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18837679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20best-selling%20mobile%20phones | List of best-selling mobile phones | This is a list of best-selling mobile phones. The best-selling mobile devices are the bar phone Nokia 1100 and Nokia 1110, released in 2003 and 2005, respectively. Both models have sold over 250 million units. The best-selling touchscreen phones are the Apple iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, both released in 2014. Together, they have sold over 222 million units. The best selling flip phone is the Motorola RAZR V3, released in 2004. It sold over 130 million units. The best-selling slider phone is the Samsung E250, released in 2006. It has sold over 30 million units.
Of the 115 phones on the list, Samsung sold the most models, with 37. Nokia has 27 models, including four of the top 10. Apple has 16 entries on the list, including the six best selling touchscreen phones, which comprise the remainder of the top 10.
In 2022, about 1.35 billion mobile phones were sold, with Apple dominating yearly sales at over 253 million units sold, taking up 24.8% market share. Combined, all mobile phones have shipped over 19billion units worldwide between 1994 and 2018.
Top-selling mobile phones
Annually best-sold handsets
Note: The years represent when the phones were released into the market, not the number sold in that particular year. The number sold represents how many units were sold throughout its whole lifetime. The first cell phone was produced by Motorola. Since then there had been produced around 17.37 billion mobile phones .
1996
Motorola StarTAC, 60 million sold
1999
Nokia 3210, 160 million sold
2000
Nokia 3310, 126 million sold
Nokia 8890, 15 million sold
2002
Nokia 6100, 15 million sold
Nokia 6610, 15 million sold
Nokia 3510, 15 million sold
Samsung SGH-T100, 12 million sold
2003
Nokia 1100, 250 million sold
Nokia 6600, 150 million sold
Motorola C200, 60 million sold
Nokia 3100/3120, 50 million sold
Nokia 2100, 20 million sold
Samsung SGH-E700, 10 million sold
Nokia N-Gage, 3 million sold
2004
Nokia 2600/2610/2626/2630, 135 million sold
Motorola RAZR V3, 130 million sold
Nokia 6010/6020/6030, 75 million sold
Nokia 6230/6233, 50 million sold
Nokia 2650, 35 million sold
Sony Ericsson K300/K310, 15 million sold
Samsung SGH-D500, 12 million sold
2005
Nokia 1110, 250 million sold
Nokia 1600/1650/1661, 130 million sold
Motorola C139, 60 million sold
Nokia N70/N72/N73, 45 million sold
Nokia 6101, 35 million sold
Nokia 6060, 35 million sold
Nokia 6270/6280, 30 million sold
Motorola V220, 15 million sold
Motorola V195, 15 million sold
Sony Ericsson K750, 15 million sold
Nokia 8800, 15 million sold
Nokia 6111, 15 million sold
Nokia 2680, 15 million sold
Motorola Q, 1 million sold
2006
Nokia 6070/6080, 50 million sold
Nokia 7360/7370/7380, 45 million sold
Nokia 6300, 47 million sold
Nokia 2310, 35 million sold
Nokia 5200/5300, 30 million sold
Samsung SGH-E250, 30 million sold
LG Chocolate VX8500, 21 million sold
BlackBerry Pearl 8100, 15 million sold
BenQ-Siemens S68, 15 million sold
Sony Ericsson W800/W810, 15 million sold
Sony Ericsson W300, 15 million sold
Samsung SGH-D900, 3 million sold
Nokia 3250, 1 million sold
2007
Nokia 1200, 150 million sold
Nokia 1208 (1209), 100 million sold
Nokia 2600 classic, 15 million sold
Nokia 3110 classic, 15 million sold
Nokia 6500 slide, 15 million sold
Nokia N95, 10 million sold
Apple iPhone, 6 million sold
LG Viewty (KU990), 5 million sold
HTC Touch, 2 million sold
Palm Centro, 2 million sold
2008
LG KP100, 30 million sold
Apple iPhone 3G, 25 million sold
Nokia 2330 classic, 15 million sold
Nokia 7210 Supernova, 15 million sold
Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, 15 million sold
Nokia 5610 XpressMusic, 15 million sold
Nokia E71, 15 million sold
Samsung Tocco (SGH-F480), 12 million sold
Samsung SGH-J700, 12 million sold
LG Shine, 10 million sold
Samsung Tocco TouchWiz (SGH-F480), 5 million sold
Samsung Soul (SGH-U900), 1 million sold
2009
Nokia 5230, 150 million sold
Apple iPhone 3GS, 35 million sold
LG Cookie (KP500), 13 million sold
Samsung Tocco Ultra (S8300), 12 million sold
Samsung Star/Tocco Lite (S5230), 10 million sold
Alcatel One Touch Mini (OT-708), 5 million sold
Motorola Ming A1200, 3 million sold
Nokia N97, 2 million sold
Motorola Milestone/Droid, 1 million sold
HTC Magic, 1 million sold
2010
Nokia 1280, 100 million sold
Apple iPhone 4, 50 million sold
Samsung Galaxy S, 20 million sold
Samsung S5620 Monte, 7 million sold
Nokia N8, 6 million sold
Motorola Milestone/Droid, 2 million sold
Samsung Wave (S8500), 2 million sold
2011
Apple iPhone 4S, 60 million sold
Samsung Galaxy S II, 40 million sold
Samsung Galaxy Y, 15 million sold
HTC Evo 4G, 14 million sold
Motorola Droid Bionic, 13 million sold
Samsung Galaxy Note, 10 million sold
ZTE Blade, 10 million sold
Samsung Infuse, 9 million sold
2012
Samsung Galaxy S III and Galaxy S III Mini, 70 million sold
Apple iPhone 5, 70 million sold
Samsung Galaxy Note II, 30 million sold
Xiaomi Mi 2, 10 million sold
2013
Nokia 105 (2013) and Nokia 105 (2015), 200 million sold
Samsung Galaxy S4, 80 million sold
Apple iPhone 5S, 52 million sold
Samsung Galaxy Note 3, 10 million sold
LG G2, 3 million sold
2014
Apple iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, 222.4 million sold
LG G3, 10 million sold
Samsung Galaxy Note 4, 4.5 million sold
2015
Samsung Galaxy S6 and Galaxy S6 edge, 45 million sold
Huawei Mate 9, 15.8 million sold
Apple iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, 13 million sold
2016
Apple iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus, 78.3 million sold
Samsung Galaxy S7 and Galaxy S7 edge, 55 million sold
Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Plus, 24.2 million sold
Oppo F1 Plus, 7 million sold
LeEco Le 1s, 3 million sold
Google Pixel and Pixel XL, 2.1 million sold
2017
Apple iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus, 86.3 million sold
Apple iPhone X, 63 million sold
Samsung Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+, 41 million sold
Huawei Mate 10 and Mate 10 Pro, 17 million sold
Samsung Galaxy Note 8, 10 million sold
2018
Apple iPhone XR, 77.4 million sold
Apple iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max, 48 million sold
Samsung Galaxy S9 and Galaxy S9+, 35.4 million sold
Huawei P20, P20 Pro and P20 Lite, 32 million sold
Huawei Mate 20 and Mate 20 Pro, 17 million sold
Samsung Galaxy J2 Core, 15.2 million sold
Samsung Galaxy Note 9, 9.6 million sold
Samsung Galaxy J4+, 6.4 million sold
Samsung Galaxy J6+, 4.9 million sold
2019
Apple iPhone 11, 102 million sold
Apple iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max, 47.5 million sold
Samsung Galaxy S10, Galaxy S10+ and Galaxy S10e, 37 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A10, 30.3 million sold
Xiaomi Redmi Note 8 and Redmi Note 8 Pro, 30 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A50, 24.2 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A51, 23.2 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A20, 23.1 million sold
Xiaomi Redmi Note 7 and Redmi Note 7 Pro, 20 million sold
Huawei P30 and P30 Pro, 20 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A01, 16.9 million sold
Huawei Mate 30 and Mate 30 Pro, 12 million sold
Redmi 6A, 10 million sold
Oppo A5, 9.7 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A30, 9.2 million sold
Redmi 8A, 7.3 million sold
Redmi 8, 6.8 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A10s, 3.9 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A30s, 3.4 million sold
2020
Apple iPhone 12, iPhone 12 mini, iPhone 12 Pro and iPhone 12 Pro Max, 300 million sold
Samsung Galaxy S20, Galaxy S20+ and Galaxy S20 Ultra, 28 million sold
Apple iPhone SE (2nd generation), 24.2 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A21s, 19.4 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A11, 15.3 million sold
Xiaomi Redmi Note 9 Pro, 15 million sold
2021
Apple iPhone 12, iPhone 12 mini, iPhone 12 Pro and iPhone 12 Pro Max
Apple iPhone 13, iPhone 13 mini, iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max
Apple iPhone 11
Samsung Galaxy A12
Xiaomi Redmi 9A
Apple iPhone SE (2nd generation)
Xiaomi Redmi 9
2022
iPhone 13, iPhone 13 mini, iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max
iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro series, 26 million sold
Samsung Galaxy A13
iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 mini
iPhone SE (3rd generation)
Samsung Galaxy A03
Annual sales by manufacturer
note: this table is created from the data listed below. from 2015 onward the figures reflect only sales of smartphones (as opposed to feature phones)
1992
Motorola: 4 million sold
Nokia: 3 million sold
NEC: 2 million sold
1993
Nokia: 5 million sold
1994
Motorola 12 million sold
Nokia: 9 million sold
NEC: 6 million sold
1995
Nokia: 13 million sold
1996
Motorola: 60 million sold
Nokia: 18 million sold
1997
Motorola: 25.328 million sold
Nokia: 20.593 million sold
Ericsson: 15.914 million sold
Panasonic: 8.627 million sold
Alcatel: 2.631 million sold
Others: 34.725 million sold
Total: 107.818 million sold
1998
Nokia: 37.374 million sold
Motorola: 32.319 million sold
Ericsson: 23.827 million sold
Panasonic: 13.397 million sold
Alcatel: 6.967 million sold
Samsung: 4.686 million sold
Others: 44.286 million sold
Total: 162.856 million sold
1999
Nokia: 76.335 million sold
Motorola: 47.818 million sold
Ericsson: 29.785 million sold
Samsung: 17.687 million sold
Panasonic: 15.581 million sold
Others: 96.376 million sold
Total: 283.581 million sold
2000
Nokia: 126.369 million sold
Motorola: 60.094 million sold
Ericsson: 41.467 million sold
Siemens: 26.989 million sold
Samsung: 20.639 million sold
Others: 137.173 million sold
Total: 412.731 million sold
2001
Nokia: 139.672 million sold
Motorola: 59.097 million sold
Siemens: 29.753 million sold
Samsung: 28.234 million sold
Ericsson: 26.956 million sold
Others: 115.877 million sold
Total: 399.583 million sold
2002
Nokia: 151.4218 million (35.8% market share)
Motorola: 64.6401 million (15.3% market share)
Samsung: 41.6844 million (9.8% market share)
Siemens: 34.6180 million (8.2% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 23.1129 million (5.5% market share)
Others: 107.9414 million (25.5% market share)
Total: 423.4185 million
2003
Nokia: 180.6724 million (34.7% market share)
Motorola: 75.1771 million (14.5% market share)
Samsung: 54.4751 million (10.5% market share)
Siemens: 43.7543 million (8.4% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 26.6863 million (5.1% market share)
LG: 26.2137 million (5.0% market share)
Others: 113.0096 million (21.8% market share)
Total: 519.9855 million
2004
Nokia: 207.2313 million (30.7% market share)
Motorola: 104.1242 million (15.4% market share)
Samsung: 85.2384 million (12.6% market share)
Siemens: 48.4558 million (7.2% market share)
LG: 42.2768 million (6.3% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 42.0317 million (6.2% market share)
Others: 144.6437 million (21.6% market share)
Total: 674.0019 million
2005
Nokia: 265.6148 million (32.5% market share)
Motorola: 144.9204 million (17.7% market share)
Samsung: 103.7536 million (12.7% market share)
LG: 54.9246 million (6.7% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 51.7738 million (6.3% market share)
Siemens: 28.5906 million (3.5% market share)
Others: 166.9851 million (20.6% market share)
Total: 816.5629 million
2006
Nokia: 344.9159 million (34.8% market share)
Motorola: 209.2509 million (21.1% market share)
Samsung: 116.4801 million (11.8% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 73.6416 million (7.4% market share)
LG: 61.9860 million (6.3% market share)
Others: 184.5880 million (18.6% market share)
Total: 990.8625 million
2007
Nokia: 435.4531 million (37.8% market share)
Motorola: 164.307 million (14.3% market share)
Samsung: 154.5407 million (13.4% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 101.3584 million (8.8% market share)
LG: 78.5763 million (6.8% market share)
Apple: 2.3 million sold
Others: 218.6043 million (18.9% market share)
Total: 1,152.8398 million
2008
Nokia: 472,315,000 (38.6% market share)
Samsung: 199,182,000 (16.3% market share)
Motorola: 106,590,000 (8.7% market share)
LG: 102,555,400 (8.4% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 93,414,500 (7.6% market share)
Apple: 12,000,000 sold
Others: 248,189,000 (20.4% market share)
Total: 1,222,245,200
2009
Nokia: 440.8816 million (36.4% market share)
Samsung: 235.7720 million (19.5% market share)
LG: 122.0553 million (10.1%market share)
Motorola: 58.4752 million (4.8% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 54.8734 million (4.5% market share)
Apple: 24.889 million sold
Others: 299.1792 million (24.7% market share)
Total: 1,211.2366 million
2010
Nokia: 461.3182 million (28.9% market share)
Samsung: 281.0658 million (17.6% market share)
LG: 114.1546 million (7.1% market share)
Research in Motion: 47.4516 million (3.0% market share)
Apple: 46.5983 million (2.9% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 41.8192 million (2.6% market share)
Motorola: 38.5537 million (2.4% market share)
ZTE: 28.7687 million (1.8% market share)
HTC: 24.6884 million (1.5% market share)
Huawei: 23.8147 million (1.5% market share)
Others: 488.5693 million (30.6% market share)
Total: 1,596.8024 million
2011
Nokia: 422.4783 million (23.8% market share)
Samsung: 313.9042 million (17.7% market share)
Apple: 89.2632 million (5.0% market share)
LG: 86.3709 million (4.9% market share)
ZTE: 56.8818 million (3.2% market share)
Research in Motion: 51.5419 million (2.9% market share)
HTC: 43.2669 million (2.4% market share)
Huawei: 40.6634 million (2.3% market share)
Motorola: 40.2690 million (2.3% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 32.5975 million (1.8% market share)
Others: 597.3269 million (33.7% market share)
Total: 1,774.5641 million
2012
Samsung: 384.6312 million (22.0% market share)
Nokia: 333.9380 million (19.1% market share)
Apple: 130.1332 million (7.5% market share)
ZTE: 67.3444 million (3.9% market share)
LG: 58.0159 million (3.3% market share)
Huawei Technologies: 47.2883 million (2.7% market share)
TCL Communication: 37.1766 million (2.1% market share)
Research in Motion: 34.2103 million (2.0% market share)
Motorola: 33.9163 million (1.9% market share)
HTC: 32.1218 million (1.8% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 29.2 million
Others: 587.3996 million (33.6% market share)
Total: 1,746.1756 million
2013
Samsung: 444.4442 million (24.6% market share)
Nokia: 250.7931 million (13.9% market share)
Apple: 150.7859 million (8.3% market share)
LG: 69.0245 million (3.8% market share)
ZTE: 59.8988 million (3.3% market share)
Huawei: 53.2951 million (2.9% market share)
TCL Communication: 49.5313 million (2.7% market share)
Lenovo: 45.2847 million (2.5% market share)
Sony Mobile Communications: 37.5957 million (2.1% market share)
Yulong: 32.6014 million (1.8% market share)
Others: 613.7100 million (34% market share)
Total: 1,806.9647 million
2014
Samsung: 392.546 million (20.9% market share)
Apple: 191.426 million (10.2% market share)
Microsoft: 185.660 million (9.9% market share)
Lenovo Motorola: 84.029 million (4.5% market share)
LG: 76.096 million (4% market share)
Huawei: 70.499 million (3.8% market share)
TCL Communication: 64.026 million (3.4% market share)
Xiaomi: 56.529 million (3% market share)
ZTE: 53.910 million (2.9% market share)
Sony Mobile: 37.791 million (2% market share)
Micromax: 37.094 million (2% market share)
Others: 629.360 million (33.5% market share)
Total: 1,878.968 million
2015
Note that previous years have listed sales of mobile phones including non smartphones (so called feature phones) while from 2015 and on the statistics only show smartphone sales.
Samsung: 320.4 million (22.5% market share)
Apple: 225.8506 million (15.9% market share)
Huawei: 104.0947 million (7.3% market share)
Lenovo: 72.7482 million (5.1% market share)
Xiaomi: 65.6186 million (4.6% market share)
Others: 635.3685 million (44.6% market share)
Total: 1,423.9003 million
2016
Samsung: 306.4466 million (20.5% market share)
Apple: 216.0640 million (14.4% market share)
Huawei: 132.8249 million (8.9% market share)
OPPO: 85.2995 million (5.7% market share)
BBK Communication Equipment excl. oppo: 72.4086 million (4.8% market share)
Others: 682.3143 million (45.6% market share)
Total: 1,495.3580 million
2017
Samsung: 321.2633 million (20.9% market share)
Apple: 214.9244 million (14% market share)
Huawei: 150.534.3 million (9.8% market share)
OPPO: 112.124 million (7.3% market share)
Vivo: 99.6848 million (6.5% market share)
Others: 638.0047 million (41.5% market share)
Total: 1,536.5355 million
2018
Samsung: 295.0437 million (19% market share)
Apple: 209.0484 million (13.4% market share)
Huawei: 202.9014 million (13% market share)
Xiaomi: 122.3870 million (7.9% market share)
OPPO: 118.837.5 million (7.6% market share)
Others: 607.0490 million (39% market share)
Total: 1,555,267.0
2019
Samsung: 296.194 million (19.2% market share)
Huawei: 240.6155 million (15.6% market share)
Apple: 193.4751 million (10.5% market share)
Xiaomi: 126.0492 million (8.2% market share)
OPPO: 118.6932 million (7.7% market share)
Others: 565.630 million (36.7% market share)
Total: 1,540.657 million
2020
Samsung: 253 million (18.8% market share)
Apple: 199.8 million (14.8% market share)
Huawei: 182.6 million (13.5% market share)
Xiaomi: 145.8 million (10.8% market share)
OPPO: 111.8 million (8.3% market share)
Others: 454.8 million (33.7% market share)
Total: 1,347.9 million
2021
Samsung: 272 million (21% market share)
Apple: 237 million (16% market share)
Xiaomi: 190 million (14% market share)
OPPO: 143 million (11% market share)
Vivo: 131 million (10% market share)
Others: 413 million (28% market share)
Total: 1.391 Billion
2022
Samsung: 260.9 million (21.6% market share)
Apple: 226.4 million (18.8% market share)
Xiaomi: 153.1 million (12.7% market share)
OPPO: 103.3 million (8.6% market share)
Vivo: 99.0 million (8.2% market share)
Others: 362.7 million (30.1% market share)
Total: 1.2005 Billion
See also
References
Mobile phones |
73994507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/348%20Squadron | 348 Squadron | 348 Squadron may refer to:
348th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Hellenic Air Force
348th Night Fighter Squadron, United States Air Force
348th Reconnaissance Squadron, United States Air Force
348th Tactical Airlift Squadron, United States Air Force |
68394920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suratgarh%E2%80%93Bathinda%20line | Suratgarh–Bathinda line | The Suratgarh–Bathinda line or Suratgarh–Shri Ganganagar–Bathinda line is a railway route on the North Western Railway zone and Northern Railway zone of Indian Railways. This route plays an important role in rail transportation of Bikaner division of Rajasthan state and Fazilka district, Sri Muktsar Sahib district and Bathinda district of Punjab.
The corridor passes through the Desert Area of Rajasthan and runs with a stretch of 264 km with consists of two branch lines, the first branch line starts from and ends at with a stretch of 56 km, whereas the second branch line starts from and ends at with a stretch of 43 km.
History
The main railway line from to via was originally built by Bikaner State Railway company of Bikaner Princely State and Southern Punjab Railway of Punjab Province portion as metre-gauge line was constructed on different phases.
The first phase, from Suratgarh Junction to Rai Singh Nagar was opened on 1 October 1925.
The second phase, from Rai Singh Nagar to Kesrisinghpur was opened on 1 September 1927.
The third phase, from Kesrisinghpur to Shri Ganganagar Junction was opened on 1 May 1926.
The fourth phase, from Bathinda Junction to (the portion of Delhi–Bathinda–Mcleodganj–Sammasatta line) was opened on 10 November 1897.
The Fifth phase, from Hindumalkote to Shri Ganganagar Junction was opened on 1970.
Whereas, the branch line from Sarupsar Junction to Anupgarh which comes under the portion of Bikaner State Railway was opened on 30 March 1929.
After that, the conversion of main line into broad gauge was sanctioned in 1997–98, Which it was important for military purpose because this railway line also passes through nearest of International border of India, was opened in different sections.
The first phase, between Shri Ganganagar and Sarupsar Junction was opened on 9 June 2012.
The second phase, between Suratgarh and Anupgarh was opened on 25 July 2013.
After that, the new branch line between and Fazilka was started construction on 2004 for easier transport of nearby Indian International borders and after some years it was opened on 12 July 2012.
Trains Passing through this line
Kochuveli–Shri Ganganagar Junction Express
Bikaner–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express
Hazur Sahib Nanded–Shri Ganganagar Weekly Express
Firozpur Cantonment–Shri Ganganagar Express
References
5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India
Bikaner railway division
Ambala railway division
Rail transport in Rajasthan
Rail transport in Punjab, India |
27698855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Peugeot%20Automobile%20Company | Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company | The Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company (GPAC) is a former automobile manufacturer located in Guangzhou, China. It was a joint venture between the Guangzhou municipal government and the Peugeot brand of the French automobile manufacturer PSA Peugeot Citroën.
The company was founded on 26 September 1985 and was defunct by March 1997 when Peugeot sold their stake in the joint venture.
Citroën, a sister brand in PSA Peugeot Citroën, already had a successful joint venture which began production in 1992, (Dongfeng-Citroën). In 2002, the Peugeot brand was reintroduced to China through Dongfeng.
After the company had gone defunct, Honda joined with the Guangzhou government to establish its own joint venture company, Guangqi Honda Automobile.
History
One of the first foreign-Chinese joint auto-making ventures, over its eleven-year lifespan the company only recorded production of about 100,000 cars.
Manufacturing two models originally sold via fleet sales, its products were mostly used as taxis or by government employees. Fleet sales commenced in 1989, with a model line comprising the Peugeot 505 (1980 design) and 504 (1968 design).
Conflict
Component localization targets, set to encourage creation of a local supply chain, exacerbated tensions. They were met late if at all, and while the French initially profited from parts sales, Chinese consumers saw increased component localization from inexperienced suppliers lead to inferior products. In spite of Chinese resistance, Peugeot repatriated profits, and cultural conflicts continued throughout. By 1993, a soured Peugeot saw its now-inferior models out-completed by better offerings with sales dropping to 2,544 while competing Shanghai VW built no less than 146,000 cars—fifty percent of the overall market. By 1996, the Guangzhou government decided it no longer wanted a French foreign partner. Peugeot removed itself in 1997, and Guangzhou Automotive chose to begin a new joint venture with Honda.
Ownership
PSA Peugeot Citroën held 22% ownership, with a total foreign ownership of 26% to 30%.
Model gallery
References
Car manufacturers of China
Peugeot factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in China
GAC Group joint ventures
Chinese-foreign joint-venture companies
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1985
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1997
Manufacturing companies based in Guangzhou
Peugeot
PSA Group
Stellantis
Chinese companies established in 1985
Chinese companies disestablished in 1997 |
11812774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Madison%20Preparatory%20School | James Madison Preparatory School | James Madison Preparatory School (abbreviated as JMPS) is a charter school started in 2000 in Tempe, Arizona. The school was co-founded by brothers Stephen Batchelder and David Batchelder and serves grades 6-12.
History
JMPS was founded by the Batchelder brothers to "challenge committed students with a robust, traditional education emphasizing America’s history and system of government." The vision the Batchelder brothers were aiming for at James Madison is a Midwestern, traditional education from about 50 years ago, with some positive modern influences sprinkled in. It is a classical liberal arts school which seeks to promote understanding of American history. The school focuses on developing students' understanding of the United States Constitution.
James Madison Preparatory School opened its doors in the fall of 2000. Fifty-three students showed up on the first day. JMPS had received its charter from the State Charter Board in 1999, having received the highest score ever given for a charter school application up to that time. The first year only 9th, 10th, and 11th graders populated the campus, but by the second year, the school had grown to include 7th, 8th, and 12th graders.
The first graduating class at James Madison Preparatory School was the Class of 2002, which only had four graduates. The largest graduating class was the Class of 2012, which had 31 graduates.
Academics
JMPS was ranked as an "Excelling" school in Arizona for the 2008-2009 school year based on AIMS test results.
JMPS offers English Grammar, Civics, American History (one year in junior high and two full years in high school), World History, Geography, Algebra, Geometry, Astronomy, Economics, Biology, Latin, Chemistry, Calculus, Geology, Western Philosophy, Physics, Physical Education, Political Science, Fine Arts, Composition, and Literature. Also included in their curriculum are a few courses designed to provide students with real world, practical life skills. Balancing a checkbook, living within a budget, paying taxes, shopping for insurance, cooking a meal, changing a car tire, and sewing on a button are among the many varied skills that students are exposed to in "self-reliance" classes.
School culture and student government
JMPS has a dress code for students, emphasizing business attire such as slacks, dress shoes, and a polo or oxford shirt.
All students are required to participate in a daily chore at the end of each school day, where the students perform minor routine maintenance on the campus such as taking out classroom trash, vacuuming classrooms, and cleaning bathroom windows. The daily chore is scheduled to take between 5 and 10 minutes.
JMPS has a student-run high school government modeled after the American three-branch system of government.
Each year, the school holds an election to decide on the next year's student government president, who then appoints a student cabinet to help manage student affairs, including student fundraisers to fund events such as school dances.
The Student President also nominates students to serve on a student Supreme Court, which judges and sentences minor student misconduct cases. Up to nine students may serve on the student court, for terms of up to two years. Students may be re-appointed when their terms end.
Students are placed into homerooms, where they decide on two representatives (for each homeroom) to the school's Student Senate, which votes on Cabinet and Court appointments. The remaining students are encouraged to be involved in the Student House of Representatives, which votes on bills introduced to aid in student government.
A junior high student council was installed in 2007 as a liaison between junior high students and the high school government.
Houses
Students at Madison Prep are placed into "houses," which are also called "homerooms" or "advisor groups." The high school has ten houses, and the junior high has four. Each house holds approximately 17 students, and one faculty member is assigned to every house. The faculty advisor serves as the contact person between the school and the parents. The advisors work with the students in their group to help guide them through their academic career and their practical college preparation.
All houses compete with each other for house points throughout the school year to earn the honor of being Top House. House points are earned in a wide variety of ways, and a scoreboard that shows the current standings is kept up in the front office.
Clubs
JMPS students in 8-12th grade are given the opportunity to select one club-class first and second trimester. A trimester club-class meets for two class periods a week and is worth half a credit for high school students (two in total each year). There is a variety of clubs offered such as Anime Club, Art Club, Chess Club, Choreography Club, Debate Club, Improv Club, Student Newspaper, Health and First-Aid Club, Yearbook, Weight Training Club, Archery Club, Quidditch Club, and Spanish Club. Students can also decide to be in study hall, but are not awarded the half credit for this.
Academic Decathlon Team
JMPS offers the Academic Decathlon Team as a club-class. As a club-class, the students earn academic credit for their participation.
The season runs during the 1st and 2nd trimesters.
The team members consist of three "A" students, three "B" students and three "C" students, as well as one alternate for each of the three grade groups. The students compete as individuals, winning individual gold, silver and bronze medals, and their scores count toward an overall team score. Winning teams move on to state and national competitions. Each student competes in the following ten academic events: art, economics, essay, interview, language and literature, mathematics, music, science, social science and speech. The final event of the day is the Super Quiz in which the entire team competes in a game-show type setting in front of an audience of family and friends.
Athletics
All sports teams participate in the Canyon Athletic Association. The school participates in:
Fall: football, girls' volleyball, Sparx (dance line), Ultimate Frisbee, cross country
Winter: girls' and boys' basketball
Spring: coed soccer, track and field, boys' baseball, girls' softball
Fine arts
Fine arts programs include a choir, string section and a rock band. These perform rehearsed pieces at school concerts, and are open to any students interested in joining them. The presence of these groups on campus is determined entirely by student interest.
JMPS also fields a student drumline and color guard, which practice during the fall and perform at football games for JMPS. Each year they hold a performance called "Glownight," which is followed by a bonfire led by the seniors.
JMPS also puts on several theatrical productions, including:
A fall/winter play (open to audition for grades 9-12)
A spring musical (open to audition for grades 7-12)
A spring production performed by the 8th grade
References
External links
James Madison Preparatory School
Public high schools in Arizona
Education in Tempe, Arizona
Educational institutions established in 2000
Schools in Maricopa County, Arizona
Charter schools in Arizona
2000 establishments in Arizona |
52873396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian%20Burkhart%20Goldsmith | Lillian Burkhart Goldsmith | Lillian Burkhart Goldsmith (February 8, 1871 – February 25, 1958) was an American vaudeville performer, clubwoman, and businesswoman, based in Los Angeles.
Early life
Lillian Burkhart was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Adolph Burkhart and Rosalie Cirker Burkhart. Her parents were both Jewish immigrants: her father was born in Russia, and her mother was born in Germany. Lillian trained as a teacher in the Pittsburgh area.
Career
In her early years, Lillian Burkhart produced and performed in more than two dozen one-act sketches, and was remembered as "the foremost comedienne in vaudeville". After she married her second husband and moved to California, she continued giving recitations and dramatic readings, often for community groups, and she produced "municipal pageants" and theatrical events, including a benefit show for the victims of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and the Los Angeles pageant marking Shakespeare's tercentenary.
In Los Angeles she was an officer of the Ebell Club, the founder and first president of the Philanthropy and Civics Club (beginning in 1919), and the president of the Los Angeles chapter of the National Council of Jewish Women (from 1924 to 1930). She developed a successful career of buying and improving property in the growing city, and funded the building of clubhouses for several of philanthropic organizations.
She established the first Girl Scout Council in Los Angeles, and was its first commissioner. She began and funded the Lillian Burkhart Fund, which supported college scholarships for disadvantaged students.
Lillian Burkhart Goldsmith lectured against prohibition. She was monitored and questioned by the U. S. Justice Department during World War I, because her mother was German and because she gave a lecture, "What the World is Thinking and Feeling", which was perceived as possibly influencing clubwomen against the American war effort.
Personal life
Lillian Burkhart was married to a fellow vaudeville performer, Charles Dickson, in 1891; the couple appeared in shows together. She married George Goldsmith in 1903. They had a daughter, Rosalie Faith Goldsmith, born in 1904. Lillian was widowed in 1928, and died in 1958, aged 87 years.
References
External links
Lillian Burkhart Goldsmith's gravesite, at Find a Grave.
A photograph of Lillian Burkhart Goldsmith taken in 1956, when she was 85 years old; in the collection of the USC Digital Library.
A silk fan donated by Lillian B. Goldsmith to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Another silk fan donated by Lillian B. Goldsmith to the Los Angeles County Community of Art.
Katherine Lain, "Creating a class and its culture: Self-made women, architecture, and the development of elite suburbs and institutions in Los Angeles: 1889--1930" (M. A. thesis, California State University at Northridge 2010).
1871 births
1958 deaths
People from Los Angeles
Clubwomen |
12963036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historien%20om%20en%20fj%C3%A4lldal | Historien om en fjälldal | Historien om en fjälldal and Historien om en fjelldal in Norwegian (in Swedish: The History about a Mountain Valley) is a trilogy, written in Swedish, by a Norwegian-Swedish fantasy author Margit Sandemo, who has become better known for her historical suspense novels.
Historien om en fjälldal () is a fictionalized series of books about her birth valley, Grunke in Fagernes in the province of Valdres, which is situated in Norway. They were published between 1992 and 1998.
Titles
Örnens rike ("Realm of the Eagle")
Korparnas dal ("Valley of the Ravens")
Tranornas fristad ("Sanctuary of the Cranes")
References
Novel series
Novels by Margit Sandemo
Novels set in Norway |
16270540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Hur | Angela Hur | Angela Mi Young Hur (born in Los Angeles, California) is a Korean American writer based in Sweden. Her debut novel, The Queens of K-Town, was published in 2007 by MacAdam/Cage. Her second novel, Folklorn, is forthcoming from Erewhon in 2021.
Early life and education
Raised in Gardena, California, Hur graduated from Phillips Academy, an Andover, Massachusetts boarding school, in 1998. She graduated from Harvard University in 2002. As a Sparks Fellow, she received her Master of Fine Arts in fiction at Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. Graduating in 2005, she won the Sparks Prize, a post-graduate fellowship.
Career
Her debut novel, The Queens of K-Town, was published in 2007 by MacAdam/Cage.
Hur lived in Long Beach, California when The Queens of K-Town was published. She later moved to Seoul, South Korea to take up a position as a lecturer of English Literature and Creative Writing at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies.
Between 2010 and 2014, Hur lived in Stockholm, Sweden. She worked as an editor for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and as a writer for the Korean Cultural Center in Stockholm.
Between 2014 and 2020, Hur lived in the Bay Area, CA. She taught for Writopia, a national non-profit providing writing workshops for kids and teens. She attended Tin House Writer's Workshop in 2017, where her novel Folklorn was chosen by Kelly Link for a Tin House Mentorship. Excerpts have been published in Harvard's Azalea: Journal of Korean Literature and Stockholm University's Two Thirds North.
Her second novel, Folklorn, forthcoming from Erewhon in 2021, was selected as one of "The 30 Most Anticipated SFF Books of 2021" by Tor.Com. Amal El-Mohtar of the New York Times listed Folklorn as one of the Best Science Fiction and Fantasy Books of 2021.
Works
Hur, Angela Mi Young, Folklorn (2021), Erewhon.
External links
Official website
References
American expatriates in South Korea
American people of Korean descent
Harvard University alumni
Phillips Academy alumni
University of Notre Dame alumni
Living people
People from Gardena, California
Writers from Los Angeles
Academic staff of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
Year of birth missing (living people)
American emigrants to Sweden |
74843719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20UEFA%20European%20Under-19%20Championship%20qualification | 2024 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification | The 2024 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification tournament is a football competition for men born on or after January 1, 2005. The best competitors in the event will compete alongside Northern Ireland in the 2024 UEFA European Under-19 Championship final tournament.
Russia are still being excluded from the tournament due to the ongoing invasion of Ukraine. Qualification will consist of a qualifying round in autumn 2023 followed by an elite round in spring 2024.
Format
The qualifying competition will consist of the following two rounds:
Qualifying Round: Apart from Portugal, which receives a bye to the elite round as the team with the highest seeding coefficient, the remaining 52 teams are drawn in 13 groups of four teams. Each group is played in single round-robin format at one of the teams selected as hosts after the draw. The 13 group winners, 13 runners-up, and the third placed team with the best record against the first and second-placed teams in their group advance to the elite round.
Elite Round: The 28 teams are drawn into seven groups of four teams. Each group is played in single round-robin format at one of the teams selected as hosts after the draw. The seven group winners qualify for the final tournament.
The schedule of each group is as follows, with two rest days between each matchday (Regulations Article 20.04):
Group Schedule
Tiebreakers
In the qualifying and elite round, teams are ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss), and if tied on points, the following tiebreaking criteria are applied, in the order given, to determine the rankings (Regulations Articles 14.01 and 14.02):
Points in head to head matches among tied teams
Goal difference in head to head matches among tied teams
Goals scored in head to head matches among tied teams
If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams
Goal difference in all group matches
Goals scored in all group matches
Penalty shoot-out if only two teams have the same number of points, and they met in the last round of the group and are tied after applying all criteria above (not used if more than two teams have the same number of points, or if their rankings are not relevant for qualification for the next stage)
Disciplinary points (red card = 3 points, yellow card = 1 point, expulsion for 2 yellow cards in one match = 3 points)
UEFA coefficient ranking for the qualifying round draw
To determine the best third-placed team from the qualifying round, the results against the teams in fourth place are discarded. The following criteria are applied (Regulations Articles 15.01 and 15.02):
Points
Goal difference
Goals scored
Disciplinary points (total 3 matches)
UEFA coefficient ranking for the qualifying round draw
Qualifying round
Draw
The draw for the qualifying round was held on 8 December 2022, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.
The teams were seeded according to their coefficient ranking, calculated based on the following:
2017 UEFA European Under-19 Championship final tournament and qualifying competition (qualifying round and elite round)
2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship final tournament and qualifying competition (qualifying round and elite round)
2019 UEFA European Under-19 Championship final tournament and qualifying competition (qualifying round and elite round)
2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship final tournament and qualifying competition (qualifying round and elite round)
Each group contained one team from Pot A, one team from Pot B, one team from Pot C, and one team from Pot D. Based on the decisions taken by the UEFA Emergency Panel, the following pairs of teams could not be drawn in the same group: Spain and Gibraltar, Belarus and Ukraine, Kosovo and Serbia, Kosovo and Bosnia & Herzegovina
Notes
Teams marked in bold have qualified for the final tournament.
Groups
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Group 8
Group 9
Group 10
Group 11
Group 12
Group 13
Ranking of third-placed teams
To determine the best third-placed team from the qualifying round which advance to the elite round, only the results of the third-placed teams against the first and second-placed teams in their group are taken into account.
Elite round
Draw
The draw for the elite round will be held in December 2023 at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.
The teams will be seeded according to their results in the qualifying round. Portugal which received a bye to the elite round, are automatically seeded into Pot A. Each group contains one team from Pot A, one team from Pot B, one team from Pot C, and one team from Pot D. Winners and runners-up from the same qualifying round group could not be drawn in the same group, but the best third-placed team could be drawn in the same group as winners or runners-up from the same qualifying round group.
Goalscorers
In the qualifying round
In the elite round
In total,
References
External links
Under-19 Matches: 2023 Qualifying, UEFA.com
Qualification
2024
2023 in youth association football
2024 in youth association football
Current association football seasons
Sports events affected by the Russian invasion of Ukraine |
39667475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariveh-ye%20Sofla | Pariveh-ye Sofla | Pariveh-ye Sofla (, also Romanized as Parīveh-ye Soflá; also known as Parīvar-e Pā’īn, Parīveh, and Parīveh-ye Pā’īn) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Harsin County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,081, in 264 families.
References
Populated places in Harsin County |
2616111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudarah | Kudarah | Kudarah as a place name may refer to:
Kudarah (Alif Dhaal Atoll) (Republic of Maldives)
Kudarah (Noonu Atoll) (Republic of Maldives) |
7994411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Page%20%28cricketer%29 | Michael Page (cricketer) | Michael Harry Page (born 17 June 1941) is a former English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1964 and 1975.
Page was born in Blackpool. He began his career with Nottinghamshire and Lancashire, for whom he played briefly for the Second XI, though it was with Derbyshire that he was to decide to play first-class cricket. He signed a professional contract in 1964. Page's Derbyshire debut, in June 1964, was a steady one, as he scored 25 and aided team-mate Edwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969.
Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs.
Page was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler. At the beginning of his career he bowled occasionally, and he took four wickets on one occasion for Derbyshire's Second XI. Though there was an early attempt to turn him into an opener, his primary role ultimately became that of a middle-order batsman.
References
1941 births
English cricketers
Living people
Derbyshire cricketers
International Cavaliers cricketers
Sportspeople from Blackpool
Cricketers from Lancashire |
41563616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Casey%20%28rugby%20league%29 | John Casey (rugby league) | John Casey was a professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s. He played at club level for Castleford (Heritage No.).
Playing career
County League appearances
John Casey played in Castleford's victory in the Yorkshire County League during the 1932–33 season.
References
External links
Search for "Casey" at rugbyleagueproject.org
John Casey Memory Box Search at archive.castigersheritage.com
Castleford Tigers players
English rugby league players
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing |
36350599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genypterus | Genypterus | Genypterus is a genus of cusk-eels.
Etymology
Genypterus is derived from the Greek words genyos = face, jaw and pteron = wing, fin.
Species
There are currently five recognized species in this genus:
Genypterus blacodes (J. R. Forster, 1801) (Pink cusk-eel)
Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, 1903
Genypterus capensis (A. Smith, 1847) (Kingklip)
Genypterus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) (Red cusk-eel)
Genypterus maculatus (Tschudi, 1846) (Black cusk-eel)
Genypterus tigerinus Klunzinger, 1872 (Rock ling)
References
Ophidiidae
Ray-finned fish genera
Taxa named by Rodolfo Amando Philippi |
24015905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital%20Records%20Database | Hospital Records Database | The Hospital Records Database is a database provided by the Wellcome Trust and UK National Archives which provides information on the existence and location of the records of UK hospitals. This includes the location and dates of administrative and clinical records, the existence of catalogues, and links to some online hospital catalogues. The website was proposed as a resource of the month by the Royal Society of Medicine in 2009
References
External links
Hospital Records Database
Smart Clinics
Hospitals in the United Kingdom
Databases in the United Kingdom
Medical databases |
16697987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra%20Pradesh%20Committee%20of%20Communist%20Revolutionaries%20%28Chandra%20Pulla%20Reddy%29 | Andhra Pradesh Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (Chandra Pulla Reddy) | Andhra Pradesh Committee of Communist Revolutionaries was a communist group in Andhra Pradesh, India, led by Chandra Pulla Reddy. The group was formed through a split away from the original APCCR led by T. Nagi Reddy in 1971. In 1975 the organisation merged into the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) led by Satyanarayan Singh.
References
Political parties established in 1971
Defunct political parties in Andhra Pradesh
Defunct communist parties in India
Political parties disestablished in 1975
1971 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
1975 disestablishments in India |
6495458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla%2C%20Texas | Isla, Texas | Isla is an unincorporated community in northeastern Sabine County, Texas, United States.
It is located at the junction of State Highway 87 and Farm to Market Road 276, eleven miles northeast of Hemphill.
A post office was established in 1896 and by the mid-1930s, Isla had an estimated population of twenty-five, along with three businesses.
Unincorporated communities in Sabine County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas |
3635909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Cup%20of%20Skateboarding | World Cup of Skateboarding | World Cup Skateboarding (WCS), sometimes referred to as World Cup of Skateboarding, is an international skateboarding organization that hosts the World Championships of Skateboarding series and other skateboard competitions.
Overview
Focusing on the professional skateboarders, the first WCS championship took place in 1994 in Vancouver. Since 1995, WCS has grown the pro tour from 3 events in Canada and Germany to 25 events (in 2008), that encompass Canada, Germany, the United States, Brazil, the Czech Republic, England, France, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, Malaysia. For information on wes events, contact: World Cup Skateboarding P.O. Box 836 Soda Springs, California 95728.
History
WCS grew out the existence of the once thriving National Skateboard Association. Learning from the mistakes that the skateboard industry made during the NSA years, former NSA President and directors, Don & Danielle Bostick have made a commitment to the skaters in developing and directing skateboard competitions around the globe.
Venues
Officially recognized World Cup Skateboarding events have in 2018 taken place at these global venues:
Palm Springs – El Gato Classic
Tallinn – Simple Session
Orange – Girls Combi Pool Classic
Orange – Combi Pool Party
Paris – Far' N High
Prague – Mystic Sk8 Cup
Graz – Graz Skate World Cup
Vigo – O Marisquino
Montreal – Jackalope
Santa Barbara County – Orchid Mini Ramp Holiday
Rotterdam – RTM Skateboard World Cup
Moscow – World Cup Moscow
Breda – World Cup Breda
Orange – Amateur Combi Pool Classic
Some past venues:
Bondi Beach – Bowl a Rama Bondi
Colorado Springs – Rocky Mountain Rampage
Florianópolis – Skate Generation Brazil
Fortaleza – Ceara World Cup
Lake Forest – GVR
Melbourne – Globe World Cup (this was not part of the World Cup Circuit as of 2006)
Malmö – Ultra Bowl 5
Marseille – Sosh Freestyle Cup Marseille
Münster – Monster Mastership
Montpellier – FISE
Newcastle – Australian Bowlriding Championships
Novo Hamburgo – Qix World Contest
Ocean City, Maryland – Dew Tour Beach Championships
Philadelphia – Gravity Games
Rio de Janeiro – Vert Jam
San Diego – Exposure
San Francisco – Dew Tour SF City Championships
San Jose – Tim Brauch Memorial Comp
São Paulo – Crail
Seoul – Asian X Games
Shepton Mallet – NASS
Toronto – Canadian Open
Vancouver – Slam City Jam
Wellington – Bowl a Rama Wellington
References
External links
Official site of World Cup Skateboarding
Skateboarding competitions |
73238309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynton%20Lemar | Brynton Lemar | Brynton Lemar (born January 23, 1995) is an American-born Jamaican professional basketball player for Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Basketball Premier League and the Basketball Champions League (BCL). After playing four years of college basketball at UC Davis, Lemar entered the 2017 NBA draft, but was not selected in the draft's two rounds.
High school career
Lemar attended St. Augustine High School, in San Diego, California. In his last season at Body of Christ, he averaged 21 points, 8.2 rebounds and 7.0 assists per game.
College career
After high school, Lemar played college basketball at UC Davis, from 2013 to 2017. In his senior year at UC Davis, Lemar averaged 16.1 points and 3.3 rebounds per game. He was named to the Big West All-First Team.
Professional career
After not being drafted in the 2017 NBA draft, Lemar signed with SLUC Nancy of the LNB Pro B. He finished the season with Caen.
On July 13, 2020, Lemar joined Gaziantep Basketbol. On February 14, 2021, he joined Reggiana of the LBA.
On August 2, 2021, he joined Enisey of the VTB United League. He left the team and joined Le Mans of the Pro A.
On February 23, 2023, Lemar joined AEK Athens, of the Greek Basket League, replacing Cameron McGriff on the team's squad.
On July 20, 2023, he signed with Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Basketball Premier League.
References
External links
UC Davis Aggies College Profile
Brynton Lemar at esake.gr
Brynton Lemar at legabasket.it
1995 births
Living people
AEK B.C. players
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Hungary
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
BC Enisey players
Gaziantep Basketbol players
Le Mans Sarthe Basket players
Lega Basket Serie A players
Point guards
Shooting guards
SLUC Nancy Basket players
Start Lublin players
UC Davis Aggies men's basketball players |
34951327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgoidae | Ginkgoidae | Ginkgoidae is a subclass of Equisetopsida in the sense used by Mark W. Chase and James L. Reveal in their 2009 article "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III." This subclass contains the single extant genus Ginkgo under order Ginkgoales, family Ginkgoaceae. Its only extant species is Ginkgo biloba, the Maidenhair Tree.
Phylogeny
The following diagram shows a likely phylogenic relationship between subclass Ginkgoidae and the other Equisetopsida subclasses.
References
.
Plant subclasses
Equisetopsida sensu lato |
9809622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oremus%20%28disambiguation%29 | Oremus (disambiguation) | Oremus is a call to prayer.
Oremus may also refer to:
Orémus (grape), former name of Zéta, a Hungarian wine grape used in the production of Tokaji
Oremus (Tárrega), a prelude in D minor for classical guitar by composer Francisco Tárrega
Mirko Oremuš (born 1988), Croatian professional footballer
Stephen Oremus (born 1971), American musician
Orémus Press Newspaper, monthly print newspaper for traditional Catholic families, founded November 2010 at Dover, Oklahoma, USA
See also
Ormus, a 10th to 17th-century kingdom in the Persian Gulf |
2384429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville%20campaign | Bougainville campaign | The Bougainville campaign was a series of land and naval battles of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Allied forces and the Empire of Japan, named after the island of Bougainville. It was part of Operation Cartwheel, the Allied grand strategy in the South Pacific.
The campaign took place in the Northern Solomons in two phases. The first phase, in which American troops landed and held the perimeter around the beachhead at Torokina, lasted from November 1943 through November 1944. The second phase, in which primarily Australian troops went on the offensive, mopping up pockets of starving, isolated but still-determined Japanese, lasted from November 1944 until August 1945, when the last Japanese soldiers on the island surrendered. Operations during the final phase of the campaign saw the Australian forces advance north towards the Bonis Peninsula and south towards the main Japanese stronghold around Buin, although the war ended before these two enclaves were completely destroyed.
Japanese occupation
Before the war, Bougainville had been administered as part of the Australian Territory of New Guinea, even though geographically Bougainville is part of the Solomon Islands chain. As a result, within the various accounts of the campaign it is referred to as part of both the New Guinea and the Solomon Islands campaigns.
During their occupation the Japanese constructed naval aircraft bases in the north, east, and south of the island; but none in the west. They developed a naval anchorage at Tonolei Harbor near Buin, their largest base, on the southern coastal plain of Bougainville. On the nearby Treasury and Shortland Islands they built airfields, naval bases and anchorages. These bases helped protect Rabaul, the major Japanese garrison and naval base in Papua New Guinea, while allowing continued expansion to the southeast, down the Solomon Islands chain, to Guadalcanal and beyond. To the Allies, Bougainville would later also be considered vital for neutralizing the Japanese base around Rabaul.
In March–April 1942, the Japanese landed on Bougainville as part of their advance into the South Pacific. At the time, there was only a small Australian garrison on the island which consisted of about 20 soldiers from the 1st Independent Company and some coastwatchers. Shortly after the Japanese arrived, the bulk of the Australian force was evacuated by the Allies, although some of the coastwatchers remained behind to provide intelligence. Once secured, the Japanese began constructing airfields across the island. The main airfields were on Buka Island; the Bonis Peninsula in the north; Kahili and Kara in the south; and Kieta on the east coast; while a naval anchorage was constructed at Tonolei Harbor near Buin on the southern coastal plain, along with anchorages on the Shortland Islands group.
The airfield at Kahili was known by the Japanese as Buin Airfield, and to its south was an airfield on Ballale Island in the Shortland Islands. These bases allowed the Japanese to conduct operations in the southern Solomon Islands and to attack the Allied lines of communication between the United States, Australia and the Southwest Pacific Area.
At the opening of the Allied offensives, their estimates of Japanese strength on Bougainville varied widely, ranging between 45,000 and 65,000 army, navy, and labour personnel. These forces constituted the Japanese 17th Army, commanded by General Harukichi Hyakutake. Hyukatake reported to General Hitoshi Imamura, commander of the Japanese Eighth Area Army, headquartered at Rabaul on New Britain. Naval command at Rabaul was the responsibility of Vice Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet. The level of cooperation between these two officers was greater than that usually found between the branches of the Japanese armed forces.
The 17th Infantry Group occupied Bougainville and consisted of the 81st Infantry Regiment and the III Battalion, 53rd Infantry Regiment under Major General Kesao Kijima. Elements of the 6th Division had responsibility for the island south of Tarina.
Allied planning
Choice of Bougainville
Reduction of the main Japanese base at Rabaul was the ultimate goal of the Allied offensive in the Solomons. To achieve this, Allied planners formulated Operation Cartwheel. By 1943 Rabaul was within range of Allied heavy bombers, but a closer airfield was needed for light bombers and escort fighters. Thus, the entire island of Bougainville did not need to be occupied; only enough relatively flat land to support an airbase was required. According to historian Samuel Eliot Morison, this "was the one and only reason why the JCS authorized Halsey to seize a section of Bougainville: to establish forward airfields for strikes on Rabaul."
The area around Cape Torokina was determined to be an acceptable location. The Japanese were not there in force and had no airfield there. Empress Augusta Bay had a somewhat protected anchorage, and the physical barriers to the east of the cape – for instance the mountain ranges and thick jungle – meant that mounting a counterattack would be beyond the capabilities of the Japanese for weeks, if not months, which would allow the US forces to consolidate after landing and give them enough time to establish a strong perimeter. The preparation for landings at Cape Torokina became known as Operation Cherry Blossom.
Preparations for the landings
Bougainville lay within the Southwest Pacific Area, so operations were nominally under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, whose headquarters were in Brisbane, Australia. Although MacArthur had to approve all major moves, he gave planning and operational control to Admiral William F. Halsey, Commander U.S. Third Fleet, headquartered at Nouméa on New Caledonia. In mid-October, Halsey set 1 November 1943 as the date for the invasion of Bougainville.
By early October, it was clear to the Japanese that the Allies were planning a follow-up offensive to the Allied capture of the New Georgias, although the target was uncertain. The commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet, Admiral Mineichi Koga, flying his flag aboard the battleship Musashi from Truk Lagoon, sent all of his carrier aircraft to Rabaul. These planes would combine with the land-based air force already there and bomb Allied bases and supply routes as part of a plan the Japanese called Operation RO. In the event, this plan achieved very little besides further attrition to the Japanese air arm as the Japanese aircraft suffered heavy losses, which later prevented the Japanese aircraft from intervening against the US landings in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands.
To confuse the Japanese as to the Allies' real target, two other invasions were carried out. The Treasury Islands, just southwest of the Shortlands, were occupied 27 October by the 8th Brigade Group, 3rd New Zealand Division under the command of Brigadier Robert Row, and a temporary landing was effected on Choiseul, one of the major islands in the Solomons chain. Unlike on Guadalcanal and the New Georgias, Allied planners were unable to gain valuable intelligence from coastwatchers or small Australian Army detachments as the Japanese had driven them off the island long before plans for Operation Cherry Blossom began.
Forces allocated
Rear Admiral Theodore Wilkinson, Commander Third Fleet Amphibious Forces, was assigned by Halsey to direct the landings at Cape Torokina from aboard his flagship, the attack transport George Clymer. The ships under Wilkinson's command would disembark the I Marine Amphibious Corps, commanded by Major General Alexander Vandegrift, victor of the landcampaign on Guadalcanal. Vandegrift's force, a total of 14,321 men, consisted of the 3rd Marine Division (reinforced), under Major General Allen H. Turnage, the U.S. Army's 37th Infantry Division, under Major General Robert S. Beightler, and the Advance Naval Base Unit No. 7.
Landings at Cape Torokina
First day: 1–2 November 1943
Three groups of transports converged in Empress Augusta Bay on the morning of 1 November. The existing maps of the Bougainville coast that the Allies possessed were highly unreliable German Admiralty charts from about 1890. A few corrections had been made by reconnaissance flights and submarine scouting, but some longitudes were still wrong. Indeed, Morison recounts that "near the end of the approach, when the navigating officer of a transport was asked by the captain for his ship's position, he replied, 'About three miles inland, sir!'" Morison further recounts the scene of the landing in the following passage:
From the difficult landings at Guadalcanal and the New Georgias, Admiral Wilkinson had learned a significant lesson about the necessity of rapid unloading and getting his slow, vulnerable transports away from the landing area. To this end, he loaded his transports only half full and his cargo ships one-quarter full, and made sure that 30% of the troops on the beach assisted in unloading. The Japanese, having been taken by surprise, were unable to mount an air assault on the invasion fleet. Wilkinson, grateful that his transports were able to land almost the entire troop contingent and a large amount of materiel unmolested by air attack, ordered them out of the area around sundown.
Japanese response
Japanese forces around the landing area were limited to no more than platoon strength, as they had not expected an attack in the area, and their logistics system was unable to support greater numbers. When word of the landings reached Rabaul, Vice Admiral Tomoshige Samejima, Commander of the Japanese Eighth Fleet, immediately embarked 1,000 troops from the II Battalion, 54th Infantry Regiment onto five destroyer-transports at Rabaul and sent them to Cape Torokina. Escorting the transports was a force of two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and six destroyers led by Vice Admiral Sentaro Omori. During the night voyage to Torokina, the Japanese ships were spotted by an American submarine and possibly by a search plane. Concerned that he had lost the element of surprise, Omori radioed Samejima to ask permission to send the slow-moving transports back to Rabaul but to continue with the combat ships to attack the American transports that he assumed were still in Empress Augusta Bay. Samejima concurred, and Omori pressed ahead with his cruisers and destroyers.
At the same time, Rear Admiral Stanton Merrill was steaming toward the Bay with four light cruisers and eight destroyers. The two forces met in the early morning hours of 2 November in the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay, in which the Japanese lost the light cruiser Sendai and the destroyer Hatsukaze.
Carrier raid on Rabaul
Admiral Koga was unwilling to risk his precious aircraft carriers, so he decided to dispatch seven heavy cruisers to Rabaul. These arrived on 3 November. News of the cruisers' arrival in the area of operations greatly concerned Halsey: the Bougainville beachhead was still quite vulnerable, and he had no heavy cruisers oppose a bombardment. Taking a huge gamble, he ordered the only carrier force under his immediate command, Task Force 38 under Rear Admiral Frederick C. Sherman, to cripple or sink as much of the combat shipping at Rabaul as possible. The resulting air strike, launched from Sherman's fleet carrier Saratoga and light carrier Princeton on 5 November—with fighter escorts being provided by land-based aircraft from Air Solomons command and followed up by land-based aircraft from the Fifth Air Force— sank no ships but inflicted enough damage to convince Koga to withdraw the heavy cruisers, without having been able to attack the beachhead.
A second raid was launched on 11 November with aircraft from the Essex, Bunker Hill and Independence, along with a sizeable force of land-based B-24 bombers. The bombers proved ineffective, but the carrier-based aircraft achieved a degree of success, sinking a destroyer and damaging three destroyers and two cruisers.
November 1943: expanding the beachhead
Early November
Defense and expansion of the US lodgment at Cape Torokina involved protracted and often bitter jungle warfare, with many casualties resulting from malaria and other tropical diseases. Except for patrol skirmishes, all the major combat to expand the beachhead occurred in the Marines sector. From 6 to 19 November, the remaining regiment of the 3rd Marine Division and the US Army 37th Infantry Division were landed, and the beachhead gradually expanded. On their third attempt, the Japanese successfully landed four destroyer-loads of men just beyond the eastern limit of the American beachhead before dawn on 7 November. Despite the presence of PT boats operating out of Puruata Island, the Japanese effected this landing undetected by the Americans. Nevertheless, the Marines annihilated this force the next day in the Battle of Koromokina Lagoon. In conjunction with the landing forces, the Japanese 23rd Infantry Regiment, which was assigned to the 6th Division, also began attacking the US forces with some success on 7 November before being beaten back the following day.
While escorting one of the invasion echelons to the Torokina beachhead on 9 November, Morison recounts that some of Merrill's sailors witnessed an extraordinary incident that highlighted some of the extreme cultural differences at play in the Pacific:
Parts of two Marine Raider battalions drove away Japanese who were blocking the Piva branch of the Numa Numa Trail in the 8–9 November Battle for Piva Trail. The Marines then selected sites in the area for two airstrips (the fighter strip at the beach was already being built). Also on 9 November, Major General Roy S. Geiger took over command of the I Marine Amphibious Corps from Vandegrift. Four days later, he assumed command of the entire Torokina beachhead area from Wilkinson. By this time, the Perimeter, as it was called, covered about 7,000 yards of beach front and had a circumference of about 16,000 yards. The trails to new airstrip sites had to be cleared, and Turnage assigned this task to the 21st Marine Regiment. A Japanese ambush in the area resulted in the 13–14 November Battle of the Coconut Grove, which ended with the Marines gaining control of the point where the Numa Numa and East West Trails crossed.
Throughout early November, the Japanese carried out air raids against the US forces around Torokina; however, by 17 November losses were such that the Japanese 1st Carrier Division, which had begun with 370 planes on 1 November, was withdrawn back to Truk. The US forces were thereby able to gradually expand their perimeter out to , eventually capturing two airfields with which they could subsequently launch their own attacks against Rabaul. Following this, the Japanese troops on Bougainville essentially became isolated.
Late November
At Rabaul, Imamura was still convinced that the Allies did not mean to stay long at Torokina—he was sure it was just a stepping stone. He thus had no interest in mounting a decisive counterattack on the Allied beachhead using the substantial number of troops he already had in the southern part of Bougainville. Instead, he reinforced the Buka Island area, just off the north coast of Bougainville Island, believing it to be the Allies' real target. Thus, the Japanese army repeated the error of Guadalcanal, while the navy could not convince Imamura of the Americans' real intentions.
The 18–25 November Battle of Piva Forks effectively wiped out an entire Japanese infantry regiment. Even so, the beachhead was still not an entirely safe place. The day after the end of the Piva Forks action, as the sixth echelon of the invasion force was unloading at the beachhead, Japanese artillery fired on the landing ships, inflicting casualties. The Marines silenced these guns the following day.
On 25 November, as the Battle of Piva Forks was ending, the Battle of Cape St. George took place in the waters between Buka and New Ireland. Three destroyer transports full of troops, escorted by two destroyers, all under the command of Captain Kiyoto Kagawa, were on their way to reinforce Buka. Halsey directed five destroyers under Captain Arleigh Burke to intercept. The encounter resulted in the sinking of destroyers Onami, Makinami and Yugumo, as well as the death of Kagawa. No hits were scored on Burke's vessels.
The battle was not completely one sided, though. On 28–29 November, in an effort to block reinforcements from the Japanese 23rd Infantry Regiment, the 1st Marine Parachute Battalion carried out a raid on Koiari, about east of Torokina. After landing unopposed, the Japanese counterattacked heavily and the Marines, facing being overrun, had to be rescued by landing craft, which took three attempts to get ashore.
December 1943: securing the perimeter
Under extremely difficult conditions, the Naval Construction Battalions (CBs or Seabees) and a group of New Zealand engineers carried out work on the three airstrips. The fighter strip at the beach was the first to begin full-time operations with the first flights taking place on 10 December. The Japanese Army command at Rabaul was certain that the Allies would be moving on from Torokina; Imamura ordered a build-up of the defenses at Buin, on the southern tip of Bougainville.
In November and December the Japanese emplaced field artillery on the high ground around the beachhead, concentrated in a group of hills along the Torokina River overlooking the eastern perimeter. They shelled the beachhead, targeting the airstrips and the supply dumps. The 3rd Marine Division extended its lines to include the hills in a series of operations that lasted from 9–27 December. One hill, dubbed "Hellzapoppin Ridge", was a natural fortress. Overlooking the beachhead, it was long, with steep slopes and a narrow crest. The Japanese constructed extensive positions on the reverse slopes using natural and artificial camouflage. The 21st Marines attacked Hellzapoppin Ridge but were driven off on 12 December. Several air strikes missed the narrow ridge completely. Finally, co-ordinated air, artillery, and infantry attacks resulted in the capture of the ridge on 18 December. In the days that followed, the 21st Marines were also involved in fighting around Hill 600A, which was captured by 24 December 1943.
On 15 December, the I Marine Amphibious Corps and General Geiger were replaced by the US Army's XIV Corps, led by Major General Oscar W. Griswold, the victor of the land campaign on New Georgia. On 28 December, the 3rd Marine Division, exhausted because most of the fighting had taken place in its sector, was replaced by the Army's Americal Division under Major General John R. Hodge. The 37th Division (Army), was then placed under Griswold's XIV Corps.
January–February 1944: encircling Rabaul
Aerial reduction of Rabaul
Rabaul had already been raided multiple times between 12 October and 2 November by the heavy bombers of General George C. Kenney's Allied Air Forces Southwest Pacific Area. Significant damage was done to ground installations, although the Japanese adapted by moving aircraft facilities underground. Only low-flying techniques such as dive bombing and glide bombing could achieve the accuracy required to pinpoint these installations, as well as neutralising anti-aircraft weapons and attacking vessels in the harbor. To achieve this, the Allies began constructing several airstrips on Bougainville that would allow them to use their smaller and more manoeuvrable aircraft against Rabaul. The fighter strip on the beach at Torokina began operations on 10 December, while the inland bomber strip "Piva Uncle" followed on Christmas Day, and the inland fighter strip "Piva Yoke" on 22 January.
General Ralph J. Mitchell, USMC, took over the command of all land-based planes in the theater, called Air Command, Solomons (AirSols), on 20 November. Once the three airstrips in the Torokina Perimeter became fully functional, Mitchell moved AirSols headquarters there from Munda on New Georgia Island. The first raids by AirSols aircraft had limited success. Japanese anti-aircraft fire, especially from ships, had improved greatly since Kenney's raids and inflicted significant damage on the planes. The Americans developed new formations and tactics that brought about increasing attrition among the Japanese fighter arm. The Japanese navy could no longer risk exposing its ships to the relentless air attacks, and by late January, Kusaka had banned all shipping except barges from Simpson Harbor, which removed any remaining naval threat to the Torokina beachhead.
Capture of the Green Islands
The Joint Chiefs of Staff had determined that Rabaul was to be encircled, with invasions of the Admiralty Islands and Kavieng on the northern tip of the island of New Ireland, to begin 1 April at the earliest. Anxious to maintain offensive momentum, Halsey was unwilling to leave his forces idle until then. To that end, and to provide yet another airfield close to Rabaul, Halsey ordered his amphibious forces to invade the Green Islands, a group of small coral atolls about 115 miles east of Rabaul. Reconnaissance missions determined that the native Melanesians there were well-disposed toward the Europeans and had been alienated by the Japanese. As a result, Allied planners determined that no preliminary bombing or shelling would be carried out.
On 15 February, Wilkinson landed a contingent of New Zealanders from the 3rd Division under Major General Harold E. Barrowclough. Experience gained from previous landings, coupled with detailed staff work, meant that the landings were completed with relative efficiency. In addition, interference from Japanese planes was minimal. Morison attributes this to previous losses inflicted against the Japanese air arm, writing that the fact such a large fleet "could set thousands of troops ashore with impunity only 115 miles from Rabaul proved what good work AirSols had already accomplished."
With the capture of the Green Islands, the Japanese base was no longer able to project air power to interfere in attacks on Rabaul. The Greens provided a site for a PT boat base, and during the night of 1 March PT-319 entered Simpson Harbor and went undetected by the Japanese. This would have been inconceivable just two months earlier. In addition, a detachment of Seabees constructed an airfield, putting the Japanese base at Kavieng in range of AirSols planes for the first time. From 8 March AirSols bombers began flying unescorted to Rabaul. In describing the effect, Morison writes: "it is significant that the splendid harbor which in October 1943 had held some 300,000 tons of enemy shipping, and had sheltered powerful task forces of the Japanese Navy, was reduced to a third-rate barge depot."
March 1944: Japanese counterattack
Preparations
Hyakutake about 40,000 men of the 17th Army. There were also about 20,000 naval personnel in the southern part of the island under Vice Admiral Tomoshige Samejima. One of the units in Hyakutake's command, the 6th Infantry Division under Lieutenant General Masatane Kanda, was reputed to be the toughest in the Imperial Japanese Army. Initially, Hyakutake was convinced of the Allied intent to remain permanently at Torokina and as a result remained on a defensive posture. The resulting delay in Japanese offensive action gave Griswold plenty of time to deploy his men in suitable defensive positions.
In December 1943, Hyakutake resolved to launch an attack on the US forces around the perimeter, and throughout the early months of 1944 his staff made the necessary preparations and plans. Hyakutake's attack would employ the 12,000 men of the 6th Infantry plus 3,000 reserves. His faith in the ultimate victory was such that he planned on taking Griswold's surrender at the Torokina airstrip on 17 March. The Japanese dragged the greatest concentration of field artillery they had yet assembled onto the ridges overlooking the perimeter. Griswold decided that allowing the Japanese to hold these ridges was better than stretching his own lines thin by occupying them himself.
On the American side, Hodge's Americal Division and Beightler's 37th Infantry Division manned the Perimeter, while the 3rd Marine Defense Battalion and the US Army 49th Coast Artillery Battalion protected the beachhead. Griswold had learned on New Georgia that waiting for the Japanese to attack was a much surer way to victory than undertaking his own offensive operations in a jungle.
Battle of the Perimeter
As far as the press and the American public were concerned, the war had moved on from Bougainville. As Morison writes, "the struggle for the Perimeter went almost unnoticed outside the Pacific." Hyakutake opened his all-out effort to throw the Americans off Bougainville, which came to be known simply as The Counterattack, on 9 March, and his men succeeded in capturing Hill 700 and Cannon Hill; the 37th Division recaptured these positions on the afternoon of 12 March. Griswold gave credit to the destroyers that provided bombardment of the Japanese positions, suppressing their attempts at reinforcement.
Hyakutake's second thrust was delayed until 12 March. The Japanese advanced through a deep ravine to approach the Piva Yoke fighter strip, and succeeded in penetrating the Perimeter at one point. Beightler responded by sending combined tanks and infantry to drive them back. Also, Japanese artillery that had been bombarding all three American airstrips was silenced by AirSols bombers. This action ended on 13 March. Hyakutake attempted twice more to penetrate the perimeter, on 15 and 17 March but was driven back both times. The Japanese mounted a final attack on the night of 23–24 March, which made some progress but was then thrown back. On 27 March, the Americal Division drove the Japanese off of Hill 260, and the battle came to a close.
During the Battle of the Perimeter, AirSols aircraft continued bombing Rabaul completely reducing its offensive capability. According to Morison, "...AirSols delivered at least one strike on Rabaul every day that weather permitted. An average of 85 tons of bombs was dropped on the area daily from 20 February to 15 May – a total of 7,410 tons by almost 9,400 sorties."
Aftermath
The Japanese army, having taken heavy losses during these operations, withdrew the majority of its force into the deep interior and to the north and south ends of Bougainville. On 5 April the Americal Division's 132nd Infantry Regiment, after establishing patrol sweeps along Empress Augusta Bay, successfully launched an attack to capture the Japanese-held village of Mavavia. Two days later while continuing a sweep for enemy forces, the regiment encountered prepared enemy defences where they destroyed about 20 Japanese pillboxes using pole charges and bazookas. Later, the 132nd, together with elements of the Fiji Defence Force, was tasked with securing the heights west of Saua River. The Allied troops captured Hills 155, 165, 500, and 501 in fierce fighting that lasted until 18 April, when the last of the Japanese defenders were killed or driven off.
The Americans were reinforced by the 93rd Infantry Division, the first African American infantry unit to see action in World War II. The Japanese, isolated and cut off from outside assistance, primarily concentrated on survival, including the development of farms throughout the island. According to Morison, amongst the Japanese troops "morale fell deplorably ... after the loss of the Battle of the Perimeter; Admiral Takeda, in his narrative, notes robberies, insubordination and even mutiny. Hundreds of soldiers deserted and wandered through the jungle, living on anything they could find, even on snakes, rats and crocodiles."
The supply situation became so bad for the Japanese that, according to Gailey, "the normal rice ration of 750 grams of rice for each soldier was cut in April 1944 to 250 grams, and beginning in September there was no rice ration. A large portion of the available army and naval personnel had to be put to work growing food. Allied pilots took delight in dropping napalm on these garden plots whenever possible."
Australian intelligence officers, after studying records, estimated that 8,200 Japanese troops had been killed in combat during the American phase of operations, while a further 16,600 had died of disease or malnutrition. Of those killed or wounded in combat, the large majority had come during the attack on the US-held perimeter around Torokina, with Japanese losses amounting to 5,400 killed and 7,100 wounded before Imamura cancelled the attack.
Australian phase: November 1944 – August 1945
Strategic decisions
The invasion of the Philippines had been scheduled for January 1945, but the rapid pace of Allied victories in the Pacific caused MacArthur to bring forward the Philippines operation to October 1944. MacArthur would need all the ground troops he could get for the Leyte landings, so by mid-July MacArthur had decided to withdraw Griswold's XIV Corps from Bougainville for rest and refit, to be replaced by the Australian II Corps.
The Australian government and military chose to conduct aggressive operations on Bougainville with the goal of destroying the Japanese garrison. This decision was motivated by a desire to bring the campaign to a conclusion and so free up troops to be used elsewhere, liberate Australian territory and the inhabitants of the island from Japanese rule, and demonstrate that Australian forces were playing an active role in the war.
Handover
Lieutenant General Sir Stanley Savige's Australian II Corps was a force of just over 30,000 men. It consisted of the Australian 3rd Division (7th, 15th and 29th Brigades) under the command of Major General William Bridgeford, as well as the 11th Brigade and the 23rd Brigade.
On 6 October, the first elements of the headquarters detachment of the 3rd Division landed. By mid-November, the 7th Brigade had relieved the U.S. 129th and 145th Infantry Regiments. On 22 November, Savige formally took command of Allied operations on Bougainville from Griswold. By 12 December, the replacement of frontline American troops by Australians was complete, and with the exception of a few service troops all American service personnel had departed by 1 February 1945. The 3rd Division and 11th Brigade, reinforced by the Fiji Infantry Regiment, were posted to Bougainville. The 23rd Brigade garrisoned the neighbouring islands.
Australian offensive operations
The Australians determined that Japanese forces on Bougainville, numbering approximately 40,000, still had approximately 20% of their personnel in forward positions and that although understrength, were organized in combat-capable formations, including the 38th Independent Mixed Brigade and General Kanda's tough 6th Division. Savige issued his instructions on 23 December. Offensive operations would consist of three separate drives:
In the north, the 11th Brigade would force the Japanese into the narrow Bonis Peninsula and destroy them.
In the centre, the enemy was to be driven off Pearl Ridge, a feature from which both coasts of the 30-mile-wide island could be seen. From there, aggressive patrols could be launched to disrupt Japanese communications along the east coast.
The main Australian drive would take place in the south where the bulk of the Japanese forces (Kanda's 6th Division) was located. It was to this goal that Savige assigned Bridgeford's 3rd Division.
Central front
The Battle of Pearl Ridge (30–31 December) revealed how far Japanese morale and stamina had fallen. The ridge was taken by a single battalion of Australians, suffering few casualties in the process. It was afterwards discovered that the position had been held by 500 defenders rather than the 80–90 that had originally been estimated. Activity in the central sector was from that point on confined to patrols along the Numa Numa Trail.
Northern front
Pursuant to Savige's 31 December order to begin operations in the northwestern sector at the first opportunity, General J.R. Stevensons's 11th Brigade advanced along the coast, reaching the village of Rukussia by mid-January 1945. However, since the coastal plain was dominated by Tsimba Ridge, the Genga River could not be crossed in force until the Japanese had been dislodged from the crest of that ridge. In the resulting Battle of Tsimba Ridge, the Australians encountered determined resistance in heavily fortified positions, and it was not until 9 February that the last Japanese dug in on the western edge of the ridge were rooted out.
During the remainder of February and March the Australians drove the Japanese north past Soraken Plantation. Eventually, the approximately 1,800 Japanese fell back to a strong defensive line across the neck of the Bonis Peninsula. Because the 11th Brigade was exhausted from three weeks of jungle combat, frontal assaults were ruled out and an attempt was made to outflank the Japanese positions with an amphibious landing on 8 June. However, the landing force found itself pinned down and on the verge of being exterminated. Although Japanese losses were probably higher in the resulting Battle of Porton Plantation, the defenders received a boost in morale, and the Australian command called off offensive operations in this sector for the time being. It was instead decided to contain the Japanese along the Ratsua front while resources were diverted to the southern sector for the drive towards Buin.
Southern front
On 28 December, Savige issued orders to the 29th Brigade to begin the drive toward the principal Japanese concentration around Buin. After a month's fighting, the Australians were in control of an area extending twelve miles south of the Perimeter and six miles inland. Employing barges to outflank the Japanese, they entered the village of Mosigetta by 11 February 1945 and Barara by 20 February. The Australians then cleared an area near Mawaraka for an airstrip.
By 5 March, the Japanese had been driven off a small knoll overlooking the Buin Road; the Australians named this promontory after Private C.R. Slater who had been wounded during the fighting. During the 28 March – 6 April Battle of Slater's Knoll, the Japanese launched a strong counterattack during which several determined Japanese attacks against this position were repulsed with heavy losses. In Gailey's words, "General Kanda's offensive was a disaster ... Indeed, the entire series of attacks by the Japanese is as inexplicable as the Australians' desire to conquer all the island." Having learned a costly lesson about the ineffectiveness of banzai charges, Kanda pulled his men back to a defensive perimeter around Buin and reinforced them with the garrisons from the Shortlands and the Fauros. The concentration was not complete until July.
Savige took two weeks to allow his forces to recuperate and resupply before restarting the drive on Buin. After repelling more futile Japanese attacks in the 17 April – 22 May Battle of the Hongorai River, his men crossed the Hari and Mobai Rivers. However, shortly after reaching the Mivo River their advance came to a halt as torrential rain and flooding washed away many of the bridges and roads upon which the Australian line of communications depended. This rendered large scale infantry operations impossible for almost a month, and it was not until late July and into early August that the Australians were able to resume patrolling across the Mivo River. Before Savige could mount a substantial assault, news arrived of the dropping of the atomic bombs, after which the Australian forces mainly only conducted limited patrolling actions.
Conclusion
Combat operations on Bougainville ended with the surrender of Japanese forces on Bougainville on 21 August 1945. The Empire of Japan surrendered in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. The last phase of the campaign saw 516 Australians killed and another 1,572 wounded. 8,500 Japanese were killed at the same time, while disease and malnutrition killed another 9,800 and some 23,500 troops and labourers surrendered at the end of the war. Of the casualties suffered during the second phase of the campaign, historian Harry Gailey writes: "it was a terrible toll for an island whose possession after March 1944 was of no consequence in bringing the war to a close ... That the Australian soldiers performed so well when they had to know that what they were doing was in the larger sphere unnecessary and unappreciated at home says much for the courage and the discipline of the ordinary Australian infantryman".
In contrast, Australian historian Karl James has argued that the 1944–45 Bougainville campaign was justifiable given that it could not be known at the time that Japan would surrender in August 1945, and there was a need to both free up Australian forces for operations elsewhere and liberate the island's civilian population. Of the civilian population, according to Hank Nelson estimates that the Bougainvillean population declined by 25% after 1943 from over 52,000 in 1943 to under 40,000 by 1946.
Three Victoria Crosses were awarded during the campaign. Corporal Sefanaia Sukanaivalu of Fiji received the award posthumously for his bravery at Mawaraka on 23 June 1944; he is the only Fijian to have received the award to date. Corporal Reg Rattey received the award for his actions during the fighting around Slater's Knoll on 22 March 1945, while Private Frank Partridge earned his in one of the final actions of the campaign on 24 July 1945 during fighting along the Ratsua front. Partridge was the only member of the militia to receive the Victoria Cross, which was also the last of the war awarded to an Australian.
Namesake
The U.S. Navy escort carrier , in commission from 1944 to 1946, was named for the Bougainville campaign.
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
Further reading
Autonomous Region of Bougainville
1943 in Papua New Guinea
1944 in Papua New Guinea
1945 in Papua New Guinea
Territory of New Guinea
Battles and operations of World War II involving Papua New Guinea
Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia
Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan
Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States
Conflicts in 1943
Conflicts in 1944
Conflicts in 1945
Operation Cartwheel
Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
South West Pacific theatre of World War II
United States Marine Corps in World War II |
71174712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdesslem%20Bouchouareb | Abdesslem Bouchouareb | Abdesslem Bouchouareb (; born 10 December 1997) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays for USM Alger in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1.
Career
In 2022, Bouchouareb signed a two-year contract with USM Alger.
Honours
USM Alger
CAF Confederation Cup: 2022–23
References
External links
Living people
1997 births
Algerian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
AS Aïn M'lila players
AS Khroub players
NC Magra players
USM Alger players |
40044016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20IPC%20Athletics%20World%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20400%20metres | 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships – Men's 400 metres | The men's 400 metres at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships was held at the Stade du Rhône from 20–29 July. There were 12 categories contested over the 400m at the championship. Two World records were set in the 400m, Chermen Kobesov of Russia posted a time of 51.88s in the T37 class, while Ahmad Almutairi of Kuwait recorded a time of 57.95s in the T33 category. Almutairi's category was not part of the schedule of this championship, but he qualified to compete in the T34 category. Despite coming last in his qualifying round and not advancing to the final he still broke the T33 world record.
Medalists
CR - Championship record, WR - World record
See also
List of IPC world records in athletics
References
400 metres
400 metres at the World Para Athletics Championships |
10830988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassett%20House%20School | Bassett House School | Bassett House School is a coeducational preparatory school for children aged 3 to 11 years old based in North Kensington, London, UK. Bassett House has two sister schools, Orchard House School in Chiswick and Prospect House School in Putney. All three schools take both boys and girls from the age of 3 or 4 until the time they leave for their next senior or intermediate preparatory schools. Bassett House School was founded in 1947.
The building
Bassett House is located in North Kensington, in proximity to Ladbroke Grove and Latimer Road. Bassett House was built towards the end of the 19th century as a large family house.
The entire building was substantially rebuilt in 2001. The school premises include the church hall at St Helen's Church, just around the corner from 60 Bassett Road, providing an assembly hall with a stage and gymnasium, three classrooms, a kitchen and a garden.
The main school building has a playground which doubles as a basketball or netball court. Children are taken on most days to a nearby park for additional sports and recreation.
Notable alumni
Derek Abbott, scientist
References
External links
Bassett House homepage
Profile on the ISC website
1947 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in 1947
Private co-educational schools in London
Private schools in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Preparatory schools in London |
22510364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dombay%2C%20Karachay-Cherkess%20Republic | Dombay, Karachay-Cherkess Republic | Dombay (; , Dommay) is an urban locality (a resort settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of republic significance of Karachayevsk in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 657.
Geography
Dombay is situated within the Teberda Nature Reserve (zapovednik) and is a tourist destination.
History
Urban-type settlement status was granted to Dombay in 1965.
In January 2013, the ski resort made international headlines when a man died from a broken neck and another was badly injured when a Zorb rolled out of control down a mountain, hitting rocks and eventually coming to a stop away on a frozen lake in Dombay. After the incident made international headlines, Russian authorities called for tougher safety laws.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, the resort settlement of Dombay is subordinated to the town of republic significance of Karachayevsk. Within the framework of municipal divisions, Dombay is a part of Karachayevsky Urban Okrug.
References
Notes
Sources
Urban-type settlements in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Ski areas and resorts in Russia |
6212819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano%20Catanoso | Gaetano Catanoso | Gaetano Catanoso (14 February 1879 – 4 April 1963) was an Italian Catholic priest and the founder of the Suore Veroniche del Santo Volto (1934). Catanoso served as a parish priest in two different parishes for his entire ecclesial life and was an ardent devotee of the Face of Jesus which he promoted to the faithful. He also founded the Poor Clerics to encourage vocations to the priesthood while forming the Confraternita del Santo Volto (1920) to spread devotion to the Face of Jesus. He dedicated his pastoral career to bringing the Gospel message to all people and hiked or rode on a mule to reach distant and surrounding mountain villages in order to evangelize to people.
His fame for holiness was widespread during his life for people hailed his remarkable qualities and the conduct in which he led his life. The cause for his canonization was introduced on 15 October 1981 and he became titled as a Servant of God while he was later named as Venerable on 3 March 1990 upon the confirmation of his model life of heroic virtue. Pope John Paul II beatified Catanoso on 4 May 1997 while Pope Benedict XVI later canonized the late priest in Saint Peter's Square on 23 October 2005.
Life
Gaetano Catanoso was born in 1879 to prosperous landowners in Reggio Calabria as the third of eight children of Antonio Catanoso and Antonia Tripodi.
In October 1889 he began his studies for the priesthood and he arrived with his father in the evening for him to be admitted into it though he had to return home several times due to bouts of ill health. In 1895 he donned the cassock for the first time and gave his first-ever sermon. He received his ordination to the priesthood on 20 September 1902 from Cardinal Gennaro Portanova and served as a parish priest for his entire ecclesial life; from 1902 until March 1904 he served as the prefect of seminarians. His first parish was in the remote hill village of Pentedattilo where he served from March 1904 until 1921. He was passionate about emulating the life of Jesus Christ in his service to the poor and would hike or ride on a mule to the distant and surrounding mountain villages to bring the message of the Gospel and hope to isolated people in desperate circumstances. To help him in this cause he founded an order of nuns known as the Suore Veroniche del Santo Volto in December 1934. From 1922 until 1949 he was the spiritual director to seminarians and from 1922 to 1933 was a chaplain at hospitals in the region. From 1921 to 1950 he served as a confessor to religious institutes and to the prison while from 1940 to 1963 he was the canon of the archdiocesan cathedral.
The order established schools and also homes for the old in small places like San Lorenzo and Roccaforte as well as Chorio to educate children and care for the old and sick. The goal was to combat ignorance and the Mafia through education and the word of God. Catanoso also founded the Poor Clerics to encourage vocations to the priesthood. He was transferred to the larger parish of Santa Maria de la Candelaria in Reggio Calabria on 2 February 1921. Catanoso was a close friend of Annibale Maria di Francia and Luigi Orione whom he had met in 1918. It was Orione who encouraged Catanoso when the latter decided to establish a religious congregation of his own; his order received diocesan approval on 25 March 1958.
Catanoso had a deep devotion to the Face of Christ and to that end formed the "Confraternita del Santo Volto" in 1919. He also revived Marian and Eucharistic devotions and improved catechesis while also working for the observance of liturgical feasts. Catanoso also worked for cooperation among local priests to provide missions via preaching and hearing confessions in each other's parishes. He often spent long ours in silent reflection before the Tabernacle and he promoted Eucharistic Adoration among the faithful. In 1943 he opened a makeshift orphanage for those children who were orphaned due to World War II.
Catanoso died on 4 April 1963 and his final words were recorded as: "In te, Domine, speravi, Gesù, Maria, Giuseppe"; he had become ill and blind before his death though he still welcomed those who came to visit him and seek his counsel. His order in 2008 had 95 nuns in a total of seventeen houses and it would later receive full pontifical approval from Pope John Paul II on 8 December 1980. One American relative – the journalist Justin Catanoso from – Greensboro in North Carolina – wrote memoir about Catanoso and the book is titled: "My Cousin the Saint – A Search for Faith, Family and Miracles".
Sainthood
The beatification process opened on 15 October 1981 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the official "nihil obstat" (nothing against) and titled Catanoso as a Servant of God. Documentation was sent to the C.C.S. in Rome who validated the process on 3 March 1989 and received the Positio from cause officials in 1989. Theologians met not long after this and approved the cause on 26 September 1989 as did the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. who approved the dossier's contents on 19 December 1989. On 3 March 1990 he was proclaimed to be Venerable after Pope John Paul II confirmed that Catanoso lived a model life of heroic virtue.
For him to be beatified one miracle needed to be investigated and approved; this miracle needed to be a healing that science and medicine were unable to explain. One such case was discovered and investigated in a diocesan process that lasted from 1993 until 1994 when all medical records and witness interrogatories were sent to the C.C.S. who validated the investigation on 10 February 1995. The medical panel of experts approved this miracle on 5 October 1995 as did their consulting theologians on 25 November 1995 and the C.C.S. themselves on 20 February 1996. John Paul II confirmed the healing to be a legitimate miracle on 25 June 1996 and presided over the beatification later on 4 May 1997.
The second and final miracle needed for him to be raised to sainthood was discovered and investigated in 2003 before the documents were sent to Rome and before the C.C.S. validated the process on 14 November 2003. The medical experts approved this healing to be a miracle on 1 April 2004 with the theologians also granting assent on 25 June 2004 as did the C.C.S. on 19 October 2004. John Paul II confirmed this miracle and Catanoso's inevitable sainthood on 20 December 2004. The date for the canonization was formalized at a consistory in the afternoon on 24 February 2005 in which Cardinal Angelo Sodano announced it on the behalf of the ill pope. John Paul II died two months later but his successor Pope Benedict XVI canonized Catanoso on 23 October 2005 in Saint Peter's Square.
Miracles
The miracle that led to his beatification occurred in Reggio-Calabria but was not investigated until a few decades later. It involved the healing of Sister Pauline who on 3 April 1963 wanted to see Catanoso before he died. But the priest died on 4 April she – who suffered from severe asthma – knelt beside his remains and felt healed a few hours later with no breathing difficulties whatsoever.
The miracle that led to his canonization occurred in Reggio-Calabria on 9 January 2003 which was the healing of Anna Pangallo from a rare form of meningitis.
See also
Leo Dupont, Apostle of the Holy Face
Holy Face of Jesus
Maria Pia Mastena
References
External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
Santi e Beati ]
1879 births
1963 deaths
19th-century Christian saints
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Italian people
20th-century Christian saints
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Italian Roman Catholic saints
People from Reggio Calabria
People from the Province of Reggio Calabria
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II |
74740820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sordaria%20alcina | Sordaria alcina | Sordaria alcina is a species of fungus from the genus Sordaria.
References
Sordariales
Fungi described in 1972 |
1347532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Comfort | Southern Comfort | Southern Comfort (often abbreviated SoCo) is an American, naturally fruit-flavored, whiskey liqueur with fruit and spice accents. The brand was created by bartender Martin Wilkes Heron in New Orleans in 1874, using whiskey as the base spirit. Whiskey was replaced by a neutral spirit under the ownership of Brown–Forman. On March 1, 2016, the Sazerac Company purchased it, and reintroduced whiskey as its base spirit.
History
Southern Comfort was created by bartender Martin Wilkes Heron (1850–1920), the son of a boat-builder, in 1874 at McCauley's Tavern in the Lower Garden District, south of the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. According to the New Orleans Convention & Visitors Bureau, McCauley's Tavern was "just off Bourbon Street", and the original form of the drink was called Cuffs and Buttons.
Heron moved to Memphis, Tennessee in 1889, patented his creation, and began selling it in sealed bottles with the slogan "None Genuine But Mine" and "Two per customer. No Gentleman would ask for more." Southern Comfort won the gold medal at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri.
In an episode of The Thirsty Traveler entitled "A River of Whiskey", spirits historian Chris Morris describes the original recipe of Southern Comfort. Heron began with good-quality bourbon and would add:
An inch [] of vanilla bean, about a quarter of a lemon, half of a cinnamon stick, four cloves, a few cherries, and an orange bit or two. He would let this soak for days. And right when he was ready to finish, he would add his sweetener: he liked to use honey.
The original brand closed during Prohibition and was reopened afterward by Francis Fowler.
Between the 1930s and 2010, the image on the label of Southern Comfort was A Home on the Mississippi, a rendering by Alfred Waud depicting Woodland Plantation, an antebellum mansion in West Pointe à la Hache, Louisiana, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and now provides bed-and-breakfast accommodation. In 2010 the plantation artwork was dropped from the label.
Brown–Forman purchased the brand in 1979. In 2011, the brand began releasing flavored variations like cherry, lime, gingerbread, and Tabasco. In January 2016 Brown–Forman sold it to Sazerac Company, along with Tuaca, as part of a $543.5 million deal. Since March 1, 2016, the brand has been owned by Sazerac. Sazerac announced that Southern Comfort's formula would be changed in 2017 to restore whiskey spirit as the base spirit, as the original formula used. Sometime before Brown–Forman purchased the brand, it had been reformulated to use neutral spirit, with only a negligible amount of whiskey as a flavorant. To take advantage of the rising popularity of bourbon, Southern Comfort Black was introduced in early 2018 (with a slogan of "Smoky Spiced Smooth"), along with a ready-to-drink (RTD) product of "Comfort and Cola" (4-pack of 375 mL cans, 6% alcohol).
Varieties
In the United States, Southern Comfort is available as 42 US proof (21% ABV), 70 US proof (35% ABV), 100 US proof (50% ABV), and in Australia it is 60 US proof (30% ABV). Varieties including additional flavorings, such as lime and caramel, were introduced by Brown–Forman in the latter years of their ownership, but were discontinued by Sazerac.
Eggnog products
Also seasonally available through various retailers is Southern Comfort-branded eggnog. These currently include two variations of eggnog flavors, Traditional and Vanilla Spice. The Traditional flavor is usually available in and sizes. These eggnog products contain no alcohol.
Previously, there were also ground coffees available with both of these eggnog flavorings, but the coffee products have since been discontinued.
In cocktails
Southern Comfort is used in the creation of numerous cocktails, including the Alabama Slammer.
ALABAMA SLAMMER 1 oz. Southern Comfort, ½ oz. sloe gin, 1 oz. amaretto, ½ oz. orange juice. Pour into highball glass over rocks. Stir.
One of the earliest Southern Comfort-based cocktails to be marketed was the Scarlett O'Hara, named after the character and concocted in tribute to the release of the film adaptation of Gone with the Wind in 1939. The mixture includes Southern Comfort, cranberry juice, and fresh lime.
References
External links
American liqueurs
Sazerac Company brands
Irish-American history
1874 introductions
Products introduced in 1874
Food and drink introduced in 1874 |
41875297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo-Moorhead%20Toll%20Bridge | Fargo-Moorhead Toll Bridge | The Fargo-Moorhead Toll Bridge is a former toll bridge on the Red River of the North between Fargo, North Dakota and Moorhead, Minnesota. It connects Moorhead's 15th Avenue N with Fargo's 12th Avenue N.
The bridge was to be privately operated until June 1, 2018, following a five-year extension of its original 25-year charter in 2013. In May 2014, The City of Moorhead sued Bridge Co., the owners of the bridge; and the city of Fargo. Judge Frank Racek ruled in favor of the city of Moorhead and that the ownership of the bridge would be transferred to the two cities.
Prior to the 2014 ownership transfer, the bridge had a toll of $0.75.
Flooding
Due to the frequent flooding of the Red river, the bridge is frequently flooded. The bridge is closed when the water level reaches 28', which occurred most recently in spring of 2023.
See also
References
Former toll bridges in Minnesota
Toll bridges in North Dakota
Road bridges in North Dakota
Road bridges in Minnesota
Fargo, North Dakota
Moorhead, Minnesota
Transportation in Cass County, North Dakota
Transportation in Clay County, Minnesota
Bridges completed in 1988 |
41124821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume%20V%20Arnaud%20de%20La%20Mothe | Guillaume V Arnaud de La Mothe | Guillaume V Arnaud de La Mothe was a fourteenth century Catholic Bishop of Bazas and Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, both in France.
He was Bishop of Bazas from 1302 until 1313, and again in 1319. In 1313 he was transferred by pope Clement V to Saintes, Charente-Maritime but he arranged to exchange see with his nephew Thibaut or Théobald de Castillon, his replacement at Bazas. He died at Saintes in 1313.
References
14th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops of Bazas |
8339639 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royton%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 | Royton (UK Parliament constituency) | Royton was, from 1918 to 1950, a parliamentary constituency of the United Kingdom, centred on Royton in North West England. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.
History
The constituency was created for the 1918 general election, and abolished for the 1950 general election.
Boundaries
The Urban Districts of Crompton, Littleborough, Milnrow, Norden, Royton, Wardle, and Whitworth.
Members of Parliament
Election results
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1940s
General Election 1939–40:
Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected;
Conservative: Harold Sutcliffe
Liberal: Mayne Knight
References
Craig, F. W. S. (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3 ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. .
Parliamentary constituencies in North West England (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1950
Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham |
45333681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20Home%20Construction%20and%20Safety%20Standards%20Act%20of%201974 | Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974 | Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974 or National Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act is a United States federal law establishing design and development safety standards for manufactured housing or prefabricated homes. The codified law authorized stipulations whereas any proposed safety standard shall be equitable for a particular type of mobile home with consideration of additional cost liabilities for the future homeownership. The Act of Congress endorsed violative civil penalties and judicial review of Federal mobile home construction and safety standards developed by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. The Act mandated the establishment of the National Mobile Home Advisory Council and National Mobile Home Administration.
The S. 2538 legislation appended the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 on February 27, 1974. The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 was a significant congressional amendment to the Housing Act of 1937. The United States housing authorization bill was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted into law by the 38th President of the United States Gerald Ford on August 22, 1974.
Amendments to 1974 Act
Congressional amendments to the Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act.
See also
Construction trailer
Manufactured Housing Institute
Modular home
Travel Trailer
Truck camper
External links
1974 in law
93rd United States Congress
United States federal housing legislation
Mortgage industry of the United States
Community development
Urban economics
Urban politics in the United States
1974 in the United States
Safety
Portable buildings and shelters |
1877458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gilroy%20%28artist%29 | John Gilroy (artist) | John Thomas Young Gilroy (30 May 1898 – 11 April 1985) was an English artist and illustrator, best known for his advertising posters for Guinness, the Irish stout. He signed many of his works, simply, "Gilroy".
Life
Born in Whitley Bay, Northumberland, England, Gilroy attended Durham University until his studies were interrupted by World War I, during which he served with the Royal Field Artillery. He resumed studying at the Royal College of Art in London, where he remained as a teacher. He taught at Camberwell College of Arts.
In 1925, he gained employment at S.H. Benson's advertising agency, where he created the iconic advertisement art for Guinness featuring the Zoo Keeper and animals enjoying Guinness. He worked with the crime writer Dorothy L. Sayers. He created cover designs for the Radio Times, most famously, in 1936, one depicting a laughing cat. He was also an accomplished portrait painter, numbering royalty, politicians, actors and many others amongst his sitters. He worked in his large studio at 10 Holland Park, London, the former home and studio of Sir Bernard Partridge. He was a long-standing and much loved member of the Garrick Club, where he was created a Life Member and Chairman of the Works of Art Committee 1970–1975. He was awarded and Honorary MA by Newcastle University in 1975, and was made a Freeman of the City of London in 1981.
John Gilroy died at Guildford on 11 April 1985.
Family
John Gilroy married twice. First, in 1924, to Gwendoline Short, an artist like himself. They had one son - John Morritt in 1927. His second marriage, in 1950, was to Elizabeth Margaret Outram Bramley who already had a daughter (Jenefer) and a son (Robin).
References
External links
The Guinness Collectors Club Website article on John Gilroy
1898 births
1985 deaths
20th-century English male artists
English illustrators
British poster artists
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Academics of the Royal College of Art
People from Whitley Bay
Royal Field Artillery officers |
1326319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ra%20D%C3%ADmun | Stóra Dímun | Stóra Dímun () is an island in the southern Faroe Islands, sometimes only referred to as Dímun. It is accessible by sea only during periods of clear and calm weather, but there is a regular helicopter service twice a week all year. There is a lighthouse on the island.
Etymology
The name 'Stóra Dímun' means 'Great Dimun', in contrast to 'Lítla Dímun' or 'Little Dimun'. According to the Faroese placename expert Jakobsen, 'Dimun' may represent a pre-Norse, Celtic placename element, with 'di' representing 'two'. Stora and Litla Dímun shows a pairing of two distinctive but separate localities in one name. Gammeltoft concluded Dímun is a Scandinavian place name for a double-peaked feature of a particular appearance, reflecting a linguistic contact between Scandinavians and Gaels.
Population
Before 1920, the ruins of an old church were present, but these no longer exist. There are two peaks on Stóra Dímun: Høgoyggj (396 metres; 1300') and Klettarnir (308 metres; 1010'). The island was once home to many families from the 13th century onwards, but now only two families of seven make their home on the island.
The Farm
There is only one farm at the Southside of the island, and it constitutes its only settlement. The farm benefits from soil that has been fertilized by the guano of millions of seabirds for thousands of years. This gives excellent grazing for the 450 ewes that the island supports. The farm is famed for their turnips and sheepskin, of which they produce some 300-400 each year.
Six to eight calves are slaughtered every year.
There is some tourism during the summer months.
Important bird area
The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of its significance as a breeding site for seabirds, especially European storm petrels (15,000 pairs), Atlantic puffins (40,000 pairs) and black guillemots (50 pairs).
See also
Faroese puffin
Gallery
References
Secondary sources
External links
Personal website with aerial photos
Islands of the Faroe Islands
Important Bird Areas of the Faroe Islands
Populated places in the Faroe Islands |
3852858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Theatre | Star Theatre | Star Theatre(s) or Star Theater(s) may refer to several cinemas or theatres, including:
Australia
New Star Theatre, Goodwood, Adelaide, later Capri Theatre, often referred to as the Star
Star Theatre, several cinemas owned by D. Clifford Theatres in Adelaide, South Australia, in the early 20th century
Star Theatre, Darwin, Northern Territory, a cinema destroyed by Cyclone Tracy
Star Theatre, Invermay, Tasmania, a former cinema
Star Theatre, Sydney, within The Star casino, Sydney, New South Wales
United States
Star Theatres, a movie theatre chain
Star Theater (Weiser, Idaho), property listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington County
Star Theatre (New York City), originally Wallack's Theatre, demolished in 1901
Star Theatre (film), a short documentary about the demolition of the theatre
Star Theatre (New York City, built 1901), also known as The New Star Theatre, Broadway playhouse active 1902–1908
Star Theater (Portland, Oregon), silent film and burlesque theater
Star Theatre (Price, Utah), property listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Carbon County
Star Theater (Spokane, Washington), concert venue within the Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena in Spokane, Washington
Star Theatre (Argyle, Wisconsin), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Lafayette County
Other countries
Star Theatre, Kolkata, India
The Star Performing Arts Centre, Singapore |
1081527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20program%2C%20multiple%20data | Single program, multiple data | In computing, single program, multiple data (SPMD) is a term that has been used to refer to computational models for exploiting parallelism where-by multiple processors cooperate in the execution of a program in order to obtain results faster.
The term SPMD was introduced in 1983 and was used to denote two different computational models:
by Michel Auguin (University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis) and François Larbey (Thomson/Sintra), as a “fork-and-join” and data-parallel approach where the parallel tasks (“single program”) are split-up and run simultaneously in lockstep on multiple SIMD processors with different inputs, and
by Frederica Darema (IBM), where “all (processors) processes begin executing the same program... but through synchronization directives ... self-schedule themselves to execute different instructions and act on different data” and enabling MIMD parallelization of a given program, and is a more general approach than data-parallel and more efficient than the fork-and-join for parallel execution on general purpose multiprocessors.
The (IBM) SPMD is the most common style of parallel programming and can be considered a subcategory of MIMD in that it refers to MIMD execution of a given (“single”) program. It is also a prerequisite for research concepts such as active messages and distributed shared memory.
SPMD vs SIMD
In SPMD parallel execution, multiple autonomous processors simultaneously execute the same program at independent points, rather than in the lockstep that SIMD or SIMT imposes on different data. With SPMD, tasks can be executed on general purpose CPUs. In SIMD the same operation (instruction) is applied on multiple data to manipulate data streams (a version of SIMD is vector processing where the data are organized as vectors). Another class of processors, GPUs encompass multiple SIMD streams processing. Note that SPMD and SIMD are not mutually exclusive; SPMD parallel execution can include SIMD, or vector, or GPU sub-processing. SPMD has been used for parallel programming of both message passing and shared-memory machine architectures.
Distributed memory
On distributed memory computer architectures, SPMD implementations usually employ message passing programming. A distributed memory computer consists of a collection of interconnected, independent computers, called nodes. For parallel execution, each node starts its own program and communicates with other nodes by sending and receiving messages, calling send/receive routines for that purpose. Other parallelization directives such as Barrier synchronization may also be implemented by messages. The messages can be sent by a number of communication mechanisms, such as TCP/IP over Ethernet, or specialized high-speed interconnects such as Myrinet and Supercomputer Interconnect. For distributed memory environments, serial sections of the program can be implemented by identical computation of the serial section on all nodes rather than computing the result on one node and sending it to the others, if that improves performance by reducing communication overhead.
Nowadays, the programmer is isolated from the details of the message passing by standard interfaces, such as PVM and MPI.
Distributed memory is the programming style used on parallel supercomputers from homegrown Beowulf clusters to the largest clusters on the Teragrid, as well as present GPU-based supercomputers.
Shared memory
On a shared memory machine (a computer with several interconnected CPUs that access the same memory space), the sharing can be implemented in the context of either physically shared memory or logically shared (but physically distributed) memory; in addition to the shared memory, the CPUs in the computer system can also include local (or private) memory. For either of these contexts, synchronization can be enabled with hardware enabled primitives (such as compare-and-swap, or fetch-and-add. For machines that do not have such hardware support, locks can be used and data can be “exchanged” across processors (or, more generally, processes or threads) by depositing the sharable data in a shared memory area. When the hardware does not support shared memory, packing the data as a “message” is often the most efficient way to program (logically) shared memory computers with large number of processors, where the physical memory is local to processors and accessing memory of another processor takes longer. SPMD on a shared memory machine can be implemented by standard processes (heavyweight) or threads (lightweight).
Shared memory multiprocessing (both symmetric multiprocessing, SMP, and non-uniform memory access, NUMA) presents the programmer with a common memory space and the possibility to parallelize execution. With the (IBM) SPMD model the cooperating processors (or processes) take different paths through the program, using parallel directives (parallelization and synchronization directives, which can utilize compare-and-swap and fetch-and-add operations on shared memory synchronization variables), and perform operations on data in the shared memory (“shared data”); the processors (or processes) can also have access and perform operations on data in their local memory (“private data”). In distinction, with fork-and-join approaches, the program starts executing on one processor and the execution splits in a parallel region, which is started when parallel directives are encountered; in a parallel region, the processors execute a parallel task on different data. A typical example is the parallel DO loop, where different processors work on separate parts of the arrays involved in the loop. At the end of the loop, execution is synchronized (with soft- or hard-barriers), and processors (processes) continue to the next available section of the program to execute. The (IBM) SPMD has been implemented in the current standard interface for shared memory multiprocessing, OpenMP, which uses multithreading , usually implemented by lightweight processes, called threads.
Combination of levels of parallelism
Current computers allow exploiting many parallel modes at the same time for maximum combined effect. A distributed memory program using MPI may run on a collection of nodes. Each node may be a shared memory computer and execute in parallel on multiple CPUs using OpenMP. Within each CPU, SIMD vector instructions (usually generated automatically by the compiler) and superscalar instruction execution (usually handled transparently by the CPU itself), such as pipelining and the use of multiple parallel functional units, are used for maximum single CPU speed.
History
The acronym SPMD for “Single-Program Multiple-Data” has been used to describe two different computational models for exploiting parallel computing, and this is due to both terms being natural extensions of Flynn’s taxonomy.The two respective groups of researchers were unaware of each other’s use of the term SPMD to independently describe different models of parallel programming.
The term SPMD was proposed first in 1983 by Michel Auguin (University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis) and François Larbey (Thomson/Sintra) in the context of the OPSILA parallel computer and in the context of a fork-and-join and data parallel computational model approach. This computer consisted of a master (controller processor) and SIMD processors (or vector processor mode as proposed by Flynn). In Auguin’s SPMD model, the same (parallel) task (“same program”) is executed on different (SIMD) processors (“operating in lock-step mode” acting on a part (“slice”) of the data-vector. Specifically, in their 1985 paper (and similarly in) is stated: “we consider the SPMD (Single Program, Multiple Data) operating mode. This mode allows simultaneous execution of the same task (one per processor) but prevents data exchange between processors. Data exchanges are only performed under SIMD mode by means of vector assignments. We assume synchronizations are summed-up to switchings (sic) between SIMD and SPMD operatings (sic) modes using global fork-join primitives”).
Starting around the same timeframe (in late 1983 – early 1984), the SPMD term was proposed by Frederica Darema (at IBM at that time, and part of the RP3 group) to define a different SMPD computational model that she proposed, as a programming model which in the intervening years has been applied to a wide range of general-purpose high-performance computers (including RP3 - the 512-processor IBM Research Parallel Processor Prototype) and has led to the current parallel computing standards. The (IBM) SPMD programming model assumes a multiplicity of processors which operate cooperatively, all executing the same program but can take different paths through the program based on parallelization directives embedded in the program; and specifically as stated in “all processes participating in the parallel computation are created at the beginning of the execution and remain in existence until the end”, (the processors/processes) “execute different instructions and act on different data”, “the job(work) to be done by each process is allocated dynamically”, that is the processes “self-schedule themselves to execute different instructions and act on different data”, thus self-assign themselves to cooperate in execution of serial and parallel tasks (as well as replicate tasks) in the program. The notion process was used as a generalization of the term processor in the sense that multiple processes can execute on a processor (to for example exploit larger degrees of parallelism for more efficiency and load-balancing). The (IBM) SPMD model was proposed by Darema as an approach different and more efficient than the fork-and-join that was pursued by all others in the community at that time; it is also more general than just “data-parallel” computational model and can encompass fork&join (as a subcategory implementation). The original context of the (IBM) SPMD was the RP3 computer (the 512-prosessor IBM Research Parallel Processor Prototype), which supported general purpose computing, with both distributed and (logically) shared memory. The (IBM) SPMD model was implemented by Darema and IBM colleagues into the EPEX (Environment for Parallel Execution), one of the first prototype programming environments. The effectiveness of the (IBM) SPMD was demonstrated for a wide class of applications, and in 1988 was implemented in the IBM FORTRAN, the first vendor-product in parallel programming; and in MPI (1991 and on), OpenMP (1997 and on), and other environments which have adopted and cite the (IBM) SPMD Computational Model.
By the late 1980s, there were many distributed computers with proprietary message passing libraries. The first SPMD standard was PVM. The current de facto standard is MPI.
The Cray parallel directives were a direct predecessor of OpenMP.
References
External links
Parallel job management and message passing
Single Program Multiple Data stream
SPMD
Distributed-memory programming
Parallel computing
Flynn's taxonomy |
73472451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion%20Voting%20Systems%20v.%20Fox%20News%20Network | Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network | Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network (colloquially Dominion v. Fox) was a U.S. defamation lawsuit filed in March 2021 by Dominion Voting Systems against Fox News Channel and its corporate parent Fox Corporation. Dominion's complaint sought US$1.6billion in damages, alleging several Fox programs had broadcast false statements that Dominion's voting machines had been rigged to steal the 2020 United States presidential election from then-president Donald Trump. Fox News argued that it was reporting "pure opinion" regarding what others were saying which, if true, would be protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution and New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964).
Dominion focused on allegations made between November 2020 and January 2021 by hosts Maria Bartiromo, Tucker Carlson, Lou Dobbs, Sean Hannity, and Jeanine Pirro. Guests who often appeared with these hosts included Trump attorneys Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell, both of whom have also been sued individually by Dominion in federal court. During pre-trial discovery, Fox News' internal communications were released, indicating that prominent hosts and top executives were aware the network was reporting false statements but continued doing so to retain viewers for financial reasons.
In a summary judgment on March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric M. Davis ruled that none of the disputed statements Fox News made about Dominion were true and ordered a trial to determine if the network had acted with actual malice. Several prominent Fox News personalities and senior executives were expected to testify at trial.
On April 18, 2023, as opening statements were about to begin, the judge announced that the parties had reached a settlement. Fox News agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million and acknowledged the court's earlier ruling that Fox had broadcast false statements about Dominion. The settlement did not require Fox News to apologize. It is the largest known media settlement for defamation in U.S. history.
Background
After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that Dominion and its competitor Smartmatic had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Trump campaign attorney Sidney Powell and Trump personal attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." The Smartmatic's lawsuit accusing Fox of defamation is still pending as of September 2023.
Lawsuit
Filing
In December 2020, Dominion sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May18, 2021, Fox filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December16, 2021 by Davis. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also named primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity.
Specifically, Dominion focused on allegations made between November 2020 and January 2021 by Maria Bartiromo on her show Sunday Morning Futures with Maria Bartiromo and Fox & Friends; by Carlson on Tucker Carlson Tonight; by Dobbs on Lou Dobbs Tonight and on Dobbs's Twitter account; by Hannity on Hannity; and by Pirro on Justice with Judge Jeanine. Guests who often appeared during these segments included Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell. Dominion was represented by law firms Clare Locke, FarnanLLP, and Susman Godfrey. Fox retained Clement & Murphy, DLA Piper, Ellis George Cipollone, Lehotsky Keller, Richards Layton & Finger, and Winston & Strawn. In addition to asserting First Amendment protection, Fox News also cited the landmark 1964 Supreme Court decision New York Times Co. v. Sullivan that found a public figure seeking to prove defamation must demonstrate that a publisher acted with actual malice: that they knew what they published was false or recklessly disregarded whether it might be false.
In June 2022, Davis again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. Davis ruled that Fox Corporation chairman Rupert Murdoch and CEO Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost.
Discovery
The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Sidney Powell appeared on Hannity and asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but Sean Hannity said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff", telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can."
The New York Times, on August13, 2022, noted that there had been no movement towards settlement from either Dominion or Fox, and both "are deep into document discovery, combing through years of each other's emails and text messages, and taking depositions". They reported that sources "expected Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch, who own and control the Fox Corporation, to sit for depositions as soon as this month". Citing sources at Fox News, speaking under condition of anonymity, they reported "Anchors and executives have been preparing for depositions and have been forced to hand over months of private emails and text messages to Dominion." Among the current and former Fox personnel who have given or were set to give depositions in August were Steve Doocy, Dana Perino, and Shepard Smith. Sources also told the Times that Dominion was focusing on Lachlan Murdoch's reaction to President Trump's anger at the network calling Arizona for Biden, seeking to place him "in the room when the decisions about election coverage were being made". Accounts hold that the younger Murdoch did not pressure anyone to reverse the call, but "he did ask detailed questions about the process that Fox's election analysts had used after the call became so contentious." While Fox continued to claim that any statements made on air were covered by the First Amendment, and as such can not be considered defamation, the Times reported that "Fox has also been searching for evidence that could, in effect, prove the Dominion conspiracy theories weren't really conspiracy theories." After allegations arose that Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez—who died in 2013—was involved in rigging voting machines, lawyers for Fox in court filings asked Dominion to turn over any internal communications going back over a decade that include any of the words "Hugo", "Chávez", "tampered", "backdoor", "stolen", or "Trump". Fox's hiring of Dan K. Webb in the summer of 2022 was seen as "a sign that executives believe that the chances the case is headed to trial have increased".
On August31, 2022, Hannity was deposed by Dominion's lawyers. The New York Times commented that in most defamation cases settlements are reached before any depositions are taken. As an example, they pointed to how Fox News had settled in 2020 after the parents of Seth Rich sued due to Hannity and other Fox personnel trying to link Rich's death to an email hack. In that case, Fox settled the case before Hannity could be deposed. This was taken as further proof that both sides anticipated the case going to trial.
In early December 2022, the Delaware Superior Court filed notice that Lachlan Murdoch would be deposed under oath at a Los Angeles law firm. The deposition was set to begin on December5 and "will continue from day to day (Sundays and holidays excluded) until complete, unless otherwise agreed". Also in early December 2022, the Delaware Superior Court filed a notice that Rupert Murdoch would be deposed under oath on December 13–14 via video conference. Previously Fox's lawyers had stated that any efforts to depose the Murdochs and put them at the center of the case would just be a "fruitless fishing expedition".
Motions
On February16, 2023, Dominion Voting Systems filed a motion for summary judgment against Fox News, with dozens of internal communications sent during the months after the 2020 presidential election. They showed several prominent network hosts and senior executives—including Fox Corporation chairman Rupert Murdoch and Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott—discussing their knowledge that the allegations of election fraud they were reporting were false. The communications showed their concerns that if they did not continue to report these falsehoods, viewers would be alienated and switch to rival conservative networks like Newsmax and OANN, impacting corporate profitability.
Internal texts and other products of discovery against Fox revealed that Tucker Carlson privately doubted the false claims that the 2020 election was stolen and mocked Trump advisors, including Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell. Less than three weeks after the 2020 presidential election, Carlson also publicly cast doubt on Powell's claims pointing out on his show that she never provided his producers or Trump campaign officials with any evidence to support her allegations against Dominion. Carlson texted to Laura Ingraham, "Sidney Powell is lying by the way. I caught her. It's insane" and "Our viewers are good people and they believe it." Carlson texted to Sean Hannity, saying Fox News White House correspondent Jacqui Heinrich should be fired for tweeting a fact-check of false claims Trump made about Dominion. He wrote "Please get her fired. Seriously ... What the fuck? I'm actually shocked ... It needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down. Not a joke", and said he "just went crazy on" a Fox executive over Heinrich's reporting. Hannity replied that he had already spoken to Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott. By the next morning, Heinrich's tweet had been deleted.
In early 2023, Rupert Murdoch acknowledged in a deposition that some Fox News personalities were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false.
Former Fox producer Abby Grossberg filed a lawsuit against Fox News in March 2023, alleging she had been pressured by Fox attorneys to provide misleading testimony to implicate herself and her manager Bartiromo.
Summary judgment
On March31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is crystal clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered the case to trial on April17 to determine if the network had acted with actual malice. Davis rejected the assertion of Fox News that the content in question should be treated as "pure opinion" protected by the First Amendment, ruling that the content was either assertions of fact or "mixed opinion." He added that even if the content were pure opinion, "accusations of criminal activity, even in the form of opinion, are not constitutionally protected." Davis forbade Fox News from invoking at trial the fair report privilege that protects journalists from liability for reporting on what they observe others say.
Dominion expected to question several prominent hosts and executives, whom Fox News later said it "intends to make available" at trial. Judge Davis said on April5 that he would not quash a Dominion subpoena for the testimony of Rupert Murdoch, Lachlan Murdoch, or Paul Ryan, who is a Fox Corporation board member. He further ruled that no testimony during the trial should mention the January6 attack, calling it "a really big issue that has to be stayed away from" and noting that only one of the broadcasts in question had occurred after that date. "I don't see January6 as relevant in this case," he said, adding "I know that probably shocks everyone". However, Davis said witnesses could be asked about strategic decisions made after the attack; he noted an email in which Rupert Murdoch said Fox was "pivoting as far as possible" after January6.
Davis also prohibited Fox News from telling the jury the network's coverage had news value, an argument Fox had intended to emphasize, warning that if it was mentioned "I would have to tell the jury that newsworthiness is not a defense to defamation." Dominion attorneys told Davis they had learned only recently that Murdoch was an officer of Fox News, not merely of Fox Corporation as Fox attorneys had led them to believe, which limited Dominion's access to documents during discovery. A Dominion attorney said it "really affected how we have litigated this case," and Davis said it may have caused him to make "an entirely wrong decision" when he had recently narrowed the scope of the case. A Fox attorney said the Murdoch officer title was simply an honorific. Davis said the next day that he planned to appoint a special master to investigate whether Fox News had lied to the court to withhold evidence; Davis also sanctioned Fox by allowing Dominion to depose additional witnesses. In an April 14 letter to Davis, a Fox News attorney apologized for the "misunderstanding" regarding Murdoch's role, saying Fox "never intended to omit information ... to mislead the Court or evade the question." Davis appointed the special master on the first day of the trial.
Trial
On April13, jury selection began. On April16, the night before the trial was scheduled to begin, Judge Davis announced a one-day delay, without any further details, reportedly having asked the parties to try to settle. CNN later reported the delay was to allow veteran mediator Jerry Roscoe time to attempt to reach a deal.
On April 18, the trial was set to begin with opening statements, but was delayed again for the final time. The rules stipulated that reporters in the courtroom would not have been allowed to access the internet nor broadcast audio or video.
Settlement
With the jury seated and attorneys about to make their opening statements, Davis announced Dominion and Fox News had reached a settlement. Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5million. At the time of the settlement, Fox Corporation had $4.1billion cash on hand. Deadline Hollywood reported that the payment would be tax-deductible for Fox. The settlement was one of the largest defamation settlements in U.S. history, and is believed to be the largest defamation settlement in U.S. history by a media organization.
Fox released a statement saying, in part, "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false. This settlement reflects Fox's continued commitment to the highest journalistic standards." The settlement did not require Fox News to apologize for any wrongdoing in its programming.
Reactions and analysis
Prior to settlement
Elon University School of Law professor Enrique Armijo said that it is "so rare to have such contemporaneous evidence of a defamation defendant's state of mind when the statements are being made". First Amendment attorney Martin Garbus told the New York Times "there has never been a case like this. It's going to be a dramatic moment in American history."
Howard Kurtz, host of the Fox News program Media Buzz, called the case "a major test of the First Amendment". Kurtz had two weeks earlier told his viewers that the network would not allow him to discuss the case.
After the settlement
Fox News' coverage of the settlement was minimal relative to that of other major news outlets.
On April 24, 2023, Fox News announced that Tucker Carlson had agreed to depart the network. It was reported that Carlson had been fired by Murdoch in the wake of the aforementioned Grossberg lawsuit, but that the firing was connected to the suit's allegations of an antisemitic and misogynist culture among the Tucker Carlson Tonight staff, and not the Dominion suit.
Notes
References
External links
Dominion Voting Systems v Fox Corporation, Superior Court of the State of Delaware, Complaint, Submitted March 15, 2022.
Dominion Voting Systems v Fox Corporation, Superior Court of the State of Delaware, Brief in Support of Dominion Motion for Summary Judgment on Liability of Fox News Network, Public version filed February 16, 2023.
Dominion Voting Systems v Fox Corporation, Summary Judgment, Submitted March 22, 2023, Decided March 31, 2023.
April 2023 events in the United States
Delaware law
Fox News criticisms and controversies
Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election
United States defamation case law
2023 in United States case law |
5934705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholeness%20and%20the%20Implicate%20Order | Wholeness and the Implicate Order | Wholeness and the Implicate Order is a book by theoretical physicist David Bohm. It was originally published in 1980 by Routledge, Great Britain.
The book is considered a basic reference for Bohm's concepts of undivided wholeness and of implicate and explicate orders, as well as of Bohm's rheomode - an experimental language based on verbs. The book is cited, for example, by philosopher Steven M. Rosen in his book The Self-evolving Cosmos, by mathematician and theologian Kevin J. Sharpe in his book David Bohm's World, by theologian Joseph P. Farrell in Babylon's Banksters, and by theologian John C. Polkinghorne in his book One World.
Chapters
Fragmentation and wholeness
The rheomode – an experiment with language and thought
Reality and knowledge considered as process
Hidden variables in the quantum theory
Quantum theory as an indication of a new order in physics, Part A: The development of new orders as shown through the history of physics
Quantum theory as an indication of a new order in physics, Part B: Implicate and explicate order in physical law
The enfolding-unfolding universe and consciousness
References
David Bohm: Wholeness and the Implicate Order, 1980, Routledge, (Master e-book ISBN, reprint 2005)
See also
Process philosophy
1980 non-fiction books
Metaphysics books
Science books
Philosophy of science books
Cognitive science literature
Routledge books |
36198776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir%2C%20Razavi%20Khorasan | Kabir, Razavi Khorasan | Kabir (, also Romanized as Kabīr) is a village in Chenaran Rural District, in the Central District of Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 198, in 55 families.
References
Populated places in Chenaran County |
31363245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain%20at%20the%201982%20Asian%20Games | Bahrain at the 1982 Asian Games | Bahrain participated in the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi, India on November 19 to December 4, 1982. Bahrain ended the games with single bronze only.
References
Nations at the 1982 Asian Games
1982
Asian Games |
66289239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly%20Mirrat-ul-Arifeen%20International | Monthly Mirrat-ul-Arifeen International | Mirrat-ul-Arifeen International is a monthly Urdu research magazine that has been continuously publishing since April 2000 from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The magazine publishes articles on global issues, current affairs, teachings of Islam, Quran, Sunnah, Ideology of Pakistan, Social issues, Kashmir issue, Sufism, teachings of Abdul Qadir Gilani and Sultan Bahoo, Iqbaliat, problems of the Islamic world and their solutions, challenges facing by the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and other intellectual and scientific topics. Special issues are also published.
Name
The name of monthly Mirrat-ul-Arifeen International is inspired by a famous book of the grandson of Muhammad Imam Hussain "Mirrat-ul-Arifeen". "Mirrat" means "Mirror" and Arif (singular of Arifeen) "is one who knows and recognizes Allah Almighty". The purpose of naming "Mirrat-ul-Arifeen" is to publish this magazine in relation to Sultan-ul-Arifeen, Sultan Bahoo and to present the teachings of other mystics (Sufis) in this mirror (monthly magazine).
Mirrat-ul-Arifeen was launched from Shrine of Sultan Bahoo at the platform of "Islahi Jamaat and Aalmi Tanzeem-ul-Arifeen". It was formally established in April 2000 under the supervision and guidance of its founder Sultan Muhammad Asghar Ali.
See also
Global Science
List of magazines in Pakistan
References
2000 establishments in Pakistan
Magazines established in 2000
Magazines published in Pakistan
Monthly magazines published in Pakistan
Urdu-language magazines |
6661524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bicycle%20Thief%20%28band%29 | The Bicycle Thief (band) | The Bicycle Thief is an American alternative rock band fronted by Bob Forrest. After a break from the music industry after the demise of his previous band, Thelonious Monster, Forrest started jamming with Josh Klinghoffer (a friend of Forrest's girlfriend's brother) and in 1997 they played a covers gig and Forrest started recording demos on a four-track. After Goldenvoice's Paul Tollett offered him a deal he and Klinghoffer recorded The Bicycle Thief's debut, joined on the album by Kevin Fitzgerald (Geraldine Fibbers). This was Klinghoffer's first recording experience and he contributed guitars, keyboards, and on some tracks the drums.
Their only studio album is You Come and Go Like a Pop Song, released in 1999, and re-released with modified track listing and artwork in 2001. For the 10th anniversary of the band in 2009, a live album, The Way It Used to Be (Live), was released on Bob Forrest's website. In 2020, for the 21st anniversary of the album, the band announced it would be reissuing the album on vinyl and the album also appeared on Spotify for the first time. The band played a livestream concert in September 2020.
Just previous to the Red Hot Chili Peppers' release of I'm with You, Klinghoffer and Forrest performed songs live on the latter's radio show in July 2011. Then on October 3, 2013, (Klinghoffer's birthday) the band reunited and played live at the Hard Rock Hotel in Palm Springs. Their next performance was the Save Music in Chinatown benefit concert in Los Angeles on October 19, 2014, the first public performance of the band in 13 years. They reunited again on October 12, 2019, and played live at Alo House Silver Lake.
Discography
Studio albums
You Come and Go Like a Pop Song (1999/2001)
Compilations albums
Rare (2014)
Birthday Cake Rarities (2020)
Live albums
The Way It Used to Be (2009)
Singles
Stoned +2 (2001)
References
External links
Official website (via archive.org)
Alternative rock groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
1997 establishments in California |
18167896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalakov | Abalakov | Abalakov is a surname. People with this surname include:
Alexander Abalakov (born 1959), Russian politician
Vitaly Abalakov (1906-1986), Soviet mountaineer
Yevgeniy Abalakov (1907-1948), Soviet mountaineer, brother of Vitaly
See also
Abalakov thread, an ice protection device named after Vitaly Abalakov |
53130140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses%20in%20Mari%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9%20L%C3%A1zn%C4%9B | Trolleybuses in Mariánské Lázně | The Mariánské Lázně trolleybus system forms part of the public transport network in Mariánské Lázně, in the Czech Republic. The spa town located in the western part of the Czech Republic is one of the smallest towns in the world that still has an operating trolleybus system. It was established as a replacement for older no longer adequate tram system and went into operation on 27 April 1952, when Mariánské Lázně was in Czechoslovakia. The very first vehicles to operate the newly established network were Škoda 7Tr. Since 2006 the public transport in Mariánské Lázně is operated by Městská Doprava Mariánské Lázně s. r. o. company.
The new trolleybus system not only connected railway station with the city centre, which a tram line trolleybuses replaced did as well, but also extended the operation to other town areas. Over the years the reach of the network extended practically to all directions connecting all major parts of the town. At its peak size, the system served the following terminus stations: "Antoníčkův pramen", "Panská pole", "Goethovo náměstí", "City Service", "Velká Hleďsebe" and "Lesní pramen". However, the service to Lesní pramen was suspended from 1979 to 1986 and then finally ended in 1996. The remaining trolleybus wires in this section were removed in 2012.
Trolleybus lines in operation
There are currently 4 trolleybus lines in operation in Mariánské Lázně. Lines 6 and 7 require hybrid (currently diesel/electric) trolleybuses to service small parts of the network not-equipped with overhead wires.
Post Velvet Revolution history
Since the fall of the communism in 1989 the system had to deal with under-maintenance and a few attempts to close the system. Thanks to two waves of last-minute support, first in 2004-2006 and the second one since 2017 lasting up until now, the system persisted up until today.
Late 90s and early 2000s
Since the second half of 1990s the town's council tried to get rid of the trolleybus network claiming high maintenance costs. The fact the network was under-maintained and the vehicles were old did not make the situation any better. However, thanks to strong citizen reactions against the removal of such network it was finally decided to purchase new trolleybuses. In between the years 2004 and 2006 seven new Škoda 24tr vehicles were purchased, partially using EU funds.
One of the Škoda 24Tr vehicles was a prototype and started its service in 2004 after which all the other newer trolleybuses started appearing in the town. Another was initially designed for Zlín, but as it caught fire while transported to Zlín the public transport company there decided to reject this vehicle. However it was repaired by Škoda Transportation and was later in operation in Mariánské Lázně with an unusual colour combination. Three of 7 Škoda 24Tr units were equipped with a diesel generator to extend the trolleybus network reach.
2012
Since 2012 only 2 older Škoda 14Tr vehicles remained as a backup. However another Škoda 14TrM (a modernized version of Škoda 14Tr) was purchased from the public transport company in Plzeň in the same year.
2013 – 2015
Another attempt to close the system started with the council's decision made in September 2013. It was decided to slowly replace trolleybuses with buses and eventually battery powered buses. Other quicker variant of stopping the service sooner was not possible as there was an EU restriction in place on a new bus terminal near the main train station which is also used by trolleybuses. Since EU fond helped financing the terminal they expected it to stay intact and work the way it was designed to at least till 2017.
Since a new town council was elected and the new representatives decided to open talks with public and with specialists, which claimed trolleybuses with batteries are more feasible than plain battery powered buses, it was decided the trolleybus network will stay. The following pros were stated in favour of the existing trolleybus network:
Although maintenance cost are slightly higher than in case of battery buses, the infrastructure is already there and there is no need to build new charging stations
There is currently very little experience with plain battery powered buses
Battery buses would need more batteries to be able to cover the same area current trolleybus and bus network cover and therefore (as the batteries are heavy) would consume more power than trolleybuses equipped with less batteries only enough to extend the wired network
Trolleybus network is more reliable as the power input is ensured over the static wires, while with batteries only there is a higher chance something may go wrong – e.g. in Berlin the electro-bus reliability is about 40% and that is not feasible for a small town like Mariánské Lázně where such vehicles would take over the whole transportation system and where even a small issue would be felt
Trolleybuses with batteries can charge while in operation so there is less or even no need for the vehicles to keep still and wait until they charge
Trolleybus network may attract some tourists, especially an unusual network such as the one in Mariánské Lázně
2018 - 2020
In 2018 the two remaining Škoda 14Tr trolleybuses that were in operation in Mariásnké Lázně since the beginning were sold to Lviv. Then in July 2019 the last remaining Škoda 14TrM was sold as well.
In August 2019 the public transport company in Mariánské Lázně signed up a contract with Škoda Electric purchasing 8 new Škoda 30Tr trolleybuses equipped with batteries to allow autonomous operation for sections outside wires. These new vehicles were then delivered in April and May 2020. All the Škoda 24Tr trolleybuses were removed starting from March 2020 up until August 2020.
The wired network state
Generally the trolleybus centenary state seen in Mariánské Lázně is the worst in the Czech Republic. At first sight it is obvious the network was under-maintained for a long time. Unlike other Czech trolleybus systems some components are very old including switches, some of which are still the ancient high angle Power-on/Power-off types. Newer radio-controlled switches only started appearing in 2013 and are second-hand merchandise from Plzeň. Those aspects of the system make restrictions on how fast the trolleybuses can run as in some areas the state of the network is pretty bad. Another major issue is the old and outgoing substation which is in the need of a quick replacement.
Current fleet
The below table lists all trolleybuses currently in operation in Mariánské Lázně.
References
External links
1952 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Mariánské Lázně
Mariánské Lázně
Mariánské Lázně |
67199670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queed | Queed | Queed is a 1911 novel by Henry Sydnor Harrison, which was the fourth-best selling book in the United States for 1911, and is considered one of Harrison's best novels, along with 1913's V.V.'s Eyes.
Book
Queed was Harrison's second novel (after 1910's Captivating Mary Carstairs, released under a pseudonym). It is the story of an eccentric young scholar who arrives in Richmond, Virginia to seek out his unknown father, and "gradually awakens to an awareness of the complexities of Southern society and himself." The book was popular, and had favorable reviews.(July 1911). Queed, The Atlantic (advertising supplement with positive quotes from reviews) The Nation compared it positively to Mark Twain, and The New York Times called it "altogether an unusual performance in both its interest and ability ..." The humorous poet Arthur Guiterman wrote: "Of all the books I've chanced to read, The best, beyond comparison, Is of the misanthropic Queed, by Henry Sydnor Harrison." And while H. L. Mencken later called Harrison a "merchant of mush," he found the book to be "immensely amusing" despite some flaws.Mencken, H.L. (July 1911). Novels for Hot Afternoons, The Smart Set
Stage adaptation
A plan to put on a stage adaptation of Queed formed and languished under Broadway producer Sam H. Harris. Actor and playwright Gilbert Emery wrote the play version, and the cast included Grant Mitchell, Clay Clement, Albert Bruning, T. Jerome Lawlor, and Walter Edwin, and was directed by Priestly Morrison. However, the play never made it to New York after being rated poorly in trial runs in New Jersey and Connecticut.Theatre Playbill and Program Collection, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida Repository The Asbury Park Press reviewer wrote that despite their great expectations, it was a poor play.
References
External links
Queed at Project Gutenberg
Queed via Google Books
1911 American novels
Novels set in Richmond, Virginia |
2076849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef%20%28disambiguation%29 | Beef (disambiguation) | Beef is the meat from cattle.
Beef may also refer to:
People
Beef (Nitro Girl), a stage name of professional wrestler Rhonda Sing with the Nitro Girls
Beef (rapper), American rapper
"Beef", nickname of English golfer Andrew Johnston
Entertainment
Beef (band), a Dutch reggae fusion band
Beef (comics), a character in the Marvel universe
Beef (film), a 2003 documentary film about hip hop feuds, also called beefs
Beef (soundtrack), a 2023 soundtrack album
Television
Beef (TV series), a 2023 Netflix comedy drama series
"Beef" (The Bear), a second-season episode of The Bear
"Beef" (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit), an eleventh-season episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Other uses
"Beef", quarrying term for fibrous calcite veins found within some types of mudstones
"Beef", slang for a public or personal feud with another person, popularly used in hip hop music
Beef Creek, a stream in South Dakota
Big Explosives Experimental Facility
British Energy Efficiency Federation |
59642403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice%20Tomczak | Beatrice Tomczak | Beatrice Kathrin Tomczak (born 28 June 1995) is a Polish-German ice dancer who has represented Hungary in the 2018/2019 season.
Competitive highlights
Hungary
Poland
External links
Polish female ice dancers
Hungarian female ice dancers
1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Łódź |
13109454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selters%20%28Verbandsgemeinde%29 | Selters (Verbandsgemeinde) | Selters (Westerwald) is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district Westerwaldkreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The seat of the Verbandsgemeinde is in Selters.
The Verbandsgemeinde Selters (Westerwald) consists of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
Verbandsgemeinde in Rhineland-Palatinate |
37221651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa%20Rican%20Athletics%20Federation | Costa Rican Athletics Federation | The Costa Rican Athletics Federation (FECOA; Federación Costarricense de Atletismo) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in Costa Rica. Current president is Geen Clarke.
History
FECOA was founded in 1960.
Affiliations
FECOA is the national member federation for Costa Rica in the following international organisations:
International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association (NACAC)
Association of Panamerican Athletics (APA)
Asociación Iberoamericana de Atletismo (AIA; Ibero-American Athletics Association)
Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation (CACAC)
Confederación Atlética del Istmo Centroamericano (CADICA; Central American Isthmus Athletic Confederation)
Moreover, it is part of the following national organisations:
Costa Rican National Olympic Committee (CONCRC; Comité Olímpico Nacional de Costa Rica)
National records
FECOA maintains the Costa Rican records in athletics.
External links
FECOA on Facebook
References
Costa Rica
Athletics
Athletics in Costa Rica
National governing bodies for athletics
Sports organizations established in 1960 |
34636255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciota%20rungsi | Sciota rungsi | Sciota rungsi is a species of snout moth in the genus Sciota. It was described by Patrice J.A. Leraut in 2002. It is found in Spain.
References
Moths described in 2002
Phycitini
Moths of Europe |
51356207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angga%20Dwimas%20Sasongko | Angga Dwimas Sasongko | Angga Dwimas Sasongko (born 11 January 1985 in Jakarta) is an Indonesian film director. He studied at University of Indonesia with a major in political science. His career began when he was 19 years old. In 2008, he founded Visinema Pictures, an award-winning Film Production Company based in Jakarta, Indonesia.
He had created dozens of TV commercial videos, hundreds of Music Videos, one feature documentary and five feature films. His second film, Hari Untuk Amanda (2010) was nominated in Citra Award 2010 for 8 categories including Best Director, Best Actor (Oka Antara), Best Actress (Fanny Fabriana) and Best Picture.
With his film Cahaya Dari Timur: Beta Maluku (We Are Moluccans), he became the youngest ever producer to win a Citra Award for Best Picture in Festival Film Indonesia, the country's most prestigious film award.
His other films also gained recognition and appreciation both from the Indonesian and international film industry, including Surat Dari Praha (Letters from Prague) (2016), Indonesia's official entry for the Academy Awards' Best Foreign Language Film. His other films are Hari Untuk Amanda (2009), Filosofi Kopi (2015), Bukaan 8 (2017) and Filosofi Kopi 2: Ben & Jodi (2017).
He is one of Indonesia's most respected film directors and the first in the country to collaborate with Fox International Production for Wiro Sableng (212 Warrior) (2018).
Biography
Angga won his first award when Cahaya Dari Timur: Beta Maluku (We Are Moluccans) awarded the Best Picture award at the 2014 Indonesian Film Festival (FFI).
In 2014, Angga directing and producing Filosofi Kopi, an adaptation of Dewi "Dee" Lestari's eponymous short story. The movie also received both national and international award, as well as two Citra Awards for best adapted screenplay (Jenny Jusuf) and best editing (Ahsan Andrian) at the 2016 Indonesian Film Festival (FFI). Filosofi Kopi has been screened in many International Film Festival, including Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival and BiFan.
In 2016, Angga directing Surat dari Praha (Letters from Prague), a film dealing with the expulsion of Indonesian students from the country in 1965. The movie earned critical success and won numerous awards including Best Film, Best Actor and Best Director at the 2016 Usmar Ismail Award.
Angga also known as an activist who work for Green Music Foundation that he managed together with musician Glenn Fredly. Green Music Foundation, initiated a social movement named Save Mentawai in response to the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami. Angga also known as initiator of Pondok Cerdas Indonesia atau PONDASI Project, a library based community learning center built in several rural area, the library built for the first time in South Mapinang Village and Pasapuat Village, Mentawai.
Awards and nominations
Filmography
Foto Kotak dan Jendela (2006)
Jelangkung 3 (2007)
Musik Hati (2008)
Hari Untuk Amanda (2009)
Cahaya Dari Timur: Beta Maluku (2013)
Filosofi Kopi (2015)
Surat Dari Praha (2016)
Bukaan 8 (2017)
Filosofi Kopi 2 (2017)
212 Warrior (2018)
One Day We'll Talk About Today (2020)
Stealing Raden Saleh (2022)
A Long Way to Come Home (2023)
References
1985 births
Living people
Mass media people from Jakarta
Minahasa people
Citra Award winners
Indonesian directors
Indonesian film directors
Indonesian producers
Indonesian film producers |
50249962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20Couple%20%28Brazilian%20TV%20series%29 | Power Couple (Brazilian TV series) | Power Couple, also known as Power Couple Brasil, is a Brazilian reality competition based on the Israeli television series . The series premiered on Tuesday, April 12, 2016 at 10:30 p.m. on RecordTV.
The show features celebrity couples living under one roof and facing extreme challenges that will test how well they really know each other. Each week, a couple will be eliminated until the last couple wins the grand prize.
The first two seasons were hosted by Roberto Justus. From seasons three to four, Gugu Liberato replaced Justus as the host and production moved from São Paulo to Itapecerica da Serra. From season five onwards, Adriane Galisteu replaced Gugu (dead since late–2019), thus becoming the show's first female host.
The fifth season was originally expected to air in 2020, but production was postponed to 2021 due to safety concerns resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Season chronology
Records
Highest number of rejections
Spin-offs
Power Couple Live
An online spin-off show titled Power Couple Live was originally presented by Gianne Albertoni. The show is broadcast live on Facebook after every episode and is also available on-demand via R7 Play. It features interviews with the newly eliminated couples, as well special guests and exclusive content across social media sites like YouTube. For season 2, Albertoni was replaced by Junno Andrade who presented until the third season, with Dani Bavoso reading questions from netizens.
In fourth season, the couple Flávia Viana and Marcelo Zangrandi assume the presentation, also counting on the youtubers Tati Martins and Marcelo Carlos, from the WebTVBrasileira channel, as commentators. The fifth season passed to the command of Lidi Lisboa and the return of Dani Bavoso.
Podcast Power Couple
Since 2021, Dani Bavoso also started to present a podcast, available on YouTube and streaming platforms, interviewing couples who have been through the program in previous seasons.
Ratings
References
External links
on R7.com
2016 Brazilian television series debuts
2022 Brazilian television series endings
Brazilian reality television series
Portuguese-language television shows
RecordTV original programming |
20918254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunstall%20Hills | Tunstall Hills | Tunstall Hills is an area of open space in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England. It is a Local Nature Reserve and Tunstall Hills And Ryhope Cutting has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest both for its geological and biological importance. The area consists of Green Hill and Rocky Hill and surrounding land.
Historically these hills have been also named the Maidens Paps because of their shape.
Flora
Gentle slopes on the Maiden Paps support species-rich Magnesian Limestone grassland dominated by upright brome Bromus erectus, blue moor-grass Sesleria albicans, crested hair-grass Koeleria macrantha, red fescue Festuca rubra, glaucous sedge Carex flacca and herbs such as common rock-rose Helianthemum nummularia, salad burnet Sanguisorba minor, fairy flax Linum catharticum, wild thyme Thymus praecox, pignut Conopodium majus, small scabious Scabiosa columbaria and sea plantain Plantago maritima. Of particular note is a small population of perennial flax Linum anglicum, which occurs here towards the northern limit of its distribution range in Great Britain, and locally uncommon plants such as frog orchid Coeloglossum viride, autumn gentian Gentianella amarella, purple milk-vetch Astragalus danicus and thrift Armeria maritima. Steep south-facing slopes above the reclaimed railway line support a more open, herb-rich grassland characterised by common quaking-grass Briza media, blue moorgrass, crested hair-grass and red fescue with yarrow Achillea millefolium, hairy violet Viola hirta, hoary ragwort Senecio erucifolius, and fragrant orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. Other uncommon plants include pale St. John's-wort Hypericum montanum, lesser meadow-rue Thalictrum minus, and black bryony Tamus communis.
See also
List of mountains in England
Maiden Paps
Breast shaped hills
References
External links
Tunstall Hills Protection Group
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Tyne and Wear
Local Nature Reserves in Tyne and Wear |
23688689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil%20Albeda | Wil Albeda | Willem "Wil" Albeda (13 June 1925 – 6 May 2014) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and later of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and economist.
Albeda attended a gymnasium in Leeuwarden from May 1937 until March 1943. During the German occupation Albeda wanted to continue his study but in March 1943 he refused to sign a loyalty oath to the German occupation authority but to escape prosecution he was forced to enlist in the Arbeitslager in the German armored production industry in Oberhausen. Following the end of World War II Albeda served as a translator for the United States Army from March 1945 until May 1945. Albeda worked as a civil servant for the Fiscal Information and Investigation Service (FIOD) of the Ministry of Finance from May 1945 until June 1945 and for the Central Bank of the Netherlands from June 1945 until November 1945. Albeda applied at the Rotterdam School of Economics in April 1946 majoring in Economics obtaining a Bachelor of Economics degree in June 1947 before graduating with a Master of Economics degree on 8 December 1950. Albeda worked as a researcher at the Netherlands Economic Institute from April 1948 until September 1951. Albeda worked a financial adviser for the National Christian Trade unions (CNV) from September 1951 until January 1960. Albeda applied at the Free University Amsterdam in July 1952 for a postgraduate education in Development economics and got an doctorate as an Doctor of Philosophy in Development economics on 22 February 1957. Albeda worked as a researcher for Philips from January 1960 until November 1961. Albeda worked as a trade union leader for the National Christian Trade unions and served as General-Secretary from November 1961 until September 1966. Albeda worked as a professor of Development economics at the Rotterdam School of Economics from September 1966 until December 1977 and as a professor of Labour law at the Rotterdam School of Economics from January 1973 until December 1977 and as a professor of Labour law and Public administration at the Delft Institute of Technology from February 1973 until December 1977.
Albeda was elected as a Member of the Senate after the Senate election of 1960, taking office on 20 September 1966 serving as a frontbencher chairing the parliamentary committee for General Affairs and parliamentary committee for Economic Affairs and spokesperson for Economic Affairs, Social Affairs, Development Cooperation and Development aid. Albeda was selected as Parliamentary leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party in the Senate following the appointed of Gaius de Gaay Fortman as Minister of the Interior in the Cabinet Den Uyl, taking office on 11 May 1973. After the election of 1977 Albeda was appointed as Minister of Social Affairs in the Cabinet Van Agt–Wiegel, taking office on 19 December 1977. In April 1981 Albeda announced that he wouldn't stand for the election of 1981 but wanted tot return to the Senate. After the Senate election of 1981 Albeda returned as a Member of the Senate, taking office on 30 June 1981. Following the cabinet formation of 1981 Boersma was not giving a cabinet post in the new cabinet, the Cabinet Van Agt-Wiegel was replaced by the Cabinet Van Agt II on 11 September 1981 and he continued to serve in the Senate as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Economic Affairs and Social Affairs and deputy spokesperson for Finances.
Albeda became a distinguished professor of Economics at the Utrecht University, serving from 1 November 1981 until 1 January 1985 and also returned as a Member of the Social and Economic Council, serving from 1 December 1981 until 1 January 1985. In December 1984 Albeda was nominated as Director of the Scientific Council for Government Policy, serving from 1 January 1985 until 1 January 1990.
The Rotterdam-based Albeda College is named after him
Decorations
References
External links
Dr. W. (Wil) Albeda Parlement & Politiek
Dr. W. Albeda (CDA) Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal
1925 births
2014 deaths
Anti-Revolutionary Party politicians
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Dutch development economists
Directors of the Scientific Council for Government Policy
Dutch academic administrators
Dutch expatriates in Germany
Dutch financial writers
Dutch nonprofit directors
Dutch World War II forced labourers
Dutch trade union leaders
Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni
Academic staff of Erasmus University Rotterdam
Grand Officers of the Order of Leopold II
Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Academic staff of Maastricht University
Members of the Senate (Netherlands)
Members of the Social and Economic Council
Ministers of Social Affairs of the Netherlands
Politicians from Rotterdam
Politicians from Maastricht
Public economists
Protestant Church Christians from the Netherlands
Reformed Churches Christians from the Netherlands
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam alumni
20th-century Dutch economists
20th-century Dutch male writers
20th-century Dutch politicians
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army civilians |
18539429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Current%20Chinese%20Affairs | Journal of Current Chinese Affairs | Journal of Current Chinese Affairs is a German academic journal (ISSN 0341-6631). The internationally refereed journal focuses on political, economic and social developments in the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
Editor
The Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, first published in 1972 as China aktuell, is edited by the GIGA Institute for Asian Studies (GIGA Institut für Asien-Studien). The journal, published three times a year, is part of the GIGA Journal Family of the German Institute for Global and Area Studies' (Hamburg). The journal's editorial board is led by Georg Strüver.
The GIGA Journal Family was funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) as a pilot project in open-access publishing. Since the beginning of 2009, the Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, and the other socio-scientific journals of the German Institute for Global and Area Studies, have been transformed into open-access journals. The institute also continues to publish print versions of all journals of current Chinese affairs.
Journal concept
The Journal of Current Chinese Affairs analyses current issues in political, social and economic life; culture; and development in contemporary China, including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. In addition, special background analyses examine important events in accordance with their respective contexts.
The Journal of Current Chinese Affairs reaches a broad readership in academic, administration, and business circles, but it is also intended for practitioners and general readers interested in contemporary China. The journal is included in the collections of various public and university libraries in Germany as well as overseas. To ensure the journal's quality, essays are evaluated in a double-blind peer-review process.
References
External links
Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
GIGA Journal Family
German Institute for Global and Area Studies
Academic journals established in 1972
Triannual journals
Political science journals
English-language journals
German-language journals |
18628387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaydzhi | Yaydzhi | Yaydzhi or Yaudzhi or Yayji or Yəyci or Yaycı may refer to:
Zovaber, Gegharkunik, Armenia
Zovaber, Syunik, Armenia
Yaycı, Azerbaijan
Aşağı Yayci, Azerbaijan
Yuxarı Yayci, Azerbaijan
Yājī-ye Āz̄arbāyjān, Azerbaijan
Yaycı, Iğdır, Turkey |
35108187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastas%20Kristo | Anastas Kristo | Anastas Kristo (born 5 July 1985) is an Albanian footballer, who most recently played for Adelaide Olympic.
Club career
Kristo, an Albanian with Italian citizenship is a former Maltese Premier League and Italian Serie C Scottish First Division professional player. He arrived in Australia in February 2010 and soon after signed a professional playing contract with the Dandenong Thunder for the 2010 season. In 2011 he joined Victorian Premier League team Moreland Zebras.
References
1975 births
Living people
20th-century Albanian sportspeople
21st-century Albanian sportspeople
Albanian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Frosinone Calcio players
Lija Athletic F.C. players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Dandenong Thunder SC players
Brunswick Juventus FC players
Albanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Malta
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Malta
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Australia
TSV Rain am Lech players |
52297994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Leeds%20Rhinos%20players | List of Leeds Rhinos players | This is a list of players who have played for Leeds Rhinos (formerly Leeds RLFC).
In 2015, the club completed the task of assigning a unique heritage number to all current and former first-team players, based on the date they debuted for the club. All subsequent players have also been assigned a heritage number, again based on the date they make their first-team debut. Players with honours are listed at list of Leeds Rhinos players with honours.
Leeds have awarded Heritage Numbers for games played during the First World War when formal competition was suspended (entire season 1915–16 to January 1919 when formal competition resumed). These games are not considered to be official matches as they were played on an informal basis, and games from 1917–18 to resumption of formal competition in 1919 were played with 12 players on each team due to a shortage of players. Appearances during these games are therefore not included in formal statistics of player's careers. Seasons with unofficial games only are marked with an asterisk ("*"). Appearances during the Second World War are treated as official games because formal competition continued throughout the war.
Players
References
External links |
50434833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSBF%20Group | LSBF Group | The LSBF Group is a UK-based group of private for-profit educational institutions whose "hub" institution is the London School of Business and Finance (LSBF). The group also includes the London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA) and the LSBF School of English (later rebranded as The Language Gallery). They are all owned by Global University Systems (GUS).
Background
The institutions of the LSBF Group, which describe themselves as "educational partners", are owned by Global University Systems BV, a private limited company based in the Netherlands. The founder, CEO, and majority shareholder of Global University Systems is the Russian-born entrepreneur Aaron Etingen who founded the London School of Business and Finance in 2003.
LSBF Group is one of the largest private education providers in the UK. According to The Guardian, after the market reforms of post-secondary education introduced by UK higher education minister David Willetts, the group expanded rapidly. St Patrick's College, London was also describing itself as "a member of the LSBF Group" in 2012 after it was bought by Etingen's company Interactive World Wide Limited. Together, the London School of Business and Finance and St Patrick's grew from 50 government-funded students in 2011 to approximately 6000 over the next two years. In 2013 LSBF and St Patrick's College collectively netted £13.5m in tuition fee payments, with their students receiving a total of £49m in government loans and grants. None of the LSBF Group's institutions have degree-awarding powers. As of 2016, their degree programs are validated by the Italian private online university Università telematica internazionale UniNettuno or the Paris-based institution École d'Art Maryse Eloy/Mod'Art International, depending on the subject.
In September 2015 the LSBF Group had its license to recruit non-European international students suspended by the UK government. That same month Global Education Systems announced plans for a two-year restructuring process of the group set to begin in mid-2016. According to John Cox, director of organisational development at GUS, the plan involves LSBF and its LCCA division coming under a new vocational entity offering only diploma courses, short courses and corporate training products. The vocational courses delivered by St Patrick's College and the Birmingham-based Finance Business Training would also come under this division. The University of Law would become sole provider of academic qualifications and professional qualifications, including the master's degrees previously offered by the LSBF Group.
Principal members
London School of Business and Finance (LSBF)
Not to be confused with London Business School or London School of Economics, the London School of Business and Finance was founded in 2003 by Aaron Etingen. It is located in central London with an international branch in Singapore. Formerly, it had additional branches in Manchester and Birmingham (branded as Finance Business Training or FBT) in the UK and in Toronto, Canada. As of 2019 it offered executive and corporate training, several undergraduate and graduate courses including an MBA validated and awarded by the Università telematica internazionale UniNettuno, and preparation for the ACCA, qualifications through its Finance Business Training division.
London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA)
Founded in 2011 by Aaron Etingen and the Israeli cellist Sagi Hartov who serves as its dean and director, the college is located in Holborn area of London and shares its campus with the London School of Business and Finance. According to a March 2015 review by the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education, LCCA is a school of LSBF, not an independent college. However, the reviewers noted that LCCA's prospectuses and website did not make this clear, and many students were unaware that they were actually enrolled in LSBF which had been presented simply as an "educational partner" of the college. As of 2019, LCCA (including its School of Fashion and Design division) offered continuing professional development and vocational training in various arts-related areas as well as undergraduate and post-graduate degrees delivered and validated by a number of UK and European institutions. It also offers one-to-one sessions with people working in various sectors of the fashion industry and work placement options.
LSBF School of English
The school began in 2008 as an adjunct to the London School of Business and Finance to provide English-language training for its students. Its original home was in the Bloomsbury area of London, and it subsequently established branches in Manchester and Birmingham in the UK and in Toronto, Canada. By 2013 it was catering to a total of 3,000 students. In 2014 it was re-branded as The Language Gallery. The school offers courses in general English and English for business purposes as well as preparation classes for the IELTS, Cambridge and TOEFL exams. With the acquisition of GISMA Business School by LBSF's parent company Global University Systems in 2013, a further campus was established in Hannover, Germany which provides German-language training and preparatory courses for the TestDaF language proficiency certificates. The Language Gallery's UK branches are accredited by the British Council.
References
For-profit universities and colleges in Europe
Further education colleges in England
Higher education colleges in England
Training companies of the United Kingdom
Education companies of the United Kingdom |
23423218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Brasileira%20de%20Beisebol%20e%20Softbol | Confederação Brasileira de Beisebol e Softbol | The Confederação Brasileira de Beisebol e Softbol is the confederation responsible for baseball and softball in Brazil. Founded in 1990, the CBBS is headquartered in São Paulo and has a mission to both organize the bat-and-ball games and popularize the sports in the country, as baseball is mostly restricted to the Japanese Brazilians. CBBS supports the Brazil national baseball team, and has 120 affiliated teams and 30,000 players.
References
External links
Site oficial da CBBS
Site oficial da IBAF
Site oficial da ISF
Fórum Strike Out
Site oficial da ABSBH
Sports governing bodies in Brazil
Baseball governing bodies
Softball governing bodies
Sports organizations established in 1990 |
28521980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C5%82%20Augustyn%20%28racewalker%29 | Rafał Augustyn (racewalker) | Rafał Augustyn (born 14 May 1984, in Dębica near Mielec) is a Polish race walker.
Achievements
Personal bests
Outdoor
3000 m walk – 11:17.82 (Sosnowiec 2011)
5000 m walk – 19:26.55 (Kraków 2011)
10,000 m walk – 40:37.73 (Warsaw 2006)
10 km walk – 39:47 (Kraków 2010)
20 km walk – 1:20:53 (Zaniemyśl 2012)
50 km walk – 3:43:55 (Dudince 2015)
Indoor
5000 m walk – 19:16.51 (Sopot 2014)
References
External links
Rafał Augustyn at the Polski Związek Lekkiej Atletyki
1984 births
Living people
Polish male racewalkers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Poland
People from Dębica
Athletes from Podkarpackie Voivodeship
World Athletics Championships athletes for Poland
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics |
28284189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrating%20shuttle | Vibrating shuttle | A vibrating shuttle is a bobbin driver design used in home lockstitch sewing machines during the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. It supplanted earlier transverse shuttle designs, but was itself supplanted by rotating shuttle designs.
Overview
In order to create a lockstitch a sewing machine intertwines two threads: an upper thread (descending with the needle into the workpiece from above) and a lower thread (ascending into the workpiece from the bobbin below). To intertwine them, the machine must pass its shuttle (containing the bobbin and the lower thread) through a loop temporarily created from the upper thread.
Early sewing machines of the 19th century oscillate their shuttles back and forth on linear horizontal tracks—an arrangement called a "transverse shuttle". A vibrating shuttle machine, by contrast, 'vibrates' its shuttle in a circular arc. This movement represents less total mechanical motion, which means less friction, less wear, higher maximum speed, and higher reliability than in a transverse shuttle system.
Early vibrating shuttle designs inherited the boat-shaped shuttle used in transverse shuttle machines, where the bobbin is inserted from the open side of the "boat". In the 1880s, bullet shuttles became dominant. The bullet shuttle is long and slender, shaped like a bullet, with a pointed tip that is sometimes called the hook. The bobbin inserts from the rear, and the tip is pointed for the purpose of intercepting the small loop temporarily created (by a brief upward needle motion) in the upper thread—see pictures below of its operation. The bobbin too is long and slender to fit inside the shuttle; in this regard it is very different than the fat rotary bobbins of later sewing machines.
History
Although popularized by Singer's 27/127 model series sewing machine, the vibrating shuttle was not invented at Singer.
Wilson
It was actually invented by Allen B. Wilson in 1850, just one year before he would invent the rotary hook design that would eventually prevail over all other lockstitch bobbin driver designs. Wilson's original patent is US patent 7776, granted 12 November 1850, with reissues RE345 on 22 January 1856 and RE414 on 9 December 1856. The second page of his patent, showing the shuttle in its arc, is shown at left.
He was soon beset with patent litigation from the owners of the John Bradshaw patent:
"He was approached by the owners of the Bradshaw 1848 patent, who claimed control of the double-pointed shuttle. Although this claim was without justification, as can be seen by examining the Bradshaw patent specifications, Wilson did not have sufficient funds to fight the claim. In order to avoid a suit, he relinquished to A. P. Kline and Edward Lee, a one-half interest in his U.S. patent 7,776 […]"
His machine "had a considerable sale, but was not satisfactory to its inventor, who set himself to work to produce something more practical"—a new rotary hook design.
Stephen French
In 1868, Stephen French, working at the Gold Medal Sewing Machine Company in Orange, Massachusetts, patented an improved method of driving the vibrating arm. He used this mechanism in his designs of both the "Home Shuttle" sewing machine (from Johnson, Clark & Co., a related enterprise) and the Gold Medal "Home" sewing machine. (The next model designed by Gold Medal, in 1878, was called the "New Home", and it proved so popular that the company was reincorporated as the New Home Sewing Machine Company in 1882.)
Porter and Baker
In 1876,the White Sewing Machine Company developed a machine around the vibrating shuttle which became the company's flagship product—so much so that it was originally named the "White Sewing Machine", only later taking the name "White Vibrating Shuttle" when a rotary hook model was added to the product line.
Whitehill
The vibrating shuttle's next development came in 1885, at the hands of Scottish immigrant Robert Whitehill. He designed a new machine around it which Singer bought and popularized.
The initial design of the Porter/Baker shuttle would change little throughout the 86 years that it would remain in production at White and then at Singer. This can be seen in the following shuttle-threading diagrams taken from the White and Singer instruction manuals:
Operation
The following photo gallery shows the vibrating shuttle cycling through a single stitch. In the pictures, the silver sliding covers have been opened to show the operation of the shuttle; normally they would be closed to prevent interference between the workpiece and the shuttle.
Obsolescence
The vibrating shuttle was a significant innovation towards the goal of a simple, fast, and reliable lockstitch sewing machine, and the design remained popular for decades. Indeed, even twenty-five years later, on 10 October 1910, Singer was awarded US patent 1005177 for a new shuttle-ejector mechanism for it. (The improvement is one of those incorporated into the 'modernized' models 127 and 128 that replaced the 27 and 28.)
Later sewing machines abandoned such designs in favor of the faster rotary and/or hook-based designs.
Rotary and hook-based designs are superior because they do not cause their sewing machine to shake and 'walk' the way that vibrating and transverse shuttles do. Vibrating shuttle machines nevertheless remained in production until the 1960s.
References
American inventions
Sewing
Sewing machines |
57229405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelotes%20tenuis | Zelotes tenuis | Zelotes tenuis is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It is found in a range from Mediterranean to Russia (Caucasus), has been introduced into Galapagos Islands, and the United States.
References
Gnaphosidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Spiders described in 1866 |
26193322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailello%20hui%20Daimine | Ailello hui Daimine | Ailello hui Daimine (died 749) was the 20th King of Uí Maine.
The Annals of Tigernach report of him "Bass Ailello h-ui Daimine, ríg h-Úa Maine", though it does not provide the details or context of his death.
He does not seem to appear in the genealogies and, besides an apparent relationship to king Dunchadh ua Daimhine (died 780), does not seem to have left any notable progeny.
Notes
References
Annals of Ulster at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Annals of Tigernach at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Revised edition of McCarthy's synchronisms at Trinity College Dublin.
Byrne, Francis John (2001), Irish Kings and High-Kings, Dublin: Four Courts Press,
External links
Commentary by Dan M. Wiley (The Cycles of the Kings Web Project)
Nobility from County Galway
Nobility from County Roscommon
745 deaths
8th-century Irish monarchs
Kings of Uí Maine
Year of birth unknown |
62198288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinda%20Ndlovu | Madinda Ndlovu | Madinda Ndlovu (born 2 May 1965) is a Zimbabwean former footballer and manager currently in charge of Botswana Premier League club Gaborone United. He is generally considered one of the greatest Zimbabwean players of all time.
After retiring Ndlovu began his managerial career as head coach of his boyhood club Highlanders in 1998. He first came to Botswana as the manager of Township Rollers in 2005 but lasted only two seasons before joining fellow Botswana Premier League club Nico United, helping them to a highest-ever league finish.
Honours
Manager
Highlanders, 2019
Mochudi Centre Chiefs
Botswana Premier League:2
2011-12, 2012-13
Township Rollers
Botswana Premier League:1
2013-14
Orapa United
Mascom Top 8 Cup: 1
2015-16
References
1965 births
Living people
Zimbabwean football managers |
40179245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba%20Colony%2C%20Mexico | Manitoba Colony, Mexico | Manitoba Colony is a large community of Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites mostly north of Ciudad Cuauhtémoc in the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. It was founded in 1922 by Old Colony Mennonites from Manitoba, Canada and consisted originally of 47 villages. It is the largest and oldest Mennonite colony in Mexico.
In 1926 the Manitoba settlement consisted of 3,340 persons, in 1949 the number had grown to 7,706, and in 1953 the number was 8,768. In 1987 the total population of the Manitoba settlement was around 12,500 persons and 17,000 in 2006.
Adjacent to Manitoba Colony is Swift Current Colony. Further to the north are the Ojo de la Yegua Colony (Nordkolonie), Santa Rita Colony, and Santa Clara Colony. West of Santa Rita Colony is Los Jagueyes Colony (Quellenkolonie). Altogether these Mennonite colonies stretch over 100 km and have some 50,000 Mennonite residents (2015).
References
Canadian diaspora in Mexico
Old Colony Mennonites
Russian Mennonite diaspora in Mexico |
46326830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20International%20Championship | 2015 International Championship | The 2015 International Championship was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 25 October and 1 November 2015 at the Baihu Media Broadcasting Centre in Daqing, China. It was the third ranking event of the 2015/2016 season.
Ricky Walden was the defending champion, but he lost 4–6 against Tian Pengfei in the qualifying round.
John Higgins won his 28th ranking title, defeating David Gilbert 10–5 in the final.
Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:
Winner: £125,000
Runner-up: £65,000
Semi-final: £30,000
Quarter-final: £17,500
Last 16: £12,000
Last 32: £7,000
Last 64: £4,000
Televised highest break: £1,000
Total: £657,000
Wildcard round
These matches were played on 25 October 2015.
Main draw
Final
Qualifying
These matches took place between 30 September and 3 October 2015 in Barnsley, England. Matches involved Ricky Walden, Liang Wenbo, Ding Junhui and Stuart Bingham, were played on 25 October 2015 in China. All matches were best of 11 frames.
Century breaks
Qualifying stage centuries
142 Mark Allen
136, 111 Liam Highfield
134 Shaun Murphy
133, 106 Marco Fu
133 Matthew Selt
132, 121 Luca Brecel
131 Ben Woollaston
131 Mark Joyce
129, 125 Jack Lisowski
128 Sanderson Lam
122 Michael Holt
120 Rod Lawler
120 Dechawat Poomjaeng
118 Mark Selby
110 Allan Taylor
105 Adam Duffy
105 Ryan Day
104 Thepchaiya Un-Nooh
104 Peter Ebdon
103 Yu Delu
103 Lee Walker
102 Anthony McGill
102 Cao Yupeng
100 Ali Carter
Televised stage centuries
142 Zhao Xintong
141, 108 Jimmy Robertson
138, 129, 113, 108, 106, 103, 101 John Higgins
138, 115 Zhou Yuelong
138 Cao Yupeng
137, 106, 105, 101, 100 Marco Fu
137 Ben Woollaston
130, 112, 112, 105, 100 David Gilbert
127, 127, 104 Neil Robertson
126, 118, 100 Mark Allen
124 Xiao Guodong
121, 101 Liang Wenbo
121 Graeme Dott
118 Ross Muir
115, 100 Mark Selby
112, 111, 108 Ryan Day
112 Barry Hawkins
110, 106 Tian Pengfei
110 Dominic Dale
110 Peter Ebdon
108 Fang Xiongman
105 Martin O'Donnell
103 Thepchaiya Un-Nooh
100 Jack Lisowski
100 Fergal O'Brien
100 Sam Craigie
References
2015
2015 in snooker
2015 in Chinese sport
Sport in Daqing |
57247525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%20Tour%20du%20Haut%20Var | 1987 Tour du Haut Var | The 1987 Tour du Haut Var was the 19th edition of the Tour du Haut Var cycle race and was held on 20–21 February 1987. The race started in Fréjus and finished in Seillans. The race was won by Rolf Gölz.
General classification
References
1987
1987 in road cycling
1987 in French sport |
54844730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus%20modulaire | Cactus modulaire | Cactus modulaire is a 1986 outdoor bronze sculpture by , installed in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is situated next to the La Laurentienne Building in Downtown Montreal. The sculpture weighs and is composed of a bronze and beryllium alloy, cast in the Lafeuille foundry in Nogent-sur-Oise, France.
See also
1986 in art
References
External links
1986 establishments in Canada
1986 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Quebec
Downtown Montreal
Outdoor sculptures in Montreal |
73028891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karata%C5%9F%2C%20Ovac%C4%B1k | Karataş, Ovacık | Karataş () is a village in the Ovacık District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Şaman tribe and had a population of 22 in 2021.
The hamlets of Dağgeçe and Karşıyaka are attached to the village.
References
Kurdish settlements in Tunceli Province
Villages in Ovacık District, Tunceli |
58905191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mayors%20of%20Livorno | List of mayors of Livorno | The Mayor of Livorno is an elected politician who, along with the Livorno's City Council, is accountable for the strategic government of Livorno in Tuscany, Italy. The current Mayor is Luca Salvetti, a centre-left independent, who took office on 11 June 2019.
Overview
According to the Italian Constitution, the Mayor of Livorno is member of the City Council.
The Mayor is elected by the population of Livorno, who also elect the members of the City Council, controlling the Mayor's policy guidelines and is able to enforce his resignation by a motion of no confidence. The Mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of his government.
Since 1995 the Mayor is elected directly by Livorno's electorate: in all mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 the voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.
Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
In 1865, the Kingdom of Italy created the office of Mayor of Livorno (Sindaco di Livorno), appointed by the King himself. From 1890 to 1926 the Mayor was elected by the City council. In 1926, the Fascist dictatorship abolished mayors and City councils, replacing them with an authoritarian Podestà chosen by the National Fascist Party. The office of Mayor was restored in 1944 during the Allied occupation.
Timeline
Italian Republic (since 1946)
City Council election (1946–1995)
From 1946 to 1995, the Mayor of Livorno was elected by the City's Council.
Direct election (since 1995)
Since 1995, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Livorno is chosen by direct election.
Timeline
See also
Timeline of Livorno
References
Bibliography
External links
Livorno
Politics of Tuscany
Livorno |
33570119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Cavallini | Alex Cavallini | Alexandria Cavallini (née Rigsby born January 3, 1992) is an American ice hockey goaltender, currently a member of the PWHPA.
She has competed in numerous tournaments for the United States women's national ice hockey team. She is the first goaltender in USA Hockey history to have competed with the US National Under-18, Under-22, and Senior women's teams. She competed for the Wisconsin Badgers women's ice hockey program 2010–2014, and was on the roster of the Minnesota Whitecaps. She is also the first American-born goaltender to have won an Olympic Gold Medal, an IIHF World Championship, and the Clarkson Cup, having played with the victorious Calgary Inferno in the 2019 Clarkson Cup Finals.
Playing career
Cavallini played boys hockey from age six, including AAA boys hockey from age 10. As a freshman in high school, she played for the Chicago Mission AAA Boys Bantam Majors. That team won state and regional championships and participated in the USA Hockey National Championships. In addition to hockey, Cavallini also played varsity girls lacrosse for Arrowhead Head School, in which she won two state titles in 2007 and 2008
Alex Cavallini became the first woman ever to be drafted in the United States Hockey League when she was selected in the 16th round, 199th overall by the Chicago Steel. Of note, the Steel also drafted Jake Chelios, son of Red Wings defenceman Chris Chelios in the 4th round, 49th overall and David Bondra, son of sniper Peter Bondra in the 7th round, 82nd overall. Cavallini played the previous two seasons with the Milwaukee Admirals Midget Minor boys team.
NCAA
On December 10, 2010 Alex Cavallini earned her third collegiate shutout in a conference road victory at St. Cloud State. She improved her won-loss record to 11–1–0. At 11–1–0, Cavallini's .917 winning percentage tops the WCHA and is fourth in the nation. She also ranks third in the WCHA with a 1.86 goals-against average and is fifth in the league with a .919 save percentage.
At the midway point of her rookie season, she played in 10 games with an 8–1–0 record. Statistically, she has made 194 total saves and allowed 18 goals for a .915 save percentage and a 1.93 goals against average. In her collegiate debut, she earned her first career shutout (a 6–0 win over RPI on October 2). On October 8, Cavallini earned her first WCHA victory with a 7–1 victory over Bemidji State. She made a season-high 37 saves in a 3–2 overtime win against Minnesota Duluth on November 26.
On January 28–29, 2011 she made a combined 50 saves and allowed three goals as the top-ranked Badgers earned a tie and victory against Minnesota. She made 23 saves on January 28 in a 2–2 overtime tie. The following day, she made 27 saves while earning her 17th victory of the season. The match was played before a women's college hockey record crowd of 10,668. Over the two-game period, she had a .943 saves percentage and had four shutout periods, including the one 5:00 overtime segment. She is now unbeaten in her last 11 games, and her .900 winning percentage leads the WCHA. Her 1.95 GAA is first in the WCHA.
In her first appearance in the NCAA Tournament on March 12, 2011, she made 29 saves against the defending NCAA champion Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs. With the victory, Cavallini improved her record to 25–1–2.
She played in the 2011 NCAA Women's Division I Ice hockey Tournament championship game and made 15 saves to help the Badgers win their fourth Frozen Four title in six years. She finished her rookie season with a record of 27–1–1.
She graduated from the Badgers as the program's all-time leader in wins with 100, minutes played with 7,881:09, and saves with 3,126. Her .941 save percentage is tied for first in program history. A 3–1 victory over Bemidji State helped Cavallini surpass Jessie Vetter for the Badgers mark in career wins.
Team USA
She participated in the 2009 IIHF Under 18 Women's World Championship and won a gold medal. Statistically, she had a .947 saves percentage with a 1.28 goals against average. In addition, she participated in the 2008 and 2009 USA Hockey Women's National Festival. From 2006 to 2009, she participated in USA Hockey National Development Camps.
On January 2, 2022, Cavallini was named to Team USA's roster to represent the United States at the 2022 Winter Olympics.
CWHL
Claimed by the Calgary Inferno in the fourth round of the 2018 CWHL Draft, Cavallini became their starting goaltender for the 2018–19 season. In her first season of professional hockey, she earned All-Star recognition, playing with Emerance Maschmeyer for Team Purple in the 4th Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game. Coincidentally, the two played against each other in the 2019 Clarkson Cup Finals, with Maschmeyer starting for Montreal. Of note, Calgary emerged victorious, defeating Maschmeyer and Montreal by a 5–2 count.
PWHPA
Skating for Team New Hampshire during the 2020–21 PWHPA season, Decker participated in a PWHPA Dream Gap Tour event at New York's Madison Square Garden on February 28, 2021, the first women's ice hockey event at the venue. Playing for a team sponsored by the Women's Sports Foundation, Cavallini stopped 32 of 35 shots in a 4-3 win.
Personal life
In July 2019, she married her longtime boyfriend, Aidan Cavallini, who played hockey at the University of Wisconsin. Her father-in-law is Gino Cavallini, who played 593 NHL games.
Awards and honors
Directorate Award, Best Goaltender, 2009 IIHF Under 18 Women's World Championships
Directorate Award, Best Goaltender, 2010 IIHF Under 18 Women's World Championships
Runner-up: 2010 WCHA Pre-Season Rookie of the Year
WCHA Defensive Player of the Week (Week of December 15, 2010)
WCHA Rookie of the Week (Week of February 2, 2011)
2011 NCAA Frozen Four All-Tournament Team
WCHA Defensive Player of the Week, (Week of October 18, 2011)
WCHA Defensive Player of the Week (Week of October 25, 2011)
WCHA Defensive Player of the Week (Week of February 1, 2012)
2012–13 Second Team All-America selection
2014 Wisconsin Badgers Female Athlete of the Year
2014 AHCA first-team All-American
2014 WCHA Scholar-Athlete
2014 All-WCHA Academic team
2014 first-team All-WCHA
2014 All-USCHO first team.
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
American expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
American women's ice hockey goaltenders
Calgary Inferno players
Clarkson Cup champions
Ice hockey players from Wisconsin
Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2022 Winter Olympics
People from Delafield, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Waukesha County, Wisconsin
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Whitecaps players
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in ice hockey
Wisconsin Badgers women's ice hockey players
Professional Women's Hockey Players Association players
21st-century American women |
4787715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Station | Bryan Station | Bryan Station (also Bryan's Station, and often misspelled Bryant's Station) was an early fortified settlement in Lexington, Kentucky. It was located on present-day Bryan Station Road, about three miles (5 km) northeast of New Circle Road, on the southern bank of Elkhorn Creek near Briar Hill Road. The settlement was established in the spring of 1776 by brothers Morgan, James, William (married to Mary Boone, sister of Daniel Boone), and Joseph Bryan, and brother-in-law William Grant (married to Elizabeth Boone, also a sister of Daniel Boone), all from Yadkin River Valley, Rowan County, North Carolina. After a disastrous winter and attacks by Native Americans, all the Bryan family survivors abandoned the station and returned to the Yadkin River Valley in August 1780. Falling under the command of Elijah Craig, the remaining occupants withstood several American Indian attacks.
History
Captain William Bryan (b. 1733) along with his brothers and a settler party from Rowan County, North Carolina, entered this frontier land in the spring of 1776 and began pitching the station. The site was located on high ground near the southern bank of Elkhorn creek. On this initial expedition, the party built a few cabins, planted sixty acres of farmland, and cleared many acres of the surrounding forest, which boasted a variety of blue ash, black walnut, honey locust, and sycamore trees. A spring flowed and meandered nearby, which served as the water supply for the station and would be center-place for much of the literature and history involving this fort. The parallelogram was distinctively elongated, with its width considerably shorter than its length; A design choice tailored to its inhabitants desire to have a handsome amount of space in between the roughly forty or so cabins that would eventually be constructed.
The fort's establishment and command was originally led by Captain William Bryan until his death. William, who came from an influential Virginia land-owning family, declined an offer from the Royalist North Carolina government to build and lead a Tory militia as a commissioned Lieutenant Colonel. Aside from William's brother, Samuel, who did accept a comparable offer and would lead a battle against Rebels at Moore's Creek, most of the Bryans' loyalist convictions were not as strong; Rather, they found their primary intrigue being in the frontier expeditions of their brother-in-law, Daniel Boone. However, the Bryans' were far from self-avowed Patriots. As propriety citizens, they stood to benefit from certain privileges conferred by the Royal government, such as military protection. In this way, the Bryans' thought an outright revolt could present precarious, if not unnecessary difficulties. As a result, their lack of proclaimed allegiance to the American cause led to their official designation as Tories by the courts of the rebel-controlled Rowan county in 1778, further pressuring a full move out of the North Carolina county to Kentucky.
As the Revolutionary War escalated, the British increasingly incentivized and supported Natives tribes, particularly those north of the Ohio river, in driving out the influx of settlers into this land westward of the Appalachians. Tensions delayed the Bryan party's progress on the station for some time after their first expedition, however, in the spring of 1779, William along with several of his brothers and their sons, would return building several more cabins expanding the station. In the fall of that year, walking along the Cumberland Road cleared by his brother-in-law, William lead the largest wave of migration into Kentucky yet. A caravan of several hundred, it was described as being:...with wagons strung out over half a mile along the narrow trace. They were unable to draw together at night for protection and unable to build fires for fear of attracting Indians. It was the largest single migration into Kentucky at that time.In January 1780, land commissioners from Williamsburg came to process the land claims for Bryan, upon which William and his party learned that the land was actually invalid, having been previously surveyed a year and a half earlier by absent Virginians. On May 23, while out hunting for meat, William was shot by natives, dying a week later. His sixteen-year-old son, William Bryan Jr., had been killed a week earlier in a similar ambush by Shawnee warriors. Disenchanted and without a leader, the Bryans' soon moved back to North Carolina. However, in the fall of 1785, Mary Boone Bryan and her son, Daniel, returned to Marble Creek, Fayette County, Kentucky. William's sons, Daniel and Samuel, who had been previously branded as Tories by the courts of Rowan, served during the revolutionary war on behalf of the Patriots receiving pensions for their service against pro-British Native tribes in Kentucky.
In January 1781, Martin Wetzel, who was a captive of the Shawnee tribe, came with a party of seven Shawnee braves to steal horses at Bryan's Station, according to reports on a note by Colonel Levin Powell. Wetzel had helped organize a raid in the hopes of escaping. When the opportunity arose, he ran to the station, but the men present at the fort thought him to be a native and therefore threatened to shoot him. Daniel Boone, who happened to be present during this time and knew Wetzel, would vouch for the captive, whom would ultimately escape to the station.
Siege of Bryan Station
The most important attack on the settlement occurred in August 1782 during the American Revolutionary War, when they were besieged by a force consisting of warriors from the Wyandot, Lenape and Shawnee tribes, along with a detachment of Butler's Rangers led by Captain William Caldwell and Simon Girty. In Col. Daniel Boone's estimation, the force numbered 400–500 strong. Bryan Station was located a short distance from a spring that the camp used for drinking water. There were no Bryans' living in the garrison at the time of the siege.
Since the hostile forces secretly surrounding the fort did not realize that their presence was known by the defenders, the men allowed the women to exit the fort to retrieve water and other resources. The reason for this was to prevent any change in habit that could signal that the defenders were aware of the presence of the hidden force preparing to besiege them.
Historian Ranck asserts that all the important contemporary writers convey this impression: The Indians had no compunction attacking women, as they had done at nearby Ruddell's and Martin's Stations where even children were slaughtered two years earlier, and so the bravery of the women of Bryan Station is all the greater.
At the time of the siege, the militia did not realize just how many Indians were waiting for them outside of the fort or that these Indians had some support from the British. This attack was a surprise, and the militia in the fort were thus unprepared. The attackers lifted the siege after Indian scouts reported that a force of Kentucky militia was on the way. The militiamen pursued Caldwell's force but were defeated three days later at the Battle of Blue Licks, about 33 miles (53 km) northeast.
Aftermath
The Lexington chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution erected a monument in August 1896 to commemorate the importance of a nearby spring in helping preserve the fort from the attack by Indians and Canadians. The pioneer women, led by Mary "Polly" Hawkins Craig (wife of "The Travelling Church" patriarch Toliver Craig, Sr.), fetched water from the spring to not only prevent dangerously weakening dehydration in the unusually hot summer, but also to defend against the use of burning arrows by the attackers. If the defenders had succumbed to heat exhaustion or the fort had burned, the attackers could have reached the women and children sheltering there.
A flaming arrow stuck in the cradle near the head of the infant who later became Col. Richard Mentor Johnson. Johnson would later be credited in all the earliest accounts of the War of 1812's Battle of the Thames with the slaying of Tecumseh, using a pistol loaded by his orderly Capt. Elijah Craig, who had also been present as an 18-year-old defender during the siege of Bryan Station. Located a couple of miles south of the fort's site, Bryan Station High School was named in its honor. The athletic teams compete under the name "Defenders."
See also
List of battles fought in Kentucky
References
James Truslow Adams, Dictionary of American History, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940
"Outline of the Battle of Blue Licks," Carlisle Mercury, August 17, 1882, University of Kentucky Special Collections, 51W8
External links
Reuben T. Durrett, Bryant's Station and the Memorial Proceedings (Filson Club Publications 12; Louisville: Morton, 1897).
George W. Ranck, The Story of Bryan's Station: As Told in the Historical Address Delivered at Bryan's Station, Fayette County, Kentucky, August 18th, 1896 (corrected and approved ed.; Lexington, KY: Transylvania Printing, 1896).
Photos of Bryan Station Monument
Geography of Fayette County, Kentucky
Former populated places in Kentucky
American Revolutionary War sites
Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Kentucky |
16783770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecoptychius | Oecoptychius | Oecoptychius is an extinct genus of fossil ammonite cephalopods. The species lived during the Middle Jurassic.
Taxonomic position
Oecophtychius was named by Neumayr in 1878. It is placed into Oecoptychitidae, a family of dwarf ammonites established by Arkell, 1957, that is a part of the superfamily Stephanoceratoidea.
Diagnosis
Oecoptychius is an eccentrically coiled, dwarf ammonite. Inner whorls smooth, spheroidal; outer whorls with fine biplicate ribbing, ventral groove, and an acute elbow at half a whorl before the aperture; peristome contracted, with outwardly directed lappets.
Distribution
Fossils of the Oecophtychius species have been found in Jurassic sediments of France, Germany and Madagascar.
References
W.J. Arkell, et al., 1957. Mesozoic Ammonoidea; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Ammonoidea. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
Ammonitida genera
Haploceratoidea
Jurassic ammonites
Prehistoric animals of Madagascar |
24142134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Ehrenberg | Herbert Ehrenberg | Herbert Ehrenberg (21 December 1926 – 20 February 2018) was a German politician.
Ehrenberg was born in Kollnischken, East Prussia (today Kolniszki, Gmina Gołdap, Poland) and visited school (Staatliche Kantschule) in Goldap until 1943, when he was conscripted to the Wehrmacht. He joined the Nazi Party on 20 April 1944. After his release as Prisoner of war in 1947 he passed his Abitur and studied national economy in Wilhelmshaven and at the University of Göttingen, where he took his doctorate in 1958.
Ehrenberg joined the Public Services, Transport and Traffic Union (ÖTV) in 1949 and the Social Democratic Party of Germany, or SPD, in 1955. In 1964 he became the head of the national economy branch at the chairman of IG Bau-Steine-Erden-Union and in 1968 he started to work at the Federal Ministry of economics. In 1969 he switched to the German Chancellery and was a Secretary of State at the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Germany) in 1971–72 and its Minister in 1976–82.
Ehrenberg was the vice-president of the Social Democratic Fraction in the Bundestag in 1974–1976 and a member of the Federal Executive Board of the SPD in 1975–1984. In 1997–2001 he was the Chairman of the Honorary Executive Board and in 2001–2003 the first President of the Internationaler Bund Freier Träger der Jugend-, Sozial- und Bildungsarbeit, afterwards its Honorary President. Ehrenberg died on 20 February 2018 at the age of 91.
References
1926 births
2018 deaths
People from Gołdap
Politicians from East Prussia
Nazi Party members
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Labor ministers (Germany)
Social Affairs ministers of Germany
Members of the Bundestag 1972–1976
Members of the Bundestag 1976–1980
Members of the Bundestag 1980–1983
Members of the Bundestag 1983–1987
Members of the Bundestag 1987–1990
Members of the Bundestag for Lower Saxony
University of Göttingen alumni
German prisoners of war in World War II
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany |
59334973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Herschel%20Bobo | William Herschel Bobo | William Herschel Bobo (January 16, 1896 – February 18, 1975) was a minor league baseball player and an American football, basketball, and baseball coach. He served as the head football coach at Mississippi State Teachers College—now known as the University of Southern Mississippi—from 1924 to 1927, compiling a record of 9–17–4. Bobo was also the head basketball coach at Mississippi State Teachers from 1924 to 1928, tallying a mark of 31–17–1, and the school's head baseball from 1925 to 1928, amassing a record of 19–10–1.
Bobo was a native of Clarksdale, Mississippi. He died on February 18, 1975, at St. Dominic Hospital in Jackson, Mississippi.
Head coaching record
Football
References
External links
1896 births
1975 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Baseball third basemen
Basketball coaches from Mississippi
Clarksdale Cubs players
El Dorado Lions players
Fort Smith Giants players
Hattiesburg Hubman players
Jackson Senators players
Memphis Chickasaws players
Mississippi State Bulldogs football players
Paducah Indians players
Southern Miss Golden Eagles athletic directors
Southern Miss Golden Eagles baseball coaches
Southern Miss Golden Eagles basketball coaches
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football coaches
People from Tunica County, Mississippi
Sportspeople from the Memphis metropolitan area
Sportspeople from Clarksdale, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi
Baseball players from Mississippi |
41893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype%20%28disambiguation%29 | Teletype (disambiguation) | The teletype, or teleprinter, is a device used for communicating text over telegraph lines, public switched telephone network, Telex, radio, or satellite links.
Teletype may also refer to:
Devices
Teletype Model 28, a 1951 model of teleprinter
Teletype Model 33, a 1963 model of teleprinter
Telecommunications device for the deaf or TDD, a teleprinter specifically designed for text communication over the public switched telephone network
Companies
TeleType Co., an American GPS software company
Teletype Corporation, a subsidiary of the Western Electric Company, purchased by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1930 |
50973802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4teaux%20Beauclair%20station | Côteaux Beauclair station | Côteaux Beauclair () is a future station on line 11 of the Paris Métro. The station is situated on the communes of Rosny-sous-Bois and Noisy-le-Sec and slated to open in spring 2024. It is set to become Line 11's first and only station that's not underground, being located on a short viaduct.
References
Paris Métro line 11
Future Paris Métro stations
Railway stations scheduled to open in 2024 |
2188129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20Pacific%20hurricane%20season | 1981 Pacific hurricane season | The 1981 Pacific hurricane season was a slightly below average Pacific hurricane season. The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific basin and June 1 in the central Pacific basin. Both basins' seasons ended on November 30; these dates conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The first tropical cyclone of the season was designated on May 30, and the final storm of the season, Hurricane Otis, dissipated on October 30. The season produced fifteen named storms and a total of eight hurricanes, which was near normal. However, the total of one major hurricane was below the average of three.
The strongest tropical cyclone of the season was Hurricane Norma, which was a powerful Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. The storm caused six deaths – five in Texas, and one in Mexico, due to severe flooding. Additionally, the storm caused $74 million (equivalent to $ million in ) in damage, which is credited to significant crop damage and many tornadoes. However, the deadliest tropical cyclone of the season was Tropical Storm Lidia, which made two landfalls – one on the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula and the other along the shores of Sinaloa in early October. As the result of its heavy rainfall in northwestern Mexico, seventy-three fatalities were reported, along with $80 million in damage.
Seasonal summary
There was an absence in storm activity across the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, as no storms developed in the basin. However, two tropical cyclones from the eastern Pacific, Greg and Jova, entered the central Pacific, the latter entering as a hurricane. The season produced fifteen named storms and eight hurricanes; both of these numbers were equal to the average. The season's one major hurricane, a storm with winds of at least , was below the average of three. There are also at least two tropical depressions that did not strengthen into tropical storms.
Six tropical cyclones made landfall in Mexico. First, Tropical Storm Adrian made landfall east-southeast of Acapulco, but did not cause any damage. Afterwards, Tropical Storm Irwin made landfall in Baja California Sur, but similarly to Adrian, did not cause any damage. Tropical Storm Knut later made landfall near Mazatlán with winds equivalent to a minimal tropical storm, but no deaths or damage was reported. Tropical Storm Lidia struck about south of Los Mochis on October 8, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). Heavy rainfall associated with the cyclone caused moderate damage in northwestern Mexico, and at least seventy-three deaths can be attributed to the storm. On May 30, an area of intense shower and thunderstorm activity located 270 mi (430 km) south of the Mexican coastline. The second to strike the area in 10 days, Norma was absorbed by a frontal system on October 14. The combined entity produced heavy rainfall and severe weather across Texas, which subsequently led to severe crop damage. The final storm to make landfall on Mexico during the 1981 season was Hurricane Otis. Intensifying into a hurricane by October 26, the hurricane brushed the coast of Jalisco before making landfall near Mazatlán at hurricane intensity on October 30. Otis was the second of two hurricanes to make landfall in the country this season.
Systems
Tropical Storm Adrian
On May 30, an area of intense shower and thunderstorm activity located to the south of the Mexican coastline intensified into a tropical depression. Drifting towards the north and then east-northeast around an area of high pressure centered off the southern coast of Mexico, the depression began to strengthen over water. Twelve hours after formation, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Adrian. Reaching a peak intensity of 45 mph (75 km/h), Adrian began to move over slightly cooler ocean temperatures of and subsequently began to weaken. After being downgraded to a tropical depression by June 2, data from two cargo ships, the Androemda and Santa Maria, were helpful in locating Adrian's center of circulation as it moved towards the Mexican coastline. On June 4, the system made landfall east-southeast of Acapulco; however, no damage associated with the tropical cyclone was reported, and Adrian dissipated later that same day.
Hurricane Beatriz
On June 28, the season's second tropical depression formed approximately east of Clipperton Island. Moving quickly towards the west over warm sea-surface temperatures, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Beatriz just twelve hours after formation. Embedded within an area of favorable atmospheric conditions, Beatriz attained hurricane status at 1800 UTC on June 30, and intensified further to attain its first brief peak at by early on June 1. Fluctuating in intensity, Hurricane Beatriz attained its peak intensity for a second time on June 2, only to enter an area of higher wind shear and cooler sea-surface temperatures. Far away from land, Beatriz was downgraded to a tropical storm on June 3, and then further into a tropical depression the following day. The tropical cyclone dissipated on July 4 while located several hundred miles to the west of Baja California Sur.
Since Beatriz briefly posed a threat to Mexico and California, the Hurricane Hunters were put on standby, but no flights were made into the storm. The system did produce wave heights as high as to Southern California; however, impact from the storm was less than anticipated.
Tropical Storm Calvin
An area of disturbed weather located several hundred miles to the south of Acapulco organized into a tropical depression on July 4. Moving towards the west-northwest over warm sea-surface temperatures, the depression intensified into a tropical storm on July 5, receiving the name Calvin. Reaching a peak intensity of 50 mph (85 km/h) later that day, Calvin began to move north-northwest around the western periphery of a high pressure system located over extreme northern Mexico. Calvin then moved over cooler water and subsequently weakened to a minimal tropical storm. Located 98 mi (158 km) south-southeast of Cabo San Lucas on July 8, Calvin further weakened to a tropical depression and turned to the west. The system dissipated the following day. As a dying system, Calvin produced high clouds over California and Arizona.
Hurricane Dora
Based on satellite imagery and data from a nearby ship, Yamazuru, a tropical depression formed far away from land on July 10. Passing north of Clipperton Island, the depression began to strengthen under favorable atmospheric conditions, and was designated Tropical Storm Dora twelve hours after formation. Moving towards the west-northwest, Dora attained hurricane status on July 13; subsequently, the ship Amestelmolen reported seas of , a minimum barometric pressure of , and winds as it passed north of the storm's center. As Dora reached its peak intensity of 90 mph (150 km/h) on June 14, a well-defined eye became apparent on satellite imagery, and the storm turned more towards the west. Cooler ocean temperatures below 74 °F (23 °C) subsequently caused the hurricane to weaken, and it was downgraded to a tropical storm on July 15. The storm's structure further deteriorated the following day, and Dora dissipated over southwest of Cabo San Lucas.
Tropical Storm Eugene
Following Dora's dissipation, another tropical depression formed west of the Mexican coastline. While retaining its intensity, the depression moved west-northwest before bending towards the southwest as it intensified into Tropical Storm Eugene on July 18. Above exceptionally warm sea surface temperatures of , Eugene slowly intensified. After passing south of Socorro Island, the storm accelerated west-northwest, reaching a peak intensity of early on June 19. Shortly thereafter, the system began to meander over cooler ocean temperatures, and weakened to a tropical depression on July 20. After changing little in intensity for nearly 24 hours, Eugene dissipated on July 21 while located west of the Baja California Peninsula, over water temperatures of . There were no reports of any effects attributed to the storm.
Hurricane Fernanda
Fernanda originated from an area of showers and thunderstorms that gained sufficient organization to be designated a tropical depression on August 6. Moving rapidly towards the west, the system passed north of Clipperton Island. Above warm ocean temperatures, the depression strengthened to become a tropical storm twenty-one hours after formation, and after briefly turning towards the west-northwest, Fernanda attained hurricane status on August 9. A well-defined eye associated with the hurricane became visible, and the system reached its peak intensity as a 105 mph (165 km/h) Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale on August 10. Turning towards the northwest, Fernanda began to enter an area of cooler ocean temperatures and higher wind shear, subsequently weakening. On August 11, Fernanda was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane, and then further to a tropical storm later that evening. By midday the following day, Fernanda had become a tropical depression, and dissipated early on August 13.
Hurricane Greg
An area of intense thunderstorm activity left the southern coast of Mexico in mid-August. About south of Socorro Island, it formed on August 13. Over warm sea surface temperatures, the depression steadily intensified; it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Greg at 1800 UTC. As the storm was moving on the southwest periphery of an area of high pressure, it curved west-northwest. Meanwhile, the storm passed south of Clarion Island at 2100 UTC on August 14. After turning toward the west, the storm's motion slowed. After maintaining its intensity while still a minimal tropical storm, Greg turned to the west-southwest for a day, only to resume its westerly course. As its speed increased a little, Greg gradually strengthened. Based on data from the ship Chapa, Greg was upgraded into a hurricane early on August 20. However, increased wind shear caused the storm to rapidly weaken back into a tropical storm. At this time, the tropical storm was located over water. Shortly thereafter, Greg moved into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC)'s area of responsibility. It continued to weaken, and was only a minimal tropical storm by the afternoon of August 21. Although Greg weakened into a depression, it maintained a well-defined center of circulation for an additional 24 hours until dissipating at 1800 UTC on August 22 over east-northeast of Hawaii.
Hurricane Hilary
Based on a report from a cargo ship, the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center upgraded a tropical disturbance into a tropical depression roughly west of the Mexican coast at 2105 UTC on August 21. Four hours later, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Hilary. After turning towards the west, it passed about south of Socorro Island. Even though Hilary developed a well-defined eye late on August 23, the cyclone was not upgraded into a hurricane until the next afternoon. Accelerating, Hilary reached its peak strength of 85 mph (140 km/h) while located west of Cabo San Lucas. Moving west, Hilary began to weaken over water. Late on August 28, nearly 24 hours following Hilary's downgrade into a tropical depression, the tropical cyclone dissipated far from land.
Tropical Storm Irwin
A tropical depression formed west of Acapulco on August 27. Over water, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Irwin the next day. By August 25, Tropical Storm Irwin had peaked in intensity as a moderate tropical storm, then weakened as it moved over sea-surface temperatures. Less than southeast of Baja California, Irwin was downgraded into a depression. Turning west-northwest, Irwin made landfall about south of La Paz on August 30. After moving offshore the next day, Irwin dissipated. No damage was reported.
Hurricane Jova
Following two weeks of inactivity, a tropical depression formed at 1200 UTC September 14 while located in the middle of the Eastern Pacific. Above very warm ocean temperatures, the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Jova six hours later. Jova rapidly intensified, and developed an eye late on September 15. Early on September 17, Jova peaked as a mid-level Category 1 hurricane. After briefly turning to the west-southwest, Jova turned back towards the west while weakened into a tropical storm. On September 19, the cyclone turned west-northwest, and dissipated about north of Hawaii on September 21. Due to its track just north of Hawaii and rapidly weakening in the Central Pacific, its only effect on the Hawaiian Islands was to disrupt the trade winds, leading to an increase in humidity.
Tropical Storm Knut
While Jova was weakening, a tropical disturbance formed within the Mexican coast. Moving west-northwest, a tropical depression formed on September 19, and became a tropical storm six hours later. Above sea surface temperatures, Knut continued to intensify. After turning north, Tropical Storm Knut reached its peak strength of 65 mph (120 km/h). Between a high-pressure area and a weak upper-level trough, Knut turned sharply to the east. After passing south of the Baja California Peninsula, the tropical storm weakened over cooler water. Knut dissipated as it made landfall in Mexico, at 1330 UTC on September 21. No damage was reported.
Tropical Storm Lidia
A tropical depression formed on October 6 ahead of a front; the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Lidia on October 7. Lidia moved generally north, and reached its peak wind speed of 50 mph (85 km/h). Despite encountering warm ocean temperatures, Lidia slowly weakened as it moved towards southern Baja California Peninsula. The tropical cyclone passed over the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula on 1700 UTC October 7; at the time of the landfall Lidia was located about northwest of Cabo San Lucas. Two hours later, Lidia entered the Gulf of California, and turned to the northeast. Lidia made landfall on the shores of Sinaloa just south of Los Mochis on October 8, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). The remnants of Lidia continued their northeast track, ultimately emerging into the Southern United States, bringing moisture to extreme southeastern Arizona.
Heavy rain caused flooding that cut off seven towns in Sinaloa from the outside world. It also contaminated the water supply in Culiacán, leaving many without clean drinking water. Almost a hundred villages and two dams were flooded, The Rio Fuerte burst its banks and flooded sixty settlements. These rains sent water down a dry river bed, killing 40 people, mostly children. In one village, six soldiers died. In the northern part of Sinaloa, 42 were confirmed killed and 76 were missing. Around Los Mochis, four people were killed, where 800 houses were destroyed. In Culiacán, eleven people were killed. The total death toll from Tropical Storm Lidia was determined to exceed 73, which mostly occurred in rural areas. Losses to cattle, crops, and fishing vessels were more than $80 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Due to the damage wrought by both Lidia and Norma, Sinaloa Governor Antonio Toledo Corro declared his state a disaster area.
Tropical Storm Max
On October 7, a tropical depression developed several hundred miles to the south of the Mexican coastline. Under favorable environmental conditions, the depression began to organize, and became a tropical storm twelve hours after formation, receiving the name Max. Moving north-northwestward, Max reached a peak intensity of briefly on October 9 before the system began to move into an area with cooler ocean temperatures and stronger wind shear. Early on October 10, Max weakened to a tropical depression, and dissipated during the afternoon hours of the same day without any effects to land.
Hurricane Norma
Early on October 8, a tropical depression had developed far from land. Moving northwest, the storm intensified into Tropical Storm Norma at 0600 UTC. On 1800 UTC October 9, the EPHC upgraded the storm into a hurricane. Subsequently, Norma began to undergo a period rapid intensification; the storm soon reached major hurricane status. The storm reached its peak of 125 mph (205 km/h) at 1800 UTC on October 10. The storm began to accelerate while weakening. After briefly re-intensifying late on October 1, Hurricane Norma made landfall just northeast of Mazatlán with winds of 105 mph (155 km/h) at 1000 UTC on October 12. Although the storm quickly dissipated over land, a second area of low pressure formed over western Texas early on October 13 before the system itself was absorbed by a frontal system on October 14.
Prior to landfall 5,000 people evacuated, thus only one deaths was reported (a fisherman drowned when his boat capsized in the storm). However, the hurricane caused more devastation in the flood-ravaged region. Agriculture was disrupted, and cattle were killed, causing at least $24 million (1981 USD) in crop damage. Torrential rains caused serious flooding north of Mazatlán. Five thousand two hundred residents need to be evacuated from low-lying areas. The remnants of the storm moved into Texas and Oklahoma. The heavy rainfall caused two rivers to reach flood-stage. A total of five people were killed in the United states, three of these deaths occurred in Fort Worth. During October 13 and 14, a total of 13 tornadoes were reported in northern Texas and southern Oklahoma, including a F2 tornado in McLennan that injured four people and caused $25 million in damage. In Oklahoma, 60 bridges were washed away due to flooding. Total damage in Texas was estimated at $50 million (1981 USD).
Hurricane Otis
On October 24, the season's last tropical cyclone developed to the south of the Mexican coastline. Moving towards the west-northwest, the depression quickly strengthened into a tropical storm, receiving the name Otis. Turning towards the north and eventually northeast, Otis steadily strengthened, and intensified into a Category 1 hurricane early on October 26. Sharply bending back towards the west-northwest, and eventually the north, Otis reached a peak intensity of before higher wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures began to impede on the system's organization. On October 29, Otis skirted the coast of Jalisco as a minimal Category 1 hurricane before weakening to a tropical storm. The next day, Otis made landfall near Mazatlán before being absorbed by a frontal system.
Other systems
Per the Japan Meteorological Agency, Typhoon Freda briefly existed in the basin as a dissipating tropical storm before being absorbed by another extratropical low on March 17, but the system is not recognized by either NHC or CPHC.
On August 4, a tropical depression developed southwest of Cabo San Lucas. Despite being over warm sea surface temperatures, the depression dissipated the following day as wind shear began to significantly increase. Thus, the depression was never named, and never had any effects on land. Two weeks later, a tropical disturbance developed south-southeast of Socorro Island drifted north-northwest of a couple of days before organizing into a tropical depression a short distance southwest of Cabo San Lucas. Despite being located over warm sea surface temperatures, it failed to intensify. Tropical Depression Nine-E moved westward for 12 hours prior to dissipation.
Storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1981. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray. This was the first time most of these names were used since the modern lists began, except for Fernanda, Hilary, and Norma which were previously used in the old four-year lists. No names were retired, so this list was used again in the 1987 season.
In addition, 1981 was the first season in which the modern set of central Pacific hurricane naming lists was in effect, though no storms were named during the season.
See also
List of Pacific hurricanes
Pacific hurricane season
1981 Atlantic hurricane season
1981 Pacific typhoon season
1981 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Australian cyclone seasons: 1980–81, 1981–82
South Pacific cyclone seasons: 1980–81, 1981–82
South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1980–81, 1981–82
References
Pacific hurricane seasons
Articles which contain graphical timelines
1981 EPAC |
23411574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoba%20Mosque | Qoba Mosque | The Qoba Mosque (known also as Ghoba Mosque) is a Mosque in Tehran, with a view of the Alborz Mountains to the north. It is located on Ghoba (Qoba) Street between Negin Street and Khushak Street.
The mosque was closed by the Shah in 1975 because of Mohammad Mofatteh's political teachings.
Responding to Mir Hossein Mousavi's appeal, Iranian government legally approved a Sunday June 28, 2009, (or Tir 7th 1388 Anno Persico) peaceful prayer gathering at 6pm mourning those killed during the 2009 post-election clashes at the Qoba Mosque (or Ghoba Mosque) on Ghoba Alley (North of Hosseinie Ershad Mosque on Doktor Ali-ye Shariati) in Tehran.
See also
Islam in Iran
Mosques in Tehran |
46233607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSU%20Politehnica%20Timi%C8%99oara | SSU Politehnica Timișoara | Societatea Sportivă Universitară Politehnica Timișoara (), commonly known as SSU Politehnica Timișoara, Politehnica Timișoara, or simply Poli Timișoara, is a Romanian professional football club based in Timișoara, Timiș County, which competes in the Liga II.
Originally named ASU Politehnica, the team was formed following the dissolution of the original FC Politehnica Timișoara in 2012. During that year, ACS Recaș was moved to the city and renamed ACS Poli Timișoara, eventually reaching the top flight while ASU struggled in the lower leagues. Between the two, the majority of the fans chose to support the latter, and in 2021 ACS Poli was also dissolved. That summer, the Polytechnic University of Timișoara, founder of the original team in 1921, ceased the FC Politehnica brand and records to SSU.
Hence, SSU Politehnica Timișoara is the only active entity asserting the history of the original club, which has totalled 44 seasons in the top national league and won two Cupa României trophies, in 1957–58 and 1979–80. The team plays its home matches in white and purple shirts at the Dan Păltinișanu Stadium, which has a capacity of 32,972 seats. Their bitter rivals are UTA Arad, with whom they contest the West derby.
History
Beginnings and lower leagues (1921–1945)
The club was founded in 1921 by the Polytechnic University of Timișoara under the name Societatea Sportiva Politehnica.
Its initial aim was to provide an opportunity for university students to work on their fitness within a competitive environment. The logistics of the sport proved problematic, as there were limited financial means available. Thanks to contributions gathered from university professors and employees, the club bought their first football kits, with white-black vertical stripes, and rented the "Patria" football stadium. It was not until 1928 that the club developed its own training grounds, "Politehnica", which were built by volunteers. Players for the team were chosen on merit from the pool of Timișoara students and high-schoolers, who trained after school hours during the week and played football on weekends. The football landscape in the city was already developed at that time, with CAT, RGMT and Chinezul dominating locally.
After spending three years in the District Championships II, Politehnica won promotion to the first tier in 1924, by defeating Kadima Timișoara. The club became established in the years to come, even finishing 2nd in the 1926–27 District Championships I, when Politehnica lost out to Chinezul by a single point, who were one of Romania's most famous football names at the time. However, the competitive level could not be easily sustained by a university club, as it was subject to the inflow and outflow of players conditioned by their student status. After a decline towards the end of the decade, the low-point came at the beginning of the 1930s, between 1931 and 1933, when due to insufficient material resources, Politehnica had to suspend its football activities. It reappeared in 1934 but remained a modest club, with mid-table classifications in the District Championships I, as well as the Divizia C and Divizia B, once they were founded. As war beckoned, the national championships were suspended and all football activities reduced to friendly matches and the "Cupa Eroilor" (1943–44).
Until the second World War, Politehnica was far from the number one Timișoara football club. Chinezul and then Ripensia won multiple Romanian championship, whereas the students' club failed to achieve similar results. It did, however, propel several players to the Romania national football team, with the likes of Sfera, Ignuţa, Deheleanu, Chiroiu, Pop, Protopopescu and Sepi all wearing the national jerseys.
Becoming one of the city's notable clubs (1945–1991)
With Romania under a communist regime, these decades were a challenge for Politehnica, as the club represented an educational institution of the highest tier. The numerous promotions and relegations between the first two national leagues were contrasted by the two Romanian cups won and the club's first forays into international football.
Politehnica was first promoted to Romanian top league, the Divizia A, in 1948, and played under the name CSU Timișoara in the first season. Shortly thereafter (from 1950), the club was renamed Știința Timișoara, in line with the desired nomenclature of the times. In spite of suffering its first relegation in 1951, the decade was an unusually consistent one, with the club returning swiftly to the top division and staying there until the season 1959. The high-point of the Ştiinţa years was winning the 1957–58 Romanian Cup, a 1–0 victory against Progresul București, with the club finishing joint first in the league in the same season, but losing out on goal difference.
The next decade saw the club struggle to remain in the first league, particularly towards the end of the 60s. However, it was then that the club's modern identity started taking shape. Firstly, in 1963, the largest stadium in Timişoara was completed. It was initially named "1 Mai", honoring the socialist workers' day, before being renamed several times in the 90s and finally settling on Stadionul Dan Păltinişanu. Secondly, the club reverted to its previous name of Politehnica Timișoara in 1966 and went to play during the next five decades on the then-erected stadium.
When Politehnica returned to the first league in 1973, after struggling to win promotion for several years, it went on to celebrate one of its best streaks in the top flight. With the likes of Emeric Dembrovschi and Dan Păltinişanu in the team, who both played for Romania and went on to become some of the most capped players in the club's history, and under the management of prof. Ion V. Ionescu, Politehnica lost that season's cup final. After managing a third place in the league with manager Angelo Niculescu in 1978, Politehnica took part in a continental competition for the first time. It was the 1978–79 UEFA Cup, where Poli defeated MTK Budapest (2–0 and 1–2), before going down to Honved Budapest (2–0 and 0–4) in the second round.
The club remained steady and managed to win its second cup trophy the following season, by beating Steaua București with 2–1, after extra time. Politehnica thereby qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, where it managed to eliminate Celtic Glasgow (1–0 and 1–2), before being defeated by West Ham United (1–0 and 0–4) in second leg. In spite of losing another Romanian Cup final in 1981, the club qualified once more for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, where they lost to Leipzig 2–5 on aggregate.
After being relegated in 1983, Politehnica yo-yo-ed between Divizia A and the Divizia B, with promotions in 1984, 1987, 1989 and relegations in 1986 and 1988. Fans ironically called this period as the 'ABBA years'. As the Romanian Revolution, which started in Timișoara, signalled the end of an era, Politehnica managed to grab its most impressive result yet in European competitions, by eliminating Atlético Madrid (2–0 and 0–1) in the 1990–91 UEFA Cup.
After privatisation (1991–2001)
By state order, all public institutions were forced to relinquish and reorganize any owned sports clubs in 1991, to effectively privatize them. As a result, alongside the newly organized football club appeared a non-profit association, AFC Politehnica Timișoara. The latter, consisting of previous club players and staff, was mandated with owning and protecting the club records and intellectual property.
The club's swan song near the top of Romanian football for the next decade was to be the 1991–92 season. Poli finished 5th and also reached the Romanian Cup final, only to lose it on penalties against Steaua București. The consequent participation in the 1992–93 UEFA Cup, saw the club draw against Real Madrid (1–1 in Timișoara), before being defeated in the return leg (0–4). Politehnica lost several key players in the years after the forced privatization, which slowly lead to the team's downfall. In fewer than twenty four months from their draw against Real, the club was relegated to the Divizia B in 1994. Despite a fast return to the first league in 1995, Poli failed to consolidate their position and were soon relegated once more after the 1996–97 season.
An inability to rebound lead to mounting financial pressures. The club was temporarily owned by a Timișoara based businessman between 1998 and 2000, before the local authorities accepted the bid of an Italian investor, Claudio Zambon, to take over Politehnica. Despite an initial financial outlay, Poli finished 15th and was relegated to the third league, Divizia C, where it had last played in 1938. To avoid such an outcome, Zambon and the local authorities struck a deal with a league two club, Dacia Pitești, and purchased their license to participate in the Divizia B. After failing to earn promotion to top flight, the 2001–02 season posed an insurmountable challenge for Politehnica. Zambon's departure following disagreements with the local authorities meant the club found itself in dire financial straits. Forced to use mostly youth players, Politehnica finished the season dead last, with one win and four draws to its name, but negative eight points in the standings, due to unpaid debts. Once again the club was bound to be relegated to the third division.
Identity crisis, glory years and downfall (2002–2012)
In 2002, AEK Bucharest were promoted to Liga I, Romanian football's top division, for the first time, whereupon Anton Doboș, the club's owner, moved it to Timișoara. It was renamed Politehnica AEK Timișoara after merging with CSU Politehnica, a club owned and run by the Politehnica University, and received the full support of local authorities and white-purple fans. After a rocky first season, which required a spectacular relegation play-off against Gloria Buzău to avoid demotion, Poli AEK consolidated during the next season, finishing on a safe mid-table position. Moreover, starting with the 2004–05 season, the team changed its name to FCU Politehnica Timișoara, trying to reestablish its former identity.
Financially difficulties looming, Politehnica changed ownership once more. Former president Anton Doboș stayed on at the club for another year in a new position, while Balkan Petroleum Ltd., owned by Marian Iancu, took full charge. Significant investments in the transfer market transformed the club overnight, as it received the nickname "EuroPoli" for its newly found ambitions to reach the top of Romanian football.
During the takeover by Marian Iancu, a dispute regarding the proprietary rights for the club name, colors and records arose. After prolonged litigation, Politehnica was forced to change its name to FC Timișoara, following a decision by the Court of Arbitration for Sport. It was deemed that the colors and records dating before 2002 were lost in favor of former Politehnica Timișoara owner, Claudio Zambon. The Italian had struck a deal with AFC Politehnica, the non-profit association which owned said proprietary items, when he left Timișoara during the 2001–02 season.
Results on the pitch improved immediately after the takeover, but a leap to the Liga 1 podium proved elusive until 2008–09, when Politehnica finished runner-up, a feat repeated two seasons later. The club did, however, rejoin European football the season before that by qualifying for the UEFA Cup – sixteen years after its last appearance against Atletico Madrid. More European appearances followed, culminating with the qualification for the 3rd preliminary round of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League. The team defeated the reigning UEFA Cup champions Shakhtar Donetsk, but were eliminated from the competition during the playoff round, which still meant the club would take part in the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage.
In November 2010, the Romanian Court of Appeal returned Politehnica's name, colors and records to FC Timișoara.
Despite finishing second in the 2010–11 Liga I, the team was relegated to Liga II after the club failed to meet the requirements for obtaining the necessary licence to play in the first division. They played in the 2011–12 Liga II under the name of Politehnica Timișoara, and gained promotion back to the Liga I but were again denied the licence and were dissolved in September 2012. ACS Recaș was moved to Timișoara and was renamed ACS Poli Timișoara but the fans decided to support the amateur team ASU Politehnica Timișoara, considering ACS Poli Timișoara is a fraud and a political maneuver.
The Romanian Football Federation announced before the start of the 2021–22 Liga II championship, that the Polytechnic University of Timișoara, the owner of the logo, history and all of Politehnica Timișoara's football records, approves the use of these by SSU Politehnica Timișoara. So from a legal point of view, from now on, this team will be considered as the official and legal successor of the old FC Politehnica Timișoara team.
Founding as ASU Politehnica (2012)
Lacking other ambitions, in most of its business the team has evolved in the municipal championship. Following the dissolution of the Liga II team and disagreeing with the mayor's proposal to move ACS Recaș to Timișoara, South Lawn representatives, together with other fans of Politehnica Timișoara, decided to support the Liga V team, ASU Politehnica, which is the only now that they can identify as belonging to the right of the Polytechnic Institute, institution which appeared in 1921 as Politehnica Timișoara. Even if ASU Politehnica is not the legal successor of the former Divizia A and B team and even if not holding Polytechnics old track record, this is the only team that Poli supporters recognize as the one that can carry forward the spirit of the white and purple colours of Timișoara.
County Leagues (2012–2015)
On their first season after founding they reached the second place in 2012–2013 Liga V season and promoted to the next league, Liga IV Timiș County. They reached again the second place but this time they not promoted to Liga III, anyway they won their first trophy Cupa României, Timiș County round, beating FC Giarmata in the final. Next year they won the championship and qualified to the 2014–15 Liga IV promotion play-offs. In the same year they won a new established trophy named Football without owners, a friendly tournament of four teams without owners from Romania. The other teams were fan-owned phoenix clubs like ASU Poli named Argeș 1953 Pitești, FC Vaslui 2002 and the host LSS Voința Sibiu. On 11 June, was announced that the team will play against Voința Lupac, the champions of Liga IV Caraș-Severin County, in the play-off promotion match for a place in the 2015–16 Liga III season. In the home match they beat them (5–1) and secured the promotion. Away they lost (1–2) but they still promoted to Liga III, for the first time in their short history.
Professional Leagues (2015–present)
ASU Poli debuted very good in the 2015–16 Liga III with a victory against Minerul Motru (3–0), then they had their first victory away against Millenium Giarmata (3–1), and in the third round they defeated the last year series runners-up Metalurgistul Cugir (2–0). At the end of the season ASU Poli won their series and promoted again, this time in Liga II, after a close fight with Performanța Ighiu and Metalurgistul Cugir. During the 2016–17 Cupa României, they had their first televised cup match, a 3–0 defeat against Pandurii Târgu Jiu in the round of 32, this was also the best result in the cup after they defeated Șoimii Pâncota in the fourth round.
In the summer of 2021, ASU Politehnica Timișoara was renamed as SSU Politehnica Timișoara. The Romanian Football Federation announced before the start of the 2021–22 Liga II championship that the Polytechnic University of Timișoara, the owner of the logo, history and all of Politehnica Timișoara's football records, approves the use of these by SSU Politehnica Timișoara. So from a legal point of view, from now on, this team will be considered as the official and legal successor of the old FC Politehnica Timișoara team.
Supporters and Rivalries
Historically, Poli has been the most prominent football club in Timișoara after 1945, playing consistently in either the first or the second tier of Romanian football. Local rivalries with CFR Timișoara and UM Timișoara were relevant until the early 2000s. Afterwards, the former was relegated to a semi-professional status in the lower leagues and the latter was dissolved in 2008. A more recent local rivalry has emerged since the 2010s, with Ripensia Timișoara. SSU Poli has many fans in Romania but also in other countries. The roots of the Poli ultras movement was found in 1995 when groups like Urban Guerilla, Gruppo Soarelui, Frenetic, Banatica, Drojdierii or Gruppo Autonomo Viola appear in the South End.
Over the years, Poli developed rivalries with UTA Arad and Dinamo București. The rivalry with UTA, also known as West Derby, stems from the natural competition between the cities of Timișoara and Arad, which are located close to each other and are the main cities in the region. Both Timișoara and Arad claim to be the first place where football was played in Romania, with Timișoara being the true first city in Romania to host a football game.
Other rivalries are shared with CFR Cluj, Bihor Oradea, Steaua București and Universitatea Craiova.
Over the years, Politehnica Timișoara fans have established close friendships with the supporters of Rapid București and the Nordkurve from Borussia Mönchengladbach.
Honours
Domestic
Leagues
Liga I
Runners-up (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
Liga II
Winners (10): 1947–48, 1952, 1959–60, 1964–65, 1972–73, 1983–84, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1994–95, 2011–12 (record)
Runners-up (1): 1970–71
Liga III
Winners (1): 2015–16
Liga IV – Timiș County
Winners (1): 2014–15
Runners-up (1): 2013–14
Liga V – Timiș County
Runners-up (1): 2012–13
Cups
Romanian Cup
Winners (2): 1957–58, 1979–80
Runners-up (6): 1973–74, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1991–92, 2006–07, 2008–09
Winners of Timiș County Round (1): 2013–14
Friendly
Football without Owners Tournament
Winners (1): 2015
Dinu Instal Winter Cup
Winners (1): 2014
Players
First-team squad
Out on loan
Most capped players
Club officials
Board of directors
Current technical staff
League history
See also
List of fan-owned sports teams
ASU Politehnica Timișoara (women)
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in Timiș County
University and college association football clubs in Romania
Politehnica University of Timișoara
Fan-owned football clubs
Sport in Timișoara
Association football clubs established in 1921
Liga II clubs
Liga III clubs
Liga IV clubs
2012 establishments in Romania |
28314971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caecum%20gofasi | Caecum gofasi | Caecum gofasi is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Caecidae.
Description
Distribution
References
Caecidae
Gastropods described in 2001 |
33159829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Maguire%20%28fighter%29 | John Maguire (fighter) | John Maguire (born 19 May 1983) is an English mixed martial artist currently competing in Cage Warriors' Welterweight division. A professional competitor since 2006, Maguire has also competed for the UFC, Cage Rage, BAMMA, Absolute Championship Berkut, Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki, and UCMMA. Maguire is the former UCMMA Welterweight Champion.
Background
Maguire is from Peterborough, England, and was first exposed to mixed martial arts growing up, watching UFC events with his brother. A member of the English gypsy community, he left school when he was only 13 years old and taught himself how to read and write, while working in the logging and timber industry with his father, as well as working various other jobs before becoming a professional fighter.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Maguire made his professional MMA debut in April 2006. Over the next two years, he won all eight of his first bouts via TKO or submission with no fight going past the second round. Before signing with the UFC, he added an additional eight wins and three losses to his MMA record. He won the UCMMA Welterweight Championship on 18 September 2010, at UCMMA 15: Showdown, defeating Henrique Santana via TKO. He has defended it three times since then.
He holds victories over domestic UK standouts TUF 9 alumnus Dean Amasinger, UCMMA UK1 Welterweight Champion Peter Irving, UK MMA veteran Jamaine Facey and two wins over current UCMMA Middleweight Champion and UCMMA Welterweight Champion Jake Bostwick.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Maguire was scheduled to make his UFC debut against James Head at UFC 138. However, Head was forced to withdraw due to injury and he instead took on The Ultimate Fighter 13 veteran Justin Edwards. Maguire won the fight via unanimous decision.
Maguire fought The Ultimate Fighter 9 finalist, DaMarques Johnson, at UFC on Fuel TV 2 on 14 April 2012. He won the fight by submission via armbar at 4:40 of the second frame. His performance was awarded with Submission of the Night honors.
Maguire lost via unanimous decision to John Hathaway on 29 September 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV 5. Maguire faced Matthew Riddle at UFC 154, stepping in to replace an injured Besam Yousef. Maguire lost the fight via unanimous decision. He then faced Mitch Clarke in his Lightweight debut on 15 June 2013 at UFC 161. He lost the bout by unanimous decision. He was subsequently released from the promotion afterwards.
Cage Warriors
Following his UFC release, Maguire signed with Cage Warriors on 31 October 2013. He made his debut against Philip Mulpeter at Cage Warriors 63 on 31 December 2013. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
He then faced Saul Rogers at Cage Warriors 65 on 1 March 2014. In a shocking upset, Rogers would defeat the heavy favorite Maguire via unanimous decision.
Maguire made a quick turnaround and faced Damir Hadžović at Cage Warriors 66 on 22 March 2014. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.
Championships and accomplishments
Olympian MMA Championships
OMMAC Welterweight Championship (One time)
Ultimate Challenge MMA
UCMMA Welterweight Championship (One time)
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Submission of the Night (One time)
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 26–13
| Sam Boult
| Decision (split)
| Caged Steel FC 23
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Sheffield, England
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 26–12
| Brad Wheeler
| TKO (punches)
| Cage Warriors 102
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:43
| London, England
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 26–11
| Stefano Paternò
| KO (punch)
| IFC 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:46
| Milan, Italy
| For IFC Welterweight Championship.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 26–10
| Leonardo Damiani
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| Legio's Team Bergamo: Venkon Fight Night 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:48
| Milan, Italy
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 25–10
| Tommy Depret
| TKO (punches)
| Cage Warriors 89
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:10
| Antwerp, Poland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 25–9
| Shah Hussain
| Submission (heel hook)
| Rise of Champions 4
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:05
| Brentwood, England
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 24–9
| Borys Mańkowski
| Decision (unanimous)
| KSW 37: Circus of Pain
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Kraków, Poland
|For KSW Welterweight Championship.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 24–8
| Kieran Malone
| Submission (Kimura)
| |ACB 47: Braveheart: Young Eagles 14
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 4:31
| Glasgow, Scotland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 23–8
| Colin Fletcher
| Submission (Armbar)
| M4TC 21 Supremacy
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 1:03
| Tyne and Wear, England
| Won M4TC Welterweight Championship.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 22–8
| Vincent del Guerra
| Submission (Rear-Naked Choke)
| British Challenge MMA 15
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:55
| Colchester, Essex, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 21–8
| Aymard Guih
| Decision (unanimous)
| British Challenge MMA 14
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Colchester, Essex, England
|Return to Welterweight.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 20–8
| Alexandre Roumette
| Submission (kimura)
| British Challenge MMA 12
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:09
| Colchester, Essex, England
|Catchweight (165 lbs) bout.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 19–8
| Damir Hadžović
| KO (knees and punches)
| Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 66
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:58
| Ballerup, Denmark
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 19–7
| Saul Rogers
| Decision (unanimous)
| Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 65
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Dublin, Leinster, Ireland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 19–6
| Philip Mulpeter
| Decision (unanimous)
| Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 63
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Dublin, Leinster, Ireland
|Catchweight (161 lbs) bout.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 18–6
| Mitch Clarke
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 161
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| Lightweight debut.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 18–5
| Matthew Riddle
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 154
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 18–4
| John Hathaway
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC on Fuel TV: Struve vs. Miocic
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Nottingham, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 18–3
| DaMarques Johnson
| Submission (armbar)
| UFC on Fuel TV: Gustafsson vs. Silva
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:40
| Stockholm, Sweden
| Submission of the Night.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 17–3
| Justin Edwards
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 138
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Birmingham, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 16–3
| Peter Irving
| Decision (unanimous)
| UCMMA 23: Go 4 It
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| London, England
| Defended UCMMA Welterweight Championship.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 15–3
| Jamaine Facey
| Submission (kimura)
| UCMMA 20: Fists of Fire
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:23
| London, England
| Defended UCMMA Welterweight Championship.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–3
| Dean Amasinger
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UCMMA 18: Face Off
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:28
| London, England
| Defended UCMMA Welterweight Championship.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–3
| Henrique Santana
| TKO (doctor stoppage)
| UCMMA 15: Showdown
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:25
| London, England
| Won UCMMA Welterweight Championship.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–3
| Wayne Murrie
| Decision (split)
| OMMAC 6
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Liverpool, England
| Won OMMAC Welterweight Championship.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–3
| Simeon Thoresen
| Decision (unanimous)
| BAMMA 3
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Birmingham, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–2
| Edgelson Lua
| Decision (split)
| UCMMA 10: Resurrection
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| London, England
| Welterweight debut.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–2
| Tom Watson
| TKO (punches)
| BAMMA 1
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 2:47
| London, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–1
| Chris Rice
| Decision (unanimous)
| CG 10: Clash of the Titans
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Liverpool, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–1
| Lee Austin
| Submission
| UK: Cage Fighting Championships
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:20
| Coventry, England
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–1
| Arman Gambaryan
| Decision (unanimous)
| WAFC: World Pankration Championship 2008
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Khabarovsk, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–0
| Andy Costello
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Pain and Glory: ExCeL London
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| London, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–0
| Jake Bostwick
| Submission (kimura)
| Cage Rage Contenders 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:00
| London, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–0
| Jake Bostwick
| TKO (punches)
| Cage Rage Contenders 5
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| East London, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–0
| Alex Korsters
| TKO
| Intense Fighting
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:30
| Peterborough, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Ed Garass
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UKMMAC 18: Fists of Fury
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:55
| Purfleet, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Michael Pastou
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Intense Fighting: Caged
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:46
| England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Bill Mutch
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Intense Fighting 5
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:05
| England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Lee Webber
| Technical Submission
| Intense Fighting 3
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:27
| England
|
References
External links
1983 births
Sportspeople from Peterborough
Living people
English male mixed martial artists
British people of Irish descent
English practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Welterweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters |
28351588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar%20Eskeland | Ivar Eskeland | Ivar Eskeland (30 November 1927 – 23 December 2005) was a Norwegian philologist, publisher, translator, biographer, literary critic, newspaper editor, theatre worker, radio personality and organizational leader.
Career
He was born in Stord as a son of headmaster Severin Eskeland (1880–1964) and Olga Dorothea Olsen (1886–1975). He was a nephew of Lars Eskeland. He finished his secondary education at Valler, graduated from Stord Teachers' College in 1949 and from the University of Oslo in 1955 with the cand.philol. degree.
He was hired as secretary-general of Noregs Mållag in 1955, then worked for the publishing house Fonna Forlag from 1956 to 1960, for Det Norske Teatret from 1960 to 1965 before editing the newspaper Dag og Tid from 1965 to 1966. He was also a freelance teacher at the Norwegian National Academy of Theatre in the 1960s. In language organizations, he was the deputy chairman of Noregs Mållag from 1957 to 1960 and chairman from 1960 to 1963, and member of the Vogt Committee between 1965 and 1967.
From 1968 to 1972 he was the director of the Nordic House in Iceland, and from 1972 to 1974 he directed the Secretariat for Nordic Cultural Cooperation. He translated Halldór Laxness and William Heinesen, wrote a textbook in Icelandic and biographies of Gisle Straume and Snorri Sturluson. For this he was decorated with the Order of the Falcon in 1971 and the Bastian Prize in 1972. He was also chairman of the Broadcasting Council from 1963 to 1968, the Norwegian Association of Literary Translators from 1965 to 1968 and 1978 to 1986, and the Norwegian Critics' Association from 1975 to 1981. He was an honorary member of the Norwegian Association of Literary Translators and Noregs Mållag. He was also a radio personality known for his causeries, and a literary critic. From 1985 to 1986 he was director in the publishing house Forlaget Atheneum.
Eskeland was married twice. He died in December 2005 in Oslo. He was decorated as a Grand Knight with Star of the Icelandic Order of the Falcon.
Selected works
References
1927 births
2005 deaths
People from Stord
Noregs Mållag leaders
Stord/Haugesund University College alumni
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian philologists
Norwegian biographers
Male biographers
Translators from Icelandic
Norwegian expatriates in Iceland
Grand Knights with Star of the Order of the Falcon
Norwegian expatriates in Denmark
Norwegian publishers (people)
Norwegian newspaper editors
Norwegian radio personalities
NRK people
Norwegian literary critics
20th-century biographers
20th-century Norwegian translators
20th-century Norwegian male writers
20th-century philologists |
44144261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs%20and%20Cosmetics%20Act%2C%201940 | Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 | The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 is an act of the Parliament of India which regulates the import, manufacture and distribution of drugs in India. The primary objective of the act is to ensure that the drugs and cosmetics sold in India are safe, effective and conform to state quality standards. The related Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 contains provisions for classification of drugs under given schedules and there are guidelines for the storage, sale, display and prescription of each schedule.
Summary
This act was originally known as the Drug Act and was passed in 1940. The original act was prepared in accordance to the recommendations of the Chopra Committee formed in 1930. The related Drugs Rules was passed in 1945. Since 1940, the act has undergone several amendments and is now known as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
The term "drug" as defined in the act, includes various substances, diagnostic, and medical devices. The act defines "cosmetic" as any product that is meant to be applied to the human body for the purpose of beautifying or cleansing. The definition however excludes soaps. In 1964, the act was amended to include Ayurveda and Unani drugs.
The Section 16 of the act defines the standards of quality for drugs. The Section 17 defines "misbranding". A drug is considered misbranded if it claims to be of more therapeutic value than it actually is. The manufacturer of such a drug may be asked to suspend the manufacture of the drug under Section 18. Section 27 deals with fake and adulterated drugs. The act requires more of that ingredients of the drugs should be printed on the label.
The Section 22 defines the powers of the drug inspectors and Section 23 defines the strict procedure which should be followed by the inspectors during any raids.
Controversy
The act lacks specific penalties for violating provisions relating to clinical trials. As a result, no penalties could be imposed on the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation-funded Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) for violating norms in conducting the HPV vaccination trials on tribal girls in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. On 17 April 2015, the government told the Supreme Court of India that due to lack of specific penalties, the government could only halt the trials and issued warnings. The trial had been found to be unethical by a Parliamentary committee in 2013.
Amendments
The act has been amended several times. The following are a list of amending acts:
The Drugs (Amendment) Act, 1960 (35 of 1960)
The Drugs (Amendment) Act, 1962 (21 of 1962)
The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1964 (13 of 1964)
The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1972 (19 of 1972)
The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1982 (68 of 1982)
The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1986
The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1995 (71 of 1995)
The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 2008 (26 of 2008)
See also
Drug policy of India
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954
References
Bibliography
Further reading
1940 in Indian law
Cosmetics law
Drug control law in India
Acts of the Parliament of India |
3818520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo%20Gang%20the%20Video | Cosmo Gang the Video | is a 1992 fixed shooter arcade game developed and published by Namco. A home conversion for the Super Famicom was released the same year. Controlling the Hyper Beat starship, the player is tasked with ridding the galaxy of the Cosmo Gang, a race of aliens that cause mischief across Earth. Gameplay involves shooting enemies and avoiding projectiles. Power-up items can be collected to grant the player additional abilities. It ran on the Namco System 2 arcade board.
Cosmo Gang the Video features characters and ideas from Cosmo Gangs, an older Namco redemption game from 1990 that was exported outside Japan by Data East. The game is heavily based on the company's own Galaxian series, with early versions shown at tradeshows being titled Cosmo Galaxian. The arcade version of Cosmo Gang the Video was widely successful and well-received for its graphics, gameplay and music, while the Super Famicom was met with a more mixed response for its simplistic gameplay and lacking replay value. The arcade version was digitally re-released for the Japanese Wii Virtual Console in 2009. It was followed by Cosmo Gang the Puzzle later that same year.
Gameplay
Cosmo Gang the Video is a fixed shooter arcade game. Up to two players take control of the Hyper Beat starships — yellow for player one and white for player two — as they must rid the galaxy of the Cosmo Gang, a race of aliens causing mischief across Earth. In the multiplayer mode, one of the players is on top of the other, and share the same number of lives. Gameplay involves shooting down enemies as they fly into formation from the top and sides of the screen. Enemies will dive-bomb towards the bottom of the screen in an attempt to hit the player. Occasionally, a "Bakuto" alien will appear at the top of the screen while carrying a twin-shot power item, which can be collected by shooting it down.
Some enemies will drop special power-up items after being shot, which will give the player one of several abilities when collected — these include a one-hit shield, slow-moving bombs, a black hole that brushes all enemies in its area off the screen, and a jack-in-the-box that stuns all on-screen enemies for a brief period of time. In some rare cases, enemies may drop a Special Flag item from Rally-X that gives the player an extra life when collected. Small "P" items can also be found, which increase the rate of the player's shots when collected. In the multiplayer mode, two other power-up items can appear — one of which swaps the positions of the players, and the other allows the player to "fill up" the other player and make them burst, shooting out a large number of projectiles towards the enemy formation.
The game spans 32 stages. Later stages add in several new obstacles, including boxes that fire projectiles at the players, large coins that act as shields for the enemies, and draconic enemies that bring in reinforcements. Some stages are bonus rounds, which are recreations of the original redemption game this title is based upon — in these, the players are tasked with keeping the aliens at bay before they latch onto their cargo containers and drag them to the other side of the screen. Bonus points are awarded for each cargo container saved. The 32nd stage features the players fighting Don Cosmo, the final boss.
Development and release
Cosmo Gang the Video was released in arcades by Namco in March 1992 in Japan, and in North America later that April. It was designed by Kohji Kenjoh, who later worked on the Custom Robo series for Nintendo, and composed by Yoshie Arakawa. The game features characters and mechanics taken from Cosmo Gangs, an older Namco redemption game from 1990 that was later exported outside Japan by Data East. It is heavily based on the company's own Galaxian series in terms of its gameplay and design. One of the game's music tracks is a parody of the opening song for the Japanese cooking show Kyōnoryōri. The game was presented at the 1991 Amusement Machine Show (AMS) tradeshow in Japan under the working title Cosmo Galaxian, alongside Namco's own Solvalou, Tank Force and Steel Gunner 2. A home port for the Super Famicom was released in Japan on October 29, 1992, which was later made available for the Nintendo Power flash cart service on August 1, 1998. The arcade version was digitally re-released for the Japanese Wii Virtual Console on August 4, 2009.
Reception
Cosmo Gang the Video was widely successful in Japan, being praised for its graphics, gameplay and music. Game Machine listed it on their April 15, 1992 issue as being the sixth most-successful table arcade game of the year. Gamest awarded it both the 8th Best Shooting and 17th Annual Hit Game awards, citing its colorful visuals, cute character designs and gameplay reminiscent of Galaga. In a 2007 retrospective review, Retro Gamer praised the title's colorful visuals and quick-paced gameplay, saying that it was as addictive and well-designed as Namco's earlier arcade title Galaga '88.
The Super Famicom version was met with a more mixed reception, with common complaints being towards its gameplay and lack of replay value. Super Play magazine found the game inferior to Galaga '88, saying that it does little to build on the concept established in games such as Space Invaders, Galaxian and Galaga. Super Play also disliked its lack of replay value and its multiplayer mode for not being competitive. They concluded their review by saying that "Space Invaders is dead, and throwing bucketfuls of pretty graphics, humour and SNES flashiness at it isn't going to help". French publication Game Power criticized the game for repeating level layouts and backgrounds, unfavorably comparing it to Parodius Da! in terms of its art style and graphics. Super Play Gold said that its lack of content and simplistic gameplay didn't make it worth the price point, while SNES Force called it a "feeble attempt" to rework the gameplay of Space Invaders.
Japanese publication Famitsu was more positive in their coverage, finding it to be a faithful home conversion of the arcade original. They also liked its colorful visuals, soundtrack and multiplayer mode. A similar response was echoed by Super Famicom Magazine, who praised its vibrant graphics, catchy soundtrack and addictive gameplay. Super Play was positive towards the game's graphics, humor and lack of slowdown, alongside its "hectic" bonus stages and useful power-up items. Game Power liked its fast-paced gameplay, visuals and power-up items, Super Play Gold said that fans of the original arcade version would like the Super Famicom conversion for its colorful graphics and cuteness.
Legacy
Some of the enemies and elements from Cosmo Gang and its puzzle spin-off appear in Dig Dug Arrangement, in the moon areas of the game.
A theme based on Cosmo Gang the Video is featured in Pac-Man 99 as special DLC. The game would later be officially released in Arcade Archives on April 20th, 2023 for use on Switch and PS4.
Notes
References
External links
Japanese Wii Virtual Console website
1992 video games
Arcade video games
Fixed shooters
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Namco arcade games
Bandai Namco Entertainment franchises
Science fiction video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games |
50143242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Duarte | Christian Duarte | Christian Duarte (born February 22, 1994) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Portland Timbers 2 in the USL.
Career
Youth, College and Amateur
Duarte played his entire college career at Cal State Bakersfield. In his four years with the Roadrunners, he made a total of 78 appearances and tallied 13 goals.
He also played in the Premier Development League for Ventura County Fusion.
Professional
On March 24, 2016, Duarte signed a professional contract with USL club Portland Timbers 2.
References
External links
T2 bio
CSU Bakersfield bio
1994 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners men's soccer players
Ventura County Fusion players
Portland Timbers 2 players
Men's association football midfielders
Soccer players from Houston
USL League Two players
USL Championship players |
11108167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20EF%2024mm%20lens | Canon EF 24mm lens | Canon Inc. has produced seven different 24mm lenses for its Canon EF and EF-S lens mounts. Three have been discontinued after updated replacements were announced.
EF 24mm 1.4L USM, introduced December 1997. (discontinued in 2008, replaced by EF 24mm 1.4L II USM)
EF 24mm 1.4L II USM, introduced December 2008.
EF 24mm 2.8, introduced November 1988. (discontinued in 2012, replaced by EF 24 2.8 IS USM)
EF 24mm 2.8 IS USM, announced February 2012, available since June 2012.
EF-S 24mm 2.8 STM, announced September 2014. Unlike the other 24mm lenses, it will mount only on bodies that support the EF-S mount. It will mount on all current Canon DSLR bodies with APS-C sensors, as well as older APS-C bodies dating to the 2003 introduction of the EF-S mount (in other words, the EOS 10D and older bodies are not compatible). It will not mount on any DSLR body with a full-frame or APS-H sensor. It also cannot directly mount on Canon's mirrorless bodies (either the APS-C EF-M mount or the full-frame RF mount), but the company sells adapters that allow EF-S lenses to be used on either mirrorless mount. As it is designed for Canon APS-C bodies, its field of view is equivalent to a 38mm lens on a full-frame sensor, and operates similar to the Canon EF 40mm f/2.8 STM pancake lens. Compared to the EF 24 2.8 IS USM, the EF-S lens loses IS, but lists for about a fourth of the price. The STM offers advantages for video shooting over USM, specifically quieter autofocus.
TS-E 24mm 3.5L, introduced April 1991. (discontinued, replaced by TS-E 24mm 3.5L II)
TS-E 24mm 3.5L II, introduced June 2009.
Specifications of the EF 24mm lenses
References
External links
Canon EF lenses |
60832853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander%20Steel%20%28Anglo-American%29 | Commander Steel (Anglo-American) | Commander Steel is a fictional character and a superhero. He first appeared in Grand Slam Comics Vol. 3 #9 (33), August 1944, published by Anglo-American Publishing.
Character history
Injured at one of the Battles of El Alamein, he was rescued by a scientist and given the “Elixir of Power”, which granted him superhuman strength and durability. He served in the International Police Service during the war.
Powers and abilities
Commander Steel had superhuman strength and durability.
See also
Anglo-American Publishing
Canadian comics
References
External links
Commander Steel at International Hero UK
Canadian superheroes
Comics characters introduced in 1944
Golden Age superheroes |
70097902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciemupe%20Station | Ciemupe Station | Ciemupe Station is a railway station on the Riga – Daugavpils Railway.
References
Railway stations in Latvia
Railway stations opened in 1929 |
1053848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius%20%28lunar%20crater%29 | Arrhenius (lunar crater) | Arrhenius is a lunar impact crater that is located just on the far side of the Moon, near the southwest limb. In this location the vicinity of the crater can be viewed during favorable librations, although it is viewed from on edge. To the south-southeast is the worn crater Blanchard, and De Roy lies further to the west.
This crater was named after Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius by the IAU in 1970.
The outer wall of Arrhenius has been somewhat worn and eroded due to a history of minor impacts, leaving the rim rounded and low. There is a notch in the rim to the north-northwest, and an outward bulge along the southeast face. A small craterlet lies across the southwestern rim. The inner floor is relatively flat and free of features of interest. The midpoint lacks a central peak.
This crater lies within the Mendel-Rydberg Basin, a 630 km wide impact basin of Nectarian age.
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Arrhenius.
The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
Arrhenius P — See Blanchard (crater).
References
External links
Impact craters on the Moon |
1270973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20Raining%20Men | It's Raining Men | "It's Raining Men" is a song by the American musical duo the Weather Girls from their third studio album, Success (1983). It was released as the album's lead single on September 10, 1982, through Columbia Records and CBS Records International. Paul Jabara wrote the song in collaboration with Paul Shaffer, and produced the song in collaboration with Bob Esty. "It's Raining Men" is a Hi-NRG and post-disco song that incorporates elements of R&B, soul, and 1970s-style electronic dance music. Its lyrics describe an excitement and enjoyment of many different types of men.
"It's Raining Men" was a number-one dance hit in the United States, and reached the top ten in various other countries worldwide. VH1 listed the song as one of the Greatest Songs of the 1980s as well as one of the Greatest Songs of the 2000s decade. At the 26th Annual Grammy Awards (1983), "It's Raining Men" received a nomination for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.
Development and production
Paul Jabara and Paul Shaffer wrote the song over the course of one afternoon in 1979, intending it for Donna Summer, who had scored a hit with "Last Dance" (1978). However, as Shaffer later recalled, Summer had recently become a born-again Christian and rejected the song as "blasphemous". The song was then offered to Diana Ross, Cher, and Barbra Streisand, all of whom declined it.
In 1982, the song was offered to the Two Tons (formerly known as Two Tons o Fun). Wash and Armstead of the Two Tons also dismissed the song. Wash recounted "We thought it was a crazy song — in fact, too crazy to record. I kept saying, 'It's raining men? Really? Are you kidding me?'... I just did not think people would buy it... That's why I kept saying no." The duo eventually recorded the song in ninety minutes after Jabara persistently pleaded with them to record the song. The Waters Sisters (Julia Waters-Tillman and Maxine Waters-Willard), Stephanie Spruill, and Zenobia Conkerite performed background vocals on the chorus of the song.
Music
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing, "It's Raining Men" is a Hi-NRG and disco song, composed in the key of F minor. It incorporates R&B, soul, and 1970s-style electronic dance music. The song's tempo is a moderate beats per minute, in common time. Wash sang the lead vocals in the song. Wash's vocal range spans around two octaves in the song, from the low note of F3 to the high note of F5. "It's Raining Men" uses one minor chord, F minor, with the rest of the notes in major chords.
Release
"It's Raining Men" was first released to dance club DJs in the United States in mid-1982. The single was then released for 7" single and 12" single in the United States on September 10, 1982. Shortly after the release of the single, the Two Tons changed their name to the Weather Girls after much confusion by press and fans due to the duo introducing themselves as "the weather girls" in the introduction of the song. In 1993, a then-newly recorded version of "It's Raining Men" was released by the Weather Girls, now composed of Izora Armstead and her daughter Dynelle Rhodes, on their sixth album Double Tons of Fun (1993).
In 2005, a live version of the song was released on the Weather Girls' ninth album "Totally Wild!". This version features vocals by Dynelle Rhodes and then-newly added member Ingrid Arthur. In 2012, the same lineup of the Weather Girls released "It's Raining Men - 2012" (stylized as "It's Raining Men 2K12"). The song is based in the house music genre produced by Sebo Reed.
Impact and legacy
VH1 ranked the song at number 35 on their list of the "100 Greatest Dance Songs" in 2000, and also at thirty-five in their "100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the 1980s" ranking in 2009. Paste Magazine ranked the song twelve in their list of the "60 Best Dancefloor Classics" in February 2017. Rolling Stone listed it number 90 on their ranking of "The 100 Greatest Debut Singles of All Time" in 2020 and number 88 on their list of the "200 Greatest Dance Songs of All Time" in 2022.
"It's Raining Men" has often been perceived as a gay anthem. A campaign was launched on Facebook on January 19, 2014, to get the song to UK number one in response to a UKIP councillor blaming recent UK floods and adverse weather on divine retribution for the British government's introduction of gay marriage. The campaign was reported widely by some press, and the Weather Girls' version reached number 21 on the first day of the chart week. The song re-entered the UK Singles Chart in 2014 at number 31. In 2017, Rolling Stone included the song on their "25 Essential LGBTQ Pride Songs" list. In 2018, Billboard ranked the song at number 47 on their "50 Best Gay Anthems of All Time" list. The Gay UK ranked the song at number two on their "Top 40 Gay Anthems for Pride" list. And Time Out ranked it number 19 on their list of "The 50 Best Gay Songs to Celebrate Pride All Year Long" in 2022.
In 1983, "It's Raining Men" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best R&B Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal. In June 2017, "It's Raining Men" entered on the Spotify Rewind charts and peaked at number one.
Commercial performance
"It's Raining Men" was a commercial success in the United States. The song spent a total of eleven weeks on [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboards]] Hot 100, ultimately peaking at forty-six on March 5, 1983. Although it hadn't yet been released to retail stores, the single gained much attention based on heavy rotation alone. On the chart dated December 24, 1982, "It's Raining Men" reached number one on the Billboard Dance chart and held the top position for a total of two weeks. The song spent a total of twenty-two weeks on the Dance chart. After eighteen weeks on the R&B charts, "It’s Raining Men" peaked at number thirty-four. The song was also a huge success in the United Kingdom. The song peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, and became certified platinum for sales and streaming figures exceeding 600,000 units in the United Kingdom.
Music video
Production
The music video for "It's Raining Men", released in the winter of 1982, was directed by Gary Keys and filmed in an abandoned building in New York City. Due to limited support from Columbia Records, "It's Raining Men" was a low-budget video. Wash described the video's conception: "God, that was a cheesy video! We filmed it in an abandoned building [in NYC] in the dead of winter. There was no heat and everybody was wearing [winter] coats. That part in the video where we fall out of the sky, well, we landed on these mattresses and found out [the next day] they were infested with bugs. For days afterwards Izora and I were scratching [ourselves]! It was awful!"
Synopsis
The opening sequence of the video features the Weather Girls in a news station. The duo give a forecast prediction that it will rain men from the sky. After looking out of the station window to see the sky raining men, the Weather Girls leap out of the window with their umbrellas to join the men. Several dancers are seen in the music video performing choreography. Another scene features the Weather Girls wearing lingerie on a heart-shaped bed surrounded by and being adored by men. The closing scene shows the duo performing with the male dancers and extras in the music video.
Track listings and formats
Personnel
Izora Armstead, Martha Wash – lead vocals
Bob Esty – keyboards, synthesizer
Greg Mathieson – piano
Paul Delph – synthesizer
Lee Sklar – bass guitar
Michael Landau – guitar
Carlos Vega – drums
Stephanie Spruill, Julia Waters-Tillman, Maxine Waters-Willard, Zenobia Conkerite – background vocals
Charts
Certifications
Martha Wash and RuPaul version
"It's Raining Men" was covered by Weather Girls' member Martha Wash and American drag queen and singer RuPaul in 1998. The song was retitled "It's Raining Men... The Sequel", and released as the lead single for Wash's compilation album The Collection (1998). The song was also released on RuPaul's Go-Go Box Classics (1998).
Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that Wash "sounds like she's having a blast as she revisits a hit from her heyday as half of the Weather Girls." He noted that "the novel hook of this new recording is the appearance of RuPaul, whose freewheeling vamps are saucy good fun." He also added that Producer Gary "Headman" Haas "doesn't deviate far from the original recording's disco sound, leaving a posse of remixers to investigate a variety of more trendy ideas."
Music video
The opening sequence of the accompanying music video for "It's Raining Men... The Sequel" features Martha Wash and RuPaul as the news anchors of the Weather Center. The duo give a forecast prediction that it will rain men from the sky, with several field reporters also reporting similar information. Wash, as a meteorologist and weatherwoman, performs the song in front of a digital map. Several people from around the world start to feel the effects of the forecast and some women are even shown collecting men that fall from the sky into baskets. Several men also appear in the music video, dancing to the song.
Track listings and formats
Charts"It's Raining Men... The Sequel"Geri Halliwell version
"It's Raining Men" was released on April 30, 2001, as the first single from British singer Geri Halliwell's second solo album, Scream if You Wanna Go Faster (2001). It was also featured as the lead single internationally to the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary. The single became Halliwell's fourth consecutive number-one hit single on the UK Singles Chart and became her most successful solo single to date.
Background
Halliwell commented: "It was really odd because I was all ready to go with my new album. I had the single, I had the video idea all ready and then the producers of the movie said to me, 'do you want to record It's Raining Men for the soundtrack?' I thought it would be fun and I love Bridget Jones cos I've read both books and so I just did it really quickly. They all loved it and wanted it to be a single and I thought it was a bit of a gift, so I released it".
Reception
Halliwell's version received positive reviews by music critics, experienced international success and hit the top ten in over two dozen countries around the world, going to number one in several of them. In the United Kingdom, "It's Raining Men" debuted at number-one on the UK Singles Chart and stayed there for two weeks. It became Halliwell's fourth consecutive number-one single in the UK, selling 155,000 units in its first week and 80,000 in its second week. Halliwell became the first solo British female artist to have four number-one singles in the United Kingdom, a record she held until 2014. Overall the single went on to sell 449,000 copies in Britain alone, becoming the 13th-best-seller of 2001 and Halliwell's most successful single worldwide.
The song was successful outside the United Kingdom. In Flemish Belgium, the song stayed at number one for four weeks and was the best-selling single of 2001. The single reached number one in France for five weeks, receiving a Diamond certification from the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). With this song, Geri Halliwell won the International Song of the Year award at the 2002 NRJ Music Awards in France. The cover was also a major success in Walloon Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Poland, and Switzerland.
A remix of the song, The Almighty Mix from the Toshiba-EMI series Dance Mania, volume 20, was also featured in the 2002 Japanese video games, DDRMAX2 Dance Dance Revolution 7thMix and Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME. This version of the song was used as the theme song in the advertisements for New Talent Singing Awards Vancouver Audition 2003. In July 2006, the song entered at number 79 on the Mexican Digital Sales Chart, spending two weeks inside the Top 100.
Music video
Halliwell was inspired by the 1980 film Fame and by the 1983 film Flashdance for the video.
Live performances
To promote the single, Halliwell performed the song on Top of the Pops, Comet Awards 2001, Musica Sí, Big Brother Germany, Party in the Park, Live & Kicking, Loft Story, Pepsi Chart Russia, CD:UK and Tickled Pink. Halliwell also performed the song on The Return of the Spice Girls world tour as her solo number.
Track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "It's Raining Men" by Geri Halliwell.
UK and Europe CD1/International CD Maxi
"It's Raining Men" – 4:18
"I Was Made That Way" – 4:45
"Brave New World" – 4:10
"It's Raining Men"
UK and Europe CD2/Australian CD Maxi
"It's Raining Men" – 4:18
"It's Raining Men" – 4:46
"It's Raining Men" – 3:46
"It's Raining Men" – 6:55
European 2-track CD single
"It's Raining Men" – 4:18
"Brave New World" – 4:10
Italian 12-inch single'''
Side A
"It's Raining Men" – 4:18
"It's Raining Men" – 4:46
Side B
"It's Raining Men" – 3:46
"It's Raining Men" – 6:55
Official remixes
Radio edit – 3:50
Album version – 4:18
Bold and Beautiful Glamour Mix (radio edit) – 4:46
Bold and Beautiful Glamour Mix (extended) – 7:06
Almighty Mix (radio edit) – 3:46
Almighty Mix (extended) – 8:15
D-Bop Tall and Blonde Mix (short edit) – 6:55
D-Bop Tall and Blonde Mix (long version) – 8:09
Dax Thunderstorm Mix – 7:28
"It's Raining G's" (N.W.A) – 4:13
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Notes
See also
Golconda'', 1953 painting
References
External links
1982 songs
1982 singles
1984 singles
1998 singles
2001 singles
2014 singles
CBS Records singles
Columbia Records singles
The Weather Girls songs
EMI Records singles
Geri Halliwell songs
Hi-NRG songs
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
LGBT-related songs
Logic Records singles
Martha Wash songs
Number-one singles in Italy
Number-one singles in Scotland
Number-one singles in Spain
Rhino Records singles
RuPaul songs
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Songs about weather
Songs written by Paul Jabara
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles |
65515661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim%20M%C3%BCller | Joachim Müller | Joachim Müller may refer to:
Joachim Daniel Andreas Müller (1812–1857), a Swedish gardener and writer
Joachim Müller (politician), member of the 10th Bundestag
Joachim Müller (footballer, born 1952)
Joachim Müller (footballer, born 1961) |
63113992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20C.%20Mose | Carl C. Mose | Carl Christian Mose (February 17, 1903 – March 25, 1973) was an American sculptor and art teacher.
Life
Mose was born in Copenhagen, Denmark circa 1903. He emigrated to the United States with his family as a child and he grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He was trained by sculptor Lorado Taft.
Mose designed a statue of baseball player Stan Musial, and it was installed at the Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri. His statue of General John J. Pershing was installed in Jefferson City, Missouri. Mose also designed a statue called Eagle and Fledging for the campus of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He sculpted the 66th issue of the long running Society of Medalists in 1962.
He taught at Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis School of Fine Arts from 1936 to 1947, at the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, and Carleton College. His work was also part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
Mose married Ruth Helming. He lived on a farm in Carroll County, Maryland, where he died of a heart attack on March 25, 1973, at age 70.
References
1903 births
1973 deaths
Artists from Copenhagen
People from Carroll County, Maryland
Danish emigrants to the United States
American male sculptors
Sculptors from Maryland
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Corcoran School of the Arts and Design faculty
Carleton College faculty |
60062137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo%20%28Jennie%20song%29 | Solo (Jennie song) | "Solo" (stylized in all caps) is the debut solo single of South Korean singer, rapper, and Blackpink member Jennie. Released on November 12, 2018, through YG and Interscope, the song was written and produced by Teddy and 24. Musically, "Solo" is a dance, pop, and hip hop song with EDM elements. Its lyrical content revolves around the theme of independence after a break-up.
"Solo" was a commercial success in South Korea, peaking atop the Gaon Digital Chart and the Billboard K-pop Hot 100 for two weeks. Internationally, it became Jennie's first chart-topper on the Billboard World Digital Songs chart in the United States, and debuted on the charts of several other countries, including Canada, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Scotland, Singapore and the United Kingdom. It has received two platinum certifications from the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA): for selling over 2.5 million digital units, and for surpassing 100 million streams.
An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Han Sa-min and uploaded to Blackpink's YouTube channel simultaneously with the single's release. The video was filmed in the United Kingdom and depicts Jennie's transformation from an innocent to strong independent woman. The video has accumulated more than 900 million views and is the most-viewed video by a K-pop female soloist on the platform.
Recording and composition
In a press conference held on November 12, 2018, Jennie talked about the song's creation, stating, "When I'm at Teddy's studio, he'll make a song and I'll just record the guide for it. It wasn't that he was working on a solo track for me. He just said, 'I have something new, let's try it.' So I recorded the song he had, and it happened to be a great fit".. She also described the meaning behind the song as "When you’re dating someone, you tend to present what the other person wants rather than your true self. I wanted to express that feeling. Rather than the heart wound coming from a breakup, I wanted to express myself more freely". While Jennie is not credited as a songwriter, she created the concept behind the song. She told the Hollywood Reporter, "So, I've input a lot of my ideas into the concept, the style and everything. So, I've had a strong connection from the beginning, I guess." Jennie explained how "Solo" was written by Teddy and produced by him alongside 24. The song is composed in the key of E-flat minor in a tempo 95 beats per minute and runs for 2:49. It has been described as a dance, pop and hip hop song, with EDM elements. SBS''' Kang Kyung-yoon noted that the lyrics follow two themes; a weak introverted girl and an "independent yet strong woman.
Commercial performance
"Solo" debuted at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart on the week ending November 17. Overall, the song stayed in the top ten of the chart for 13 consecutive weeks and spent 33 weeks in the top 100 of the chart. It furthermore topped the component Download and Streaming chart. The CD release of the single charted at no. two of the Gaon Album Chart, selling 45,000 copies in two months making it the 100th best-selling album of 2018. As of April 2021, it sold more than 100,000 copies. Eventually "Solo" became the 86th and 35th best-performing song of 2018 and 2019 respectively in South Korea. The song was certified platinum by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA) both for surpassing 100 million streams on June 6, 2019, and for 2.5 million paid digital downloads on March 12, 2020. The song entered the Billboard K-pop Hot 100 on the chart issue dated November 24 at number one. The following week it dropped to no. ten, but reached the top again the following week. It spent 25 weeks on the chart. The song further reached number one in Singapore and Malaysia. In Japan, "Solo" debuted and peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 in the week ending November 26. In the United States, "Solo" debuted atop Billboard's World Digital Song Sales chart on the issue dated December 1, 2018. It spent 25 weeks in said chart. The song has sold 10,000 digital copies in the US as of December 2018. "Solo" also reached the single charts in Canada and Scotland, while reaching the UK download component and New Zealand Hot Singles charts. On June 30, 2021, the song surpassed 300 million streams on Spotify, surpassing Psy's "Gangnam Style" in October last year and became the most streamed song by a Korean solo singer.
Release and promotion
On October 18, 2018, YG announced that all Blackpink members were preparing solo releases, with Jennie to release a song in November 2018. On October 27, YG released a promotional poster on various social media accounts. A 23-second teaser video was uploaded one day later onto Blackpink's official YouTube channel. The clip shows Jennie lying on a bed and repeatedly mentioning her name. The second teaser was uploaded one week later, showing her performing in various clothes in a photo studio. The third and last teaser was uploaded four days prior to the singles release, showing her with different outfits in various locations.
"Solo" was released for digital download and streaming on November 12, 2018, through YG and Interscope. A physical version of the single was released on November 18, 2018, featuring the song and it's instrumental. Alongside the CD, a 72-page photobook, a double-sided poster, a random photocard and a lyrics postcard were released in a special version. Because her first appearance as a solo artist on SBS' Inkigayo and MBC Show! Music Core was postponed as broadcasters had cancelled all the performances scheduled for that week, YG Entertainment uploaded choreography videos for the song on YouTube for fans. Its dance was choreographed by Kiel Tutin, Kyle Hanagami, and Shackkings. YG Entertainment then aired the Jennie – 'Solo' Diary series on YouTube, sharing glimpses of her work throughout the promotion period of the single.
Jennie performed "Solo" on several occasions. The single was first performed by Jennie during Blackpink's concert in Seoul's Olympic Gymnastics Arena on November 10 and 11, 2018. She performed "Solo" four times in November and December at SBS' Inkigayo and won three times. In the same month, "Solo" was performed at the SBS Gayo Daejeon, alongside "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du". Furthermore, "Solo" was performed during Blackpink's debut Coachella stage on April 12, 2019. A live version of "Solo" which was recorded on December 24, 2018, was included on Blackpink's first live album Blackpink Arena Tour 2018 "Special Final In Kyocera Dome Osaka", which was released on March 22, 2019, through YGEX. On July 2, 2023, Jennie performed "Solo" during Blackpink's set as the headlining act of BST Hyde Park in London.
Remix version
On January 31, 2021, Jennie performed a remix version of "Solo" during Blackpink's livestream concert, The Show. The remix version included a new rap verse written by Jennie and an extended tropical dance break. The remix version of the song was released on June 1, 2021, as part of the live album Blackpink 2021 'The Show' Live''.
Music video
An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Han Sa-min and shot in the United Kingdom. In July 2020, the music video surpassed 500 million views on YouTube. With the feat, Jennie became the first female Korean soloist to have a 500 million-view music video ever. In March 2023, the music video surpassed 900 million views, making it the first video by a female Korean soloist to reach the mark.
Accolades
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Melon.
Jennie Kim – vocals
Teddy – producer, writer, keyboard
24 – producer, writer, arrangement, keyboard
Music video
Han Sa-min – music video director
Track listing
Digital download and streaming
1. "Solo" – 2:49
CD single
1. "Solo" – 2:49
2. "Solo" (Instrumental) – 2:49
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
See also
List of certified songs in South Korea
List of Gaon Digital Chart number ones of 2018
List of Inkigayo Chart winners (2018)
List of K-pop Hot 100 number ones
List of K-pop songs on the Billboard charts
References
2018 songs
2018 debut singles
Jennie (singer) songs
Songs written by Teddy Park
Interscope Records singles
YG Entertainment singles
Gaon Digital Chart number-one singles
Korean-language songs
Billboard Korea K-Pop number-one singles |
28624334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarabaspis | Scarabaspis | Scarabaspis is a genus of mites in the family Eviphididae. There is at least one described species in Scarabaspis, S. inexpectatus.
References
Mesostigmata
Articles created by Qbugbot |
2747644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caura%20River%20%28Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%29 | Caura River (Trinidad and Tobago) | The Tacarigua River (commonly known as the Caura River) is a river on the island of Trinidad. It originates in the Northern Range and drains into the Caura Valley. It passes through the towns Tacarigua, Macoya & St Augustine in the East–West Corridor before joining the Caroni River. The Caura River is important both recreationally and culturally.
Contamination
Currently the Caura River is at risk to pollution from fertilizers and pesticides used by the farmers within the valley and solid waste from visitors who visit for leisure.
It was once an Arawak settlement. It was also in a sea of controversy as it was a proposed site for the building of a dam in 1943. And though it was started, it was never completed to this day, and equipment for the construction of this proposed dam still lies there to date. The money was embezzled and still cannot be accounted for. After this fiasco, there were successful attempts to turn Caura into a park for aesthetic purposes and this has proved well done.
However, due to the recent spate of crime which has risen to plague the country, it has become a favorite hot spot for crime, with visitors reporting items stolen from their cars, as well as armed robberies.
See also
List of rivers in Trinidad and Tobago
Rivers of Trinidad and Tobago |
68006747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballophilus%20maldivensis | Ballophilus maldivensis | Ballophilus maldivensis is a species of centipede in the genus Ballophilus. It is found in the Maldives. The original description of this species is based on a sandy yellow specimen measuring 21 mm in length with 67 pairs of legs.
References
maldivensis
Fauna of the Maldives
Animals described in 1906 |
67526221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20post-nominal%20letters%20%28Barbados%29 | List of post-nominal letters (Barbados) | This is a list of post-nominal letters used in Barbados after a person's name in order to indicate their positions, qualifications, memberships, or other status.
The said orders and decorations and their post-nominals are placed after the Barbados Jubilee Honour.
List of post-nominal letters
References
Post
B
Post |
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