 1926 were themselves succeeded by the Clayton family. Thomas Marriott-Dodington (1895–1916), the eldest son of Roger Marriott-Dodington (died 1925), was killed in action in World War I and his younger brother James Marriott-Dodington in 1937 was resident at "Northmoor Estate", Kyambu, Kenya.
Clarke
In 1913 the British colonial administrator and Army officer George Sydenham Clarke (1848–1933), former Governor of the Presidency of Bombay from 1907 to 1913, was elevated to the peerage as Baron Sydenham of Combe of Dulverton in the County of Devon. His connection with Combe is unclear. He was born at Swinderby in Lincolnshire, the eldest son of Rev. Walter John Clarke by his wife Maria Frances Mayor. He was a grandson of Major-General Tredway Clarke (died 1858) by his wife Sarah (or Sally) Sydenham, a daughter of Humphrey Sydenham (1753–1807), a jeweller in Bond Street, Mayfair, London, apparently a member of the Sydenham family of Skilgate, Barnstaple and Collumpton in Devon.
Harrison
In 1924 Combe House and its estate of 260 acres was purchased by Col. Eustace James Harrison (1876–1962), TD, Hon. Colonel 6th (Rifle) Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool), lord of the manor of Hawkridge in Somerset, who served in World War I. His ancestors were from Lancashire. He was the third son of Edward Hodgson Harrison (1825–1907) of Plymyard, Eastham, Cheshire, by his wife Elizabeth Whitehead Harpin (died 1909), daughter of John Harpin of Birks House, Holmfirth, Yorkshire. His uncles were Thomas Harrison (1815–1888) and James Harrison (1821–1891) (sons of James Harrison (1781–1862) of Cockerham, Lancashire), who in 1853 founded T&J Harrison Shipping of Liverpool, which started by importing French brandy from Charente and became one of the largest UK shipping companies, operational until 2002. In 1884 Col Harrison's father Edward Hodgson Harrison owned 12 1/2% of the share capital of the newly incorporated holding company Charente Steam-Ship Company. One of the company's most famous ships was the Politician, wrecked in 1941 on the coast of Scotland carrying a cargo of whiskey, which was the subject of the 1949 comedy film Whiskey Galore.
Harrison purchased the adjoining manor of Hawkridge from the Earl of Carnarvon, of Pixton Park, directly eastwards across the River Barle from Combe. The Hawkridge estate comprised about six farms, and woods down to Castle Bridge and up towards Withypool. He built the village hall of Hawkridge in about 1941. In June 1842 Averill Mary Hill, the 11-year-old daughter of Col. Harrison's butler, was killed in a road accident when a lorry descending St Andrew's Hill, at the entrance to Combe Lane, got out of control and crashed through a fence.
Harrison was a keen follower of the Devon and Somerset Staghounds and was buried in Hawkridge churchyard, north-east of the church, "at the feet of" the legendary huntsman Ernest Bawden (1878–1943), huntsman from 1917-1937 and his tenant at one of his farms at Hawkridge. He died unmarried and without children and bequeathed his estates, including the Hawkridge farms of Tarr Steps, Cloggs, Parsonage, Zeal, and Shircombe, to his nephews, one of whom was Michael Harrison, author of The Story of Tarr Steps.
Wilson
The next owner of Combe was the Wilson family. Col. Harrison died unmarried and without children and bequeathed his estates to his nephews, one of whom (Douglas Edward) George Wilson (1906–1980) (son of Elizabeth Harpin Harrison by her husband G.D. Wilson (died 1916)) inherited Combe and together with his wife Barbara Reid Nicholl (1907–2002) is buried in Hawkridge churchyard. A small brass tablet affixed to the gatepost of Brushford churchyard is inscribed: "In memory of Barbara Wilson of Combe 1907-2002".
Mackelden
In 2015 Combe was owned by John Mackelden and his wife Julie (née Kelvie). Mackelden was rated one of the top game-bird shots in England by "The Field" magazine in 2013. He retired to Combe but in 2013 was still attending shoots regularly, mainly as a dogman picking-up shot birds, at least four days a week. On 4 July 2010 he hosted at Combe a Puppy and Novice working test for the North Devon Working Gundog Club and on 30 August 2015 an AV Novice Spaniel Working Test (incorporating novice handler).
See also
Combe Sydenham, another Somerset seat of the Sydenham family
Notes
References
Sources
Binding, Hilary & Bonham-Carter, Victor, Old Dulverton and Around, Exmoor Press, Williton, 1986, pp. 11–13
Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, 15th Edition, ed. Pirie-Gordon, H., London, 1937.
Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895.
www.everythingexmoor.org.uk
Further reading
Burke, John, A genealogical and heraldic history of the extinct and dormant baronetcies of England, 1838, p. 517, pedigree of Sydenham of Combe.
Gray, H.St.G., Combe, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeology and Natural History Society, Volume 93, 1947, pp. 9–12
Milner-Brown, Bruin, Col. Harrison's last Journey, Exmoor Review, Vol.37, pp. 29–32
Somerset Record Office: A\DKL, AccNo M/3973: Records of the Sydenham Family of Dulverton, including deeds for various Dulverton properties, for the manor and parsonage of East Anstey, papers in the case of Sydenham vs. Tregonwell and 1781 survey of Dulverton. Dates:17th cent.-18th cent.
Sydenham, Dr George Francis, History of the Sydenham Family, Collected From Family Documents, Pedigrees, Deeds, and Copious Memoranda by the Late Dr. G. F. Sydenham, of Dulverton, Allan Thomas Cameron (ed.), privately printed by Dwelly, E., East Molesey, Surrey, 1928, in an edition of 300 copies. The author was born at Combe, Dulverton.
Sydenham family residences
Manors in Somerset
Grade II* listed buildings in West Somerset
Dulverton |
13518953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingstheide | Hingstheide | Hingstheide is a municipality in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
References
Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Steinburg |
2044705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20spavin | Bone spavin | Bone spavin is a bony growth within the lower hock joint of horse or cattle. It is caused by osteoarthritis, and the degree of lameness that results can be serious enough to end a horse's competitive career.
Description
Bone spavin is osteoarthritis, or the final phase of degenerative joint disease (DJD), in the lower three hock joints. It usually affects the two lowest joints of the hock (the tarsometatarsal and the distal intertarsal joints), with the third joint, the proximal intertarsal, being the least likely to develop bone spavin. This condition has various types: jack spavin when lesion on the tarsal and carpal bones is large, and high spavin when the pathology occurs higher in the joint than is typical. Conversely, occult spavin does not produce any significant exostoses on the small tarsals, whilst bog spavin and blood spavin do not involve bony changes.
Causes
Cartilage compression
Excessive compression can cause, over time, the cartilage between the upper and lower surfaces of the lower tarsal bones to become compressed and eroded. The joint spaces then become smaller, and new bone growth may occur in the area.
Uneven loading
Uneven loading causes excessive compression of the cartilage and bone on one side, and strain in the joint capsule and supporting ligaments on the other side. When the joint is repeatedly overloaded on the edge of its surface, exostoses, or "bone spurs," occur. Strain of the supporting ligaments can cause exostosis around the joint as well.
Contributing factors
There are several conformational defects that contribute to bone spavin. Those that cause uneven loading of the hocks, such as sickle hocks and cow hocks, are especially noteworthy. Poor trimming or shoeing can also contribute to bone spavin in any horse, no matter what their conformation.
Certain types of activities may also contribute to uneven or repeated loading of the lower hock joints, and thus bone spavin. These include sports that require a great deal of hock flexion (dressage), stress (jumping), sudden stops or turns (western events, such as reining), or a great deal of concussion (Standardbred racing).
"Juvenile spavin" is the occurrence of bone spavin in horses less than 3 years old. It usually occurs before the animal has done much work. While osteochondrosis lesions are the likely cause in some cases, this condition can also occur secondary to the distortion of the cuboidal bones which can occur in premature or dysmature foals.
Typical signs
Initially, signs of bone spavin may include sporadic and vague hindlimb lameness. Some horses may become uncomfortable in one lead, or may demonstrate stiffness walking downhill.
In many cases lameness worsens, becoming more obvious and consistent. Advanced cases may have a bony swelling on the hock, typically on the inside of the joint. Lameness, although usually worse in one leg, is commonly bilateral.
The affected limb usually lands toe-first, wearing down that foot faster than the other. The affected limb usually has a shorter, lower arc than the other foot, as the horse is trying to reduce the painful flexion of the joint, so the leg appears to drag.
A flexion test of an affected limb often produces a temporary worsening of the lameness. Such a response to a flexion test would support the diagnosis of bone spavin. A flexion test involves holding the hock in forced flexion for a period of time before trotting the horse away immediately.
Diagnosis
A provisional diagnosis of bone spavin should usually be supported by further investigation in order to confirm the diagnosis.
X-ray
Typical radiographic changes include spurs, new bone, bone destruction and/or joint narrowing or loss.
Intra-articular local anaesthesia
Anaesthesia of an affected joint is a more definitive way of confirming the presence of pain arising from that joint. Introduction of local anaesthetic into a joint should abolish or at least significantly lessen the lameness. This technique is not absolutely specific, as the distal pouches of the tarsometatarsal joint are immediately adjacent to the suspensory ligament. This means that anaesthetic in the tarsometatarsal joint can occasionally desensitize pain arising from suspensory ligament, giving the false impression that joint pain has been abolished.
Scintigraphy
Scintigraphy (bone scan) can help to differentiate between suspensory origin desmitis and bone spavin.
Treatment
Bony changes of the lower hock joint are irreversible. It is possible, however, to manage the problem and thereby slow the progression of the bone spavin, ease the pain, and control the lameness. Surgery is an option for horses that do not respond to conventional treatments.
Medications
NSAIDs, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may help improve the lameness in the horse. However, it is important to note that high doses of NSAIDs given over several days can cause kidney damage, as well as ulcers. NSAIDs may also be illegal in competition, so it may be necessary to stop treatment with NSAIDs several days before the horse competes.
Corticosteroid injections into the lower hock joints may solve the lameness of the horse for several weeks or months. Unlike other joints, the drugs can be repeatedly injected into the lower tarsal joints as needed. Again, it is important to check association rules to see if corticosteroids are not allowed in competition, so that they may be discontinued before the horse competes.
Tiludronic acid, a bisphosphonate, tradenames Tildren and Equidronate (UK) has demonstrated to be beneficial in the treatment of bone spavin. It is administered by slow infusion (30 mn) mixed with saline.
Other joint medications, like hyaluronic acid and Adequan, may help alleviate the pain if the horse has mild bone spavin. However, they are less useful for treating moderate of severe cases. MSM may also help horses with moderate bone spavin.
Shoeing
Proper shoeing is critical in the management of a horse with bone spavin. Shoes most helpful for these horses include shoes that assist in breakover (like a square or rolled toe, or shoes with wedge pads). Shoes with heel support may also help horses with bone spavin, such as egg bar shoes.
A set toe can be applied to protect the toe from increased wear, as lack of flexion in the hock will cause the horse to drag its toe. A trailer or lateral extension can be fitted to prevent an axial swing developed by the horse, allowing the horse to make contact with the ground earlier and prevent rotation within the hock.
Each case of bone spavin should be shod independently depending on the severity of the case and the horses needs, there is not a specific shoe to be applied.
Exercise and work
It is best for a horse with bone spavin to be exercised daily. Preferably, this should be ridden or driven work, as round pen or longeing exercise places uneven stress on the joint. Pasture turnout may not be beneficial if the horse does not move much.
It is best to decrease the intensity of the workload for a horse with bone spavin. However, even with careful management, bone spavin will progressively get worse, and the animal may not be able to continue at the level of competition it was first used for once the lameness is consistent. Many horses can still be successful in a less-strenuous career. Light exercise is better than no exercise at all, and a change of career may prolong the horse's useful life.
Surgery
Fusion of the joint with bone may end the lameness, as the joint has then become stable. However, this may take several years, or never occur. In these cases, surgery may be an option.
Some of the joint cartilage is destroyed with a drill bit or a laser, and the holes are sometimes filled with bone grafts.
The veterinarian may also inject a caustic agent into the joint to destroy the cartilage, as opposed to drilling the joint. After the procedure, the horse will be lame for weeks or months, until the joint has fused.
Exercise can help accelerate the fusion of the bones, so the horse may be hand-walked after the injection. NSAIDs are usually given to ease the pain.
Prognosis
The prognosis for bone spavin varies, depending on several factors including:
the number of joints involved
the severity of the bony changes within these joints
how quickly the horse's condition is worsening
what the horse is used for
Most horses cannot continue at a high-level of competition for long. However, many horses can continue happily for use as a trail or pleasure horse, or for light work.
References
External links
A bone spavin case study
Equine injury and lameness
sv:Hästsjukdomar#Sjukdomar i rörelseorganen |
61566948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Reassurance | Operation Reassurance | Operation Reassurance (OpRe) is an initiative of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) which dates from 2014, when NATO partners "agreed upon and began to enact a series of military measures on 16 April 2014", in response to the February 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. The initial financial commitment was agreed to at a meeting of the Harper Cabinet the next day. As of 25 March 2022 it funds the deployment of approximately 1,375 CAF members.
History
In January 2016, 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (5 CMBG) of the 2nd Canadian Division was sent to eastern Europe.
Under Minister of Defence Harjit Sajjan on 22 August 2016 soldiers from the 3rd Canadian Division departed for OpRe on "as part of the Government of Canada’s ongoing commitment to Eastern Europe". They were to replace 5 CMBG.
In 2017, 540 members of the CAF were deployed to a base near Riga, Latvia, to establish a NATO battlegroup, whose certification exercise was conducted in August of that year. The NATO battlegroup in Latvia was part of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence. The Latvian deployment is the largest deployment of Canadian troops in Europe and was renewed in 2018 for another four years to March 2023.
From June to December 2019 Commodore Josée Kurtz commanded Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 (SNMG2) under OpRe. SNMG2 is tasked with patrol of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea.
From July to December 2020 was deployed to Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 (SNMG1) under OpRe.
On 18 January 2021 Commodore Bradley Peats assumed command of SNMG1 aboard as part of OpRe.
Between July and December 2021 was deployed in the NATO Maritime Command. The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) commitment, of approximately 240 sailors, was then taken over by .
On 22 February 2022 Justin Trudeau announced the deployment of 460 additional troops to Latvia under the OpRe initiative.
As of February 2022 eight different RCN ships over 15 deployments had contributed to OpRe.
On 9 March 2022 Trudeau joined NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez and Latvian Prime Minister Arturs Krisjanis Karins in Oviedo, Asturias, to announce the early renewal of the OpRe Latvian troop commitment. Spain would send 150 troops to Latvia. The size of the Canadian-led battlegroup numbered in February 2022 around 1,400 troops and included soldiers from Spain, Poland, Italy, Slovakia, Czechia, Slovenia, Albania and Montenegro.
On 19 March 2022 HMCS Halifax departed for Europe to join with SNMG1.
As of 25 March 2022 OpRe accounted for
approximately 500 sailors onboard two s, operating with NATO
695 soldiers leading a NATO Enhanced Forward Presence Battle Group in Latvia
140 members of the Royal Canadian Air Force and approximately 5 CF-188 Hornet aircraft participating in NATO Enhanced Air Policing, and one CP-140 Aurora long-range patrol aircraft
References
Canadian Armed Forces |
5855196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bissell%20Carroll | John Bissell Carroll | John Bissell Carroll (June 5, 1916 – July 1, 2003) was an American psychologist known for his contributions to psychology, linguistics and psychometrics.
Early life and education
Carroll was born in Hartford, Connecticut. Early in his life, Carroll became interested in music and language. His interest in language was further sparked by becoming friends with Benjamin Lee Whorf at the age of thirteen and discussing Whorf's ideas about a close connection between culture and language. Carroll also helped to edit and publish Whorf's Language, Thought and Reality in 1956.
Carroll studied at Wesleyan University, majoring in Classics and graduating summa cum laude in 1937. He attended the University of Minnesota to earn a doctoral degree in Psychology. At the University of Minnesota, Carroll began studying under B. F. Skinner, but soon discovered that he was more interested in working with large numbers of subjects rather than Skinner's individual subjects approach. Skinner directed Carroll to L. L. Thurstone at the University of Chicago, where he was able to pursue his interest in psychometrics. During this time, he focused his studies on verbal aptitude and completed his dissertation, “A Factor Analysis of Verbal Abilities”, in 1941.
Career
After finishing his education, Carroll's first position was at Mount Holyoke College (1940–42). Mary Searle, who received her B.A. in psychology from Mount Holyoke in 1941, married Carroll after graduation. After Mount Holyoke, Carroll taught at Indiana University (1942–43), the University of Chicago (1943–44), Harvard Graduate School of Education, (Roy E. Larsen Professor of Education, 1949–67) and the University of North Carolina, (William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor of Psychology 1974–82, Director of L. L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory, 1974–79). He was also a psychologist with the United States Navy, (1944–46), the Department of the Army, (1946–49) and the Educational Testing Service (1967–74).
Contributions
One of Carroll's early projects in the 1950s involved developing a test of language aptitude (the Modern Language Aptitude Test (1953–58), or MLAT). The project grew out of the US Army's requests for a way to identify people who could easily learn foreign languages for training purposes. Carroll received a grant for foreign language learning aptitude research through the Carnegie Corporation and worked with Stanley Sapon and the US Army-Air Force to develop the MLAT. The MLAT was first published in 1959 by The Psychological Corporation and was still sometimes used as of 2004.
In his paper "Fundamental considerations in testing for English language proficiency of foreign students", published in 1961, Carroll challenged the language testing field's reliance on discrete-point testing. This is an analytical approach to language testing in which each test question is meant to measure one distinct content point. Carroll supported using an integrative testing design, in which each question requires the test-taker to use more than one skill or piece of knowledge at a time and may be a more natural representation of the test-taker's knowledge of the language. Carroll's paper influenced the design of the Test of English as a Foreign Language, or TOEFL, which combined both discrete-point and integrative methods for the assessment.
In 1962, Carroll presented his Model of School Learning. In the model, Carroll defined a hypothetical framework used to predict achievement in schools. The framework was made up of two kinds of variables: individual differences and instructional variables. Individual differences related to general intelligence, aptitudes and motivation while instructional variables related to instructional quality and duration.
Carroll's 800-page work, Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies, was published in 1993. In the book, Carroll proposed his psychological theory about three different levels of cognition, the Three Stratum Theory.
In 1994, he was one of 52 signatories on Mainstream Science on Intelligence, a public statement written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal as a response to what the authors viewed as inaccurate and misleading reports made by the media regarding academic consensus on the results of intelligence research in the wake of the appearance of The Bell Curve earlier the same year.
Selected publications
Selected from over 400 books and articles.
Carroll, J B 1956 Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf M.I.T. Press, Boston.
Carroll, J B 1993 Human Cognitive Abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Carroll, J B, Davies, P, & Richman, B 1971 The American Heritage Word Frequency Book. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
Carroll, J B, Sapon, S M 1959 Modern Language Aptitude Test The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas.
Carroll, J B, 1961 "Fundamental considerations in testing for English language proficiency of foreign students". In Testing Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC. Reprinted in Allen, H B & Campbell R N 1972 Teaching English as a Second Language: A Book of Readings McGraw Hill, New York.
“John B. Carroll.” Human Intelligence. 2003. Indiana University. 27 June 2006. .
See also
Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
g factor
Educational psychology
Language education
References
External links
Carroll's Model for School Learning (Wayback Machine)
1916 births
2003 deaths
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
Wesleyan University alumni
American cognitive scientists
American educational psychologists
Mount Holyoke College faculty
Intelligence researchers
Indiana University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Harvard Graduate School of Education faculty
Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
People from Hartford, Connecticut
Aptitude
Bilingualism and second-language acquisition researchers
Developmental psycholinguists
United States Navy personnel of World War II |
14683681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20August%20de%20la%20Motte%20Fouqu%C3%A9 | Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué | Ernst Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué (4 February 1698 – 3 May 1774) was a Prussian Lieutenant general and General der Infanterie and a confidant of King Frederick the Great. Fouqué held the title of Freiherr (baron).
Early life
Born in The Hague to an old Norman family, Fouqué was the second son of a Huguenot nobleman who had emigrated from France as a result of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. In 1706, Fouqué became a page at the court of Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau. As a cadet in the 3rd Infantry Regiment of Halle, Fouqué took part in the Prussian campaign in Vorpommern. He was promoted to Premier-Leutnant on 8 March 1719, to Stabskapitän in 1723, and on 21 February 1729 to company commander.
Friendship with Frederick the Great
Fouqué befriended Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, visiting him while the crown prince restricted to Küstrin. Fouqué was a common guest of Frederick's at Rheinsberg. Frederick nicknamed his friend 'Chastity', and Fouqué was allegedly one of the best actors at the Prussian court. Amongst his closest friends, Frederick formed the "Bayard Order" to study warfare. Fouqué was the grand master of the gatherings, at which archaic French was used.
Prussian military career
After a dispute with Leopold over his lack of promotion, Fouqué left Prussia to enter Danish service. When Frederick acceded to the throne in 1740, he induced Fouqué's return by promoting him to Oberst on 26 July, making him commander of the newly created Füsilier-Regiments Nr. 37, and awarding him the Order of the Black Eagle.
In 1742 during the First Silesian War, Fouqué led a grenadier battalion and was named Governor of Glatz. The Calvinist dealt ruthlessly with Austrian irregulars in the Catholic County of Glatz, hanging many of them. Promoted to Generalmajor on 13 May 1743, he was named commander of the Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 33 a year later. He guarded Friedrich von der Trenck at the prison of Glatz until the adventurer escaped in 1746. Frederick the Great promoted Fouqué to Generalleutnant on 22 January 1751.
In 1757 during the Seven Years' War, Fouqué hanged the Catholic priest Andreas Faulhaber for allegedly inciting Glatz's garrison to desert. Frederick entrusted Fouqué with 13,000 troops in order to guard Silesia against enemy attacks. In June 1760, the outnumbered Fouqué was forced to withdraw from combat by an Austrian force three times as large led by Ernst Gideon von Laudon. When Frederick ordered the general to advance again, 8,000 troops under Fouqué were defeated in the resulting Battle of Landeshut on 23 July. Wounded thrice by sabres, Fouqué would have died if not for his hostler, Trautschke, who alerted the Austrian dragoons they were attacking a commanding officer. When the dragoon leader Colonel Voit protected Fouqué and offered him his horse, Fouqué replied, "I might soil the fine saddle with my blood," to which Voit responded, "My saddle can only gain from being stained by the blood of a hero." When Frederick heard about Fouqué's capture and behavior, he stated, "Fouqué behaved like a Roman."
Retirement
Fouqué was released from Austrian captivity in 1763 when the war ended. Needing to use a wheelchair and believing himself dishonored by the defeat at Landeshut, Fouqué refused Frederick's offer to return to Glatz and instead retired to Brandenburg an der Havel. The king in Potsdam and the general in Brandenburg frequently corresponded with each other through gifts of food and drink. After Fouqué died in Brandenburg, his biography was written by his grandson, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué.
Notes
References
Further reading
Joachim Engelmann and Günter Dorn: Friedrich der Große und seine Generale, Friedberg 1988.
Großer Generalstab - Kriegsgeschichtliche Abteilung II (Hrsg.): Die Kriege Friedrichs des Großen - Dritter Teil: Der Siebenjährige Krieg 1756-1763 - Zwölfter Band: Landshut und Liegnitz, Berlin 1913, S. 277-278.
1698 births
1774 deaths
Barons of Germany
Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War
Military personnel from The Hague
Generals of Infantry (Prussia)
Royal favourites
People of the Silesian Wars |
37113010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pielenhofen%20Abbey | Pielenhofen Abbey | Pielenhofen Abbey () is a former Cistercian nunnery (founded in 1240), in Pielenhofen in the valley of the Naab, Bavaria, Germany. It was occupied until 2010 by the Visitandines, also known as the Salesian Sisters. The Diocese of Regensburg maintains a school here.
History
The abbey at Pielenhofen for Cistercian nuns, dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was founded in 1240 by the lords of Hohenfels and Ehrenfels. In 1542, during the Reformation in Pfalz-Neuburg, it was placed under secular administration. In 1655 it was subordinated to Kaisheim Abbey as a sub-priory.
During the secularisation of Bavaria in 1803 the priory was dissolved; the nuns' church became a parish church. In 1806 Carmelite nuns from Munich and Neuburg an der Donau moved into the premises as a joint nunnery. In 1838 the Visitandines, also known as Salesian Sisters, bought it, and established a girls' school here. In 1981 the Pielenhofen Primary School, a boarding school of the Regensburg Cathedral Choir, replaced the earlier school. In 2010 the five remaining nuns moved to the community of the Visitandines at Zangberg.
Abbey church
The Baroque church has two towers of three storeys, two aisles and a transept, under a cupola in the centre. The church contains a late Baroque high altar with eight columns. The ceiling with a depiction of the Holy Trinity is by Jacob Carl Stauder. The pictures of the twelve apostles are by Johann Gebhard of Prüfening Abbey.
Notes and references
Sources and external links
Klöster in Bayern: Pielenhofen - Zisterze im Naabtal
Schwestern der Heimsuchung Mariens Deutsche Föderation: Pielenhofen
Cistercian nunneries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
1240s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1240 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Regensburg (district) |
74598421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness%20%28film%29 | Awareness (film) | Awareness is a 2023 Spanish-American science-fiction action thriller film directed by from a screenplay by Benmayor,
Iván Ledesma, and Manuel Burque. It stars Carlos Scholz alongside María Pedraza, Pedro Alonso, Lela Loren, and Óscar Jaenada.
Plot
Ian, a teenager with the power of casting illusions on other people's minds, is caught in the middle of a conflict between two groups because of having exposed his powers, having to choose a side in the coming war.
Cast
Production
The screenplay was penned by Daniel Benmayor alongside and Manuel Burque. The film is an Spanish-US co-production by Federation Spain, Amazon Studios, and Dbenma Content. Shooting locations included Catalonia, Madrid, and Castile and León. The film was scored by Roque Baños.
Release
Awareness was presented at the 26th Málaga Film Festival on 16 March 2023, screened within the non-competitive 'Málaga Premiere' film slate. Amazon Prime Video released the film on 11 October 2023.
Reception
According to the American review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Awareness has a 13% approval rating based on 8 reviews from critics, with an average rating of 4.80/10.
Enid Román Almansa of Cinemanía rated the film 2 out of 5 stars, writing that the "result of Awareness is too flat to become an intriguing title".
Raquel Hernández Luján of HobbyConsolas rated the film with 62 points ('acceptable'), citing "the powerful cinematographic ideas, good action choreography and great intentions" as positive elements, while noting how the acting performances are not [precisely] the film's strongest point, and the film's lack of naturalness as elements bringing the film down.
See also
List of Spanish films of 2023
References
External links
Films shot in Catalonia
Films shot in Madrid
Films shot in Castile and León
2023 science fiction films
2023 films
2020s science fiction thriller films
Spanish science fiction thriller films
American science fiction thriller films
Spanish action thriller films
American action thriller films
Films scored by Roque Baños
2020s Spanish films
2020s American films
2020s Spanish-language films
Spanish-language action films
Spanish-language thriller films
Spanish-language science fiction films
Amazon MGM Studios films |
5991622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Perry%20%28restaurateur%29 | Henry Perry (restaurateur) | Henry Perry (March 16, 1874 – March 22, 1940) was an American chef and restaurateur. He is widely considered the "Father of Kansas City barbecue."
Biography
Perry was born in Shelby County, Tennessee near Memphis. He worked on steamboat restaurants on the Mississippi River and Missouri River before moving to Kansas City, Missouri in 1907. In 1908, he began serving smoked meats to workers in the Garment District in Downtown Kansas City from an alley stand.
He then moved his stand, "Perry's Barbecue", to 17th and Lydia in the inner city neighborhood of 18th Street and Vine. He had a sign in his restaurant that said "my business is to serve you, not to entertain you," and it was known for its far-reaching BBQ smells. He was known for his generosity, and would often give food to people for free.
He later moved a few blocks away within the neighborhood of 19th and Highland, where he operated out of an old trolley barn throughout the 1920s and 1930s when the neighborhood became famed for its Kansas City Jazz during the Tom Pendergast era.
Customers paid 25 cents for hot meat smoked over oak and hickory and wrapped in newsprint. Perry's sauce was described as "harsh, peppery" (rather than sweet). Perry's menu included such barbecue standards of the day as beef and wild game such as possum, woodchuck, and raccoon.
On March 22, 1940, at 5:55 A.M., Perry died in Kansas City due to pneumonia and complications from an infection.
After his death, Charlie Bryant took over the business; he, in turn, sold it to his brother Arthur, who made the sauce a little sweeter when he relocated the restaurant, Arthur Bryant's, to 1727 Brooklyn in the same neighborhood. Also, Arthur Pinkard, who had worked for Perry, helped George Gates found Gates Bar-B-Q.
Because of Perry's long-lasting influence on the barbecue community in Kansas City, he became known as the "Father of Kansas City Barbecue," and in 2014, he was inducted into the American Royal Barbecue Hall of Fame.
References
Sources
Kansas City Public Library biography of Henry Perry
KCTV5 story on Henry Perry
1874 births
1940 deaths
People from Shelby County, Tennessee
Pendergast era
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
African-American chefs
Chefs from Missouri
American male chefs
American chefs
Deaths from pneumonia in Missouri
20th-century African-American people |
26534296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%20%28comics%29 | 5 (comics) | 5 is a comics anthology by Gabriel Bá, Becky Cloonan, Fábio Moon, Rafael Grampá and Vasilis Lolos.
The title won the 2008 Eisner Award for Best Anthology.
References
References
External links
2007 comics debuts
2007 graphic novels
Comics anthologies
Eisner Award winners for Best Anthology |
50358864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitanate%20of%20Dabar-Bosnia | Metropolitanate of Dabar-Bosnia | The Metropolitanate of Dabar-Bosnia () is a metropolis of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina, seated in Sarajevo. Since 2017, Metropolitan of Dabar and Bosnia is Hrizostom Jević.
History
The medieval Eparchy of Dabar () was founded in 1219 by the first Serbian archbishop, Saint Sava. The seat of bishops of Dabar was in the Banja Monastery near Priboj. Eparchy of Dabar had jurisdiction over the region of lower Lim and middle Drina on the borders with medieval Bosnia.
In 1557, Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was restored and the Eparchy of Dabar and Bosnia was returned to its jurisdiction, with its bishops of holding the honorary title of metropolitan. In 1766, when the autocephalous Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was abolished, Eparchy of Dabar-Bosnia and all other Serbian eparchies under Ottoman rule came under the jurisdiction of Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Bishop of Dabar-Bosnia kept his honorary title of metropolitan, as was also the custom in the Ecumenical Patriarchate. The seat of metropolitan was in Sarajevo.
Since the 1878 campaign, Bosnia and Herzegovina was ruled by Austria-Hungary, but under the Convention of 1880 all Eastern Orthodox eparchies remained under ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
At the end of the First World War in 1918, all Eastern Orthodox bishops in Bosnia and Herzegovina reached a unanimous decision to join with other Serbian ecclesiastical provinces into united Serbian Orthodox Church. The process of unification was completed in 1920 and since then Eparchy of Dabar-Bosnia remains part of the united Serbian Orthodox Church.
From 2015 to 2017, the diocese was administered by Bishop Grigorije (Durić) of Zahumlje and Herzegovina.
Bishops
Annotations
It is known in English as the Metropolitanate of Dabar-Bosna or Metropolitanate of Dabar-Bosnia. It is scarcely known as the Metropolitanate of Dabar and Bosnia. It was formerly unofficially known as the Metropolitanate of Sarajevo (Сарајевска митрополија).
See also
Eastern Orthodoxy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of the Eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church
References
Sources
External links
Religious sees of the Serbian Orthodox Church
Serbian Orthodox Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Religion in Republika Srpska
1219 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1210s
Dioceses established in the 13th century |
50739243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz%20Erotica | Jazz Erotica | Jazz Erotica is a 1957 jazz album by American tenor saxophone player Richie Kamuca and baritone saxophone player Bill Holman. It was rereleased in 1959, without the "quite revealing painting of a nude woman on the cover", under the "more conventional title" West Coast Jazz in Hifi.
AllMusic critic Ken Dryden commented that one should expect to pay "a premium price" for it. Tim Neely's Goldmine Jazz Album Price Guide (2011) suggests $200 for a near-mint copy.
Track listing
Personnel
Richie Kamuca – tenor saxophone
Bill Holman – baritone saxophone
Frank Rosolino – trombone
Conte Candoli – trumpet
Ed Leddy – trumpet
Vince Guaraldi – piano
Monty Budwig – bass
Stan Levey – drums
References
External links
JAZZ EROTICA at lpcover.wordpress.com
1957 albums
Jazz albums by American artists |
28801579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylocline%20gnaphaloides | Stylocline gnaphaloides | Stylocline gnaphaloides (often misspelled S. gnaphalioides) is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names mountain neststraw and everlasting neststraw.
Distribution
The plant is native to southern California and Arizona in the southwestern United States; and to Baja California and Sonora in northwestern Mexico. It can be found in many types of habitat, becoming common in some areas.
Description
Stylocline gnaphaloides is a small annual herb growing at ground level and reaching just a few centimeters in length. It is usually coated in white hairs, often woolly. The small, blunt leaves are alternately arranged, each up to 1.4 centimeters long.
The inflorescence bears spherical flower heads each a few millimeters in diameter. The head has 2 to 4 white-haired phyllaries and tiny woolly white flowers.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment of Stylocline gnaphaloides
Stylocline gnaphaloides — Photo gallery
gnaphaloides
Flora of Baja California
Flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Taxa named by Thomas Nuttall
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
7014041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%97%20Cyathidaria | × Cyathidaria | × Cyathidaria is an intergeneric hybrid of Cyathea and Cnemidaria tree ferns.
Species
× Cyathidaria acunae Caluff & Shelton, 2002
× Cyathidaria elliottii (Baker) Caluff & Shelton, 2002
× Cyathidaria hombersleyi (Maxon) Caluff & Shelton, 2002
× Cyathidaria sessilifolia (Jenman) Caluff & Shelton, 2002
× Cyathidaria wilsonii (Hooker) Caluff & Shelton, 2002
References
Caluff, M. G. 2002. ×Cyathidaria, a new nothogenus in the Cyatheaceae (Pteridophyta). Willdenowia 32: 281-283.
Cyatheaceae
Plant nothogenera
Fern genera |
17509668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20Musica%20Viva | Boston Musica Viva | Boston Musica Viva is a Boston, Massachusetts-based music ensemble founded by its music director, Richard Pittman, in 1969 and dedicated to contemporary music.
Composers and compositions
In its 44-year history, Boston Musica Viva has performed more than 600 works by over 250 composers. These include over 150 works written specifically for BMV, over 160 world premieres, and over 75 Boston premieres. Among the composers whose work the ensemble has performed are Pulitzer Prize-winners Ellen Taaffe Zwilich John Harbison, Joseph Schwantner and Steven Stucky.
World premieres
Boston Musica Viva has presented the world premieres of Thea Musgrave’s opera The Mocking-Bird, John Harbison’s A Full Moon in March, Theo Loevendie’s Gassir, the Hero, Martin Brody’s Heart of a Dog, and John Eaton’s Traveling with Gulliver.
Touring
In addition to its Boston concert season, Boston Musica Viva’s touring engagements have taken them to Lincoln Center, the Library of Congress, the Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall, the 92nd Street Y, Tanglewood, the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of Michigan. The ensemble has made eight tours of Europe, making appearances that included the Settembre Musica Festival in Turin, Italy.
Boston Musica Viva has recorded for the Albany, Neuma, Delos, CRI, Nonesuch, Newport Classic and Northeastern Records labels.
Boston Musica Viva received an Aaron Copland Fund grant in 1993 and in 2003, the ensemble received the ASCAP/Chamber Music America Award for Adventurous Programming.
Partial list of composers with works premiered or performed by Boston Musica Viva
John Cage
Elliott Carter
Peter Child
Osvaldo Golijov
Patrick Greene
John Harbison
Donald Harris
Bernard Hoffer
Shirish Korde
William Kraft
Gyorgy Kurtag
Joyce Mekeel
Frederic Rzewski
Gunther Schuller
Joseph Schwantner
Ralph Shapey
Rand Steiger
Steven Stucky
Andy Vores
Jörg Widmann
Chen Yi
Evan Ziporyn
Ellen Taaffe Zwilich
Current and former members of Boston Musica Viva
Violin
Bayla Keyes
Danielle Maddon
Cecile Garcia-Moeller
Mary Crowder Hess
Viola
Willine Thoe
Katherine Murdock
Cello
Jan Mueller-Szeraws
Ronald Thomas
Bruce Coppock
Contrabass
Carolyn Davis Fryer
Flute
John Heiss (1969–74)
Fenwick Smith
Renee Krimsier
Mauricio Garcia
Alicia DiDonato (2003–2008)
Ann K. Bobo (2008–present)
Oboe
Nancy Dimock
Clarinet
William Kirkley
Bassoon
Greg Newton
French horn
Rick Menaul
Bob Marlatt
Jean Rife
Trumpet
Steve Banzaert
Trombone
Robert Couture
Timpani
Jeffrey Fischer
Percussion
Robert Schulz
Dean Anderson
Piano
Hugh Hinton
Geoffrey Burleson
Bruce Brubaker
Evelyn Zuckerman
Performers who have appeared with Boston Musica Viva
Composer, conductor and pianist Rob Kapilow
Vocalist Dominique Eade
Mezzo-soprano Janice Felty
Pianist Randall Hodgkinson
Mezzo-soprano Pamela Dellal
Soprano Elizabeth Keusch
Soprano Emily Thorner
References
External links
Boston Musica Viva web site
Richard Pittman web site
Culture of Boston
Organizations based in Boston
Contemporary classical music ensembles
American classical music groups |
7900004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN%20%28disambiguation%29 | VPN (disambiguation) | A VPN is a virtual private network, which are commonly marketed as a VPN service.
VPN may also refer to:
Public Against Violence (Slovak: Verejnosť proti násiliu), a former political movement in Slovakia
Ventral posterior nucleus, part of the brain
Vickers Pyramid Number, a rating of the Vickers hardness test better known by the ISO acronym HV
Vietnam People's Navy, part of the Vietnam People's Army
Virtual page number, stored in a page table
Vopnafjörður Airport, Iceland (IATA code VPN) |
21838647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian%20football%20league%20system | Colombian football league system | The Colombian football league system is a series of interconnected football leagues for clubs in Colombia, and is governed by the Colombian Football Federation at the national level. From 1991 to 2010 there was a Categoría Primera C for amateur and reserve teams.
Structure
The Colombian league system consists of two categories. At the top of the pyramid is Categoría Primera A or Primera A, which consists of the top 20 teams of the country. Below them is Categoría Primera B or Primera B. Teams in Primera A play independent of the 16 teams that make up Primera B.
Current system
Men's
Women's
Football leagues in Colombia
Football league systems in South America |
40962807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Haunted%20House%20%281928%20film%29 | The Haunted House (1928 film) | The Haunted House is a 1928 American mystery film directed by Benjamin Christensen. The film stars Larry Kent and Thelma Todd and is based on Owen Davis's 1926 Broadway play of the same name. As of 2020, UCLA Film and Television Archive has a copy of the film.
Plot
A group of heirs to a family fortune are summoned to an old dark house to attend the reading of a will. Weird events occur, leading the group to believe the house is haunted. The house features sliding panels, hidden rooms, weird attendants and even a mad scientist. It turns out to be just a gang of crooks trying to scare them off before they can inherit their money.
Cast
Background
After his success in Europe with his 1922 film Haxan, director Christensen relocated to Hollywood in 1926, where he directed Thelma Todd in The Devil's Circus who would appear again in The Haunted House. The screenplay for the film was written by Lajos Biro and Benjamin Christensen who used the name Richard Bee.
Production started on the film on July 26, 1928. The Haunted House was Christensen's first attempt at using sound in film with the feature containing sound effects and a music score, in addition to Eve Southern mouthing two songs in the film which according to an article in Variety, were added in post-production. Variety also noted that the synchronization of the songs was "badly handled, with the player and the sound always out of kilter and neither starting out for finishing together."
Release
The Haunted House was released on November 4, 1928. The film was released as both a silent feature and a feature with the sound additions.
Reception
From contemporary reviews, Variety felt the film "played legitimately and with no attempt to get a tongue-in-the cheek laugh. It holds every form of sliding panel and rainstorm mystery material, as did the play, but holds it all with deadly seriousness." The review felt overall it was not as "good a film as another recent boogy-man thriller, The Terror." A review in Photoplay commented that the film was "Too much Chester Conklin and not enough mystery" Film Daily praised camera work by Sol Polito, declaring him "a genius on atmospheric effects" concluding that the film had "thrills and laughs" in "abundance" despite "the plot standing still for several reels." The film was reviewed twice in The Film Spectator, with the first reviewer stating that The Haunted House was "a resume of all the mystery thrillers ever done, but it can be heartily recommended as entertaining, since its undoubtedly the best to burst fort in all its horror". The second review found the film to be "a clever picture" with Christensen giving "an eerie quality to his characters, an intelligent treatment of a story that is designed to give brave men goose-flesh and make cowards shriek". Harrison's Reports found the reviewer would be "held in tense suspense. Here and there the action shows some tendency to lag for those that are hard-boiled, but the general public seemed to enjoy it immensely. Children may get scared out of their wits by the mysterious happenings."
See also
List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
Vitaphone Varieties Collection at the archive.org
1928 films
1928 mystery films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
American films based on plays
Films directed by Benjamin Christensen
First National Pictures films
Lost American mystery films
Transitional sound films
1920s American films
Silent American mystery films |
36415576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muratl%C4%B1%2C%20Bor%C3%A7ka | Muratlı, Borçka | Muratlı is a village in the Borçka District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 300 (2021).
References
Villages in Borçka District |
27365125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Norwegian%20Figure%20Skating%20Championships | 2004 Norwegian Figure Skating Championships | The 2004 Norwegian Figure Skating Championships was held in Bergen from January 16 to 18, 2004. Skaters competed in the discipline of single skating. The results were used to choose the teams to the 2004 World Championships, the 2004 European Championships, the 2004 Nordic Championships, and the 2004 World Junior Championships.
Senior results
Ladies
External links
results
Norwegian Figure Skating Championships
Norwegian Figure Skating Championships, 2004
2004 in Norwegian sport |
33915988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann-Heinrich-Merck-Preis | Johann-Heinrich-Merck-Preis | Johann-Heinrich-Merck-Preis is a literary prize of Hesse awarded by the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung since 1964. Since 2013 the prize winner receives €20,000. The award is donated by the Merck Group in memory of the German author and critic Johann Heinrich Merck (1741–1791).
Winners
1964 Günter Blöcker
1965 not awarded
1966 Karl Heinz Ruppel
1967 Werner Weber
1968 Georg Hensel
1969 Erich Heller
1970 Joachim Kaiser
1971 Peter Huchel
1972 Horst Krüger
1973 H. H. Stuckenschmidt
1974 Joachim Günther
1975 Walter Höllerer
1976 Peter Rühmkorf
1977 François Bondy
1978 Karl Heinz Bohrer
1979 Werner Spies
1980 Sebastian Haffner
1981 Hilde Spiel
1982 Albert von Schirnding
1983 Albrecht Schöne
1984 Erwin Chargaff
1985 Sibylle Wirsing
1986 Heinrich Vormweg
1987 Reinhard Baumgart
1988 Ivan Nagel
1989 Lothar Baier
1990 Walter Boehlich
1991 Peter von Matt
1992
1993 Hans Egon Holthusen
1994 Peter Demetz
1995 Michael Maar
1996 Ulrich Weinzierl
1997 Heinz F. Schafroth
1998 Iso Camartin
1999 Gerhard R. Koch
2000 Silvia Bovenschen
2001 Friedrich Dieckmann
2002 Volker Klotz
2003 Klaus Theweleit
2004 Anita Albus
2005 Hans Keilson
2006 Eduard Beaucamp
2007 Günther Rühle
2008 Lothar Müller
2009 Harald Hartung
2010 Karl-Markus Gauß
2011 Günter de Bruyn
2012 Heinz Schlaffer
2013 Wolfram Schütte
2014 Carolin Emcke
2015 Gabriele Goettle
2016 Kathrin Passig
2017
2018
2019
2020 Iris Radisch
2021 Franz Schuh
2022
2023 Jutta Person
References
External links
Literary awards of Hesse |
59503697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne%20Stoffels | Marianne Stoffels | Marianne Stoffels (ca. 1910 – unknown) was a Belgian chess master. She was a Women's World Chess Championship participant in 1939 and a five-time winner the Belgian Women's Chess Championship (1938, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944).
Biography
From the late 1930s to the early 1940s, Stoffels was one of the leading female chess players in Belgium. She won the Belgian Women's Chess Championships five times: in 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942 and 1944. She participated several times in the Antwerp interclub tournament De Zilveren toren with the Antwerp chess club Het schaakbord from 1929 to 1934. In 1939, Stoffels participated in Women's World Chess Championship 1939 in Buenos Aires, where she finished in 16th place.
References
External links
1910s births
Year of death missing
Date of death unknown
Belgian female chess players
Belgian chess players |
65847548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20Netherlands%20Antilles%20island%20council%20elections | 1963 Netherlands Antilles island council elections | Island council elections were held in the Netherlands Antilles in 1963. They were the fourth elections for the Island Council.
Aruba
Three parties already present in the Council retained representation: the Aruban Patriotic Party, Aruban People's Party and Aruba National Union.
Results
Sint Maarten
General elections were held in Sint Maarten on 31 May 1963 to elect the 5 members of the Island Council. The result was a victory for the Democratic Party, which won four of the five Island Council seats.
Results
References
Aruba
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
41177050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daruvar%20Agreement | Daruvar Agreement | The Daruvar Agreement () was a document negotiated by Croatian and Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) local authorities in the United Nations Protected Area (UNPA) for the SAO Western Slavonia, also known as Sector West on 18 February 1993, during the Croatian War of Independence. The agreement provided for the improvement of water and electrical power supply, the return of refugees to their homes and the opening of transport routes spanning Sector West and connecting Croatian Army-controlled areas near towns of Nova Gradiška and Novska. It also provided a framework for the further improvement of living conditions of the population both in the Croatian- and RSK-controlled portions of Sector West. The agreement was named after Daruvar, the site of its signing.
The Daruvar Agreement, mediated by the head of the United Nations (UN) Civil Affairs in Sector West Gerard Fischer, was negotiated in secrecy. When the central RSK authorities in Knin learned of the arrangement, the signatories on behalf of the RSK were sacked from their official posts and arrested. The agreement itself was labeled as treasonous by the central RSK authorities. Fischer and other UN officials, who were involved in mediation of the agreement, were criticised by the UN for being excessively assertive in the matter. Fischer soon left the area.
Background
In November, Croatia, Serbia and the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) agreed upon the Vance plan, designed to halt combat operations in the Croatian War of Independence and allow the negotiation of a political settlement. Besides the ceasefire, the plan entailed protection of civilians in specific areas, designated as United Nations Protected Areas (UNPAs), and UN peacekeepers in Croatia—United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR). The ceasefire came into effect on 3 January 1992. Shortly after the Vance plan was accepted, the European Community announced its decision to grant diplomatic recognition to Croatia on 15 January 1992, while the Serb- and JNA-held areas within Croatia were organised as the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK).
Despite the Geneva Accord requiring an immediate withdrawal of JNA personnel and equipment from Croatia, the JNA stayed behind for seven to eight months. When its troops eventually pulled out, JNA left their equipment to the RSK. As a consequence of organisational problems and breaches of ceasefire, the UNPROFOR, did not start to deploy until 8 March. The UNPROFOR took two months to fully assemble in the UNPAs. The UNPROFOR was tasked with demilitarisation of the UNPAs, ceasefire maintenance, monitoring of local police and creating conditions for return of internally displaced persons and refugees. Those comprised more than 300,000 Croats who were exiled from the RSK-controlled territory, and 20,000 Serbs who fled the areas of western Slavonia captured by the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV) in Operations Swath-10, Papuk-91 and Hurricane-91 in late 1991.
A part of western Slavonia, encompassing an area extending approximately , was designated as the UNPA of Western Slavonia or Sector West by the peace plan. Unlike other UNPAs, the RSK controlled only a part of the area—approximately a third of the UNPA located in the south—centred on the town of Okučani. The RSK-held area included a section of the Zagreb–Belgrade motorway. The UNPROFOR deployed to Sector West thought the HV would attack the area to control the motorway. In response, the UNPROFOR developed Operation Backstop aimed at defending against the HV attack, assuming that its main axis would be aligned with the motorway.
Cooperation schemes
Division of Sector West into Croatian- and RSK-controlled areas fragmented the market for locally grown agricultural produce, and produce processing plants were rendered inaccessible to most farmers. Furthermore, the RSK-controlled area of Sector West suffered from severe shortage of fuel and electricity, while the Croatian-held Pakrac was cut off from water supply systems fed by springs in the RSK-held area to the south of the town. The situation led the head of the UN Civil Affairs in Sector West, Gerard Fischer, and Argentine General Carlos Maria Zabala, commanding officer of the UNPROFOR in Sector West, to propose a degree of cooperation between local authorities on both sides in the area.
Their efforts resulted in a scheme where grain crops grown in the RSK-held part of Sector West were milled in the Croatian-controlled areas, and the supply of potable water to Pakrac was exchanged for electricity supplied from Croatia to the southern portion of Sector West. Fischer also obtained approval for the limited return of refugees from local authorities. The scheme involved up to 2,500 refugees who would be allowed to rebuild their homes, funded by the Austrian government. The funds, in the amount of 1.3 million dollars, were obtained through Michael Platzer, Special Assistant to the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Vienna.
Formal agreement
Fischer attempted to gain wider support for the cooperation schemes already in place and extend their scope in Sector West. Fischer also assured the local authorities of the RSK that such a move would prevent renewed fighting in the area. The result of Fischer's efforts was the Daruvar Agreement. The agreement, signed in Daruvar on 18 February, encompassed the reconstruction of water and electrical power supply networks, the reopening of the Zagreb–Belgrade motorway section in Sector West for non-commercial traffic, the facilitation of the Novska–Nova Gradiška railway, the repair of telecommunication lines, the establishment of a joint commission tasked with normalisation of living conditions in Sector West, the return of all refugees to their homes, the access to property owned by civilians across the ceasefire line, and further meetings with local authorities to discuss further cooperation.
On behalf of the RSK local authorities, the agreement was signed by Veljko Džakula, Dušan Ećimović, Milan Vlaisavljević, Mladen Kulić, Đorđe Lovrić and Milan Radaković. At the time, Džakula held the position of deputy prime minister, while Ećimović was a government minister in the RSK. Signatories on behalf of the Croatian local authorities were Zlatko Kos, Zdravko Sokić, Ivan Volf, Vladimir Delač and Želimir Malnar. Fischer signed the agreement as a witness. According to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia testimony given by Džakula at the trial of Milan Martić, Ivan Milas was present at the signing of the agreement as a representative of the Government of Croatia, accompanied by Joško Morić, Croatian Deputy Interior Minister. According to Džakula, no effort was made to conceal the signing of the agreement, even though the negotiations beforehand were kept secret.
Aftermath
The central RSK authorities in Knin learned of the agreement through a report filed by the 18th Corps of the Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina on 26 February, eight days after it was signed. The main opposition to the agreement came from Milan Martić, the RSK Interior Minister. Leadership of the ruling Serb Democratic Party accused Džakula of handing the RSK territory to Croatia. The RSK leadership considered the Daruvar Agreement tantamount to admission of economic unfeasibility of the RSK and an act of treason. District council of the RSK-controlled western Slavonia condemned the agreement because it was enacted only in Croatian, and failed to note the existence of the RSK or its administrative divisions.
Džakula and Ećimović were sacked from their government positions, and from the positions of regional authority in the RSK-held western Slavonia. The other three RSK signatories were dismissed from their official posts as well. At local elections held in May 1993 to fill the vacated posts, Džakula was elected to serve as the Mayor of Pakrac municipality. On 21 September, Džakula and Ećimović were arrested, and taken to Knin prison and then to Glina while the investigation was in progress. On 3 December, they were released only to learn that the arrest of the two, and Kulić, was ordered days later. In order to evade the arrest, the three fled the RSK to Serbia. On 4 February 1994, Džakula was abducted in Belgrade by the RSK agents and taken back to the RSK.
The RSK's response to the agreement ended Fischer's efforts. Moreover, Fischer, Zabala and Platzer were criticised by the UN, citing their excessive assertiveness in the matter. Fischer left Croatia, and Jordanian General Shabshough replaced Zabala in March. The Zagreb–Belgrade motorway was reopened in December 1994 through an agreement between the governments of the RSK and Croatia. However, a series of armed incidents in late April 1995 led to a Croatian military intervention and the capture of the portion of Sector West previously controlled by the RSK in Operation Flash in early May.
See also
Erdut Agreement
Footnotes
References
Books
Scientific and professional articles
News reports
Other sources
1993 in Croatia
Croatian War of Independence
February 1993 events in Europe
1993 in politics
Daruvar |
8546732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Steele%20%28broadcaster%29 | Bob Steele (broadcaster) | Robert Lee Steele (July 13, 1911 – December 6, 2002) was an American radio personality. He was a radio host with WTIC Radio in Hartford, Connecticut, for more than 66 years, and hosted the morning radio scene in Southern New England for most of that time. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri.
Career
After working as a newsboy, salesman, motorcycle messenger and professional boxer, Steele was invited to Hartford, Connecticut to announce a motorcycle race. On his last day in town, he walked into WTIC's radio studios on a whim and asked to audition for a vacant announcer position. He became a junior staff announcer at WTIC in October 1936.
Steele took over The G. Fox Morning Watch radio show on WTIC Radio AM 1080 in 1943, which was then sponsored by G. Fox & Co., the primary department store chain in the greater Hartford area. In 1950, the program was renamed The Bob Steele Show. By the time he retired from his daily show in 1991, his was the longest running radio programs in the country. Steele continued to host a Saturday morning radio show on WTIC until his death at age 91. For much of his time at WTIC, he also hosted the evening sports program on both WTIC radio and television (originally WTIC-TV and later WFSB 3).
Show content
Steele's shows consisted of weather (including world temperatures), sports (Steele was longtime sports director for WTIC), birthdays (only over 80), anniversaries (only over 60), local and national news, and storytelling for children. Steele also regularly shared tips and lessons on grammar and pronunciation, including his Word for the Day. He enjoyed hearing from his listeners via letter, including listeners from Australia. Due to the 50,000-watt power of the WTIC transmitter and its clear channel status, atmospheric conditions would occasionally allow his show to be heard in the early days of radio from as far away as Australia.
Throughout the 1960s, Steele vowed not to play music by the Beatles and other rock and roll acts on his show. By the 1980s, however, oldies from the sixties, including songs by the Beatles and others, worked their way into his playlists. Steele more often played novelty songs including Rolf Harris' "Two Buffaloes," Mitch Miller's "The Yellow Rose of Texas," and, annually on May 20, a song entitled, "I'm Getting Married on The 20th of May." He also was very fond of "Tulips in Amsterdam" and "Any Dream Will Do".
Personal life
Robert Steele has four sons, Robert, Paul, Philip, and Steven. His oldest son, Robert H. Steele, represented Connecticut's 2nd congressional district in the early 1970s and was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for governor in 1974.
In 1980, Steele published a book entitled "Bob Steele: A Man and His Humor." A second book celebrating his 50th anniversary on radio was published in 1986 and his last, "The Word for the Day," written with son Phil Steele, was published in 2002.
The Bob Steele Reading Center at the Literacy Volunteers of Greater Hartford facility on Arbor Street, dedicated in 1989, honors his years as an advocate of literacy.
On December 12, 2011, the Hartford City Council voted unanimously to rename in Steele's honor a section of the city's Grove Street (between Prospect Street and Columbus Boulevard) in recognition of his iconic status and the 100th birthday. Bob Steele Street was officially dedicated in a special ceremony on January 4, 2013. A bronze plaque honoring Steele's career was installed on the east side of the Travelers Insurance building at the intersection of Bob Steele and Prospect streets on May 19, 2015. The plaque, created by sculptor Michael Keropian , was unveiled in a ceremony on May 29, 2015.
References
Some of the above material from Simon Pure's The Real Bob Steele Article posted by former WTIC engineer Bob Scherago, who worked with Steele from 1963 through 1977.
1911 births
2002 deaths
Radio personalities from Connecticut
Radio personalities from Kansas City, Missouri
Place of death missing |
28758973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20240%20Squadron%20RAF | No. 240 Squadron RAF | No. 240 Squadron RAF was a Royal Air Force flying boat and seaplane squadron during World War I, World War II and up to 1959. It was then reformed as a strategic missile squadron, serving thus till 1963.
History
Formation and World War I
No. 240 Squadron of the Royal Air Force was formed at RAF Calshot on 20 August 1918 to provide anti-submarine protection, using its Short 184s seaplanes and Felixstowe F2A flying boats. It was disbanded on 15 May 1919.
Reformation and World War II
The squadron was re-formed at RAF Calshot on 30 March 1937. It was at initially equipped with Supermarine Scapas and after a year converted to Short Singapores, which were followed a year later by the Saro London, planning to convert later to Saro Lerwicks, but getting Supermarine Stranraers in June 1940 instead. During March 1941 these were replaced with Consolidated Catalinas, to carry out anti-submarine patrols over the Atlantic Ocean. It then moved to India in March 1942 where it flew anti-shipping and submarine patrols from Red Hills Lake, where it was disbanded on 1 July 1945.
The squadron reformed that same day, 1 July 1945, from elements of 212 Squadron and 240 Squadron's Special Duties Flight. The squadron was continuing "special duties" into September 1945, evacuating Operation "Lunch" from the Andaman Islands on 7 September 1945. The squadron converted to Short Sunderland Mk.Vs and moved to Ceylon in 1945, where it disbanded on 31 March 1946 at RAF Koggala.
Post war: Shackletons and Missiles
On 1 May 1952 the squadron re-formed again at RAF Aldergrove and was equipped with Avro Shackleton Mk.1a maritime reconnaissance aircraft. The squadron moved to Northern Ireland in June 1952, where it disbanded on 1 November 1958 at RAF Ballykelly by being renumbered to 203 sqn.
The squadron reformed once again on 1 August 1959, as one of 20 Thor Strategic Missile (SM) Squadrons, associated with Project Emily. The squadron was equipped with three Thor Intermediate range ballistic missiles, and stationed at RAF Breighton.
In October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the squadron was kept at full readiness, with the missiles aimed at strategic targets in the USSR. The squadron was disbanded with the termination of the Thor Programme in Great Britain, on 8 January 1963.
Aircraft operated
Squadron bases
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bowyer, Michael J.F. and John D.R. Rawlings. Squadron Codes, 1937-56. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1979. .
Flintham, Vic and Andrew Thomas. Combat Codes: A full explanation and listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied air force unit codes since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2003. .
Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918-1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. .
Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). .
Rawlings, John D.R. Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1982. .
External links
History of No.'s 236–240 Squadrons at RAF Web
240 Squadron
Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Maritime patrol aircraft squadrons
1918 establishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations of Ceylon in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1918
Military units and formations disestablished in 1963 |
66589392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Erskine | Kurt Erskine | Kurt R. Erskine is an American attorney who served as the acting U.S. Attorney for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. He served in office from February 1, 2021 to May 2, 2022.
Background
Erskine earned a Bachelor of Arts in public policy from the College of William & Mary, a Masters of Health Services Administration from the University of Kansas School of Allied Health, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Kansas School of Law. Erskine served as the First Assistant United States Attorney and chief of the public corruption division of the United States Attorney's office for the Northern District of Georgia.
References
Living people
United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Georgia
College of William & Mary alumni
University of Kansas alumni
University of Kansas School of Law alumni
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
2636390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Outsiders%20%28American%20band%29 | The Outsiders (American band) | The Outsiders were an American rock and roll band from Cleveland, Ohio, that was founded and led by guitarist Tom King. The band released the hit single "Time Won't Let Me" in early 1966, which peaked at No. 5 in the US in April. The band had three other Hot 100 top 40 hit singles in 1966, but none on the Hot 100 afterwards, and released a total of four albums in the mid-1960s.
Allmusic described the act's style: "Part of the secret behind the Outsiders' musical success lay in the group's embellishments [with horns and strings], which slotted in perfectly with their basic three- or four-piece instrumental sound ... however bold and ambitious they got, one never lost the sense of a hard, solid band sound at the core."
Career
First single
The Outsiders were a continuation of the Starfires: Tom King, Sonny Geraci, Mert Madsen, Richard Kriss, Al Austin and Howard Blank (who was replaced by Ronnie Harkai before the recording of "Time Won't Let Me"). The name was changed to The Outsiders after the recording of "Time Won't Let Me". A total of five former Starfires were members of the Outsiders at one time or another.
The band was signed to Capitol Records on the strength of their late 1965 recording of "Time Won't Let Me" (written by King and his brother-in-law, Chet Kelley), leaving a local recording label headed by King's uncle, Patrick Connelly (Pama Records). The band's name was changed in early 1966. Reasons for the name change are unclear, although most sources state that it was at the insistence of their new record label. One popular story about the new name was that King and Kelley had become "outsiders" within the family as a result of the label shift. "Time Won't Let Me" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc.
The Outsiders had a built-in advantage over the numerous American bands that formed in the wake of the British Invasion. Rather than being neophytes, The Starfires had been a very active rhythm and blues band in the Cleveland scene since 1958, often playing six shows a week. Most of the band's original songs were written by King and Kelley, although another songwriter, Bob Turek, was working with the band by 1967. King and Kelley proved to be a formidable songwriting team, and the band was also adept at handling covers of R&B standards. King also headed the band's horn section and served as the arranger and sometime producer.
Touring
The Outsiders promoted their hit single with about a year of nationwide touring, as "Time Won't Let Me" stayed on the national charts for 15 weeks. Although their music was released in other countries, the band never toured overseas. The band first toured with Paul Revere and the Raiders and then with Chad and Jeremy. The Outsiders were part of a six-week tour of one-night stands headed by Gene Pitney, and which included seven or eight other acts. Afterwards, the Outsiders joined a four-week tour with several garage rock and psychedelic rock bands, as recalled by Geraci: "[W]e did a tour after Pitney with the McCoys, ourselves and ? and the Mysterians, the Shadows of Knight and a group from the west coast called the Seeds...A guy called Pete Shelton from England joined us on bass for this tour. Pete stayed with us until we could find a replacement...he then stayed on for a short while as 'Tour Manager'. There were five rock bands. Was that a crazy tour!"
Later records
There were several line-up changes over the years, with King (rhythm guitar) and Madsen (bass, harmonica) from the original Starfires along with Geraci (vocals) forming the core of the band in the early years. After Harkai left to join the Air Force, Denny Benson briefly handled drumming duties for the band. Tom King then invited Ricky Biagiola to join the band (a.k.a. Ricky Baker, a stage name given to him because the managers felt Biagiola was too ethnic). With Harkai having departed prior to sessions for the first album, Time Won't Let Me, former Starfire Jimmy Fox (who had left the earlier band to go to college) was brought in by King to be the drummer for the remaining tracks, which included another King/Kelley-written top 40 hit, the ballad "Girl in Love". Following these sessions, Fox decided to return to the music world and founded a band in 1966 called the James Gang that would enjoy considerable success over the coming decade. Ronnie Harkai returned to record cuts on the second album Album Number 2, along with Ricky Biagiola. Ricky Biagiola toured with the band for almost 3 years, and was part of 4 LPs and several singles released, until returning home to Cleveland to continue his education.
A cover of the Isley Brothers' "Respectable" from Album No. 2 reached No. 15 in early September 1966. The Outsiders had performed "Respectable" during their earlier years as the Starfires.
A single by outside songwriters, "Help Me Girl" (from In), had to compete with a version released in the same time period by the Animals. By some accounts, the Animals had already recorded their version, although they assured The Outsiders that they had not. The Outsiders' version peaked at No. 37. They recorded another track by the same songwriters for their third album, but it was not released as a single. The song, "Bend Me, Shape Me", became a major hit on both sides of the Atlantic in early 1968 when it was covered by the American Breed in the US and by Amen Corner in the UK.
After Mert Madsen left the Outsiders to get married, two other ex-Starfires, Walter Nims and Richard D'Amato, plus Richie D'Angelo on drums joined the band. Other session players were brought in to beef up the band's recordings, among them drummer Hal Blaine and bassist Carol Kaye of the Wrecking Crew; also, some recordings were produced by Richard Delvy, who had worked with Sonny and Cher. Joe Kelley (no relation to Chet Kelley), lead guitarist for the Shadows of Knight, made a guest appearance on the 1967 single "Gotta Leave Us Alone".
Capitol gave tentative approval for a fourth album, which was to have been named after this single, Leave Us Alone. However, the project was abandoned midway through, in favor of a faux live album called Happening Live! where crowd noises plus song and band member introductions by Sonny Geraci were dubbed onto stripped-down studio renditions of older recordings, along with some recordings by the new line-up. Not long thereafter, the group disbanded.
The Outsiders were one of the early white American soul-influenced bands. The band's "Lonely Man" was bootlegged by a small British label and released in the UK, miscredited to Northern Soul band the Detroit Shakers and retitled "Help Me Find My Way". The sound they first created, combining Mersey Rock & Motown, can be felt in the later hits of the Buckinghams and Chicago. Jim Guercio, who would manage both of these Chicago groups, had toured with the Outsiders as a musician on the Gene Pitney Caravan.
Post-breakup
In 1970, Sonny Geraci organized a new band in Los Angeles that included Walter Nims and Nick D'Amico, and released a single as "The Outsiders featuring Sonny Geraci" on the Bell label; commercial copies showed the "O" in OUTSIDERS as a peace symbol. Meanwhile, King was still heading a band called the Outsiders back in Cleveland; and this band released a single as "The Outsiders (featuring Jon Simonell)"; Simonell being Geraci's replacement as lead singer. King won a lawsuit in 1970 about the ownership of the name. Geraci's band name was then changed to Climax and scored a No. 3 hit in 1972 with Nims' "Precious and Few".
Geraci left the music industry in 1980 and spent about five years in sales in his family's home improvement business. In about 1985, he began appearing with several other mid-1960s bands as "oldies" acts and continued to appear in live concerts. Along the way, he released a handful of solo CDs. Despite the earlier lawsuit about the name, Sonny Geraci began touring in 2007 as "Sonny Geraci and the Outsiders". In April 2012 Geraci suffered a brain aneurysm (specifically, a cerebral arteriovenous malformation), requiring intensive care.
The most recent album by the Outsiders, called 30 Years Live was released in 1996 and reissued in 2006; only two of the original members, King and Nims, were on board. The performances were taken from two live concerts in 1991 in Cleveland, Ohio, and Las Vegas, Nevada.
King died aged 68, on April 23, 2011, in a Wickliffe, Ohio nursing home. He had suffered from multiple health problems and had been at the Wickliffe Country Place nursing home since he fell and injured himself in August. King's death was announced by Kevin King, one of his sons, and confirmed by the nursing home.
Geraci died on February 5, 2017, at the age of 70.
Legacy
"Time Won't Let Me" is still prominent on oldies radio playlists, but this has created an image of the Outsiders as a "one hit wonder" band. The song was also included on the box set inspired by the classic garage rock compilation album Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965–1968. Another song, "I'm Not Trying to Hurt You", was included in volume 9 of the Pebbles series. Bill Scheft's novel about a garage rock band being rediscovered by record collectors and then attempting to recapture their glory days as the bandmembers approached the age of 50 was called Time Won't Let Me.
Reissues
The original Outsiders albums have never been individually reissued as CDs. Rhino Records released Best of the Outsiders in 1985, while Collectables Records has also released a Capitol Collectors Series retrospective album on CD.
Band members
The Starfires/The Outsiders 1965 ("Time Won't Let Me" single)
Sonny Geraci, lead vocals
John Madrid, trumpet
Al Austin, lead guitar
Gayle Guhde, keyboards
Tom King, rhythm guitar, backing vocals, tenor saxophone
Mert Madsen, bass, harmonica
Ronnie Harkai, drums
The Outsiders
Tom King, rhythm guitar, tenor saxophone, vocals
Sonny Geraci, lead vocals
Mert Madsen, bass guitar, harmonica
Bill Bruno, lead guitar
Rick Biagiola, drums
The Outsiders (1967 Live album)
Tom King, rhythm guitar, tenor saxophone, vocals
Sonny Geraci, lead vocals
Richard D'Amato, bass guitar
Walter Nims, lead guitar
Ricky Biagiola, drums
Craig Gephart "lead vocals" for a short period of time after Sonny Geraci Quit
The Outsiders (1991 30 Years Live album)
Tom King, guitar, background vocals
Walter Nims, guitar, background vocals
Rob Mitchell, vocals, bass guitar
Eddie Soto, vocals
Ted Sikora, guitar, background vocals
Dave Hershy, horns
Joe Potnicky, keyboards
Dan King, drums
Rusty Schmidt, vocals
Nick Farcas, keyboards
The Outsiders (2023)
Ricky Biagiola, drums, vocals, percussion
Jimmy Aschenbener, guitar, vocals
Rik Storm, piano, organ, flute, guitar, harmonica, vocals
Rob Mitchell, bass guitar, vocals
Discography
Singles
Reissues and releases outside the U.S.
"Time Won't Let Me" b/w "Was It Really Real" – Capitol 5573, (Second pressing on the red/orange target label with target logo)
"Time Won't Let Me" b/w "Girl In Love" – Capitol Starline 6165 (Released on the red/white, tan and purple label variations)
Foreign releases
"Time Won't Let Me" b/w "Was It Really Real" – Capitol #K 23187; rel. 1966 in West Germany, violet label
"Respectable" b/w "Lost In My World" – Jolly #J-20387; rel. in 1966 in Italy
EPs
"Time Won't Let Me" and "Listen People" b/w "Girl In Love" and "Rockin' Robin" – Capitol #EAP4-2501; rel. 1966 in Mexico, 7"
"Listen People" and "Keep on Running" b/w "Time Won't Let Me" and "Maybe Baby" – Capitol #EAP-4-2501; rel. 1967 in Brazil, 7"
"Gotta Leave Us Alone" and "I Just Can't See You Anymore" b/w "I'll See You In The Summertime" and "And Now You Want My Sympathy" – Capitol #EAP1-20984; rel. 1967 in Mexico, 7"
"Keep on Running" and "My Girl" b/w "Time Won't Let Me" and "Was it Really Real" – American #TK-45, black and yellow label; 7"
Albums
Studio albums
Time Won't Let Me – Capitol #T-2501/#ST-2501; rel. 5/1966 (#37)
Album No. 2 – Capitol #T-2568/#ST-2568; rel. 9/1966 (#90)
In – Capitol #T-2636/#ST-2636; rel. 1/1967 (Did not chart)
Leave Us Alone – Capitol (No catalogue number, cancelled before release. However, a tentative album cover slick for this release is shown in the "collage" of The Outsiders' "Capitol Collectors Series" CD booklet)
Live albums
Happening Live! – Capitol #T-2745/#ST-2745; rel. 8/1967 (#103)
30 Years Live – Collectables; rel. 1996
Reissues and releases outside the U.S.
Happening Live! – Capitol #POP 672; rel. 1985 in Mexico
Time Won't Let Me and Album No. 2 (plus bonus tracks); two-fer CD reissue – Liberty Bell #PCD 4365 (unofficial disc)
In and Happening Live! (plus bonus tracks); two-fer CD reissue – Liberty Bell #PCD 4366 (unofficial disc)
Retrospective albums
Capitol Collectors Series – Capitol; rel. 1991
Best of the Outsiders – Rhino #RNLP 70132 / #RNC 70132; rel. 1986
Collectors Series – Collectables; rel. 1996
Compilation albums
Time Won't Let Me
Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965–1968 (box set)
Nuggets from Nuggets (CD)
Nuggets, Volume 3 (LP)
Pride from Cleveland Past (LP)
"Time Won't Let Me" has also been included on many other compilation albums that are aimed at mainstream audiences; Allmusic lists more than 40 such albums.
I'm Not Trying to Hurt You
Pebbles, Volume 9 (LP)
Lost in My World
Nuggets, Volume 4 (LP)
And Now You Want My Sympathy
Psychedelic Archives – USA Garage, Volume 1 (Cassette)
References
Literature
The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 7th ed. by Joel Whitburn (2000)
External links
Musical groups established in 1965
Musical groups disestablished in 1970
Garage rock groups from Ohio
Capitol Records artists
Musical groups from Cleveland
Rock music groups from Ohio
Rock and roll music groups
1965 establishments in Ohio
1970 disestablishments in Ohio |
9037848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Evans%20%28priest%29 | Patrick Evans (priest) | Patrick Evans is a Church of England clergyman, born in 1943. As a child, he attended Stubbington House School between 1950-1956, before attending Clifton College between 1956-1961. He was well known for his Rugby skills, as well as languages, obtaining A-Levels in French, German and Spanish.
He trained originally to become a solicitor and then worked in marketing and sales management, before training for ordination at Lincoln Theological College and becoming Vicar of St Mildred's, Tenterden and Area Dean of West Charing.
He then became Archdeacon of Maidstone and Diocesan Director of Ordinands, posts he held until 2002, and then from 2002 to his retirement in March 2007 he was Archdeacon of Canterbury in the Church of England. From 1989 to 2007 he was also an Honorary Canon of Canterbury Cathedral.
He is co-chairman of Canterbury and Rochester Church in Society and has also served as a trustee and board member of numerous Church associations and several secular charities.
References
Archdeacons of Canterbury
Archdeacons of Maidstone
Living people
Canons of Canterbury
Alumni of Lincoln Theological College
Year of birth missing (living people) |
40823766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damias%20scripta | Damias scripta | Damias scripta is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1902. It is found in Australia.
References
Damias
Moths described in 1902 |
59786301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhe | Radhe | Radhe is the vocative case of Radha, a Hindu goddess who is the consort of Krishna.
It may also refer to:
Radhe family, a Swedish family
Radhe (2017 film), a Nepalese film
Radhe (2021 film), an Indian Hindi film
Radhe (upcoming film), an Indian Bhojpuri film
See also
Radhe radhe (disambiguation)
Radha (disambiguation) |
22236740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Krasnodar-2000 | FC Krasnodar-2000 | FC Krasnodar-2000 () was a Russian association football club from Krasnodar, founded in 2000 and dissolved in 2011. It played in the Russian Second Division from 2001 to 2010. It was founded as FC Tsentr-R-Kavkaz Krasnodar and renamed to Krasnodar-2000 in their first season on the professional level in 2001. In 2011 the remains of the club were integrated in FC Kavkaztransgaz-2005 Ryzdvyany.
External links
Official Website
Association football clubs established in 2000
Association football clubs disestablished in 2011
Krasnodar-2000
2000 establishments in Russia
2011 disestablishments in Russia |
35716242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Morrissey%20%28footballer%29 | Steven Morrissey (footballer) | Steven Morrissey (born 25 July 1986) is a Jamaican football player who plays for Finnish club VPS.
Career
Club
In the 2012 season, he finished 3rd in the top scorers chart in Veikkausliiga behind Irakli Sirbiladze of Inter and Aleksei Kangaskolkka of IFK Mariehamn. He finished the season with 15 goals in 28 appearances.
Honours
Harbour View
Jamaica National Premier League: 2007, 2008
References
External links
Profile at vepsu.fi
Profile at veikkausliiga.com
Steven Morrissey skifter til SIF
1986 births
Living people
Jamaican men's footballers
Vaasan Palloseura players
Veikkausliiga players
Silkeborg IF players
Jamaican expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
Men's association football forwards
National Premier League players |
28552007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Kentucky%20College%20of%20Arts%20and%20Sciences | University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences | The College of Arts and Sciences (A&S) is the liberal arts and sciences unit of the University of Kentucky, located in Lexington, Kentucky. It is primarily divided between the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, and offers more than thirty degree options for both undergraduate and graduate students.
The college is home to 5,200 undergraduate students, 960 graduate students, 50 postdoctoral students, and 350 faculty members. The College of Arts and Sciences features programs in Hispanic Studies, Human Geography, and Clinical Psychology each ranked in the top twenty among public institutions.
History of the college
The College of Arts and Science was established April 14, 1908 by James K. Patterson, the first president of the University of Kentucky, as part of Patterson's initiative to create a college within the university that would provide solid educational training in the sciences, arts, and humanities.
The Graduate School was formally established in 1912, and by 1919, UK was one of only 130 institutions in the United States whose graduate school had been accepted to the National Association of State Universities.
In 1918, President Frank McVey expanded the college from 13 departments to 22 and added the "s" to Sciences (thus making it the College of Arts and Sciences). McVey insisted on hiring faculty members with doctorates to make the university more competitive.
To accommodate the growing numbers of students during the 1931-32 academic year, UK built several new buildings, including the Biological Sciences building, Erikson Hall (built as the Home Economics Building), and an enlarged ROTC building.
In 1945, the College of Arts and Sciences began recognizing individual faculty members with the Distinguished Professor Award, the first of which was awarded to Grant Knight of the English Department. 1947 also saw Paul G. Blazer and his wife Georgia launch the still-ongoing Blazer Lecture Series to showcase the talent of university faculty and other members of the academic community.
Sociology major William Augustus Jones, Jr., and English minor Doris Wilkinson represented A&S in UK's first graduating class of African-Americans in 1958. Joseph Walter Scott, UK's first African-American professor, was hired by the Sociology Department in 1965 and was joined later in 1967 by Doris Wilkinson, who became the first female African-American professor in the school's history.
During the same time – and in response to an increasingly tense political climate – the College of Arts and Sciences opened the Patterson School for Diplomacy.
The college's location on UK's campus was centralized by the construction of Patterson Office Tower. Completed in 1969, the Office Tower and adjacent Whitehall Classroom Building gave the College of Arts and Sciences additional classrooms and office spaces.
In 1974, Judith Lesnaw was hired on as the first woman in Biology, and she later became the first woman to receive tenure at the university.
William Nunn Lipscomb earned a bachelor's degree at Kentucky and completed his education and a distinguished academic career out-of-state, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1976 for his studies on borane structure and chemical bonding.
As interest in Appalachia grew during the 1970s, UK opened the Appalachian Center in 1977 and developed a widely recognized curriculum in Appalachian Studies.
Departments
The College of Arts and Sciences features 18 traditional departments, offering majors leading to B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., M.Phil., and Ph.D. degrees.
Anthropology
Biology
Chemistry
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Economics
English
Gender & Women's Studies
Geography
Hispanic Studies
History
Mathematics
Modern and Classical Languages, Literatures and Cultures
Philosophy
Physics & Astronomy
Political Science
Psychology
Sociology
Statistics
Programs
In addition to its departments, the College of Arts and Sciences also houses 19 interdisciplinary programs and committees:
Aerospace Studies/Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps
Africana Studies
American Studies
Appalachian Studies
Cognitive Science
Environmental Studies
Foreign Language and International Economics
Indian Culture
International Studies
Islamic Studies
Japan Studies
Judaic Studies
Latin American Studies
Linguistics
Mathematical Economics
Military Science/Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps
Social Theory
Topical Studies
Writing, Rhetoric and Digital Studies
Faculty awards and grants
Faculty in the College of Arts and Sciences have been awarded grants from such institutes as the National Science Foundation, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, US Department of Education, and National Institutes of Health. Similarly, faculty members have received many national and international fellowships, including awards from the Guggenheim Foundation, Fulbright Program, National Endowment for the Humanities, and Humboldt Foundation.
Research funding
Professors in the College of Arts and Sciences account for 60% of the researchers at the University of Kentucky. In addition to multiple grants and fellowships, the College of Arts and Sciences has $45 million in collaborate external grants and ranks first in the number of grad student publications among colleges at the university.
Deans of the college
Arthur M. Miller, 1908-1917
Paul P. Boyd, 1917-1947
Martin M. White, 1947-1965
Paul Nagel, 1966-1969
Wimberly Royster, 1969-1972
Art Gallaher, 1972-1980
Donald Sands (Acting Dean), 1980-1981
Michael Baer, 1981-1990
Bradley C. Canon (Acting Dean), 1990-1991
Richard Edwards, 1991-1997
Donald Sands (Acting Dean) 1997-1998
Howard Grotch, 1998-2003
Steven L. Hoch, 2003-2009
Phil Harling (Acting Dean), 2008-2009
Mark L. Kornbluh, 2009–2020
Christian M. M. Brady, 2020–2022
Ana M. Franco-Watkins 2022-present
Publications
Ampersand, the magazine of the College of Arts and Sciences, is published twice yearly for alumni, faculty, and friends of the college.
Limestone, a journal of art and literature that is edited and published annually by graduate students in the Department of English.
disclosure: A Journal of Social Theory, an annual thematic publication of contemporary social theory produced by the Committee on Social Theory.
References
Liberal arts colleges at universities in the United States
University of Kentucky
1908 establishments in Kentucky |
29481700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA%20coup%20d%27%C3%A9tat | APRA coup d'état | The APRA coup d'état was a coup d'état by Raymond Westerling's Legion of the Just Ruler (APRA) to capture Bandung and Jakarta, with the aim to overthrow Sukarno's unitary Republic of Indonesia. Westerling was a demobilised Dutch Captain of the KNIL (Royal Netherlands East Indies Army), who sought to preserve the federal Republic of the United States of Indonesia, which retained the support of the Netherlands and various minority elements. Westerling's forces succeeded in capturing Bandung in the early hours of 23 January 1950.
Simultaneously, the APRA infiltrated Jakarta as part of a coup d’état to overthrow the RUSI Cabinet. Their plan was to arrest and assassinate several prominent Republican figures including the Defence Minister Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX and Secretary-General Ali Budiardjo. However, Westerling's forces in Jakarta were killed or captured by the Indonesian army and police forces. The APRA was forced out of Bandung, while Westerling escaped to Singapore. After a mopping up campaign the Legion of Ratu Adil had ceased to function in February 1950. The coup d'état led to the downfall of Sultan Hamid II and accelerated the integration of the RUSI into the Republic by 17 August 1950.
Rise of the APRA
Prior to the transfer of sovereignty on 27 December 1949, a RUSI Cabinet consisting of both Republican and Federalist members was formed on 17 December 1949. This Cabinet was headed by Prime Minister Mohammad Hatta and included 11 Republicans and five Federalists including the pro-Dutch Sultan Hamid II. Ultimately, this federal government was short-lived due to conflicting differences between the Republicans and the Federalists as well as growing popular support for a unitary state.
Growing tensions between the Republicans and Federalists prompted Hamid II to conspire with the former commander of the DST (Depot Special Forces) commando unit Raymond Westerling to organize an anti-Republican coup d’état which would ensure a federal Republic of the United States of Indonesia. By January 1950, Westerling had built up a militia force known as Legion of the Just Ruler (; APRA) or 'Legion of Ratu Adil'. Raymond Westerling stated that the APRA counted 22,000 men. American historian George Kahin estimates it was about 2,000 men.
The APRA comprised various Republican elements including defectors from the Indonesian army, Islamic and communist battle groups. The Legion was further augmented by elements of the KNIL, Royal Netherlands Army, Westerling's old commando unit and several sympathetic Dutch nationals including two police inspectors. The Republican government attempted to negotiate with Westerling by offering to pay him US$100,000 in exchange for renouncing his revolutionary activities, but Westerling rejected the offer.
Westerling's Ultimatum
On 5 January 1950, Westerling sent an ultimatum to the RIS government of Jakarta. His demands were the recognition of the APRA as the official army of the state of Pasundan and unconditional respect for the autonomy of the federal states. Westerling added that if the answer was not positive within 7 days, he could not be held responsible for the outbreak of large-scale fighting by the APRA. With no reply to his ultimatum, Westerling started the coup in the night of 22–23 January, a month after international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia.
Westerling's ultimatum certainly caused anxiety not only in the RIS, but also on the Dutch side and Dr Hanz M. Hirschfeld (German-born), Nederlandse Hoge Commissaris (Dutch High Commissioner) who had just arrived in Indonesia. The RIS cabinet bombarded Hirschfeld with questions that made him very uncomfortable. The Dutch Minister of Home Affairs, Dirk Stikker, instructed Hirschfeld to take action against all Dutch civil and military officials who were co-operating with Westerling.
On 10 January 1950, Hatta informed Hirschfeld that the Indonesians had issued an arrest order against Westerling. Prior to that, when A.H.J. Lovink was still serving as High Representative of the Crown of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, he had advised Hatta to charge Westerling with Article exorbitante rechten. At that time Westerling visited Sultan Hamid II at the Hotel Des Indes, Jakarta. They had previously met in December 1949. Westerling explained his purpose, and asked Hamid to become the leader of their movement. Hamid wanted to know details about Westerling's organisation. But he did not get a satisfactory answer from Westerling. The meeting that day did not produce any results. After that, the next meeting between Westerling and Hamid is unclear. In his autobiography, Mémoires, published in 1952, Westerling wrote that a Shadow Cabinet had been formed under the leadership of Sultan Hamid II of Pontianak, so he had to keep it a secret.
In mid-January 1950, the Minister of UNI and Provincial Affairs Across the Seas, Mr. J.H. van Maarseveen visited Indonesia to prepare for the Indonesia-Dutch Union meeting to be held in March 1950. Hatta told Maarseven that he had ordered the police to arrest Westerling.
During his visit to the Netherlands, on 20 January 1950, RIS Economic Minister, Djuanda Kartawidjaja, told Minister Lubbertus Götzen that the elite Regiment Speciale Troepen (RST) troops, which were seen as a risk factor, should be evacuated from Indonesia as soon as possible. Prior to this, a unit of RST troops had been evacuated to Ambon and arrived there on 17 January 1950. On 21 January, Hirschfeld informed Götzen that General Buurman van Vreeden and Dutch Defence Minister, Jan Schokking, had been working on a plan for the evacuation of RST troops.
With no reply to his ultimatum, Westerling started the coup in the night of 22–23 January, a month after international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia.
Desertion
On 22 January at 21.00 Westerling received a report that a number of heavily armed RST troops had deserted and left the military station in Batujajar.
KNIL Major G.H. Christian and KNIL Captain J.H.W. Nix reported that the "Erik" company at Kampemenstraat that night was also going to desert and join the APRA in a coup, but was foiled by its own commander, Captain G.H.O. de Witt. Engles immediately raised the alarm. He contacted Lieutenant Colonel TNI Sadikin, Commander of the Siliwangi Division. Engles also reported the incident to General Buurman van Vreeden in Jakarta.
Between 08.00 and 09.00, he received a visit from RST commander Lieutenant Colonel Borghouts, who was devastated by the desertion of his troops. At 9.00, Engles received a visit from Lt. Col. Sadikin. When a rally of the RST troops at Batujajar took place at noon, 140 men were absent. From the camp in Purabaya it was reported that 190 soldiers had deserted, and from the SOP in Cimahi it was reported that 12 soldiers from Ambon had deserted.
Attacks against Bandung and Jakarta
But the attempt to evacuate the Regiment Speciale Troepen (RST), a combination of red berets and green berets, came too late. From some of his former men, Westerling heard about the plan, and before the deportation of RST troops to the Netherlands began, on 23 January 1950, Westerling launched his coup. Westerling's planned coup d’état involved the near-simultaneous capture of Bandung and Jakarta, followed by the capture of Buitenzorg (modern-day Bogor) where some minor government departments were based. On 22 January, Westerling's troops would infiltrate Bandung on board trucks, disguised as members of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI). At 10 pm, they would seize ammunition stocks from the old KNIL arms depot in Bandung and then dispatch them to a rendezvous point 15 miles away for delivery to Djakarta by 11 pm. At 5 am on 23 January, APRA forces based in nearby Tjimahi would capture strategic locations like military bases, police stations, and government buildings and communications facilities throughout Bandung and Jakarta.
At dawn, about 520 APRA soldiers entered Bandung. However, the Siliwangi Division, which was encamped in the city, had been forewarned of Westerling's plans. KNIL Lieutenant Colonel T. Cassa had telephoned General Engles and reported: "A strong APRA force is moving along Jalan Pos Besar towards Bandung." A motorized unit was sent to intercept the Legion, but was quickly defeated. Advancing through Bandung, the APRA captured key locations including the TNI's headquarters and the Siliwangi barracks. Within an hour, they had secured the city center and eliminated all resistance. TNI Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Lembong and 93 other Indonesian soldiers and officers were killed. The majority of the TNI forces were taken by surprise and there were reports of soldiers discarding their uniforms and fleeing. TNI Colonel Erie Sudeweo sought refuge in the Dutch barracks.
However, the second phase of the coup d'état collapsed since the majority of the KNIL's commanders cooperated with the Indonesian government and refused to support Westerling's actions. A Dutch officer discovered the unloading of ammunition from the Bandung arms depot into trucks of the APRA. Due to this development, the ammunitions convoy did not arrive in the Republican capital Jakarta at 11 PM as planned. Westerling's Legion was unable to launch its scheduled attack at 5 AM on 23 January. There had been plans to seize the presidential palace, army barracks and to arrest Republican politicians including Sukarno, Hatta, Hamengkubuwono IX and Ali Budiardjo. Unable to find any ammunition, Westerling was forced to abort his attack by 6 AM. With the coup attempt in tatters, the APRA retreated from Bandung after negotiations with KNIL Major General Edu Engles. By 5 PM Republican forces under Sadikin had re-established control over Bandung.
Aftermath of the coup
Following Bandung, most APRA units returned to their respective compounds. In the following weeks several small APRA units were defeated in a mopping up campaign by the Indonesian army and police. The Legion of the Just Ruler had ceased to function in February 1950. The attempted coup d'état increased public agitation for the dissolution of the federal system. Westerling himself left for Jakarta, and on 24 January 1950 met again with Sultan Hamid II at the Hotel Des Indes. Hamid, accompanied by his secretary, Dr J. Kiers, criticised Westerling for his failure and blamed Westerling for making a big mistake in Bandung. There was no debate, and shortly afterwards Westerling left the hotel. Westerling escaped with the help of the Dutch government to Singapore. Despite attempts by the Indonesian government to extradite him, he lived in exile in the Netherlands until his death in 1987.
By April 5, several key conspirators including Sultan Hamid II had been arrested by the Republican authorities. On April 19, Hamid II confessed to his involvement in the botched Jakarta coup and to planning a second attack on Parliament scheduled for February 15. Due to the presence of RUSI troops, the attack had been aborted. The role of the Pasundan government in the coup led to its dissolution by February 10, further undermining the federal structure. By then, the Pasundan Parliament's wishes of merger with the republic were fulfilled. By late March 1950, Hamid's West Kalimantan was one of the four remaining federal states in the United States of Indonesia.
Hamid's role in the coup led to increased agitation in West Kalimantan for its integration as part of the Republic of Indonesia. Following a fact-finding mission by the Government Commission, the RUSI House of Representatives voted, by a margin of fifty votes to one, to merge West Kalimantan into the Republic of Indonesia. Following clashes with demobilized KNIL troops under Andi Aziz in Makassar and the attempted secession of an Ambonese Republic of South Moluccas, the federal United States of Indonesia was dissolved on 17 August 1950, turning Indonesia into a unitary state dominated by the central government in Jakarta.
Notes
References
– translated from the French to English by Waverley Root as –
Further reading
External links
Westerling biography in the Dutch language
Images of Westerling, his troops, his passport and gravestone
Summary of Dutch publications about Westerling and his actions in Indonesia
Indonesian National Revolution
1950 in Indonesia
Attempted coups in Indonesia
Conflicts in 1950
January 1950 events in Asia |
7396582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20George%20Antiochian%20Orthodox%20Church%20%28Orlando%2C%20Florida%29 | St. George Antiochian Orthodox Church (Orlando, Florida) | The St. George Antiochian Orthodox Church is an Antiochian Orthodox church across from Lake Eola, in Orlando, Florida.
The church building was originally the First Church of Christ, Scientist. Originally built in 1927, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 3, 1980. The Church of Christ, Scientist congregation now holds services at 915 North Ferncreek.
Current function
St. George Antiochian Orthodox Church is under the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America and the Very Reverend Father John E Hamatie is the Presiding Priest.
Gallery
See also
List of Former Christian Science Churches, Societies and Buildings
References
External links
Orange County listings at Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Churches in Orlando, Florida
History of Orlando, Florida
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, Florida
Former Christian Science churches, societies and buildings in Florida
Orthodox Church in America churches
Eastern Orthodoxy in Florida |
18085638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Pune | History of Pune | Pune is the 9th most populous city in India and one of the largest in the state of Maharashtra.
Although area around Pune has history going back millennia, the more recent history of the city is closely related to the rise of the Maratha empire from the 17th–18th century. Pune first came under Maratha control in the early 1600s when Maloji Bhosale was granted fiefdom of Pune by the Nizam Shahi of Ahmadnagar.When Maloji's son Shahaji had to join campaigns in faraway southern India for the Adil Shahi sultanate, he selected Pune for the residence of his wife, Jijabai and young son, Shivaji (1630-1680), the future founder of the Maratha empire. Although Shivaji spent part of his childhood and teenage years in Pune, the actual control of Pune region shifted between the Bhosale family of Shivaji, the Adil Shahi dynasty, and the Mughals.In the early 1700s, Pune and its surrounding areas were granted to the newly appointed Maratha Peshwa, Balaji Vishwanath by Chhatrapati Shahu, grandson of Shivaji. Balaji Vishwanath's son, and successor as the Peshwa, Bajirao I made Pune as his seat of administration.That spurred growth in the city during Bajirao's rule which was continued by his descendants for the best part of 18th century.The city was a political and commercial center of the Indian subcontent during that period. This came to an end with the Marathas losing to the British East India company during the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818.
After the fall of Peshwa rule in 1818, the British East India Company made the city one of its major military bases.They established military cantonments in the eastern part of the city, and another one at nearby Khadki.The city was known by the name of Poona during British rule and for a few decades after indian independence. The company rule came to an end when in 1858, under the terms of Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria, the Bombay Presidency, along with Pune and the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British crown.British rule, over more than a century, saw huge changes in the social, political, economic, and cultural life of the city.These included introduction of railways, telegraph, roads, modern education, hospitals etc.
Prior to the British takeover, the city was confined to the eastern bank of the Mutha river. Since then, the city has grown on both sides of the river.During British rule, Pune was made into the monsoon capital of the Bombay presidency. Palaces, parks, a golf course, a race course, and a boating lake were some of the facilities that were constructed to accommodate the leisurely pursuits of the ruling British elites of Bombay presidency that stayed in the city during the monsoon season and the military personnel.
In the 19th and early 20th century, Pune was the center of social reform, and at the turn of the 20th century, the center of Indian Nationalism.For the latter, it was considered by the British as the center of political unrest against their rule.Social reform movement by Jyotiba Phule in the latter half of 1800s saw establishment of schools for girls as well as for the dalits. In 1890s, nationalist leader Balgangadhar Tilak promoted public celebration of Ganesh festival as a hidden means for political activism, intellectual discourse, poetry recitals, plays, concerts, and folk dances.
The post-independence era after 1947 saw Pune turning from a mid-size city to a large metropolis.Industrial development started in the outlining areas of the city such as Hadapsar, Bhosari, and Pimpri in the 1950s.The first big operation to set up shop was the government run Hindustan Antibiotics in Pimpri in 1954.The area around Bhosari was set aside for industrial development, by the newly created Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation
(MIDC) in the early 1960s. MIDC provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations.The status of Pune was elevated from town to city, when the Municipality was converted into Pune Mahanagar Palika or the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) in the year 1950.This period saw a huge influx of people to the city due to opportunities offered by the boom in the manufacturing industry, and lately in the software field.The influx has been from other areas of Maharashtra as well as from outside the state.The post-independence period has also seen further growth in the higher education sector in the city.This included the establishment of the University of Pune (now, Savitribai Phule Pune University) in 1949, the National Chemical Laboratory in 1950 and the National Defence Academy in 1955.The Panshet flood of 1961 resulted in a huge loss of housing on the river bank and spurred the growth of new suburbs. In the 1990s, the city emerged as a major information technology hub.
Early and medieval
The first reference to Pune region is found in two copper plates dated to 758 and 768 AD, issued by Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna I. The plates are called "Puny Vishaya" and "Punaka Vishaya" respectively.The plates mention areas around Pune such as Theur, Uruli, Chorachi Alandi, Kalas, Khed, Dapodi, Bopkhel and Bhosari.The Pataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this time. Pune later became part of the Yadava Empire of Deogiri from the 9th century. During this time, it was called as "Punekavadi" and "Punevadi". In 2003, an accidental discovery of artefacts from the Satvahana period in the Kasba peth area of the city has put the origin of settled life in the area to the early part of the first millennium.
The Khalji dynasty overthrew the Yadavas in 1317. This started three hundred years of Islamic control of Pune. The Khalji dynasty was succeeded by another Delhi sultanate dynasty, the Tughlaqs. A governor of the Tughlaq for the Deccan revolted and created the independent Bahamani sultanate. The Bahamanis, and their successor states, collectively called the Deccan sultanates, ruled Pune region between 1400 and early 1600s. During the Islamic era, the city was called "Kasabe Pune". A defensive wall around the city was built by Barya Arab, a commander of either the Khaljis or the Tughlaqs, in the early 1300s. Traditional accounts state that the temples of Puneshwar and Narayaneshwar were turned into the Sufi shrines of Younger Sallah and Elder Sallah respectively. During this period, Muslim soldiers and few civilian Muslims lived within the town walls, on the eastern bank of the Mutha River. The Brahmins, traders, and cultivators were pushed outside the town walls. The Hindu saint, Namdev (1270–1350) is believed to have visited the Kedareshwar temple. The Bengali saint, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu visited the place during the Nizamshahi rule. Under the Bahamani and early Nizamshahi, towards the end of 15th century, Pune became a center for learning of Sanskrit scriptures.
Maratha rule
Pune first came under Maratha control in the early 1600s. However, control shifted between the Bhonsle family, the Adil Shahi dynasty, and the Mughals, for most of the century. In the early 1700s, Pune and its surrounding areas were granted to the newly appointed Maratha Peshwa, Balaji Vishwanath. It remained with his family until his great-grandson Bajirao II was defeated by the British East India Company in 1818.
Bhosale family fiefdom (1599–1714)
In 1595 or 1599, Maloji Bhosle, the grandfather of Maratha empire founder,Shivaji, was given the title of "raja" by Bahadur Nizam Shah II, the ruler of the Ahmednagar Sultanate. On the recommendation of Nizam's Vazir, Malik Ambar, Maloji was granted the jagir (fiefdom) of the Pune and Supe parganas, along with the control over the Shivneri and Chakan forts.
In 1630–31, Murar Jagdeo Pandit, a general of Adil Shahi of Bijapur attacked Pune and razed it to the ground by using ass-drawn ploughs, as a symbol of total dominance. Soon afterwards, Shahaji, the son of Maloji, joined the service of Adil Shahi, and got his family's jagir of Pune back in 1637. He appointed Dadoji Konddeo as the administrator of the area. Dadoji slowly rebuilt the city, and brought back the prominent families who had left the city during the destruction by Murar Jagdeo. Shahaji also selected Pune for the residence of his wife, Jijabai and son, Shivaji, the future founder of the Maratha empire. The construction of a palace, called Lal Mahal, was completed in 1640. Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of the Kasba Ganapati temple herself. The Ganesh idol consecrated at this temple is regarded as the presiding deity (gramadevata) of the city.
Pune changed hands between the Mughals and the Marathas many times during the rest of the century. It remained under Shivaji's control for the most part of his career, however, he operated from mountain forts like Rajgad and Raigad. Recognizing the military potential of Pune, the Mughal general Shaista Khan and later, the emperor Aurangzeb further developed the areas around the city.
Peshwa rule (1714–1818)
In 1714, the Maratha ruler Shahu appointed Balaji Vishwanath, a Chitpavan Brahmin, as his Peshwa. Around the same period, Balaji was gifted the area around Pune by the grateful mother of one of Shahu's ministers, the Pantsachiv, for saving the latter's life. In 1720, Baji Rao I, was appointed Peshwa, as a successor to his father, by Shahu. Bajirao moved his administration from Saswad to Pune in 1728, and in the process, laid the foundation for turning what was a kasbah into a large city. Before Bajirao I made Pune his headquarters, the town already had six "Peths" or wards, namely, Kasba, Shaniwar, Raviwar, Somwar, Mangalwar, and Budhwar. Bajirao also started construction of a palace called Shaniwar Wada on the eastern bank of the Mutha River. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control over the city. The city grew in size and influence as the Maratha rule extended in the subsequent decades. During this period, in addition to being the administrative capital of the Confederacy, the city also became the financial capital of the Confederacy. Most of the 150 bankers or "savakars" in the city belonged to the Chitpavan or Deshastha Brahmin communities.
The city gained further importance as the Maratha dominance increased across India under the rule of Bajirao I's son, Balaji Baji Rao, also known as Nanasaheb. After the disastrous Battle of Panipat in 1761, Maratha influence was curtailed. At that time, the Nizam of Hyderabad looted the city. The city and the empire recovered during the brief reign of Peshwa Madhavrao I. The rest of the Peshwa era was full of family intrigue and political machinations. The leading role in this was played by the ambitious Raghunathrao, the younger brother of Nanasaheb who wanted power at the expense of his nephews, Madhavrao I and Narayanrao. Following the murder of Narayanrao on the orders of Raghunathrao's wife, in 1775, power was exercised in the name of the son of Narayanrao, Madhavrao II, by a regency council led by Nana Fadnavis for almost the rest of the century. For most part, the Peshwa rule saw the city elites coming from the Chitpavan Brahmin community. They were the military commanders, the bureaucrats, and the bankers, and had ties to each other through matrimonial alliances.
Pune prospered as a city during the reign of the peshwas. Nanasaheb constructed a lake at Katraj, on the southern outskirts of the city, and an underground aqueduct, which is still operational, to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada. Later in the century, the city got an underground sewage system in 1782, that ultimately discharged into the river. On the southern fringe of the city, Nanasaheb built a palace on the Parvati Hill.In the vicinity of the hill, he developed a garden called Heera Baug, and dug a lake with a Ganesh temple on an island in the middle of the lake. He also developed new commercial, trading, and residential localities called Sadashiv Peth, Narayan Peth, Rasta Peth, and Nana Peth. The city in the 1790s had a population of 600,000. In 1781, after a city census, household tax called Gharpatti was levied on the more affluent, which was one-fifth to one-sixth of the property value.
Under Peshwa rule, law and order was exercised by the office of the Kotwal. The Kotwal was both the police chief, magistrate, as well as the municipal commissioner. His duties included investigating, levying, and collecting of fines for various offenses. The Kotwal was assisted by police officers who manned the chavdi or the police station, and the clerks collected the fines and the paid informants who provided the necessary intelligence for charging people with misdemeanor. The crimes included illicit affairs, violence, and murder. Sometimes, even in case of murder, only a fine was imposed. Inter-caste or inter-religious affairs were also settled with fines. The salary of the Kotwal was as high as 9000 rupees a month, but that included the expense of employing officers, mainly from the Ramoshi caste. The most famous Kotwal of Pune during Peshwa rule was Ghashiram Kotwal. The police force during this era was admired by European visitors to the city.
The patronage of the Brahmin Peshwas resulted in great expansion of Pune with the construction of around 250 temples and bridges in the city, including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on Parvati Hill. Many of the Maruti, Vithoba, Vishnu, Mahadeo, Rama, Krishna, and Ganesh temples were built during this era. The patronage also extended to 164 schools or "pathshalas" in the city that taught Hindu holy texts or Shastras. However, the schools were open to men from the Brahmin castes only. The city also conducted many public festivals. The main festivals were Holi, the Deccan New year or Gudi padwa, Ganeshotsav, Dasara, and Dakshina. Holi at the court of Peshwa, used to be celebrated over a five-day period. The Dakshina festival celebrated in the Hindu month of Shraavana, when millions of rupees were distributed, attracted Brahmins from all over India to Pune. The festivals, the building of temples and the rituals conducted at temples, led to religion being responsible for about 15% of the city's economy during this period.
The Peshwa rulers and the knights residing in the city also had their own hobbies and interests. For example, Madhavrao II had a private collection of exotic animals such as lions and rhinoceros, close to where the later Peshwe park zoo was situated. The last Peshwa, Bajirao II was a physical strength and wrestling enthusiast. The sport of pole gymnastics or Malkhamb was developed in Pune, under his patronage, by Balambhat Deodhar. Many Peshwas and the courtiers were patrons of Lavani, a genre of music and folk-dance popular in Maharashtra. A number of composers of it, such as Ram Joshi, Anant Phandi, Prabhakar, and Honaji Bala, came from this period.Ram Joshi also composed a powada praising the wonders of Pune itself. The dancers used to come from the castes such as Mang and Mahar. Lavani used to be an essential part of Holi celebrations at the court of Peshwa.
The Peshwa's influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces in the Battle of Panipat, but Pune remained the seat of power. The city's fortunes declined rapidly after the accession of Bajirao II to power in 1795. In 1802, Pune was captured by Yashwantrao Holkar in the Battle of Poona, directly precipitating the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805. The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Bajirao II by the British East India Company, under the leadership of Mountstuart Elphinstone, in 1818.
British rule (1818–1947)
In 1818, Pune and rest of the Peshwa territories came under the control of the British East India Company. The company rule came to an end when in 1858, under the terms of Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria, the Bombay Presidency, along with Pune and the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British crown.
City development
British rule, over more than a century, saw huge changes that were seen in all spheres, social, economic, and others as well. The British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city. The settlement of the regiments of the 17 Poona Horse cavalry, the Lancashire Fusiliers, the Maratha Light Infantry, and others, led to an increase in the population. Due to its milder weather, the city became the "Monsoon capital" of the Governor of Bombay, thus making it one of the most important cities of the Bombay Presidency. The old city and the cantonment areas followed different patterns of development, with the latter being developed more on European lines to cater for the needs of the British military class. The old city had narrow lanes and areas segregated by caste and religion. For many decades, Pune was the center of social reform and at the turn of the century, the center of Indian Nationalism. British era also saw development on the western bank of the Mutha river, in the vicinity of the village of Bhamburde.
The population of the city was previously decreasing with the declining fortunes of the Peshwa rule. The population at the beginning of British rule was estimated at around 100,000, and it declined further as the city lost its stature as the seat of a major power. In the 1851 census, the population of the old city (excluding cantonment) was down to 70,000. The population increased subsequently, following the introduction of railways, to 80,000 in 1864, 90,000 in 1872, and 100,000 in 1881. The population of greater Poona (including Cantonment, Khadki, and surrounding villages like Ghorpadi) in 1881 was 144,000. By 1931, it had increased to 250,000. In the 1890s, there was a loss of population during the bubonic plague, due to mortality from the disease as well as people leaving the city to escape the disease. The population bounced back in the following decades, due to the introduction and acceptance of vaccination by the Indian population of the city. During the British era, the vast majority of the old city population was Marathi-speaking Hindus. Other significant minorities were Muslims, Christians and Roman Catholics, Parsis, Jews, Gujaratis, and Marwadis. During this period, the city population was heavily segregated by caste and economic status.
The Poona Municipality was established in 1858. The cantonment area had its own separate administration from the beginning, and is governed separately even today. Unlike the Bombay Municipal council, the Poona Municipality had two-thirds members elected. In case of Bombay, it was only half the members. Due to the colonial government of the Presidency setting up property and educational qualifications to hold office, majority of the seats on the corporation were held by Maharashtrian Brahmins, who accounted for 20% of the city's population in the late 1800s. A significant number of seats were also held by non-Maharashtrian Hindus (Gujarati, south Indian, etc.) and Parsis. Social reformer, Jyotirao Phule was appointed to the council in the 1870s. The position of District Collector was created by the East India company at the beginning of its rule, and has been retained after Independence. Pune and the Pune district also had a collector, who had broad administrative power of revenue collection and judicial duties. When Pune and the Peshwa territories came under the company rule, Governor of the Bombay Presidency, Mountstuart Elphinstone wanted to retain many practices of the old order, including justice. He continued the practice of Panchayat (a jury of local elders) to adjudicate in civil cases, however, the litigants preferred the parallel courts modelled on the English judicial system. Trial by jury was introduced in Pune in 1867.
For most of the British era, Pune remained a poor cousin of Mumbai when it came to industrialization. There were, however, a few industrial concerns active at the turn of the 20th century, such as a paper mill, metal forge works, and a cotton mill. An ammunition factory was set up in Khadki in 1869. Printing contributed significantly to the city's economy, due to the presence of large number of educational establishments in the city. To a major extent, manufacturing was a small-scale business. Cotton and silk weaving were major industries that grew in the 19th century. The same was true of brass and copper-ware. The latter actually developed after the advent of railways made importation of sheet metal easier. Other small industries included jewelry, beedi-making, leather-works, and food processing. Towards the end of the British era, movie-making had become a significant business, with eminent studios like the Prabhat Film Company located in the city. In the early years of the British rule, an open-air vegetable market used to be held outside the Shaniwar Wada. This shifted to an indoor place built by the Poona Municipality, which was inaugurated in 1886. The market was named after the then Governor of Bombay, Lord Reay, and served as retail and wholesale market in addition to being the municipal office. There was also an older market-district called Tulshi Baug, close to the vegetable market that sold a variety of household items.
During the first and second Anglo-Maratha wars, it used to take 4–5 weeks to move materials from Mumbai to Pune. A military road constructed by the company in 1804 reduced the journey to 4–5 days. The company later built a Macademized road in 1830, that allowed mail-cart service to begin between the two cities. Railway line from Bombay, which was operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), reached the city in 1858. In the following decades, the line was extended to places farther east and south of the city. In the east, GIPR extended its line till Raichur in 1871, where it met a line of Madras Railway and thereby connected Poona to Madras. The Pune-Miraj line was completed in 1886. The completion of the Metre-gauge Miraj line turned the city into an important railway junction. The Bombay-Poona line was electrified in the 1920s. This cut the travel time between the cities to three hours and made it possible to make day-trips between the cities for business or leisure, such as the wealthy people from Bombay visiting the city to see the Poona races. Although railways came to Pune in the middle of the 19th century, public-bus service took nearly ninety-years to follow suit. Unlike Mumbai, Pune never had a tram service. The first bus service was introduced in Pune in 1941, by the Silver bus company. This caused huge uproar amongst the Tanga carriers (horse-drawn carriage) who went on strike in protest. Tangas were the common mode of public transport well into the 1950s. Bicycles were choice of vehicle for private use in the 1930s.
Given the importance of Pune as a major Military base, the British were quick to install the instant communication system of Telegraph in the city in 1858. The Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 pts) of 1885 reports that, in 1885, the city had its own telegraph office in addition to the GIPR company's telegraph service. The city was a post-distribution hub for the district. There were two post offices in the city, which in addition to mailing services, offered money order and savings bank services. In 1928, a beam relay station was installed in Khadki to beam radiotelegraph signals for Imperial Wireless Chain system.
Areas east of Pune receive much less rainfall than the areas in the west of city, adjacent to the Sahyadri mountains. To minimize the risk of drought in the low rainfall areas, a masonry dam was built on the Mutha river at Khadakwasla in 1878. At that time, the dam was considered one of the largest in the world. Two canals were dug on each bank of the river, for irrigating lands to the east of the city. The canals also supplied drinking water to the city and Pune cantonment. In 1890, Poona Municipality spent Rs. 200,000 to install water filtration works.
Electricity was first introduced in the city in 1920. In the early part of the 20th century, hydroelectric plants were installed in the Western Ghats between Pune and Mumbai. The Poona electric supply company, a Tata concern, received power from Khopoli on the Mumbai side of the ghats, and Bhivpuri plants near the Mulshi dam. The power was used for the electric trains running between Mumbai and Pune, for industry and domestic use.
To cater for the religious and educational needs of the British-Christian soldiers and officers from the Anglo-Indian, Goan-Luso-Indian and Eurasian (mixed ancestry) communities, the early colonial period saw the building of many Protestant and Catholic churches and schools, such as The Bishop's School (Pune), Hutchings High School, and St. Mary's School, Pune. St. Vincent's High School, St. Anne's School (Pune) were other schools founded in the 1800s to cater to the Catholic community.
In the 1820s, the company government set up a Hindu college, to impart education in Sanskrit. In the 1840s, the college started offering a more contemporary curriculum. The college was then renamed as Poona College, and later Deccan College. The 1800s also witnessed tremendous activity in setting up schools and colleges by early nationalists. For example, Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the founders of the Deccan Education Society. The society set up the New English school as well as the renowned Fergusson College. Another nationalist, Vasudev Balwant Phadke was co-founder of the Maharashtra Education Society. Both the Deccan and Maharashtra education society run numerous schools and colleges till date, in Pune, and in other cities, such as Abasaheb Garware College. The Shikshan Prasarak Mandali was responsible for setting up the Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya school for boys in 1883, and the SP College for higher education in 1916. The colonial era also saw the opening of schools for girls and the Untouchable castes. The pioneers in this task were the husband and wife duo of Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai Phule, who set up the first girls' school in Pune in 1848. Later in the century in 1885, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade and R. G. Bhandarkar founded the first and renowned girls' high school in Pune, called Huzurpaga. SNDT Women's University, the first university for women in India, was founded in Pune by Dhondo Keshav Karve in 1916. Early during British rule, in the 1830s, the "Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School" was established to train subordinate officers for carrying out public-works like buildings, dams, canals, railways, and bridges. Later on, in the year 1864, the school became the "Poona Civil Engineering College." The number of courses were increased to include forestry and agricultural subjects, which led to its name being changed to Poona College of Science. All non-engineering courses were stopped by 1911, and the college was renamed as Government College of Engineering, Poona. Lord Reay Industrial Museum, which was one of the few industrial museums in colonial times, was established in Pune in 1890. Western Medical education started in Pune with the establishment of the BJ Medical school in 1871. The Sassoon Hospital was also started around the same time, with the help of the philanthropist Sassoon family in 1868. A regional mental asylum at Yerwada was established in the late 1800s.
Poona was a very important military base with a large cantonment during this era. The cantonment had a significant European population of soldiers, officers, and their families. A number of public health initiatives were undertaken during this period ostensibly to protect the Indian population, but mainly to keep Europeans safe from the periodic epidemics of diseases like Cholera, bubonic plague, small pox, etc. The action took form in vaccinating the population and better sanitary arrangements. The Imperial Bacteriological laboratory was first opened in Pune in 1890, but later moved to Muktesar in the hills of Kumaon. Given the vast cultural differences, and at times the arrogance of colonial officers, the measures led to public anger. The most famous case of the public anger was in 1897, during the bubonic plague epidemic in the city. By the end of February 1897, the epidemic was raging with a mortality rate twice the norm and half the city's population had fled. A Special Plague Committee was formed under the chairmanship of W.C. Rand, an Indian Civil Services officer. He brought European troops to deal with the emergency. The heavy handed measures he employed included forcibly entering peoples' homes, at times in the middle of the night and removing infected people and digging up floors, where it was believed in those days that the plague bacillus bacteria resided. These measures were deeply unpopular. Tilak fulminated against the measures in his newspapers, Kesari and Maratha. The resentment culminated in Rand and his military escort being shot dead by the Chapekar brothers on 22 June 1897. A memorial to the Chapekar brothers exists at the spot on Ganesh Khind Road. The assassination led to a re-evaluation of public health policies. This led even Tilak to support the vaccination efforts later in 1906. In the early 20th century, the Poona Municipality ran clinics dispensing Ayurvedic and regular English medicine. Plans to close the former in 1916 led to protest, and the municipality backed down. Later in the century, Ayurvedic medicine was recognized by the government and a training hospital called Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya with 80 beds was established in the city. The Seva sadan institute led by Ramabai Ranade was instrumental in starting training in nursing and midwifery at the Sassoon Hospital. A maternity ward was established at the KEM Hospital in 1912. Availability of midwives and better medical facilities was not enough for high infant mortality rates. In 1921, the infant mortality rate was at a peak of 876 deaths per 1000 births.
Center of social reform and nationalism
The city was an important centre of social and religious reform movements, as well as the nationalist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Notable civil-societies founded or active in the city during the 19th century include the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Prarthana samaj, the Arya Mahila Samaj, and the Satya Shodhak Samaj. The Sarvajanik Sabha took an active part in relief efforts during the famine of 1875–76. The Sabha is considered the forerunner of the Indian National Congress, established in 1885. Two of the most prominent personalities of Indian Nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th century, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who were on opposite sides of the political spectrum, called Pune their home. The city was also a centre of social reform led by Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, Justice Ranade, feminist Tarabai Shinde, Dhondo Keshav Karve, Vitthal Ramji Shinde, and Pandita Ramabai. Most of the early social reform and nationalist leaders of stature in Pune were from the Brahmin caste, who belonged to the Congress party or its affiliated groups. The non-Brahmins in the city started organizing in the early 1920s, under the leadership of Keshavrao Jedhe and Baburao Javalkar. Both belonged to the Non-Brahmin party. Capturing the Ganpati and Shivaji festivals from Brahmin domination were their early goals. They combined nationalism with anti-casteism as the party's aim. Later on in the 1930s, Jedhe merged the non-Brahmin party with the Congress party, and transformed the party from an upper-caste dominated body to a more broadly based, but also Maratha-dominated party in Pune and other parts of Maharashtra.
Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned several times at Yerwada Central Jail. The historic Poona Pact, between B.R. Ambedkar and Gandhi on reserved seats for the untouchable castes, was signed in 1932. Gandhi was placed under house arrest at the Aga Khan Palace in 1942–44, where both his wife, and aide Mahadev Desai died.
Culture
The social reformers and nationalist leaders in the city were greatly aided by the availability of printing presses. The Chitrashala press and the Aryabhushan press of Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar, were the notable printing presses based in Pune in the 19th century. The first Marathi newspapers published from the city were Mitrodaya in 1844 and Dnyanprakash in 1849. Christian missionaries based in Bombay and Pune started a journal called Dnyanodaya in the 1840s, to criticise Hindu social customs as well as to impart knowledge on secular subjects such as science and medicine. In reply to the missionary criticism, Krishna Shastri Chiplunkar and Vishnu Bhikaji Gokhale started Vicharlahari and Vartaman Dipika respectively in 1852. Later in the 19th century, Tilak and Agarkar started the English newspaper Mahratta and the Marathi paper, Kesari, respectively. These papers were printed at the Aryabhushan press. After ideological differences with Tilak, Agarkar left Kesari and started his own reformist paper, Sudharak. Most of the above papers were either run by Brahmins or catered to the upper castes. The Bombay journals, Deenbandhu and Vitalwidhvansak, established in 1877 and 1886 respectively, catered to the non-Brahmin castes, and especially propagated the anti-caste philosophy of Mahatma Phule. In the early 20th century, a number of newspapers were established or had a special Pune edition. Prabhat in the 1940s, was the first one anna newspaper that catered to the lower income classes. The Sakal started by Nanasaheb Parulekar in 1931 is the most popular Marathi daily in the city to this day.
The public Ganeshotsav festival, popular in many parts of India in modern times was started in Pune in 1892, by a group of young Hindu men. However, it was Nationalist leader, Tilak who transformed the annual domestic festival into a large, well-organised public event. Tilak recognized Ganesha's appeal as "the god for everybody", popularising Ganesh Chaturthi as a national festival to "bridge the gap between Brahmins and 'non-Brahmins' and find a context in which to build a new grassroots unity between them", generating nationalistic fervour in the Maharashtrian people to oppose British colonial rule. Until then, Hindus in Pune participated in the Shia Muslim festival of Muharram, by making donations and making the Tazia. There were about 100 public Ganpatis installed in the late 1800s. This increased to about 300, at the end of British rule. Encouraged by Tilak, Ganesh Chaturthi facilitated community participation when the colonial authorities, on the other hand, discouraged social and political gatherings to control unrest by the Indian population. The festival allowed public entertainment in the form of intellectual discourse, poetry recitals, plays, concerts, and folk dances. In 1895, Lokmanya Tilak also took a lead in public celebration of the birthday of Shivaji, the founder of Maratha empire. Justice Ranade started the spring lecture series called Vasant Vyakhyanmala in 1875.
During the lengthy period of British rule, many different forms of entertainment became popular and subsequently faded in Pune. In the 1840s, plays based on stories from the Hindu epics such as Ramayana and Mahabharat were made popular by the traveling troupes of Vishnudas Bhave. For the next forty years, plays by the traveling troupes and performances in tents or even private dwellings were extremely popular among the Marathi speaking population of the city. The Marathi musical theater of the later period was built on the foundation of the travelling theatre. Another art form popular in this era was Lavani and Tamasha, danced and performed at the Aryabhushan theater. The city was a pioneer in the movie business, with companies like Prabhat studios producing quality movies. The first movie theatre in Pune was called Aryan Theatre. After the advent of talkies in the 1930s, the word (talkies) was used to denote a cinema hall. Most of the early halls had western names, such as Minerva, Globe, Liberty, etc.
The British rulers of India loved outdoor sports and built facilities for their leisure. British rule in Pune saw both the introduction of British sports such as cricket, and the development of the new game of Badminton. The building of a low dam at Bund gardens, financed by Parsi businessman, Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy in 1860, allowed boating on the Mula-Mutha river for recreation. The cantonment area of the city had a race course which still hosts horse racing. The British also built a golf course, which is still operational as the Poona Golf club in a presently sub-urban setting. There were exclusively-white clubs such as Poona Europeans, and clubs based on religion such as Poona Parsees and Poona Hindu Gymkhana, for Cricket, by the end of the 19th century. The latter club was dominated by the educated Brahmin caste of the city. However, two lower-caste brothers from the city, became stars of Indian cricket in the early 20th century. They were Palwankar Baloo and his brother, Vithal Palwankar. Vithal was appointed the captain of the Hindus in a quadrilateral cricket tournament between the Hindus, Parsis, Muslims, and Europeans. British rule also saw a parallel development of indigenous sports at the traditional akhada or talim. However, the 1897 assassination of Rand by the Chapekar brothers, who ran a talim in Pune called Gophan, led to these venues being viewed with suspicion by the colonial authorities, for being potential centers of extremist views. The committee to set rules for Kho-kho was established in the city in 1914. The Deccan Gymkhana sports club formed in the early 20th century was instrumental in organizing the first Indian delegation to an Olympic meeting at Antwerp in 1920 The Maharashtra Mandal club formed in the early 20th century, took the lead in promoting physical culture and education. The club promoted both indigenous as well as western sports.
Post-Independence (1947–present)
The period between 1947 and the present day saw Pune turning from a mid-size city to a large metropolis. This period saw a huge influx of people to the city due to opportunities offered by the boom in the manufacturing industry, and lately in the software field. The influx has been from other areas of Maharashtra as well as from outside the state. The Indian Government embarked on a period of economic liberalization in 1991 that had a tremendous influence on the growth of the city, and therefore the post-independence period can be divided into two periods of 1947–1991 and 1991–present.
After gaining independence from British rule in 1947, Pune became part of the Bombay state. Just after a year of independence, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in 1948. Gandhi's assassin, Nathuram Godse and most of his fellow conspirators were from Pune. In 1950s, Pune came at the forefront of the struggle for a unified state of Maharashtra for the Marathi speakers. Many leaders of the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, such as Keshavrao Jedhe, S.M. Joshi, Shripad Amrit Dange, Nanasaheb Gore and Prahlad Keshav Atre, were based in Pune. After the spectacular success of the Samiti in Marathi speaking areas, the Congress party government at the center agreed to merge Marathi speaking areas into the newly created state of Maharashtra in 1960, with Pune as one of its leading cities. The city has been part of the Pune Lok sabha constituency since independence. Since independence, the city has more often than not, elected candidates from the Congress party such as Vithalrao Gadgil, and in recent past, Suresh Kalmadi who was charged with corruption. The city elected opposition candidates in times of crisis, such as Nanasaheb Gore during the struggle for united Maharashtra in 1957, or Mohan Dharia after the lifting of Emergency in 1977. The city and its surrounding areas have six single-member constituencies for Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha. The Congress party or its breakaway factions such as NCP, have historically dominated elections to this body.
City growth and development
The population of the city grew rapidly after independence, from nearly 0.5–0.8 million in 1968 to 1. 5 million in 1976. By 1996, the population had increased to 2.5 million. By 2001, the population had increased to 3.76 million, making Pune one of the twenty most populous cities in India. The city until the 1970s was referred to as "Pensioners' Paradise", since many government officers, civil engineers, and Army personnel preferred to settle down in Pune after their retirement The status of Pune was elevated from town to city, when the Municipality was converted into Pune Mahanagar Palika or the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) in the year 1950. In order to integrate planning, the Pune Metropolitan Region covering the areas under PMC, the Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, the three cantonments, and the surrounding villages was defined in 1967.
Industrial development started in the 1950s, in the outlining areas of the city such as Hadapsar, Bhosari, and Pimpri. The first big operation to set up shop was the government run Hindustan Antibiotics in Pimpri in 1954. The area around Bhosari was set aside for industrial development, by the newly created MIDC in the early 1960s. MIDC provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations. Telco (now Tata Motors) started operations in 1961, which gave a huge boost to the automobile sector. After 1970, Pune emerged as the leading engineering city of the country with Telco, Bajaj, Kinetic, Bharat Forge, Alfa Laval, Atlas Copco, Sandvik, and Thermax expanding their infrastructure. This allowed the city to compete with Chennai for the title of "Detroit of India" at that time. The growth in the Pimpri Chinchwad and Bhosari areas allowed these areas to incorporate as the separate city of Pimpri-Chinchwad. In light of the rapid growth, the Pune metropolitan area was defined in 1967. It includes Pune, the three cantonment areas and numerous surrounding suburbs. After the 1991 economic liberalization, Pune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries. During the three years before 2000, Pune saw huge development in the Information Technology sector, and IT Parks were set up in Aundh, Hinjewadi, and Nagar road By 2005, Pune overtook both Mumbai and Chennai to have more than 200,000 IT professionals. In the year 2008, many multinational automobile companies like General Motors, Volkswagen, and Fiat, set up facilities near Pune in the Chakan and Talegaon areas.
Public transport in form of bus service, was introduced in the city just before independence using a private provider. The city took over the service after independence, as Poona Municipal transport (PMT). In the 1990s the PMT and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Transport (PCMT), the bus company running the service in Pimpri-Chinchwad, had a combined fleet of over a thousand buses. Several employers from the Industrial belt near Pimpri – Chinchwad and Hadapsar, also offered private bus service to their employees due to patchy municipal transport. The number of buses belonging to these companies was several times more than the number of Municipal buses. The two bus companies merged in 2007 to form the PMML. In 2006, the city was the first in India to develop the Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT), but due to a number of factors the project ran into delays. In 2008, the Commonwealth Youth Games took place in the city, which encouraged additional development in the north-west region of the city, and added a fleet of buses running on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Pune was also connected to other towns and cities in Maharashtra by Maharashtra State Transport buses that began operating in 1951.
From the 1960s onward, horse-drawn Tanga was gradually replaced by the motorized three-wheeler Autorickshaw, for intermediate public transport. Their number grew from 200 in 1960, to over 20,000 in 1996. From the 1930s, Pune was known as the cycle city of India. However, the cycle was replaced by motorized two-wheelers from the 1970s onward. For example, the number of two-wheelers increased from 5 per 1000 people, to 118 per 1000, in the period between 1965–1995. In 1989, Dehu Road-Katraj bypass (Western bypass) was completed, reducing traffic congestion in the inner city but also leading to growth in Industry as well as housing along the bypass, in the decades following the opening of the road. In 1998, work on the six-lane Mumbai-Pune expressway began, and was completed in 2001. This toll-road significantly reduced the journey time between the two cities. In 1951, a number of Railway companies including GIPR, merged to form the Central Railway zone, with Pune as an important railway junction. The pace of laying down new rail tracks had been slow in the initial post-independence era. Nevertheless, one of the major infrastructure project in this period was conversion of the Pune-Miraj railway from metre gauge to the wider broad-gauge in 1972.
Pune has been an important base for armed forces. The airport established by the British at Lohgaon in 1939, was further developed by the Indian Air Force. The airport was used for domestic short-haul passenger flights until 2005, when the airport was upgraded to international airport with flights to Dubai, Singapore, and Frankfurt. In 2004–05, Pune Airport handled about 165 passengers a day. It increased to 250 passengers a day in 2005–06. There was a sharp rise in 2006–07, when daily passengers reached to 4,309. In 2010– 2011, the passenger number hit about 8,000 a day.
In 1961, the Panshet Dam which was then under construction, failed. The breach released a tremendous volume of water, which also damaged the downstream dam of Khadakwasla. The resulting flood damaged or destroyed a lot of old housing near the river bank, in the Narayan, Shaniwar, and Kasba Peth areas of the city. The damaged dams were repaired and continue to provide water to the city. The rapid rise in the city population in the last few decades, meant that the sewage treatment plants in 2008 were treating just over half of the sewage and discharging the rest in the local Mutha and Mula rivers, that severely polluted these rivers.
The rapid industrialization led to a huge influx of new people to the city, with housing supply not keeping pace with demand, and therefore there was a great increase in slum dwellings in this period. In the post-Panshet period, new housing was mainly in the form of bungalows and apartment buildings. In the 1980s, however, due to heavy demand for housing, there was a trend towards knocking down bungalows and converting them into apartment buildings, with a consequent increase in population density and increased demand for utilities such as water supply. Since the 1990s, a number of landmark integrated townships have come into being in the city, such as Magarpatta, Nanded, Amanora, Blue Ridge, Life Republic, and Lavasa. Most of these were built by private developers and also managed privately.
In 1949, University of Poona was established with 18 affiliated colleges in 13 districts of Bombay state surrounding Pune. The creation of the university was opposed by some groups that had been running the long established colleges in the city. The post-independence period also saw the establishment of the National Defence Academy at Khadakwasla, Film and Television Institute of India at the former Prabhat studios in 1960, and National Chemical Laboratory at Pashan. Pune was also made the headquarters of the Southern Command of the Indian Army. Many private colleges and universities were set up in the city during the years after the State Government under chief minister Vasantdada Patil liberalised the Education Sector in 1982. Politicians and leaders involved in the huge cooperative movement in Maharashtra were instrumental in setting up the private institutes.
Culture
A number of newspapers from the British era, continued publishing decades after independence. These included Kesari, Tarun Bharat, Prabhat, and Sakal. After independence, Kesari took a more pro-Congress party stance, whereas Tarun Bharat was sympathetic towards Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jan sangh and its successor, the BJP. Under the leadership of Nanasaheb Parulekar, Sakal maintained a politically-neutral stand. It was the most popular Marathi daily during Parulekar's stewardship, and has maintained that position since the 1980s, under the control of Pawar family. Presently, Kesari is only published as an online newspaper. Mumbai-based Maharashtra times, Loksatta, and Lokmat, introduced their Pune editions in the last fifteen years. The Mumbai-based popular English newspaper, Indian express has a Pune edition. Its rival, the Times of India introduced a tabloid called Pune Mirror in 2008.
The government-owned All India radio (AIR) established a station in Pune in October 1953. One of the early notable programs produced by the station was Geet Ramayan, a series of 55 songs created by the poet Ga Di Madgulkar and composer Sudhir Phadke in 1955 AIR Doordarshan service started relaying black and white television signals, from Bombay TV-station to Pune in 1973. A relay station was built at the fort of Sinhagad to receive signals. Color service was introduced to Pune and rest of India during the 1982 Asian Games.
Since the British era, live theater in form of musical drama had been popular in Pune and other Marathi speaking areas. In the post-independence era, theater became a minor pursuit, and the genre of musical-drama declined due to cost. Despite lower attendance, the post-independence era saw the building of many new drama theaters by the Pune Municipal corporation, such as the Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir in the 1960s, and Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha in the 1990s. Theater companies such as Theatre academy, flourished in the 1970s with plays such as Ghashiram Kotwal and Mahanirvan. The popular entertainment for masses in Pune and in urban India, in the post-independence era was cinema. Theaters showing single-films were dotted around the old city. The early theaters used to be quite basic with regard to comfort and technology. In the 1970s, new theaters were built that were fully air-conditioned, with some of them such as Rahul Theater, having a wide-format screen for showing 70 mm films. The theaters used to show mostly Hindi films, and a few Marathi and English ones. The post-1991 liberalization period saw the rise of multiplex cinemas and decline of the old theaters.
For a city of its size, Pune always had very few public parks. The Bund Garden and the Empress Gardens were developed during the British era, in the Cantonment area. In the post-independence era, the Peshwe Park and Zoo was developed in 1953, by the Municipal corporation, close to Parvati hill, at the same location where Sawai Madhavrao had his own collection of animals. The Peshwa-era lake, next to the park with a Ganesh temple, was drained and turned into a garden in the 1960s and named Saras Baug. The Parvati and Taljai hills behind it, were turned into a protected nature reserve called Pachgaon hill in the 1980s. The reserve contains area under forest, and is a stop for migratory birds.
Maharashtra Cricket Association was formed in the 1930s, and has been based in Pune since then. In 1969, the headquarters of the association was moved to 25,000 capacity Nehru stadium. With the introduction of the limited-over game and low capacity of the stadium, the association built a new and larger capacity stadium on the outer fringes of the city. In the 1970s, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Stadium was built in the Mangalwar Peth area of the city, to host Kusti and other traditional Indian sports. The 1994 National games were hosted by the city. A new sports venue called Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex was built at Balewadi for this purpose. The complex was also used for 2008 Commonwealth youth games.
Maharashtrian Hindu society until the early 20th century, was fairly conservative with regard to food and there were few conventional restaurants in Pune. The early restaurants in the city, mainly in the cantonment area, were established by Parsis and Iranians. Lucky and Cafe Good Luck were the first Irani restaurants in the Deccan Gymkhana area, near the Ferguson College. For many young men from orthodox-Hindu vegetarian families, ordering an omelette at these restaurants was considered quite daring. The first family restaurant in Deccan Gymkhana area, Cafe Unique, was started by a Mr. Bhave in the 1930s. In the post-independence era, a number of restaurants were established by immigrants from the coastal Udupi district in Karnataka. These establishments offered a simple South Indian meal of dosa and idlis. The early post-independence era also saw opening of the iconic Chitale Bandhu sweet shops, that offered Maharashtrian sweet and savory snacks. After the 1991 market liberalization, the city became more cosmopolitan, and several American franchise-restaurants, such as McDonald's,[[Domino's
]], etc. were established.
Footnotes
Bibliography
Maharashtra Government Gazetteer -
Joseph Maguire, Sport across Asia: politics, cultures and identities
Gadgil, DR, Housing in Poona
Mridula Ramanna, Western medicine and public health in colonial Bombay, 1845–1895
Ashutosh Joshi, Town Planning: Regeneration of Cities (2008)
Meera Kosambi , Rao, Bhat, Kadekar, Reader In Urban Sociology, 1991
Ratna N. Rao, Social Organization in an Indian Slum (Study of a Caste Slum), 1990
Khairkar, V.P. 2008. Segregation of Migrants Groups in Pune City, India
Sidhwani, Pranav, Spatial inequalities in big Indian Cities
Mullen, W.T., 2001. Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Munshi, T., Joshi, R. and Adhvaryu, B., 2015, Land Use–transport Integration for Sustainable Urbanism
References
Pune
History of Maharashtra
Maratha Empire
Indian independence movement in Maharashtra
Maharashtra |
20628397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory%20Clark | Emory Clark | Emory Wendell Clark II (born March 23, 1938) is a retired American rower who won a gold medal in the eights at the 1964 Olympics.
Clark began his rowing career at Groton School on the Nashua River in Massachusetts in 1951. During his fifth and sixth years there, he rowed in two (almost) undefeated A boats and has been inducted into the Groton School Athletic Hall of Fame. Clark then went to Yale University in 1956, graduating in 1960 in English literature. At Yale, he paired with Groton classmate Sam Lambert, and they did not lose a race for two years.
Between 1961 and 1964, Clark served with the United States Marine Corps, spending 13 months in the Orient. In 1964, he joined Philadelphia’s Vesper Boat Club, where he rowed in the eight assembled by Jack Kelly (Grace Kelly’s brother). The team won the Olympic trials, beating a favored Harvard eight. Representing the United States, they went to Tokyo for the 1964 Olympic Games where, after losing in the first heat by 0.28 seconds to the Ratzeburg crew (undefeated in four years), Clark’s boat came from behind to beat the German eight in the final for the gold medal.
Following the Olympics, Clark joined up again with John Higginson and, with two other vintage oarsmen, raced in veterans’ regattas around the world for 25 years. He retired from competitive rowing in 2005, having been inducted into the US Rowing Hall of Fame in 1965.
A 1971 graduate of the University of Michigan Law School, Clark practiced law for 34 years in the area around Metamora, Michigan. He lived most of his life on the family farm there, together with wife Christina and daughter Lucy. He was an avid fisherman, practicing his skills both in the U.S. and abroad. He also competed in masters rowing, and won a world title in the fours in Montreal.
Bibliography
References
External links
1938 births
Rowers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in rowing
Living people
American male rowers
Rowers from Detroit
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
University of Michigan Law School alumni |
41213828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYHD | KYHD | KYHD may refer to:
KYHD (FM), a radio station (94.7 FM) licensed to serve Valliant, Oklahoma, United States
Keep Your Head Down, an album by TVXQ |
26956110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%20Louis%20Heldring | Jérôme Louis Heldring | Jérôme Louis Heldring (; 21 December 1917 – 27 April 2013) was a Dutch journalist. He was columnist (1953–2012) and editor-in-chief (1968–1972) of the newspapers Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant and NRC Handelsblad.
Biography
Jérôme Louis Heldring was born on 21 December 1917 in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Heldring started to write columns in Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant (NRC) in 1953. From 1960 onwards, his column was called Dezer dagen (Our Days). In 1968, he became the editor-in-chief of the NRC, which merged with Algemeen Handelsblad in 1970 to form NRC Handelsblad. He stayed on as editor-in-chief until 1972.
He was one of the most influential political commentators in the Netherlands. His intellectual position was conservative and he was concerned with the history of civilization; his intellectual outlook was skeptical, detached, and precise.
He stopped writing his column for NRC Handelsblad on 5 April 2012, stating he did not have any more inspiration to write. He died a year later, on 27 April 2013 in The Hague.
Bibliography
1964: Democratie in debat (Debating democracy)
1968: Spanning en ontspanning na Tsjechoslowakije (Entente and détente after Czechoslovakia)
1975: Het verschil met anderen (The difference with others)
1978: Ontspanning door Oostelijke en Westelijke bril (Détente, seen through Eastern and Western glasses)
1985: Geschiedenis na 1945 (History after 1945)
1986: Andermans veren. Uit de citatenverzameling van J.L. Heldring (Another person's feathers)
1989: Een dilettant (A dilettante)
1993: De taal op zichzelf is niets (Language by itself is nothing)
2003: Heel ons fundament kraakt, en andere kanttekeningen (Our whole foundation is cracking, and other annotations)
2013: Dezer dagen (These Days)
References
Further reading
De conservatieve uitdaging : de scepsis van J.L. Heldring, Prometheus, 2003 (The conservative challenge. The skepticism of J.L. Heldring)
Dezer jaren : buitenlands beleid & internationale werkelijkheid : beschouwingen aangeboden aan J.L. Heldring bij diens afscheid als directeur van het Nederlands Genootschap voor Internationale Zaken, In den Toren, 1982 (One of those years. Foreign Policy and International Reality. Reflections presented to J.L. Heldring at the occasion of resigning his position as Director of the Netherlands Society for International Affairs - NIGZ)
External links
Profile of J.L. Heldring at the Digital Library for Dutch Literature
Columns by J.L. Heldring at NRC Handelsblad
Mark Kranenburg, "Voormalig NRC-hoofdredacteur Heldring (1917-2013) overleden", NRC Handelsblad, 2013.
1917 births
2013 deaths
Dutch columnists
Dutch journalists
Dutch newspaper editors
Writers from Amsterdam
Leiden University alumni |
45358852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simhada%20Guri | Simhada Guri | Simhada Guri () is a 1998 Indian Kannada film, directed by U. Narayan Rao and produced by K. Raghava Rao. The film stars Vishnuvardhan, Amulya, Charulatha and Shobhraj in lead roles. The film had musical score by Shiva.
Cast
Vishnuvardhan
Amulya
Charulatha
Shobhraj
Lakshman
Lohithaswa
Sarigama Viji
Umesh
Karibasavaiah
Vasudeva Rao
Harish Roy
Sathyajith
M. S. Karanth
Srishailan
Nanjundaiah
M. N. Lakshmidevi
Rekha Das
Reception
The Hindu wrote "Vishnuvardhan complements V Narayana Rao’s pointed direction with a dignified and natural performance. “Simhada Gun’, despite its violence as almost justified by its genre, is absorbing and it retains that gripping quality almost until the end, notwithstanding its clichéd subject."
References
1990s Kannada-language films
Indian action films
1998 action films
1998 films |
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